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### Spanish
{{further\|Spanish verbs\|Spanish conjugation\|Spanish irregular verbs}}
Excluding a few highly irregular verbs, in [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language"), verbs are traditionally held to have only one principal part, the infinitive, by which one can classify the verb into one of three conjugation paradigms (according to the ending of the infinitive, which may be *\-ar*, *\-er* or *\-ir*). However, some scholars believe that the conjugation could be regularized by adding another principal part to [vowel\-alternating verbs](/wiki/Spanish_irregular_verbs%23Vowel-alternating_verbs "Spanish irregular verbs#Vowel-alternating verbs"), which shows the alternation. For example, *herir* "to hurt" is usually considered irregular because its conjugation contains forms like *hiero* "I hurt", *hieres* "you hurt", where the vowel in the [root](/wiki/Root_%28linguistics%29 "Root (linguistics)") changes into a diphthong. However, by including the first person singular, present tense, indicative mood form (*hiero*) as a principal part, and noting that the [diphthong](/wiki/Diphthong "Diphthong") appears only when that syllable is stressed, the conjugation of *herir* becomes completely predictable.
### French
Regular verbs are formed from a single principal part (the infinitive), and all conjugations derive from this one principal part. A handful of verbs require spelling changes in which case it can be considered that these verbs technically have two or three principal parts depending on how many spelling changes need to be made. They include doubling a consonant, adding accent markers, adding the letter *e*, and converting letters for example *y* becoming *i*.
#### Seven principal parts
Irregular verbs are markedly more complicated, requiring seven principal parts of which few can be easily derived from the infinitive. For some verbs a few of their principal parts are identical with one another.
| Principal part | How to get the stem | "Inherited" (regular) value of stem |
| [infinitive](/wiki/Infinitive "Infinitive") | Remove ending *\-er, \-ir, \-oir, \-re* | — |
| First singular [present indicative](/wiki/Present_indicative "Present indicative") ({{gcl\|1S}}) | Remove ending *\-s, \-e* | Infinitive stem |
| First plural [present indicative](/wiki/Present_indicative "Present indicative") ({{gcl\|1P}}) | Remove ending *\-ons* | Infinitive stem |
| Third plural [present indicative](/wiki/Present_indicative "Present indicative") ({{gcl\|3P}}) | Remove ending *\-ent* | First plural present stem |
| (First singular) future ({{gcl\|FUT}}) | Remove ending *\-ai* | Full infinitive stem (minus any *\-e*) |
| (Masculine singular) [past participle](/wiki/Past_participle "Past participle") ({{gcl\|PP\|past participle}}) | Full word | Infinitive stem, plus *\-i* (plus *\-u* if ends *\-re*) |
| (First singular) simple past ({{gcl\|PAST}}) | Remove ending *\-s, \-ai* | Past participle (minus any *\-s* or *\-t*) |
The paradigm goes as follows:
| \+Paradigm for most irregular verbs (7 principal parts) | |
| --- | --- |
| Indicative | | | | Subjunctive | | Conditional | Imperative |
| Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present |
| je | {{gcl\|1S}}\+s | {{gcl\|PAST}}\+s | {{gcl\|1P}}\+ais | {{gcl\|FUT}}\+ai | {{gcl\|3P}}\+e | {{gcl\|PAST}}\+sse | {{gcl\|FUT}}\+ais | |
| tu | {{gcl\|FUT}}\+as | {{gcl\|3P}}\+es | {{gcl\|PAST}}\+sses | (same as pres. indic. 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel, else 2nd. sg.) |
| il/elle | {{gcl\|1S}}\+t1 | {{gcl\|PAST}}\+t | {{gcl\|1P}}\+ait | {{gcl\|FUT}}\+a | {{gcl\|3P}}\+e | {{gcl\|PAST}}\+ˆt | {{gcl\|FUT}}\+ait | |
| nous | {{gcl\|1P}}\+ons | {{gcl\|PAST}}\+ˆmes | {{gcl\|1P}}\+ions | {{gcl\|FUT}}\+ons | {{gcl\|1P}}\+ions | {{gcl\|PAST}}\+ssions | {{gcl\|FUT}}\+ions | (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) |
| vous | {{gcl\|1P}}\+ez | {{gcl\|PAST}}\+ˆtes | {{gcl\|1P}}\+iez | {{gcl\|FUT}}\+ez | {{gcl\|1P}}\+iez | {{gcl\|PAST}}\+ssiez | {{gcl\|FUT}}\+iez | (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) |
| ils/elles | {{gcl\|3P}}\+ent | {{gcl\|PAST}}\+rent | {{gcl\|1P}}\+aient | {{gcl\|FUT}}\+ont | {{gcl\|3P}}\+ent | {{gcl\|PAST}}\+ssent | {{gcl\|FUT}}\+aient | |
1 The *\-t* is regularly dropped when directly following a *d* or *t* (e.g. *il vend* "he sells", not *\*il vendt*).
##### Example with *plaire*
| \+ " Plaire (to please \[someone]) and conjugations with 7 principal parts | |
| --- | --- |
| Indicative | | | | | Subjunctive | | Conditional | Imperative |
| Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present Perfect | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present |
| je / j' | plai**{{font color\|green\|s}}** | pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}{{font color\|green\|s}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|ais}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|r}}{{font color\|green\|ai}}** | **{{font color\|green\|ai}}** pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|e}}** | pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}{{font color\|green\|sse}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|r}}{{font color\|green\|ais}}** | |
| tu | plai**{{font color\|red\|r}}{{font color\|green\|as}}** | **{{font color\|green\|as}}** pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|e}}**s | pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}{{font color\|green\|sses}}** | plai**{{font color\|green\|s}}** |
| il/elle | plaî**{{font color\|green\|t}}** | pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}{{font color\|green\|t}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|ait}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|r}}{{font color\|green\|a}}** | **{{font color\|green\|a}}** pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|e}}** | pl**{{font color\|red\|û}}{{font color\|green\|t}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|r}}{{font color\|green\|ait}}** | |
| nous | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|ons}}** | pl**{{font color\|red\|û}}{{font color\|green\|mes}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|ions}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|r}}{{font color\|green\|ons}}** | **{{font color\|green\|avons}}** pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|ions}}** | pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}{{font color\|green\|ssions}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|r}}{{font color\|green\|ions}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|ons}}** |
| vous | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|ez}}** | pl**{{font color\|red\|û}}{{font color\|green\|tes}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|iez}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|r}}{{font color\|green\|ez}}** | **{{font color\|green\|avez}}** pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|iez}}** | pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}{{font color\|green\|ssiez}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|r}}{{font color\|green\|iez}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|ez}}** |
| ils/elles | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|ent}}** | pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}{{font color\|green\|rent}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|aient}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|r}}{{font color\|green\|ont}}** | **{{font color\|green\|ont}}** pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|s}}{{font color\|green\|ent}}** | pl**{{font color\|red\|u}}{{font color\|green\|ssent}}** | plai**{{font color\|red\|r}}{{font color\|green\|aient}}** | |
#### Verbs with 11 principal parts
A few highly irregular verbs require 11 principal parts to conjugate them fully. It includes all of the seven principal parts as well as a subjunctive form and different present participle forms, imperative forms and present\-participle forms.
#### Fully irregular verbs
The verbs être, avoir and aller are so irregular they require even more than 11 principal parts.
### Scottish Gaelic
In [Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic "Scottish Gaelic") there are two principal parts for the regular verb: the [imperative](/wiki/Imperative_mood "Imperative mood") and the [verbal noun](/wiki/Verbal_noun "Verbal noun"), for example {{lang\|gd\|pòg}} – {{lang\|gd\|pògadh}} 'to kiss'. All finite forms can be deduced from the imperative {{lang\|gd\|pòg}} ('kiss!'), all non\-finite forms from the verbal noun {{lang\|gd\|pògadh}} ('kissing'). The ten irregular verbs can, with only two or three small aberrations (unexpected lenition), be deduced from four principal parts.
### Ganda
The principal parts of a [Ganda](/wiki/Luganda "Luganda") verb are the [imperative](/wiki/Imperative_mood "Imperative mood") (identical to the [verb stem](/wiki/Verb_stem "Verb stem")), the [first person singular](/wiki/Grammatical_person "Grammatical person") of the [present tense](/wiki/Present_tense "Present tense") and the modified stem. For example, the verb *okwogera* 'to speak' has the principal parts *yogera – njogera – yogedde*.
The [present tense](/wiki/Present_tense "Present tense"), far past tense, [near future tense](/wiki/Near_future_tense "Near future tense"), far future tense, [subjunctive](/wiki/Subjunctive "Subjunctive") and [infinitive](/wiki/Infinitive "Infinitive") are derived from the imperative. The [present perfect](/wiki/Present_perfect "Present perfect"), [conditional](/wiki/Conditional_tense "Conditional tense") and near past tense are derived from the modified stem.
In theory the second principal part can be derived from the first, but in practice this is so complicated that it is usually memorised as a separate principal part.
(See also [Ganda verbs](/wiki/Ganda_language%23Verbs_2 "Ganda language#Verbs 2").)
|
[
"Others\n------",
"### Spanish",
"{{further\\|Spanish verbs\\|Spanish conjugation\\|Spanish irregular verbs}}\nExcluding a few highly irregular verbs, in [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\"), verbs are traditionally held to have only one principal part, the infinitive, by which one can classify the verb into one of three conjugation paradigms (according to the ending of the infinitive, which may be *\\-ar*, *\\-er* or *\\-ir*). However, some scholars believe that the conjugation could be regularized by adding another principal part to [vowel\\-alternating verbs](/wiki/Spanish_irregular_verbs%23Vowel-alternating_verbs \"Spanish irregular verbs#Vowel-alternating verbs\"), which shows the alternation. For example, *herir* \"to hurt\" is usually considered irregular because its conjugation contains forms like *hiero* \"I hurt\", *hieres* \"you hurt\", where the vowel in the [root](/wiki/Root_%28linguistics%29 \"Root (linguistics)\") changes into a diphthong. However, by including the first person singular, present tense, indicative mood form (*hiero*) as a principal part, and noting that the [diphthong](/wiki/Diphthong \"Diphthong\") appears only when that syllable is stressed, the conjugation of *herir* becomes completely predictable.",
"### French",
"Regular verbs are formed from a single principal part (the infinitive), and all conjugations derive from this one principal part. A handful of verbs require spelling changes in which case it can be considered that these verbs technically have two or three principal parts depending on how many spelling changes need to be made. They include doubling a consonant, adding accent markers, adding the letter *e*, and converting letters for example *y* becoming *i*.",
"#### Seven principal parts",
"Irregular verbs are markedly more complicated, requiring seven principal parts of which few can be easily derived from the infinitive. For some verbs a few of their principal parts are identical with one another.",
"",
"| Principal part | How to get the stem | \"Inherited\" (regular) value of stem |",
"| [infinitive](/wiki/Infinitive \"Infinitive\") | Remove ending *\\-er, \\-ir, \\-oir, \\-re* | — |\n| First singular [present indicative](/wiki/Present_indicative \"Present indicative\") ({{gcl\\|1S}}) | Remove ending *\\-s, \\-e* | Infinitive stem |\n| First plural [present indicative](/wiki/Present_indicative \"Present indicative\") ({{gcl\\|1P}}) | Remove ending *\\-ons* | Infinitive stem |\n| Third plural [present indicative](/wiki/Present_indicative \"Present indicative\") ({{gcl\\|3P}}) | Remove ending *\\-ent* | First plural present stem |\n| (First singular) future ({{gcl\\|FUT}}) | Remove ending *\\-ai* | Full infinitive stem (minus any *\\-e*) |\n| (Masculine singular) [past participle](/wiki/Past_participle \"Past participle\") ({{gcl\\|PP\\|past participle}}) | Full word | Infinitive stem, plus *\\-i* (plus *\\-u* if ends *\\-re*) |\n| (First singular) simple past ({{gcl\\|PAST}}) | Remove ending *\\-s, \\-ai* | Past participle (minus any *\\-s* or *\\-t*) |",
"The paradigm goes as follows:",
"",
"| \\+Paradigm for most irregular verbs (7 principal parts) | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Indicative | | | | Subjunctive | | Conditional | Imperative |\n| Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present |\n| je | {{gcl\\|1S}}\\+s | {{gcl\\|PAST}}\\+s | {{gcl\\|1P}}\\+ais | {{gcl\\|FUT}}\\+ai | {{gcl\\|3P}}\\+e | {{gcl\\|PAST}}\\+sse | {{gcl\\|FUT}}\\+ais | |\n| tu | {{gcl\\|FUT}}\\+as | {{gcl\\|3P}}\\+es | {{gcl\\|PAST}}\\+sses | (same as pres. indic. 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel, else 2nd. sg.) |\n| il/elle | {{gcl\\|1S}}\\+t1 | {{gcl\\|PAST}}\\+t | {{gcl\\|1P}}\\+ait | {{gcl\\|FUT}}\\+a | {{gcl\\|3P}}\\+e | {{gcl\\|PAST}}\\+ˆt | {{gcl\\|FUT}}\\+ait | |\n| nous | {{gcl\\|1P}}\\+ons | {{gcl\\|PAST}}\\+ˆmes | {{gcl\\|1P}}\\+ions | {{gcl\\|FUT}}\\+ons | {{gcl\\|1P}}\\+ions | {{gcl\\|PAST}}\\+ssions | {{gcl\\|FUT}}\\+ions | (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) |\n| vous | {{gcl\\|1P}}\\+ez | {{gcl\\|PAST}}\\+ˆtes | {{gcl\\|1P}}\\+iez | {{gcl\\|FUT}}\\+ez | {{gcl\\|1P}}\\+iez | {{gcl\\|PAST}}\\+ssiez | {{gcl\\|FUT}}\\+iez | (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) |\n| ils/elles | {{gcl\\|3P}}\\+ent | {{gcl\\|PAST}}\\+rent | {{gcl\\|1P}}\\+aient | {{gcl\\|FUT}}\\+ont | {{gcl\\|3P}}\\+ent | {{gcl\\|PAST}}\\+ssent | {{gcl\\|FUT}}\\+aient | |",
"1 The *\\-t* is regularly dropped when directly following a *d* or *t* (e.g. *il vend* \"he sells\", not *\\*il vendt*).",
"##### Example with *plaire*",
"",
"| \\+ \" Plaire (to please \\[someone]) and conjugations with 7 principal parts | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Indicative | | | | | Subjunctive | | Conditional | Imperative |\n| Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present Perfect | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present |\n| je / j' | plai**{{font color\\|green\\|s}}** | pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}{{font color\\|green\\|s}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|ais}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|r}}{{font color\\|green\\|ai}}** | **{{font color\\|green\\|ai}}** pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|e}}** | pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}{{font color\\|green\\|sse}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|r}}{{font color\\|green\\|ais}}** | |\n| tu | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|r}}{{font color\\|green\\|as}}** | **{{font color\\|green\\|as}}** pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|e}}**s | pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}{{font color\\|green\\|sses}}** | plai**{{font color\\|green\\|s}}** |\n| il/elle | plaî**{{font color\\|green\\|t}}** | pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}{{font color\\|green\\|t}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|ait}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|r}}{{font color\\|green\\|a}}** | **{{font color\\|green\\|a}}** pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|e}}** | pl**{{font color\\|red\\|û}}{{font color\\|green\\|t}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|r}}{{font color\\|green\\|ait}}** | |\n| nous | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|ons}}** | pl**{{font color\\|red\\|û}}{{font color\\|green\\|mes}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|ions}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|r}}{{font color\\|green\\|ons}}** | **{{font color\\|green\\|avons}}** pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|ions}}** | pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}{{font color\\|green\\|ssions}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|r}}{{font color\\|green\\|ions}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|ons}}** |\n| vous | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|ez}}** | pl**{{font color\\|red\\|û}}{{font color\\|green\\|tes}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|iez}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|r}}{{font color\\|green\\|ez}}** | **{{font color\\|green\\|avez}}** pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|iez}}** | pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}{{font color\\|green\\|ssiez}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|r}}{{font color\\|green\\|iez}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|ez}}** |\n| ils/elles | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|ent}}** | pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}{{font color\\|green\\|rent}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|aient}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|r}}{{font color\\|green\\|ont}}** | **{{font color\\|green\\|ont}}** pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|s}}{{font color\\|green\\|ent}}** | pl**{{font color\\|red\\|u}}{{font color\\|green\\|ssent}}** | plai**{{font color\\|red\\|r}}{{font color\\|green\\|aient}}** | |",
"#### Verbs with 11 principal parts",
"A few highly irregular verbs require 11 principal parts to conjugate them fully. It includes all of the seven principal parts as well as a subjunctive form and different present participle forms, imperative forms and present\\-participle forms.",
"#### Fully irregular verbs",
"The verbs être, avoir and aller are so irregular they require even more than 11 principal parts.",
"### Scottish Gaelic",
"In [Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic \"Scottish Gaelic\") there are two principal parts for the regular verb: the [imperative](/wiki/Imperative_mood \"Imperative mood\") and the [verbal noun](/wiki/Verbal_noun \"Verbal noun\"), for example {{lang\\|gd\\|pòg}} – {{lang\\|gd\\|pògadh}} 'to kiss'. All finite forms can be deduced from the imperative {{lang\\|gd\\|pòg}} ('kiss!'), all non\\-finite forms from the verbal noun {{lang\\|gd\\|pògadh}} ('kissing'). The ten irregular verbs can, with only two or three small aberrations (unexpected lenition), be deduced from four principal parts.",
"### Ganda",
"The principal parts of a [Ganda](/wiki/Luganda \"Luganda\") verb are the [imperative](/wiki/Imperative_mood \"Imperative mood\") (identical to the [verb stem](/wiki/Verb_stem \"Verb stem\")), the [first person singular](/wiki/Grammatical_person \"Grammatical person\") of the [present tense](/wiki/Present_tense \"Present tense\") and the modified stem. For example, the verb *okwogera* 'to speak' has the principal parts *yogera – njogera – yogedde*.",
"The [present tense](/wiki/Present_tense \"Present tense\"), far past tense, [near future tense](/wiki/Near_future_tense \"Near future tense\"), far future tense, [subjunctive](/wiki/Subjunctive \"Subjunctive\") and [infinitive](/wiki/Infinitive \"Infinitive\") are derived from the imperative. The [present perfect](/wiki/Present_perfect \"Present perfect\"), [conditional](/wiki/Conditional_tense \"Conditional tense\") and near past tense are derived from the modified stem.",
"In theory the second principal part can be derived from the first, but in practice this is so complicated that it is usually memorised as a separate principal part.",
"(See also [Ganda verbs](/wiki/Ganda_language%23Verbs_2 \"Ganda language#Verbs 2\").)",
""
] |
{{anchor\|The ''History''}}Synopsis
-----------------------------------
### Part One: Creation
In the upper world was a woman, bearing twins, who slept one evening and (as if by magic) sank through the earth into the "great deep".{{rp\|5}} She was caught by a [giant turtle](/wiki/World_Turtle "World Turtle"), on whose shell she climbed toward the surface.
During the ascent, the turtle transformed into an island of earth; the twins (one of whom was possessed "\[with] an evil opinion") fought within their mother's womb and the mother, succumbing to her "painful condition,"{{rp\|6}} died shortly after giving birth.
The turtle assumed the form of an island, and the twins grew up. One was called Enigonhahetgea ("the bad mind"), and the other Enigorio ("the good mind"). Enigonhahetgea took to the dark; Enigorio took to the light, and set off on the business of creation. He took his deceased mother's head and fashioned an "orb" (the sun), which he laid at the center of the firmament. Enigorio made the moon from her body, and from the earth he sculpted "his own likeness, male and female". Breathing life into them, he conceived the Eagwehowe (Real People) and gave them the Great Island.
As the good mind created, the bad mind undid. They met in combat from which the good mind emerged victorious, ending the age of creation and beginning the age of humankind.
### Part Two: First Peoples
[thumb\|upright\=2\.0\|Seneca *ho\-de\-no\-sote* ([longhouse](/wiki/Longhouse "Longhouse")), from a 1923 book\|alt\=Large room, with people and drying crops\|left](/wiki/File:Iroquios_Longhouse.tif "Iroquios Longhouse.tif")
Two millennia before the arrival of [Christopher Columbus](/wiki/Christopher_Columbus "Christopher Columbus"), the Eagwehowe people of the north settled along the [river Kanawage](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River "Saint Lawrence River") and were besieged by a clan of "giants": the Ronnongwetowanea. According to legend, the giants raided a household consisting of a [chieftain](/wiki/Tribal_chief "Tribal chief"), six brothers and a sister; the giant\-leader carried the sister off and made her his wife. The oldest brother pursued his sister, but was killed. The youngest brother, Donhtonha, followed his brother's path toward the giants' lair. He killed the king; his sister fled into the woods to die of grief, and was said to have ascended to the heavens and become a northern star.
After a period of conflict between the Ronnongwetowanea and Eagwehoewe peoples, there was a brief peace which ended in a tumult of hostility when the [trickster](/wiki/Trickster "Trickster") Shotyeronsgwea sowed chaos throughout the land. The Big Quisquiss, a mammoth, brought devastation to settlements south of [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario "Lake Ontario"). The northern nations became a confederation and declared war on the emperor of the south, beginning a century\-long conflict which the north won.
A serpent appeared on Lake Ontario, bringing [plague](/wiki/Plague_%28disease%29 "Plague (disease)"). A blazing star fell from the sky, bringing a fiery death to all in its path. The Great Island had devolved into chaos, and was once more "in possession of fierce animals."{{rp\|15}}
{{clear}}
### Part Three: The Six Nations
According to Iroquois legend, the tribes have battled foes from the invading Otneyarheh ("Stonish Giants") to prehistoric creatures such as the Lake Serpent, "Flying Heads" and *musqueto* and wars with the [Odawa](/wiki/Odawa "Odawa"), Erian, and [Mississauga](/wiki/Mississaugas "Mississaugas") nations. All appear in Cusick's narrative.
*Sketches* is a story of pervasive conflict and settlement. Each chapter is prefaced by an allusion to Columbus, whose "discovery" looms large over the narrative. The frame on which the history is threaded stretches north to the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes "Great Lakes") and [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River "Saint Lawrence River"), west to the Mississippi River and [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains "Rocky Mountains"), and south to a paradise\-like "Golden City."
It begins as the Kuskehsawkich people, beckoned by Tarenyawagon ("the Holder of the Heavens") followed the sunrise toward the rivers [Yenonanatche](/wiki/Mohawk_River "Mohawk River") and [Shaw\-nay\-taw\-ty](/wiki/Hudson_River "Hudson River"), along whose banks the Holder directed the Te\-haw\-re\-ho\-geh (Mohawk) tribe to settle. The New\-haw\-teh\-tah\-go were settled next, near the creek called Kaw\-na\-taw\-te\-ruh; then the Seuh\-now\-kah\-tah, atop the Onondaga mountain; the Sho\-nea\-na\-we\-to\-wah near [lake Go\-yo\-goh](/wiki/Cayuga_Lake "Cayuga Lake"); the Te\-hoo\-nea\-nyo\-hent at the foot of a mountain near [Canandaigua](/wiki/Canandaigua_%28town%29%2C_New_York "Canandaigua (town), New York"); and the Kau\-tan\-oh\-akau at Cau\-ta\-noh, near the mouth of the [Neuse River](/wiki/Neuse_River "Neuse River").
[alt\=Old map of the northeastern United States and Cananda\|thumb\|upright\=2\.0\|Map of the Five Nations (1730\)](/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Country_of_the_Five_Nations_belonging_to_the_province_of_New_York_and_of_the_Lakes_near_which_the_Nations_of_Far_Indians_live_with_part_of_Canada_taken_from_the_Map_of_the_Louisiane_done_1730.png "Map of the Country of the Five Nations belonging to the province of New York and of the Lakes near which the Nations of Far Indians live with part of Canada taken from the Map of the Louisiane done 1730.png")
Once they all spoke one language, but now their languages were different. The Holder of the Heavens returned and organized them into a confederacy, the Ggo\-nea\-seab\-neh (Long House), composed of the five families: Tea\-kaw\-reh\-ho\-geh (Mohawks), New\-haw\-teh\-tah\-go (Oneidas), Seuh\-nau\-ka\-ta (Onondagas), Sho\-nea\-na\-we\-to\-wah (Cayugas) and Te\-hoo\-nea\-nyo\-hent (Senecas); later, the Kau\-tan\-oh\-akau (Tuscaroras) joined the confederacy. Another divine agent visited the confederacy, imparting lessons in reason and morality and "seeds for corn, beans, squashes, potatoes, and tobacco."{{rp\|18}}
The Holder of the Heavens departed, leaving the country vulnerable to plundering – first by the Ko\-nea\-rau\-neh\-neh (or Flying Heads) and then by the Lake Serpent and the Otne\-yar\-heh (Stonish Giants), who brought the Long House to heel. Their subjugation ended with the opportune, triumphant return of the Holder of the Heavens.
Some time later, the serpent returned and settled on the main path linking the Five Families. The confederacy sent their best warriors, who slew the monster after a difficult battle. The Holder again descended to advise the ways of war, and the following years were marked by civil strife. The serpent\-headed chieftain Atotarho led the hostilities at first, before becoming a lawmaker renowned for restoring the bonds among the Five Families and establishing Onondaga as the political and social heart of the confederacy.
The Senecas (with the help of allies) conquered the Squawkihows, some of whom remained on in the country as [vassals](/wiki/Vassal "Vassal"). The Oyalkquoher, ("big bear") invaded next, followed by the *musqueto*.{{clarify\|date\=May 2019\|reason\="Musqueto" should be defined.}}
The Oneidas extended their domain under Atotarho III. About "800 years"{{rp\|27}} before Columbus's arrival, "the Twakanhahorss (now Mississaugers) ceded the colonies lying between the Kea\-nau\-hau\-sent ([Oak\-Orchard creek](/wiki/Oak_Orchard_Creek "Oak Orchard Creek")) and the Onyakarra ([Niagara](/wiki/Niagara_River "Niagara River")) river to the Five Nations."
Two stories from this period typify its violence and unpredictability. The first is about Soh\-nou\-re\-wah ("Big Neck"), a child who became a giant and committed atrocities but who was a great hunter. After outstaying his welcome in the community (despite his hunting ability), he built a fort on the Kau\-nau\-seh\-wah\-tua\-yea river from which he would attack his enemies before he was killed by three warriors near the riverbank. The second concerns a boy near Fort Jenneatowaka who found Kaistowanea, a two\-headed serpent which he brought home and which became large and vicious enough to besiege the fort. Kaistowanea ate the entire fort except for one warrior and his sister, who pierced the serpent's heart. Kaistowanea retreated to a nearby lake and died, and the Councilfire – the seat of government – was moved from Jenneatowaka to Thau\-gwe\-took, west of Geneva Lake.
About 650 years before Columbus's discovery, King Ototarho IV commissioned a western expedition of fifteen men and two captains to "explore the countries toward to the setting sun."{{rp\|29–30}} The king of Ottauwah sent two of his warriors to join the party. They forded the Mississippi and continued west, contacting the Dog Tail Nation and another unnamed nation; both were friendly. Before reaching the Rocky Mountains, they were blocked by a giant; realizing that their journey was over, they returned to the king and told him about the western lands.
About 200 years later, the Twakanhah (Messissaugers) declared war on the Five Nations and were routed by the Senecas at Fort Kauhanauka; several other skirmishes took place on Ontario lake. The commander at fort Kauhanauka became ambitious and amassed an army of 2,000 warriors to cross the Niagara river and reach the lake, where they were beaten back by the Twakanhah. At a stalemate, the Five Nations and the Twakanhah struck a tentative peace.
Around this time, the Iroquois codified their ethics. Each nation was composed of tribes, and each tribe appointed two chiefs to settle disputes. In a case of murder, for example, the closest relative of the victim executed the murderer with a club. Victim and murderer were laid in the same grave, and aggrieved relatives were sometimes offered restitution. Two adulterous women had their heads shaved, and thieves were brutally whipped.
The Mohawks were "considered an eldest brother" who kept watch "towards the sunrise", and the Senecas kept watch toward the sunset.{{rp\|43}} Representatives met annually at fort Onondaga to legislate. Each nation was "free and independent", with its own jurisdiction and an obligation to aid its fellow nations in times of war. There were a "national committee" and "Chief Ruler," whom the nation vested with the power of a "peace\-maker."
The Tuscarora were reportedly visited about 400 years before Columbus's landing by an elderly [diviner](/wiki/Divination "Divination") who told them that "beyond the great water"{{rp\|38}} whites had committed [deicide](/wiki/Deicide "Deicide"), killing their "Maker," and nothing would stop their march to the [Big Island](/wiki/North_America "North America"). The man died, then rose from his grave.
The Erian tribe seceded from the Senecas and settled the lands between the [Genesee](/wiki/Genesee_River "Genesee River") and Niagara Rivers. As they grew in influence, war broke out between them and the Iroquois. The confederacy won the early encounters and, fearing imminent defeat, the Erian queen Yagowanea sued for a favorable peace and they were returned to their country.
The Long House had become numerous and powerful and could assemble an army of "23,000 warriors," adding the Tuscarora to their ranks. At the apparent zenith of their power, however, chaos ensued. Another prophet appeared, "foretell\[ing that] the whites would cross the Big Waters and bring strong liquors, and bye up the red people's lands" and exhorting them not to acquiesce "lest they should ruin themselves and displease their Maker."{{rp\|44–45}}
By the time Columbus discovered America in 1492 (during the reign of Atotarho XIII), the Five Nations were driving the Keatahkiehroneah and Erian tribes out of their country. For a short time, peace prevailed.
|
[
"{{anchor\\|The ''History''}}Synopsis\n-----------------------------------",
"### Part One: Creation",
"In the upper world was a woman, bearing twins, who slept one evening and (as if by magic) sank through the earth into the \"great deep\".{{rp\\|5}} She was caught by a [giant turtle](/wiki/World_Turtle \"World Turtle\"), on whose shell she climbed toward the surface.",
"During the ascent, the turtle transformed into an island of earth; the twins (one of whom was possessed \"\\[with] an evil opinion\") fought within their mother's womb and the mother, succumbing to her \"painful condition,\"{{rp\\|6}} died shortly after giving birth.",
"The turtle assumed the form of an island, and the twins grew up. One was called Enigonhahetgea (\"the bad mind\"), and the other Enigorio (\"the good mind\"). Enigonhahetgea took to the dark; Enigorio took to the light, and set off on the business of creation. He took his deceased mother's head and fashioned an \"orb\" (the sun), which he laid at the center of the firmament. Enigorio made the moon from her body, and from the earth he sculpted \"his own likeness, male and female\". Breathing life into them, he conceived the Eagwehowe (Real People) and gave them the Great Island.",
"As the good mind created, the bad mind undid. They met in combat from which the good mind emerged victorious, ending the age of creation and beginning the age of humankind.",
"### Part Two: First Peoples",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=2\\.0\\|Seneca *ho\\-de\\-no\\-sote* ([longhouse](/wiki/Longhouse \"Longhouse\")), from a 1923 book\\|alt\\=Large room, with people and drying crops\\|left](/wiki/File:Iroquios_Longhouse.tif \"Iroquios Longhouse.tif\")\nTwo millennia before the arrival of [Christopher Columbus](/wiki/Christopher_Columbus \"Christopher Columbus\"), the Eagwehowe people of the north settled along the [river Kanawage](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River \"Saint Lawrence River\") and were besieged by a clan of \"giants\": the Ronnongwetowanea. According to legend, the giants raided a household consisting of a [chieftain](/wiki/Tribal_chief \"Tribal chief\"), six brothers and a sister; the giant\\-leader carried the sister off and made her his wife. The oldest brother pursued his sister, but was killed. The youngest brother, Donhtonha, followed his brother's path toward the giants' lair. He killed the king; his sister fled into the woods to die of grief, and was said to have ascended to the heavens and become a northern star.",
"After a period of conflict between the Ronnongwetowanea and Eagwehoewe peoples, there was a brief peace which ended in a tumult of hostility when the [trickster](/wiki/Trickster \"Trickster\") Shotyeronsgwea sowed chaos throughout the land. The Big Quisquiss, a mammoth, brought devastation to settlements south of [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario \"Lake Ontario\"). The northern nations became a confederation and declared war on the emperor of the south, beginning a century\\-long conflict which the north won.",
"A serpent appeared on Lake Ontario, bringing [plague](/wiki/Plague_%28disease%29 \"Plague (disease)\"). A blazing star fell from the sky, bringing a fiery death to all in its path. The Great Island had devolved into chaos, and was once more \"in possession of fierce animals.\"{{rp\\|15}}\n{{clear}}",
"### Part Three: The Six Nations",
"According to Iroquois legend, the tribes have battled foes from the invading Otneyarheh (\"Stonish Giants\") to prehistoric creatures such as the Lake Serpent, \"Flying Heads\" and *musqueto* and wars with the [Odawa](/wiki/Odawa \"Odawa\"), Erian, and [Mississauga](/wiki/Mississaugas \"Mississaugas\") nations. All appear in Cusick's narrative.",
"*Sketches* is a story of pervasive conflict and settlement. Each chapter is prefaced by an allusion to Columbus, whose \"discovery\" looms large over the narrative. The frame on which the history is threaded stretches north to the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes \"Great Lakes\") and [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River \"Saint Lawrence River\"), west to the Mississippi River and [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains \"Rocky Mountains\"), and south to a paradise\\-like \"Golden City.\"",
"It begins as the Kuskehsawkich people, beckoned by Tarenyawagon (\"the Holder of the Heavens\") followed the sunrise toward the rivers [Yenonanatche](/wiki/Mohawk_River \"Mohawk River\") and [Shaw\\-nay\\-taw\\-ty](/wiki/Hudson_River \"Hudson River\"), along whose banks the Holder directed the Te\\-haw\\-re\\-ho\\-geh (Mohawk) tribe to settle. The New\\-haw\\-teh\\-tah\\-go were settled next, near the creek called Kaw\\-na\\-taw\\-te\\-ruh; then the Seuh\\-now\\-kah\\-tah, atop the Onondaga mountain; the Sho\\-nea\\-na\\-we\\-to\\-wah near [lake Go\\-yo\\-goh](/wiki/Cayuga_Lake \"Cayuga Lake\"); the Te\\-hoo\\-nea\\-nyo\\-hent at the foot of a mountain near [Canandaigua](/wiki/Canandaigua_%28town%29%2C_New_York \"Canandaigua (town), New York\"); and the Kau\\-tan\\-oh\\-akau at Cau\\-ta\\-noh, near the mouth of the [Neuse River](/wiki/Neuse_River \"Neuse River\").",
"[alt\\=Old map of the northeastern United States and Cananda\\|thumb\\|upright\\=2\\.0\\|Map of the Five Nations (1730\\)](/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Country_of_the_Five_Nations_belonging_to_the_province_of_New_York_and_of_the_Lakes_near_which_the_Nations_of_Far_Indians_live_with_part_of_Canada_taken_from_the_Map_of_the_Louisiane_done_1730.png \"Map of the Country of the Five Nations belonging to the province of New York and of the Lakes near which the Nations of Far Indians live with part of Canada taken from the Map of the Louisiane done 1730.png\")\nOnce they all spoke one language, but now their languages were different. The Holder of the Heavens returned and organized them into a confederacy, the Ggo\\-nea\\-seab\\-neh (Long House), composed of the five families: Tea\\-kaw\\-reh\\-ho\\-geh (Mohawks), New\\-haw\\-teh\\-tah\\-go (Oneidas), Seuh\\-nau\\-ka\\-ta (Onondagas), Sho\\-nea\\-na\\-we\\-to\\-wah (Cayugas) and Te\\-hoo\\-nea\\-nyo\\-hent (Senecas); later, the Kau\\-tan\\-oh\\-akau (Tuscaroras) joined the confederacy. Another divine agent visited the confederacy, imparting lessons in reason and morality and \"seeds for corn, beans, squashes, potatoes, and tobacco.\"{{rp\\|18}}",
"The Holder of the Heavens departed, leaving the country vulnerable to plundering – first by the Ko\\-nea\\-rau\\-neh\\-neh (or Flying Heads) and then by the Lake Serpent and the Otne\\-yar\\-heh (Stonish Giants), who brought the Long House to heel. Their subjugation ended with the opportune, triumphant return of the Holder of the Heavens.",
"Some time later, the serpent returned and settled on the main path linking the Five Families. The confederacy sent their best warriors, who slew the monster after a difficult battle. The Holder again descended to advise the ways of war, and the following years were marked by civil strife. The serpent\\-headed chieftain Atotarho led the hostilities at first, before becoming a lawmaker renowned for restoring the bonds among the Five Families and establishing Onondaga as the political and social heart of the confederacy.",
"The Senecas (with the help of allies) conquered the Squawkihows, some of whom remained on in the country as [vassals](/wiki/Vassal \"Vassal\"). The Oyalkquoher, (\"big bear\") invaded next, followed by the *musqueto*.{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2019\\|reason\\=\"Musqueto\" should be defined.}}",
"The Oneidas extended their domain under Atotarho III. About \"800 years\"{{rp\\|27}} before Columbus's arrival, \"the Twakanhahorss (now Mississaugers) ceded the colonies lying between the Kea\\-nau\\-hau\\-sent ([Oak\\-Orchard creek](/wiki/Oak_Orchard_Creek \"Oak Orchard Creek\")) and the Onyakarra ([Niagara](/wiki/Niagara_River \"Niagara River\")) river to the Five Nations.\"",
"Two stories from this period typify its violence and unpredictability. The first is about Soh\\-nou\\-re\\-wah (\"Big Neck\"), a child who became a giant and committed atrocities but who was a great hunter. After outstaying his welcome in the community (despite his hunting ability), he built a fort on the Kau\\-nau\\-seh\\-wah\\-tua\\-yea river from which he would attack his enemies before he was killed by three warriors near the riverbank. The second concerns a boy near Fort Jenneatowaka who found Kaistowanea, a two\\-headed serpent which he brought home and which became large and vicious enough to besiege the fort. Kaistowanea ate the entire fort except for one warrior and his sister, who pierced the serpent's heart. Kaistowanea retreated to a nearby lake and died, and the Councilfire – the seat of government – was moved from Jenneatowaka to Thau\\-gwe\\-took, west of Geneva Lake.",
"About 650 years before Columbus's discovery, King Ototarho IV commissioned a western expedition of fifteen men and two captains to \"explore the countries toward to the setting sun.\"{{rp\\|29–30}} The king of Ottauwah sent two of his warriors to join the party. They forded the Mississippi and continued west, contacting the Dog Tail Nation and another unnamed nation; both were friendly. Before reaching the Rocky Mountains, they were blocked by a giant; realizing that their journey was over, they returned to the king and told him about the western lands.",
"About 200 years later, the Twakanhah (Messissaugers) declared war on the Five Nations and were routed by the Senecas at Fort Kauhanauka; several other skirmishes took place on Ontario lake. The commander at fort Kauhanauka became ambitious and amassed an army of 2,000 warriors to cross the Niagara river and reach the lake, where they were beaten back by the Twakanhah. At a stalemate, the Five Nations and the Twakanhah struck a tentative peace.",
"Around this time, the Iroquois codified their ethics. Each nation was composed of tribes, and each tribe appointed two chiefs to settle disputes. In a case of murder, for example, the closest relative of the victim executed the murderer with a club. Victim and murderer were laid in the same grave, and aggrieved relatives were sometimes offered restitution. Two adulterous women had their heads shaved, and thieves were brutally whipped.",
"The Mohawks were \"considered an eldest brother\" who kept watch \"towards the sunrise\", and the Senecas kept watch toward the sunset.{{rp\\|43}} Representatives met annually at fort Onondaga to legislate. Each nation was \"free and independent\", with its own jurisdiction and an obligation to aid its fellow nations in times of war. There were a \"national committee\" and \"Chief Ruler,\" whom the nation vested with the power of a \"peace\\-maker.\"",
"The Tuscarora were reportedly visited about 400 years before Columbus's landing by an elderly [diviner](/wiki/Divination \"Divination\") who told them that \"beyond the great water\"{{rp\\|38}} whites had committed [deicide](/wiki/Deicide \"Deicide\"), killing their \"Maker,\" and nothing would stop their march to the [Big Island](/wiki/North_America \"North America\"). The man died, then rose from his grave.",
"The Erian tribe seceded from the Senecas and settled the lands between the [Genesee](/wiki/Genesee_River \"Genesee River\") and Niagara Rivers. As they grew in influence, war broke out between them and the Iroquois. The confederacy won the early encounters and, fearing imminent defeat, the Erian queen Yagowanea sued for a favorable peace and they were returned to their country.",
"The Long House had become numerous and powerful and could assemble an army of \"23,000 warriors,\" adding the Tuscarora to their ranks. At the apparent zenith of their power, however, chaos ensued. Another prophet appeared, \"foretell\\[ing that] the whites would cross the Big Waters and bring strong liquors, and bye up the red people's lands\" and exhorting them not to acquiesce \"lest they should ruin themselves and displease their Maker.\"{{rp\\|44–45}}",
"By the time Columbus discovered America in 1492 (during the reign of Atotarho XIII), the Five Nations were driving the Keatahkiehroneah and Erian tribes out of their country. For a short time, peace prevailed.",
""
] |
### Part Three: The Six Nations
According to Iroquois legend, the tribes have battled foes from the invading Otneyarheh ("Stonish Giants") to prehistoric creatures such as the Lake Serpent, "Flying Heads" and *musqueto* and wars with the [Odawa](/wiki/Odawa "Odawa"), Erian, and [Mississauga](/wiki/Mississaugas "Mississaugas") nations. All appear in Cusick's narrative.
*Sketches* is a story of pervasive conflict and settlement. Each chapter is prefaced by an allusion to Columbus, whose "discovery" looms large over the narrative. The frame on which the history is threaded stretches north to the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes "Great Lakes") and [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River "Saint Lawrence River"), west to the Mississippi River and [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains "Rocky Mountains"), and south to a paradise\-like "Golden City."
It begins as the Kuskehsawkich people, beckoned by Tarenyawagon ("the Holder of the Heavens") followed the sunrise toward the rivers [Yenonanatche](/wiki/Mohawk_River "Mohawk River") and [Shaw\-nay\-taw\-ty](/wiki/Hudson_River "Hudson River"), along whose banks the Holder directed the Te\-haw\-re\-ho\-geh (Mohawk) tribe to settle. The New\-haw\-teh\-tah\-go were settled next, near the creek called Kaw\-na\-taw\-te\-ruh; then the Seuh\-now\-kah\-tah, atop the Onondaga mountain; the Sho\-nea\-na\-we\-to\-wah near [lake Go\-yo\-goh](/wiki/Cayuga_Lake "Cayuga Lake"); the Te\-hoo\-nea\-nyo\-hent at the foot of a mountain near [Canandaigua](/wiki/Canandaigua_%28town%29%2C_New_York "Canandaigua (town), New York"); and the Kau\-tan\-oh\-akau at Cau\-ta\-noh, near the mouth of the [Neuse River](/wiki/Neuse_River "Neuse River").
[alt\=Old map of the northeastern United States and Cananda\|thumb\|upright\=2\.0\|Map of the Five Nations (1730\)](/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Country_of_the_Five_Nations_belonging_to_the_province_of_New_York_and_of_the_Lakes_near_which_the_Nations_of_Far_Indians_live_with_part_of_Canada_taken_from_the_Map_of_the_Louisiane_done_1730.png "Map of the Country of the Five Nations belonging to the province of New York and of the Lakes near which the Nations of Far Indians live with part of Canada taken from the Map of the Louisiane done 1730.png")
Once they all spoke one language, but now their languages were different. The Holder of the Heavens returned and organized them into a confederacy, the Ggo\-nea\-seab\-neh (Long House), composed of the five families: Tea\-kaw\-reh\-ho\-geh (Mohawks), New\-haw\-teh\-tah\-go (Oneidas), Seuh\-nau\-ka\-ta (Onondagas), Sho\-nea\-na\-we\-to\-wah (Cayugas) and Te\-hoo\-nea\-nyo\-hent (Senecas); later, the Kau\-tan\-oh\-akau (Tuscaroras) joined the confederacy. Another divine agent visited the confederacy, imparting lessons in reason and morality and "seeds for corn, beans, squashes, potatoes, and tobacco."{{rp\|18}}
The Holder of the Heavens departed, leaving the country vulnerable to plundering – first by the Ko\-nea\-rau\-neh\-neh (or Flying Heads) and then by the Lake Serpent and the Otne\-yar\-heh (Stonish Giants), who brought the Long House to heel. Their subjugation ended with the opportune, triumphant return of the Holder of the Heavens.
Some time later, the serpent returned and settled on the main path linking the Five Families. The confederacy sent their best warriors, who slew the monster after a difficult battle. The Holder again descended to advise the ways of war, and the following years were marked by civil strife. The serpent\-headed chieftain Atotarho led the hostilities at first, before becoming a lawmaker renowned for restoring the bonds among the Five Families and establishing Onondaga as the political and social heart of the confederacy.
The Senecas (with the help of allies) conquered the Squawkihows, some of whom remained on in the country as [vassals](/wiki/Vassal "Vassal"). The Oyalkquoher, ("big bear") invaded next, followed by the *musqueto*.{{clarify\|date\=May 2019\|reason\="Musqueto" should be defined.}}
The Oneidas extended their domain under Atotarho III. About "800 years"{{rp\|27}} before Columbus's arrival, "the Twakanhahorss (now Mississaugers) ceded the colonies lying between the Kea\-nau\-hau\-sent ([Oak\-Orchard creek](/wiki/Oak_Orchard_Creek "Oak Orchard Creek")) and the Onyakarra ([Niagara](/wiki/Niagara_River "Niagara River")) river to the Five Nations."
Two stories from this period typify its violence and unpredictability. The first is about Soh\-nou\-re\-wah ("Big Neck"), a child who became a giant and committed atrocities but who was a great hunter. After outstaying his welcome in the community (despite his hunting ability), he built a fort on the Kau\-nau\-seh\-wah\-tua\-yea river from which he would attack his enemies before he was killed by three warriors near the riverbank. The second concerns a boy near Fort Jenneatowaka who found Kaistowanea, a two\-headed serpent which he brought home and which became large and vicious enough to besiege the fort. Kaistowanea ate the entire fort except for one warrior and his sister, who pierced the serpent's heart. Kaistowanea retreated to a nearby lake and died, and the Councilfire – the seat of government – was moved from Jenneatowaka to Thau\-gwe\-took, west of Geneva Lake.
About 650 years before Columbus's discovery, King Ototarho IV commissioned a western expedition of fifteen men and two captains to "explore the countries toward to the setting sun."{{rp\|29–30}} The king of Ottauwah sent two of his warriors to join the party. They forded the Mississippi and continued west, contacting the Dog Tail Nation and another unnamed nation; both were friendly. Before reaching the Rocky Mountains, they were blocked by a giant; realizing that their journey was over, they returned to the king and told him about the western lands.
About 200 years later, the Twakanhah (Messissaugers) declared war on the Five Nations and were routed by the Senecas at Fort Kauhanauka; several other skirmishes took place on Ontario lake. The commander at fort Kauhanauka became ambitious and amassed an army of 2,000 warriors to cross the Niagara river and reach the lake, where they were beaten back by the Twakanhah. At a stalemate, the Five Nations and the Twakanhah struck a tentative peace.
Around this time, the Iroquois codified their ethics. Each nation was composed of tribes, and each tribe appointed two chiefs to settle disputes. In a case of murder, for example, the closest relative of the victim executed the murderer with a club. Victim and murderer were laid in the same grave, and aggrieved relatives were sometimes offered restitution. Two adulterous women had their heads shaved, and thieves were brutally whipped.
The Mohawks were "considered an eldest brother" who kept watch "towards the sunrise", and the Senecas kept watch toward the sunset.{{rp\|43}} Representatives met annually at fort Onondaga to legislate. Each nation was "free and independent", with its own jurisdiction and an obligation to aid its fellow nations in times of war. There were a "national committee" and "Chief Ruler," whom the nation vested with the power of a "peace\-maker."
The Tuscarora were reportedly visited about 400 years before Columbus's landing by an elderly [diviner](/wiki/Divination "Divination") who told them that "beyond the great water"{{rp\|38}} whites had committed [deicide](/wiki/Deicide "Deicide"), killing their "Maker," and nothing would stop their march to the [Big Island](/wiki/North_America "North America"). The man died, then rose from his grave.
The Erian tribe seceded from the Senecas and settled the lands between the [Genesee](/wiki/Genesee_River "Genesee River") and Niagara Rivers. As they grew in influence, war broke out between them and the Iroquois. The confederacy won the early encounters and, fearing imminent defeat, the Erian queen Yagowanea sued for a favorable peace and they were returned to their country.
The Long House had become numerous and powerful and could assemble an army of "23,000 warriors," adding the Tuscarora to their ranks. At the apparent zenith of their power, however, chaos ensued. Another prophet appeared, "foretell\[ing that] the whites would cross the Big Waters and bring strong liquors, and bye up the red people's lands" and exhorting them not to acquiesce "lest they should ruin themselves and displease their Maker."{{rp\|44–45}}
By the time Columbus discovered America in 1492 (during the reign of Atotarho XIII), the Five Nations were driving the Keatahkiehroneah and Erian tribes out of their country. For a short time, peace prevailed.
|
[
"### Part Three: The Six Nations",
"According to Iroquois legend, the tribes have battled foes from the invading Otneyarheh (\"Stonish Giants\") to prehistoric creatures such as the Lake Serpent, \"Flying Heads\" and *musqueto* and wars with the [Odawa](/wiki/Odawa \"Odawa\"), Erian, and [Mississauga](/wiki/Mississaugas \"Mississaugas\") nations. All appear in Cusick's narrative.",
"*Sketches* is a story of pervasive conflict and settlement. Each chapter is prefaced by an allusion to Columbus, whose \"discovery\" looms large over the narrative. The frame on which the history is threaded stretches north to the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes \"Great Lakes\") and [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River \"Saint Lawrence River\"), west to the Mississippi River and [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains \"Rocky Mountains\"), and south to a paradise\\-like \"Golden City.\"",
"It begins as the Kuskehsawkich people, beckoned by Tarenyawagon (\"the Holder of the Heavens\") followed the sunrise toward the rivers [Yenonanatche](/wiki/Mohawk_River \"Mohawk River\") and [Shaw\\-nay\\-taw\\-ty](/wiki/Hudson_River \"Hudson River\"), along whose banks the Holder directed the Te\\-haw\\-re\\-ho\\-geh (Mohawk) tribe to settle. The New\\-haw\\-teh\\-tah\\-go were settled next, near the creek called Kaw\\-na\\-taw\\-te\\-ruh; then the Seuh\\-now\\-kah\\-tah, atop the Onondaga mountain; the Sho\\-nea\\-na\\-we\\-to\\-wah near [lake Go\\-yo\\-goh](/wiki/Cayuga_Lake \"Cayuga Lake\"); the Te\\-hoo\\-nea\\-nyo\\-hent at the foot of a mountain near [Canandaigua](/wiki/Canandaigua_%28town%29%2C_New_York \"Canandaigua (town), New York\"); and the Kau\\-tan\\-oh\\-akau at Cau\\-ta\\-noh, near the mouth of the [Neuse River](/wiki/Neuse_River \"Neuse River\").",
"[alt\\=Old map of the northeastern United States and Cananda\\|thumb\\|upright\\=2\\.0\\|Map of the Five Nations (1730\\)](/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Country_of_the_Five_Nations_belonging_to_the_province_of_New_York_and_of_the_Lakes_near_which_the_Nations_of_Far_Indians_live_with_part_of_Canada_taken_from_the_Map_of_the_Louisiane_done_1730.png \"Map of the Country of the Five Nations belonging to the province of New York and of the Lakes near which the Nations of Far Indians live with part of Canada taken from the Map of the Louisiane done 1730.png\")\nOnce they all spoke one language, but now their languages were different. The Holder of the Heavens returned and organized them into a confederacy, the Ggo\\-nea\\-seab\\-neh (Long House), composed of the five families: Tea\\-kaw\\-reh\\-ho\\-geh (Mohawks), New\\-haw\\-teh\\-tah\\-go (Oneidas), Seuh\\-nau\\-ka\\-ta (Onondagas), Sho\\-nea\\-na\\-we\\-to\\-wah (Cayugas) and Te\\-hoo\\-nea\\-nyo\\-hent (Senecas); later, the Kau\\-tan\\-oh\\-akau (Tuscaroras) joined the confederacy. Another divine agent visited the confederacy, imparting lessons in reason and morality and \"seeds for corn, beans, squashes, potatoes, and tobacco.\"{{rp\\|18}}",
"The Holder of the Heavens departed, leaving the country vulnerable to plundering – first by the Ko\\-nea\\-rau\\-neh\\-neh (or Flying Heads) and then by the Lake Serpent and the Otne\\-yar\\-heh (Stonish Giants), who brought the Long House to heel. Their subjugation ended with the opportune, triumphant return of the Holder of the Heavens.",
"Some time later, the serpent returned and settled on the main path linking the Five Families. The confederacy sent their best warriors, who slew the monster after a difficult battle. The Holder again descended to advise the ways of war, and the following years were marked by civil strife. The serpent\\-headed chieftain Atotarho led the hostilities at first, before becoming a lawmaker renowned for restoring the bonds among the Five Families and establishing Onondaga as the political and social heart of the confederacy.",
"The Senecas (with the help of allies) conquered the Squawkihows, some of whom remained on in the country as [vassals](/wiki/Vassal \"Vassal\"). The Oyalkquoher, (\"big bear\") invaded next, followed by the *musqueto*.{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2019\\|reason\\=\"Musqueto\" should be defined.}}",
"The Oneidas extended their domain under Atotarho III. About \"800 years\"{{rp\\|27}} before Columbus's arrival, \"the Twakanhahorss (now Mississaugers) ceded the colonies lying between the Kea\\-nau\\-hau\\-sent ([Oak\\-Orchard creek](/wiki/Oak_Orchard_Creek \"Oak Orchard Creek\")) and the Onyakarra ([Niagara](/wiki/Niagara_River \"Niagara River\")) river to the Five Nations.\"",
"Two stories from this period typify its violence and unpredictability. The first is about Soh\\-nou\\-re\\-wah (\"Big Neck\"), a child who became a giant and committed atrocities but who was a great hunter. After outstaying his welcome in the community (despite his hunting ability), he built a fort on the Kau\\-nau\\-seh\\-wah\\-tua\\-yea river from which he would attack his enemies before he was killed by three warriors near the riverbank. The second concerns a boy near Fort Jenneatowaka who found Kaistowanea, a two\\-headed serpent which he brought home and which became large and vicious enough to besiege the fort. Kaistowanea ate the entire fort except for one warrior and his sister, who pierced the serpent's heart. Kaistowanea retreated to a nearby lake and died, and the Councilfire – the seat of government – was moved from Jenneatowaka to Thau\\-gwe\\-took, west of Geneva Lake.",
"About 650 years before Columbus's discovery, King Ototarho IV commissioned a western expedition of fifteen men and two captains to \"explore the countries toward to the setting sun.\"{{rp\\|29–30}} The king of Ottauwah sent two of his warriors to join the party. They forded the Mississippi and continued west, contacting the Dog Tail Nation and another unnamed nation; both were friendly. Before reaching the Rocky Mountains, they were blocked by a giant; realizing that their journey was over, they returned to the king and told him about the western lands.",
"About 200 years later, the Twakanhah (Messissaugers) declared war on the Five Nations and were routed by the Senecas at Fort Kauhanauka; several other skirmishes took place on Ontario lake. The commander at fort Kauhanauka became ambitious and amassed an army of 2,000 warriors to cross the Niagara river and reach the lake, where they were beaten back by the Twakanhah. At a stalemate, the Five Nations and the Twakanhah struck a tentative peace.",
"Around this time, the Iroquois codified their ethics. Each nation was composed of tribes, and each tribe appointed two chiefs to settle disputes. In a case of murder, for example, the closest relative of the victim executed the murderer with a club. Victim and murderer were laid in the same grave, and aggrieved relatives were sometimes offered restitution. Two adulterous women had their heads shaved, and thieves were brutally whipped.",
"The Mohawks were \"considered an eldest brother\" who kept watch \"towards the sunrise\", and the Senecas kept watch toward the sunset.{{rp\\|43}} Representatives met annually at fort Onondaga to legislate. Each nation was \"free and independent\", with its own jurisdiction and an obligation to aid its fellow nations in times of war. There were a \"national committee\" and \"Chief Ruler,\" whom the nation vested with the power of a \"peace\\-maker.\"",
"The Tuscarora were reportedly visited about 400 years before Columbus's landing by an elderly [diviner](/wiki/Divination \"Divination\") who told them that \"beyond the great water\"{{rp\\|38}} whites had committed [deicide](/wiki/Deicide \"Deicide\"), killing their \"Maker,\" and nothing would stop their march to the [Big Island](/wiki/North_America \"North America\"). The man died, then rose from his grave.",
"The Erian tribe seceded from the Senecas and settled the lands between the [Genesee](/wiki/Genesee_River \"Genesee River\") and Niagara Rivers. As they grew in influence, war broke out between them and the Iroquois. The confederacy won the early encounters and, fearing imminent defeat, the Erian queen Yagowanea sued for a favorable peace and they were returned to their country.",
"The Long House had become numerous and powerful and could assemble an army of \"23,000 warriors,\" adding the Tuscarora to their ranks. At the apparent zenith of their power, however, chaos ensued. Another prophet appeared, \"foretell\\[ing that] the whites would cross the Big Waters and bring strong liquors, and bye up the red people's lands\" and exhorting them not to acquiesce \"lest they should ruin themselves and displease their Maker.\"{{rp\\|44–45}}",
"By the time Columbus discovered America in 1492 (during the reign of Atotarho XIII), the Five Nations were driving the Keatahkiehroneah and Erian tribes out of their country. For a short time, peace prevailed.",
""
] |
Plot
----
### Original run
#### "Madly Ever After"
The plot starts with [Gertrude "Gert"](/wiki/Gert_%28I_Hate_Fairyland%29 "Gert (I Hate Fairyland)") falling into Fairyland as a six\-year\-old. She spends 27 years looking for a key to escape with her assigned insect guide Larrigton Weighston III, or Larry for short, but never ages, resulting in her becoming a violent [sociopath](/wiki/Sociopath "Sociopath"). After terrorizing Fairyland, Queen Cloudia, the secretly evil ruler of Fairyland, sends after Gert many 'villains', such as a witch named Horribella. With each attempt ending in failure, Queen Cloudia then decides to kill her personally. She consults the Fairyland Council and they devise a plan to rid of Gert. As the Queen cannot directly harm any guests, Cloudia invites another child, Happy, into Fairyland, to make Gert a citizen of Fairyland. Gert confronts Happy and shortly tries to kill her, but is easily defeated by Happy. After Gert recovers, she visits Queen Cloudia and asks her what is going on. Cloudia tells her she's too late, and admits she helped Happy on her quest to find the key. Sometime after, Happy does find the key. Annoyed by this, Gert finds Darketh Deaddeath, who she asks to help her defeat Happy. He agrees to help her, only if she proves herself. She survives his dungeon, and insults him. He then decides to help her and gives her his dark magic powers. Happy almost uses the key to exit Fairyland, but then a super\-powered Gert stops her in her tracks. After a brief battle, Gert defeats Happy and then kills Cloudia. Before Gert can return home, Larry informs her that killing the Queen makes her the Queen herself, resulting in her unhappily taking the throne.
#### "Fluff My Life"
After a disastrous year as Fairyland's "evil queen", Gert is impeached and resumes looking for a way home. While meeting with Pervis Peddlesteal, an anthropomorphic rat who collects artefacts from Earth, she encounters Duncan, a human boy dressed in a dragon Halloween costume recently arrived in Fairyland. Duncan joins Gert on her travels, however, she willingly abandons him in the Tower of Battle, a gigantic arcade machine populated by powerful fighters. One hundred years later, Duncan has become an actual giant dragon and lays waste to Fairyland, killing all but a small handful of survivors, including Gert and Larry. Using the last remaining magic in Fairyland, Larry transports Gertrude back in time to the present of the series to warn her younger self away from the decisions that lead to the destruction of Fairyland. The older Gert gives her younger self step\-by\-step instructions to avert the apocalypse, but wearily notes that she has not listened to any of them, fading from existence as her younger self rushes into the first of many disasters.
#### "I Hate Image"
{{main\|I Hate Fairyland – I Hate Image{{!}}I Hate Image}}
After beating up Kamau Kogo on [Bitch Planet](/wiki/Bitch_Planet "Bitch Planet") and learning how to traverse the [Image Universe](/wiki/Image_Universe "Image Universe") to return home, Gert kills versions of [Rick Grimes](/wiki/Rick_Grimes "Rick Grimes") and [Coach Euless Boss](/wiki/Southern_Bastards%23Story "Southern Bastards#Story") before following the [Paper Girls](/wiki/Paper_Girls "Paper Girls") into Image City. After being led to the god\-run [nightclub](/wiki/Nightclub "Nightclub") [Wic \+ Div](/wiki/The_Wicked_%2B_The_Divine "The Wicked + The Divine") by [Tony Chu](/wiki/Chew_%28comics%29 "Chew (comics)"), Gert sets off a [battle royale](/wiki/Battle_royal "Battle royal") between the various [superheroes](/wiki/Superhero "Superhero") and [villains](/wiki/Supervillain "Supervillain") within, stealing their weaponry in the process, before seeking out the aid of [Spawn](/wiki/Spawn_%28comics%29 "Spawn (comics)") to give her access to the Image Central building. After killing everyone in the building and confronting the founders of [Image Comics](/wiki/Image_Comics "Image Comics"), Gert demands to be allowed to go home, killing them all as a show of force before realising she needed one of them alive to return home. Dejected, Gert returns to Fairyland with Larry.
#### "Good Girl"
Gert meets Maddie, a denizen of Fairyland and her self\-proclaimed "biggest fan", who idolises Gert for the violence and death she has spread. Although initially happy to take Maddie on as a protege, Gert quickly becomes sick of her, and realizes that she does not like the person she has become. She murders Maddie and resolves to become a better person. Despite her best intentions, Gert repeatedly fails to do good, leaving just as much death and destruction in her wake. However, Larry tells her of a mysterious labyrinth which could hold the secret to helping her become good, and concedes that, as miserable as his life with Gert has been, it probably would have been even worse had they never met. When they reach the labyrinth, its master, Loveth Lovelord, makes Gert a deal; if she can reach the center of the labyrinth before the next "Lover's Moon" and find the "Balls of Redemption", all the evil will be purged from her being, if she fails, she must become his wife. Gert manages to find the centre of the labyrinth, and Loveth unleashes the beast that guards the Balls, which turns out to be Duncan. Despite Duncan demonstrating the newly acquired draconic powers of flight and fire breathing, Gertrude easily defeats him and touches the Balls of Redemption, becoming a perfectly good and sweet child similar to Happy. The newly good Gert makes quick progress in her quest, prompting Horribella to hire the deadliest assassins in Fairyland to stop her on behalf of an unseen "Ruler of All That is Dark". Gert finds her key and heads back to the centre of Fairyland to finally leave. Horribella's assassins attack her, but all inexplicably miss her when they throw their weapons. Gert picks up a lollipop and skips towards the door, but trips and falls at the last moment, causing the lollipop to penetrate her brain, killing her instantly. As Larry quietly mourns her death, Gert descends into Hell, with the effects of the Balls reversed. Upon arriving in Hell, she is met by the "Ruler of All That Is Dark" – Happy.
#### "Sadly Never After"
The ruler of Hell is revealed not to be Happy, but a shapeshifting demon named Bill assuming her form. After failing to torment Gert with a twisted version of her home, he condemns her to an eternity of repeating her quest. Meanwhile, Horribella calls Bill and demands Queen Cloudia's bones, her payment for engineering Gert's death. Bill has the bones delivered to her by Duncan, who has become a postal courier. Horribella, planning to bring about the end of Fairyland, resurrects Cloudia as a powerful undead being who kills her and goes on a destructive rampage. Realising that Gert is the only one who can defeat "Dark Cloudia", Duncan and Larry confront the Fairyland Council and tell them that they must resurrect Gert to save Fairyland. The Council initially refuse, citing the rules of Fairyland, but Duncan retorts that the rules, and the council, are directly responsible for the crisis, and that by kidnapping children like him and Gertrude, they have abdicated any moral authority. One of the Council member concedes that Duncan is correct, and orders Bill to deliver the pocket dimension containing Gert's Hell to the council chamber. Duncan and Larry enter Hell and inform Gert about Dark Cloudia; subsequently, Gert agrees to kill Cloudia again. When returned to Fairyland she attempts to renege on the deal and demands to return to Hell when she realizes that her actions would serve the council's purpose. The Council nevertheless promises to return Gert home if she succeeds, and forcibly empowers her with their combined magic. Meanwhile, Dark Cloudia destroys the army of King Cone, the new Fairyland king, who tries to stop her wave of destruction in vain. Before Dark Cloudia can slay the king, however, Gert appears and attacks her with her new magical powers, depowering Cloudia and beating her up. Although Gert almost kills Cloudia again, Larry reminds her that the Council never specified that Cloudia has to die in their request, and Gert decides to follow his advice for once and gives the defeated villain to King Cone so she will be imprisoned for her crimes. The Council then appears, angry because Gert didn't kill Cloudia (despite the fact that she technically fulfilled their request) and threatening to exile her to a remote place in Fairyland, until Gertrude reminds them that she still has their combined magic inside her and would use it to kill them unless they honor their part of the deal, and the fearful Council quickly sends her back home, much to Larry's sorrow. Back on Earth, Gert, now an adult woman in her thirties, finds herself employed as a clerk in a television station, ironically frustrated by her mundane job and looking for a way to return. However, she abandons her search and ruefully curses Fairyland one last time before getting back to work, determined to face her lot in life.
### 2022 revival
#### "Gert's Inferno"
{{main\|Gert's Inferno}}
The now adult Gert is unable to keep a job, as she lacks any education or skills applicable to the real world, and misses Fairyland where she was notorious and feared. After she is beaten up in a bar and dumped in an alley, a tech billionaire named William Wiggins hires her to find his missing son, who he believes has been taken to Fairyland. Gert agrees, in exchange for half the profits from the planet\-wide theme park that Wiggins intends to build on Fairyland once the expedition is complete. He sends Gert and Rotwald Rat, a talking rat from Fairyland who his scientists accidentally brought to Earth; through a portal to Fairyland. They emerge at the gates of the Inferno, a hell\-like dimension created to prevent previous visitors to Fairyland re\-entering. They meet a demon named Virgil, who agrees to guide them through the Inferno and into Fairyland, promising the journey will last a few days. However, Gert eats Virgil's map and they are lost in the Inferno for years. Along the way they inadvertently create additional dangers for themselves, including a ravenous ["gertling"](/wiki/Gremlins "Gremlins") known as "Cutey Pukey", and a golem created from a monster's stomach contents which lusts after Gertrude.
Gert, Rotwald and Virgil are finally able to complete a series of [fetch quests](/wiki/Quest_%28video_games%29 "Quest (video games)") to reach the end of the Inferno and obtain a ticket into Fairyland. Gert tearfully bids farewell to Virgil and re\-enters Fairyland. As soon as they cross through the portal, Rotwald receives a call from Wiggins, who tells Gert that his son has shown up on Earth and that he has no intention of extracting Gert due to legal issues, leaving her once again trapped in Fairyland permanently. Gert kicks Rotwald in a rage, declaring "I hate Fairyland!". Rotwald lands some distance away in front of the latest "guest" of Fairyland, and Larry who is shocked at hearing Gert had returned.
#### "Last Gert Standing"
As Gert reunites with Larry, Larry explains that he got a successful career as guide since she left and that he guided Wiggins' son. Meanwhile, Fairyland's new ruler and Cloudia's brother, King Cloudius, gets enraged to learn about Gert's return. After rejecting suggestions from the new cousil, Cloudius decides to bring the original Gert and several different counterparts to his timeline to kill current Gert. As Gert goes with Larry and the kid to the door upon finding the key, Cloudius sees through Gert's cheap ghost costume, starting a bloody battle between Gertrude and her counterparts until only the original Gert survives. However, to Cloudius' anger, Gert lets the kid to use the door unaware of it was the way home Cloudius promised her to if she killed adult Gert.
Gert decides that she would search for Duncan and ask him for help when Larry assumes that he would have a map and a key. They see that Duncan is now an adult man with anger issues and working for Horribella's cousin. Although upset with Gert for the way she treated him back when he was a child, and for inadvertently preventing him from learning he even had a key, Duncan accepts to help Gert, and they break Cloudia out of prison to help find Duncan's key. However, on the trio finding the key, Cloudia steals it for herself, travelling to Earth.
#### "In the Mean Time"
On Earth, Cloudia is immediately run over, while in Fairyland, Gert consults on a film adaptation of her life, before the Gertlins return to invade.
#### "Happy End Game"
Deep below the Inferno, in the bowels of Hell, the real Happy, the devil Bill, and the adult Gert together gather up an army of the dead to put an end to the young Gert once and for all, as the young Gert celebrates saving Fairyland from monster infestation.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"### Original run",
"#### \"Madly Ever After\"",
"The plot starts with [Gertrude \"Gert\"](/wiki/Gert_%28I_Hate_Fairyland%29 \"Gert (I Hate Fairyland)\") falling into Fairyland as a six\\-year\\-old. She spends 27 years looking for a key to escape with her assigned insect guide Larrigton Weighston III, or Larry for short, but never ages, resulting in her becoming a violent [sociopath](/wiki/Sociopath \"Sociopath\"). After terrorizing Fairyland, Queen Cloudia, the secretly evil ruler of Fairyland, sends after Gert many 'villains', such as a witch named Horribella. With each attempt ending in failure, Queen Cloudia then decides to kill her personally. She consults the Fairyland Council and they devise a plan to rid of Gert. As the Queen cannot directly harm any guests, Cloudia invites another child, Happy, into Fairyland, to make Gert a citizen of Fairyland. Gert confronts Happy and shortly tries to kill her, but is easily defeated by Happy. After Gert recovers, she visits Queen Cloudia and asks her what is going on. Cloudia tells her she's too late, and admits she helped Happy on her quest to find the key. Sometime after, Happy does find the key. Annoyed by this, Gert finds Darketh Deaddeath, who she asks to help her defeat Happy. He agrees to help her, only if she proves herself. She survives his dungeon, and insults him. He then decides to help her and gives her his dark magic powers. Happy almost uses the key to exit Fairyland, but then a super\\-powered Gert stops her in her tracks. After a brief battle, Gert defeats Happy and then kills Cloudia. Before Gert can return home, Larry informs her that killing the Queen makes her the Queen herself, resulting in her unhappily taking the throne.",
"#### \"Fluff My Life\"",
"After a disastrous year as Fairyland's \"evil queen\", Gert is impeached and resumes looking for a way home. While meeting with Pervis Peddlesteal, an anthropomorphic rat who collects artefacts from Earth, she encounters Duncan, a human boy dressed in a dragon Halloween costume recently arrived in Fairyland. Duncan joins Gert on her travels, however, she willingly abandons him in the Tower of Battle, a gigantic arcade machine populated by powerful fighters. One hundred years later, Duncan has become an actual giant dragon and lays waste to Fairyland, killing all but a small handful of survivors, including Gert and Larry. Using the last remaining magic in Fairyland, Larry transports Gertrude back in time to the present of the series to warn her younger self away from the decisions that lead to the destruction of Fairyland. The older Gert gives her younger self step\\-by\\-step instructions to avert the apocalypse, but wearily notes that she has not listened to any of them, fading from existence as her younger self rushes into the first of many disasters.",
"#### \"I Hate Image\"",
"{{main\\|I Hate Fairyland – I Hate Image{{!}}I Hate Image}}\nAfter beating up Kamau Kogo on [Bitch Planet](/wiki/Bitch_Planet \"Bitch Planet\") and learning how to traverse the [Image Universe](/wiki/Image_Universe \"Image Universe\") to return home, Gert kills versions of [Rick Grimes](/wiki/Rick_Grimes \"Rick Grimes\") and [Coach Euless Boss](/wiki/Southern_Bastards%23Story \"Southern Bastards#Story\") before following the [Paper Girls](/wiki/Paper_Girls \"Paper Girls\") into Image City. After being led to the god\\-run [nightclub](/wiki/Nightclub \"Nightclub\") [Wic \\+ Div](/wiki/The_Wicked_%2B_The_Divine \"The Wicked + The Divine\") by [Tony Chu](/wiki/Chew_%28comics%29 \"Chew (comics)\"), Gert sets off a [battle royale](/wiki/Battle_royal \"Battle royal\") between the various [superheroes](/wiki/Superhero \"Superhero\") and [villains](/wiki/Supervillain \"Supervillain\") within, stealing their weaponry in the process, before seeking out the aid of [Spawn](/wiki/Spawn_%28comics%29 \"Spawn (comics)\") to give her access to the Image Central building. After killing everyone in the building and confronting the founders of [Image Comics](/wiki/Image_Comics \"Image Comics\"), Gert demands to be allowed to go home, killing them all as a show of force before realising she needed one of them alive to return home. Dejected, Gert returns to Fairyland with Larry.",
"#### \"Good Girl\"",
"Gert meets Maddie, a denizen of Fairyland and her self\\-proclaimed \"biggest fan\", who idolises Gert for the violence and death she has spread. Although initially happy to take Maddie on as a protege, Gert quickly becomes sick of her, and realizes that she does not like the person she has become. She murders Maddie and resolves to become a better person. Despite her best intentions, Gert repeatedly fails to do good, leaving just as much death and destruction in her wake. However, Larry tells her of a mysterious labyrinth which could hold the secret to helping her become good, and concedes that, as miserable as his life with Gert has been, it probably would have been even worse had they never met. When they reach the labyrinth, its master, Loveth Lovelord, makes Gert a deal; if she can reach the center of the labyrinth before the next \"Lover's Moon\" and find the \"Balls of Redemption\", all the evil will be purged from her being, if she fails, she must become his wife. Gert manages to find the centre of the labyrinth, and Loveth unleashes the beast that guards the Balls, which turns out to be Duncan. Despite Duncan demonstrating the newly acquired draconic powers of flight and fire breathing, Gertrude easily defeats him and touches the Balls of Redemption, becoming a perfectly good and sweet child similar to Happy. The newly good Gert makes quick progress in her quest, prompting Horribella to hire the deadliest assassins in Fairyland to stop her on behalf of an unseen \"Ruler of All That is Dark\". Gert finds her key and heads back to the centre of Fairyland to finally leave. Horribella's assassins attack her, but all inexplicably miss her when they throw their weapons. Gert picks up a lollipop and skips towards the door, but trips and falls at the last moment, causing the lollipop to penetrate her brain, killing her instantly. As Larry quietly mourns her death, Gert descends into Hell, with the effects of the Balls reversed. Upon arriving in Hell, she is met by the \"Ruler of All That Is Dark\" – Happy.",
"#### \"Sadly Never After\"",
"The ruler of Hell is revealed not to be Happy, but a shapeshifting demon named Bill assuming her form. After failing to torment Gert with a twisted version of her home, he condemns her to an eternity of repeating her quest. Meanwhile, Horribella calls Bill and demands Queen Cloudia's bones, her payment for engineering Gert's death. Bill has the bones delivered to her by Duncan, who has become a postal courier. Horribella, planning to bring about the end of Fairyland, resurrects Cloudia as a powerful undead being who kills her and goes on a destructive rampage. Realising that Gert is the only one who can defeat \"Dark Cloudia\", Duncan and Larry confront the Fairyland Council and tell them that they must resurrect Gert to save Fairyland. The Council initially refuse, citing the rules of Fairyland, but Duncan retorts that the rules, and the council, are directly responsible for the crisis, and that by kidnapping children like him and Gertrude, they have abdicated any moral authority. One of the Council member concedes that Duncan is correct, and orders Bill to deliver the pocket dimension containing Gert's Hell to the council chamber. Duncan and Larry enter Hell and inform Gert about Dark Cloudia; subsequently, Gert agrees to kill Cloudia again. When returned to Fairyland she attempts to renege on the deal and demands to return to Hell when she realizes that her actions would serve the council's purpose. The Council nevertheless promises to return Gert home if she succeeds, and forcibly empowers her with their combined magic. Meanwhile, Dark Cloudia destroys the army of King Cone, the new Fairyland king, who tries to stop her wave of destruction in vain. Before Dark Cloudia can slay the king, however, Gert appears and attacks her with her new magical powers, depowering Cloudia and beating her up. Although Gert almost kills Cloudia again, Larry reminds her that the Council never specified that Cloudia has to die in their request, and Gert decides to follow his advice for once and gives the defeated villain to King Cone so she will be imprisoned for her crimes. The Council then appears, angry because Gert didn't kill Cloudia (despite the fact that she technically fulfilled their request) and threatening to exile her to a remote place in Fairyland, until Gertrude reminds them that she still has their combined magic inside her and would use it to kill them unless they honor their part of the deal, and the fearful Council quickly sends her back home, much to Larry's sorrow. Back on Earth, Gert, now an adult woman in her thirties, finds herself employed as a clerk in a television station, ironically frustrated by her mundane job and looking for a way to return. However, she abandons her search and ruefully curses Fairyland one last time before getting back to work, determined to face her lot in life.",
"### 2022 revival",
"#### \"Gert's Inferno\"",
"{{main\\|Gert's Inferno}}\nThe now adult Gert is unable to keep a job, as she lacks any education or skills applicable to the real world, and misses Fairyland where she was notorious and feared. After she is beaten up in a bar and dumped in an alley, a tech billionaire named William Wiggins hires her to find his missing son, who he believes has been taken to Fairyland. Gert agrees, in exchange for half the profits from the planet\\-wide theme park that Wiggins intends to build on Fairyland once the expedition is complete. He sends Gert and Rotwald Rat, a talking rat from Fairyland who his scientists accidentally brought to Earth; through a portal to Fairyland. They emerge at the gates of the Inferno, a hell\\-like dimension created to prevent previous visitors to Fairyland re\\-entering. They meet a demon named Virgil, who agrees to guide them through the Inferno and into Fairyland, promising the journey will last a few days. However, Gert eats Virgil's map and they are lost in the Inferno for years. Along the way they inadvertently create additional dangers for themselves, including a ravenous [\"gertling\"](/wiki/Gremlins \"Gremlins\") known as \"Cutey Pukey\", and a golem created from a monster's stomach contents which lusts after Gertrude.",
"Gert, Rotwald and Virgil are finally able to complete a series of [fetch quests](/wiki/Quest_%28video_games%29 \"Quest (video games)\") to reach the end of the Inferno and obtain a ticket into Fairyland. Gert tearfully bids farewell to Virgil and re\\-enters Fairyland. As soon as they cross through the portal, Rotwald receives a call from Wiggins, who tells Gert that his son has shown up on Earth and that he has no intention of extracting Gert due to legal issues, leaving her once again trapped in Fairyland permanently. Gert kicks Rotwald in a rage, declaring \"I hate Fairyland!\". Rotwald lands some distance away in front of the latest \"guest\" of Fairyland, and Larry who is shocked at hearing Gert had returned.",
"#### \"Last Gert Standing\"",
"As Gert reunites with Larry, Larry explains that he got a successful career as guide since she left and that he guided Wiggins' son. Meanwhile, Fairyland's new ruler and Cloudia's brother, King Cloudius, gets enraged to learn about Gert's return. After rejecting suggestions from the new cousil, Cloudius decides to bring the original Gert and several different counterparts to his timeline to kill current Gert. As Gert goes with Larry and the kid to the door upon finding the key, Cloudius sees through Gert's cheap ghost costume, starting a bloody battle between Gertrude and her counterparts until only the original Gert survives. However, to Cloudius' anger, Gert lets the kid to use the door unaware of it was the way home Cloudius promised her to if she killed adult Gert.",
"Gert decides that she would search for Duncan and ask him for help when Larry assumes that he would have a map and a key. They see that Duncan is now an adult man with anger issues and working for Horribella's cousin. Although upset with Gert for the way she treated him back when he was a child, and for inadvertently preventing him from learning he even had a key, Duncan accepts to help Gert, and they break Cloudia out of prison to help find Duncan's key. However, on the trio finding the key, Cloudia steals it for herself, travelling to Earth.",
"#### \"In the Mean Time\"",
"On Earth, Cloudia is immediately run over, while in Fairyland, Gert consults on a film adaptation of her life, before the Gertlins return to invade.",
"#### \"Happy End Game\"",
"Deep below the Inferno, in the bowels of Hell, the real Happy, the devil Bill, and the adult Gert together gather up an army of the dead to put an end to the young Gert once and for all, as the young Gert celebrates saving Fairyland from monster infestation.",
""
] |
### 2022 revival
#### "Gert's Inferno"
{{main\|Gert's Inferno}}
The now adult Gert is unable to keep a job, as she lacks any education or skills applicable to the real world, and misses Fairyland where she was notorious and feared. After she is beaten up in a bar and dumped in an alley, a tech billionaire named William Wiggins hires her to find his missing son, who he believes has been taken to Fairyland. Gert agrees, in exchange for half the profits from the planet\-wide theme park that Wiggins intends to build on Fairyland once the expedition is complete. He sends Gert and Rotwald Rat, a talking rat from Fairyland who his scientists accidentally brought to Earth; through a portal to Fairyland. They emerge at the gates of the Inferno, a hell\-like dimension created to prevent previous visitors to Fairyland re\-entering. They meet a demon named Virgil, who agrees to guide them through the Inferno and into Fairyland, promising the journey will last a few days. However, Gert eats Virgil's map and they are lost in the Inferno for years. Along the way they inadvertently create additional dangers for themselves, including a ravenous ["gertling"](/wiki/Gremlins "Gremlins") known as "Cutey Pukey", and a golem created from a monster's stomach contents which lusts after Gertrude.
Gert, Rotwald and Virgil are finally able to complete a series of [fetch quests](/wiki/Quest_%28video_games%29 "Quest (video games)") to reach the end of the Inferno and obtain a ticket into Fairyland. Gert tearfully bids farewell to Virgil and re\-enters Fairyland. As soon as they cross through the portal, Rotwald receives a call from Wiggins, who tells Gert that his son has shown up on Earth and that he has no intention of extracting Gert due to legal issues, leaving her once again trapped in Fairyland permanently. Gert kicks Rotwald in a rage, declaring "I hate Fairyland!". Rotwald lands some distance away in front of the latest "guest" of Fairyland, and Larry who is shocked at hearing Gert had returned.
#### "Last Gert Standing"
As Gert reunites with Larry, Larry explains that he got a successful career as guide since she left and that he guided Wiggins' son. Meanwhile, Fairyland's new ruler and Cloudia's brother, King Cloudius, gets enraged to learn about Gert's return. After rejecting suggestions from the new cousil, Cloudius decides to bring the original Gert and several different counterparts to his timeline to kill current Gert. As Gert goes with Larry and the kid to the door upon finding the key, Cloudius sees through Gert's cheap ghost costume, starting a bloody battle between Gertrude and her counterparts until only the original Gert survives. However, to Cloudius' anger, Gert lets the kid to use the door unaware of it was the way home Cloudius promised her to if she killed adult Gert.
Gert decides that she would search for Duncan and ask him for help when Larry assumes that he would have a map and a key. They see that Duncan is now an adult man with anger issues and working for Horribella's cousin. Although upset with Gert for the way she treated him back when he was a child, and for inadvertently preventing him from learning he even had a key, Duncan accepts to help Gert, and they break Cloudia out of prison to help find Duncan's key. However, on the trio finding the key, Cloudia steals it for herself, travelling to Earth.
#### "In the Mean Time"
On Earth, Cloudia is immediately run over, while in Fairyland, Gert consults on a film adaptation of her life, before the Gertlins return to invade.
#### "Happy End Game"
Deep below the Inferno, in the bowels of Hell, the real Happy, the devil Bill, and the adult Gert together gather up an army of the dead to put an end to the young Gert once and for all, as the young Gert celebrates saving Fairyland from monster infestation.
|
[
"### 2022 revival",
"#### \"Gert's Inferno\"",
"{{main\\|Gert's Inferno}}\nThe now adult Gert is unable to keep a job, as she lacks any education or skills applicable to the real world, and misses Fairyland where she was notorious and feared. After she is beaten up in a bar and dumped in an alley, a tech billionaire named William Wiggins hires her to find his missing son, who he believes has been taken to Fairyland. Gert agrees, in exchange for half the profits from the planet\\-wide theme park that Wiggins intends to build on Fairyland once the expedition is complete. He sends Gert and Rotwald Rat, a talking rat from Fairyland who his scientists accidentally brought to Earth; through a portal to Fairyland. They emerge at the gates of the Inferno, a hell\\-like dimension created to prevent previous visitors to Fairyland re\\-entering. They meet a demon named Virgil, who agrees to guide them through the Inferno and into Fairyland, promising the journey will last a few days. However, Gert eats Virgil's map and they are lost in the Inferno for years. Along the way they inadvertently create additional dangers for themselves, including a ravenous [\"gertling\"](/wiki/Gremlins \"Gremlins\") known as \"Cutey Pukey\", and a golem created from a monster's stomach contents which lusts after Gertrude.",
"Gert, Rotwald and Virgil are finally able to complete a series of [fetch quests](/wiki/Quest_%28video_games%29 \"Quest (video games)\") to reach the end of the Inferno and obtain a ticket into Fairyland. Gert tearfully bids farewell to Virgil and re\\-enters Fairyland. As soon as they cross through the portal, Rotwald receives a call from Wiggins, who tells Gert that his son has shown up on Earth and that he has no intention of extracting Gert due to legal issues, leaving her once again trapped in Fairyland permanently. Gert kicks Rotwald in a rage, declaring \"I hate Fairyland!\". Rotwald lands some distance away in front of the latest \"guest\" of Fairyland, and Larry who is shocked at hearing Gert had returned.",
"#### \"Last Gert Standing\"",
"As Gert reunites with Larry, Larry explains that he got a successful career as guide since she left and that he guided Wiggins' son. Meanwhile, Fairyland's new ruler and Cloudia's brother, King Cloudius, gets enraged to learn about Gert's return. After rejecting suggestions from the new cousil, Cloudius decides to bring the original Gert and several different counterparts to his timeline to kill current Gert. As Gert goes with Larry and the kid to the door upon finding the key, Cloudius sees through Gert's cheap ghost costume, starting a bloody battle between Gertrude and her counterparts until only the original Gert survives. However, to Cloudius' anger, Gert lets the kid to use the door unaware of it was the way home Cloudius promised her to if she killed adult Gert.",
"Gert decides that she would search for Duncan and ask him for help when Larry assumes that he would have a map and a key. They see that Duncan is now an adult man with anger issues and working for Horribella's cousin. Although upset with Gert for the way she treated him back when he was a child, and for inadvertently preventing him from learning he even had a key, Duncan accepts to help Gert, and they break Cloudia out of prison to help find Duncan's key. However, on the trio finding the key, Cloudia steals it for herself, travelling to Earth.",
"#### \"In the Mean Time\"",
"On Earth, Cloudia is immediately run over, while in Fairyland, Gert consults on a film adaptation of her life, before the Gertlins return to invade.",
"#### \"Happy End Game\"",
"Deep below the Inferno, in the bowels of Hell, the real Happy, the devil Bill, and the adult Gert together gather up an army of the dead to put an end to the young Gert once and for all, as the young Gert celebrates saving Fairyland from monster infestation.",
""
] |
Main characters
---------------
### Sougo Tokiwa
{{nihongo\|Sougo Tokiwa\|常磐 ソウゴ\|Tokiwa Sōgo}}{{efn\|"Sougo" is alternatively spelt "Sogo". Additionally, he is named after \[\[Tokiwa\-sō]], the former apartment of \[\[Shotaro Ishinomori]].}} is an 18\-year old student, later 19\-year old graduate, of {{nihongo\|Hikarigamori High School\|光ヶ森高等学校\|Hikarigamori Kōtō Gakkō}} who dreamed of becoming a king after experiencing a series of nightmares in his childhood and being visited by a mysterious figure who entrusted him with the prophecy. After surviving a bus accident when he was nine, Sougo became orphaned and since then lived with his great\-uncle at 9\-to\-5\. After meeting Tsukuyomi and Geiz, Sougo learns he will become Ohma Zi\-O, a tyrant destined to rule the world with an iron fist. Despite being troubled by this possibility, Sougo chooses to continue following his dream while changing his fate, accepting the power to become Kamen Rider Zi\-O and declaring that he will become a benevolent tyrant instead. Despite Geiz and Tsukuyomi's reservations, Sougo considers them friends and trusts them with his life, asking both of them to kill him should he follow the path to becoming Ohma Zi\-O. All the while, Sougo's predecessor [Tsukasa Kadoya](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Tsukasa_Kadoya "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Tsukasa Kadoya") secretly watches over him to ensure he succeeds in changing his fate.
Originally a visionary high school student prior to his graduation, Sougo develops other strengths along his journey. Due to his observant nature and keen understanding of human behavior, he became a skilled manipulator capable of outsmarting a genius of [Kuroto Dan](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Kuroto_Dan "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Kuroto Dan")'s caliber. In 2019, Sougo develops the ability to subconsciously create alternate futures, which he initially assumed were prophetic dreams of Kamen Riders from White Woz's timeline. Ever since the bus accident, he also gained chronokinesis like the Time Jackers. However, their leader Swartz erased Sougo's memory of it before the latter regains his powers after he becomes Grand Zi\-O.
As Swartz commences a convergence of the [A.R. Worlds](/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction "Parallel universes in fiction"), Tsukuyomi seemingly betrays Sougo and Geiz is killed saving him. In response, an enraged Sougo becomes Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\-O to defeat Swartz himself before sacrificing his newfound power to reset the timeline, negating his destiny and undoing Swartz's damage. Due to this, he relives his senior year in 2018 with altered versions of Geiz, Tsukuyomi, and the Time Jackers as his classmates in the new timeline.
In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, Sougo regains his Rider powers while helping Geiz in his fight against a new White Woz, who became Another Diend to become a savior.
In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *[Kamen Rider Zi\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Zi-O_the_Movie:Over_Quartzer "Over Quartzer")*, Sougo and his friends help [Go Shijima](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Go_Shijima "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Go Shijima") preserve [Kamen Rider Drive](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Drive_characters%23Shinnosuke_Tomari "List of Kamen Rider Drive characters#Shinnosuke Tomari")'s history after [Oda Nobunaga](/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga "Oda Nobunaga") lost the [Battle of Nagashino](/wiki/Battle_of_Nagashino "Battle of Nagashino"). Despite succeeding, Black Woz betrays him, taking all of Sougo's {{nihongo\|Ride \[\[Pocket watch\|Watches]]\|ライドウォッチ\|Raido Wotchi}} and imprisoning him on behalf of the Quartzers. Despite this, Sougo is released by Tsukuyomi and Go and receives the Ohma Zi\-O Ride Watch to defeat the Quartzers' leader, an adult version of himself from an alternate timeline. After Sougo defeats his evil counterpart, he is recognized as a king.
In the web\-exclusive spin\-offs *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Decade vs. Zi\-O: The Decade House Death Game* and *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Zi\-O vs. Decade: 7 of Zi\-Os!*, an alternate universe version of Sougo who became a basketball player becomes trapped in the titular House Death Game and encounters Tsukasa, who was trying to lure the "prime" version of Sougo to the game. The alternative Sougo gives Tsukasa the Saber Ride Watch and asks him to give it to the "prime" Sougo, who is later forced to fight various alternate universe versions of himself.
Utilizing the {{nihongo\|Zi\-O\|ジオウ\|Jiō}} Ride Watch in conjunction with the {{nihongo\|Ziku\-Driver\|ジクウドライバー\|Jikū Doraibā\|Spacetime Driver}} belt, Sougo can transform into Kamen Rider Zi\-O. While transformed, he can perform {{nihongo\|Time Break\|タイムブレーク\|Taimu Burēku}} finishers. He also wields the {{nihongo\|Zikan Girade\|ジカンギレード\|Jikan Girēdo}}, which has a {{nihongo\|Ken Mode\|ケンモード\|Ken Mōdo\|Sword Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\|Edge of Time Slash\|ギリギリスラッシュ\|Giri Giri Surasshu}} finishers and a {{nihongo\|Zyu Mode\|ジュウモード\|Jū Mōdo\|Gun Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\|Sure Sure Shooting\|スレスレシューティング\|Sure Sure Shūtingu}} finishers, and Woz's Faiz Phone X for communicating with Tsukuyomi and Geiz through time. His personal vehicles are the {{nihongo\|Ride Striker\|ライドストライカー\|Raido Sutoraikā}} motorcycle, which is summoned from the {{nihongo\|Bike\|バイク\|Baiku}} Ride Watch, and the {{nihongo\|Time Mazine\|タイムマジーン\|Taimu Majīn}} [mecha](/wiki/Mecha "Mecha"), which can switch between its aircraft\-like {{nihongo\|Vehicle Mode\|ビークルモード\|Bīkuru Mōdo}} and its [exosuit](/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton "Powered exoskeleton")\-like {{nihongo\|Battle Mode\|バトルモード\|Batoru Mōdo}}. Additionally, he possesses other Ride Watches that allow him to access forms based on his Heisei Kamen Rider predecessors called {{nihongo\|Rider Armors\|ライダーアーマー\|Raidā Āmā}}, which are as follows:
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Build\|Build]] Armor\|ビルドアーマー\|Birudo Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Build](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Build_characters%23Sento_Kiryu "List of Kamen Rider Build characters#Sento Kiryu")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Build\|ビルド\|Birudo}} Ride Watch that grants the use of the {{nihongo\|Drill Crusher Crusher\|ドリルクラッシャークラッシャー\|Doriru Kurasshā Kurasshā}} [tekko](/wiki/Tekko "Tekko"), based on Build's Drill Crusher, and superhuman reflexes. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Vortex Time Break\|ボルテックタイムブレーク\|Borutekku Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the film *[Kamen Rider Build the Movie: Be the One](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Build_the_Movie:Be_the_One "Be the One")*.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Ex\-Aid\|Ex\-Aid]] Armor\|エグゼイドアーマー\|Eguzeido Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Ex\-Aid](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ex-Aid_characters%23Emu_Hojo "List of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid characters#Emu Hojo")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Ex\-Aid\|エグゼイド\|Eguzeido}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the {{nihongo\|Gashacon Breaker Breaker\|ガシャコンブレイカーブレイカー\|Gashakon Bureikā Bureikā}} gauntlets, based on Ex\-Aid's Gashacon Breaker, and grants the ability to generate chocolate block\-like platforms. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Critical Time Break\|クリティカルタイムブレーク\|Kuritikaru Taimu Burēku}}.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Fourze\|Fourze]] Armor\|フォーゼアーマー\|Fōze Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Fourze](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters%23Gentaro_Kisaragi "List of Kamen Rider Fourze characters#Gentaro Kisaragi")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Fourze\|フォーゼ\|Fōze}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the rocket\-propelled {{nihongo\|Booster Module\|ブースターモジュール\|Būsutā Mojūru}} gauntlets, based on Fourze's Rocket Module, and grants the use of the {{nihongo\|Rocket Mode\|ロケットモード\|Roketto Mōdo}} ability to transform into a vehicle\-like state. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Limit Time Break\|リミットタイムブレーク\|Rimitto Taimu Burēku}}.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider OOO\|OOO]] Armor\|オーズアーマー\|Ōzu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider OOO](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Eiji_Hino "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Eiji Hino")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|OOO\|オーズ\|Ōzu}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the right arm\-mounted {{nihongo\|Tora Claw Z\|トラクローZ\|Tora Kurō Zetto\|Tiger Claw Z}}, based on OOO's Tora Claws, and grants increased jumping capabilities. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Scanning Time Break\|スキャニングタイムブレーク\|Sukyaningu Taimu Burēku}}.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Gaim\|Gaim]] Armor\|鎧武アーマー\|Gaimu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Gaim](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Kota_Kazuraba "List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Kota Kazuraba")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Gaim\|鎧武\|Gaimu}} Ride Watch that grants the use of six {{nihongo\|Daidaimaru Z\|大橙丸Z\|Daidaimaru Zetto\|Great Orange Circle Z}} swords, based on Gaim's Daidaimaru, and the ability to open portals. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Squash Time Break\|スカッシュタイムブレーク\|Sukasshu Taimu Burēku}}.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Decade\|Decade]] Armor\|ディケイドアーマー\|Dikeido Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Decade](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Decade_characters%23Tsukasa_Kadoya "List of Kamen Rider Decade characters#Tsukasa Kadoya")\-themed fusion form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Decade\|ディケイド\|Dikeido}} Ride Watch that grants the use of the {{nihongo\|Ride Heisaber\|ライドヘイセイバー\|Raido Heiseibā}}, which can perform either one of 19 {{nihongo\|Dual Time Break\|デュアルタイムブレーク\|Dyuaru Taimu Burēku}} attacks each based on the powers of Sougo's predecessors or the {{nihongo\|Scramble Time Break\|スクランブルタイムブレーク\|Sukuranburu Taimu Burēku}} and {{nihongo\|Ultimate Time Break\|アルティメットタイムブレーク\|Arutimetto Taimu Burēku}} finishers. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|(Final) Attack Time Break\|(ファイナル) アタックタイムブレーク\|(Fainaru) Atakku Taimu Burēku}}. Additionally, he can augment himself with one of his predecessors' power\-up forms by combining the Decade Ride Watch with their corresponding Ride Watch, which are as follows:
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor Build Form\|ディケイドアーマービルドフォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Birudo Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Build Rabbit Tank Sparkling Form\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Build Ride Watches that equips Sougo with Build's R and T Sparkling Blades while retaining the use of the former's Drill Crusher Crusher.
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor Ghost Form\|ディケイドアーマーゴーストフォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Gōsuto Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Ghost Grateful Damashii\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Ghost Ride Watches that grants the combined powers of all [15 heroic Eyecons](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_characters%2315_heroic_Eyecons "List of Kamen Rider Ghost characters#15 heroic Eyecons") while retaining the use of their Hoodie Ghosts for combat assistance.
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor Ex\-Aid Form\|ディケイドアーマーエグゼイドフォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Eguzeido Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Ex\-Aid Double Action Gamer Level XX\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Ex\-Aid Ride Watches that splits Sougo into the azure\-colored Decade Armor Ex\-Aid Form L and the orange\-colored Decade Armor Ex\-Aid Form R.
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor OOO Form\|ディケイドアーマーオーズフォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Ōzu Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider OOO Tajadol Combo\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and OOO Ride Watches that equips Sougo with OOO's Raptored Edges.
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor \[\[Kamen Rider Ryuki\|Ryuki]] Form\|ディケイドアーマー龍騎フォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Ryūki Fōmu}}: A [Kamen Rider Ryuki Survive](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ryuki_characters%23Shinji_Kido "List of Kamen Rider Ryuki characters#Shinji Kido")\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and {{nihongo\|Ryuki\|龍騎\|Ryūki}} Ride Watches that grants the use of Ryuki's Drag Visor Zwei. This form appears exclusively in the web series spin\-off *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Ryuki*.
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor \[\[Kamen Rider Saber\|Saber]] Form\|ディケイドアーマーセイバーフォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Seibā Fōmu}}: A [Kamen Rider Saber](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Saber_characters%23Touma_Kamiyama "List of Kamen Rider Saber characters#Touma Kamiyama")\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and {{nihongo\|Saber\|セイバー\|Seibā}} Ride Watches that grants pyrokinesis. This form appears exclusively in the web series spin\-off *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Zi\-O vs. Decade: 7 of Zi\-Os!*.{{cite web \|title\=「ジオウVSディケイド」「ディケイドVSジオウ」ユウスケ役・村井良大や武田玲奈が出演 \|url\=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/412700 \|publisher\=Natalie \|access\-date\=17 January 2021 \|language\=ja \|date\=17 January 2021}}
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider W\|W]] Armor\|ダブルアーマー\|Daburu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider W](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Kamen_Rider_W "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Kamen Rider W")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|W\|ダブル\|Daburu}} Ride Watch that grants aerokinesis and the use of a pair of {{nihongo\|Memory \[\[Android (robot)\|Droid]]\|メモリドロイド\|Memori Doroido}} robotic units, based on W's Cyclone and Joker Memories, for combat assistance. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Maximum Time Break\|マキシマムタイムブレーク\|Makushimamu Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the crossover film *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Kuuga\|Kuuga]] Armor\|クウガアーマー\|Kūga Āmā}}: A Kamen Rider Kuuga\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Kuuga\|クウガ\|Kūga}} Ride Watch that grants proficiency in hand\-to\-hand combat. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo4\|Mighty Time Break\|マイティタイムブレーク\|Maiti Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the crossover film *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*.
If necessary, Sougo can also use Geiz's Ride Watches to assume different Rider Armor forms:
* Ghost Armor: A Kamen Rider Ghost\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the Ghost Ride Watch, the original of which Geiz stole from Ohma Zi\-O before Sougo acquires his own version, that allows Sougo to perform the {{nihongo4\|Omega Time Break\|オメガタイムブレーク\|Omega Taimu Burēku}} finisher.
Amidst his journey, Sougo acquires unique Ride Watches that allow him to access stronger forms, which are as follows:
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Zi\-O II\|仮面ライダージオウII\|Kamen Raidā Jiō Tsū}}: Sougo's super form accessed from the two\-in\-one {{nihongo\|Zi\-O Ride Watch II\|ジオウライドウォッチII\|Jiō Raido Wotchi Tsū}} that grants precognitive sight, which allows him to see seconds into the future. While transformed, he wields the {{nihongo\|Saikyo Girade\|サイキョーギレード\|Saikyō Girēdo}} sword, which can perform the {{nihongo\|Rider Slash\|ライダー斬り\|Raidā Giri}} and {{nihongo\|Supreme King Slash\|覇王斬り\|Haō Giri}} attacks as well as combine with the Zikan Girade to form the {{nihongo\|Saikyo Zikan Girade\|サイキョージカンギレード\|Saikyō Jikan Girēdo}} broadsword; the latter of which allows him to perform the {{nihongo4\|King Edge of Time Slash\|キングギリギリスラッシュ\|Kingu Giri Giri Surasshu}} finisher. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Twice Time Break\|トゥワイスタイムブレーク\|Tuwaisu Taimu Burēku}}.
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Zi\-O Trinity\|仮面ライダージオウトリニティ\|Kamen Raidā Jiō Toriniti}}: A fusion form between Kamen Riders Zi\-O, Geiz, and Woz accessed from the {{nihongo\|Zi\-O Trinity\|ジオウトリニティ\|Jiō Toriniti}} Ride Watch that allows the trio to use all of their powers and weapons at once. Their finishers in this form are the {{nihongo\|Solo Time Break\|ソロタイムブレーク\|Soro Taimu Burēku}}, {{nihongo\|Duo Time Break Burst\|デュオタイムブレークバースト\|Dyuo Taimu Burēku Bāsuto}}, and {{nihongo\|Trinity Time Break Burst Explosion\|トリニティタイムブレークバーストエクスプロージョン\|Toriniti Taimu Burēku Bāsuto Ekusupurōjon}}.
+ {{nihongo4\|Zi\-O Trinity Version Geiz \& Tsukuyomi\|ジオウトリニティバージョン・ゲイツ\&ツクヨミ\|Jiō Toriniti Bājon Geitsu Ando Tsukuyomi}}: An alternate fusion form that replaces Woz with Tsukuyomi. This form appears exclusively in the *Kamen Rider Zi\-O* tie\-in novel of the same name.
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Grand Zi\-O\|仮面ライダーグランドジオウ\|Kamen Raidā Gurando Jiō}}: Sougo's ultimate form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Grand Zi\-O\|グランドジオウ\|Gurando Jiō}} Ride Watch that grants chronokinesis and the ability to either summon any of his predecessors from their active timeline to fight by his side or use their weapons along with his own. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|All Twenty Time Break\|オールトゥエンティタイムブレーク\|Ōru Tuenti Taimu Burēku}}.
* Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\-O: Sougo's alternative ultimate form accessed from the Ohma Zi\-O Driver that grants the power to destroy enemies with a single attack. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo4\|Ohma Zi\-O Hissatsugeki\|逢魔時王必殺撃\|Ōma Jiō Hissatsugeki\|Ohma Zi\-O Finishing Attack}}.
* {{nihongo\|Ohma Form\|オーマフォーム\|Ōma Fōmu}}: A fusion form between Kamen Riders Zi\-O and Ohma Zi\-O accessed from the latter's personal Ride Watch that grants the former vast power of his future self. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|King Time Break\|キングタイムブレーク\|Kingu Taimu Burēiku}}. This form appears exclusively in the film *Kamen Rider Zi\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer*.
Sougo Tokiwa is portrayed by {{nihongo\|So Okuno\|奥野 壮\|Okuno Sō}} while {{nihongo\|Rui Takahashi\|高橋 琉晟\|Takahashi Rui}} and {{nihongo\|Haru Takagi\|高木 波瑠\|Takagi Haru}} portray him as a child and younger child, respectively.
#### Mirror Sougo Tokiwa
The {{nihongo\|Mirror Sougo Tokiwa\|鏡像の常磐ソウゴ\|Kyōzō no Tokiwa Sōgo}} is a cynical and power\-hungry version of the original Sougo from the Mirror World. Meeting his real world counterpart during the events of Another Ryuga's reign of terror, Mirror Sougo torments his counterpart over his perceived futile attempt at defying his fate as Ohma Zi\-O. When Sougo reaffirms his belief and acknowledges his darker self, the Mirror Sougo concedes and gives the former half of the Zi\-O Ride Watch II. Like his real life counterpart, the Mirror Sougo can also transform into Zi\-O, with his suit being a mirrored copy of the original.
In the *Kamen Rider Zi\-O* novel, another version of Mirror Sougo is brought into existence when the [Third Woz](/wiki/%23Third_Woz "#Third Woz") interferes with the timeline. This Mirror Sougo fuses with his real world counterpart to become {{nihongo\|Inner Sougo Tokiwa\|裏の常磐ソウゴ\|Ura no Tokiwa Sōgo}} and collect most of the Another Watches to become Another Ohma Zi\-O. He later joins forces with Third Woz to obtain the Decade Ride Watch and manipulate the original timeline so that Sougo never meets Geiz and Tsukuyomi and ensure he becomes Ohma Zi\-O. After absorbing Geiz and Tsukuyomi's Another Watches to become {{nihongo\|Another Ohma Zi\-O Trinity\|アナザーオーマジオウトリニティ\|Anazā Ōma Jiō Toriniti}}, Inner Sougo is defeated Zi\-O Trinity Version Geiz \& Tsukuyomi.
Mirror Sougo Tokiwa is portrayed by So Okuno, who also portrays the real world version of Sougo Tokiwa.
#### Alternate Sougo Tokiwa
In the *Rider Time* web series *Decade VS Zi\-O* and *Zi\-O VS Decade*, several alternate timeline iterations of Sougo Tokiwa are introduced as supporting characters, each of whom retain the ability to transform into Zi\-O. Excluding the android Sougo, the rest of the alternate Sougos are addressed alphabetically, with the "prime" Sougo designated as "A". Most of the alternative versions are hunted down and killed by Tsukasa in order to prevent the merging of alternate universes caused by the True Sougo.
* Android: The android Sougo Tokiwa is a basketball player who hails from a dimension where humanity has been wiped out and replaced by robots. In *Decade VS Zi\-O*, the android Sougo is one of the many participants in True Sougo's "King's Death Game" and bonds with the ghost of Misa Kuon. He later joins Tsukasa's party of Kamen Riders in fighting True Sougo. However, as he is incapable of harnessing a fellow Rider's Ride Watch, he hands Tsukasa the Saber Ride Watch in the hopes that someone else can use it.
* Sougo B: A class president from {{nihongo\|Hanazono Academy\|花園学園\|Hanazono Gakuen}} and the boyfriend of his world's Misa Kuon. After surviving the King's Death Game, Sougo B returns to his universe on good terms with Sougo A.
* Sougo C: A manipulative {{nihongo\|Misawa High School\|三沢高校\|Misawa Kōkō}} student who used bribery to win his school's presidency and conspires with Misa to kill Sougo A. However, he swaps places with Sougo A and is killed by Decade.
* Sougo D: A *[yankī](/wiki/Yankee%23In_other_countries "Yankee#In other countries")* who was killed by Tsukasa.
* Sougo E: A childish student who was killed by Ohma Zi\-O.
* Sougo F: A cowardly student who was killed by Decade.
As with the original Sougo Tokiwa, the alternate Sougos are portrayed by So Okuno.
### Geiz Myokoin
{{nihongo\|Geiz Myokoin\|明光院 ゲイツ\|Myōkōin Geitsu}} is an 18\-year old soldier from the year 2068 who joined the resistance against Ohma Zi\-O as {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Geiz\|仮面ライダーゲイツ\|Kamen Raidā Geitsu}}. While he travels back in time to kill Sougo before he can become Ohma Zi\-O, Geiz momentarily relents after Sougo saves him while fighting the Another Rider, Another Build. At Tsukuyomi's request, Geiz agrees to stay his hand and watch events play out, becoming an on\-again\-off\-again house guest of Sougo's. Over the course of the series, Geiz struggles with his desire to stop Ohma Zi\-O and his growing friendship with Sougo before Geiz eventually becomes more open about his feelings and accepts Sougo as his friend following Another Zi\-O's attacks.
After defeating Another Zi\-O II, Geiz discovers the future he came from is actually an [alternate dimension](/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction "Parallel universes in fiction") where Ohma Zi\-O continues to exist despite Sougo's efforts to avoid becoming him. During Sougo's final battle with Swartz, Geiz dies protecting the former and begs him to become Ohma Zi\-O to defeat Swartz with his dying breath. After Sougo defeats the Time Jacker and resets the timeline, Geiz is revived as {{nihongo\|Keito Myokoin\|明光院 景都\|Myōkōin Keito}}, a contemporary classmate of Sougo's who is nicknamed "Geiz".
In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, Geiz is visited by a new iteration of White Woz, who restores his Rider powers. After meeting several past secondary Riders and seeing White Woz become the monstrous Another Diend to endanger Sougo, Geiz receives the Geiz Majesty Ride Watch from [Daiki Kaito](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Daiki_Kaito "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Daiki Kaito") and defeats White Woz. Afterwards, Geiz permanently regains his original timeline memories and returns to his regular life.
Utilizing the {{nihongo\|Geiz\|ゲイツ\|Geitsu}} Ride Watch in conjunction with the Ziku\-Driver, Geiz can transform into Kamen Rider Geiz. While transformed, he can perform {{nihongo4\|Time Burst\|タイムバースト\|Taimu Bāsuto}} finishers. He also wields the {{nihongo\|Zikan Zax\|ジカンザックス\|Jikan Zakkusu}}, which has a {{nihongo\|\[\[Yumi]] Mode\|ゆみモード\|Yumi Mōdo\|Bow Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\|Kiwa Kiwa Shoot\|キワキワシュート\|Kiwa Kiwa Shūto}} finishers and an {{nihongo\|\[\[Ono (axe)\|Ono]] Mode\|おのモード\|Ono Mōdo\|Axe Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\|Zakkuri Cutting\|ザックリカッティング\|Zakkuri Kattingu}} finishers. Moreover, he possesses his own series of Ride Watches, which he can use to access the following Rider Armor forms:
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Ghost\|Ghost]] Armor\|ゴーストアーマー\|Gōsuto Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Ghost](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_characters%23Takeru_Tenk%C5%ABji "List of Kamen Rider Ghost characters#Takeru Tenkūji")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Ghost\|ゴースト\|Gōsuto}} Ride Watch that grants levitation capabilities, invisibility, intangibility, and the use of Hoodie Ghosts based on Ghost Ore Damashii's Ghost Eyecons for combat assistance. Geiz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Omega Time Burst\|オメガタイムバースト\|Omega Taimu Bāsuto}}.
+ {{nihongo\|Bibill Armor\|ビビルアーマー\|Bibiru Āmā}}: A [Yurusen](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_characters%23Yurusen "List of Kamen Rider Ghost characters#Yurusen")\-themed version of Ghost Armor accessed from the {{nihongo\|Bibill\|ビビル\|Bibiru\|Scared}} Ride Watch, which transformed from the Ghost Ride Watch, that is powered by Geiz's phasmophobia. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Bibill Time Burst\|ビビルタイムバースト\|Bibiru Taimu Bāsuto}}. This form appears exclusively in the DVD special *Kamen Rider Bi Bi Bi no Bibill Geiz*.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Drive\|Drive]] Armor\|ドライブアーマー\|Doraibu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Drive](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Drive_characters%23Shinnosuke_Tomari "List of Kamen Rider Drive characters#Shinnosuke Tomari")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Drive\|ドライブ\|Doraibu}} Ride Watch that grants [supersonic speed](/wiki/Supersonic_speed "Supersonic speed") and the use of the twin {{nihongo\|Shift Speed Speed\|シフトスピードスピード\|Shifuto Supīdo Supīdo}} drones, based on Drive's Shift Speed Car, for combat assistance. Geiz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Hissatsu Time Burst\|ヒッサツタイムバースト\|Hissatsu Taimu Bāsuto\|Finisher Time Burst}}.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider 555\|Faiz]] Armor\|ファイズアーマー\|Faizu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Faiz](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_555_characters%23Takumi_Inui "List of Kamen Rider 555 characters#Takumi Inui")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Faiz\|ファイズ\|Faizu}} Ride Watch that grants the ability to summon the {{nihongo\|Faiz Shot Shot\|ファイズショットショット\|Faizu Shotto Shotto}} [knuckleduster](/wiki/Brass_knuckles "Brass knuckles") and/or the {{nihongo\|Faiz Pointer Pointer\|ファイズポインターポインター\|Faizu Pointā Pointā}} flashlight, based on Faiz's SB\-555C Faiz Shot and SB\-555L Faiz Pointer respectively, via the {{nihongo\|Faiz Phone X\|ファイズフォン{{ruby\-ja\|X\|テン}}\|Faizu Fon Ten\|Faiz Phone Ten}} device, based on Faiz's SB\-555P Faiz Phone, which can switch between {{nihongo\|Phone Mode\|フォンモード\|Fon Mōdo}} and {{nihongo\|Blaster Mode\|ブラスターモード\|Burasutā Mōdo}}. Geiz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Exceed Time Burst\|エクシードタイムバースト\|Ekushīdo Taimu Bāsuto}}.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Wizard\|Wizard]] Armor\|ウィザードアーマー\|Wizādo Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Wizard](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Wizard_characters%23Haruto_Soma "List of Kamen Rider Wizard characters#Haruto Soma")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Wizard\|ウィザード\|Wizādo}} Ride Watch that grants the ability to cast spells based on Wizard's Wizard Rings. Geiz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Strike Time Burst\|ストライクタイムバースト\|Sutoraiku Taimu Bāsuto}}.
* {{nihongo\|Genm Armor\|ゲンムアーマー\|Genmu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Genm](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ex-Aid_characters%23Kuroto_Dan "List of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid characters#Kuroto Dan")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Genm\|ゲンム\|Genmu}} Ride Watch that grants the ability to generate copies of Genm's Trick Flywheels. Geiz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Critical Time Burst\|クリティカルタイムバースト\|Kuritikaru Taimu Bāsuto}}.
If necessary, Geiz can also use Sougo's Ride Watches to assume different Rider Armor forms:
* Build Armor: A Kamen Rider Build\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the Build Ride Watch that allows Geiz to perform the {{nihongo\|Vortex Time Burst\|ボルテックタイムバースト\|Borutekku Taimu Bāsuto}} finisher.
* Ex\-Aid Armor: A Kamen Rider Ex\-Aid\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the Ex\-Aid Ride Watch that allows Geiz to perform a variation of the Critical Time Burst.
Furthermore, Geiz also possesses unique Ride Watches that allow him to access stronger forms, which are as follows:
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Geiz Revive\|仮面ライダーゲイツリバイブ\|Kamen Raidā Geitsu Ribaibu}}: Geiz's ultimate form accessed from the [hourglass](/wiki/Hourglass "Hourglass")\-like {{nihongo\|Geiz Revive\|ゲイツリバイブ\|Geitsu Ribaibu}} Ride Watch that can switch between two sub\-forms. While transformed, he wields the {{nihongo\|Zikan Jaclaw\|ジカンジャックロー\|Jikan Jakkurō}}, which has two modes that are each compatible with his forms.
+ {{nihongo\|Geiz Revive Goretsu\|ゲイツリバイブ剛烈\|Geitsu Ribaibu Gōretsu}}: A red\-colored evolution of Geiz's default form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Goretsu Form\|剛烈フォーム\|Gōretsu Fōmu\|Ardent Strength Form}} setting on the Geiz Revive Ride Watch that grants superhuman strength and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\|Ichigeki Time Burst\|一撃タイムバースト\|Ichigeki Taimu Bāsuto\|One Strike Time Burst}} finisher. In this form, he wields the Zikan Jaclaw in {{nihongo\|Noko Mode\|のこモード\|Noko Mōdo\|Saw Mode}}, which allows him to perform the {{nihongo\|Super Noko Setsuzan\|スーパーのこ切斬\|Sūpā Noko Setsuzan\|Super Saw Cutting}} finisher.
+ {{nihongo\|Geiz Revive Shippu\|ゲイツリバイブ疾風\|Geitsu Ribaibu Shippū}}: A blue\-colored evolution of Geiz's default form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shippu Form\|疾風フォーム\|Shippū Fōmu\|Hurricane Form}} setting on the Geiz Revive Ride Watch that grants superhuman speed, flight capabilities, and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\|Hyakuretsu Time Burst\|百烈タイムバースト\|Hyakuretsu Taimu Bāsuto\|Hundred\-Fierce Time Burst}} finisher. In this form, he wields the Zikan Jaclaw in {{nihongo\|Tsume Mode\|つめモード\|Tsume Mōdo\|Claw Mode}}, which allows him to perform the {{nihongo\|Super Tsume Renzan\|スーパーつめ連斬\|Sūpā Tsume Renzan\|Super Claw Multi\-Slash}} finisher.
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Geiz Majesty\|仮面ライダーゲイツマジェスティ\|Kamen Raidā Geitsu Majesuti}}: Geiz's alternative ultimate form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Geiz Majesty\|ゲイツマジェスティ\|Geitsu Majesuti}} Ride Watch that allows him to channel the combined powers and weapons of all 18 secondary Heisei Kamen Riders. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|El Salvatore Time Burst\|エル・サルバトーレタイムバースト\|Eru Sarubatōre Taimu Bāsuto}}. This form appears exclusively in the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*.
Geiz Myokoin is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Gaku Oshida\|押田 岳\|Oshida Gaku}}.
### Tsukuyomi
{{nihongo\|Tsukuyomi\|ツクヨミ}}, real name {{nihongo\|Alpina\|アルピナ\|Arupina}}, is a mysterious 18\-year\-old girl of nobility from the year 2068 and the younger sister of Time Jacker leader, Swartz. She was chosen to succeed her parents due to her chronokinetic powers, though Swartz intended to use her for his own ends. When she hesitated to stop him, he erased her memories and stranded her in Ohma Zi\-O's timeline, where she ended up with a resistance movement against him under a new name. Disapproving of Geiz's plan to kill Sougo in 2018 for fear of damaging the timeline, she travels back in time with him to help Sougo avert his future through gentler means.
Initially, Tsukuyomi finds it difficult to believe the kindly Sougo could become the tyrannical Ohma Zi\-O. As his Rider powers grow in strength however, she becomes paranoid and demands Geiz kill Sougo. When the former refuses, she travels back in time to the latter's childhood to do it herself. However, she discovers Swartz orchestrated everything that had happened throughout the series, including Sougo becoming Zi\-O. While trying to save the younger Sougo from her brother, Tsukuyomi inadvertently causes the bus accident that claimed Sougo's parents' lives as well as severe damage to the timeline. She is saved by Tsukasa Kadoya, who shows her how Swartz kidnapped all of the children on the bus as they all had the potential to become Zi\-O.
Realizing her mistake and that Sougo becoming Ohma Zi\-O was one of many possible futures, a repentant Tsukuyomi makes amends with Sougo and Geiz. Soon after, she begins to slowly regain her memories after rediscovering her powers and meeting her younger self in 2058\. Amidst Another Zi\-O II's attacks, Tsukuyomi is captured by the Time Jackers so Swartz can reveal their original past to her before taking her powers. As she fully regains her original memories, Black Woz rescues her once Another Zi\-O II is defeated.
When Swartz causes a convergence of the Kamen Rider multiverse, he attempts to kill Tsukuyomi since she had the power to stop him. However, Sougo had given a past version of her a blank Ride Watch that he infused with Ohma Zi\-O's power, which activates during the calamity's height. Once Black Woz provides her with a Ziku\-Driver, Tsukuyomi gains the power to become {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Tsukuyomi\|仮面ライダーツクヨミ\|Kamen Raidā Tsukuyomi}} to mortally wound Swartz before he kills her in retaliation. When Sougo defeats Swartz and sacrifices Ohma Zi\-O's power to undo the Time Jackers' damage, Tsukuyomi is revived in the new timeline as {{nihongo\|Alpina Tsukuyomi\|月読 有日菜\|Tsukuyomi Arupina}}, one of Sougo's contemporary classmates.
In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, Tsukuyomi permanently regains her memories and Rider powers while helping Geiz in his fight against Another Diend.
For most of the series, Tsukuyomi possesses her own Faiz Phone X for self\-defense purposes and to communicate with her friends through time. She also owns a Time Mazine, which she lends to Sougo in the hopes of assisting him with time travel. Following Sougo's battle with the monstrous Another Agito, Tsukuyomi regains her ability to stop time. After becoming Kamen Rider Tsukuyomi, she gains the ability to generate an energy sword from her hand and perform the {{nihongo\|Time Jack\|タイムジャック\|Taimu Jakku}} finisher.
Tsukuyomi is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Shieri Ohata\|大幡 しえり\|Ōhata Shieri}} while {{nihongo\|Yui Matsushima\|松島 由依\|Matsushima Yui}} portrays her as a child.
### Woz
The name {{nihongo\|"Woz"\|ウォズ\|Wozu}} refers to two prophets from different futures who each herald a particular figure in hopes of ensuring the path to their respective futures. The name was originally held by Black Woz until White Woz's arrival in 2019, with Sougo providing distinction by labeling them with their outfits' predominant colors.
Both versions of Woz utilize the Woz {{nihongo\|MiRide Watch\|ミライドウォッチ\|Miraido Wotchi}}, an evolution of the Ride Watches, in conjunction with the {{nihongo\|BeyonDriver\|ビヨンドライバー\|Biyondoraibā}} belt to transform into {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Woz\|仮面ライダーウォズ\|Kamen Raidā Wozu}}. While transformed, they can perform the {{nihongo\|Time Explosion\|タイムエクスプロージョン\|Taimu Ekusupurōjon}} finisher. They also wield the {{nihongo\|Zikan Despear\|ジカンデスピア\|Jikan Desupia}}, which has a {{nihongo\|\[\[Yari]] Mode\|ヤリモード\|Yari Mōdo\|Spear Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\|Bakuretsu de Lance\|爆裂DEランス\|Bakuretsu De Ransu\|Explosion of Lance}} finisher, a {{nihongo\|\[\[Kama (weapon)\|Kama]] Mode\|カマモード\|Kama Mōdo\|Scythe Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\|Ichigeki Kaman\|一撃カマーン\|Ichigeki Kamān\|One Strike Kaman}} finisher, and a {{nihongo\|Tsue Mode\|ツエモード\|Tsue Mōdo\|Cane Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\|Fukashigi Magic\|不可思議マジック\|Fukashigi Majikku\|Mysterious Magic}} finisher. Additionally, they possess other MiRide Watches that allow them to access forms based on future Kamen Riders called {{nihongo\|Futurerings\|フューチャーリング\|Fyūchāringu}},{{cite web \|title\=「仮面ライダージオウ」渡邊圭祐、仮面ライダーウォズに変身「優美な変身ポーズです」 \|url\=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/312276 \|publisher\=Natalie \|access\-date\=2018\-12\-16 \|language\=ja \|date\=2018\-12\-16}} which are as follows:
* {{nihongo\|Futurering Shinobi\|フューチャーリングシノビ\|Fyūchāringu Shinobi}}: A Kamen Rider Shinobi\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shinobi\|シノビ}} MiRide Watch that grants the use of various [ninja](/wiki/Ninja "Ninja")\-related powers, such as making copies of himself and traveling through shadows. Woz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|\[\[Ninjutsu\|Ninpō]]: Time Binding Jutsu\|忍法・時間縛りの術\|Ninpō Jikan Shibari no Jutsu}}.
* {{nihongo\|Futurering Quiz\|フューチャーリングクイズ\|Fyūchāringu Kuizu}}: A Kamen Rider Quiz\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Quiz\|クイズ\|Kuizu}} MiRide Watch that grants worldwide knowledge and the ability to determine the answer to a riddle for their targets. As the original Kamen Rider Quiz attacks through riddles, Woz does so as well while assuming this form. However, this ability can be negated if the riddle's answer is debatable or if Woz does not know the answer. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Quiz Shock Break\|クイズショックブレイク\|Kuizu Shokku Bureiku}}.
* {{nihongo\|Futurering Kikai\|フューチャーリングキカイ\|Fyūchāringu Kikai}}: A Kamen Rider Kikai\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Kikai\|キカイ}} MiRide Watch that grants the ability to turn nearby humans into manipulable {{nihongo\|Semi Humanoises\|セミヒューマノイズ\|Semi Hyūmanoizu}}. Woz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Full Metal Break\|フルメタルブレイク\|Furu Metaru Bureiku}}.
As they are the same person from different timelines, both versions of Woz are portrayed by {{nihongo\|Keisuke Watanabe\|渡邊 圭祐\|Watanabe Keisuke}}.
#### Black Woz
The primary timeline version of Woz, also known as {{nihongo\|Black Woz\|黒ウォズ\|Kuro Wozu}}, is a so\-called "mysterious prophet" and member of the Quartzers who considers himself a devoted follower of Ohma Zi\-O and possesses a book of prophecies called the {{nihongo\|Ohma \[\[Advent Calendar]]\|逢魔降臨暦\|Ōma Kōrin Reki}}, which details the history of his master's rise to power. He also takes on the role of narrator for the series and interacts with the viewers to recount Sougo's adventures. After giving Sougo his Rider powers and despite learning of his intention to become a benevolent lord instead of a tyrant, a surprised Black Woz remains loyal to him as the latter's only concern is assuring Sougo's destiny of becoming Ohma Zi\-O regardless by providing his services and occasionally intervening to rescue the youth from harm. Woz's dedication to ensuring his ruler's history initially made him fickle towards Sougo's friends and the Time Jackers, helping either side whenever Woz believed Sougo is straying too far from the intended path.
After being attacked and wounded by Geiz Revive, Black Woz forms a temporary alliance with the Time Jacker Heure to steal White Woz's Rider powers so he can force Geiz to overuse his Revive form and kill him. However, Sougo's influence on him causes Black Woz to support the former's decision to change his future. Because of this, once Sougo and Geiz settle their differences, Black Woz makes peace with Geiz and Tsukuyomi and moves in with them and Sougo. Despite being caught off\-guard when Sougo transforms into Ohma Zi\-O to defeat Swartz before sacrificing his power to fix the timeline, Black Woz remains unaffected and continues to watch over Sougo in the new timeline.
After his encounter with Kamen Rider Ginga, Black Woz acquires the {{nihongo\|Ginga\|ギンガ\|\|\[\[Galaxy]]}} MiRide Watch, which he can use to transform into his ultimate form; {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Finaly\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガファイナリー\|Kamen Raidā Ginga Fainarī}}. While transformed, he gains astrokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\|Cho Ginga Explosion\|超ギンガエクスプロージョン\|Chō Ginga Ekusupurōjon\|Super Galaxy Explosion}} finisher. He can also change the setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch to assume one of two alternate forms:
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Wakusei\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガワクセイ\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Wakusei}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\|Wakusei Mode\|ワクセイモード\|Wakusei Mōdo\|\[\[Planet]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants planetakinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\|Sui\-Kin\-Chi\-Ka\-Moku\-Do\-Ten\-Kai Explosion\|水金地火木土天海エクスプロージョン\|Sui Kin Chi Ka Moku Do Ten Kai Ekusupurōjon\|\[\[Mercury (planet)\|Mercury]]\-\[\[Venus]]\-\[\[Earth]]\-\[\[Mars]]\-\[\[Jupiter]]\-\[\[Saturn]]\-\[\[Uranus]]\-\[\[Neptune]] Explosion}} finisher.
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Taiyo\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガタイヨウ\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Taiyō}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\|Taiyo Mode\|タイヨウモード\|Taiyō Mōdo\|\[\[Sun]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants heliokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\|Burning Sun Explosion\|バーニングサンエクスプロージョン\|Bāningu San Ekusupurōjon}} finisher.
During the events of the stage show *Kamen Rider Zi\-O: Final Stage*, Black Woz is temporarily turned into the villainous and overzealous Tsukuyomi supporter, {{nihongo\|Red Woz\|赤ウォズ\|Aka Wozu}}, before returning to his senses.
Throughout the series, Black Woz has a habit of declaring {{nihongo\|"let's celebrate"\|祝え\|iwae}} whenever Sougo obtains a new Ride Watch and Rider Armor, to point where he becomes pleased when Sougo asks him to do so. While he usually does this for Sougo, Black Woz begrudgingly does so once for Geiz when the latter attains his Majesty form. Black Woz also demonstrates special skills such as deflecting Another Fourze's attack with one hand and using his scarf to teleport himself and others. Additionally, he can also travel through time without using a Time Mazine. Prior to obtaining Kamen Rider Woz's powers, Black Woz could use the Ohma Advent Calendar to trap his target and destroy SOUGO's time portals by ripping out the book's pages. In *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*, Black Woz is able to access [Philip](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Philip "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Philip")'s Gaia Library to learn more about [Imagin](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Den-O_characters%23Imagin "List of Kamen Rider Den-O characters#Imagin") and give Sougo information about them.
#### White Woz
{{nihongo\|White Woz\|白ウォズ\|Shiro Wozu}} is a version of Woz who hails from an alternate future that came into being after Sougo temporarily renounced his Rider powers and is fanatically devoted to Geiz, who by his time defeated Ohma Zi\-O as Geiz Revive.Despite sharing a common goal with Geiz and Tsukuyomi, White Woz's apathetic and sadistic approach along with his desire to see his future come to pass puts them at odds. After getting MiRide Watches from three future Kamen Riders, he uses their combined power to create the Geiz Revive Ride Watch and presents it to Geiz.
Not long after however, the Time Riders learn that White Woz only needed Geiz to defeat Ohma Zi\-O to ensure his own existence, regardless if Geiz survives or not, and has been helping Swartz the entire time. After being tricked into transferring his Rider powers to Black Woz and Geiz and Sougo making peace with each other, White Woz begins to fade away due to his timeline being erased. Despite this, he realizes he should not have supported Swartz and combines his residual Rider energy with the Zi\-O II and Geiz Revive Ride Watches to create the Zi\-O Trinity Ride Watch. Accepting his fate, White Woz warns Black Woz of Swartz's goals before fully fading away. Weeks later, as part of the final phase of his endgame, Swartz summons an Another World version of White Woz to distract Black Woz. However, the former learns the full extent of Swartz's plans and attempts to tell the Time Riders, but vanishes due to Another World's destruction before he could do so.
In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, a second Another World version of White Woz appears in the rewritten timeline to kill Geiz and steal Daiki Kaito's Rider powers to become Another Diend to manufacture disasters and pass himself as a savior. After Geiz Majesty defeats him, this White Woz's essence is absorbed into Black Woz while Kaito regains his powers.
While he lacks Black Woz's abilities, the original White Woz possesses a [tablet book](/wiki/Tablet_book "Tablet book")\-like device that allows him to manipulate the flow of time, shift certain events' outcomes in his favor, and negate the Time Jackers' chronokinetic powers by simply writing or speaking whatever he wants to happen into it. Due to his home timeline being an alternate version of 2068, White Woz also has his own Time Mazine, which allows him to travel to alternate timelines.
As Another Diend, White Woz has the ability to manipulate an army of Kasshine, summon past Heisei era monsters via card\-like constructs, and is capable of performing his own version of Diend's Dimension Shoot finisher.
#### Third Woz
The {{nihongo\|Third Woz\|第三のウォズ\|Daisan no Wozu}} is the main antagonist of the *Kamen Rider Zi\-O* tie\-in novel. Sometime after the events of the V\-Cinema *Geiz Majesty*, he creates a new timeline where Inner Sougo rises to the title of Oma Zi\-O through the power of Another Watches. Wanting to ensure the events leading to the original Oma Zi\-O's ascension comes to pass, Third Woz conspires with Inner Sougo to transform the latter's versions of Geiz and Tsukuyomi into each other's Another Rider counterparts to lure Black Woz and Sougo to their timeline. Third Woz later steals Black Woz's Rider powers to transform into {{nihongo\|Another Woz\|アナザーウォズ\|Anazā Wozu}}, only to be defeated by Zi\-O II and cease to exist when the previous timeline is restored.
Like White Woz, Third Woz is armed with a tablet that can manipulate the flow of time to his favor.
|
[
"Main characters\n---------------",
"### Sougo Tokiwa",
"{{nihongo\\|Sougo Tokiwa\\|常磐 ソウゴ\\|Tokiwa Sōgo}}{{efn\\|\"Sougo\" is alternatively spelt \"Sogo\". Additionally, he is named after \\[\\[Tokiwa\\-sō]], the former apartment of \\[\\[Shotaro Ishinomori]].}} is an 18\\-year old student, later 19\\-year old graduate, of {{nihongo\\|Hikarigamori High School\\|光ヶ森高等学校\\|Hikarigamori Kōtō Gakkō}} who dreamed of becoming a king after experiencing a series of nightmares in his childhood and being visited by a mysterious figure who entrusted him with the prophecy. After surviving a bus accident when he was nine, Sougo became orphaned and since then lived with his great\\-uncle at 9\\-to\\-5\\. After meeting Tsukuyomi and Geiz, Sougo learns he will become Ohma Zi\\-O, a tyrant destined to rule the world with an iron fist. Despite being troubled by this possibility, Sougo chooses to continue following his dream while changing his fate, accepting the power to become Kamen Rider Zi\\-O and declaring that he will become a benevolent tyrant instead. Despite Geiz and Tsukuyomi's reservations, Sougo considers them friends and trusts them with his life, asking both of them to kill him should he follow the path to becoming Ohma Zi\\-O. All the while, Sougo's predecessor [Tsukasa Kadoya](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Tsukasa_Kadoya \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Tsukasa Kadoya\") secretly watches over him to ensure he succeeds in changing his fate.",
"Originally a visionary high school student prior to his graduation, Sougo develops other strengths along his journey. Due to his observant nature and keen understanding of human behavior, he became a skilled manipulator capable of outsmarting a genius of [Kuroto Dan](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Kuroto_Dan \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Kuroto Dan\")'s caliber. In 2019, Sougo develops the ability to subconsciously create alternate futures, which he initially assumed were prophetic dreams of Kamen Riders from White Woz's timeline. Ever since the bus accident, he also gained chronokinesis like the Time Jackers. However, their leader Swartz erased Sougo's memory of it before the latter regains his powers after he becomes Grand Zi\\-O.",
"As Swartz commences a convergence of the [A.R. Worlds](/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction \"Parallel universes in fiction\"), Tsukuyomi seemingly betrays Sougo and Geiz is killed saving him. In response, an enraged Sougo becomes Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\\-O to defeat Swartz himself before sacrificing his newfound power to reset the timeline, negating his destiny and undoing Swartz's damage. Due to this, he relives his senior year in 2018 with altered versions of Geiz, Tsukuyomi, and the Time Jackers as his classmates in the new timeline.",
"In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, Sougo regains his Rider powers while helping Geiz in his fight against a new White Woz, who became Another Diend to become a savior.",
"In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *[Kamen Rider Zi\\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Zi-O_the_Movie:Over_Quartzer \"Over Quartzer\")*, Sougo and his friends help [Go Shijima](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Go_Shijima \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Go Shijima\") preserve [Kamen Rider Drive](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Drive_characters%23Shinnosuke_Tomari \"List of Kamen Rider Drive characters#Shinnosuke Tomari\")'s history after [Oda Nobunaga](/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga \"Oda Nobunaga\") lost the [Battle of Nagashino](/wiki/Battle_of_Nagashino \"Battle of Nagashino\"). Despite succeeding, Black Woz betrays him, taking all of Sougo's {{nihongo\\|Ride \\[\\[Pocket watch\\|Watches]]\\|ライドウォッチ\\|Raido Wotchi}} and imprisoning him on behalf of the Quartzers. Despite this, Sougo is released by Tsukuyomi and Go and receives the Ohma Zi\\-O Ride Watch to defeat the Quartzers' leader, an adult version of himself from an alternate timeline. After Sougo defeats his evil counterpart, he is recognized as a king.",
"In the web\\-exclusive spin\\-offs *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Decade vs. Zi\\-O: The Decade House Death Game* and *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Zi\\-O vs. Decade: 7 of Zi\\-Os!*, an alternate universe version of Sougo who became a basketball player becomes trapped in the titular House Death Game and encounters Tsukasa, who was trying to lure the \"prime\" version of Sougo to the game. The alternative Sougo gives Tsukasa the Saber Ride Watch and asks him to give it to the \"prime\" Sougo, who is later forced to fight various alternate universe versions of himself.",
"Utilizing the {{nihongo\\|Zi\\-O\\|ジオウ\\|Jiō}} Ride Watch in conjunction with the {{nihongo\\|Ziku\\-Driver\\|ジクウドライバー\\|Jikū Doraibā\\|Spacetime Driver}} belt, Sougo can transform into Kamen Rider Zi\\-O. While transformed, he can perform {{nihongo\\|Time Break\\|タイムブレーク\\|Taimu Burēku}} finishers. He also wields the {{nihongo\\|Zikan Girade\\|ジカンギレード\\|Jikan Girēdo}}, which has a {{nihongo\\|Ken Mode\\|ケンモード\\|Ken Mōdo\\|Sword Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\\|Edge of Time Slash\\|ギリギリスラッシュ\\|Giri Giri Surasshu}} finishers and a {{nihongo\\|Zyu Mode\\|ジュウモード\\|Jū Mōdo\\|Gun Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\\|Sure Sure Shooting\\|スレスレシューティング\\|Sure Sure Shūtingu}} finishers, and Woz's Faiz Phone X for communicating with Tsukuyomi and Geiz through time. His personal vehicles are the {{nihongo\\|Ride Striker\\|ライドストライカー\\|Raido Sutoraikā}} motorcycle, which is summoned from the {{nihongo\\|Bike\\|バイク\\|Baiku}} Ride Watch, and the {{nihongo\\|Time Mazine\\|タイムマジーン\\|Taimu Majīn}} [mecha](/wiki/Mecha \"Mecha\"), which can switch between its aircraft\\-like {{nihongo\\|Vehicle Mode\\|ビークルモード\\|Bīkuru Mōdo}} and its [exosuit](/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton \"Powered exoskeleton\")\\-like {{nihongo\\|Battle Mode\\|バトルモード\\|Batoru Mōdo}}. Additionally, he possesses other Ride Watches that allow him to access forms based on his Heisei Kamen Rider predecessors called {{nihongo\\|Rider Armors\\|ライダーアーマー\\|Raidā Āmā}}, which are as follows:",
"* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Build\\|Build]] Armor\\|ビルドアーマー\\|Birudo Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Build](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Build_characters%23Sento_Kiryu \"List of Kamen Rider Build characters#Sento Kiryu\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Build\\|ビルド\\|Birudo}} Ride Watch that grants the use of the {{nihongo\\|Drill Crusher Crusher\\|ドリルクラッシャークラッシャー\\|Doriru Kurasshā Kurasshā}} [tekko](/wiki/Tekko \"Tekko\"), based on Build's Drill Crusher, and superhuman reflexes. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Vortex Time Break\\|ボルテックタイムブレーク\\|Borutekku Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the film *[Kamen Rider Build the Movie: Be the One](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Build_the_Movie:Be_the_One \"Be the One\")*.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Ex\\-Aid\\|Ex\\-Aid]] Armor\\|エグゼイドアーマー\\|Eguzeido Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Ex\\-Aid](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ex-Aid_characters%23Emu_Hojo \"List of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid characters#Emu Hojo\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Ex\\-Aid\\|エグゼイド\\|Eguzeido}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the {{nihongo\\|Gashacon Breaker Breaker\\|ガシャコンブレイカーブレイカー\\|Gashakon Bureikā Bureikā}} gauntlets, based on Ex\\-Aid's Gashacon Breaker, and grants the ability to generate chocolate block\\-like platforms. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Critical Time Break\\|クリティカルタイムブレーク\\|Kuritikaru Taimu Burēku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Fourze\\|Fourze]] Armor\\|フォーゼアーマー\\|Fōze Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Fourze](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters%23Gentaro_Kisaragi \"List of Kamen Rider Fourze characters#Gentaro Kisaragi\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Fourze\\|フォーゼ\\|Fōze}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the rocket\\-propelled {{nihongo\\|Booster Module\\|ブースターモジュール\\|Būsutā Mojūru}} gauntlets, based on Fourze's Rocket Module, and grants the use of the {{nihongo\\|Rocket Mode\\|ロケットモード\\|Roketto Mōdo}} ability to transform into a vehicle\\-like state. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Limit Time Break\\|リミットタイムブレーク\\|Rimitto Taimu Burēku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider OOO\\|OOO]] Armor\\|オーズアーマー\\|Ōzu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider OOO](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Eiji_Hino \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Eiji Hino\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|OOO\\|オーズ\\|Ōzu}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the right arm\\-mounted {{nihongo\\|Tora Claw Z\\|トラクローZ\\|Tora Kurō Zetto\\|Tiger Claw Z}}, based on OOO's Tora Claws, and grants increased jumping capabilities. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Scanning Time Break\\|スキャニングタイムブレーク\\|Sukyaningu Taimu Burēku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Gaim\\|Gaim]] Armor\\|鎧武アーマー\\|Gaimu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Gaim](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Kota_Kazuraba \"List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Kota Kazuraba\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Gaim\\|鎧武\\|Gaimu}} Ride Watch that grants the use of six {{nihongo\\|Daidaimaru Z\\|大橙丸Z\\|Daidaimaru Zetto\\|Great Orange Circle Z}} swords, based on Gaim's Daidaimaru, and the ability to open portals. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Squash Time Break\\|スカッシュタイムブレーク\\|Sukasshu Taimu Burēku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Decade\\|Decade]] Armor\\|ディケイドアーマー\\|Dikeido Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Decade](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Decade_characters%23Tsukasa_Kadoya \"List of Kamen Rider Decade characters#Tsukasa Kadoya\")\\-themed fusion form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Decade\\|ディケイド\\|Dikeido}} Ride Watch that grants the use of the {{nihongo\\|Ride Heisaber\\|ライドヘイセイバー\\|Raido Heiseibā}}, which can perform either one of 19 {{nihongo\\|Dual Time Break\\|デュアルタイムブレーク\\|Dyuaru Taimu Burēku}} attacks each based on the powers of Sougo's predecessors or the {{nihongo\\|Scramble Time Break\\|スクランブルタイムブレーク\\|Sukuranburu Taimu Burēku}} and {{nihongo\\|Ultimate Time Break\\|アルティメットタイムブレーク\\|Arutimetto Taimu Burēku}} finishers. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|(Final) Attack Time Break\\|(ファイナル) アタックタイムブレーク\\|(Fainaru) Atakku Taimu Burēku}}. Additionally, he can augment himself with one of his predecessors' power\\-up forms by combining the Decade Ride Watch with their corresponding Ride Watch, which are as follows:\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor Build Form\\|ディケイドアーマービルドフォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Birudo Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Build Rabbit Tank Sparkling Form\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Build Ride Watches that equips Sougo with Build's R and T Sparkling Blades while retaining the use of the former's Drill Crusher Crusher.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor Ghost Form\\|ディケイドアーマーゴーストフォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Gōsuto Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Ghost Grateful Damashii\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Ghost Ride Watches that grants the combined powers of all [15 heroic Eyecons](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_characters%2315_heroic_Eyecons \"List of Kamen Rider Ghost characters#15 heroic Eyecons\") while retaining the use of their Hoodie Ghosts for combat assistance.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor Ex\\-Aid Form\\|ディケイドアーマーエグゼイドフォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Eguzeido Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Ex\\-Aid Double Action Gamer Level XX\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Ex\\-Aid Ride Watches that splits Sougo into the azure\\-colored Decade Armor Ex\\-Aid Form L and the orange\\-colored Decade Armor Ex\\-Aid Form R.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor OOO Form\\|ディケイドアーマーオーズフォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Ōzu Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider OOO Tajadol Combo\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and OOO Ride Watches that equips Sougo with OOO's Raptored Edges.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor \\[\\[Kamen Rider Ryuki\\|Ryuki]] Form\\|ディケイドアーマー龍騎フォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Ryūki Fōmu}}: A [Kamen Rider Ryuki Survive](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ryuki_characters%23Shinji_Kido \"List of Kamen Rider Ryuki characters#Shinji Kido\")\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and {{nihongo\\|Ryuki\\|龍騎\\|Ryūki}} Ride Watches that grants the use of Ryuki's Drag Visor Zwei. This form appears exclusively in the web series spin\\-off *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Ryuki*.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor \\[\\[Kamen Rider Saber\\|Saber]] Form\\|ディケイドアーマーセイバーフォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Seibā Fōmu}}: A [Kamen Rider Saber](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Saber_characters%23Touma_Kamiyama \"List of Kamen Rider Saber characters#Touma Kamiyama\")\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and {{nihongo\\|Saber\\|セイバー\\|Seibā}} Ride Watches that grants pyrokinesis. This form appears exclusively in the web series spin\\-off *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Zi\\-O vs. Decade: 7 of Zi\\-Os!*.{{cite web \\|title\\=「ジオウVSディケイド」「ディケイドVSジオウ」ユウスケ役・村井良大や武田玲奈が出演 \\|url\\=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/412700 \\|publisher\\=Natalie \\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2021 \\|language\\=ja \\|date\\=17 January 2021}}\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider W\\|W]] Armor\\|ダブルアーマー\\|Daburu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider W](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Kamen_Rider_W \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Kamen Rider W\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|W\\|ダブル\\|Daburu}} Ride Watch that grants aerokinesis and the use of a pair of {{nihongo\\|Memory \\[\\[Android (robot)\\|Droid]]\\|メモリドロイド\\|Memori Doroido}} robotic units, based on W's Cyclone and Joker Memories, for combat assistance. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Maximum Time Break\\|マキシマムタイムブレーク\\|Makushimamu Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the crossover film *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Kuuga\\|Kuuga]] Armor\\|クウガアーマー\\|Kūga Āmā}}: A Kamen Rider Kuuga\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Kuuga\\|クウガ\\|Kūga}} Ride Watch that grants proficiency in hand\\-to\\-hand combat. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo4\\|Mighty Time Break\\|マイティタイムブレーク\\|Maiti Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the crossover film *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*.",
"If necessary, Sougo can also use Geiz's Ride Watches to assume different Rider Armor forms:\n* Ghost Armor: A Kamen Rider Ghost\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the Ghost Ride Watch, the original of which Geiz stole from Ohma Zi\\-O before Sougo acquires his own version, that allows Sougo to perform the {{nihongo4\\|Omega Time Break\\|オメガタイムブレーク\\|Omega Taimu Burēku}} finisher.",
"Amidst his journey, Sougo acquires unique Ride Watches that allow him to access stronger forms, which are as follows:\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Zi\\-O II\\|仮面ライダージオウII\\|Kamen Raidā Jiō Tsū}}: Sougo's super form accessed from the two\\-in\\-one {{nihongo\\|Zi\\-O Ride Watch II\\|ジオウライドウォッチII\\|Jiō Raido Wotchi Tsū}} that grants precognitive sight, which allows him to see seconds into the future. While transformed, he wields the {{nihongo\\|Saikyo Girade\\|サイキョーギレード\\|Saikyō Girēdo}} sword, which can perform the {{nihongo\\|Rider Slash\\|ライダー斬り\\|Raidā Giri}} and {{nihongo\\|Supreme King Slash\\|覇王斬り\\|Haō Giri}} attacks as well as combine with the Zikan Girade to form the {{nihongo\\|Saikyo Zikan Girade\\|サイキョージカンギレード\\|Saikyō Jikan Girēdo}} broadsword; the latter of which allows him to perform the {{nihongo4\\|King Edge of Time Slash\\|キングギリギリスラッシュ\\|Kingu Giri Giri Surasshu}} finisher. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Twice Time Break\\|トゥワイスタイムブレーク\\|Tuwaisu Taimu Burēku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Zi\\-O Trinity\\|仮面ライダージオウトリニティ\\|Kamen Raidā Jiō Toriniti}}: A fusion form between Kamen Riders Zi\\-O, Geiz, and Woz accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Zi\\-O Trinity\\|ジオウトリニティ\\|Jiō Toriniti}} Ride Watch that allows the trio to use all of their powers and weapons at once. Their finishers in this form are the {{nihongo\\|Solo Time Break\\|ソロタイムブレーク\\|Soro Taimu Burēku}}, {{nihongo\\|Duo Time Break Burst\\|デュオタイムブレークバースト\\|Dyuo Taimu Burēku Bāsuto}}, and {{nihongo\\|Trinity Time Break Burst Explosion\\|トリニティタイムブレークバーストエクスプロージョン\\|Toriniti Taimu Burēku Bāsuto Ekusupurōjon}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo4\\|Zi\\-O Trinity Version Geiz \\& Tsukuyomi\\|ジオウトリニティバージョン・ゲイツ\\&ツクヨミ\\|Jiō Toriniti Bājon Geitsu Ando Tsukuyomi}}: An alternate fusion form that replaces Woz with Tsukuyomi. This form appears exclusively in the *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O* tie\\-in novel of the same name.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Grand Zi\\-O\\|仮面ライダーグランドジオウ\\|Kamen Raidā Gurando Jiō}}: Sougo's ultimate form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Grand Zi\\-O\\|グランドジオウ\\|Gurando Jiō}} Ride Watch that grants chronokinesis and the ability to either summon any of his predecessors from their active timeline to fight by his side or use their weapons along with his own. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|All Twenty Time Break\\|オールトゥエンティタイムブレーク\\|Ōru Tuenti Taimu Burēku}}.\n* Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\\-O: Sougo's alternative ultimate form accessed from the Ohma Zi\\-O Driver that grants the power to destroy enemies with a single attack. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo4\\|Ohma Zi\\-O Hissatsugeki\\|逢魔時王必殺撃\\|Ōma Jiō Hissatsugeki\\|Ohma Zi\\-O Finishing Attack}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Ohma Form\\|オーマフォーム\\|Ōma Fōmu}}: A fusion form between Kamen Riders Zi\\-O and Ohma Zi\\-O accessed from the latter's personal Ride Watch that grants the former vast power of his future self. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|King Time Break\\|キングタイムブレーク\\|Kingu Taimu Burēiku}}. This form appears exclusively in the film *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer*.",
"Sougo Tokiwa is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|So Okuno\\|奥野 壮\\|Okuno Sō}} while {{nihongo\\|Rui Takahashi\\|高橋 琉晟\\|Takahashi Rui}} and {{nihongo\\|Haru Takagi\\|高木 波瑠\\|Takagi Haru}} portray him as a child and younger child, respectively.",
"#### Mirror Sougo Tokiwa",
"The {{nihongo\\|Mirror Sougo Tokiwa\\|鏡像の常磐ソウゴ\\|Kyōzō no Tokiwa Sōgo}} is a cynical and power\\-hungry version of the original Sougo from the Mirror World. Meeting his real world counterpart during the events of Another Ryuga's reign of terror, Mirror Sougo torments his counterpart over his perceived futile attempt at defying his fate as Ohma Zi\\-O. When Sougo reaffirms his belief and acknowledges his darker self, the Mirror Sougo concedes and gives the former half of the Zi\\-O Ride Watch II. Like his real life counterpart, the Mirror Sougo can also transform into Zi\\-O, with his suit being a mirrored copy of the original.",
"In the *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O* novel, another version of Mirror Sougo is brought into existence when the [Third Woz](/wiki/%23Third_Woz \"#Third Woz\") interferes with the timeline. This Mirror Sougo fuses with his real world counterpart to become {{nihongo\\|Inner Sougo Tokiwa\\|裏の常磐ソウゴ\\|Ura no Tokiwa Sōgo}} and collect most of the Another Watches to become Another Ohma Zi\\-O. He later joins forces with Third Woz to obtain the Decade Ride Watch and manipulate the original timeline so that Sougo never meets Geiz and Tsukuyomi and ensure he becomes Ohma Zi\\-O. After absorbing Geiz and Tsukuyomi's Another Watches to become {{nihongo\\|Another Ohma Zi\\-O Trinity\\|アナザーオーマジオウトリニティ\\|Anazā Ōma Jiō Toriniti}}, Inner Sougo is defeated Zi\\-O Trinity Version Geiz \\& Tsukuyomi.",
"Mirror Sougo Tokiwa is portrayed by So Okuno, who also portrays the real world version of Sougo Tokiwa.",
"#### Alternate Sougo Tokiwa",
"In the *Rider Time* web series *Decade VS Zi\\-O* and *Zi\\-O VS Decade*, several alternate timeline iterations of Sougo Tokiwa are introduced as supporting characters, each of whom retain the ability to transform into Zi\\-O. Excluding the android Sougo, the rest of the alternate Sougos are addressed alphabetically, with the \"prime\" Sougo designated as \"A\". Most of the alternative versions are hunted down and killed by Tsukasa in order to prevent the merging of alternate universes caused by the True Sougo.",
"* Android: The android Sougo Tokiwa is a basketball player who hails from a dimension where humanity has been wiped out and replaced by robots. In *Decade VS Zi\\-O*, the android Sougo is one of the many participants in True Sougo's \"King's Death Game\" and bonds with the ghost of Misa Kuon. He later joins Tsukasa's party of Kamen Riders in fighting True Sougo. However, as he is incapable of harnessing a fellow Rider's Ride Watch, he hands Tsukasa the Saber Ride Watch in the hopes that someone else can use it.\n* Sougo B: A class president from {{nihongo\\|Hanazono Academy\\|花園学園\\|Hanazono Gakuen}} and the boyfriend of his world's Misa Kuon. After surviving the King's Death Game, Sougo B returns to his universe on good terms with Sougo A.\n* Sougo C: A manipulative {{nihongo\\|Misawa High School\\|三沢高校\\|Misawa Kōkō}} student who used bribery to win his school's presidency and conspires with Misa to kill Sougo A. However, he swaps places with Sougo A and is killed by Decade.\n* Sougo D: A *[yankī](/wiki/Yankee%23In_other_countries \"Yankee#In other countries\")* who was killed by Tsukasa.\n* Sougo E: A childish student who was killed by Ohma Zi\\-O.\n* Sougo F: A cowardly student who was killed by Decade.",
"As with the original Sougo Tokiwa, the alternate Sougos are portrayed by So Okuno.",
"### Geiz Myokoin",
"{{nihongo\\|Geiz Myokoin\\|明光院 ゲイツ\\|Myōkōin Geitsu}} is an 18\\-year old soldier from the year 2068 who joined the resistance against Ohma Zi\\-O as {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Geiz\\|仮面ライダーゲイツ\\|Kamen Raidā Geitsu}}. While he travels back in time to kill Sougo before he can become Ohma Zi\\-O, Geiz momentarily relents after Sougo saves him while fighting the Another Rider, Another Build. At Tsukuyomi's request, Geiz agrees to stay his hand and watch events play out, becoming an on\\-again\\-off\\-again house guest of Sougo's. Over the course of the series, Geiz struggles with his desire to stop Ohma Zi\\-O and his growing friendship with Sougo before Geiz eventually becomes more open about his feelings and accepts Sougo as his friend following Another Zi\\-O's attacks.",
"After defeating Another Zi\\-O II, Geiz discovers the future he came from is actually an [alternate dimension](/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction \"Parallel universes in fiction\") where Ohma Zi\\-O continues to exist despite Sougo's efforts to avoid becoming him. During Sougo's final battle with Swartz, Geiz dies protecting the former and begs him to become Ohma Zi\\-O to defeat Swartz with his dying breath. After Sougo defeats the Time Jacker and resets the timeline, Geiz is revived as {{nihongo\\|Keito Myokoin\\|明光院 景都\\|Myōkōin Keito}}, a contemporary classmate of Sougo's who is nicknamed \"Geiz\".",
"In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, Geiz is visited by a new iteration of White Woz, who restores his Rider powers. After meeting several past secondary Riders and seeing White Woz become the monstrous Another Diend to endanger Sougo, Geiz receives the Geiz Majesty Ride Watch from [Daiki Kaito](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Daiki_Kaito \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Daiki Kaito\") and defeats White Woz. Afterwards, Geiz permanently regains his original timeline memories and returns to his regular life.",
"Utilizing the {{nihongo\\|Geiz\\|ゲイツ\\|Geitsu}} Ride Watch in conjunction with the Ziku\\-Driver, Geiz can transform into Kamen Rider Geiz. While transformed, he can perform {{nihongo4\\|Time Burst\\|タイムバースト\\|Taimu Bāsuto}} finishers. He also wields the {{nihongo\\|Zikan Zax\\|ジカンザックス\\|Jikan Zakkusu}}, which has a {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Yumi]] Mode\\|ゆみモード\\|Yumi Mōdo\\|Bow Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\\|Kiwa Kiwa Shoot\\|キワキワシュート\\|Kiwa Kiwa Shūto}} finishers and an {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Ono (axe)\\|Ono]] Mode\\|おのモード\\|Ono Mōdo\\|Axe Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\\|Zakkuri Cutting\\|ザックリカッティング\\|Zakkuri Kattingu}} finishers. Moreover, he possesses his own series of Ride Watches, which he can use to access the following Rider Armor forms:",
"* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Ghost\\|Ghost]] Armor\\|ゴーストアーマー\\|Gōsuto Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Ghost](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_characters%23Takeru_Tenk%C5%ABji \"List of Kamen Rider Ghost characters#Takeru Tenkūji\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Ghost\\|ゴースト\\|Gōsuto}} Ride Watch that grants levitation capabilities, invisibility, intangibility, and the use of Hoodie Ghosts based on Ghost Ore Damashii's Ghost Eyecons for combat assistance. Geiz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Omega Time Burst\\|オメガタイムバースト\\|Omega Taimu Bāsuto}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Bibill Armor\\|ビビルアーマー\\|Bibiru Āmā}}: A [Yurusen](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_characters%23Yurusen \"List of Kamen Rider Ghost characters#Yurusen\")\\-themed version of Ghost Armor accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Bibill\\|ビビル\\|Bibiru\\|Scared}} Ride Watch, which transformed from the Ghost Ride Watch, that is powered by Geiz's phasmophobia. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Bibill Time Burst\\|ビビルタイムバースト\\|Bibiru Taimu Bāsuto}}. This form appears exclusively in the DVD special *Kamen Rider Bi Bi Bi no Bibill Geiz*.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Drive\\|Drive]] Armor\\|ドライブアーマー\\|Doraibu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Drive](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Drive_characters%23Shinnosuke_Tomari \"List of Kamen Rider Drive characters#Shinnosuke Tomari\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Drive\\|ドライブ\\|Doraibu}} Ride Watch that grants [supersonic speed](/wiki/Supersonic_speed \"Supersonic speed\") and the use of the twin {{nihongo\\|Shift Speed Speed\\|シフトスピードスピード\\|Shifuto Supīdo Supīdo}} drones, based on Drive's Shift Speed Car, for combat assistance. Geiz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Hissatsu Time Burst\\|ヒッサツタイムバースト\\|Hissatsu Taimu Bāsuto\\|Finisher Time Burst}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider 555\\|Faiz]] Armor\\|ファイズアーマー\\|Faizu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Faiz](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_555_characters%23Takumi_Inui \"List of Kamen Rider 555 characters#Takumi Inui\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Faiz\\|ファイズ\\|Faizu}} Ride Watch that grants the ability to summon the {{nihongo\\|Faiz Shot Shot\\|ファイズショットショット\\|Faizu Shotto Shotto}} [knuckleduster](/wiki/Brass_knuckles \"Brass knuckles\") and/or the {{nihongo\\|Faiz Pointer Pointer\\|ファイズポインターポインター\\|Faizu Pointā Pointā}} flashlight, based on Faiz's SB\\-555C Faiz Shot and SB\\-555L Faiz Pointer respectively, via the {{nihongo\\|Faiz Phone X\\|ファイズフォン{{ruby\\-ja\\|X\\|テン}}\\|Faizu Fon Ten\\|Faiz Phone Ten}} device, based on Faiz's SB\\-555P Faiz Phone, which can switch between {{nihongo\\|Phone Mode\\|フォンモード\\|Fon Mōdo}} and {{nihongo\\|Blaster Mode\\|ブラスターモード\\|Burasutā Mōdo}}. Geiz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Exceed Time Burst\\|エクシードタイムバースト\\|Ekushīdo Taimu Bāsuto}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Wizard\\|Wizard]] Armor\\|ウィザードアーマー\\|Wizādo Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Wizard](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Wizard_characters%23Haruto_Soma \"List of Kamen Rider Wizard characters#Haruto Soma\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Wizard\\|ウィザード\\|Wizādo}} Ride Watch that grants the ability to cast spells based on Wizard's Wizard Rings. Geiz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Strike Time Burst\\|ストライクタイムバースト\\|Sutoraiku Taimu Bāsuto}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Genm Armor\\|ゲンムアーマー\\|Genmu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Genm](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ex-Aid_characters%23Kuroto_Dan \"List of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid characters#Kuroto Dan\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Genm\\|ゲンム\\|Genmu}} Ride Watch that grants the ability to generate copies of Genm's Trick Flywheels. Geiz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Critical Time Burst\\|クリティカルタイムバースト\\|Kuritikaru Taimu Bāsuto}}.",
"If necessary, Geiz can also use Sougo's Ride Watches to assume different Rider Armor forms:\n* Build Armor: A Kamen Rider Build\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the Build Ride Watch that allows Geiz to perform the {{nihongo\\|Vortex Time Burst\\|ボルテックタイムバースト\\|Borutekku Taimu Bāsuto}} finisher.\n* Ex\\-Aid Armor: A Kamen Rider Ex\\-Aid\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the Ex\\-Aid Ride Watch that allows Geiz to perform a variation of the Critical Time Burst.",
"Furthermore, Geiz also possesses unique Ride Watches that allow him to access stronger forms, which are as follows:\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Geiz Revive\\|仮面ライダーゲイツリバイブ\\|Kamen Raidā Geitsu Ribaibu}}: Geiz's ultimate form accessed from the [hourglass](/wiki/Hourglass \"Hourglass\")\\-like {{nihongo\\|Geiz Revive\\|ゲイツリバイブ\\|Geitsu Ribaibu}} Ride Watch that can switch between two sub\\-forms. While transformed, he wields the {{nihongo\\|Zikan Jaclaw\\|ジカンジャックロー\\|Jikan Jakkurō}}, which has two modes that are each compatible with his forms.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Geiz Revive Goretsu\\|ゲイツリバイブ剛烈\\|Geitsu Ribaibu Gōretsu}}: A red\\-colored evolution of Geiz's default form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Goretsu Form\\|剛烈フォーム\\|Gōretsu Fōmu\\|Ardent Strength Form}} setting on the Geiz Revive Ride Watch that grants superhuman strength and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\\|Ichigeki Time Burst\\|一撃タイムバースト\\|Ichigeki Taimu Bāsuto\\|One Strike Time Burst}} finisher. In this form, he wields the Zikan Jaclaw in {{nihongo\\|Noko Mode\\|のこモード\\|Noko Mōdo\\|Saw Mode}}, which allows him to perform the {{nihongo\\|Super Noko Setsuzan\\|スーパーのこ切斬\\|Sūpā Noko Setsuzan\\|Super Saw Cutting}} finisher.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Geiz Revive Shippu\\|ゲイツリバイブ疾風\\|Geitsu Ribaibu Shippū}}: A blue\\-colored evolution of Geiz's default form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shippu Form\\|疾風フォーム\\|Shippū Fōmu\\|Hurricane Form}} setting on the Geiz Revive Ride Watch that grants superhuman speed, flight capabilities, and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\\|Hyakuretsu Time Burst\\|百烈タイムバースト\\|Hyakuretsu Taimu Bāsuto\\|Hundred\\-Fierce Time Burst}} finisher. In this form, he wields the Zikan Jaclaw in {{nihongo\\|Tsume Mode\\|つめモード\\|Tsume Mōdo\\|Claw Mode}}, which allows him to perform the {{nihongo\\|Super Tsume Renzan\\|スーパーつめ連斬\\|Sūpā Tsume Renzan\\|Super Claw Multi\\-Slash}} finisher.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Geiz Majesty\\|仮面ライダーゲイツマジェスティ\\|Kamen Raidā Geitsu Majesuti}}: Geiz's alternative ultimate form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Geiz Majesty\\|ゲイツマジェスティ\\|Geitsu Majesuti}} Ride Watch that allows him to channel the combined powers and weapons of all 18 secondary Heisei Kamen Riders. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|El Salvatore Time Burst\\|エル・サルバトーレタイムバースト\\|Eru Sarubatōre Taimu Bāsuto}}. This form appears exclusively in the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*.",
"Geiz Myokoin is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Gaku Oshida\\|押田 岳\\|Oshida Gaku}}.",
"### Tsukuyomi",
"{{nihongo\\|Tsukuyomi\\|ツクヨミ}}, real name {{nihongo\\|Alpina\\|アルピナ\\|Arupina}}, is a mysterious 18\\-year\\-old girl of nobility from the year 2068 and the younger sister of Time Jacker leader, Swartz. She was chosen to succeed her parents due to her chronokinetic powers, though Swartz intended to use her for his own ends. When she hesitated to stop him, he erased her memories and stranded her in Ohma Zi\\-O's timeline, where she ended up with a resistance movement against him under a new name. Disapproving of Geiz's plan to kill Sougo in 2018 for fear of damaging the timeline, she travels back in time with him to help Sougo avert his future through gentler means.",
"Initially, Tsukuyomi finds it difficult to believe the kindly Sougo could become the tyrannical Ohma Zi\\-O. As his Rider powers grow in strength however, she becomes paranoid and demands Geiz kill Sougo. When the former refuses, she travels back in time to the latter's childhood to do it herself. However, she discovers Swartz orchestrated everything that had happened throughout the series, including Sougo becoming Zi\\-O. While trying to save the younger Sougo from her brother, Tsukuyomi inadvertently causes the bus accident that claimed Sougo's parents' lives as well as severe damage to the timeline. She is saved by Tsukasa Kadoya, who shows her how Swartz kidnapped all of the children on the bus as they all had the potential to become Zi\\-O.",
"Realizing her mistake and that Sougo becoming Ohma Zi\\-O was one of many possible futures, a repentant Tsukuyomi makes amends with Sougo and Geiz. Soon after, she begins to slowly regain her memories after rediscovering her powers and meeting her younger self in 2058\\. Amidst Another Zi\\-O II's attacks, Tsukuyomi is captured by the Time Jackers so Swartz can reveal their original past to her before taking her powers. As she fully regains her original memories, Black Woz rescues her once Another Zi\\-O II is defeated.",
"When Swartz causes a convergence of the Kamen Rider multiverse, he attempts to kill Tsukuyomi since she had the power to stop him. However, Sougo had given a past version of her a blank Ride Watch that he infused with Ohma Zi\\-O's power, which activates during the calamity's height. Once Black Woz provides her with a Ziku\\-Driver, Tsukuyomi gains the power to become {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Tsukuyomi\\|仮面ライダーツクヨミ\\|Kamen Raidā Tsukuyomi}} to mortally wound Swartz before he kills her in retaliation. When Sougo defeats Swartz and sacrifices Ohma Zi\\-O's power to undo the Time Jackers' damage, Tsukuyomi is revived in the new timeline as {{nihongo\\|Alpina Tsukuyomi\\|月読 有日菜\\|Tsukuyomi Arupina}}, one of Sougo's contemporary classmates.",
"In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, Tsukuyomi permanently regains her memories and Rider powers while helping Geiz in his fight against Another Diend.",
"For most of the series, Tsukuyomi possesses her own Faiz Phone X for self\\-defense purposes and to communicate with her friends through time. She also owns a Time Mazine, which she lends to Sougo in the hopes of assisting him with time travel. Following Sougo's battle with the monstrous Another Agito, Tsukuyomi regains her ability to stop time. After becoming Kamen Rider Tsukuyomi, she gains the ability to generate an energy sword from her hand and perform the {{nihongo\\|Time Jack\\|タイムジャック\\|Taimu Jakku}} finisher.",
"Tsukuyomi is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Shieri Ohata\\|大幡 しえり\\|Ōhata Shieri}} while {{nihongo\\|Yui Matsushima\\|松島 由依\\|Matsushima Yui}} portrays her as a child.",
"### Woz",
"The name {{nihongo\\|\"Woz\"\\|ウォズ\\|Wozu}} refers to two prophets from different futures who each herald a particular figure in hopes of ensuring the path to their respective futures. The name was originally held by Black Woz until White Woz's arrival in 2019, with Sougo providing distinction by labeling them with their outfits' predominant colors.",
"Both versions of Woz utilize the Woz {{nihongo\\|MiRide Watch\\|ミライドウォッチ\\|Miraido Wotchi}}, an evolution of the Ride Watches, in conjunction with the {{nihongo\\|BeyonDriver\\|ビヨンドライバー\\|Biyondoraibā}} belt to transform into {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Woz\\|仮面ライダーウォズ\\|Kamen Raidā Wozu}}. While transformed, they can perform the {{nihongo\\|Time Explosion\\|タイムエクスプロージョン\\|Taimu Ekusupurōjon}} finisher. They also wield the {{nihongo\\|Zikan Despear\\|ジカンデスピア\\|Jikan Desupia}}, which has a {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Yari]] Mode\\|ヤリモード\\|Yari Mōdo\\|Spear Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\\|Bakuretsu de Lance\\|爆裂DEランス\\|Bakuretsu De Ransu\\|Explosion of Lance}} finisher, a {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kama (weapon)\\|Kama]] Mode\\|カマモード\\|Kama Mōdo\\|Scythe Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\\|Ichigeki Kaman\\|一撃カマーン\\|Ichigeki Kamān\\|One Strike Kaman}} finisher, and a {{nihongo\\|Tsue Mode\\|ツエモード\\|Tsue Mōdo\\|Cane Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\\|Fukashigi Magic\\|不可思議マジック\\|Fukashigi Majikku\\|Mysterious Magic}} finisher. Additionally, they possess other MiRide Watches that allow them to access forms based on future Kamen Riders called {{nihongo\\|Futurerings\\|フューチャーリング\\|Fyūchāringu}},{{cite web \\|title\\=「仮面ライダージオウ」渡邊圭祐、仮面ライダーウォズに変身「優美な変身ポーズです」 \\|url\\=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/312276 \\|publisher\\=Natalie \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-16 \\|language\\=ja \\|date\\=2018\\-12\\-16}} which are as follows:",
"* {{nihongo\\|Futurering Shinobi\\|フューチャーリングシノビ\\|Fyūchāringu Shinobi}}: A Kamen Rider Shinobi\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shinobi\\|シノビ}} MiRide Watch that grants the use of various [ninja](/wiki/Ninja \"Ninja\")\\-related powers, such as making copies of himself and traveling through shadows. Woz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Ninjutsu\\|Ninpō]]: Time Binding Jutsu\\|忍法・時間縛りの術\\|Ninpō Jikan Shibari no Jutsu}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Futurering Quiz\\|フューチャーリングクイズ\\|Fyūchāringu Kuizu}}: A Kamen Rider Quiz\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Quiz\\|クイズ\\|Kuizu}} MiRide Watch that grants worldwide knowledge and the ability to determine the answer to a riddle for their targets. As the original Kamen Rider Quiz attacks through riddles, Woz does so as well while assuming this form. However, this ability can be negated if the riddle's answer is debatable or if Woz does not know the answer. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Quiz Shock Break\\|クイズショックブレイク\\|Kuizu Shokku Bureiku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Futurering Kikai\\|フューチャーリングキカイ\\|Fyūchāringu Kikai}}: A Kamen Rider Kikai\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Kikai\\|キカイ}} MiRide Watch that grants the ability to turn nearby humans into manipulable {{nihongo\\|Semi Humanoises\\|セミヒューマノイズ\\|Semi Hyūmanoizu}}. Woz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Full Metal Break\\|フルメタルブレイク\\|Furu Metaru Bureiku}}.",
"As they are the same person from different timelines, both versions of Woz are portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Keisuke Watanabe\\|渡邊 圭祐\\|Watanabe Keisuke}}.",
"#### Black Woz",
"The primary timeline version of Woz, also known as {{nihongo\\|Black Woz\\|黒ウォズ\\|Kuro Wozu}}, is a so\\-called \"mysterious prophet\" and member of the Quartzers who considers himself a devoted follower of Ohma Zi\\-O and possesses a book of prophecies called the {{nihongo\\|Ohma \\[\\[Advent Calendar]]\\|逢魔降臨暦\\|Ōma Kōrin Reki}}, which details the history of his master's rise to power. He also takes on the role of narrator for the series and interacts with the viewers to recount Sougo's adventures. After giving Sougo his Rider powers and despite learning of his intention to become a benevolent lord instead of a tyrant, a surprised Black Woz remains loyal to him as the latter's only concern is assuring Sougo's destiny of becoming Ohma Zi\\-O regardless by providing his services and occasionally intervening to rescue the youth from harm. Woz's dedication to ensuring his ruler's history initially made him fickle towards Sougo's friends and the Time Jackers, helping either side whenever Woz believed Sougo is straying too far from the intended path.",
"After being attacked and wounded by Geiz Revive, Black Woz forms a temporary alliance with the Time Jacker Heure to steal White Woz's Rider powers so he can force Geiz to overuse his Revive form and kill him. However, Sougo's influence on him causes Black Woz to support the former's decision to change his future. Because of this, once Sougo and Geiz settle their differences, Black Woz makes peace with Geiz and Tsukuyomi and moves in with them and Sougo. Despite being caught off\\-guard when Sougo transforms into Ohma Zi\\-O to defeat Swartz before sacrificing his power to fix the timeline, Black Woz remains unaffected and continues to watch over Sougo in the new timeline.",
"After his encounter with Kamen Rider Ginga, Black Woz acquires the {{nihongo\\|Ginga\\|ギンガ\\|\\|\\[\\[Galaxy]]}} MiRide Watch, which he can use to transform into his ultimate form; {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Finaly\\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガファイナリー\\|Kamen Raidā Ginga Fainarī}}. While transformed, he gains astrokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\\|Cho Ginga Explosion\\|超ギンガエクスプロージョン\\|Chō Ginga Ekusupurōjon\\|Super Galaxy Explosion}} finisher. He can also change the setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch to assume one of two alternate forms:\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Wakusei\\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガワクセイ\\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Wakusei}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Wakusei Mode\\|ワクセイモード\\|Wakusei Mōdo\\|\\[\\[Planet]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants planetakinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\\|Sui\\-Kin\\-Chi\\-Ka\\-Moku\\-Do\\-Ten\\-Kai Explosion\\|水金地火木土天海エクスプロージョン\\|Sui Kin Chi Ka Moku Do Ten Kai Ekusupurōjon\\|\\[\\[Mercury (planet)\\|Mercury]]\\-\\[\\[Venus]]\\-\\[\\[Earth]]\\-\\[\\[Mars]]\\-\\[\\[Jupiter]]\\-\\[\\[Saturn]]\\-\\[\\[Uranus]]\\-\\[\\[Neptune]] Explosion}} finisher.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Taiyo\\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガタイヨウ\\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Taiyō}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Taiyo Mode\\|タイヨウモード\\|Taiyō Mōdo\\|\\[\\[Sun]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants heliokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\\|Burning Sun Explosion\\|バーニングサンエクスプロージョン\\|Bāningu San Ekusupurōjon}} finisher.",
"During the events of the stage show *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O: Final Stage*, Black Woz is temporarily turned into the villainous and overzealous Tsukuyomi supporter, {{nihongo\\|Red Woz\\|赤ウォズ\\|Aka Wozu}}, before returning to his senses.",
"Throughout the series, Black Woz has a habit of declaring {{nihongo\\|\"let's celebrate\"\\|祝え\\|iwae}} whenever Sougo obtains a new Ride Watch and Rider Armor, to point where he becomes pleased when Sougo asks him to do so. While he usually does this for Sougo, Black Woz begrudgingly does so once for Geiz when the latter attains his Majesty form. Black Woz also demonstrates special skills such as deflecting Another Fourze's attack with one hand and using his scarf to teleport himself and others. Additionally, he can also travel through time without using a Time Mazine. Prior to obtaining Kamen Rider Woz's powers, Black Woz could use the Ohma Advent Calendar to trap his target and destroy SOUGO's time portals by ripping out the book's pages. In *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*, Black Woz is able to access [Philip](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Philip \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Philip\")'s Gaia Library to learn more about [Imagin](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Den-O_characters%23Imagin \"List of Kamen Rider Den-O characters#Imagin\") and give Sougo information about them.",
"#### White Woz",
"{{nihongo\\|White Woz\\|白ウォズ\\|Shiro Wozu}} is a version of Woz who hails from an alternate future that came into being after Sougo temporarily renounced his Rider powers and is fanatically devoted to Geiz, who by his time defeated Ohma Zi\\-O as Geiz Revive.Despite sharing a common goal with Geiz and Tsukuyomi, White Woz's apathetic and sadistic approach along with his desire to see his future come to pass puts them at odds. After getting MiRide Watches from three future Kamen Riders, he uses their combined power to create the Geiz Revive Ride Watch and presents it to Geiz.",
"Not long after however, the Time Riders learn that White Woz only needed Geiz to defeat Ohma Zi\\-O to ensure his own existence, regardless if Geiz survives or not, and has been helping Swartz the entire time. After being tricked into transferring his Rider powers to Black Woz and Geiz and Sougo making peace with each other, White Woz begins to fade away due to his timeline being erased. Despite this, he realizes he should not have supported Swartz and combines his residual Rider energy with the Zi\\-O II and Geiz Revive Ride Watches to create the Zi\\-O Trinity Ride Watch. Accepting his fate, White Woz warns Black Woz of Swartz's goals before fully fading away. Weeks later, as part of the final phase of his endgame, Swartz summons an Another World version of White Woz to distract Black Woz. However, the former learns the full extent of Swartz's plans and attempts to tell the Time Riders, but vanishes due to Another World's destruction before he could do so.",
"In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, a second Another World version of White Woz appears in the rewritten timeline to kill Geiz and steal Daiki Kaito's Rider powers to become Another Diend to manufacture disasters and pass himself as a savior. After Geiz Majesty defeats him, this White Woz's essence is absorbed into Black Woz while Kaito regains his powers.",
"While he lacks Black Woz's abilities, the original White Woz possesses a [tablet book](/wiki/Tablet_book \"Tablet book\")\\-like device that allows him to manipulate the flow of time, shift certain events' outcomes in his favor, and negate the Time Jackers' chronokinetic powers by simply writing or speaking whatever he wants to happen into it. Due to his home timeline being an alternate version of 2068, White Woz also has his own Time Mazine, which allows him to travel to alternate timelines.",
"As Another Diend, White Woz has the ability to manipulate an army of Kasshine, summon past Heisei era monsters via card\\-like constructs, and is capable of performing his own version of Diend's Dimension Shoot finisher.",
"#### Third Woz",
"The {{nihongo\\|Third Woz\\|第三のウォズ\\|Daisan no Wozu}} is the main antagonist of the *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O* tie\\-in novel. Sometime after the events of the V\\-Cinema *Geiz Majesty*, he creates a new timeline where Inner Sougo rises to the title of Oma Zi\\-O through the power of Another Watches. Wanting to ensure the events leading to the original Oma Zi\\-O's ascension comes to pass, Third Woz conspires with Inner Sougo to transform the latter's versions of Geiz and Tsukuyomi into each other's Another Rider counterparts to lure Black Woz and Sougo to their timeline. Third Woz later steals Black Woz's Rider powers to transform into {{nihongo\\|Another Woz\\|アナザーウォズ\\|Anazā Wozu}}, only to be defeated by Zi\\-O II and cease to exist when the previous timeline is restored.",
"Like White Woz, Third Woz is armed with a tablet that can manipulate the flow of time to his favor.",
""
] |
### Sougo Tokiwa
{{nihongo\|Sougo Tokiwa\|常磐 ソウゴ\|Tokiwa Sōgo}}{{efn\|"Sougo" is alternatively spelt "Sogo". Additionally, he is named after \[\[Tokiwa\-sō]], the former apartment of \[\[Shotaro Ishinomori]].}} is an 18\-year old student, later 19\-year old graduate, of {{nihongo\|Hikarigamori High School\|光ヶ森高等学校\|Hikarigamori Kōtō Gakkō}} who dreamed of becoming a king after experiencing a series of nightmares in his childhood and being visited by a mysterious figure who entrusted him with the prophecy. After surviving a bus accident when he was nine, Sougo became orphaned and since then lived with his great\-uncle at 9\-to\-5\. After meeting Tsukuyomi and Geiz, Sougo learns he will become Ohma Zi\-O, a tyrant destined to rule the world with an iron fist. Despite being troubled by this possibility, Sougo chooses to continue following his dream while changing his fate, accepting the power to become Kamen Rider Zi\-O and declaring that he will become a benevolent tyrant instead. Despite Geiz and Tsukuyomi's reservations, Sougo considers them friends and trusts them with his life, asking both of them to kill him should he follow the path to becoming Ohma Zi\-O. All the while, Sougo's predecessor [Tsukasa Kadoya](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Tsukasa_Kadoya "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Tsukasa Kadoya") secretly watches over him to ensure he succeeds in changing his fate.
Originally a visionary high school student prior to his graduation, Sougo develops other strengths along his journey. Due to his observant nature and keen understanding of human behavior, he became a skilled manipulator capable of outsmarting a genius of [Kuroto Dan](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Kuroto_Dan "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Kuroto Dan")'s caliber. In 2019, Sougo develops the ability to subconsciously create alternate futures, which he initially assumed were prophetic dreams of Kamen Riders from White Woz's timeline. Ever since the bus accident, he also gained chronokinesis like the Time Jackers. However, their leader Swartz erased Sougo's memory of it before the latter regains his powers after he becomes Grand Zi\-O.
As Swartz commences a convergence of the [A.R. Worlds](/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction "Parallel universes in fiction"), Tsukuyomi seemingly betrays Sougo and Geiz is killed saving him. In response, an enraged Sougo becomes Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\-O to defeat Swartz himself before sacrificing his newfound power to reset the timeline, negating his destiny and undoing Swartz's damage. Due to this, he relives his senior year in 2018 with altered versions of Geiz, Tsukuyomi, and the Time Jackers as his classmates in the new timeline.
In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, Sougo regains his Rider powers while helping Geiz in his fight against a new White Woz, who became Another Diend to become a savior.
In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *[Kamen Rider Zi\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Zi-O_the_Movie:Over_Quartzer "Over Quartzer")*, Sougo and his friends help [Go Shijima](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Go_Shijima "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Go Shijima") preserve [Kamen Rider Drive](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Drive_characters%23Shinnosuke_Tomari "List of Kamen Rider Drive characters#Shinnosuke Tomari")'s history after [Oda Nobunaga](/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga "Oda Nobunaga") lost the [Battle of Nagashino](/wiki/Battle_of_Nagashino "Battle of Nagashino"). Despite succeeding, Black Woz betrays him, taking all of Sougo's {{nihongo\|Ride \[\[Pocket watch\|Watches]]\|ライドウォッチ\|Raido Wotchi}} and imprisoning him on behalf of the Quartzers. Despite this, Sougo is released by Tsukuyomi and Go and receives the Ohma Zi\-O Ride Watch to defeat the Quartzers' leader, an adult version of himself from an alternate timeline. After Sougo defeats his evil counterpart, he is recognized as a king.
In the web\-exclusive spin\-offs *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Decade vs. Zi\-O: The Decade House Death Game* and *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Zi\-O vs. Decade: 7 of Zi\-Os!*, an alternate universe version of Sougo who became a basketball player becomes trapped in the titular House Death Game and encounters Tsukasa, who was trying to lure the "prime" version of Sougo to the game. The alternative Sougo gives Tsukasa the Saber Ride Watch and asks him to give it to the "prime" Sougo, who is later forced to fight various alternate universe versions of himself.
Utilizing the {{nihongo\|Zi\-O\|ジオウ\|Jiō}} Ride Watch in conjunction with the {{nihongo\|Ziku\-Driver\|ジクウドライバー\|Jikū Doraibā\|Spacetime Driver}} belt, Sougo can transform into Kamen Rider Zi\-O. While transformed, he can perform {{nihongo\|Time Break\|タイムブレーク\|Taimu Burēku}} finishers. He also wields the {{nihongo\|Zikan Girade\|ジカンギレード\|Jikan Girēdo}}, which has a {{nihongo\|Ken Mode\|ケンモード\|Ken Mōdo\|Sword Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\|Edge of Time Slash\|ギリギリスラッシュ\|Giri Giri Surasshu}} finishers and a {{nihongo\|Zyu Mode\|ジュウモード\|Jū Mōdo\|Gun Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\|Sure Sure Shooting\|スレスレシューティング\|Sure Sure Shūtingu}} finishers, and Woz's Faiz Phone X for communicating with Tsukuyomi and Geiz through time. His personal vehicles are the {{nihongo\|Ride Striker\|ライドストライカー\|Raido Sutoraikā}} motorcycle, which is summoned from the {{nihongo\|Bike\|バイク\|Baiku}} Ride Watch, and the {{nihongo\|Time Mazine\|タイムマジーン\|Taimu Majīn}} [mecha](/wiki/Mecha "Mecha"), which can switch between its aircraft\-like {{nihongo\|Vehicle Mode\|ビークルモード\|Bīkuru Mōdo}} and its [exosuit](/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton "Powered exoskeleton")\-like {{nihongo\|Battle Mode\|バトルモード\|Batoru Mōdo}}. Additionally, he possesses other Ride Watches that allow him to access forms based on his Heisei Kamen Rider predecessors called {{nihongo\|Rider Armors\|ライダーアーマー\|Raidā Āmā}}, which are as follows:
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Build\|Build]] Armor\|ビルドアーマー\|Birudo Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Build](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Build_characters%23Sento_Kiryu "List of Kamen Rider Build characters#Sento Kiryu")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Build\|ビルド\|Birudo}} Ride Watch that grants the use of the {{nihongo\|Drill Crusher Crusher\|ドリルクラッシャークラッシャー\|Doriru Kurasshā Kurasshā}} [tekko](/wiki/Tekko "Tekko"), based on Build's Drill Crusher, and superhuman reflexes. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Vortex Time Break\|ボルテックタイムブレーク\|Borutekku Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the film *[Kamen Rider Build the Movie: Be the One](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Build_the_Movie:Be_the_One "Be the One")*.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Ex\-Aid\|Ex\-Aid]] Armor\|エグゼイドアーマー\|Eguzeido Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Ex\-Aid](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ex-Aid_characters%23Emu_Hojo "List of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid characters#Emu Hojo")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Ex\-Aid\|エグゼイド\|Eguzeido}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the {{nihongo\|Gashacon Breaker Breaker\|ガシャコンブレイカーブレイカー\|Gashakon Bureikā Bureikā}} gauntlets, based on Ex\-Aid's Gashacon Breaker, and grants the ability to generate chocolate block\-like platforms. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Critical Time Break\|クリティカルタイムブレーク\|Kuritikaru Taimu Burēku}}.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Fourze\|Fourze]] Armor\|フォーゼアーマー\|Fōze Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Fourze](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters%23Gentaro_Kisaragi "List of Kamen Rider Fourze characters#Gentaro Kisaragi")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Fourze\|フォーゼ\|Fōze}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the rocket\-propelled {{nihongo\|Booster Module\|ブースターモジュール\|Būsutā Mojūru}} gauntlets, based on Fourze's Rocket Module, and grants the use of the {{nihongo\|Rocket Mode\|ロケットモード\|Roketto Mōdo}} ability to transform into a vehicle\-like state. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Limit Time Break\|リミットタイムブレーク\|Rimitto Taimu Burēku}}.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider OOO\|OOO]] Armor\|オーズアーマー\|Ōzu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider OOO](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Eiji_Hino "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Eiji Hino")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|OOO\|オーズ\|Ōzu}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the right arm\-mounted {{nihongo\|Tora Claw Z\|トラクローZ\|Tora Kurō Zetto\|Tiger Claw Z}}, based on OOO's Tora Claws, and grants increased jumping capabilities. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Scanning Time Break\|スキャニングタイムブレーク\|Sukyaningu Taimu Burēku}}.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Gaim\|Gaim]] Armor\|鎧武アーマー\|Gaimu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Gaim](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Kota_Kazuraba "List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Kota Kazuraba")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Gaim\|鎧武\|Gaimu}} Ride Watch that grants the use of six {{nihongo\|Daidaimaru Z\|大橙丸Z\|Daidaimaru Zetto\|Great Orange Circle Z}} swords, based on Gaim's Daidaimaru, and the ability to open portals. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Squash Time Break\|スカッシュタイムブレーク\|Sukasshu Taimu Burēku}}.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Decade\|Decade]] Armor\|ディケイドアーマー\|Dikeido Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Decade](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Decade_characters%23Tsukasa_Kadoya "List of Kamen Rider Decade characters#Tsukasa Kadoya")\-themed fusion form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Decade\|ディケイド\|Dikeido}} Ride Watch that grants the use of the {{nihongo\|Ride Heisaber\|ライドヘイセイバー\|Raido Heiseibā}}, which can perform either one of 19 {{nihongo\|Dual Time Break\|デュアルタイムブレーク\|Dyuaru Taimu Burēku}} attacks each based on the powers of Sougo's predecessors or the {{nihongo\|Scramble Time Break\|スクランブルタイムブレーク\|Sukuranburu Taimu Burēku}} and {{nihongo\|Ultimate Time Break\|アルティメットタイムブレーク\|Arutimetto Taimu Burēku}} finishers. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|(Final) Attack Time Break\|(ファイナル) アタックタイムブレーク\|(Fainaru) Atakku Taimu Burēku}}. Additionally, he can augment himself with one of his predecessors' power\-up forms by combining the Decade Ride Watch with their corresponding Ride Watch, which are as follows:
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor Build Form\|ディケイドアーマービルドフォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Birudo Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Build Rabbit Tank Sparkling Form\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Build Ride Watches that equips Sougo with Build's R and T Sparkling Blades while retaining the use of the former's Drill Crusher Crusher.
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor Ghost Form\|ディケイドアーマーゴーストフォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Gōsuto Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Ghost Grateful Damashii\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Ghost Ride Watches that grants the combined powers of all [15 heroic Eyecons](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_characters%2315_heroic_Eyecons "List of Kamen Rider Ghost characters#15 heroic Eyecons") while retaining the use of their Hoodie Ghosts for combat assistance.
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor Ex\-Aid Form\|ディケイドアーマーエグゼイドフォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Eguzeido Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Ex\-Aid Double Action Gamer Level XX\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Ex\-Aid Ride Watches that splits Sougo into the azure\-colored Decade Armor Ex\-Aid Form L and the orange\-colored Decade Armor Ex\-Aid Form R.
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor OOO Form\|ディケイドアーマーオーズフォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Ōzu Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider OOO Tajadol Combo\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and OOO Ride Watches that equips Sougo with OOO's Raptored Edges.
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor \[\[Kamen Rider Ryuki\|Ryuki]] Form\|ディケイドアーマー龍騎フォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Ryūki Fōmu}}: A [Kamen Rider Ryuki Survive](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ryuki_characters%23Shinji_Kido "List of Kamen Rider Ryuki characters#Shinji Kido")\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and {{nihongo\|Ryuki\|龍騎\|Ryūki}} Ride Watches that grants the use of Ryuki's Drag Visor Zwei. This form appears exclusively in the web series spin\-off *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Ryuki*.
+ {{nihongo\|Decade Armor \[\[Kamen Rider Saber\|Saber]] Form\|ディケイドアーマーセイバーフォーム\|Dikeido Āmā Seibā Fōmu}}: A [Kamen Rider Saber](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Saber_characters%23Touma_Kamiyama "List of Kamen Rider Saber characters#Touma Kamiyama")\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and {{nihongo\|Saber\|セイバー\|Seibā}} Ride Watches that grants pyrokinesis. This form appears exclusively in the web series spin\-off *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Zi\-O vs. Decade: 7 of Zi\-Os!*.{{cite web \|title\=「ジオウVSディケイド」「ディケイドVSジオウ」ユウスケ役・村井良大や武田玲奈が出演 \|url\=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/412700 \|publisher\=Natalie \|access\-date\=17 January 2021 \|language\=ja \|date\=17 January 2021}}
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider W\|W]] Armor\|ダブルアーマー\|Daburu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider W](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Kamen_Rider_W "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Kamen Rider W")\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|W\|ダブル\|Daburu}} Ride Watch that grants aerokinesis and the use of a pair of {{nihongo\|Memory \[\[Android (robot)\|Droid]]\|メモリドロイド\|Memori Doroido}} robotic units, based on W's Cyclone and Joker Memories, for combat assistance. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Maximum Time Break\|マキシマムタイムブレーク\|Makushimamu Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the crossover film *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*.
* {{nihongo\|\[\[Kamen Rider Kuuga\|Kuuga]] Armor\|クウガアーマー\|Kūga Āmā}}: A Kamen Rider Kuuga\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Kuuga\|クウガ\|Kūga}} Ride Watch that grants proficiency in hand\-to\-hand combat. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo4\|Mighty Time Break\|マイティタイムブレーク\|Maiti Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the crossover film *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*.
If necessary, Sougo can also use Geiz's Ride Watches to assume different Rider Armor forms:
* Ghost Armor: A Kamen Rider Ghost\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the Ghost Ride Watch, the original of which Geiz stole from Ohma Zi\-O before Sougo acquires his own version, that allows Sougo to perform the {{nihongo4\|Omega Time Break\|オメガタイムブレーク\|Omega Taimu Burēku}} finisher.
Amidst his journey, Sougo acquires unique Ride Watches that allow him to access stronger forms, which are as follows:
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Zi\-O II\|仮面ライダージオウII\|Kamen Raidā Jiō Tsū}}: Sougo's super form accessed from the two\-in\-one {{nihongo\|Zi\-O Ride Watch II\|ジオウライドウォッチII\|Jiō Raido Wotchi Tsū}} that grants precognitive sight, which allows him to see seconds into the future. While transformed, he wields the {{nihongo\|Saikyo Girade\|サイキョーギレード\|Saikyō Girēdo}} sword, which can perform the {{nihongo\|Rider Slash\|ライダー斬り\|Raidā Giri}} and {{nihongo\|Supreme King Slash\|覇王斬り\|Haō Giri}} attacks as well as combine with the Zikan Girade to form the {{nihongo\|Saikyo Zikan Girade\|サイキョージカンギレード\|Saikyō Jikan Girēdo}} broadsword; the latter of which allows him to perform the {{nihongo4\|King Edge of Time Slash\|キングギリギリスラッシュ\|Kingu Giri Giri Surasshu}} finisher. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Twice Time Break\|トゥワイスタイムブレーク\|Tuwaisu Taimu Burēku}}.
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Zi\-O Trinity\|仮面ライダージオウトリニティ\|Kamen Raidā Jiō Toriniti}}: A fusion form between Kamen Riders Zi\-O, Geiz, and Woz accessed from the {{nihongo\|Zi\-O Trinity\|ジオウトリニティ\|Jiō Toriniti}} Ride Watch that allows the trio to use all of their powers and weapons at once. Their finishers in this form are the {{nihongo\|Solo Time Break\|ソロタイムブレーク\|Soro Taimu Burēku}}, {{nihongo\|Duo Time Break Burst\|デュオタイムブレークバースト\|Dyuo Taimu Burēku Bāsuto}}, and {{nihongo\|Trinity Time Break Burst Explosion\|トリニティタイムブレークバーストエクスプロージョン\|Toriniti Taimu Burēku Bāsuto Ekusupurōjon}}.
+ {{nihongo4\|Zi\-O Trinity Version Geiz \& Tsukuyomi\|ジオウトリニティバージョン・ゲイツ\&ツクヨミ\|Jiō Toriniti Bājon Geitsu Ando Tsukuyomi}}: An alternate fusion form that replaces Woz with Tsukuyomi. This form appears exclusively in the *Kamen Rider Zi\-O* tie\-in novel of the same name.
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Grand Zi\-O\|仮面ライダーグランドジオウ\|Kamen Raidā Gurando Jiō}}: Sougo's ultimate form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Grand Zi\-O\|グランドジオウ\|Gurando Jiō}} Ride Watch that grants chronokinesis and the ability to either summon any of his predecessors from their active timeline to fight by his side or use their weapons along with his own. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|All Twenty Time Break\|オールトゥエンティタイムブレーク\|Ōru Tuenti Taimu Burēku}}.
* Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\-O: Sougo's alternative ultimate form accessed from the Ohma Zi\-O Driver that grants the power to destroy enemies with a single attack. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo4\|Ohma Zi\-O Hissatsugeki\|逢魔時王必殺撃\|Ōma Jiō Hissatsugeki\|Ohma Zi\-O Finishing Attack}}.
* {{nihongo\|Ohma Form\|オーマフォーム\|Ōma Fōmu}}: A fusion form between Kamen Riders Zi\-O and Ohma Zi\-O accessed from the latter's personal Ride Watch that grants the former vast power of his future self. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|King Time Break\|キングタイムブレーク\|Kingu Taimu Burēiku}}. This form appears exclusively in the film *Kamen Rider Zi\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer*.
Sougo Tokiwa is portrayed by {{nihongo\|So Okuno\|奥野 壮\|Okuno Sō}} while {{nihongo\|Rui Takahashi\|高橋 琉晟\|Takahashi Rui}} and {{nihongo\|Haru Takagi\|高木 波瑠\|Takagi Haru}} portray him as a child and younger child, respectively.
#### Mirror Sougo Tokiwa
The {{nihongo\|Mirror Sougo Tokiwa\|鏡像の常磐ソウゴ\|Kyōzō no Tokiwa Sōgo}} is a cynical and power\-hungry version of the original Sougo from the Mirror World. Meeting his real world counterpart during the events of Another Ryuga's reign of terror, Mirror Sougo torments his counterpart over his perceived futile attempt at defying his fate as Ohma Zi\-O. When Sougo reaffirms his belief and acknowledges his darker self, the Mirror Sougo concedes and gives the former half of the Zi\-O Ride Watch II. Like his real life counterpart, the Mirror Sougo can also transform into Zi\-O, with his suit being a mirrored copy of the original.
In the *Kamen Rider Zi\-O* novel, another version of Mirror Sougo is brought into existence when the [Third Woz](/wiki/%23Third_Woz "#Third Woz") interferes with the timeline. This Mirror Sougo fuses with his real world counterpart to become {{nihongo\|Inner Sougo Tokiwa\|裏の常磐ソウゴ\|Ura no Tokiwa Sōgo}} and collect most of the Another Watches to become Another Ohma Zi\-O. He later joins forces with Third Woz to obtain the Decade Ride Watch and manipulate the original timeline so that Sougo never meets Geiz and Tsukuyomi and ensure he becomes Ohma Zi\-O. After absorbing Geiz and Tsukuyomi's Another Watches to become {{nihongo\|Another Ohma Zi\-O Trinity\|アナザーオーマジオウトリニティ\|Anazā Ōma Jiō Toriniti}}, Inner Sougo is defeated Zi\-O Trinity Version Geiz \& Tsukuyomi.
Mirror Sougo Tokiwa is portrayed by So Okuno, who also portrays the real world version of Sougo Tokiwa.
#### Alternate Sougo Tokiwa
In the *Rider Time* web series *Decade VS Zi\-O* and *Zi\-O VS Decade*, several alternate timeline iterations of Sougo Tokiwa are introduced as supporting characters, each of whom retain the ability to transform into Zi\-O. Excluding the android Sougo, the rest of the alternate Sougos are addressed alphabetically, with the "prime" Sougo designated as "A". Most of the alternative versions are hunted down and killed by Tsukasa in order to prevent the merging of alternate universes caused by the True Sougo.
* Android: The android Sougo Tokiwa is a basketball player who hails from a dimension where humanity has been wiped out and replaced by robots. In *Decade VS Zi\-O*, the android Sougo is one of the many participants in True Sougo's "King's Death Game" and bonds with the ghost of Misa Kuon. He later joins Tsukasa's party of Kamen Riders in fighting True Sougo. However, as he is incapable of harnessing a fellow Rider's Ride Watch, he hands Tsukasa the Saber Ride Watch in the hopes that someone else can use it.
* Sougo B: A class president from {{nihongo\|Hanazono Academy\|花園学園\|Hanazono Gakuen}} and the boyfriend of his world's Misa Kuon. After surviving the King's Death Game, Sougo B returns to his universe on good terms with Sougo A.
* Sougo C: A manipulative {{nihongo\|Misawa High School\|三沢高校\|Misawa Kōkō}} student who used bribery to win his school's presidency and conspires with Misa to kill Sougo A. However, he swaps places with Sougo A and is killed by Decade.
* Sougo D: A *[yankī](/wiki/Yankee%23In_other_countries "Yankee#In other countries")* who was killed by Tsukasa.
* Sougo E: A childish student who was killed by Ohma Zi\-O.
* Sougo F: A cowardly student who was killed by Decade.
As with the original Sougo Tokiwa, the alternate Sougos are portrayed by So Okuno.
|
[
"### Sougo Tokiwa",
"{{nihongo\\|Sougo Tokiwa\\|常磐 ソウゴ\\|Tokiwa Sōgo}}{{efn\\|\"Sougo\" is alternatively spelt \"Sogo\". Additionally, he is named after \\[\\[Tokiwa\\-sō]], the former apartment of \\[\\[Shotaro Ishinomori]].}} is an 18\\-year old student, later 19\\-year old graduate, of {{nihongo\\|Hikarigamori High School\\|光ヶ森高等学校\\|Hikarigamori Kōtō Gakkō}} who dreamed of becoming a king after experiencing a series of nightmares in his childhood and being visited by a mysterious figure who entrusted him with the prophecy. After surviving a bus accident when he was nine, Sougo became orphaned and since then lived with his great\\-uncle at 9\\-to\\-5\\. After meeting Tsukuyomi and Geiz, Sougo learns he will become Ohma Zi\\-O, a tyrant destined to rule the world with an iron fist. Despite being troubled by this possibility, Sougo chooses to continue following his dream while changing his fate, accepting the power to become Kamen Rider Zi\\-O and declaring that he will become a benevolent tyrant instead. Despite Geiz and Tsukuyomi's reservations, Sougo considers them friends and trusts them with his life, asking both of them to kill him should he follow the path to becoming Ohma Zi\\-O. All the while, Sougo's predecessor [Tsukasa Kadoya](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Tsukasa_Kadoya \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Tsukasa Kadoya\") secretly watches over him to ensure he succeeds in changing his fate.",
"Originally a visionary high school student prior to his graduation, Sougo develops other strengths along his journey. Due to his observant nature and keen understanding of human behavior, he became a skilled manipulator capable of outsmarting a genius of [Kuroto Dan](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Kuroto_Dan \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Kuroto Dan\")'s caliber. In 2019, Sougo develops the ability to subconsciously create alternate futures, which he initially assumed were prophetic dreams of Kamen Riders from White Woz's timeline. Ever since the bus accident, he also gained chronokinesis like the Time Jackers. However, their leader Swartz erased Sougo's memory of it before the latter regains his powers after he becomes Grand Zi\\-O.",
"As Swartz commences a convergence of the [A.R. Worlds](/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction \"Parallel universes in fiction\"), Tsukuyomi seemingly betrays Sougo and Geiz is killed saving him. In response, an enraged Sougo becomes Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\\-O to defeat Swartz himself before sacrificing his newfound power to reset the timeline, negating his destiny and undoing Swartz's damage. Due to this, he relives his senior year in 2018 with altered versions of Geiz, Tsukuyomi, and the Time Jackers as his classmates in the new timeline.",
"In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, Sougo regains his Rider powers while helping Geiz in his fight against a new White Woz, who became Another Diend to become a savior.",
"In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *[Kamen Rider Zi\\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Zi-O_the_Movie:Over_Quartzer \"Over Quartzer\")*, Sougo and his friends help [Go Shijima](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Go_Shijima \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Go Shijima\") preserve [Kamen Rider Drive](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Drive_characters%23Shinnosuke_Tomari \"List of Kamen Rider Drive characters#Shinnosuke Tomari\")'s history after [Oda Nobunaga](/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga \"Oda Nobunaga\") lost the [Battle of Nagashino](/wiki/Battle_of_Nagashino \"Battle of Nagashino\"). Despite succeeding, Black Woz betrays him, taking all of Sougo's {{nihongo\\|Ride \\[\\[Pocket watch\\|Watches]]\\|ライドウォッチ\\|Raido Wotchi}} and imprisoning him on behalf of the Quartzers. Despite this, Sougo is released by Tsukuyomi and Go and receives the Ohma Zi\\-O Ride Watch to defeat the Quartzers' leader, an adult version of himself from an alternate timeline. After Sougo defeats his evil counterpart, he is recognized as a king.",
"In the web\\-exclusive spin\\-offs *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Decade vs. Zi\\-O: The Decade House Death Game* and *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Zi\\-O vs. Decade: 7 of Zi\\-Os!*, an alternate universe version of Sougo who became a basketball player becomes trapped in the titular House Death Game and encounters Tsukasa, who was trying to lure the \"prime\" version of Sougo to the game. The alternative Sougo gives Tsukasa the Saber Ride Watch and asks him to give it to the \"prime\" Sougo, who is later forced to fight various alternate universe versions of himself.",
"Utilizing the {{nihongo\\|Zi\\-O\\|ジオウ\\|Jiō}} Ride Watch in conjunction with the {{nihongo\\|Ziku\\-Driver\\|ジクウドライバー\\|Jikū Doraibā\\|Spacetime Driver}} belt, Sougo can transform into Kamen Rider Zi\\-O. While transformed, he can perform {{nihongo\\|Time Break\\|タイムブレーク\\|Taimu Burēku}} finishers. He also wields the {{nihongo\\|Zikan Girade\\|ジカンギレード\\|Jikan Girēdo}}, which has a {{nihongo\\|Ken Mode\\|ケンモード\\|Ken Mōdo\\|Sword Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\\|Edge of Time Slash\\|ギリギリスラッシュ\\|Giri Giri Surasshu}} finishers and a {{nihongo\\|Zyu Mode\\|ジュウモード\\|Jū Mōdo\\|Gun Mode}} for performing {{nihongo\\|Sure Sure Shooting\\|スレスレシューティング\\|Sure Sure Shūtingu}} finishers, and Woz's Faiz Phone X for communicating with Tsukuyomi and Geiz through time. His personal vehicles are the {{nihongo\\|Ride Striker\\|ライドストライカー\\|Raido Sutoraikā}} motorcycle, which is summoned from the {{nihongo\\|Bike\\|バイク\\|Baiku}} Ride Watch, and the {{nihongo\\|Time Mazine\\|タイムマジーン\\|Taimu Majīn}} [mecha](/wiki/Mecha \"Mecha\"), which can switch between its aircraft\\-like {{nihongo\\|Vehicle Mode\\|ビークルモード\\|Bīkuru Mōdo}} and its [exosuit](/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton \"Powered exoskeleton\")\\-like {{nihongo\\|Battle Mode\\|バトルモード\\|Batoru Mōdo}}. Additionally, he possesses other Ride Watches that allow him to access forms based on his Heisei Kamen Rider predecessors called {{nihongo\\|Rider Armors\\|ライダーアーマー\\|Raidā Āmā}}, which are as follows:",
"* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Build\\|Build]] Armor\\|ビルドアーマー\\|Birudo Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Build](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Build_characters%23Sento_Kiryu \"List of Kamen Rider Build characters#Sento Kiryu\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Build\\|ビルド\\|Birudo}} Ride Watch that grants the use of the {{nihongo\\|Drill Crusher Crusher\\|ドリルクラッシャークラッシャー\\|Doriru Kurasshā Kurasshā}} [tekko](/wiki/Tekko \"Tekko\"), based on Build's Drill Crusher, and superhuman reflexes. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Vortex Time Break\\|ボルテックタイムブレーク\\|Borutekku Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the film *[Kamen Rider Build the Movie: Be the One](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Build_the_Movie:Be_the_One \"Be the One\")*.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Ex\\-Aid\\|Ex\\-Aid]] Armor\\|エグゼイドアーマー\\|Eguzeido Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Ex\\-Aid](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ex-Aid_characters%23Emu_Hojo \"List of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid characters#Emu Hojo\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Ex\\-Aid\\|エグゼイド\\|Eguzeido}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the {{nihongo\\|Gashacon Breaker Breaker\\|ガシャコンブレイカーブレイカー\\|Gashakon Bureikā Bureikā}} gauntlets, based on Ex\\-Aid's Gashacon Breaker, and grants the ability to generate chocolate block\\-like platforms. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Critical Time Break\\|クリティカルタイムブレーク\\|Kuritikaru Taimu Burēku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Fourze\\|Fourze]] Armor\\|フォーゼアーマー\\|Fōze Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Fourze](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters%23Gentaro_Kisaragi \"List of Kamen Rider Fourze characters#Gentaro Kisaragi\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Fourze\\|フォーゼ\\|Fōze}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the rocket\\-propelled {{nihongo\\|Booster Module\\|ブースターモジュール\\|Būsutā Mojūru}} gauntlets, based on Fourze's Rocket Module, and grants the use of the {{nihongo\\|Rocket Mode\\|ロケットモード\\|Roketto Mōdo}} ability to transform into a vehicle\\-like state. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Limit Time Break\\|リミットタイムブレーク\\|Rimitto Taimu Burēku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider OOO\\|OOO]] Armor\\|オーズアーマー\\|Ōzu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider OOO](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Eiji_Hino \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Eiji Hino\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|OOO\\|オーズ\\|Ōzu}} Ride Watch that equips Sougo with the right arm\\-mounted {{nihongo\\|Tora Claw Z\\|トラクローZ\\|Tora Kurō Zetto\\|Tiger Claw Z}}, based on OOO's Tora Claws, and grants increased jumping capabilities. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Scanning Time Break\\|スキャニングタイムブレーク\\|Sukyaningu Taimu Burēku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Gaim\\|Gaim]] Armor\\|鎧武アーマー\\|Gaimu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Gaim](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Kota_Kazuraba \"List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Kota Kazuraba\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Gaim\\|鎧武\\|Gaimu}} Ride Watch that grants the use of six {{nihongo\\|Daidaimaru Z\\|大橙丸Z\\|Daidaimaru Zetto\\|Great Orange Circle Z}} swords, based on Gaim's Daidaimaru, and the ability to open portals. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Squash Time Break\\|スカッシュタイムブレーク\\|Sukasshu Taimu Burēku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Decade\\|Decade]] Armor\\|ディケイドアーマー\\|Dikeido Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider Decade](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Decade_characters%23Tsukasa_Kadoya \"List of Kamen Rider Decade characters#Tsukasa Kadoya\")\\-themed fusion form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Decade\\|ディケイド\\|Dikeido}} Ride Watch that grants the use of the {{nihongo\\|Ride Heisaber\\|ライドヘイセイバー\\|Raido Heiseibā}}, which can perform either one of 19 {{nihongo\\|Dual Time Break\\|デュアルタイムブレーク\\|Dyuaru Taimu Burēku}} attacks each based on the powers of Sougo's predecessors or the {{nihongo\\|Scramble Time Break\\|スクランブルタイムブレーク\\|Sukuranburu Taimu Burēku}} and {{nihongo\\|Ultimate Time Break\\|アルティメットタイムブレーク\\|Arutimetto Taimu Burēku}} finishers. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|(Final) Attack Time Break\\|(ファイナル) アタックタイムブレーク\\|(Fainaru) Atakku Taimu Burēku}}. Additionally, he can augment himself with one of his predecessors' power\\-up forms by combining the Decade Ride Watch with their corresponding Ride Watch, which are as follows:\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor Build Form\\|ディケイドアーマービルドフォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Birudo Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Build Rabbit Tank Sparkling Form\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Build Ride Watches that equips Sougo with Build's R and T Sparkling Blades while retaining the use of the former's Drill Crusher Crusher.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor Ghost Form\\|ディケイドアーマーゴーストフォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Gōsuto Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Ghost Grateful Damashii\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Ghost Ride Watches that grants the combined powers of all [15 heroic Eyecons](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_characters%2315_heroic_Eyecons \"List of Kamen Rider Ghost characters#15 heroic Eyecons\") while retaining the use of their Hoodie Ghosts for combat assistance.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor Ex\\-Aid Form\\|ディケイドアーマーエグゼイドフォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Eguzeido Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider Ex\\-Aid Double Action Gamer Level XX\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and Ex\\-Aid Ride Watches that splits Sougo into the azure\\-colored Decade Armor Ex\\-Aid Form L and the orange\\-colored Decade Armor Ex\\-Aid Form R.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor OOO Form\\|ディケイドアーマーオーズフォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Ōzu Fōmu}}: A Kamen Rider OOO Tajadol Combo\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and OOO Ride Watches that equips Sougo with OOO's Raptored Edges.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor \\[\\[Kamen Rider Ryuki\\|Ryuki]] Form\\|ディケイドアーマー龍騎フォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Ryūki Fōmu}}: A [Kamen Rider Ryuki Survive](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ryuki_characters%23Shinji_Kido \"List of Kamen Rider Ryuki characters#Shinji Kido\")\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and {{nihongo\\|Ryuki\\|龍騎\\|Ryūki}} Ride Watches that grants the use of Ryuki's Drag Visor Zwei. This form appears exclusively in the web series spin\\-off *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Ryuki*.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Decade Armor \\[\\[Kamen Rider Saber\\|Saber]] Form\\|ディケイドアーマーセイバーフォーム\\|Dikeido Āmā Seibā Fōmu}}: A [Kamen Rider Saber](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Saber_characters%23Touma_Kamiyama \"List of Kamen Rider Saber characters#Touma Kamiyama\")\\-themed enhanced version of Decade Armor accessed from the Decade and {{nihongo\\|Saber\\|セイバー\\|Seibā}} Ride Watches that grants pyrokinesis. This form appears exclusively in the web series spin\\-off *Rider Time: Kamen Rider Zi\\-O vs. Decade: 7 of Zi\\-Os!*.{{cite web \\|title\\=「ジオウVSディケイド」「ディケイドVSジオウ」ユウスケ役・村井良大や武田玲奈が出演 \\|url\\=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/412700 \\|publisher\\=Natalie \\|access\\-date\\=17 January 2021 \\|language\\=ja \\|date\\=17 January 2021}}\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider W\\|W]] Armor\\|ダブルアーマー\\|Daburu Āmā}}: A [Kamen Rider W](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Kamen_Rider_W \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Kamen Rider W\")\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|W\\|ダブル\\|Daburu}} Ride Watch that grants aerokinesis and the use of a pair of {{nihongo\\|Memory \\[\\[Android (robot)\\|Droid]]\\|メモリドロイド\\|Memori Doroido}} robotic units, based on W's Cyclone and Joker Memories, for combat assistance. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Maximum Time Break\\|マキシマムタイムブレーク\\|Makushimamu Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the crossover film *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kamen Rider Kuuga\\|Kuuga]] Armor\\|クウガアーマー\\|Kūga Āmā}}: A Kamen Rider Kuuga\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Kuuga\\|クウガ\\|Kūga}} Ride Watch that grants proficiency in hand\\-to\\-hand combat. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo4\\|Mighty Time Break\\|マイティタイムブレーク\\|Maiti Taimu Burēku}}. This form first appears in the crossover film *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*.",
"If necessary, Sougo can also use Geiz's Ride Watches to assume different Rider Armor forms:\n* Ghost Armor: A Kamen Rider Ghost\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the Ghost Ride Watch, the original of which Geiz stole from Ohma Zi\\-O before Sougo acquires his own version, that allows Sougo to perform the {{nihongo4\\|Omega Time Break\\|オメガタイムブレーク\\|Omega Taimu Burēku}} finisher.",
"Amidst his journey, Sougo acquires unique Ride Watches that allow him to access stronger forms, which are as follows:\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Zi\\-O II\\|仮面ライダージオウII\\|Kamen Raidā Jiō Tsū}}: Sougo's super form accessed from the two\\-in\\-one {{nihongo\\|Zi\\-O Ride Watch II\\|ジオウライドウォッチII\\|Jiō Raido Wotchi Tsū}} that grants precognitive sight, which allows him to see seconds into the future. While transformed, he wields the {{nihongo\\|Saikyo Girade\\|サイキョーギレード\\|Saikyō Girēdo}} sword, which can perform the {{nihongo\\|Rider Slash\\|ライダー斬り\\|Raidā Giri}} and {{nihongo\\|Supreme King Slash\\|覇王斬り\\|Haō Giri}} attacks as well as combine with the Zikan Girade to form the {{nihongo\\|Saikyo Zikan Girade\\|サイキョージカンギレード\\|Saikyō Jikan Girēdo}} broadsword; the latter of which allows him to perform the {{nihongo4\\|King Edge of Time Slash\\|キングギリギリスラッシュ\\|Kingu Giri Giri Surasshu}} finisher. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Twice Time Break\\|トゥワイスタイムブレーク\\|Tuwaisu Taimu Burēku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Zi\\-O Trinity\\|仮面ライダージオウトリニティ\\|Kamen Raidā Jiō Toriniti}}: A fusion form between Kamen Riders Zi\\-O, Geiz, and Woz accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Zi\\-O Trinity\\|ジオウトリニティ\\|Jiō Toriniti}} Ride Watch that allows the trio to use all of their powers and weapons at once. Their finishers in this form are the {{nihongo\\|Solo Time Break\\|ソロタイムブレーク\\|Soro Taimu Burēku}}, {{nihongo\\|Duo Time Break Burst\\|デュオタイムブレークバースト\\|Dyuo Taimu Burēku Bāsuto}}, and {{nihongo\\|Trinity Time Break Burst Explosion\\|トリニティタイムブレークバーストエクスプロージョン\\|Toriniti Taimu Burēku Bāsuto Ekusupurōjon}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo4\\|Zi\\-O Trinity Version Geiz \\& Tsukuyomi\\|ジオウトリニティバージョン・ゲイツ\\&ツクヨミ\\|Jiō Toriniti Bājon Geitsu Ando Tsukuyomi}}: An alternate fusion form that replaces Woz with Tsukuyomi. This form appears exclusively in the *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O* tie\\-in novel of the same name.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Grand Zi\\-O\\|仮面ライダーグランドジオウ\\|Kamen Raidā Gurando Jiō}}: Sougo's ultimate form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Grand Zi\\-O\\|グランドジオウ\\|Gurando Jiō}} Ride Watch that grants chronokinesis and the ability to either summon any of his predecessors from their active timeline to fight by his side or use their weapons along with his own. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|All Twenty Time Break\\|オールトゥエンティタイムブレーク\\|Ōru Tuenti Taimu Burēku}}.\n* Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\\-O: Sougo's alternative ultimate form accessed from the Ohma Zi\\-O Driver that grants the power to destroy enemies with a single attack. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo4\\|Ohma Zi\\-O Hissatsugeki\\|逢魔時王必殺撃\\|Ōma Jiō Hissatsugeki\\|Ohma Zi\\-O Finishing Attack}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Ohma Form\\|オーマフォーム\\|Ōma Fōmu}}: A fusion form between Kamen Riders Zi\\-O and Ohma Zi\\-O accessed from the latter's personal Ride Watch that grants the former vast power of his future self. Sougo's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|King Time Break\\|キングタイムブレーク\\|Kingu Taimu Burēiku}}. This form appears exclusively in the film *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer*.",
"Sougo Tokiwa is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|So Okuno\\|奥野 壮\\|Okuno Sō}} while {{nihongo\\|Rui Takahashi\\|高橋 琉晟\\|Takahashi Rui}} and {{nihongo\\|Haru Takagi\\|高木 波瑠\\|Takagi Haru}} portray him as a child and younger child, respectively.",
"#### Mirror Sougo Tokiwa",
"The {{nihongo\\|Mirror Sougo Tokiwa\\|鏡像の常磐ソウゴ\\|Kyōzō no Tokiwa Sōgo}} is a cynical and power\\-hungry version of the original Sougo from the Mirror World. Meeting his real world counterpart during the events of Another Ryuga's reign of terror, Mirror Sougo torments his counterpart over his perceived futile attempt at defying his fate as Ohma Zi\\-O. When Sougo reaffirms his belief and acknowledges his darker self, the Mirror Sougo concedes and gives the former half of the Zi\\-O Ride Watch II. Like his real life counterpart, the Mirror Sougo can also transform into Zi\\-O, with his suit being a mirrored copy of the original.",
"In the *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O* novel, another version of Mirror Sougo is brought into existence when the [Third Woz](/wiki/%23Third_Woz \"#Third Woz\") interferes with the timeline. This Mirror Sougo fuses with his real world counterpart to become {{nihongo\\|Inner Sougo Tokiwa\\|裏の常磐ソウゴ\\|Ura no Tokiwa Sōgo}} and collect most of the Another Watches to become Another Ohma Zi\\-O. He later joins forces with Third Woz to obtain the Decade Ride Watch and manipulate the original timeline so that Sougo never meets Geiz and Tsukuyomi and ensure he becomes Ohma Zi\\-O. After absorbing Geiz and Tsukuyomi's Another Watches to become {{nihongo\\|Another Ohma Zi\\-O Trinity\\|アナザーオーマジオウトリニティ\\|Anazā Ōma Jiō Toriniti}}, Inner Sougo is defeated Zi\\-O Trinity Version Geiz \\& Tsukuyomi.",
"Mirror Sougo Tokiwa is portrayed by So Okuno, who also portrays the real world version of Sougo Tokiwa.",
"#### Alternate Sougo Tokiwa",
"In the *Rider Time* web series *Decade VS Zi\\-O* and *Zi\\-O VS Decade*, several alternate timeline iterations of Sougo Tokiwa are introduced as supporting characters, each of whom retain the ability to transform into Zi\\-O. Excluding the android Sougo, the rest of the alternate Sougos are addressed alphabetically, with the \"prime\" Sougo designated as \"A\". Most of the alternative versions are hunted down and killed by Tsukasa in order to prevent the merging of alternate universes caused by the True Sougo.",
"* Android: The android Sougo Tokiwa is a basketball player who hails from a dimension where humanity has been wiped out and replaced by robots. In *Decade VS Zi\\-O*, the android Sougo is one of the many participants in True Sougo's \"King's Death Game\" and bonds with the ghost of Misa Kuon. He later joins Tsukasa's party of Kamen Riders in fighting True Sougo. However, as he is incapable of harnessing a fellow Rider's Ride Watch, he hands Tsukasa the Saber Ride Watch in the hopes that someone else can use it.\n* Sougo B: A class president from {{nihongo\\|Hanazono Academy\\|花園学園\\|Hanazono Gakuen}} and the boyfriend of his world's Misa Kuon. After surviving the King's Death Game, Sougo B returns to his universe on good terms with Sougo A.\n* Sougo C: A manipulative {{nihongo\\|Misawa High School\\|三沢高校\\|Misawa Kōkō}} student who used bribery to win his school's presidency and conspires with Misa to kill Sougo A. However, he swaps places with Sougo A and is killed by Decade.\n* Sougo D: A *[yankī](/wiki/Yankee%23In_other_countries \"Yankee#In other countries\")* who was killed by Tsukasa.\n* Sougo E: A childish student who was killed by Ohma Zi\\-O.\n* Sougo F: A cowardly student who was killed by Decade.",
"As with the original Sougo Tokiwa, the alternate Sougos are portrayed by So Okuno.",
""
] |
### Tsukuyomi
{{nihongo\|Tsukuyomi\|ツクヨミ}}, real name {{nihongo\|Alpina\|アルピナ\|Arupina}}, is a mysterious 18\-year\-old girl of nobility from the year 2068 and the younger sister of Time Jacker leader, Swartz. She was chosen to succeed her parents due to her chronokinetic powers, though Swartz intended to use her for his own ends. When she hesitated to stop him, he erased her memories and stranded her in Ohma Zi\-O's timeline, where she ended up with a resistance movement against him under a new name. Disapproving of Geiz's plan to kill Sougo in 2018 for fear of damaging the timeline, she travels back in time with him to help Sougo avert his future through gentler means.
Initially, Tsukuyomi finds it difficult to believe the kindly Sougo could become the tyrannical Ohma Zi\-O. As his Rider powers grow in strength however, she becomes paranoid and demands Geiz kill Sougo. When the former refuses, she travels back in time to the latter's childhood to do it herself. However, she discovers Swartz orchestrated everything that had happened throughout the series, including Sougo becoming Zi\-O. While trying to save the younger Sougo from her brother, Tsukuyomi inadvertently causes the bus accident that claimed Sougo's parents' lives as well as severe damage to the timeline. She is saved by Tsukasa Kadoya, who shows her how Swartz kidnapped all of the children on the bus as they all had the potential to become Zi\-O.
Realizing her mistake and that Sougo becoming Ohma Zi\-O was one of many possible futures, a repentant Tsukuyomi makes amends with Sougo and Geiz. Soon after, she begins to slowly regain her memories after rediscovering her powers and meeting her younger self in 2058\. Amidst Another Zi\-O II's attacks, Tsukuyomi is captured by the Time Jackers so Swartz can reveal their original past to her before taking her powers. As she fully regains her original memories, Black Woz rescues her once Another Zi\-O II is defeated.
When Swartz causes a convergence of the Kamen Rider multiverse, he attempts to kill Tsukuyomi since she had the power to stop him. However, Sougo had given a past version of her a blank Ride Watch that he infused with Ohma Zi\-O's power, which activates during the calamity's height. Once Black Woz provides her with a Ziku\-Driver, Tsukuyomi gains the power to become {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Tsukuyomi\|仮面ライダーツクヨミ\|Kamen Raidā Tsukuyomi}} to mortally wound Swartz before he kills her in retaliation. When Sougo defeats Swartz and sacrifices Ohma Zi\-O's power to undo the Time Jackers' damage, Tsukuyomi is revived in the new timeline as {{nihongo\|Alpina Tsukuyomi\|月読 有日菜\|Tsukuyomi Arupina}}, one of Sougo's contemporary classmates.
In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, Tsukuyomi permanently regains her memories and Rider powers while helping Geiz in his fight against Another Diend.
For most of the series, Tsukuyomi possesses her own Faiz Phone X for self\-defense purposes and to communicate with her friends through time. She also owns a Time Mazine, which she lends to Sougo in the hopes of assisting him with time travel. Following Sougo's battle with the monstrous Another Agito, Tsukuyomi regains her ability to stop time. After becoming Kamen Rider Tsukuyomi, she gains the ability to generate an energy sword from her hand and perform the {{nihongo\|Time Jack\|タイムジャック\|Taimu Jakku}} finisher.
Tsukuyomi is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Shieri Ohata\|大幡 しえり\|Ōhata Shieri}} while {{nihongo\|Yui Matsushima\|松島 由依\|Matsushima Yui}} portrays her as a child.
|
[
"### Tsukuyomi",
"{{nihongo\\|Tsukuyomi\\|ツクヨミ}}, real name {{nihongo\\|Alpina\\|アルピナ\\|Arupina}}, is a mysterious 18\\-year\\-old girl of nobility from the year 2068 and the younger sister of Time Jacker leader, Swartz. She was chosen to succeed her parents due to her chronokinetic powers, though Swartz intended to use her for his own ends. When she hesitated to stop him, he erased her memories and stranded her in Ohma Zi\\-O's timeline, where she ended up with a resistance movement against him under a new name. Disapproving of Geiz's plan to kill Sougo in 2018 for fear of damaging the timeline, she travels back in time with him to help Sougo avert his future through gentler means.",
"Initially, Tsukuyomi finds it difficult to believe the kindly Sougo could become the tyrannical Ohma Zi\\-O. As his Rider powers grow in strength however, she becomes paranoid and demands Geiz kill Sougo. When the former refuses, she travels back in time to the latter's childhood to do it herself. However, she discovers Swartz orchestrated everything that had happened throughout the series, including Sougo becoming Zi\\-O. While trying to save the younger Sougo from her brother, Tsukuyomi inadvertently causes the bus accident that claimed Sougo's parents' lives as well as severe damage to the timeline. She is saved by Tsukasa Kadoya, who shows her how Swartz kidnapped all of the children on the bus as they all had the potential to become Zi\\-O.",
"Realizing her mistake and that Sougo becoming Ohma Zi\\-O was one of many possible futures, a repentant Tsukuyomi makes amends with Sougo and Geiz. Soon after, she begins to slowly regain her memories after rediscovering her powers and meeting her younger self in 2058\\. Amidst Another Zi\\-O II's attacks, Tsukuyomi is captured by the Time Jackers so Swartz can reveal their original past to her before taking her powers. As she fully regains her original memories, Black Woz rescues her once Another Zi\\-O II is defeated.",
"When Swartz causes a convergence of the Kamen Rider multiverse, he attempts to kill Tsukuyomi since she had the power to stop him. However, Sougo had given a past version of her a blank Ride Watch that he infused with Ohma Zi\\-O's power, which activates during the calamity's height. Once Black Woz provides her with a Ziku\\-Driver, Tsukuyomi gains the power to become {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Tsukuyomi\\|仮面ライダーツクヨミ\\|Kamen Raidā Tsukuyomi}} to mortally wound Swartz before he kills her in retaliation. When Sougo defeats Swartz and sacrifices Ohma Zi\\-O's power to undo the Time Jackers' damage, Tsukuyomi is revived in the new timeline as {{nihongo\\|Alpina Tsukuyomi\\|月読 有日菜\\|Tsukuyomi Arupina}}, one of Sougo's contemporary classmates.",
"In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, Tsukuyomi permanently regains her memories and Rider powers while helping Geiz in his fight against Another Diend.",
"For most of the series, Tsukuyomi possesses her own Faiz Phone X for self\\-defense purposes and to communicate with her friends through time. She also owns a Time Mazine, which she lends to Sougo in the hopes of assisting him with time travel. Following Sougo's battle with the monstrous Another Agito, Tsukuyomi regains her ability to stop time. After becoming Kamen Rider Tsukuyomi, she gains the ability to generate an energy sword from her hand and perform the {{nihongo\\|Time Jack\\|タイムジャック\\|Taimu Jakku}} finisher.",
"Tsukuyomi is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Shieri Ohata\\|大幡 しえり\\|Ōhata Shieri}} while {{nihongo\\|Yui Matsushima\\|松島 由依\\|Matsushima Yui}} portrays her as a child.",
""
] |
### Woz
The name {{nihongo\|"Woz"\|ウォズ\|Wozu}} refers to two prophets from different futures who each herald a particular figure in hopes of ensuring the path to their respective futures. The name was originally held by Black Woz until White Woz's arrival in 2019, with Sougo providing distinction by labeling them with their outfits' predominant colors.
Both versions of Woz utilize the Woz {{nihongo\|MiRide Watch\|ミライドウォッチ\|Miraido Wotchi}}, an evolution of the Ride Watches, in conjunction with the {{nihongo\|BeyonDriver\|ビヨンドライバー\|Biyondoraibā}} belt to transform into {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Woz\|仮面ライダーウォズ\|Kamen Raidā Wozu}}. While transformed, they can perform the {{nihongo\|Time Explosion\|タイムエクスプロージョン\|Taimu Ekusupurōjon}} finisher. They also wield the {{nihongo\|Zikan Despear\|ジカンデスピア\|Jikan Desupia}}, which has a {{nihongo\|\[\[Yari]] Mode\|ヤリモード\|Yari Mōdo\|Spear Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\|Bakuretsu de Lance\|爆裂DEランス\|Bakuretsu De Ransu\|Explosion of Lance}} finisher, a {{nihongo\|\[\[Kama (weapon)\|Kama]] Mode\|カマモード\|Kama Mōdo\|Scythe Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\|Ichigeki Kaman\|一撃カマーン\|Ichigeki Kamān\|One Strike Kaman}} finisher, and a {{nihongo\|Tsue Mode\|ツエモード\|Tsue Mōdo\|Cane Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\|Fukashigi Magic\|不可思議マジック\|Fukashigi Majikku\|Mysterious Magic}} finisher. Additionally, they possess other MiRide Watches that allow them to access forms based on future Kamen Riders called {{nihongo\|Futurerings\|フューチャーリング\|Fyūchāringu}},{{cite web \|title\=「仮面ライダージオウ」渡邊圭祐、仮面ライダーウォズに変身「優美な変身ポーズです」 \|url\=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/312276 \|publisher\=Natalie \|access\-date\=2018\-12\-16 \|language\=ja \|date\=2018\-12\-16}} which are as follows:
* {{nihongo\|Futurering Shinobi\|フューチャーリングシノビ\|Fyūchāringu Shinobi}}: A Kamen Rider Shinobi\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shinobi\|シノビ}} MiRide Watch that grants the use of various [ninja](/wiki/Ninja "Ninja")\-related powers, such as making copies of himself and traveling through shadows. Woz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|\[\[Ninjutsu\|Ninpō]]: Time Binding Jutsu\|忍法・時間縛りの術\|Ninpō Jikan Shibari no Jutsu}}.
* {{nihongo\|Futurering Quiz\|フューチャーリングクイズ\|Fyūchāringu Kuizu}}: A Kamen Rider Quiz\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Quiz\|クイズ\|Kuizu}} MiRide Watch that grants worldwide knowledge and the ability to determine the answer to a riddle for their targets. As the original Kamen Rider Quiz attacks through riddles, Woz does so as well while assuming this form. However, this ability can be negated if the riddle's answer is debatable or if Woz does not know the answer. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Quiz Shock Break\|クイズショックブレイク\|Kuizu Shokku Bureiku}}.
* {{nihongo\|Futurering Kikai\|フューチャーリングキカイ\|Fyūchāringu Kikai}}: A Kamen Rider Kikai\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Kikai\|キカイ}} MiRide Watch that grants the ability to turn nearby humans into manipulable {{nihongo\|Semi Humanoises\|セミヒューマノイズ\|Semi Hyūmanoizu}}. Woz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\|Full Metal Break\|フルメタルブレイク\|Furu Metaru Bureiku}}.
As they are the same person from different timelines, both versions of Woz are portrayed by {{nihongo\|Keisuke Watanabe\|渡邊 圭祐\|Watanabe Keisuke}}.
#### Black Woz
The primary timeline version of Woz, also known as {{nihongo\|Black Woz\|黒ウォズ\|Kuro Wozu}}, is a so\-called "mysterious prophet" and member of the Quartzers who considers himself a devoted follower of Ohma Zi\-O and possesses a book of prophecies called the {{nihongo\|Ohma \[\[Advent Calendar]]\|逢魔降臨暦\|Ōma Kōrin Reki}}, which details the history of his master's rise to power. He also takes on the role of narrator for the series and interacts with the viewers to recount Sougo's adventures. After giving Sougo his Rider powers and despite learning of his intention to become a benevolent lord instead of a tyrant, a surprised Black Woz remains loyal to him as the latter's only concern is assuring Sougo's destiny of becoming Ohma Zi\-O regardless by providing his services and occasionally intervening to rescue the youth from harm. Woz's dedication to ensuring his ruler's history initially made him fickle towards Sougo's friends and the Time Jackers, helping either side whenever Woz believed Sougo is straying too far from the intended path.
After being attacked and wounded by Geiz Revive, Black Woz forms a temporary alliance with the Time Jacker Heure to steal White Woz's Rider powers so he can force Geiz to overuse his Revive form and kill him. However, Sougo's influence on him causes Black Woz to support the former's decision to change his future. Because of this, once Sougo and Geiz settle their differences, Black Woz makes peace with Geiz and Tsukuyomi and moves in with them and Sougo. Despite being caught off\-guard when Sougo transforms into Ohma Zi\-O to defeat Swartz before sacrificing his power to fix the timeline, Black Woz remains unaffected and continues to watch over Sougo in the new timeline.
After his encounter with Kamen Rider Ginga, Black Woz acquires the {{nihongo\|Ginga\|ギンガ\|\|\[\[Galaxy]]}} MiRide Watch, which he can use to transform into his ultimate form; {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Finaly\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガファイナリー\|Kamen Raidā Ginga Fainarī}}. While transformed, he gains astrokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\|Cho Ginga Explosion\|超ギンガエクスプロージョン\|Chō Ginga Ekusupurōjon\|Super Galaxy Explosion}} finisher. He can also change the setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch to assume one of two alternate forms:
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Wakusei\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガワクセイ\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Wakusei}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\|Wakusei Mode\|ワクセイモード\|Wakusei Mōdo\|\[\[Planet]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants planetakinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\|Sui\-Kin\-Chi\-Ka\-Moku\-Do\-Ten\-Kai Explosion\|水金地火木土天海エクスプロージョン\|Sui Kin Chi Ka Moku Do Ten Kai Ekusupurōjon\|\[\[Mercury (planet)\|Mercury]]\-\[\[Venus]]\-\[\[Earth]]\-\[\[Mars]]\-\[\[Jupiter]]\-\[\[Saturn]]\-\[\[Uranus]]\-\[\[Neptune]] Explosion}} finisher.
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Taiyo\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガタイヨウ\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Taiyō}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\|Taiyo Mode\|タイヨウモード\|Taiyō Mōdo\|\[\[Sun]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants heliokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\|Burning Sun Explosion\|バーニングサンエクスプロージョン\|Bāningu San Ekusupurōjon}} finisher.
During the events of the stage show *Kamen Rider Zi\-O: Final Stage*, Black Woz is temporarily turned into the villainous and overzealous Tsukuyomi supporter, {{nihongo\|Red Woz\|赤ウォズ\|Aka Wozu}}, before returning to his senses.
Throughout the series, Black Woz has a habit of declaring {{nihongo\|"let's celebrate"\|祝え\|iwae}} whenever Sougo obtains a new Ride Watch and Rider Armor, to point where he becomes pleased when Sougo asks him to do so. While he usually does this for Sougo, Black Woz begrudgingly does so once for Geiz when the latter attains his Majesty form. Black Woz also demonstrates special skills such as deflecting Another Fourze's attack with one hand and using his scarf to teleport himself and others. Additionally, he can also travel through time without using a Time Mazine. Prior to obtaining Kamen Rider Woz's powers, Black Woz could use the Ohma Advent Calendar to trap his target and destroy SOUGO's time portals by ripping out the book's pages. In *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*, Black Woz is able to access [Philip](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Philip "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Philip")'s Gaia Library to learn more about [Imagin](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Den-O_characters%23Imagin "List of Kamen Rider Den-O characters#Imagin") and give Sougo information about them.
#### White Woz
{{nihongo\|White Woz\|白ウォズ\|Shiro Wozu}} is a version of Woz who hails from an alternate future that came into being after Sougo temporarily renounced his Rider powers and is fanatically devoted to Geiz, who by his time defeated Ohma Zi\-O as Geiz Revive.Despite sharing a common goal with Geiz and Tsukuyomi, White Woz's apathetic and sadistic approach along with his desire to see his future come to pass puts them at odds. After getting MiRide Watches from three future Kamen Riders, he uses their combined power to create the Geiz Revive Ride Watch and presents it to Geiz.
Not long after however, the Time Riders learn that White Woz only needed Geiz to defeat Ohma Zi\-O to ensure his own existence, regardless if Geiz survives or not, and has been helping Swartz the entire time. After being tricked into transferring his Rider powers to Black Woz and Geiz and Sougo making peace with each other, White Woz begins to fade away due to his timeline being erased. Despite this, he realizes he should not have supported Swartz and combines his residual Rider energy with the Zi\-O II and Geiz Revive Ride Watches to create the Zi\-O Trinity Ride Watch. Accepting his fate, White Woz warns Black Woz of Swartz's goals before fully fading away. Weeks later, as part of the final phase of his endgame, Swartz summons an Another World version of White Woz to distract Black Woz. However, the former learns the full extent of Swartz's plans and attempts to tell the Time Riders, but vanishes due to Another World's destruction before he could do so.
In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, a second Another World version of White Woz appears in the rewritten timeline to kill Geiz and steal Daiki Kaito's Rider powers to become Another Diend to manufacture disasters and pass himself as a savior. After Geiz Majesty defeats him, this White Woz's essence is absorbed into Black Woz while Kaito regains his powers.
While he lacks Black Woz's abilities, the original White Woz possesses a [tablet book](/wiki/Tablet_book "Tablet book")\-like device that allows him to manipulate the flow of time, shift certain events' outcomes in his favor, and negate the Time Jackers' chronokinetic powers by simply writing or speaking whatever he wants to happen into it. Due to his home timeline being an alternate version of 2068, White Woz also has his own Time Mazine, which allows him to travel to alternate timelines.
As Another Diend, White Woz has the ability to manipulate an army of Kasshine, summon past Heisei era monsters via card\-like constructs, and is capable of performing his own version of Diend's Dimension Shoot finisher.
#### Third Woz
The {{nihongo\|Third Woz\|第三のウォズ\|Daisan no Wozu}} is the main antagonist of the *Kamen Rider Zi\-O* tie\-in novel. Sometime after the events of the V\-Cinema *Geiz Majesty*, he creates a new timeline where Inner Sougo rises to the title of Oma Zi\-O through the power of Another Watches. Wanting to ensure the events leading to the original Oma Zi\-O's ascension comes to pass, Third Woz conspires with Inner Sougo to transform the latter's versions of Geiz and Tsukuyomi into each other's Another Rider counterparts to lure Black Woz and Sougo to their timeline. Third Woz later steals Black Woz's Rider powers to transform into {{nihongo\|Another Woz\|アナザーウォズ\|Anazā Wozu}}, only to be defeated by Zi\-O II and cease to exist when the previous timeline is restored.
Like White Woz, Third Woz is armed with a tablet that can manipulate the flow of time to his favor.
|
[
"### Woz",
"The name {{nihongo\\|\"Woz\"\\|ウォズ\\|Wozu}} refers to two prophets from different futures who each herald a particular figure in hopes of ensuring the path to their respective futures. The name was originally held by Black Woz until White Woz's arrival in 2019, with Sougo providing distinction by labeling them with their outfits' predominant colors.",
"Both versions of Woz utilize the Woz {{nihongo\\|MiRide Watch\\|ミライドウォッチ\\|Miraido Wotchi}}, an evolution of the Ride Watches, in conjunction with the {{nihongo\\|BeyonDriver\\|ビヨンドライバー\\|Biyondoraibā}} belt to transform into {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Woz\\|仮面ライダーウォズ\\|Kamen Raidā Wozu}}. While transformed, they can perform the {{nihongo\\|Time Explosion\\|タイムエクスプロージョン\\|Taimu Ekusupurōjon}} finisher. They also wield the {{nihongo\\|Zikan Despear\\|ジカンデスピア\\|Jikan Desupia}}, which has a {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Yari]] Mode\\|ヤリモード\\|Yari Mōdo\\|Spear Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\\|Bakuretsu de Lance\\|爆裂DEランス\\|Bakuretsu De Ransu\\|Explosion of Lance}} finisher, a {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kama (weapon)\\|Kama]] Mode\\|カマモード\\|Kama Mōdo\\|Scythe Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\\|Ichigeki Kaman\\|一撃カマーン\\|Ichigeki Kamān\\|One Strike Kaman}} finisher, and a {{nihongo\\|Tsue Mode\\|ツエモード\\|Tsue Mōdo\\|Cane Mode}} for performing the {{nihongo\\|Fukashigi Magic\\|不可思議マジック\\|Fukashigi Majikku\\|Mysterious Magic}} finisher. Additionally, they possess other MiRide Watches that allow them to access forms based on future Kamen Riders called {{nihongo\\|Futurerings\\|フューチャーリング\\|Fyūchāringu}},{{cite web \\|title\\=「仮面ライダージオウ」渡邊圭祐、仮面ライダーウォズに変身「優美な変身ポーズです」 \\|url\\=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/312276 \\|publisher\\=Natalie \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-16 \\|language\\=ja \\|date\\=2018\\-12\\-16}} which are as follows:",
"* {{nihongo\\|Futurering Shinobi\\|フューチャーリングシノビ\\|Fyūchāringu Shinobi}}: A Kamen Rider Shinobi\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shinobi\\|シノビ}} MiRide Watch that grants the use of various [ninja](/wiki/Ninja \"Ninja\")\\-related powers, such as making copies of himself and traveling through shadows. Woz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Ninjutsu\\|Ninpō]]: Time Binding Jutsu\\|忍法・時間縛りの術\\|Ninpō Jikan Shibari no Jutsu}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Futurering Quiz\\|フューチャーリングクイズ\\|Fyūchāringu Kuizu}}: A Kamen Rider Quiz\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Quiz\\|クイズ\\|Kuizu}} MiRide Watch that grants worldwide knowledge and the ability to determine the answer to a riddle for their targets. As the original Kamen Rider Quiz attacks through riddles, Woz does so as well while assuming this form. However, this ability can be negated if the riddle's answer is debatable or if Woz does not know the answer. His finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Quiz Shock Break\\|クイズショックブレイク\\|Kuizu Shokku Bureiku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Futurering Kikai\\|フューチャーリングキカイ\\|Fyūchāringu Kikai}}: A Kamen Rider Kikai\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Kikai\\|キカイ}} MiRide Watch that grants the ability to turn nearby humans into manipulable {{nihongo\\|Semi Humanoises\\|セミヒューマノイズ\\|Semi Hyūmanoizu}}. Woz's finisher in this form is the {{nihongo\\|Full Metal Break\\|フルメタルブレイク\\|Furu Metaru Bureiku}}.",
"As they are the same person from different timelines, both versions of Woz are portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Keisuke Watanabe\\|渡邊 圭祐\\|Watanabe Keisuke}}.",
"#### Black Woz",
"The primary timeline version of Woz, also known as {{nihongo\\|Black Woz\\|黒ウォズ\\|Kuro Wozu}}, is a so\\-called \"mysterious prophet\" and member of the Quartzers who considers himself a devoted follower of Ohma Zi\\-O and possesses a book of prophecies called the {{nihongo\\|Ohma \\[\\[Advent Calendar]]\\|逢魔降臨暦\\|Ōma Kōrin Reki}}, which details the history of his master's rise to power. He also takes on the role of narrator for the series and interacts with the viewers to recount Sougo's adventures. After giving Sougo his Rider powers and despite learning of his intention to become a benevolent lord instead of a tyrant, a surprised Black Woz remains loyal to him as the latter's only concern is assuring Sougo's destiny of becoming Ohma Zi\\-O regardless by providing his services and occasionally intervening to rescue the youth from harm. Woz's dedication to ensuring his ruler's history initially made him fickle towards Sougo's friends and the Time Jackers, helping either side whenever Woz believed Sougo is straying too far from the intended path.",
"After being attacked and wounded by Geiz Revive, Black Woz forms a temporary alliance with the Time Jacker Heure to steal White Woz's Rider powers so he can force Geiz to overuse his Revive form and kill him. However, Sougo's influence on him causes Black Woz to support the former's decision to change his future. Because of this, once Sougo and Geiz settle their differences, Black Woz makes peace with Geiz and Tsukuyomi and moves in with them and Sougo. Despite being caught off\\-guard when Sougo transforms into Ohma Zi\\-O to defeat Swartz before sacrificing his power to fix the timeline, Black Woz remains unaffected and continues to watch over Sougo in the new timeline.",
"After his encounter with Kamen Rider Ginga, Black Woz acquires the {{nihongo\\|Ginga\\|ギンガ\\|\\|\\[\\[Galaxy]]}} MiRide Watch, which he can use to transform into his ultimate form; {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Finaly\\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガファイナリー\\|Kamen Raidā Ginga Fainarī}}. While transformed, he gains astrokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\\|Cho Ginga Explosion\\|超ギンガエクスプロージョン\\|Chō Ginga Ekusupurōjon\\|Super Galaxy Explosion}} finisher. He can also change the setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch to assume one of two alternate forms:\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Wakusei\\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガワクセイ\\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Wakusei}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Wakusei Mode\\|ワクセイモード\\|Wakusei Mōdo\\|\\[\\[Planet]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants planetakinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\\|Sui\\-Kin\\-Chi\\-Ka\\-Moku\\-Do\\-Ten\\-Kai Explosion\\|水金地火木土天海エクスプロージョン\\|Sui Kin Chi Ka Moku Do Ten Kai Ekusupurōjon\\|\\[\\[Mercury (planet)\\|Mercury]]\\-\\[\\[Venus]]\\-\\[\\[Earth]]\\-\\[\\[Mars]]\\-\\[\\[Jupiter]]\\-\\[\\[Saturn]]\\-\\[\\[Uranus]]\\-\\[\\[Neptune]] Explosion}} finisher.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Taiyo\\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガタイヨウ\\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Taiyō}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Taiyo Mode\\|タイヨウモード\\|Taiyō Mōdo\\|\\[\\[Sun]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants heliokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\\|Burning Sun Explosion\\|バーニングサンエクスプロージョン\\|Bāningu San Ekusupurōjon}} finisher.",
"During the events of the stage show *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O: Final Stage*, Black Woz is temporarily turned into the villainous and overzealous Tsukuyomi supporter, {{nihongo\\|Red Woz\\|赤ウォズ\\|Aka Wozu}}, before returning to his senses.",
"Throughout the series, Black Woz has a habit of declaring {{nihongo\\|\"let's celebrate\"\\|祝え\\|iwae}} whenever Sougo obtains a new Ride Watch and Rider Armor, to point where he becomes pleased when Sougo asks him to do so. While he usually does this for Sougo, Black Woz begrudgingly does so once for Geiz when the latter attains his Majesty form. Black Woz also demonstrates special skills such as deflecting Another Fourze's attack with one hand and using his scarf to teleport himself and others. Additionally, he can also travel through time without using a Time Mazine. Prior to obtaining Kamen Rider Woz's powers, Black Woz could use the Ohma Advent Calendar to trap his target and destroy SOUGO's time portals by ripping out the book's pages. In *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*, Black Woz is able to access [Philip](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Philip \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Philip\")'s Gaia Library to learn more about [Imagin](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Den-O_characters%23Imagin \"List of Kamen Rider Den-O characters#Imagin\") and give Sougo information about them.",
"#### White Woz",
"{{nihongo\\|White Woz\\|白ウォズ\\|Shiro Wozu}} is a version of Woz who hails from an alternate future that came into being after Sougo temporarily renounced his Rider powers and is fanatically devoted to Geiz, who by his time defeated Ohma Zi\\-O as Geiz Revive.Despite sharing a common goal with Geiz and Tsukuyomi, White Woz's apathetic and sadistic approach along with his desire to see his future come to pass puts them at odds. After getting MiRide Watches from three future Kamen Riders, he uses their combined power to create the Geiz Revive Ride Watch and presents it to Geiz.",
"Not long after however, the Time Riders learn that White Woz only needed Geiz to defeat Ohma Zi\\-O to ensure his own existence, regardless if Geiz survives or not, and has been helping Swartz the entire time. After being tricked into transferring his Rider powers to Black Woz and Geiz and Sougo making peace with each other, White Woz begins to fade away due to his timeline being erased. Despite this, he realizes he should not have supported Swartz and combines his residual Rider energy with the Zi\\-O II and Geiz Revive Ride Watches to create the Zi\\-O Trinity Ride Watch. Accepting his fate, White Woz warns Black Woz of Swartz's goals before fully fading away. Weeks later, as part of the final phase of his endgame, Swartz summons an Another World version of White Woz to distract Black Woz. However, the former learns the full extent of Swartz's plans and attempts to tell the Time Riders, but vanishes due to Another World's destruction before he could do so.",
"In the sequel special *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O Next Time: Geiz, Majesty*, a second Another World version of White Woz appears in the rewritten timeline to kill Geiz and steal Daiki Kaito's Rider powers to become Another Diend to manufacture disasters and pass himself as a savior. After Geiz Majesty defeats him, this White Woz's essence is absorbed into Black Woz while Kaito regains his powers.",
"While he lacks Black Woz's abilities, the original White Woz possesses a [tablet book](/wiki/Tablet_book \"Tablet book\")\\-like device that allows him to manipulate the flow of time, shift certain events' outcomes in his favor, and negate the Time Jackers' chronokinetic powers by simply writing or speaking whatever he wants to happen into it. Due to his home timeline being an alternate version of 2068, White Woz also has his own Time Mazine, which allows him to travel to alternate timelines.",
"As Another Diend, White Woz has the ability to manipulate an army of Kasshine, summon past Heisei era monsters via card\\-like constructs, and is capable of performing his own version of Diend's Dimension Shoot finisher.",
"#### Third Woz",
"The {{nihongo\\|Third Woz\\|第三のウォズ\\|Daisan no Wozu}} is the main antagonist of the *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O* tie\\-in novel. Sometime after the events of the V\\-Cinema *Geiz Majesty*, he creates a new timeline where Inner Sougo rises to the title of Oma Zi\\-O through the power of Another Watches. Wanting to ensure the events leading to the original Oma Zi\\-O's ascension comes to pass, Third Woz conspires with Inner Sougo to transform the latter's versions of Geiz and Tsukuyomi into each other's Another Rider counterparts to lure Black Woz and Sougo to their timeline. Third Woz later steals Black Woz's Rider powers to transform into {{nihongo\\|Another Woz\\|アナザーウォズ\\|Anazā Wozu}}, only to be defeated by Zi\\-O II and cease to exist when the previous timeline is restored.",
"Like White Woz, Third Woz is armed with a tablet that can manipulate the flow of time to his favor.",
""
] |
#### Black Woz
The primary timeline version of Woz, also known as {{nihongo\|Black Woz\|黒ウォズ\|Kuro Wozu}}, is a so\-called "mysterious prophet" and member of the Quartzers who considers himself a devoted follower of Ohma Zi\-O and possesses a book of prophecies called the {{nihongo\|Ohma \[\[Advent Calendar]]\|逢魔降臨暦\|Ōma Kōrin Reki}}, which details the history of his master's rise to power. He also takes on the role of narrator for the series and interacts with the viewers to recount Sougo's adventures. After giving Sougo his Rider powers and despite learning of his intention to become a benevolent lord instead of a tyrant, a surprised Black Woz remains loyal to him as the latter's only concern is assuring Sougo's destiny of becoming Ohma Zi\-O regardless by providing his services and occasionally intervening to rescue the youth from harm. Woz's dedication to ensuring his ruler's history initially made him fickle towards Sougo's friends and the Time Jackers, helping either side whenever Woz believed Sougo is straying too far from the intended path.
After being attacked and wounded by Geiz Revive, Black Woz forms a temporary alliance with the Time Jacker Heure to steal White Woz's Rider powers so he can force Geiz to overuse his Revive form and kill him. However, Sougo's influence on him causes Black Woz to support the former's decision to change his future. Because of this, once Sougo and Geiz settle their differences, Black Woz makes peace with Geiz and Tsukuyomi and moves in with them and Sougo. Despite being caught off\-guard when Sougo transforms into Ohma Zi\-O to defeat Swartz before sacrificing his power to fix the timeline, Black Woz remains unaffected and continues to watch over Sougo in the new timeline.
After his encounter with Kamen Rider Ginga, Black Woz acquires the {{nihongo\|Ginga\|ギンガ\|\|\[\[Galaxy]]}} MiRide Watch, which he can use to transform into his ultimate form; {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Finaly\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガファイナリー\|Kamen Raidā Ginga Fainarī}}. While transformed, he gains astrokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\|Cho Ginga Explosion\|超ギンガエクスプロージョン\|Chō Ginga Ekusupurōjon\|Super Galaxy Explosion}} finisher. He can also change the setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch to assume one of two alternate forms:
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Wakusei\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガワクセイ\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Wakusei}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\|Wakusei Mode\|ワクセイモード\|Wakusei Mōdo\|\[\[Planet]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants planetakinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\|Sui\-Kin\-Chi\-Ka\-Moku\-Do\-Ten\-Kai Explosion\|水金地火木土天海エクスプロージョン\|Sui Kin Chi Ka Moku Do Ten Kai Ekusupurōjon\|\[\[Mercury (planet)\|Mercury]]\-\[\[Venus]]\-\[\[Earth]]\-\[\[Mars]]\-\[\[Jupiter]]\-\[\[Saturn]]\-\[\[Uranus]]\-\[\[Neptune]] Explosion}} finisher.
* {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Taiyo\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガタイヨウ\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Taiyō}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\|Taiyo Mode\|タイヨウモード\|Taiyō Mōdo\|\[\[Sun]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants heliokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\|Burning Sun Explosion\|バーニングサンエクスプロージョン\|Bāningu San Ekusupurōjon}} finisher.
During the events of the stage show *Kamen Rider Zi\-O: Final Stage*, Black Woz is temporarily turned into the villainous and overzealous Tsukuyomi supporter, {{nihongo\|Red Woz\|赤ウォズ\|Aka Wozu}}, before returning to his senses.
Throughout the series, Black Woz has a habit of declaring {{nihongo\|"let's celebrate"\|祝え\|iwae}} whenever Sougo obtains a new Ride Watch and Rider Armor, to point where he becomes pleased when Sougo asks him to do so. While he usually does this for Sougo, Black Woz begrudgingly does so once for Geiz when the latter attains his Majesty form. Black Woz also demonstrates special skills such as deflecting Another Fourze's attack with one hand and using his scarf to teleport himself and others. Additionally, he can also travel through time without using a Time Mazine. Prior to obtaining Kamen Rider Woz's powers, Black Woz could use the Ohma Advent Calendar to trap his target and destroy SOUGO's time portals by ripping out the book's pages. In *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*, Black Woz is able to access [Philip](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Philip "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Philip")'s Gaia Library to learn more about [Imagin](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Den-O_characters%23Imagin "List of Kamen Rider Den-O characters#Imagin") and give Sougo information about them.
|
[
"#### Black Woz",
"The primary timeline version of Woz, also known as {{nihongo\\|Black Woz\\|黒ウォズ\\|Kuro Wozu}}, is a so\\-called \"mysterious prophet\" and member of the Quartzers who considers himself a devoted follower of Ohma Zi\\-O and possesses a book of prophecies called the {{nihongo\\|Ohma \\[\\[Advent Calendar]]\\|逢魔降臨暦\\|Ōma Kōrin Reki}}, which details the history of his master's rise to power. He also takes on the role of narrator for the series and interacts with the viewers to recount Sougo's adventures. After giving Sougo his Rider powers and despite learning of his intention to become a benevolent lord instead of a tyrant, a surprised Black Woz remains loyal to him as the latter's only concern is assuring Sougo's destiny of becoming Ohma Zi\\-O regardless by providing his services and occasionally intervening to rescue the youth from harm. Woz's dedication to ensuring his ruler's history initially made him fickle towards Sougo's friends and the Time Jackers, helping either side whenever Woz believed Sougo is straying too far from the intended path.",
"After being attacked and wounded by Geiz Revive, Black Woz forms a temporary alliance with the Time Jacker Heure to steal White Woz's Rider powers so he can force Geiz to overuse his Revive form and kill him. However, Sougo's influence on him causes Black Woz to support the former's decision to change his future. Because of this, once Sougo and Geiz settle their differences, Black Woz makes peace with Geiz and Tsukuyomi and moves in with them and Sougo. Despite being caught off\\-guard when Sougo transforms into Ohma Zi\\-O to defeat Swartz before sacrificing his power to fix the timeline, Black Woz remains unaffected and continues to watch over Sougo in the new timeline.",
"After his encounter with Kamen Rider Ginga, Black Woz acquires the {{nihongo\\|Ginga\\|ギンガ\\|\\|\\[\\[Galaxy]]}} MiRide Watch, which he can use to transform into his ultimate form; {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Finaly\\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガファイナリー\\|Kamen Raidā Ginga Fainarī}}. While transformed, he gains astrokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\\|Cho Ginga Explosion\\|超ギンガエクスプロージョン\\|Chō Ginga Ekusupurōjon\\|Super Galaxy Explosion}} finisher. He can also change the setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch to assume one of two alternate forms:\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Wakusei\\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガワクセイ\\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Wakusei}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Wakusei Mode\\|ワクセイモード\\|Wakusei Mōdo\\|\\[\\[Planet]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants planetakinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\\|Sui\\-Kin\\-Chi\\-Ka\\-Moku\\-Do\\-Ten\\-Kai Explosion\\|水金地火木土天海エクスプロージョン\\|Sui Kin Chi Ka Moku Do Ten Kai Ekusupurōjon\\|\\[\\[Mercury (planet)\\|Mercury]]\\-\\[\\[Venus]]\\-\\[\\[Earth]]\\-\\[\\[Mars]]\\-\\[\\[Jupiter]]\\-\\[\\[Saturn]]\\-\\[\\[Uranus]]\\-\\[\\[Neptune]] Explosion}} finisher.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Woz Ginga Taiyo\\|仮面ライダーウォズギンガタイヨウ\\|Kamen Raidā Wozu Ginga Taiyō}}: A variant of Woz Ginga Finaly accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Taiyo Mode\\|タイヨウモード\\|Taiyō Mōdo\\|\\[\\[Sun]] Mode}} setting on the Ginga MiRide Watch that grants heliokinesis and the ability to perform the {{nihongo\\|Burning Sun Explosion\\|バーニングサンエクスプロージョン\\|Bāningu San Ekusupurōjon}} finisher.",
"During the events of the stage show *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O: Final Stage*, Black Woz is temporarily turned into the villainous and overzealous Tsukuyomi supporter, {{nihongo\\|Red Woz\\|赤ウォズ\\|Aka Wozu}}, before returning to his senses.",
"Throughout the series, Black Woz has a habit of declaring {{nihongo\\|\"let's celebrate\"\\|祝え\\|iwae}} whenever Sougo obtains a new Ride Watch and Rider Armor, to point where he becomes pleased when Sougo asks him to do so. While he usually does this for Sougo, Black Woz begrudgingly does so once for Geiz when the latter attains his Majesty form. Black Woz also demonstrates special skills such as deflecting Another Fourze's attack with one hand and using his scarf to teleport himself and others. Additionally, he can also travel through time without using a Time Mazine. Prior to obtaining Kamen Rider Woz's powers, Black Woz could use the Ohma Advent Calendar to trap his target and destroy SOUGO's time portals by ripping out the book's pages. In *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*, Black Woz is able to access [Philip](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Philip \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Philip\")'s Gaia Library to learn more about [Imagin](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Den-O_characters%23Imagin \"List of Kamen Rider Den-O characters#Imagin\") and give Sougo information about them.",
""
] |
Recurring characters
--------------------
### Junichirō Tokiwa
{{nihongo\|Junichirō Tokiwa\|常磐 順一郎\|Tokiwa Jun'ichirō}} is Sougo's great uncle and owner of {{nihongo\|9\-to\-5\|クジゴジ堂\|Kujigojidō}}, a clock shop that also serves as his and Sougo's home. Even though his shop specializes in repairing clocks, he rarely has orders to fix them and usually repairs other old devices to make ends meet. In spite of this, he has demonstrated a form of intellect in repairing unique devices, such as Sougo's Ride Watches and Kamen Rider Den\-O's DenLiner.
Junichirō Tokiwa is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Katsuhisa Namase]]\|生瀬 勝久\|Namase Katsuhisa}}.
### Ohma Zi\-O
{{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\-O\|仮面ライダーオーマジオウ\|Kamen Raidā Ōma Jiō}}, known simply as {{nihongo\|Ohma Zi\-O\|オーマジオウ\|Ōma Jiō}} or {{nihongo\|"Lord"\|魔王\|Maō}}, is the dictator of Earth in the year 2068\. Due to his immense power, Tsukuyomi and Geiz travel back in time to 2018 in the hopes of intercepting Ohma Zi\-O's past self and prevent his rise to power. When Tsukasa Kadoya sends Sougo and Tsukuyomi to 2068, Ohma Zi\-O has them brought before him so he can mock his past self's naiveté and overpower him, advising him to renounce being Zi\-O if he refuses to accept his destiny of becoming him before sending him back to 2018\. Along the way however, Sougo and his friends discover that Ohma Zi\-O is from a possible future and that his existence is fixed after a future where he was defeated by Geiz Revive came into existence. Furthermore, Sougo changed {{nihongo\|Ohma's Day\|オーマの日\|Ōma no Hi}}, the day he was to become Ohma Zi\-O, when he became Zi\-O Trinity instead.
When Swartz initiates his endgame, Sougo returns to 2068 to confront Ohma Zi\-O for a final battle, deducing the tyrant never intended to kill him. The future Sougo reveals that his power to destroy time and space is stronger than Swartz's before sending his younger self back with a blank Ride Watch. While Sougo becomes Ohma Zi\-O in 2019, he chooses to sacrifice the power to undo Swartz's damage to the timeline. Impressed by his younger self's choice, Ohma Zi\-O peacefully lets himself be erased from existence.
In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *Kamen Rider Zi\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer*, Ohma Zi\-O's existence is revealed to be the result of the Quartzers' influence on Sougo's timeline and orchestrated by Sougo's original future counterpart, who intended to erase the Kamen Riders' influence on the Heisei era. Once he became aware of the Quartzers' plot, Ohma Zi\-O supports his younger self in defeating their alternate self by giving him his personal Ride Watch.
In the *Rider Time* web series *Decade VS Zi\-O* and *Zi\-O VS Decade*, an alternate version of Ohma Zi\-O, referred to as {{nihongo\|True Sougo\|真実のソウゴ\|Shinjitsu no Sōgo}}, creates and destroys new worlds until his powers are diminished. In response, he instigates the King's Death Game to find a new host to inhabit and restore his full strength. After defeating Kamen Rider Decade's party of Kamen Riders, Ohma Zi\-O merges six dimensions into the prime Sougo's universe, but is regressed into the form of an amnesiac young boy that Tsukuyomi takes care of. Upon regaining his memories, Ohma Zi\-O defeats Decade, only to be distracted by Tsukuyomi and killed by Zi\-O.
The future Sougo transforms into Ohma Zi\-O via an upgraded version of the Ziku\-Driver called the {{nihongo\|Ohma Zi\-O Driver\|オーマジオウドライバー\|Ōma Jiō Doraibā}}. Like the Time Jackers, Ohma Zi\-O has chronokinetic abilities, which are powerful enough to destroy an entire army of resistance fighters within seconds and summon a past Heisei Kamen Rider from their time period to his aid. While he also possesses Ride Watches, he is able to use their individual powers by pressing their activation buttons.
Ohma Zi\-O is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Rikiya Koyama]]\|小山 力也\|Koyama Rikiya}} while his civilian form is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Seiji Takaiwa]]\|高岩 成二\|Takaiwa Seiji}}. In the *Rider Time* series, True Sougo's younger form is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Shunta Ito\|伊藤 駿太\|Itō Shunta}}.
### Time Jackers
The {{nihongo\|Time Jackers\|タイムジャッカー\|Taimu Jakkā}} are a group of time travelers brought together by Swartz, who gifted his subordinates with the ability to freeze time, that seek to prevent Ohma Zi\-O's existence by replacing him with an Another Rider. While claiming this goal is just, they are either apathetic to the consequences of altering the timeline or unconcerned with spoiling future events.
Following the Time Jackers' defeat at the end of the series, [Finis](/wiki/%23Finis "#Finis") attempts to seek revenge during the events of the film *[Kamen Rider Reiwa: The First Generation](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Reiwa:The_First_Generation "The First Generation")*, only to be defeated like her fellow Time Jackers.
#### Swartz
{{nihongo\|Swartz\|スウォルツ\|Suworutsu}} is the cool\-headed and ruthless leader of the Time Jackers and Tsukuyomi's older brother. Preferring to take the direct approach, he sees friend and foe alike as pawns in his schemes. Originally from an alternate version of 2058, Swartz sought to protect his reality by destroying the multiverse and rule all of time and space. In his youth, he was irate over being passed over to succeed his parents, whose power he intended to use in his goals. When Tsukuyomi attempted to stop him, he stranded her in Ohma Zi\-O's timeline with no memory of her past.
After growing older, Swartz commenced a long\-term plot by forming the Time Jackers and influencing Sougo's life by installing his dream of becoming king; orchestrating the events that would lead to him becoming Zi\-O and create the ideal conditions for fulfilling his ambition. Swartz also orchestrates Hiryū becoming Another Zi\-O II to capture Tsukuyomi and take her powers along with those of Tsukasa Kadoya's before abandoning both the Time Jackers and Hiryū once they serve their purpose as he initiates a multiversal convergence. However, Swartz meets his end when Sougo becomes Ohma Zi\-O and kills him before using his powers to undo the former's damage. In the new timeline, Swartz became Sougo's contemporary principal.
Swartz possesses teleportation, memory manipulation, and powerful chronokinetic abilities that allow him to freeze time. He can also travel to alternate timelines, something normal Time Mazines are incapable of doing, and bestow a weaker form of his chronokinetic powers unto others, which he can take back at his leisure. Swartz later acquires the ability to become the monstrous {{nihongo\|Another Decade\|アナザーディケイド\|Anazā Dikeido}}, gaining the ability to manipulate Dimensional Walls like Tsukasa and Daiki Kaito, he can use them to attack or bind enemies as well as spirit people into his personal pocket dimension, {{nihongo\|Another World\|アナザーワールド\|Anazā Wārudo}}, so he can summon alternate reality versions of past Dark Riders to take their place.
Swartz is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Kentarou Kanesaki]]\|兼崎 健太郎\|Kanesaki Kentarō}} while {{nihongo\|Tenma Naruse\|成瀬 天馬\|Naruse Tenma}} portrays him as a teenager.
#### Heure
{{nihongo\|Heure\|ウール\|Ūru}} is the youngest member of the Time Jackers, whose childishness conceals his cruelty and arrogance as he manipulates his targets into forming Another Rider contracts by doing something for them to place them in his debt. Due to his infantile personality, he quickly becomes displeased when things do not go his way and acts in a more ruthless manner to ensure his success. After Swartz and Ora use him as a host for the parasitic Another Kikai, Heure becomes wary of his fellow Time Jackers as well as suspicious over his leader's true goals. This, combined with his growing curiosity over the truth of "Ohma's Day", cause him to become more willing to work with Black Woz. When Swartz reveals his true colors and takes away his powers, Heure escapes with Ora to seek out the Time Riders' protection, only to be killed by her so she could ensure her own protection. After Sougo sacrifices his power as Ohma Zi\-O to undo the Time Jackers' damage, Heure is revived as a contemporary classmate of Sougo's in the new timeline.
Like the other Time Jackers, Swartz gifted Heure chronokinetic abilities, though the latter also demonstrated telekinetic powers. Additionally, Heure pilots a personalized Time Mazine that resembles Kamen Rider Ghost's Captain Ghost, which can also transform into a copy of the Rider's Iguana Ghostriker.
Heure is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Rihito Itagaki\|板垣 李光人\|Itagaki Rihito}}.
#### Ora
{{nihongo\|Ora\|オーラ\|Ōra}} is a female member of the Time Jackers with a calm, gentle disposition who prefers to use persuasion to form Another Rider contracts by exploiting targets while they are in a state of emotional distress. While appearing outwardly gentle, her patience has its limits, especially when dealing with her fellow Time Jackers. After Swartz takes her powers away to enact his own plans, a disillusioned Ora joins Heure to seek out the Time Riders for protection until she learns she is being hunted by the [Paradox Roidmude](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Paradox "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Paradox"). Vengeful and frightened, she kills Heure and returns to Swartz in an attempt to kill him as well, only for Swartz to see through her plan and kill her instead. After Sougo reverses the Time Jackers' damage, Ora is revived as a contemporary classmate of his in the new timeline.
Like the other Time Jackers, Swartz gifted Ora with chronokinetic abilities. She also pilots a personalized Time Mazine that resembles Kamen Rider Kiva's Castle Doran. After losing her chronokinetic abilities, she uses dark energy capable of obliterating targets.
Ora is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Ayaka Konno\|紺野 彩夏\|Kon'no Ayaka}}.
### Another Riders
The {{nihongo\|Another Riders\|アナザーライダー\|Anazā Raidā}}, also known as {{nihongo\|Kaijin Riders\|怪人ライダー\|Kaijin Raidā}}, are monsters created by the Time Jackers to serve as contenders for their version of Ohma Zi\-O. In certain cases, the original history of a Kamen Rider can create Another Riders all on its own. Each Another Rider is created when a Time Jacker uses an {{nihongo\|Another Watch\|アナザーウォッチ\|Anazāwotchi}} on a person, transforming them into a corrupted version of an established Kamen Rider. To defeat Another Riders, the Time Riders have to use a corresponding Ride Watch or one of their stronger forms. While the Time Jackers succeed in having their Another Riders replace most of the Heisei era Riders in history, Sougo uses Ohma Zi\-O's powers to undo their damage.
#### Hiryū Kakogawa
{{nihongo\|Hiryū Kakogawa\|加古川 飛流\|Kakogawa Hiryū}} is a young man capable of transforming into the Another Rider, {{nihongo\|Another Zi\-O\|アナザージオウ\|Anazā Jiō}}. Like Sougo, he is a survivor of the bus accident caused by Swartz, who abducted them and the other children due to their potential to become Zi\-O. As a result, Hiryū developed a misguided vendetta against Sougo. After his first defeat as Another Zi\-O, Hiryū feels insulted by Sougo's attempts to empathize with him and became more arrogant and ruthless as he proceeds to acquire all 19 Heisei Another Watches to become {{nihongo\|Another Zi\-O II\|アナザージオウII\|Anazā Jiō Tsū}}, only to be defeated by Sougo a second time. Following this, Swartz abandons Hiryū while Daiki Kaito steals his Another Watch.
During the events of the stage show, *Kamen Rider Zi\-O: Final Stage*, Hiryū joins forces with the remaining Quartzers and gains the means to become the second Kamen Rider Barlckxs before becoming {{nihongo\|Another Ohma Zi\-O\|アナザーオーマジオウ\|Anazā Ōma Jiō}} after he obtains Ride Watches based on Kamen Riders [1, 2](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%281971_TV_series%29%23Kamen_Riders "Kamen Rider (1971 TV series)#Kamen Riders"), [V3, Riderman](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_V3%23Kamen_Riders "Kamen Rider V3#Kamen Riders"), [X](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_X%23Characters "Kamen Rider X#Characters"), [Amazon](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Amazon%23Characters "Kamen Rider Amazon#Characters"), and [Stronger](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Stronger%23Characters "Kamen Rider Stronger#Characters"). While he manages to overwhelm the Time Riders with his new power, he is defeated by the combined efforts of Zi\-O Ohma Form and Ohma Zi\-O.
As Another Zi\-O, Hiryū possesses Zi\-O II's clairvoyance and a pair of [clock hand](/wiki/Clock_face "Clock face")\-like swords, which he can combine into a [naginata](/wiki/Naginata "Naginata") to perform a variation of Zi\-O II's King Edge of Time Slash. He can also use the Heisei Another Riders' Another Watches to assume their forms. After becoming Another Zi\-O II, Hiryū gains Grand Zi\-O's chronokinetic powers and the ability to summon Another Riders from across time. His Another Watch, which is docked in a black version of the Ziku\-Driver instead of being absorbed into his body, is able to reconstitute itself until Kamen Riders Zi\-O and Decade join forces to destroy it.
Hiryū Kakogawa is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Yu Sakuma\|佐久間 悠\|Sakuma Yū}} while {{nihongo\|Taiga Komie\|込江 大牙\|Komie Taiga}} portrays him as a child.
#### Heisei Another Riders
* {{nihongo\|Another Build\|アナザービルド\|Anazā Birudo}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Build with the ability to shoot flaming basketballs from his hands, access the individual powers of Build's Rabbit and Tank Fullbottles, distill athletes' essences into {{nihongo\|Fullbottles\|フルボトル\|Furubotoru}}, and use them to augment himself.{{cite web \|title\=『仮面ライダージオウ』制作発表会をオジンオズボーン・篠宮暁が特撮ファン目線でレポート！ \|url\=https://cinema.ne.jp/recommend/shinomiya2018081208/ \|publisher\=Cinema Plus \|access\-date\=2018\-12\-16 \|language\=ja \|date\=2018\-08\-12}} He was originally a young basketball player from 2017 whom Heure saved from his predestined death by car accident. One year later, Another Build attacks Sougo before the latter transforms into Kamen Rider Zi\-O and defeats him. However, Heure revives the monster with increased power. In response, Zi\-O and Geiz travel back in time to 2017 to defeat Another Build's past iteration. Following this, the basketball player is left with no memory of being Another Build, though his death was still averted due to Heure's earlier actions. The basketball player is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Taisei Mori\|森 大成\|Mori Taisei}}.
* {{nihongo\|Another Ex\-Aid\|アナザーエグゼイド\|Anazā Eguzeido}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Ex\-Aid and the [Bugsters](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ex-Aid_characters%23Bugsters "List of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid characters#Bugsters"). He has the ability to perform inhuman feats based on [platform games](/wiki/Platform_game "Platform game"), travel into {{nihongo\|Game Worlds\|ゲームの世界\|Gēmu no Sekai}}, and summon {{nihongo\|Bugster Virus A\|バグスターウイルスA\|Bagusutā Uirusu Ē}} foot soldiers to aid him. He was originally {{nihongo\|Iida\|飯田}}, who created the {{nihongo\|"game that cannot be cleared by anyone"\|誰もクリアしたことのないゲーム\|Dare mo kuria shita koto no nai gēmu}} in the present to capture young boys and find a compatible heart donor for his son, {{nihongo\|Keisuke\|ケイスケ}}, due to his hatred for doctors. After being defeated by Zi\-O in 2016, Keisuke is put under [Hiiro Kagami](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ex-Aid_characters%23Hiiro_Kagami "List of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid characters#Hiiro Kagami")'s care so he could be cured before his disease worsened. Iida is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Takashi Kodama\|児玉 貴志\|Kodama Takashi}}.
* {{nihongo\|Ryūichi Sakuma\|佐久間 龍一\|Sakuma Ryūichi}}: An alumnus of the [Ryusei School](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_555_characters%23Ryusei_School "List of Kamen Rider 555 characters#Ryusei School") who Ora gave the ability to become Another Faiz in 2003 to revive his childhood friend, {{nihongo\|Karin Yamabuki\|山吹 カリン\|Yamabuki Karin}}, and prolong her life by extracting bio\-energy from girls who shared her age and birthday. By the time Sakuma and Karin attended [Amanogawa High School](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters "List of Kamen Rider Fourze characters") in 2011, he loses the ability to become Another Faiz. To make up for this, Swartz gives him the ability to become Another Fourze. After facing Zi\-O in 2011 and Geiz in 2003, Sakuma is defeated in both timelines, realizes he was hurting Karin more than he was helping her, and is forced to accept her death. Ryūichi Sakuma is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Atomu Mizuishi]]\|水石 亜飛夢\|Mizuishi Atomu}}.
+ {{nihongo\|Another Fourze\|アナザーフォーゼ\|Anazā Fōze}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Fourze and the [Zodiarts](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters%23Zodiarts "List of Kamen Rider Fourze characters#Zodiarts") who can absorb or supply bio\-energy and use the switches on his belt to summon {{nihongo\|Energy Modules\|エネルギーモジュール\|Enerugī Mojūru}} based on Fourze's Modules.
+ {{nihongo\|Another Faiz\|アナザーファイズ\|Anazā Faizu}}: An Another Rider Based on Kamen Rider Faiz who is also able to absorb bio\-energy as well as summon a red aura to perform a variation of Faiz's Crimson Smash finisher. This was Sakuma's original Another Rider form until it died out in 2011 and was revived following Another Fourze's defeat.
* {{nihongo\|Another Wizard\|アナザーウィザード\|Anazā Wizādo}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Wizard armed with a ring that lets him channel his template's Wizard Rings' abilities. He was originally {{nihongo\|Hayase\|早瀬}}, who uses his powers to support the theater he works at and impress its owner, {{nihongo\|Kaori Kinoshita\|木ノ下 香織\|Kinoshita Kaori}}, whom he has a crush on. Due to his inability to confess his feelings however, Kaori became engaged to another man, causing Hayase to seek revenge. After Geiz intercepts his past self in 2012 and destroys his Another Watch, he and Sougo help the present Hayase make contact with his past self and encourage him to confess his feelings regardless of what happens. Hayase is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Zuimaro Awashima\|粟島 瑞丸\|Awashima Zuimaro}}.
* {{nihongo\|Another OOO\|アナザーオーズ\|Anazā Ōzu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider OOO and the [Greeed](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Greeed "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Greeed"). See [here](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Kuroto_Dan "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Kuroto Dan").
* {{nihongo\|Another Gaim\|アナザー鎧武\|Anazā Gaimu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Gaim and the [Overlords](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Overlords "List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Overlords"). He is armed with a [zanbatō](/wiki/Zanbat%C5%8D "Zanbatō"), the ability to open zipper\-like {{nihongo\|Crack\|クラック\|Kurakku}} portals that connect to a pseudo\-{{nihongo\|Helheim\|ヘルヘイム\|Heruheimu}} pocket dimension, and command over an army of [Inves](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Inves "List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Inves")\-like monsters. He was originally {{nihongo\|Asura\|アスラ}} of the dance group [Team Baron](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Team_Baron "List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Team Baron") before he was ousted by his leader, [Kaito Kumon](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Kaito_Kumon "List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Kaito Kumon") in 2013\. After becoming Another Gaim, Asura takes over Team Baron and banishes anyone who challenges him to Helheim. Though he is defeated by Zi\-O in 2013, this was undone by the "[Man of the Beginning](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Kouta_Kazuraba "List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Kouta Kazuraba")" so Sougo can rescue Geiz after he was trapped in Helheim. Once he does so, the future Sougo returns to 2013 to defeat Another Gaim permanently while his present self does the same. Asura is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Yuuki Tomotsune\|友常 勇気\|Tomotsune Yūki}}.
* {{nihongo\|Another Ghost\|アナザーゴースト\|Anazā Gōsuto}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Ghost who can use his chest\-mounted eye to absorb human souls for use as a hoodie armament, summon [Gamma Commando](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_characters%23Gamma "List of Kamen Rider Ghost characters#Gamma")\-like [familiars](/wiki/Familiar "Familiar") and Hoodie Ghosts for support, and perform a variation of Ghost's Omega Drive finisher.{{cite web \|title\=西銘駿と山本涼介が「仮面ライダージオウ」ゴースト編出演、シブヤ＆ナリタも登場 \|url\=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/308323 \|publisher\=Natalie \|access\-date\=2018\-11\-30 \|language\=ja \|date\=2018\-11\-18}} He was originally {{nihongo\|Makimura\|マキムラ}}, a policeman from 2015 who was killed in the line of duty and forced to become Another Ghost after refusing Heure's offer to be saved. He uses his powers to prevent accidents by targeting their instigators before his death is averted and he is defeated by Kamen Rider Zi\-O. Makimura is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Naotaka Horiike\|堀池 直毅\|Horiike Naotaka}}.
* {{nihongo\|Another Den\-O\|アナザー電王\|Anazā Den'ō}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Den\-O who possesses four swords and can travel through time on the {{nihongo\|Another DenLiner\|アナザーデンライナー\|Anazā Denrainā}} [bullet train](/wiki/Shinkansen "Shinkansen").
+ The first Another Den\-O the Time Riders encountered was [Ataru Hisanaga](/wiki/%23Spin-off_exclusive_characters "#Spin-off exclusive characters"), who was used by the Super Time Jacker Tid and defeated by the original Kamen Rider Den\-O in 2018 during the events of the film *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*.
+ The second Another Den\-O was originally {{nihongo\|Takuya Endō\|遠藤 タクヤ\|Endō Takuya}}, who blames the death of his late sister, {{nihongo\|Sayuri\|サユリ}}, on her remorseful boyfriend, {{nihongo\|Yukihiro Ōsumi\|大澄 ユキヒロ\|Ōsumi Yukihiro}}. After Ora turns him into Another Den\-O in 2019, Takuya attempts to steal Den\-O's DenLiner so he can go back in time to 2017 and prevent Sayuri's death. While in the past and fending off the Time Riders, Den\-O, [Kamen Rider Zeronos](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Den-O_characters%23Yuto_Sakurai "List of Kamen Rider Den-O characters#Yuto Sakurai"), and a [Mole Imagin](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Mole_Imagin "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Mole Imagin") that Yukihiro unintentionally formed a contract with, the past Takuya learns his sister's death was caused by his future Another Rider self. His future self gains assistance from a pack of Mole Imagin before they are defeated by Grand Zi\-O, Den\-O, and Zeronos while past Takuya reconciles with Yukihiro. Takuya Endō is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Dai Goto\|後藤 大\|Gotō Dai}}.
* {{nihongo\|Another W\|アナザーダブル\|Anazā Daburu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider W who possesses aerokinesis and can use the [Luna Memory](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Philip "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Philip")'s power. During the events of *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*, he is created from an unknown person to serve as Tid's second\-in\-command, lead past monster combatants, and transform Ataru into Another Den\-O. He is destroyed by Zi\-O. Another W is voiced by {{nihongo4\|\[\[Kentarō Itō]]\|伊藤 健太郎\|Itō Kentarō}}.
* Another Kuuga: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Kuuga and the [Grongi](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Kuuga%23Grongi_Tribe "Kamen Rider Kuuga#Grongi Tribe"). See [here](/wiki/%23Spin-off_exclusive_characters "#Spin-off exclusive characters").
* {{nihongo\|Another Ryuga\|アナザーリュウガ\|Anazā Ryūga}}: Also known as [Kamen Rider Ryuga](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Mirror_Shinji "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Mirror Shinji"), he originally existed outside of the primary Kamen Rider timeline before Heure summoned Ryuga to turn him into an Another Rider version of himself.
* Another Ryuki: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Ryuki. In addition to [Tatsuya Kanō](/wiki/%23Spin-off_exclusive_characters "#Spin-off exclusive characters") and a version under Hiryu's command, a third Another Ryuki appears in the *Rider Time* web series *Decade VS Zi\-O* as a servant and obstacle in True Sougo's King's Death Game.
* {{nihongo\|Another Blade\|アナザーブレイド\|Anazā Bureido}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Blade. See [here](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Amane_Kurihara "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Amane Kurihara").
* {{nihongo\|Another Agito\|アナザーアギト\|Anazā Agito}} Army: A [zombie](/wiki/Zombie "Zombie")\-like Time Jacker variant based on the [original Another Agito](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Another_Agito "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Another Agito").
* {{nihongo\|Another Hibiki\|アナザー響鬼\|Anazā Hibiki}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Hibiki and the [Makamou](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Hibiki%23Makamou "Kamen Rider Hibiki#Makamou"). He was originally {{nihongo\|Tsutomu Tsuzumiya\|鼓屋 ツトム\|Tsuzumiya Tsutomu}}, a disciple of the current Kamen Rider Hibiki, [Kyosuke Kiriya](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Kyosuke_Kiriya "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Kyosuke Kiriya"), as well as Sougo's childhood friend. After Tsutomu left Kiriya because his master felt he was inadequate to take on the Hibiki title from his master, Tsuzumiya was unwillingly turned into Another Hibiki despite wanting to become an *[oni](/wiki/Oni "Oni")* in his own right. Once Kiriya accepts his responsibilities and properly becomes Kamen Rider Hibiki, he and Zi\-O Trinity save Tsutomu and Kiriya reconciles with his student. Tsutomu Tsuzumiya is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Rihito Noda\|野田 理人\|Noda Rihito}} as a young adult and by {{nihongo\|Yura Sato\|佐藤 結良\|Satō Yura}} as a child.
* {{nihongo\|Another Kiva\|アナザーキバ\|Anazā Kiba}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Kiva and the [Fangire](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Kiva%23Synopsis "Kamen Rider Kiva#Synopsis") who can command Kiva's Arms Monsters and wield them in their weapon forms. She was originally {{nihongo\|Yūko Kitajima\|北島 祐子\|Kitajima Yūko}}, who became a serial killer in 2015 after being dumped by her ex\-boyfriend {{nihongo\|Tetsuya Tagami\|田上 哲也\|Tagami Tetsuya}} and beating his new girlfriend to death. Ora exploits her situation to turn Yūko into Another Kiva, but the latter's unstable mind makes her immune to the Time Jackers' control. After nearly manipulating Sougo into serving her, Geiz saves him before Kamen Rider Woz defeats her. Following this, Ora kills Yūko, who dies in Sougo's arms. Yūko Kitajima is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Yumiko Shaku]]\|釈 由美子\|Shaku Yumiko}}.
* {{nihongo\|Another Kabuto\|アナザーカブト\|Anazā Kabuto}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Kabuto and the [Worms](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Kabuto_characters%23Worms "List of Kamen Rider Kabuto characters#Worms"). See [here](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Sou_Yaguruma "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Sou Yaguruma").
* Another Decade: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Decade and [Chinomanako Diend](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Decade_characters_in_the_New_Worlds%23Chinomanako "List of Kamen Rider Decade characters in the New Worlds#Chinomanako"). See [here](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Swartz "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Swartz").
* {{nihongo\|Another Drive\|アナザードライブ\|Anazā Doraibu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Drive, [Mashin Chaser](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Drive_characters%23Chase "List of Kamen Rider Drive characters#Chase"), and the [Roidmudes](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Drive_characters%23Roidmudes "List of Kamen Rider Drive characters#Roidmudes"). See [here](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Paradox "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Paradox").
* {{nihongo\|Another Diend\|アナザーディエンド\|Anazā Diendo}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Diend and Chinomanako Diend. See [here](/wiki/%23White_Woz "#White Woz").
* {{nihongo\|Another Tsukuyomi\|アナザーツクヨミ\|Anazā Tsukuyomi}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Tsukuyomi who appears exclusively in the *Kamen Rider Zi\-O* tie\-in novel of the same name. After Third Woz creates a new timeline, he brainwashes its version of Geiz into becoming Another Tsukuyomi in order to lure the "prime" Sougo and Black Woz. Another Tsukuyomi is defeated by Zi\-O II.
* {{nihongo\|Another Geiz\|アナザーゲイツ\|Anazā Geitsu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Geiz who can evolve into {{nihongo\|Another Geiz Revive Shippu\|アナザーゲイツリバイブ疾風\|Anazā Geitsu Ribaibu Shippū}}, which is based on Kamen Rider Geiz Revive Shippu, and appears exclusively in the *Kamen Rider Zi\-O* tie\-in novel of the same name. After Third Woz creates a new timeline, he brainwashes its version of Tsukuyomi into becoming Another Geiz in order to lure the "prime" Sougo and Black Woz. She is defeated by Kamen Rider Woz.
* Another Woz: See [here](/wiki/%23Third_Woz "#Third Woz").
* Another Ohma Zi\-O Trinity: See [here](/wiki/%23Mirror_Sougo_Tokiwa "#Mirror Sougo Tokiwa").
#### Post\-Heisei Another Riders
* Another Shinobi: Also known as Kamen Rider Shinobi, a future Rider who Sougo brought into existence. Swartz coerces Heure to turn Shinobi's present\-day counterpart into an Another Rider version of himself.
* {{nihongo\|Another Quiz\|アナザークイズ\|Anazā Kuizu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Quiz who possesses the power to steal other people's intelligence and enhance his own. He was originally the father of Kamen Rider Quiz, {{nihongo\|Tamotsu Dōan\|堂安 保\|Dōan Tamotsu}}, a scientist obsessed with advancing his work, to the point where he neglected his family and uses his powers as Another Quiz to steal other researchers' knowledge. He is defeated by Kamen Rider Woz. Tamotsu Dōan is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Yoichiro Saito\|斉藤 陽一郎\|Saitō Yōichirō}}.
* {{nihongo\|Another Kikai\|アナザーキカイ\|Anazā Kikai}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Kikai with its template's powers, the ability to conjure vines from its hands, fly, and fire missiles. Its true form is a parasitic insect that becomes its face, which can survive upon every defeat and latch onto any form of organic matter to recreate its Another Rider body. As a result of Sougo's innate ability to create alternate futures, he inadvertently creates Another Kikai as a counterpart to Kamen Rider Kikai. The Another Rider becomes a target of the Time Jackers, who seek its Another Watch, but the Time Riders are able to retrieve its MiRide Watch so Kamen Rider Woz can permanently defeat Another Kikai.
* {{nihongo\|Another Zero\-One\|アナザーゼロワン\|Anazā Zero Wan}}: An Another Rider based on [Kamen Rider Zero\-One](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Aruto_Hiden "List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Aruto Hiden") and the [Magias](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Magias "List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Magias"). See [Will](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Will "List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Will").
#### Shōwa Another Riders
* Another 1: An Another Rider based on [Kamen Rider 1](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%281971_TV_series%29%23Kamen_Riders "Kamen Rider (1971 TV series)#Kamen Riders"), an alternate universe version of 1 depicted in the film *[Kamen Rider The First](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_The_First "Kamen Rider The First")*, and [Kamen Rider Core](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kamen_Rider_Core "List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kamen Rider Core"). See [Finis](/wiki/%23Spin-off_exclusive_characters "#Spin-off exclusive characters").
|
[
"Recurring characters\n--------------------",
"### Junichirō Tokiwa",
"{{nihongo\\|Junichirō Tokiwa\\|常磐 順一郎\\|Tokiwa Jun'ichirō}} is Sougo's great uncle and owner of {{nihongo\\|9\\-to\\-5\\|クジゴジ堂\\|Kujigojidō}}, a clock shop that also serves as his and Sougo's home. Even though his shop specializes in repairing clocks, he rarely has orders to fix them and usually repairs other old devices to make ends meet. In spite of this, he has demonstrated a form of intellect in repairing unique devices, such as Sougo's Ride Watches and Kamen Rider Den\\-O's DenLiner.",
"Junichirō Tokiwa is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Katsuhisa Namase]]\\|生瀬 勝久\\|Namase Katsuhisa}}.",
"### Ohma Zi\\-O",
"{{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\\-O\\|仮面ライダーオーマジオウ\\|Kamen Raidā Ōma Jiō}}, known simply as {{nihongo\\|Ohma Zi\\-O\\|オーマジオウ\\|Ōma Jiō}} or {{nihongo\\|\"Lord\"\\|魔王\\|Maō}}, is the dictator of Earth in the year 2068\\. Due to his immense power, Tsukuyomi and Geiz travel back in time to 2018 in the hopes of intercepting Ohma Zi\\-O's past self and prevent his rise to power. When Tsukasa Kadoya sends Sougo and Tsukuyomi to 2068, Ohma Zi\\-O has them brought before him so he can mock his past self's naiveté and overpower him, advising him to renounce being Zi\\-O if he refuses to accept his destiny of becoming him before sending him back to 2018\\. Along the way however, Sougo and his friends discover that Ohma Zi\\-O is from a possible future and that his existence is fixed after a future where he was defeated by Geiz Revive came into existence. Furthermore, Sougo changed {{nihongo\\|Ohma's Day\\|オーマの日\\|Ōma no Hi}}, the day he was to become Ohma Zi\\-O, when he became Zi\\-O Trinity instead.",
"When Swartz initiates his endgame, Sougo returns to 2068 to confront Ohma Zi\\-O for a final battle, deducing the tyrant never intended to kill him. The future Sougo reveals that his power to destroy time and space is stronger than Swartz's before sending his younger self back with a blank Ride Watch. While Sougo becomes Ohma Zi\\-O in 2019, he chooses to sacrifice the power to undo Swartz's damage to the timeline. Impressed by his younger self's choice, Ohma Zi\\-O peacefully lets himself be erased from existence.",
"In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer*, Ohma Zi\\-O's existence is revealed to be the result of the Quartzers' influence on Sougo's timeline and orchestrated by Sougo's original future counterpart, who intended to erase the Kamen Riders' influence on the Heisei era. Once he became aware of the Quartzers' plot, Ohma Zi\\-O supports his younger self in defeating their alternate self by giving him his personal Ride Watch.",
"In the *Rider Time* web series *Decade VS Zi\\-O* and *Zi\\-O VS Decade*, an alternate version of Ohma Zi\\-O, referred to as {{nihongo\\|True Sougo\\|真実のソウゴ\\|Shinjitsu no Sōgo}}, creates and destroys new worlds until his powers are diminished. In response, he instigates the King's Death Game to find a new host to inhabit and restore his full strength. After defeating Kamen Rider Decade's party of Kamen Riders, Ohma Zi\\-O merges six dimensions into the prime Sougo's universe, but is regressed into the form of an amnesiac young boy that Tsukuyomi takes care of. Upon regaining his memories, Ohma Zi\\-O defeats Decade, only to be distracted by Tsukuyomi and killed by Zi\\-O.",
"The future Sougo transforms into Ohma Zi\\-O via an upgraded version of the Ziku\\-Driver called the {{nihongo\\|Ohma Zi\\-O Driver\\|オーマジオウドライバー\\|Ōma Jiō Doraibā}}. Like the Time Jackers, Ohma Zi\\-O has chronokinetic abilities, which are powerful enough to destroy an entire army of resistance fighters within seconds and summon a past Heisei Kamen Rider from their time period to his aid. While he also possesses Ride Watches, he is able to use their individual powers by pressing their activation buttons.",
"Ohma Zi\\-O is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Rikiya Koyama]]\\|小山 力也\\|Koyama Rikiya}} while his civilian form is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Seiji Takaiwa]]\\|高岩 成二\\|Takaiwa Seiji}}. In the *Rider Time* series, True Sougo's younger form is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Shunta Ito\\|伊藤 駿太\\|Itō Shunta}}.",
"### Time Jackers",
"The {{nihongo\\|Time Jackers\\|タイムジャッカー\\|Taimu Jakkā}} are a group of time travelers brought together by Swartz, who gifted his subordinates with the ability to freeze time, that seek to prevent Ohma Zi\\-O's existence by replacing him with an Another Rider. While claiming this goal is just, they are either apathetic to the consequences of altering the timeline or unconcerned with spoiling future events.",
"Following the Time Jackers' defeat at the end of the series, [Finis](/wiki/%23Finis \"#Finis\") attempts to seek revenge during the events of the film *[Kamen Rider Reiwa: The First Generation](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Reiwa:The_First_Generation \"The First Generation\")*, only to be defeated like her fellow Time Jackers.",
"#### Swartz",
"{{nihongo\\|Swartz\\|スウォルツ\\|Suworutsu}} is the cool\\-headed and ruthless leader of the Time Jackers and Tsukuyomi's older brother. Preferring to take the direct approach, he sees friend and foe alike as pawns in his schemes. Originally from an alternate version of 2058, Swartz sought to protect his reality by destroying the multiverse and rule all of time and space. In his youth, he was irate over being passed over to succeed his parents, whose power he intended to use in his goals. When Tsukuyomi attempted to stop him, he stranded her in Ohma Zi\\-O's timeline with no memory of her past.",
"After growing older, Swartz commenced a long\\-term plot by forming the Time Jackers and influencing Sougo's life by installing his dream of becoming king; orchestrating the events that would lead to him becoming Zi\\-O and create the ideal conditions for fulfilling his ambition. Swartz also orchestrates Hiryū becoming Another Zi\\-O II to capture Tsukuyomi and take her powers along with those of Tsukasa Kadoya's before abandoning both the Time Jackers and Hiryū once they serve their purpose as he initiates a multiversal convergence. However, Swartz meets his end when Sougo becomes Ohma Zi\\-O and kills him before using his powers to undo the former's damage. In the new timeline, Swartz became Sougo's contemporary principal.",
"Swartz possesses teleportation, memory manipulation, and powerful chronokinetic abilities that allow him to freeze time. He can also travel to alternate timelines, something normal Time Mazines are incapable of doing, and bestow a weaker form of his chronokinetic powers unto others, which he can take back at his leisure. Swartz later acquires the ability to become the monstrous {{nihongo\\|Another Decade\\|アナザーディケイド\\|Anazā Dikeido}}, gaining the ability to manipulate Dimensional Walls like Tsukasa and Daiki Kaito, he can use them to attack or bind enemies as well as spirit people into his personal pocket dimension, {{nihongo\\|Another World\\|アナザーワールド\\|Anazā Wārudo}}, so he can summon alternate reality versions of past Dark Riders to take their place.",
"Swartz is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kentarou Kanesaki]]\\|兼崎 健太郎\\|Kanesaki Kentarō}} while {{nihongo\\|Tenma Naruse\\|成瀬 天馬\\|Naruse Tenma}} portrays him as a teenager.",
"#### Heure",
"{{nihongo\\|Heure\\|ウール\\|Ūru}} is the youngest member of the Time Jackers, whose childishness conceals his cruelty and arrogance as he manipulates his targets into forming Another Rider contracts by doing something for them to place them in his debt. Due to his infantile personality, he quickly becomes displeased when things do not go his way and acts in a more ruthless manner to ensure his success. After Swartz and Ora use him as a host for the parasitic Another Kikai, Heure becomes wary of his fellow Time Jackers as well as suspicious over his leader's true goals. This, combined with his growing curiosity over the truth of \"Ohma's Day\", cause him to become more willing to work with Black Woz. When Swartz reveals his true colors and takes away his powers, Heure escapes with Ora to seek out the Time Riders' protection, only to be killed by her so she could ensure her own protection. After Sougo sacrifices his power as Ohma Zi\\-O to undo the Time Jackers' damage, Heure is revived as a contemporary classmate of Sougo's in the new timeline.",
"Like the other Time Jackers, Swartz gifted Heure chronokinetic abilities, though the latter also demonstrated telekinetic powers. Additionally, Heure pilots a personalized Time Mazine that resembles Kamen Rider Ghost's Captain Ghost, which can also transform into a copy of the Rider's Iguana Ghostriker.",
"Heure is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Rihito Itagaki\\|板垣 李光人\\|Itagaki Rihito}}.",
"#### Ora",
"{{nihongo\\|Ora\\|オーラ\\|Ōra}} is a female member of the Time Jackers with a calm, gentle disposition who prefers to use persuasion to form Another Rider contracts by exploiting targets while they are in a state of emotional distress. While appearing outwardly gentle, her patience has its limits, especially when dealing with her fellow Time Jackers. After Swartz takes her powers away to enact his own plans, a disillusioned Ora joins Heure to seek out the Time Riders for protection until she learns she is being hunted by the [Paradox Roidmude](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Paradox \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Paradox\"). Vengeful and frightened, she kills Heure and returns to Swartz in an attempt to kill him as well, only for Swartz to see through her plan and kill her instead. After Sougo reverses the Time Jackers' damage, Ora is revived as a contemporary classmate of his in the new timeline.",
"Like the other Time Jackers, Swartz gifted Ora with chronokinetic abilities. She also pilots a personalized Time Mazine that resembles Kamen Rider Kiva's Castle Doran. After losing her chronokinetic abilities, she uses dark energy capable of obliterating targets.",
"Ora is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Ayaka Konno\\|紺野 彩夏\\|Kon'no Ayaka}}.",
"### Another Riders",
"The {{nihongo\\|Another Riders\\|アナザーライダー\\|Anazā Raidā}}, also known as {{nihongo\\|Kaijin Riders\\|怪人ライダー\\|Kaijin Raidā}}, are monsters created by the Time Jackers to serve as contenders for their version of Ohma Zi\\-O. In certain cases, the original history of a Kamen Rider can create Another Riders all on its own. Each Another Rider is created when a Time Jacker uses an {{nihongo\\|Another Watch\\|アナザーウォッチ\\|Anazāwotchi}} on a person, transforming them into a corrupted version of an established Kamen Rider. To defeat Another Riders, the Time Riders have to use a corresponding Ride Watch or one of their stronger forms. While the Time Jackers succeed in having their Another Riders replace most of the Heisei era Riders in history, Sougo uses Ohma Zi\\-O's powers to undo their damage.",
"#### Hiryū Kakogawa",
"{{nihongo\\|Hiryū Kakogawa\\|加古川 飛流\\|Kakogawa Hiryū}} is a young man capable of transforming into the Another Rider, {{nihongo\\|Another Zi\\-O\\|アナザージオウ\\|Anazā Jiō}}. Like Sougo, he is a survivor of the bus accident caused by Swartz, who abducted them and the other children due to their potential to become Zi\\-O. As a result, Hiryū developed a misguided vendetta against Sougo. After his first defeat as Another Zi\\-O, Hiryū feels insulted by Sougo's attempts to empathize with him and became more arrogant and ruthless as he proceeds to acquire all 19 Heisei Another Watches to become {{nihongo\\|Another Zi\\-O II\\|アナザージオウII\\|Anazā Jiō Tsū}}, only to be defeated by Sougo a second time. Following this, Swartz abandons Hiryū while Daiki Kaito steals his Another Watch.",
"During the events of the stage show, *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O: Final Stage*, Hiryū joins forces with the remaining Quartzers and gains the means to become the second Kamen Rider Barlckxs before becoming {{nihongo\\|Another Ohma Zi\\-O\\|アナザーオーマジオウ\\|Anazā Ōma Jiō}} after he obtains Ride Watches based on Kamen Riders [1, 2](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%281971_TV_series%29%23Kamen_Riders \"Kamen Rider (1971 TV series)#Kamen Riders\"), [V3, Riderman](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_V3%23Kamen_Riders \"Kamen Rider V3#Kamen Riders\"), [X](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_X%23Characters \"Kamen Rider X#Characters\"), [Amazon](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Amazon%23Characters \"Kamen Rider Amazon#Characters\"), and [Stronger](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Stronger%23Characters \"Kamen Rider Stronger#Characters\"). While he manages to overwhelm the Time Riders with his new power, he is defeated by the combined efforts of Zi\\-O Ohma Form and Ohma Zi\\-O.",
"As Another Zi\\-O, Hiryū possesses Zi\\-O II's clairvoyance and a pair of [clock hand](/wiki/Clock_face \"Clock face\")\\-like swords, which he can combine into a [naginata](/wiki/Naginata \"Naginata\") to perform a variation of Zi\\-O II's King Edge of Time Slash. He can also use the Heisei Another Riders' Another Watches to assume their forms. After becoming Another Zi\\-O II, Hiryū gains Grand Zi\\-O's chronokinetic powers and the ability to summon Another Riders from across time. His Another Watch, which is docked in a black version of the Ziku\\-Driver instead of being absorbed into his body, is able to reconstitute itself until Kamen Riders Zi\\-O and Decade join forces to destroy it.",
"Hiryū Kakogawa is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Yu Sakuma\\|佐久間 悠\\|Sakuma Yū}} while {{nihongo\\|Taiga Komie\\|込江 大牙\\|Komie Taiga}} portrays him as a child.",
"#### Heisei Another Riders",
"* {{nihongo\\|Another Build\\|アナザービルド\\|Anazā Birudo}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Build with the ability to shoot flaming basketballs from his hands, access the individual powers of Build's Rabbit and Tank Fullbottles, distill athletes' essences into {{nihongo\\|Fullbottles\\|フルボトル\\|Furubotoru}}, and use them to augment himself.{{cite web \\|title\\=『仮面ライダージオウ』制作発表会をオジンオズボーン・篠宮暁が特撮ファン目線でレポート！ \\|url\\=https://cinema.ne.jp/recommend/shinomiya2018081208/ \\|publisher\\=Cinema Plus \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-16 \\|language\\=ja \\|date\\=2018\\-08\\-12}} He was originally a young basketball player from 2017 whom Heure saved from his predestined death by car accident. One year later, Another Build attacks Sougo before the latter transforms into Kamen Rider Zi\\-O and defeats him. However, Heure revives the monster with increased power. In response, Zi\\-O and Geiz travel back in time to 2017 to defeat Another Build's past iteration. Following this, the basketball player is left with no memory of being Another Build, though his death was still averted due to Heure's earlier actions. The basketball player is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Taisei Mori\\|森 大成\\|Mori Taisei}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Ex\\-Aid\\|アナザーエグゼイド\\|Anazā Eguzeido}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Ex\\-Aid and the [Bugsters](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ex-Aid_characters%23Bugsters \"List of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid characters#Bugsters\"). He has the ability to perform inhuman feats based on [platform games](/wiki/Platform_game \"Platform game\"), travel into {{nihongo\\|Game Worlds\\|ゲームの世界\\|Gēmu no Sekai}}, and summon {{nihongo\\|Bugster Virus A\\|バグスターウイルスA\\|Bagusutā Uirusu Ē}} foot soldiers to aid him. He was originally {{nihongo\\|Iida\\|飯田}}, who created the {{nihongo\\|\"game that cannot be cleared by anyone\"\\|誰もクリアしたことのないゲーム\\|Dare mo kuria shita koto no nai gēmu}} in the present to capture young boys and find a compatible heart donor for his son, {{nihongo\\|Keisuke\\|ケイスケ}}, due to his hatred for doctors. After being defeated by Zi\\-O in 2016, Keisuke is put under [Hiiro Kagami](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ex-Aid_characters%23Hiiro_Kagami \"List of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid characters#Hiiro Kagami\")'s care so he could be cured before his disease worsened. Iida is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Takashi Kodama\\|児玉 貴志\\|Kodama Takashi}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Ryūichi Sakuma\\|佐久間 龍一\\|Sakuma Ryūichi}}: An alumnus of the [Ryusei School](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_555_characters%23Ryusei_School \"List of Kamen Rider 555 characters#Ryusei School\") who Ora gave the ability to become Another Faiz in 2003 to revive his childhood friend, {{nihongo\\|Karin Yamabuki\\|山吹 カリン\\|Yamabuki Karin}}, and prolong her life by extracting bio\\-energy from girls who shared her age and birthday. By the time Sakuma and Karin attended [Amanogawa High School](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters \"List of Kamen Rider Fourze characters\") in 2011, he loses the ability to become Another Faiz. To make up for this, Swartz gives him the ability to become Another Fourze. After facing Zi\\-O in 2011 and Geiz in 2003, Sakuma is defeated in both timelines, realizes he was hurting Karin more than he was helping her, and is forced to accept her death. Ryūichi Sakuma is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Atomu Mizuishi]]\\|水石 亜飛夢\\|Mizuishi Atomu}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Another Fourze\\|アナザーフォーゼ\\|Anazā Fōze}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Fourze and the [Zodiarts](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters%23Zodiarts \"List of Kamen Rider Fourze characters#Zodiarts\") who can absorb or supply bio\\-energy and use the switches on his belt to summon {{nihongo\\|Energy Modules\\|エネルギーモジュール\\|Enerugī Mojūru}} based on Fourze's Modules.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Another Faiz\\|アナザーファイズ\\|Anazā Faizu}}: An Another Rider Based on Kamen Rider Faiz who is also able to absorb bio\\-energy as well as summon a red aura to perform a variation of Faiz's Crimson Smash finisher. This was Sakuma's original Another Rider form until it died out in 2011 and was revived following Another Fourze's defeat.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Wizard\\|アナザーウィザード\\|Anazā Wizādo}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Wizard armed with a ring that lets him channel his template's Wizard Rings' abilities. He was originally {{nihongo\\|Hayase\\|早瀬}}, who uses his powers to support the theater he works at and impress its owner, {{nihongo\\|Kaori Kinoshita\\|木ノ下 香織\\|Kinoshita Kaori}}, whom he has a crush on. Due to his inability to confess his feelings however, Kaori became engaged to another man, causing Hayase to seek revenge. After Geiz intercepts his past self in 2012 and destroys his Another Watch, he and Sougo help the present Hayase make contact with his past self and encourage him to confess his feelings regardless of what happens. Hayase is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Zuimaro Awashima\\|粟島 瑞丸\\|Awashima Zuimaro}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another OOO\\|アナザーオーズ\\|Anazā Ōzu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider OOO and the [Greeed](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Greeed \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Greeed\"). See [here](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Kuroto_Dan \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Kuroto Dan\").\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Gaim\\|アナザー鎧武\\|Anazā Gaimu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Gaim and the [Overlords](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Overlords \"List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Overlords\"). He is armed with a [zanbatō](/wiki/Zanbat%C5%8D \"Zanbatō\"), the ability to open zipper\\-like {{nihongo\\|Crack\\|クラック\\|Kurakku}} portals that connect to a pseudo\\-{{nihongo\\|Helheim\\|ヘルヘイム\\|Heruheimu}} pocket dimension, and command over an army of [Inves](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Inves \"List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Inves\")\\-like monsters. He was originally {{nihongo\\|Asura\\|アスラ}} of the dance group [Team Baron](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Team_Baron \"List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Team Baron\") before he was ousted by his leader, [Kaito Kumon](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Kaito_Kumon \"List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Kaito Kumon\") in 2013\\. After becoming Another Gaim, Asura takes over Team Baron and banishes anyone who challenges him to Helheim. Though he is defeated by Zi\\-O in 2013, this was undone by the \"[Man of the Beginning](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Kouta_Kazuraba \"List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Kouta Kazuraba\")\" so Sougo can rescue Geiz after he was trapped in Helheim. Once he does so, the future Sougo returns to 2013 to defeat Another Gaim permanently while his present self does the same. Asura is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Yuuki Tomotsune\\|友常 勇気\\|Tomotsune Yūki}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Ghost\\|アナザーゴースト\\|Anazā Gōsuto}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Ghost who can use his chest\\-mounted eye to absorb human souls for use as a hoodie armament, summon [Gamma Commando](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_characters%23Gamma \"List of Kamen Rider Ghost characters#Gamma\")\\-like [familiars](/wiki/Familiar \"Familiar\") and Hoodie Ghosts for support, and perform a variation of Ghost's Omega Drive finisher.{{cite web \\|title\\=西銘駿と山本涼介が「仮面ライダージオウ」ゴースト編出演、シブヤ＆ナリタも登場 \\|url\\=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/308323 \\|publisher\\=Natalie \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-30 \\|language\\=ja \\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-18}} He was originally {{nihongo\\|Makimura\\|マキムラ}}, a policeman from 2015 who was killed in the line of duty and forced to become Another Ghost after refusing Heure's offer to be saved. He uses his powers to prevent accidents by targeting their instigators before his death is averted and he is defeated by Kamen Rider Zi\\-O. Makimura is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Naotaka Horiike\\|堀池 直毅\\|Horiike Naotaka}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Den\\-O\\|アナザー電王\\|Anazā Den'ō}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Den\\-O who possesses four swords and can travel through time on the {{nihongo\\|Another DenLiner\\|アナザーデンライナー\\|Anazā Denrainā}} [bullet train](/wiki/Shinkansen \"Shinkansen\").\n\t+ The first Another Den\\-O the Time Riders encountered was [Ataru Hisanaga](/wiki/%23Spin-off_exclusive_characters \"#Spin-off exclusive characters\"), who was used by the Super Time Jacker Tid and defeated by the original Kamen Rider Den\\-O in 2018 during the events of the film *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*.\n\t+ The second Another Den\\-O was originally {{nihongo\\|Takuya Endō\\|遠藤 タクヤ\\|Endō Takuya}}, who blames the death of his late sister, {{nihongo\\|Sayuri\\|サユリ}}, on her remorseful boyfriend, {{nihongo\\|Yukihiro Ōsumi\\|大澄 ユキヒロ\\|Ōsumi Yukihiro}}. After Ora turns him into Another Den\\-O in 2019, Takuya attempts to steal Den\\-O's DenLiner so he can go back in time to 2017 and prevent Sayuri's death. While in the past and fending off the Time Riders, Den\\-O, [Kamen Rider Zeronos](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Den-O_characters%23Yuto_Sakurai \"List of Kamen Rider Den-O characters#Yuto Sakurai\"), and a [Mole Imagin](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Mole_Imagin \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Mole Imagin\") that Yukihiro unintentionally formed a contract with, the past Takuya learns his sister's death was caused by his future Another Rider self. His future self gains assistance from a pack of Mole Imagin before they are defeated by Grand Zi\\-O, Den\\-O, and Zeronos while past Takuya reconciles with Yukihiro. Takuya Endō is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Dai Goto\\|後藤 大\\|Gotō Dai}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another W\\|アナザーダブル\\|Anazā Daburu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider W who possesses aerokinesis and can use the [Luna Memory](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Philip \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Philip\")'s power. During the events of *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations Forever*, he is created from an unknown person to serve as Tid's second\\-in\\-command, lead past monster combatants, and transform Ataru into Another Den\\-O. He is destroyed by Zi\\-O. Another W is voiced by {{nihongo4\\|\\[\\[Kentarō Itō]]\\|伊藤 健太郎\\|Itō Kentarō}}.\n* Another Kuuga: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Kuuga and the [Grongi](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Kuuga%23Grongi_Tribe \"Kamen Rider Kuuga#Grongi Tribe\"). See [here](/wiki/%23Spin-off_exclusive_characters \"#Spin-off exclusive characters\").\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Ryuga\\|アナザーリュウガ\\|Anazā Ryūga}}: Also known as [Kamen Rider Ryuga](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Mirror_Shinji \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Mirror Shinji\"), he originally existed outside of the primary Kamen Rider timeline before Heure summoned Ryuga to turn him into an Another Rider version of himself.\n* Another Ryuki: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Ryuki. In addition to [Tatsuya Kanō](/wiki/%23Spin-off_exclusive_characters \"#Spin-off exclusive characters\") and a version under Hiryu's command, a third Another Ryuki appears in the *Rider Time* web series *Decade VS Zi\\-O* as a servant and obstacle in True Sougo's King's Death Game.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Blade\\|アナザーブレイド\\|Anazā Bureido}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Blade. See [here](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Amane_Kurihara \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Amane Kurihara\").\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Agito\\|アナザーアギト\\|Anazā Agito}} Army: A [zombie](/wiki/Zombie \"Zombie\")\\-like Time Jacker variant based on the [original Another Agito](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Another_Agito \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Another Agito\").\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Hibiki\\|アナザー響鬼\\|Anazā Hibiki}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Hibiki and the [Makamou](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Hibiki%23Makamou \"Kamen Rider Hibiki#Makamou\"). He was originally {{nihongo\\|Tsutomu Tsuzumiya\\|鼓屋 ツトム\\|Tsuzumiya Tsutomu}}, a disciple of the current Kamen Rider Hibiki, [Kyosuke Kiriya](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Kyosuke_Kiriya \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Kyosuke Kiriya\"), as well as Sougo's childhood friend. After Tsutomu left Kiriya because his master felt he was inadequate to take on the Hibiki title from his master, Tsuzumiya was unwillingly turned into Another Hibiki despite wanting to become an *[oni](/wiki/Oni \"Oni\")* in his own right. Once Kiriya accepts his responsibilities and properly becomes Kamen Rider Hibiki, he and Zi\\-O Trinity save Tsutomu and Kiriya reconciles with his student. Tsutomu Tsuzumiya is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Rihito Noda\\|野田 理人\\|Noda Rihito}} as a young adult and by {{nihongo\\|Yura Sato\\|佐藤 結良\\|Satō Yura}} as a child.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Kiva\\|アナザーキバ\\|Anazā Kiba}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Kiva and the [Fangire](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Kiva%23Synopsis \"Kamen Rider Kiva#Synopsis\") who can command Kiva's Arms Monsters and wield them in their weapon forms. She was originally {{nihongo\\|Yūko Kitajima\\|北島 祐子\\|Kitajima Yūko}}, who became a serial killer in 2015 after being dumped by her ex\\-boyfriend {{nihongo\\|Tetsuya Tagami\\|田上 哲也\\|Tagami Tetsuya}} and beating his new girlfriend to death. Ora exploits her situation to turn Yūko into Another Kiva, but the latter's unstable mind makes her immune to the Time Jackers' control. After nearly manipulating Sougo into serving her, Geiz saves him before Kamen Rider Woz defeats her. Following this, Ora kills Yūko, who dies in Sougo's arms. Yūko Kitajima is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Yumiko Shaku]]\\|釈 由美子\\|Shaku Yumiko}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Kabuto\\|アナザーカブト\\|Anazā Kabuto}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Kabuto and the [Worms](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Kabuto_characters%23Worms \"List of Kamen Rider Kabuto characters#Worms\"). See [here](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Sou_Yaguruma \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Sou Yaguruma\").\n* Another Decade: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Decade and [Chinomanako Diend](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Decade_characters_in_the_New_Worlds%23Chinomanako \"List of Kamen Rider Decade characters in the New Worlds#Chinomanako\"). See [here](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Swartz \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Swartz\").\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Drive\\|アナザードライブ\\|Anazā Doraibu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Drive, [Mashin Chaser](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Drive_characters%23Chase \"List of Kamen Rider Drive characters#Chase\"), and the [Roidmudes](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Drive_characters%23Roidmudes \"List of Kamen Rider Drive characters#Roidmudes\"). See [here](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Paradox \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Paradox\").\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Diend\\|アナザーディエンド\\|Anazā Diendo}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Diend and Chinomanako Diend. See [here](/wiki/%23White_Woz \"#White Woz\").\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Tsukuyomi\\|アナザーツクヨミ\\|Anazā Tsukuyomi}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Tsukuyomi who appears exclusively in the *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O* tie\\-in novel of the same name. After Third Woz creates a new timeline, he brainwashes its version of Geiz into becoming Another Tsukuyomi in order to lure the \"prime\" Sougo and Black Woz. Another Tsukuyomi is defeated by Zi\\-O II.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Geiz\\|アナザーゲイツ\\|Anazā Geitsu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Geiz who can evolve into {{nihongo\\|Another Geiz Revive Shippu\\|アナザーゲイツリバイブ疾風\\|Anazā Geitsu Ribaibu Shippū}}, which is based on Kamen Rider Geiz Revive Shippu, and appears exclusively in the *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O* tie\\-in novel of the same name. After Third Woz creates a new timeline, he brainwashes its version of Tsukuyomi into becoming Another Geiz in order to lure the \"prime\" Sougo and Black Woz. She is defeated by Kamen Rider Woz.\n* Another Woz: See [here](/wiki/%23Third_Woz \"#Third Woz\").\n* Another Ohma Zi\\-O Trinity: See [here](/wiki/%23Mirror_Sougo_Tokiwa \"#Mirror Sougo Tokiwa\").",
"#### Post\\-Heisei Another Riders",
"* Another Shinobi: Also known as Kamen Rider Shinobi, a future Rider who Sougo brought into existence. Swartz coerces Heure to turn Shinobi's present\\-day counterpart into an Another Rider version of himself.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Quiz\\|アナザークイズ\\|Anazā Kuizu}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Quiz who possesses the power to steal other people's intelligence and enhance his own. He was originally the father of Kamen Rider Quiz, {{nihongo\\|Tamotsu Dōan\\|堂安 保\\|Dōan Tamotsu}}, a scientist obsessed with advancing his work, to the point where he neglected his family and uses his powers as Another Quiz to steal other researchers' knowledge. He is defeated by Kamen Rider Woz. Tamotsu Dōan is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Yoichiro Saito\\|斉藤 陽一郎\\|Saitō Yōichirō}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Kikai\\|アナザーキカイ\\|Anazā Kikai}}: An Another Rider based on Kamen Rider Kikai with its template's powers, the ability to conjure vines from its hands, fly, and fire missiles. Its true form is a parasitic insect that becomes its face, which can survive upon every defeat and latch onto any form of organic matter to recreate its Another Rider body. As a result of Sougo's innate ability to create alternate futures, he inadvertently creates Another Kikai as a counterpart to Kamen Rider Kikai. The Another Rider becomes a target of the Time Jackers, who seek its Another Watch, but the Time Riders are able to retrieve its MiRide Watch so Kamen Rider Woz can permanently defeat Another Kikai.\n* {{nihongo\\|Another Zero\\-One\\|アナザーゼロワン\\|Anazā Zero Wan}}: An Another Rider based on [Kamen Rider Zero\\-One](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Aruto_Hiden \"List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Aruto Hiden\") and the [Magias](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Magias \"List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Magias\"). See [Will](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Will \"List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Will\").",
"#### Shōwa Another Riders",
"* Another 1: An Another Rider based on [Kamen Rider 1](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%281971_TV_series%29%23Kamen_Riders \"Kamen Rider (1971 TV series)#Kamen Riders\"), an alternate universe version of 1 depicted in the film *[Kamen Rider The First](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_The_First \"Kamen Rider The First\")*, and [Kamen Rider Core](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_OOO_characters%23Kamen_Rider_Core \"List of Kamen Rider OOO characters#Kamen Rider Core\"). See [Finis](/wiki/%23Spin-off_exclusive_characters \"#Spin-off exclusive characters\")."
] |
### Ohma Zi\-O
{{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\-O\|仮面ライダーオーマジオウ\|Kamen Raidā Ōma Jiō}}, known simply as {{nihongo\|Ohma Zi\-O\|オーマジオウ\|Ōma Jiō}} or {{nihongo\|"Lord"\|魔王\|Maō}}, is the dictator of Earth in the year 2068\. Due to his immense power, Tsukuyomi and Geiz travel back in time to 2018 in the hopes of intercepting Ohma Zi\-O's past self and prevent his rise to power. When Tsukasa Kadoya sends Sougo and Tsukuyomi to 2068, Ohma Zi\-O has them brought before him so he can mock his past self's naiveté and overpower him, advising him to renounce being Zi\-O if he refuses to accept his destiny of becoming him before sending him back to 2018\. Along the way however, Sougo and his friends discover that Ohma Zi\-O is from a possible future and that his existence is fixed after a future where he was defeated by Geiz Revive came into existence. Furthermore, Sougo changed {{nihongo\|Ohma's Day\|オーマの日\|Ōma no Hi}}, the day he was to become Ohma Zi\-O, when he became Zi\-O Trinity instead.
When Swartz initiates his endgame, Sougo returns to 2068 to confront Ohma Zi\-O for a final battle, deducing the tyrant never intended to kill him. The future Sougo reveals that his power to destroy time and space is stronger than Swartz's before sending his younger self back with a blank Ride Watch. While Sougo becomes Ohma Zi\-O in 2019, he chooses to sacrifice the power to undo Swartz's damage to the timeline. Impressed by his younger self's choice, Ohma Zi\-O peacefully lets himself be erased from existence.
In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *Kamen Rider Zi\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer*, Ohma Zi\-O's existence is revealed to be the result of the Quartzers' influence on Sougo's timeline and orchestrated by Sougo's original future counterpart, who intended to erase the Kamen Riders' influence on the Heisei era. Once he became aware of the Quartzers' plot, Ohma Zi\-O supports his younger self in defeating their alternate self by giving him his personal Ride Watch.
In the *Rider Time* web series *Decade VS Zi\-O* and *Zi\-O VS Decade*, an alternate version of Ohma Zi\-O, referred to as {{nihongo\|True Sougo\|真実のソウゴ\|Shinjitsu no Sōgo}}, creates and destroys new worlds until his powers are diminished. In response, he instigates the King's Death Game to find a new host to inhabit and restore his full strength. After defeating Kamen Rider Decade's party of Kamen Riders, Ohma Zi\-O merges six dimensions into the prime Sougo's universe, but is regressed into the form of an amnesiac young boy that Tsukuyomi takes care of. Upon regaining his memories, Ohma Zi\-O defeats Decade, only to be distracted by Tsukuyomi and killed by Zi\-O.
The future Sougo transforms into Ohma Zi\-O via an upgraded version of the Ziku\-Driver called the {{nihongo\|Ohma Zi\-O Driver\|オーマジオウドライバー\|Ōma Jiō Doraibā}}. Like the Time Jackers, Ohma Zi\-O has chronokinetic abilities, which are powerful enough to destroy an entire army of resistance fighters within seconds and summon a past Heisei Kamen Rider from their time period to his aid. While he also possesses Ride Watches, he is able to use their individual powers by pressing their activation buttons.
Ohma Zi\-O is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Rikiya Koyama]]\|小山 力也\|Koyama Rikiya}} while his civilian form is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Seiji Takaiwa]]\|高岩 成二\|Takaiwa Seiji}}. In the *Rider Time* series, True Sougo's younger form is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Shunta Ito\|伊藤 駿太\|Itō Shunta}}.
|
[
"### Ohma Zi\\-O",
"{{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Ohma Zi\\-O\\|仮面ライダーオーマジオウ\\|Kamen Raidā Ōma Jiō}}, known simply as {{nihongo\\|Ohma Zi\\-O\\|オーマジオウ\\|Ōma Jiō}} or {{nihongo\\|\"Lord\"\\|魔王\\|Maō}}, is the dictator of Earth in the year 2068\\. Due to his immense power, Tsukuyomi and Geiz travel back in time to 2018 in the hopes of intercepting Ohma Zi\\-O's past self and prevent his rise to power. When Tsukasa Kadoya sends Sougo and Tsukuyomi to 2068, Ohma Zi\\-O has them brought before him so he can mock his past self's naiveté and overpower him, advising him to renounce being Zi\\-O if he refuses to accept his destiny of becoming him before sending him back to 2018\\. Along the way however, Sougo and his friends discover that Ohma Zi\\-O is from a possible future and that his existence is fixed after a future where he was defeated by Geiz Revive came into existence. Furthermore, Sougo changed {{nihongo\\|Ohma's Day\\|オーマの日\\|Ōma no Hi}}, the day he was to become Ohma Zi\\-O, when he became Zi\\-O Trinity instead.",
"When Swartz initiates his endgame, Sougo returns to 2068 to confront Ohma Zi\\-O for a final battle, deducing the tyrant never intended to kill him. The future Sougo reveals that his power to destroy time and space is stronger than Swartz's before sending his younger self back with a blank Ride Watch. While Sougo becomes Ohma Zi\\-O in 2019, he chooses to sacrifice the power to undo Swartz's damage to the timeline. Impressed by his younger self's choice, Ohma Zi\\-O peacefully lets himself be erased from existence.",
"In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *Kamen Rider Zi\\-O the Movie: Over Quartzer*, Ohma Zi\\-O's existence is revealed to be the result of the Quartzers' influence on Sougo's timeline and orchestrated by Sougo's original future counterpart, who intended to erase the Kamen Riders' influence on the Heisei era. Once he became aware of the Quartzers' plot, Ohma Zi\\-O supports his younger self in defeating their alternate self by giving him his personal Ride Watch.",
"In the *Rider Time* web series *Decade VS Zi\\-O* and *Zi\\-O VS Decade*, an alternate version of Ohma Zi\\-O, referred to as {{nihongo\\|True Sougo\\|真実のソウゴ\\|Shinjitsu no Sōgo}}, creates and destroys new worlds until his powers are diminished. In response, he instigates the King's Death Game to find a new host to inhabit and restore his full strength. After defeating Kamen Rider Decade's party of Kamen Riders, Ohma Zi\\-O merges six dimensions into the prime Sougo's universe, but is regressed into the form of an amnesiac young boy that Tsukuyomi takes care of. Upon regaining his memories, Ohma Zi\\-O defeats Decade, only to be distracted by Tsukuyomi and killed by Zi\\-O.",
"The future Sougo transforms into Ohma Zi\\-O via an upgraded version of the Ziku\\-Driver called the {{nihongo\\|Ohma Zi\\-O Driver\\|オーマジオウドライバー\\|Ōma Jiō Doraibā}}. Like the Time Jackers, Ohma Zi\\-O has chronokinetic abilities, which are powerful enough to destroy an entire army of resistance fighters within seconds and summon a past Heisei Kamen Rider from their time period to his aid. While he also possesses Ride Watches, he is able to use their individual powers by pressing their activation buttons.",
"Ohma Zi\\-O is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Rikiya Koyama]]\\|小山 力也\\|Koyama Rikiya}} while his civilian form is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Seiji Takaiwa]]\\|高岩 成二\\|Takaiwa Seiji}}. In the *Rider Time* series, True Sougo's younger form is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Shunta Ito\\|伊藤 駿太\\|Itō Shunta}}.",
""
] |
### Time Jackers
The {{nihongo\|Time Jackers\|タイムジャッカー\|Taimu Jakkā}} are a group of time travelers brought together by Swartz, who gifted his subordinates with the ability to freeze time, that seek to prevent Ohma Zi\-O's existence by replacing him with an Another Rider. While claiming this goal is just, they are either apathetic to the consequences of altering the timeline or unconcerned with spoiling future events.
Following the Time Jackers' defeat at the end of the series, [Finis](/wiki/%23Finis "#Finis") attempts to seek revenge during the events of the film *[Kamen Rider Reiwa: The First Generation](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Reiwa:The_First_Generation "The First Generation")*, only to be defeated like her fellow Time Jackers.
#### Swartz
{{nihongo\|Swartz\|スウォルツ\|Suworutsu}} is the cool\-headed and ruthless leader of the Time Jackers and Tsukuyomi's older brother. Preferring to take the direct approach, he sees friend and foe alike as pawns in his schemes. Originally from an alternate version of 2058, Swartz sought to protect his reality by destroying the multiverse and rule all of time and space. In his youth, he was irate over being passed over to succeed his parents, whose power he intended to use in his goals. When Tsukuyomi attempted to stop him, he stranded her in Ohma Zi\-O's timeline with no memory of her past.
After growing older, Swartz commenced a long\-term plot by forming the Time Jackers and influencing Sougo's life by installing his dream of becoming king; orchestrating the events that would lead to him becoming Zi\-O and create the ideal conditions for fulfilling his ambition. Swartz also orchestrates Hiryū becoming Another Zi\-O II to capture Tsukuyomi and take her powers along with those of Tsukasa Kadoya's before abandoning both the Time Jackers and Hiryū once they serve their purpose as he initiates a multiversal convergence. However, Swartz meets his end when Sougo becomes Ohma Zi\-O and kills him before using his powers to undo the former's damage. In the new timeline, Swartz became Sougo's contemporary principal.
Swartz possesses teleportation, memory manipulation, and powerful chronokinetic abilities that allow him to freeze time. He can also travel to alternate timelines, something normal Time Mazines are incapable of doing, and bestow a weaker form of his chronokinetic powers unto others, which he can take back at his leisure. Swartz later acquires the ability to become the monstrous {{nihongo\|Another Decade\|アナザーディケイド\|Anazā Dikeido}}, gaining the ability to manipulate Dimensional Walls like Tsukasa and Daiki Kaito, he can use them to attack or bind enemies as well as spirit people into his personal pocket dimension, {{nihongo\|Another World\|アナザーワールド\|Anazā Wārudo}}, so he can summon alternate reality versions of past Dark Riders to take their place.
Swartz is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Kentarou Kanesaki]]\|兼崎 健太郎\|Kanesaki Kentarō}} while {{nihongo\|Tenma Naruse\|成瀬 天馬\|Naruse Tenma}} portrays him as a teenager.
#### Heure
{{nihongo\|Heure\|ウール\|Ūru}} is the youngest member of the Time Jackers, whose childishness conceals his cruelty and arrogance as he manipulates his targets into forming Another Rider contracts by doing something for them to place them in his debt. Due to his infantile personality, he quickly becomes displeased when things do not go his way and acts in a more ruthless manner to ensure his success. After Swartz and Ora use him as a host for the parasitic Another Kikai, Heure becomes wary of his fellow Time Jackers as well as suspicious over his leader's true goals. This, combined with his growing curiosity over the truth of "Ohma's Day", cause him to become more willing to work with Black Woz. When Swartz reveals his true colors and takes away his powers, Heure escapes with Ora to seek out the Time Riders' protection, only to be killed by her so she could ensure her own protection. After Sougo sacrifices his power as Ohma Zi\-O to undo the Time Jackers' damage, Heure is revived as a contemporary classmate of Sougo's in the new timeline.
Like the other Time Jackers, Swartz gifted Heure chronokinetic abilities, though the latter also demonstrated telekinetic powers. Additionally, Heure pilots a personalized Time Mazine that resembles Kamen Rider Ghost's Captain Ghost, which can also transform into a copy of the Rider's Iguana Ghostriker.
Heure is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Rihito Itagaki\|板垣 李光人\|Itagaki Rihito}}.
#### Ora
{{nihongo\|Ora\|オーラ\|Ōra}} is a female member of the Time Jackers with a calm, gentle disposition who prefers to use persuasion to form Another Rider contracts by exploiting targets while they are in a state of emotional distress. While appearing outwardly gentle, her patience has its limits, especially when dealing with her fellow Time Jackers. After Swartz takes her powers away to enact his own plans, a disillusioned Ora joins Heure to seek out the Time Riders for protection until she learns she is being hunted by the [Paradox Roidmude](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Paradox "List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Paradox"). Vengeful and frightened, she kills Heure and returns to Swartz in an attempt to kill him as well, only for Swartz to see through her plan and kill her instead. After Sougo reverses the Time Jackers' damage, Ora is revived as a contemporary classmate of his in the new timeline.
Like the other Time Jackers, Swartz gifted Ora with chronokinetic abilities. She also pilots a personalized Time Mazine that resembles Kamen Rider Kiva's Castle Doran. After losing her chronokinetic abilities, she uses dark energy capable of obliterating targets.
Ora is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Ayaka Konno\|紺野 彩夏\|Kon'no Ayaka}}.
|
[
"### Time Jackers",
"The {{nihongo\\|Time Jackers\\|タイムジャッカー\\|Taimu Jakkā}} are a group of time travelers brought together by Swartz, who gifted his subordinates with the ability to freeze time, that seek to prevent Ohma Zi\\-O's existence by replacing him with an Another Rider. While claiming this goal is just, they are either apathetic to the consequences of altering the timeline or unconcerned with spoiling future events.",
"Following the Time Jackers' defeat at the end of the series, [Finis](/wiki/%23Finis \"#Finis\") attempts to seek revenge during the events of the film *[Kamen Rider Reiwa: The First Generation](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Reiwa:The_First_Generation \"The First Generation\")*, only to be defeated like her fellow Time Jackers.",
"#### Swartz",
"{{nihongo\\|Swartz\\|スウォルツ\\|Suworutsu}} is the cool\\-headed and ruthless leader of the Time Jackers and Tsukuyomi's older brother. Preferring to take the direct approach, he sees friend and foe alike as pawns in his schemes. Originally from an alternate version of 2058, Swartz sought to protect his reality by destroying the multiverse and rule all of time and space. In his youth, he was irate over being passed over to succeed his parents, whose power he intended to use in his goals. When Tsukuyomi attempted to stop him, he stranded her in Ohma Zi\\-O's timeline with no memory of her past.",
"After growing older, Swartz commenced a long\\-term plot by forming the Time Jackers and influencing Sougo's life by installing his dream of becoming king; orchestrating the events that would lead to him becoming Zi\\-O and create the ideal conditions for fulfilling his ambition. Swartz also orchestrates Hiryū becoming Another Zi\\-O II to capture Tsukuyomi and take her powers along with those of Tsukasa Kadoya's before abandoning both the Time Jackers and Hiryū once they serve their purpose as he initiates a multiversal convergence. However, Swartz meets his end when Sougo becomes Ohma Zi\\-O and kills him before using his powers to undo the former's damage. In the new timeline, Swartz became Sougo's contemporary principal.",
"Swartz possesses teleportation, memory manipulation, and powerful chronokinetic abilities that allow him to freeze time. He can also travel to alternate timelines, something normal Time Mazines are incapable of doing, and bestow a weaker form of his chronokinetic powers unto others, which he can take back at his leisure. Swartz later acquires the ability to become the monstrous {{nihongo\\|Another Decade\\|アナザーディケイド\\|Anazā Dikeido}}, gaining the ability to manipulate Dimensional Walls like Tsukasa and Daiki Kaito, he can use them to attack or bind enemies as well as spirit people into his personal pocket dimension, {{nihongo\\|Another World\\|アナザーワールド\\|Anazā Wārudo}}, so he can summon alternate reality versions of past Dark Riders to take their place.",
"Swartz is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kentarou Kanesaki]]\\|兼崎 健太郎\\|Kanesaki Kentarō}} while {{nihongo\\|Tenma Naruse\\|成瀬 天馬\\|Naruse Tenma}} portrays him as a teenager.",
"#### Heure",
"{{nihongo\\|Heure\\|ウール\\|Ūru}} is the youngest member of the Time Jackers, whose childishness conceals his cruelty and arrogance as he manipulates his targets into forming Another Rider contracts by doing something for them to place them in his debt. Due to his infantile personality, he quickly becomes displeased when things do not go his way and acts in a more ruthless manner to ensure his success. After Swartz and Ora use him as a host for the parasitic Another Kikai, Heure becomes wary of his fellow Time Jackers as well as suspicious over his leader's true goals. This, combined with his growing curiosity over the truth of \"Ohma's Day\", cause him to become more willing to work with Black Woz. When Swartz reveals his true colors and takes away his powers, Heure escapes with Ora to seek out the Time Riders' protection, only to be killed by her so she could ensure her own protection. After Sougo sacrifices his power as Ohma Zi\\-O to undo the Time Jackers' damage, Heure is revived as a contemporary classmate of Sougo's in the new timeline.",
"Like the other Time Jackers, Swartz gifted Heure chronokinetic abilities, though the latter also demonstrated telekinetic powers. Additionally, Heure pilots a personalized Time Mazine that resembles Kamen Rider Ghost's Captain Ghost, which can also transform into a copy of the Rider's Iguana Ghostriker.",
"Heure is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Rihito Itagaki\\|板垣 李光人\\|Itagaki Rihito}}.",
"#### Ora",
"{{nihongo\\|Ora\\|オーラ\\|Ōra}} is a female member of the Time Jackers with a calm, gentle disposition who prefers to use persuasion to form Another Rider contracts by exploiting targets while they are in a state of emotional distress. While appearing outwardly gentle, her patience has its limits, especially when dealing with her fellow Time Jackers. After Swartz takes her powers away to enact his own plans, a disillusioned Ora joins Heure to seek out the Time Riders for protection until she learns she is being hunted by the [Paradox Roidmude](/wiki/List_of_returning_characters_in_Kamen_Rider_Zi-O%23Paradox \"List of returning characters in Kamen Rider Zi-O#Paradox\"). Vengeful and frightened, she kills Heure and returns to Swartz in an attempt to kill him as well, only for Swartz to see through her plan and kill her instead. After Sougo reverses the Time Jackers' damage, Ora is revived as a contemporary classmate of his in the new timeline.",
"Like the other Time Jackers, Swartz gifted Ora with chronokinetic abilities. She also pilots a personalized Time Mazine that resembles Kamen Rider Kiva's Castle Doran. After losing her chronokinetic abilities, she uses dark energy capable of obliterating targets.",
"Ora is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Ayaka Konno\\|紺野 彩夏\\|Kon'no Ayaka}}.",
""
] |
Coaching career
---------------
### Early career
Upon graduation from Angelo State in 2000, Carthel began his coaching career as the [defensive line coach](/wiki/Defensive_line_coach "Defensive line coach") and recruiting coordinator at [Abilene Christian University](/wiki/Abilene_Christian_University "Abilene Christian University"), where he remained until 2006\.{{Cite news \|title\=2003 Football Media Guide \|url\=http://www.acu.edu/img/assets/3823/2003%20Football%20Media%20Guide.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207033421/http://www.acu.edu/img/assets/3823/2003%20Football%20Media%20Guide.pdf \|archive\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|access\-date\=July 22, 2018}} In 2006 his father, Don Carthel, named him the [defensive coordinator](/wiki/Defensive_coordinator "Defensive coordinator") on his staff at [West Texas A\&M University](/wiki/West_Texas_A%26M_University "West Texas A&M University").{{Cite web \|last\=Heath \|first\=Jeremy \|title\=Carthel's son named to WT staff {{!}} Amarillo.com {{!}} Amarillo Globe\-News \|url\=http://amarillo.com/stories/071906/wts\_5152235\.shtml\#.VrBp8DbSnIW \|access\-date\=February 2, 2016 \|website\=amarillo.com}}{{dead link\|date\=June 2024}}
### Texas A\&M–Commerce
In 2013, Carthel was hired as the 19th head football coach at [Texas A\&M University\-Commerce](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University-Commerce "Texas A&M University-Commerce").{{Cite web \|title\=Colby Carthel Named A\&M\-Commerce's 19th Head Football Coach \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/1/22/1\_22\_2013\_343\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 2, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The program was coming off of two back\-to\-back 1–9 seasons, the worst two\-year stretch in school history. Carthel quickly established a new culture in Commerce that saw 50 of the 85 players leave the program. Carthel and his staff quickly plugged in the missing parts with mainly Junior College transfers and Division I transfers to quickly rebuild the program. Former [Auburn University](/wiki/Auburn_University "Auburn University") quarterback Tyrik Rollison, who had been considered the best high school quarterback in Texas in the class of 2010, transferred to Texas A\&M\-Commerce and was one of many JUCO and Division I players from the Dallas/Fort Worth and Northeast Texas area that transferred to A\&M\-Commerce to play for the Lions.
#### 2013 season
Carthel and the Lions started his first season by opening with a home win again [Sul Ross State University](/wiki/Sul_Ross_State_University "Sul Ross State University") 51–6\.{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Dominates SUL Ross State, 51–6, in Season Opener \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008135728\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The next week in front of 20,000 LSC fans at [AT\&T Stadium](/wiki/AT%26T_Stadium "AT&T Stadium"), Carthel's Lions upset the 22nd ranked [Delta State](/wiki/Delta_State_Statesmen_and_Lady_Statesmen "Delta State Statesmen and Lady Statesmen").{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Shocks 25th\-Ranked Delta State, 45–37 \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008135319\.aspx?path\=football \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The next week Carthel the Lions faced off with his former team, West Texas A\&M in [Canyon, Texas](/wiki/Canyon%2C_Texas "Canyon, Texas").{{Cite web \|title\=Carthel's Media Session Thoughts – Midwestern State \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008131000\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The Lions stunned the crowd by jumping out to a 14–7 lead, but were bested by a prolific Buffalo team 68–28,{{Cite web \|title\=Lions Strike First but Fall at Fourth\-ranked Buffs, 62–28 \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008134940\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} and then dropped a 30–24 decision to [Midwestern State](/wiki/Midwestern_State_Mustangs "Midwestern State Mustangs") the next week in Commerce.{{Cite web \|title\=Late Rally Comces up Short as Lions Fall to 23rd\-ranked Mustangs \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008134600\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} After a 2–2 start, the Lions rolled out 4 straight wins defeating [Southeastern Oklahoma State](/wiki/Southeastern_Oklahoma_State_Savage_Storm "Southeastern Oklahoma State Savage Storm") 31–29,{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Withstands Lightning, Storm for 31–29 Victory \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008134133\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} [Texas A\&M\-Kingsville](/wiki/Texas_A%26M%E2%80%93Kingsville_Javelinas "Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas") 41–28,{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Retains Chennault Cup with 41–28 win over Javelinas \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/15/FB\_1015135549\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} [McMurry](/wiki/McMurry_University "McMurry University") 65–43,{{Cite web \|title\=Davis' Record Night Paces A\&M\-Commerce Past McMurray, 65–43 \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/22/FB\_1022131421\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} and arch\-rival [Tarleton State](/wiki/Tarleton_State_Texans_and_TexAnns "Tarleton State Texans and TexAnns") 22–20\.{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Upends 23rd\-Ranked Tarleton State, 22–20 \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/28/FB\_1028130042\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The Lions rounded out the season by dropping a close loss to the [Angelo State Rams](/wiki/Angelo_State_Rams "Angelo State Rams") 25–20,{{Cite web \|title\=Late Ram Touchdown Spoils Lion Homecoming in 25–20 Defeat \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/2/FB\_1102133334\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} bouncing back against Division I [Houston Baptist Huskies](/wiki/Houston_Baptist_Huskies "Houston Baptist Huskies") 55–21,{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Dominates Division I foe Houston Baptist51–22 \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/9/FB\_1109132949\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} and ending the season with a last second 42–35 loss to [Eastern New Mexico](/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico_Greyhounds "Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds").{{Cite web \|title\=Greyhounds Outlast Lions, 42–35, in Season Finale Shutout \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/16/FB\_1116133446\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} Despite the late season loss, the Lions were invited to the [2013 LiveUnited Texarkana Bowl](/wiki/Live_United_Texarkana_Bowl "Live United Texarkana Bowl") to finish the season 7–5 overall and fifth in the conference.{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce to play in inaugural Live United Texarkana Bowl \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/19/FB\_1119130158\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}}
#### 2014 season
Carthel's 2014 A\&M–Commerce squad led the nation in points per game with an average of 54\.1, and yards per game with an average of 535\.4\.{{Cite web \|title\=Texas A\&M University\-Commerce Athletics – 2016 Football Coaching Staff \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/coaches.aspx?rc\=214 \|access\-date\=February 3, 2016 \|website\=lionathletics.com}} They opened the season with a record\-breaking performance against [East Texas Baptist](/wiki/East_Texas_Baptist_University "East Texas Baptist University") in which they scored 98 points and amassed 986 total yards of offense and 13 touchdowns.{{Cite web \|title\=Lions Open Season in Record\-Breaking Fashion Thursday \|url\=http://www.lionathletics.com/news/2014/9/5/FB\_0905144620\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 2, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The win gained the Lions national exposure as it was reported on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN")'s [SportsCenter](/wiki/SportsCenter "SportsCenter") that same night. The next day, head coach Colby Carthel was interviewed by ESPN's [Linda Cohn](/wiki/Linda_Cohn "Linda Cohn") in regards to the win. In that win the Lions set national and conference records for points scored, yards gained, and total offense in a game. The Lions also defeated A\&M\-Kingsville, Tarleton State, West Texas A\&M, Angelo State, and Tarleton State a second time in the conference playoffs. The lone losses were to the Division I [Stephen F. Austin State Lumberjacks](/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_Lumberjacks "Stephen F. Austin State Lumberjacks"), Midwestern State, and to Angelo State in a conference finals rematch. The Lions won the [Lone Star Conference](/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference "Lone Star Conference") championship for the 21st time in school history, the first time since the 1990 season. The Lions were left out of the NCAA playoffs, but were invited back to the postseason, which resulted in a 72–21 win over [East Central University](/wiki/East_Central_University "East Central University") in the [C.H.A.M.P.S. Heart of Texas Bowl](/wiki/C.H.A.M.P.S._Heart_of_Texas_Bowl "C.H.A.M.P.S. Heart of Texas Bowl"), the win was the first postseason win for the program since a 1991 win over [Grand Valley State](/wiki/Grand_Valley_State "Grand Valley State") in the 1991 NCAA first round of the playoffs to finish the season 9–3\.{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Wins Heart of Texas Bowl with 72–21 Rout of ECU \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2014/12/7/FB\_1207141408\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The 2014 team saw [Ricky Collins](/wiki/Ricky_Collins "Ricky Collins"), [Vernon Johnson](/wiki/Vernon_Johnson_%28American_football%29 "Vernon Johnson (American football)"), and [Charles Tuaau](/wiki/Charles_Tuaau "Charles Tuaau") be called to the NFL.
#### 2015 season
Prior to the start of the 2015 season the Lions were picked second to finish behind Angelo State. The Lions started out with a win against Adams State followed by a loss to a top ten Delta State team in a last second thriller. Carthel then guided the Lions to their second straight conference championship with an undefeated conference record, and qualified for the NCAA Division II playoffs for the first time since 1995, where they lost to the [Ferris State Bulldogs](/wiki/Ferris_State_Bulldogs "Ferris State Bulldogs") in the first round of the playoffs, finishing 8–4 overall ranked No. 20 in the nation. The Lions were guided by former University of Nevada QB Harrison Stewart, Running Back Richard Cooper, Receiver Lance Evans, and Defensive Standouts Toni Pulu and Cole Pitts. Stewart threw for over 3,300 yards, putting him second all time for single season passing yards in Lion football History, while Cooper was an All\-American and Evans, Pulu, and Pitts were all first team All\-LSC Conference.{{Cite web \|title\=Updated: Lions Tabbed No. 7 seed Will Travel to No. 2 seed/No. 2 ranked Ferris State \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2015/11/15/FB\_1115155750\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The Lions led the conference in passing offense and total offense.{{Cite web \|title\=Recap the 2015 Lion Football Season \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2016/1/1/FB\_0101163127\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}}
#### 2016 season
In the spring of 2016, Carthel was rewarded with a contract extension with options that would keep him Commerce until 2018\. In his first three seasons as head coach he led the team to a total of three postseason appearances, two [LSC](/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference "Lone Star Conference") championships, and seven or more wins in each season. He also helped lead a number of players to the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League").
Carthel's Lions started the season ranked 9th in the nation and picked to win the Lone Star Conference for the third straight year. All\-American running back Richard Cooper returned for his senior season and was picked preseason conference back of the year. The Lions ran out to a 5–0 record to start the season, but lost by 1 point to Midwestern State in a back and forth affair in Commerce. The Lions then reeled off 5 straight wins and clinched their third straight LSC Championship after Midwestern lost to Eastern New Mexico in the final game of the season. The Lions once again were selected for the NCAA Division II national playoffs and hosted a first\-round game for the first time since 1991\. The Lions defeated 24th ranked Colorado\-Mesa, setting them up with the second ranked Grand Valley State Lakers. The Lions bowed out in the second round to the Lakers, ending the season at 11–2\. Lions Quarterback [Luis Perez](/wiki/Luis_Perez_%28American_football%29 "Luis Perez (American football)") was selected as a Harlon Hill Trophy nominee, while punter Hector Dominguez was first team All\-American and offensive lineman Jared Machorro was named second team All\-American. Return specialist Shawn Hooks and linebacker Uriah Harris were both named All\-Region team and the Lions placed 8 members on the All\-Lone Star Conference first team, including Cooper, Perez, Hooks, Harris, Dominguez, Machorro, Defensive lineman Tavita Faaiu, and Wideout Lance Evans. The Lions 11–2 season was the most wins for the Lions since 1953 and the first time the Lions had double digit wins since 1990\. In December 2016, TAMUC President Dr. Ray Keck and Athletic Director Tim McMurray announced they were extending Carthel's contract yet again, this time until 2020\.
#### 2017 season
Carthel's Lions were picked to win a fourth straight Lone Star Conference title by the league's coaches and media. All\-American Quarterback Luis Perez returned for his Senior season along with Pre\-Season All\-American Jared Machorro. The Lions started their season 4–0, reaching No. 2 in the polls before losing to Midwestern State University in a close 47–42 affair. The Lions finished the season 9–1, second in the Lone Star Conference behind Midwestern State. The Lions qualified for the NCAA Division II playoffs for the third straight season. In the first round, the Lions traveled to [Winona State University](/wiki/Winona_State_University "Winona State University") and defeated the Warriors 20–6\. In the second round, the Lions defeated [Central Washington University](/wiki/Central_Washington_University "Central Washington University") in come from behind fashion in double overtime, 34–31\. In the Super Region 4 Championship game, the Lions defeated [Minnesota State University\-Mankato](/wiki/Minnesota_State_University-Mankato "Minnesota State University-Mankato") 31–21\. The Lions then hosted the [Harding](/wiki/Harding_Bisons_football "Harding Bisons football") Bisons at Memorial Stadium in [Commerce, Texas](/wiki/Commerce%2C_Texas "Commerce, Texas"), in the National semifinals, the first time the Lions had played in the National semifinals since being in the [NAIA](/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics "National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics") during the 1980 season. The Lions defeated the Bison 31–17 to earn a spot in the national championship game against [West Florida](/wiki/West_Florida "West Florida") University. The Lions defeated the Argonauts 37–27 to win their first national championship since 1972 and their first since as a member of the NCAA. Lions Quarterback [Luis Perez](/wiki/Luis_Perez_%28American_football%29 "Luis Perez (American football)") won the [Harlon Hill Trophy](/wiki/Harlon_Hill_Trophy "Harlon Hill Trophy"), and the Lions finished the season ranked a consensus \# 1 in the country.
#### 2018 season
Carthel's Lions were selected as a preseason national \# 1 team and also picked to win the Lone Star Conference. The season started with a televised overtime thriller by beating rival [Texas A\&M\-Kingsville](/wiki/Texas_A%26M-Kingsville "Texas A&M-Kingsville") for the 7th straight season, something no other Lion coach had ever done. The Lions then defeated William Jewell College 27–17 and Lone Star Conference foe Eastern New Mexico 21–11\. The Lions then lost their first game of the season to 22nd ranked Colorado State Pueblo 23–13\. The Loss to CSU\-P was only the second time in the Carthel era that the Lions were held without an offensive touchdown. The Lions made personnel changes on offense and rebounded to soundly defeat Lock Haven (Pennsylvania) 68–6, and then avenged their only loss of the previous season by beating Midwestern State 20–19\. The MSU game was played in odd circumstances as the Lions and Mustangs played to a 10–10 tie in the first half in [Wichita Falls, Texas](/wiki/Wichita_Falls%2C_Texas "Wichita Falls, Texas"), but could not continue due to inclement weather. The schools mutually agreed to continue the second half of the game at [Apogee Stadium](/wiki/Apogee_Stadium "Apogee Stadium") on the campus of [The University of North Texas](/wiki/The_University_of_North_Texas "The University of North Texas") in [Denton, Texas](/wiki/Denton%2C_Texas "Denton, Texas"), that following afternoon. After defeating MSU, the Lions lost for the first time in 5 years to A\&M System rival [Tarleton State University](/wiki/Tarleton_State_University "Tarleton State University") 47–21\. Again, the Lions rebounded by routing Western New Mexico 55–7 and defeating another cross state rival, West Texas A\&M, 41–16\. The Lions finished the season with a close win against Texas\-Permian Basin 20–17 and clinched a spot in the NCAA Division II playoffs for the fourth straight season with a 41–13 win over Angelo State. The Lions finished the regular season with a 9–2 record, a \# 15 national ranking, LSC runner\-ups, and Carthel was named Lone Star Conference Coach of The Year. They then defeated an undefeated and top 5 ranked Minnesota\-Duluth team 33–17 in the first round of the NCAA Division II Playoffs, before bowing out in a second round rematch against conference foe Tarleton State 34–28 to end the year at 10–3\.
### Stephen F. Austin
On December 2, 2018, Carthel was named the head football coach at [Stephen F. Austin State University](/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_University "Stephen F. Austin State University").
#### 2019 season
Carthel inherited a program that received a post\-season ban because the previous regime's failure to meet APR standards. With the ban SFA also had to forfeit any wins from the 2013\-2019 seasons. Several upperclassmen student\-athletes were academically suspended for the entire season. 43 different Freshmen saw meaningful snaps during the 2019 season.
#### 2020 season
During the Covid Season, the Football Season was condensed to 10 games. 4 being FBS opponents of UTEP, UTSA, SMU and Memphis. With the limited amount of FCS teams playing during the 2020 Fall Semester, only teams available to play were Abilene Christian and Eastern Kentucky. The game between ACU and SFA was for the 2020 Fall Southland Championship. [https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401248039/abilene\-chrstn\-sf\-austin](https://www.espn.com/college-football/game/_/gameId/401248039/abilene-chrstn-sf-austin) . This was Carthel's first major win at SFA. He would eventually finish the season with a 6\-4 record.
#### 2021 season
Year 3 under Coach Carthel, the Lumberjacks showed continued improvement. Several All\-Conference caliber players including Xavier Gipson, B.J. Thompson, Trae Self, Rayshad Nichols, TKai Lloyd, Myles Heard and many others helped lead SFA to an 8\-3 Regular season record and giving the Lumberjacks their first playoff appearance since 2014\.
#### 2022 season
After the departure of Defensive Coordinator, Scott Power. Carthel had to revamp a defensive coaching staff as well as several talented student\-athletes on the defensive side of the ball. Carthel was able to build the Lumberjacks to win the 2022 WAC Championship. [thumb](/wiki/File:Ingame_postgame_edits_227.jpg "Ingame postgame edits 227.jpg")\[<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference_football>] . SFA would defeat ACU in the final regular season game to become the Final WAC Champions.
|
[
"Coaching career\n---------------",
"### Early career",
"Upon graduation from Angelo State in 2000, Carthel began his coaching career as the [defensive line coach](/wiki/Defensive_line_coach \"Defensive line coach\") and recruiting coordinator at [Abilene Christian University](/wiki/Abilene_Christian_University \"Abilene Christian University\"), where he remained until 2006\\.{{Cite news \\|title\\=2003 Football Media Guide \\|url\\=http://www.acu.edu/img/assets/3823/2003%20Football%20Media%20Guide.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207033421/http://www.acu.edu/img/assets/3823/2003%20Football%20Media%20Guide.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2018}} In 2006 his father, Don Carthel, named him the [defensive coordinator](/wiki/Defensive_coordinator \"Defensive coordinator\") on his staff at [West Texas A\\&M University](/wiki/West_Texas_A%26M_University \"West Texas A&M University\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Heath \\|first\\=Jeremy \\|title\\=Carthel's son named to WT staff {{!}} Amarillo.com {{!}} Amarillo Globe\\-News \\|url\\=http://amarillo.com/stories/071906/wts\\_5152235\\.shtml\\#.VrBp8DbSnIW \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2016 \\|website\\=amarillo.com}}{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2024}}",
"### Texas A\\&M–Commerce",
"In 2013, Carthel was hired as the 19th head football coach at [Texas A\\&M University\\-Commerce](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University-Commerce \"Texas A&M University-Commerce\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Colby Carthel Named A\\&M\\-Commerce's 19th Head Football Coach \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/1/22/1\\_22\\_2013\\_343\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The program was coming off of two back\\-to\\-back 1–9 seasons, the worst two\\-year stretch in school history. Carthel quickly established a new culture in Commerce that saw 50 of the 85 players leave the program. Carthel and his staff quickly plugged in the missing parts with mainly Junior College transfers and Division I transfers to quickly rebuild the program. Former [Auburn University](/wiki/Auburn_University \"Auburn University\") quarterback Tyrik Rollison, who had been considered the best high school quarterback in Texas in the class of 2010, transferred to Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce and was one of many JUCO and Division I players from the Dallas/Fort Worth and Northeast Texas area that transferred to A\\&M\\-Commerce to play for the Lions.",
"#### 2013 season",
"Carthel and the Lions started his first season by opening with a home win again [Sul Ross State University](/wiki/Sul_Ross_State_University \"Sul Ross State University\") 51–6\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Dominates SUL Ross State, 51–6, in Season Opener \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008135728\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The next week in front of 20,000 LSC fans at [AT\\&T Stadium](/wiki/AT%26T_Stadium \"AT&T Stadium\"), Carthel's Lions upset the 22nd ranked [Delta State](/wiki/Delta_State_Statesmen_and_Lady_Statesmen \"Delta State Statesmen and Lady Statesmen\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Shocks 25th\\-Ranked Delta State, 45–37 \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008135319\\.aspx?path\\=football \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The next week Carthel the Lions faced off with his former team, West Texas A\\&M in [Canyon, Texas](/wiki/Canyon%2C_Texas \"Canyon, Texas\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Carthel's Media Session Thoughts – Midwestern State \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008131000\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The Lions stunned the crowd by jumping out to a 14–7 lead, but were bested by a prolific Buffalo team 68–28,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Lions Strike First but Fall at Fourth\\-ranked Buffs, 62–28 \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008134940\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} and then dropped a 30–24 decision to [Midwestern State](/wiki/Midwestern_State_Mustangs \"Midwestern State Mustangs\") the next week in Commerce.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Late Rally Comces up Short as Lions Fall to 23rd\\-ranked Mustangs \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008134600\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} After a 2–2 start, the Lions rolled out 4 straight wins defeating [Southeastern Oklahoma State](/wiki/Southeastern_Oklahoma_State_Savage_Storm \"Southeastern Oklahoma State Savage Storm\") 31–29,{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Withstands Lightning, Storm for 31–29 Victory \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008134133\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} [Texas A\\&M\\-Kingsville](/wiki/Texas_A%26M%E2%80%93Kingsville_Javelinas \"Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas\") 41–28,{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Retains Chennault Cup with 41–28 win over Javelinas \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/15/FB\\_1015135549\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} [McMurry](/wiki/McMurry_University \"McMurry University\") 65–43,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Davis' Record Night Paces A\\&M\\-Commerce Past McMurray, 65–43 \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/22/FB\\_1022131421\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} and arch\\-rival [Tarleton State](/wiki/Tarleton_State_Texans_and_TexAnns \"Tarleton State Texans and TexAnns\") 22–20\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Upends 23rd\\-Ranked Tarleton State, 22–20 \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/28/FB\\_1028130042\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The Lions rounded out the season by dropping a close loss to the [Angelo State Rams](/wiki/Angelo_State_Rams \"Angelo State Rams\") 25–20,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Late Ram Touchdown Spoils Lion Homecoming in 25–20 Defeat \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/2/FB\\_1102133334\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} bouncing back against Division I [Houston Baptist Huskies](/wiki/Houston_Baptist_Huskies \"Houston Baptist Huskies\") 55–21,{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Dominates Division I foe Houston Baptist51–22 \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/9/FB\\_1109132949\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} and ending the season with a last second 42–35 loss to [Eastern New Mexico](/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico_Greyhounds \"Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Greyhounds Outlast Lions, 42–35, in Season Finale Shutout \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/16/FB\\_1116133446\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} Despite the late season loss, the Lions were invited to the [2013 LiveUnited Texarkana Bowl](/wiki/Live_United_Texarkana_Bowl \"Live United Texarkana Bowl\") to finish the season 7–5 overall and fifth in the conference.{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce to play in inaugural Live United Texarkana Bowl \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/19/FB\\_1119130158\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}}",
"#### 2014 season",
"Carthel's 2014 A\\&M–Commerce squad led the nation in points per game with an average of 54\\.1, and yards per game with an average of 535\\.4\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Texas A\\&M University\\-Commerce Athletics – 2016 Football Coaching Staff \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/coaches.aspx?rc\\=214 \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2016 \\|website\\=lionathletics.com}} They opened the season with a record\\-breaking performance against [East Texas Baptist](/wiki/East_Texas_Baptist_University \"East Texas Baptist University\") in which they scored 98 points and amassed 986 total yards of offense and 13 touchdowns.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Lions Open Season in Record\\-Breaking Fashion Thursday \\|url\\=http://www.lionathletics.com/news/2014/9/5/FB\\_0905144620\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The win gained the Lions national exposure as it was reported on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\")'s [SportsCenter](/wiki/SportsCenter \"SportsCenter\") that same night. The next day, head coach Colby Carthel was interviewed by ESPN's [Linda Cohn](/wiki/Linda_Cohn \"Linda Cohn\") in regards to the win. In that win the Lions set national and conference records for points scored, yards gained, and total offense in a game. The Lions also defeated A\\&M\\-Kingsville, Tarleton State, West Texas A\\&M, Angelo State, and Tarleton State a second time in the conference playoffs. The lone losses were to the Division I [Stephen F. Austin State Lumberjacks](/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_Lumberjacks \"Stephen F. Austin State Lumberjacks\"), Midwestern State, and to Angelo State in a conference finals rematch. The Lions won the [Lone Star Conference](/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference \"Lone Star Conference\") championship for the 21st time in school history, the first time since the 1990 season. The Lions were left out of the NCAA playoffs, but were invited back to the postseason, which resulted in a 72–21 win over [East Central University](/wiki/East_Central_University \"East Central University\") in the [C.H.A.M.P.S. Heart of Texas Bowl](/wiki/C.H.A.M.P.S._Heart_of_Texas_Bowl \"C.H.A.M.P.S. Heart of Texas Bowl\"), the win was the first postseason win for the program since a 1991 win over [Grand Valley State](/wiki/Grand_Valley_State \"Grand Valley State\") in the 1991 NCAA first round of the playoffs to finish the season 9–3\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Wins Heart of Texas Bowl with 72–21 Rout of ECU \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2014/12/7/FB\\_1207141408\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The 2014 team saw [Ricky Collins](/wiki/Ricky_Collins \"Ricky Collins\"), [Vernon Johnson](/wiki/Vernon_Johnson_%28American_football%29 \"Vernon Johnson (American football)\"), and [Charles Tuaau](/wiki/Charles_Tuaau \"Charles Tuaau\") be called to the NFL.",
"#### 2015 season",
"Prior to the start of the 2015 season the Lions were picked second to finish behind Angelo State. The Lions started out with a win against Adams State followed by a loss to a top ten Delta State team in a last second thriller. Carthel then guided the Lions to their second straight conference championship with an undefeated conference record, and qualified for the NCAA Division II playoffs for the first time since 1995, where they lost to the [Ferris State Bulldogs](/wiki/Ferris_State_Bulldogs \"Ferris State Bulldogs\") in the first round of the playoffs, finishing 8–4 overall ranked No. 20 in the nation. The Lions were guided by former University of Nevada QB Harrison Stewart, Running Back Richard Cooper, Receiver Lance Evans, and Defensive Standouts Toni Pulu and Cole Pitts. Stewart threw for over 3,300 yards, putting him second all time for single season passing yards in Lion football History, while Cooper was an All\\-American and Evans, Pulu, and Pitts were all first team All\\-LSC Conference.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Updated: Lions Tabbed No. 7 seed Will Travel to No. 2 seed/No. 2 ranked Ferris State \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2015/11/15/FB\\_1115155750\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The Lions led the conference in passing offense and total offense.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Recap the 2015 Lion Football Season \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2016/1/1/FB\\_0101163127\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}}",
"#### 2016 season",
"In the spring of 2016, Carthel was rewarded with a contract extension with options that would keep him Commerce until 2018\\. In his first three seasons as head coach he led the team to a total of three postseason appearances, two [LSC](/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference \"Lone Star Conference\") championships, and seven or more wins in each season. He also helped lead a number of players to the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\").",
"Carthel's Lions started the season ranked 9th in the nation and picked to win the Lone Star Conference for the third straight year. All\\-American running back Richard Cooper returned for his senior season and was picked preseason conference back of the year. The Lions ran out to a 5–0 record to start the season, but lost by 1 point to Midwestern State in a back and forth affair in Commerce. The Lions then reeled off 5 straight wins and clinched their third straight LSC Championship after Midwestern lost to Eastern New Mexico in the final game of the season. The Lions once again were selected for the NCAA Division II national playoffs and hosted a first\\-round game for the first time since 1991\\. The Lions defeated 24th ranked Colorado\\-Mesa, setting them up with the second ranked Grand Valley State Lakers. The Lions bowed out in the second round to the Lakers, ending the season at 11–2\\. Lions Quarterback [Luis Perez](/wiki/Luis_Perez_%28American_football%29 \"Luis Perez (American football)\") was selected as a Harlon Hill Trophy nominee, while punter Hector Dominguez was first team All\\-American and offensive lineman Jared Machorro was named second team All\\-American. Return specialist Shawn Hooks and linebacker Uriah Harris were both named All\\-Region team and the Lions placed 8 members on the All\\-Lone Star Conference first team, including Cooper, Perez, Hooks, Harris, Dominguez, Machorro, Defensive lineman Tavita Faaiu, and Wideout Lance Evans. The Lions 11–2 season was the most wins for the Lions since 1953 and the first time the Lions had double digit wins since 1990\\. In December 2016, TAMUC President Dr. Ray Keck and Athletic Director Tim McMurray announced they were extending Carthel's contract yet again, this time until 2020\\.",
"#### 2017 season",
"Carthel's Lions were picked to win a fourth straight Lone Star Conference title by the league's coaches and media. All\\-American Quarterback Luis Perez returned for his Senior season along with Pre\\-Season All\\-American Jared Machorro. The Lions started their season 4–0, reaching No. 2 in the polls before losing to Midwestern State University in a close 47–42 affair. The Lions finished the season 9–1, second in the Lone Star Conference behind Midwestern State. The Lions qualified for the NCAA Division II playoffs for the third straight season. In the first round, the Lions traveled to [Winona State University](/wiki/Winona_State_University \"Winona State University\") and defeated the Warriors 20–6\\. In the second round, the Lions defeated [Central Washington University](/wiki/Central_Washington_University \"Central Washington University\") in come from behind fashion in double overtime, 34–31\\. In the Super Region 4 Championship game, the Lions defeated [Minnesota State University\\-Mankato](/wiki/Minnesota_State_University-Mankato \"Minnesota State University-Mankato\") 31–21\\. The Lions then hosted the [Harding](/wiki/Harding_Bisons_football \"Harding Bisons football\") Bisons at Memorial Stadium in [Commerce, Texas](/wiki/Commerce%2C_Texas \"Commerce, Texas\"), in the National semifinals, the first time the Lions had played in the National semifinals since being in the [NAIA](/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics \"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics\") during the 1980 season. The Lions defeated the Bison 31–17 to earn a spot in the national championship game against [West Florida](/wiki/West_Florida \"West Florida\") University. The Lions defeated the Argonauts 37–27 to win their first national championship since 1972 and their first since as a member of the NCAA. Lions Quarterback [Luis Perez](/wiki/Luis_Perez_%28American_football%29 \"Luis Perez (American football)\") won the [Harlon Hill Trophy](/wiki/Harlon_Hill_Trophy \"Harlon Hill Trophy\"), and the Lions finished the season ranked a consensus \\# 1 in the country.",
"#### 2018 season",
"Carthel's Lions were selected as a preseason national \\# 1 team and also picked to win the Lone Star Conference. The season started with a televised overtime thriller by beating rival [Texas A\\&M\\-Kingsville](/wiki/Texas_A%26M-Kingsville \"Texas A&M-Kingsville\") for the 7th straight season, something no other Lion coach had ever done. The Lions then defeated William Jewell College 27–17 and Lone Star Conference foe Eastern New Mexico 21–11\\. The Lions then lost their first game of the season to 22nd ranked Colorado State Pueblo 23–13\\. The Loss to CSU\\-P was only the second time in the Carthel era that the Lions were held without an offensive touchdown. The Lions made personnel changes on offense and rebounded to soundly defeat Lock Haven (Pennsylvania) 68–6, and then avenged their only loss of the previous season by beating Midwestern State 20–19\\. The MSU game was played in odd circumstances as the Lions and Mustangs played to a 10–10 tie in the first half in [Wichita Falls, Texas](/wiki/Wichita_Falls%2C_Texas \"Wichita Falls, Texas\"), but could not continue due to inclement weather. The schools mutually agreed to continue the second half of the game at [Apogee Stadium](/wiki/Apogee_Stadium \"Apogee Stadium\") on the campus of [The University of North Texas](/wiki/The_University_of_North_Texas \"The University of North Texas\") in [Denton, Texas](/wiki/Denton%2C_Texas \"Denton, Texas\"), that following afternoon. After defeating MSU, the Lions lost for the first time in 5 years to A\\&M System rival [Tarleton State University](/wiki/Tarleton_State_University \"Tarleton State University\") 47–21\\. Again, the Lions rebounded by routing Western New Mexico 55–7 and defeating another cross state rival, West Texas A\\&M, 41–16\\. The Lions finished the season with a close win against Texas\\-Permian Basin 20–17 and clinched a spot in the NCAA Division II playoffs for the fourth straight season with a 41–13 win over Angelo State. The Lions finished the regular season with a 9–2 record, a \\# 15 national ranking, LSC runner\\-ups, and Carthel was named Lone Star Conference Coach of The Year. They then defeated an undefeated and top 5 ranked Minnesota\\-Duluth team 33–17 in the first round of the NCAA Division II Playoffs, before bowing out in a second round rematch against conference foe Tarleton State 34–28 to end the year at 10–3\\.",
"### Stephen F. Austin",
"On December 2, 2018, Carthel was named the head football coach at [Stephen F. Austin State University](/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_University \"Stephen F. Austin State University\").",
"#### 2019 season",
"Carthel inherited a program that received a post\\-season ban because the previous regime's failure to meet APR standards. With the ban SFA also had to forfeit any wins from the 2013\\-2019 seasons. Several upperclassmen student\\-athletes were academically suspended for the entire season. 43 different Freshmen saw meaningful snaps during the 2019 season.",
"#### 2020 season",
"During the Covid Season, the Football Season was condensed to 10 games. 4 being FBS opponents of UTEP, UTSA, SMU and Memphis. With the limited amount of FCS teams playing during the 2020 Fall Semester, only teams available to play were Abilene Christian and Eastern Kentucky. The game between ACU and SFA was for the 2020 Fall Southland Championship. [https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401248039/abilene\\-chrstn\\-sf\\-austin](https://www.espn.com/college-football/game/_/gameId/401248039/abilene-chrstn-sf-austin) . This was Carthel's first major win at SFA. He would eventually finish the season with a 6\\-4 record.",
"#### 2021 season",
"Year 3 under Coach Carthel, the Lumberjacks showed continued improvement. Several All\\-Conference caliber players including Xavier Gipson, B.J. Thompson, Trae Self, Rayshad Nichols, TKai Lloyd, Myles Heard and many others helped lead SFA to an 8\\-3 Regular season record and giving the Lumberjacks their first playoff appearance since 2014\\.",
"#### 2022 season",
"After the departure of Defensive Coordinator, Scott Power. Carthel had to revamp a defensive coaching staff as well as several talented student\\-athletes on the defensive side of the ball. Carthel was able to build the Lumberjacks to win the 2022 WAC Championship. [thumb](/wiki/File:Ingame_postgame_edits_227.jpg \"Ingame postgame edits 227.jpg\")\\[<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference_football>] . SFA would defeat ACU in the final regular season game to become the Final WAC Champions.",
"",
"",
""
] |
### Texas A\&M–Commerce
In 2013, Carthel was hired as the 19th head football coach at [Texas A\&M University\-Commerce](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University-Commerce "Texas A&M University-Commerce").{{Cite web \|title\=Colby Carthel Named A\&M\-Commerce's 19th Head Football Coach \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/1/22/1\_22\_2013\_343\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 2, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The program was coming off of two back\-to\-back 1–9 seasons, the worst two\-year stretch in school history. Carthel quickly established a new culture in Commerce that saw 50 of the 85 players leave the program. Carthel and his staff quickly plugged in the missing parts with mainly Junior College transfers and Division I transfers to quickly rebuild the program. Former [Auburn University](/wiki/Auburn_University "Auburn University") quarterback Tyrik Rollison, who had been considered the best high school quarterback in Texas in the class of 2010, transferred to Texas A\&M\-Commerce and was one of many JUCO and Division I players from the Dallas/Fort Worth and Northeast Texas area that transferred to A\&M\-Commerce to play for the Lions.
#### 2013 season
Carthel and the Lions started his first season by opening with a home win again [Sul Ross State University](/wiki/Sul_Ross_State_University "Sul Ross State University") 51–6\.{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Dominates SUL Ross State, 51–6, in Season Opener \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008135728\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The next week in front of 20,000 LSC fans at [AT\&T Stadium](/wiki/AT%26T_Stadium "AT&T Stadium"), Carthel's Lions upset the 22nd ranked [Delta State](/wiki/Delta_State_Statesmen_and_Lady_Statesmen "Delta State Statesmen and Lady Statesmen").{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Shocks 25th\-Ranked Delta State, 45–37 \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008135319\.aspx?path\=football \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The next week Carthel the Lions faced off with his former team, West Texas A\&M in [Canyon, Texas](/wiki/Canyon%2C_Texas "Canyon, Texas").{{Cite web \|title\=Carthel's Media Session Thoughts – Midwestern State \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008131000\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The Lions stunned the crowd by jumping out to a 14–7 lead, but were bested by a prolific Buffalo team 68–28,{{Cite web \|title\=Lions Strike First but Fall at Fourth\-ranked Buffs, 62–28 \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008134940\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} and then dropped a 30–24 decision to [Midwestern State](/wiki/Midwestern_State_Mustangs "Midwestern State Mustangs") the next week in Commerce.{{Cite web \|title\=Late Rally Comces up Short as Lions Fall to 23rd\-ranked Mustangs \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008134600\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} After a 2–2 start, the Lions rolled out 4 straight wins defeating [Southeastern Oklahoma State](/wiki/Southeastern_Oklahoma_State_Savage_Storm "Southeastern Oklahoma State Savage Storm") 31–29,{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Withstands Lightning, Storm for 31–29 Victory \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\_1008134133\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} [Texas A\&M\-Kingsville](/wiki/Texas_A%26M%E2%80%93Kingsville_Javelinas "Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas") 41–28,{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Retains Chennault Cup with 41–28 win over Javelinas \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/15/FB\_1015135549\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} [McMurry](/wiki/McMurry_University "McMurry University") 65–43,{{Cite web \|title\=Davis' Record Night Paces A\&M\-Commerce Past McMurray, 65–43 \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/22/FB\_1022131421\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} and arch\-rival [Tarleton State](/wiki/Tarleton_State_Texans_and_TexAnns "Tarleton State Texans and TexAnns") 22–20\.{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Upends 23rd\-Ranked Tarleton State, 22–20 \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/28/FB\_1028130042\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The Lions rounded out the season by dropping a close loss to the [Angelo State Rams](/wiki/Angelo_State_Rams "Angelo State Rams") 25–20,{{Cite web \|title\=Late Ram Touchdown Spoils Lion Homecoming in 25–20 Defeat \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/2/FB\_1102133334\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} bouncing back against Division I [Houston Baptist Huskies](/wiki/Houston_Baptist_Huskies "Houston Baptist Huskies") 55–21,{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Dominates Division I foe Houston Baptist51–22 \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/9/FB\_1109132949\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} and ending the season with a last second 42–35 loss to [Eastern New Mexico](/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico_Greyhounds "Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds").{{Cite web \|title\=Greyhounds Outlast Lions, 42–35, in Season Finale Shutout \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/16/FB\_1116133446\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} Despite the late season loss, the Lions were invited to the [2013 LiveUnited Texarkana Bowl](/wiki/Live_United_Texarkana_Bowl "Live United Texarkana Bowl") to finish the season 7–5 overall and fifth in the conference.{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce to play in inaugural Live United Texarkana Bowl \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/19/FB\_1119130158\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}}
#### 2014 season
Carthel's 2014 A\&M–Commerce squad led the nation in points per game with an average of 54\.1, and yards per game with an average of 535\.4\.{{Cite web \|title\=Texas A\&M University\-Commerce Athletics – 2016 Football Coaching Staff \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/coaches.aspx?rc\=214 \|access\-date\=February 3, 2016 \|website\=lionathletics.com}} They opened the season with a record\-breaking performance against [East Texas Baptist](/wiki/East_Texas_Baptist_University "East Texas Baptist University") in which they scored 98 points and amassed 986 total yards of offense and 13 touchdowns.{{Cite web \|title\=Lions Open Season in Record\-Breaking Fashion Thursday \|url\=http://www.lionathletics.com/news/2014/9/5/FB\_0905144620\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 2, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The win gained the Lions national exposure as it was reported on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN")'s [SportsCenter](/wiki/SportsCenter "SportsCenter") that same night. The next day, head coach Colby Carthel was interviewed by ESPN's [Linda Cohn](/wiki/Linda_Cohn "Linda Cohn") in regards to the win. In that win the Lions set national and conference records for points scored, yards gained, and total offense in a game. The Lions also defeated A\&M\-Kingsville, Tarleton State, West Texas A\&M, Angelo State, and Tarleton State a second time in the conference playoffs. The lone losses were to the Division I [Stephen F. Austin State Lumberjacks](/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_Lumberjacks "Stephen F. Austin State Lumberjacks"), Midwestern State, and to Angelo State in a conference finals rematch. The Lions won the [Lone Star Conference](/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference "Lone Star Conference") championship for the 21st time in school history, the first time since the 1990 season. The Lions were left out of the NCAA playoffs, but were invited back to the postseason, which resulted in a 72–21 win over [East Central University](/wiki/East_Central_University "East Central University") in the [C.H.A.M.P.S. Heart of Texas Bowl](/wiki/C.H.A.M.P.S._Heart_of_Texas_Bowl "C.H.A.M.P.S. Heart of Texas Bowl"), the win was the first postseason win for the program since a 1991 win over [Grand Valley State](/wiki/Grand_Valley_State "Grand Valley State") in the 1991 NCAA first round of the playoffs to finish the season 9–3\.{{Cite web \|title\=A\&M\-Commerce Wins Heart of Texas Bowl with 72–21 Rout of ECU \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2014/12/7/FB\_1207141408\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The 2014 team saw [Ricky Collins](/wiki/Ricky_Collins "Ricky Collins"), [Vernon Johnson](/wiki/Vernon_Johnson_%28American_football%29 "Vernon Johnson (American football)"), and [Charles Tuaau](/wiki/Charles_Tuaau "Charles Tuaau") be called to the NFL.
#### 2015 season
Prior to the start of the 2015 season the Lions were picked second to finish behind Angelo State. The Lions started out with a win against Adams State followed by a loss to a top ten Delta State team in a last second thriller. Carthel then guided the Lions to their second straight conference championship with an undefeated conference record, and qualified for the NCAA Division II playoffs for the first time since 1995, where they lost to the [Ferris State Bulldogs](/wiki/Ferris_State_Bulldogs "Ferris State Bulldogs") in the first round of the playoffs, finishing 8–4 overall ranked No. 20 in the nation. The Lions were guided by former University of Nevada QB Harrison Stewart, Running Back Richard Cooper, Receiver Lance Evans, and Defensive Standouts Toni Pulu and Cole Pitts. Stewart threw for over 3,300 yards, putting him second all time for single season passing yards in Lion football History, while Cooper was an All\-American and Evans, Pulu, and Pitts were all first team All\-LSC Conference.{{Cite web \|title\=Updated: Lions Tabbed No. 7 seed Will Travel to No. 2 seed/No. 2 ranked Ferris State \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2015/11/15/FB\_1115155750\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}} The Lions led the conference in passing offense and total offense.{{Cite web \|title\=Recap the 2015 Lion Football Season \|url\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2016/1/1/FB\_0101163127\.aspx \|access\-date\=February 7, 2016 \|website\=Texas A\&M\-Commerce}}
#### 2016 season
In the spring of 2016, Carthel was rewarded with a contract extension with options that would keep him Commerce until 2018\. In his first three seasons as head coach he led the team to a total of three postseason appearances, two [LSC](/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference "Lone Star Conference") championships, and seven or more wins in each season. He also helped lead a number of players to the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League").
Carthel's Lions started the season ranked 9th in the nation and picked to win the Lone Star Conference for the third straight year. All\-American running back Richard Cooper returned for his senior season and was picked preseason conference back of the year. The Lions ran out to a 5–0 record to start the season, but lost by 1 point to Midwestern State in a back and forth affair in Commerce. The Lions then reeled off 5 straight wins and clinched their third straight LSC Championship after Midwestern lost to Eastern New Mexico in the final game of the season. The Lions once again were selected for the NCAA Division II national playoffs and hosted a first\-round game for the first time since 1991\. The Lions defeated 24th ranked Colorado\-Mesa, setting them up with the second ranked Grand Valley State Lakers. The Lions bowed out in the second round to the Lakers, ending the season at 11–2\. Lions Quarterback [Luis Perez](/wiki/Luis_Perez_%28American_football%29 "Luis Perez (American football)") was selected as a Harlon Hill Trophy nominee, while punter Hector Dominguez was first team All\-American and offensive lineman Jared Machorro was named second team All\-American. Return specialist Shawn Hooks and linebacker Uriah Harris were both named All\-Region team and the Lions placed 8 members on the All\-Lone Star Conference first team, including Cooper, Perez, Hooks, Harris, Dominguez, Machorro, Defensive lineman Tavita Faaiu, and Wideout Lance Evans. The Lions 11–2 season was the most wins for the Lions since 1953 and the first time the Lions had double digit wins since 1990\. In December 2016, TAMUC President Dr. Ray Keck and Athletic Director Tim McMurray announced they were extending Carthel's contract yet again, this time until 2020\.
#### 2017 season
Carthel's Lions were picked to win a fourth straight Lone Star Conference title by the league's coaches and media. All\-American Quarterback Luis Perez returned for his Senior season along with Pre\-Season All\-American Jared Machorro. The Lions started their season 4–0, reaching No. 2 in the polls before losing to Midwestern State University in a close 47–42 affair. The Lions finished the season 9–1, second in the Lone Star Conference behind Midwestern State. The Lions qualified for the NCAA Division II playoffs for the third straight season. In the first round, the Lions traveled to [Winona State University](/wiki/Winona_State_University "Winona State University") and defeated the Warriors 20–6\. In the second round, the Lions defeated [Central Washington University](/wiki/Central_Washington_University "Central Washington University") in come from behind fashion in double overtime, 34–31\. In the Super Region 4 Championship game, the Lions defeated [Minnesota State University\-Mankato](/wiki/Minnesota_State_University-Mankato "Minnesota State University-Mankato") 31–21\. The Lions then hosted the [Harding](/wiki/Harding_Bisons_football "Harding Bisons football") Bisons at Memorial Stadium in [Commerce, Texas](/wiki/Commerce%2C_Texas "Commerce, Texas"), in the National semifinals, the first time the Lions had played in the National semifinals since being in the [NAIA](/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics "National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics") during the 1980 season. The Lions defeated the Bison 31–17 to earn a spot in the national championship game against [West Florida](/wiki/West_Florida "West Florida") University. The Lions defeated the Argonauts 37–27 to win their first national championship since 1972 and their first since as a member of the NCAA. Lions Quarterback [Luis Perez](/wiki/Luis_Perez_%28American_football%29 "Luis Perez (American football)") won the [Harlon Hill Trophy](/wiki/Harlon_Hill_Trophy "Harlon Hill Trophy"), and the Lions finished the season ranked a consensus \# 1 in the country.
#### 2018 season
Carthel's Lions were selected as a preseason national \# 1 team and also picked to win the Lone Star Conference. The season started with a televised overtime thriller by beating rival [Texas A\&M\-Kingsville](/wiki/Texas_A%26M-Kingsville "Texas A&M-Kingsville") for the 7th straight season, something no other Lion coach had ever done. The Lions then defeated William Jewell College 27–17 and Lone Star Conference foe Eastern New Mexico 21–11\. The Lions then lost their first game of the season to 22nd ranked Colorado State Pueblo 23–13\. The Loss to CSU\-P was only the second time in the Carthel era that the Lions were held without an offensive touchdown. The Lions made personnel changes on offense and rebounded to soundly defeat Lock Haven (Pennsylvania) 68–6, and then avenged their only loss of the previous season by beating Midwestern State 20–19\. The MSU game was played in odd circumstances as the Lions and Mustangs played to a 10–10 tie in the first half in [Wichita Falls, Texas](/wiki/Wichita_Falls%2C_Texas "Wichita Falls, Texas"), but could not continue due to inclement weather. The schools mutually agreed to continue the second half of the game at [Apogee Stadium](/wiki/Apogee_Stadium "Apogee Stadium") on the campus of [The University of North Texas](/wiki/The_University_of_North_Texas "The University of North Texas") in [Denton, Texas](/wiki/Denton%2C_Texas "Denton, Texas"), that following afternoon. After defeating MSU, the Lions lost for the first time in 5 years to A\&M System rival [Tarleton State University](/wiki/Tarleton_State_University "Tarleton State University") 47–21\. Again, the Lions rebounded by routing Western New Mexico 55–7 and defeating another cross state rival, West Texas A\&M, 41–16\. The Lions finished the season with a close win against Texas\-Permian Basin 20–17 and clinched a spot in the NCAA Division II playoffs for the fourth straight season with a 41–13 win over Angelo State. The Lions finished the regular season with a 9–2 record, a \# 15 national ranking, LSC runner\-ups, and Carthel was named Lone Star Conference Coach of The Year. They then defeated an undefeated and top 5 ranked Minnesota\-Duluth team 33–17 in the first round of the NCAA Division II Playoffs, before bowing out in a second round rematch against conference foe Tarleton State 34–28 to end the year at 10–3\.
|
[
"### Texas A\\&M–Commerce",
"In 2013, Carthel was hired as the 19th head football coach at [Texas A\\&M University\\-Commerce](/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University-Commerce \"Texas A&M University-Commerce\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Colby Carthel Named A\\&M\\-Commerce's 19th Head Football Coach \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/1/22/1\\_22\\_2013\\_343\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The program was coming off of two back\\-to\\-back 1–9 seasons, the worst two\\-year stretch in school history. Carthel quickly established a new culture in Commerce that saw 50 of the 85 players leave the program. Carthel and his staff quickly plugged in the missing parts with mainly Junior College transfers and Division I transfers to quickly rebuild the program. Former [Auburn University](/wiki/Auburn_University \"Auburn University\") quarterback Tyrik Rollison, who had been considered the best high school quarterback in Texas in the class of 2010, transferred to Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce and was one of many JUCO and Division I players from the Dallas/Fort Worth and Northeast Texas area that transferred to A\\&M\\-Commerce to play for the Lions.",
"#### 2013 season",
"Carthel and the Lions started his first season by opening with a home win again [Sul Ross State University](/wiki/Sul_Ross_State_University \"Sul Ross State University\") 51–6\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Dominates SUL Ross State, 51–6, in Season Opener \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008135728\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The next week in front of 20,000 LSC fans at [AT\\&T Stadium](/wiki/AT%26T_Stadium \"AT&T Stadium\"), Carthel's Lions upset the 22nd ranked [Delta State](/wiki/Delta_State_Statesmen_and_Lady_Statesmen \"Delta State Statesmen and Lady Statesmen\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Shocks 25th\\-Ranked Delta State, 45–37 \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008135319\\.aspx?path\\=football \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The next week Carthel the Lions faced off with his former team, West Texas A\\&M in [Canyon, Texas](/wiki/Canyon%2C_Texas \"Canyon, Texas\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Carthel's Media Session Thoughts – Midwestern State \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008131000\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The Lions stunned the crowd by jumping out to a 14–7 lead, but were bested by a prolific Buffalo team 68–28,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Lions Strike First but Fall at Fourth\\-ranked Buffs, 62–28 \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008134940\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} and then dropped a 30–24 decision to [Midwestern State](/wiki/Midwestern_State_Mustangs \"Midwestern State Mustangs\") the next week in Commerce.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Late Rally Comces up Short as Lions Fall to 23rd\\-ranked Mustangs \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008134600\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} After a 2–2 start, the Lions rolled out 4 straight wins defeating [Southeastern Oklahoma State](/wiki/Southeastern_Oklahoma_State_Savage_Storm \"Southeastern Oklahoma State Savage Storm\") 31–29,{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Withstands Lightning, Storm for 31–29 Victory \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/8/FB\\_1008134133\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} [Texas A\\&M\\-Kingsville](/wiki/Texas_A%26M%E2%80%93Kingsville_Javelinas \"Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas\") 41–28,{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Retains Chennault Cup with 41–28 win over Javelinas \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/15/FB\\_1015135549\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} [McMurry](/wiki/McMurry_University \"McMurry University\") 65–43,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Davis' Record Night Paces A\\&M\\-Commerce Past McMurray, 65–43 \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/22/FB\\_1022131421\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} and arch\\-rival [Tarleton State](/wiki/Tarleton_State_Texans_and_TexAnns \"Tarleton State Texans and TexAnns\") 22–20\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Upends 23rd\\-Ranked Tarleton State, 22–20 \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/10/28/FB\\_1028130042\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The Lions rounded out the season by dropping a close loss to the [Angelo State Rams](/wiki/Angelo_State_Rams \"Angelo State Rams\") 25–20,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Late Ram Touchdown Spoils Lion Homecoming in 25–20 Defeat \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/2/FB\\_1102133334\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} bouncing back against Division I [Houston Baptist Huskies](/wiki/Houston_Baptist_Huskies \"Houston Baptist Huskies\") 55–21,{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Dominates Division I foe Houston Baptist51–22 \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/9/FB\\_1109132949\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} and ending the season with a last second 42–35 loss to [Eastern New Mexico](/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico_Greyhounds \"Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Greyhounds Outlast Lions, 42–35, in Season Finale Shutout \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/16/FB\\_1116133446\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} Despite the late season loss, the Lions were invited to the [2013 LiveUnited Texarkana Bowl](/wiki/Live_United_Texarkana_Bowl \"Live United Texarkana Bowl\") to finish the season 7–5 overall and fifth in the conference.{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce to play in inaugural Live United Texarkana Bowl \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2013/11/19/FB\\_1119130158\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}}",
"#### 2014 season",
"Carthel's 2014 A\\&M–Commerce squad led the nation in points per game with an average of 54\\.1, and yards per game with an average of 535\\.4\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Texas A\\&M University\\-Commerce Athletics – 2016 Football Coaching Staff \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/coaches.aspx?rc\\=214 \\|access\\-date\\=February 3, 2016 \\|website\\=lionathletics.com}} They opened the season with a record\\-breaking performance against [East Texas Baptist](/wiki/East_Texas_Baptist_University \"East Texas Baptist University\") in which they scored 98 points and amassed 986 total yards of offense and 13 touchdowns.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Lions Open Season in Record\\-Breaking Fashion Thursday \\|url\\=http://www.lionathletics.com/news/2014/9/5/FB\\_0905144620\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 2, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The win gained the Lions national exposure as it was reported on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\")'s [SportsCenter](/wiki/SportsCenter \"SportsCenter\") that same night. The next day, head coach Colby Carthel was interviewed by ESPN's [Linda Cohn](/wiki/Linda_Cohn \"Linda Cohn\") in regards to the win. In that win the Lions set national and conference records for points scored, yards gained, and total offense in a game. The Lions also defeated A\\&M\\-Kingsville, Tarleton State, West Texas A\\&M, Angelo State, and Tarleton State a second time in the conference playoffs. The lone losses were to the Division I [Stephen F. Austin State Lumberjacks](/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_Lumberjacks \"Stephen F. Austin State Lumberjacks\"), Midwestern State, and to Angelo State in a conference finals rematch. The Lions won the [Lone Star Conference](/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference \"Lone Star Conference\") championship for the 21st time in school history, the first time since the 1990 season. The Lions were left out of the NCAA playoffs, but were invited back to the postseason, which resulted in a 72–21 win over [East Central University](/wiki/East_Central_University \"East Central University\") in the [C.H.A.M.P.S. Heart of Texas Bowl](/wiki/C.H.A.M.P.S._Heart_of_Texas_Bowl \"C.H.A.M.P.S. Heart of Texas Bowl\"), the win was the first postseason win for the program since a 1991 win over [Grand Valley State](/wiki/Grand_Valley_State \"Grand Valley State\") in the 1991 NCAA first round of the playoffs to finish the season 9–3\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=A\\&M\\-Commerce Wins Heart of Texas Bowl with 72–21 Rout of ECU \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2014/12/7/FB\\_1207141408\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The 2014 team saw [Ricky Collins](/wiki/Ricky_Collins \"Ricky Collins\"), [Vernon Johnson](/wiki/Vernon_Johnson_%28American_football%29 \"Vernon Johnson (American football)\"), and [Charles Tuaau](/wiki/Charles_Tuaau \"Charles Tuaau\") be called to the NFL.",
"#### 2015 season",
"Prior to the start of the 2015 season the Lions were picked second to finish behind Angelo State. The Lions started out with a win against Adams State followed by a loss to a top ten Delta State team in a last second thriller. Carthel then guided the Lions to their second straight conference championship with an undefeated conference record, and qualified for the NCAA Division II playoffs for the first time since 1995, where they lost to the [Ferris State Bulldogs](/wiki/Ferris_State_Bulldogs \"Ferris State Bulldogs\") in the first round of the playoffs, finishing 8–4 overall ranked No. 20 in the nation. The Lions were guided by former University of Nevada QB Harrison Stewart, Running Back Richard Cooper, Receiver Lance Evans, and Defensive Standouts Toni Pulu and Cole Pitts. Stewart threw for over 3,300 yards, putting him second all time for single season passing yards in Lion football History, while Cooper was an All\\-American and Evans, Pulu, and Pitts were all first team All\\-LSC Conference.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Updated: Lions Tabbed No. 7 seed Will Travel to No. 2 seed/No. 2 ranked Ferris State \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2015/11/15/FB\\_1115155750\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}} The Lions led the conference in passing offense and total offense.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Recap the 2015 Lion Football Season \\|url\\=http://lionathletics.com/news/2016/1/1/FB\\_0101163127\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=February 7, 2016 \\|website\\=Texas A\\&M\\-Commerce}}",
"#### 2016 season",
"In the spring of 2016, Carthel was rewarded with a contract extension with options that would keep him Commerce until 2018\\. In his first three seasons as head coach he led the team to a total of three postseason appearances, two [LSC](/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference \"Lone Star Conference\") championships, and seven or more wins in each season. He also helped lead a number of players to the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\").",
"Carthel's Lions started the season ranked 9th in the nation and picked to win the Lone Star Conference for the third straight year. All\\-American running back Richard Cooper returned for his senior season and was picked preseason conference back of the year. The Lions ran out to a 5–0 record to start the season, but lost by 1 point to Midwestern State in a back and forth affair in Commerce. The Lions then reeled off 5 straight wins and clinched their third straight LSC Championship after Midwestern lost to Eastern New Mexico in the final game of the season. The Lions once again were selected for the NCAA Division II national playoffs and hosted a first\\-round game for the first time since 1991\\. The Lions defeated 24th ranked Colorado\\-Mesa, setting them up with the second ranked Grand Valley State Lakers. The Lions bowed out in the second round to the Lakers, ending the season at 11–2\\. Lions Quarterback [Luis Perez](/wiki/Luis_Perez_%28American_football%29 \"Luis Perez (American football)\") was selected as a Harlon Hill Trophy nominee, while punter Hector Dominguez was first team All\\-American and offensive lineman Jared Machorro was named second team All\\-American. Return specialist Shawn Hooks and linebacker Uriah Harris were both named All\\-Region team and the Lions placed 8 members on the All\\-Lone Star Conference first team, including Cooper, Perez, Hooks, Harris, Dominguez, Machorro, Defensive lineman Tavita Faaiu, and Wideout Lance Evans. The Lions 11–2 season was the most wins for the Lions since 1953 and the first time the Lions had double digit wins since 1990\\. In December 2016, TAMUC President Dr. Ray Keck and Athletic Director Tim McMurray announced they were extending Carthel's contract yet again, this time until 2020\\.",
"#### 2017 season",
"Carthel's Lions were picked to win a fourth straight Lone Star Conference title by the league's coaches and media. All\\-American Quarterback Luis Perez returned for his Senior season along with Pre\\-Season All\\-American Jared Machorro. The Lions started their season 4–0, reaching No. 2 in the polls before losing to Midwestern State University in a close 47–42 affair. The Lions finished the season 9–1, second in the Lone Star Conference behind Midwestern State. The Lions qualified for the NCAA Division II playoffs for the third straight season. In the first round, the Lions traveled to [Winona State University](/wiki/Winona_State_University \"Winona State University\") and defeated the Warriors 20–6\\. In the second round, the Lions defeated [Central Washington University](/wiki/Central_Washington_University \"Central Washington University\") in come from behind fashion in double overtime, 34–31\\. In the Super Region 4 Championship game, the Lions defeated [Minnesota State University\\-Mankato](/wiki/Minnesota_State_University-Mankato \"Minnesota State University-Mankato\") 31–21\\. The Lions then hosted the [Harding](/wiki/Harding_Bisons_football \"Harding Bisons football\") Bisons at Memorial Stadium in [Commerce, Texas](/wiki/Commerce%2C_Texas \"Commerce, Texas\"), in the National semifinals, the first time the Lions had played in the National semifinals since being in the [NAIA](/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics \"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics\") during the 1980 season. The Lions defeated the Bison 31–17 to earn a spot in the national championship game against [West Florida](/wiki/West_Florida \"West Florida\") University. The Lions defeated the Argonauts 37–27 to win their first national championship since 1972 and their first since as a member of the NCAA. Lions Quarterback [Luis Perez](/wiki/Luis_Perez_%28American_football%29 \"Luis Perez (American football)\") won the [Harlon Hill Trophy](/wiki/Harlon_Hill_Trophy \"Harlon Hill Trophy\"), and the Lions finished the season ranked a consensus \\# 1 in the country.",
"#### 2018 season",
"Carthel's Lions were selected as a preseason national \\# 1 team and also picked to win the Lone Star Conference. The season started with a televised overtime thriller by beating rival [Texas A\\&M\\-Kingsville](/wiki/Texas_A%26M-Kingsville \"Texas A&M-Kingsville\") for the 7th straight season, something no other Lion coach had ever done. The Lions then defeated William Jewell College 27–17 and Lone Star Conference foe Eastern New Mexico 21–11\\. The Lions then lost their first game of the season to 22nd ranked Colorado State Pueblo 23–13\\. The Loss to CSU\\-P was only the second time in the Carthel era that the Lions were held without an offensive touchdown. The Lions made personnel changes on offense and rebounded to soundly defeat Lock Haven (Pennsylvania) 68–6, and then avenged their only loss of the previous season by beating Midwestern State 20–19\\. The MSU game was played in odd circumstances as the Lions and Mustangs played to a 10–10 tie in the first half in [Wichita Falls, Texas](/wiki/Wichita_Falls%2C_Texas \"Wichita Falls, Texas\"), but could not continue due to inclement weather. The schools mutually agreed to continue the second half of the game at [Apogee Stadium](/wiki/Apogee_Stadium \"Apogee Stadium\") on the campus of [The University of North Texas](/wiki/The_University_of_North_Texas \"The University of North Texas\") in [Denton, Texas](/wiki/Denton%2C_Texas \"Denton, Texas\"), that following afternoon. After defeating MSU, the Lions lost for the first time in 5 years to A\\&M System rival [Tarleton State University](/wiki/Tarleton_State_University \"Tarleton State University\") 47–21\\. Again, the Lions rebounded by routing Western New Mexico 55–7 and defeating another cross state rival, West Texas A\\&M, 41–16\\. The Lions finished the season with a close win against Texas\\-Permian Basin 20–17 and clinched a spot in the NCAA Division II playoffs for the fourth straight season with a 41–13 win over Angelo State. The Lions finished the regular season with a 9–2 record, a \\# 15 national ranking, LSC runner\\-ups, and Carthel was named Lone Star Conference Coach of The Year. They then defeated an undefeated and top 5 ranked Minnesota\\-Duluth team 33–17 in the first round of the NCAA Division II Playoffs, before bowing out in a second round rematch against conference foe Tarleton State 34–28 to end the year at 10–3\\.",
""
] |
### Stephen F. Austin
On December 2, 2018, Carthel was named the head football coach at [Stephen F. Austin State University](/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_University "Stephen F. Austin State University").
#### 2019 season
Carthel inherited a program that received a post\-season ban because the previous regime's failure to meet APR standards. With the ban SFA also had to forfeit any wins from the 2013\-2019 seasons. Several upperclassmen student\-athletes were academically suspended for the entire season. 43 different Freshmen saw meaningful snaps during the 2019 season.
#### 2020 season
During the Covid Season, the Football Season was condensed to 10 games. 4 being FBS opponents of UTEP, UTSA, SMU and Memphis. With the limited amount of FCS teams playing during the 2020 Fall Semester, only teams available to play were Abilene Christian and Eastern Kentucky. The game between ACU and SFA was for the 2020 Fall Southland Championship. [https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401248039/abilene\-chrstn\-sf\-austin](https://www.espn.com/college-football/game/_/gameId/401248039/abilene-chrstn-sf-austin) . This was Carthel's first major win at SFA. He would eventually finish the season with a 6\-4 record.
#### 2021 season
Year 3 under Coach Carthel, the Lumberjacks showed continued improvement. Several All\-Conference caliber players including Xavier Gipson, B.J. Thompson, Trae Self, Rayshad Nichols, TKai Lloyd, Myles Heard and many others helped lead SFA to an 8\-3 Regular season record and giving the Lumberjacks their first playoff appearance since 2014\.
#### 2022 season
After the departure of Defensive Coordinator, Scott Power. Carthel had to revamp a defensive coaching staff as well as several talented student\-athletes on the defensive side of the ball. Carthel was able to build the Lumberjacks to win the 2022 WAC Championship. [thumb](/wiki/File:Ingame_postgame_edits_227.jpg "Ingame postgame edits 227.jpg")\[<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference_football>] . SFA would defeat ACU in the final regular season game to become the Final WAC Champions.
|
[
"### Stephen F. Austin",
"On December 2, 2018, Carthel was named the head football coach at [Stephen F. Austin State University](/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_University \"Stephen F. Austin State University\").",
"#### 2019 season",
"Carthel inherited a program that received a post\\-season ban because the previous regime's failure to meet APR standards. With the ban SFA also had to forfeit any wins from the 2013\\-2019 seasons. Several upperclassmen student\\-athletes were academically suspended for the entire season. 43 different Freshmen saw meaningful snaps during the 2019 season.",
"#### 2020 season",
"During the Covid Season, the Football Season was condensed to 10 games. 4 being FBS opponents of UTEP, UTSA, SMU and Memphis. With the limited amount of FCS teams playing during the 2020 Fall Semester, only teams available to play were Abilene Christian and Eastern Kentucky. The game between ACU and SFA was for the 2020 Fall Southland Championship. [https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401248039/abilene\\-chrstn\\-sf\\-austin](https://www.espn.com/college-football/game/_/gameId/401248039/abilene-chrstn-sf-austin) . This was Carthel's first major win at SFA. He would eventually finish the season with a 6\\-4 record.",
"#### 2021 season",
"Year 3 under Coach Carthel, the Lumberjacks showed continued improvement. Several All\\-Conference caliber players including Xavier Gipson, B.J. Thompson, Trae Self, Rayshad Nichols, TKai Lloyd, Myles Heard and many others helped lead SFA to an 8\\-3 Regular season record and giving the Lumberjacks their first playoff appearance since 2014\\.",
"#### 2022 season",
"After the departure of Defensive Coordinator, Scott Power. Carthel had to revamp a defensive coaching staff as well as several talented student\\-athletes on the defensive side of the ball. Carthel was able to build the Lumberjacks to win the 2022 WAC Championship. [thumb](/wiki/File:Ingame_postgame_edits_227.jpg \"Ingame postgame edits 227.jpg\")\\[<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference_football>] . SFA would defeat ACU in the final regular season game to become the Final WAC Champions.",
"",
"",
""
] |
Models
------
[thumb\|right\|British Seagull "Century" outboard motor](/wiki/File:British_Seagull_outboard_motor_2767.jpg "British Seagull outboard motor 2767.jpg")
There are several different British Seagull outboard motor models, usually with a single cylinder water\-cooled two\-stroke engine. Some of the engines had the Villiers patented flywheel magneto, and on its port side was a simple carburettor. Above the cylinder head was bolted a small brass fuel tank whose 10:1, or 25:1 depending on age, fuel/oil mix was gravity\-fed to the carburettor via a fuel line. Starting was effected with a hand\-wound pull\-rope, although a recoil starter was an option. Connecting the motor to the gearbox and propeller were two downtubes, the forward one containing the drive shaft and the aft tube serving as the exhaust, which vented underwater.
The engines proved very rugged as they used high quality materials, and thousands have lasted for years, even in harsh marine environments many in developing countries too. Seagull outboards were utilitarian in nature with a relatively slow\-turning prop, and so were ideal for use in dinghies, tenders and small yachts. The Silver Century Plus model could propel a displacement hull of up to 26 feet in length but Seagull outboards were unsuitable for high speed craft.[Classic Boat Review](http://www.classicboat.co.uk/articles/seagull-outboards)
Production of complete engines stopped in 1996, where John Freeman (Sales) Ltd, trading as Sheridan Marine, bought the company and rights to the brand in 1999, and they continue to manufacture and supply of spare parts.{{cite web \|title\=History \|url\=https://www.britishseagull.com/history.php \|website\=British Seagull Outboard Motors \|accessdate\=2019\-05\-07}} An early engine of the company was the Model 102, developed from the Marston models of the 1930s. The Model 102 engines were fairly large and featured an integral engine cylinder block and head, with a water\-injected exhaust. Some Model 102 outboards had a {{convert\|13\|in\|mm\|adj\=mid\|\-diameter}} propeller, gaining the moniker of "The Barge Pusher".
The model range for which Seagull is most famous is the "Classic" range. These "square block models" comprised the 64 cc Featherweight (aka Forty Minus) and Forty Plus, and the 102 cc Century and Century Plus. The Forty Minus and Plus used identical power units, but the Plus had a larger gearbox and propeller. The Century and Century Plus used even larger gearboxes and propellers. Classic model engines were produced from the late 1950s until the mid\-1990s, and many examples are still in everyday use. The long life span is down to the high quality metals and the use of high\-tensile bolts and studs.
In the early 1980s the factory produced a new series of British Seagull outboards, the QB series. The power units were developed by [Queen's University, Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University%2C_Belfast "Queen's University, Belfast") (hence QB) whose Mechanical Engineering Department specialised in modernising two\-stroke design.[QUB/Lotus/Jaguar 2\-stroke research](http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/08/lotus-qub-and-j.html)[QUB 2\-stroke development](http://yorkshireferret.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/development-of-qub-250cc-twin-cylinder.html) Painted black and sometimes known as the Irish Seagull, they featured quieter, more efficient engines, with a water\-cooled exhaust and modified cylinder porting.
In the late 1980s British Seagull introduced two further models to their range, the Model 170 and the Model 125\. Fitted with a cowling to enclose the engine, they featured upgraded [carburettors](/wiki/Carburettor "Carburettor") and cylinder blocks. Both new models suffered from poorly designed crankshaft bushings, resulting in warranty claims against the company. Until that time the "Best Outboard Motor for the World" (as the marketing slogan ran) had an envious reputation for reliability, but these new models were never popular and they dented the company's image.
Towards the end of production a new model called the "5R" was introduced. The design of this engine was quite different from earlier models, using a conventional gearbox from a Yamaha 4HP outboard attached via an adaptor plate to a QB engine. These models were painted blue, the very last examples (known as "gold tops") having propellers and recoil starters that were gold\-painted.
|
[
"Models\n------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|British Seagull \"Century\" outboard motor](/wiki/File:British_Seagull_outboard_motor_2767.jpg \"British Seagull outboard motor 2767.jpg\")\nThere are several different British Seagull outboard motor models, usually with a single cylinder water\\-cooled two\\-stroke engine. Some of the engines had the Villiers patented flywheel magneto, and on its port side was a simple carburettor. Above the cylinder head was bolted a small brass fuel tank whose 10:1, or 25:1 depending on age, fuel/oil mix was gravity\\-fed to the carburettor via a fuel line. Starting was effected with a hand\\-wound pull\\-rope, although a recoil starter was an option. Connecting the motor to the gearbox and propeller were two downtubes, the forward one containing the drive shaft and the aft tube serving as the exhaust, which vented underwater.",
"The engines proved very rugged as they used high quality materials, and thousands have lasted for years, even in harsh marine environments many in developing countries too. Seagull outboards were utilitarian in nature with a relatively slow\\-turning prop, and so were ideal for use in dinghies, tenders and small yachts. The Silver Century Plus model could propel a displacement hull of up to 26 feet in length but Seagull outboards were unsuitable for high speed craft.[Classic Boat Review](http://www.classicboat.co.uk/articles/seagull-outboards)",
"Production of complete engines stopped in 1996, where John Freeman (Sales) Ltd, trading as Sheridan Marine, bought the company and rights to the brand in 1999, and they continue to manufacture and supply of spare parts.{{cite web \\|title\\=History \\|url\\=https://www.britishseagull.com/history.php \\|website\\=British Seagull Outboard Motors \\|accessdate\\=2019\\-05\\-07}} An early engine of the company was the Model 102, developed from the Marston models of the 1930s. The Model 102 engines were fairly large and featured an integral engine cylinder block and head, with a water\\-injected exhaust. Some Model 102 outboards had a {{convert\\|13\\|in\\|mm\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-diameter}} propeller, gaining the moniker of \"The Barge Pusher\".",
"The model range for which Seagull is most famous is the \"Classic\" range. These \"square block models\" comprised the 64 cc Featherweight (aka Forty Minus) and Forty Plus, and the 102 cc Century and Century Plus. The Forty Minus and Plus used identical power units, but the Plus had a larger gearbox and propeller. The Century and Century Plus used even larger gearboxes and propellers. Classic model engines were produced from the late 1950s until the mid\\-1990s, and many examples are still in everyday use. The long life span is down to the high quality metals and the use of high\\-tensile bolts and studs.",
"In the early 1980s the factory produced a new series of British Seagull outboards, the QB series. The power units were developed by [Queen's University, Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University%2C_Belfast \"Queen's University, Belfast\") (hence QB) whose Mechanical Engineering Department specialised in modernising two\\-stroke design.[QUB/Lotus/Jaguar 2\\-stroke research](http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/08/lotus-qub-and-j.html)[QUB 2\\-stroke development](http://yorkshireferret.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/development-of-qub-250cc-twin-cylinder.html) Painted black and sometimes known as the Irish Seagull, they featured quieter, more efficient engines, with a water\\-cooled exhaust and modified cylinder porting.",
"In the late 1980s British Seagull introduced two further models to their range, the Model 170 and the Model 125\\. Fitted with a cowling to enclose the engine, they featured upgraded [carburettors](/wiki/Carburettor \"Carburettor\") and cylinder blocks. Both new models suffered from poorly designed crankshaft bushings, resulting in warranty claims against the company. Until that time the \"Best Outboard Motor for the World\" (as the marketing slogan ran) had an envious reputation for reliability, but these new models were never popular and they dented the company's image.",
"Towards the end of production a new model called the \"5R\" was introduced. The design of this engine was quite different from earlier models, using a conventional gearbox from a Yamaha 4HP outboard attached via an adaptor plate to a QB engine. These models were painted blue, the very last examples (known as \"gold tops\") having propellers and recoil starters that were gold\\-painted.",
""
] |
Character
---------
Woodstock is a bird who is Snoopy's best friend. The only non\-bird character who can understand Woodstock's speech is Snoopy. When depicted in the comic strip, his speech is rendered almost entirely in "chicken scratch" marks, with Snoopy's either directly translating or allowing the reader to deduce Woodstock's meaning in the context of Snoopy's replies. Woodstock does make nonverbal noises such as yawns, laughter, sighs and "Z"s or snores to indicate sleep. He also uses punctuation marks like "!" or "??" to indicate emotions. In the movies and television specials, the chicken scratches are rendered audibly as a staccato series of high\-pitched honks and squawks by Snoopy's voice actor [Bill Melendez](/wiki/Bill_Melendez "Bill Melendez"). Woodstock often works as Snoopy's secretary (most notably when the latter was appointed "Head Beagle"), and [caddies](/wiki/Caddies "Caddies") for him when he plays [golf](/wiki/Golf "Golf") (usually with some difficulty). Woodstock also plays [American football](/wiki/American_football "American football") with Snoopy, usually attempting to catch the ball but, due to his size, he is simply hit by it; sometimes getting embedded into the ground a short distance.
Woodstock is a small and good\-hearted yellow bird. He resourcefully wins the river rafting race in *[Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown](/wiki/Race_for_Your_Life%2C_Charlie_Brown "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown")* after all other contestants have been eliminated. He routinely takes Snoopy's gentle verbal digs and practical jokes in stride, though he does not hesitate to stand up to Snoopy if his friend goes too far. Once, he and Snoopy stopped speaking to each other because of Snoopy's practice of reading *[War and Peace](/wiki/War_and_Peace "War and Peace")* one word per day. When told that Woodstock was being attacked by the cat next door, Snoopy immediately rushed to his aid, getting clobbered in the process (what the cat was attacking ended up being a yellow glove). He also hates being mistaken for the wrong species of bird (though we are never told what species he actually is), and he is reluctant to eat thrown bread crumbs because he doesn't want anyone to think he's on [welfare](/wiki/Welfare_%28financial_aid%29 "Welfare (financial aid)"), and when asked about his net income by Snoopy in his 'census\-taker' persona, he replied "four worms a day". He's a whiz at playing trivia too, and almost always manages to stump Snoopy.
Woodstock is also a skilled whistler. In the TV special, *[She's a Good Skate, Charlie Brown](/wiki/She%27s_a_Good_Skate%2C_Charlie_Brown "She's a Good Skate, Charlie Brown")*, when [Peppermint Patty](/wiki/Peppermint_Patty "Peppermint Patty")'s music for a skating competition fails to play due to a malfunction that cannot be repaired expediently, Woodstock steps up to the microphone and whistles a flawless *[O Mio Babbino Caro](/wiki/O_Mio_Babbino_Caro "O Mio Babbino Caro")*, to which Peppermint Patty performs her routine. He also whistles his part in the song "The Best of Buddies" (via an instrumental version entitled "Woodstock's Samba"){{cite book\|last1\=Sherman\|first1\=Richard M. and Robert B.\|title\=Snoopy Come Home: Original Soundtrack Recording\|date\=1972\|publisher\=Columbia Masterworks\|location\=USA}}{{cite web\|title\=Richard M. Sherman / Robert B. Sherman And Don Ralke – "Snoopy, Come Home" Original Soundtrack\|url\=https://www.discogs.com/Richard\-M\-Sherman\-Robert\-B\-Sherman\-And\-Don\-Ralke\-Snoopy\-Come\-Home\-Original\-Soundtrack/release/6434896\|website\=Discogs.com\|year\=1972 \|access\-date\=1 April 2016}} in the feature film *[Snoopy Come Home](/wiki/Snoopy_Come_Home "Snoopy Come Home")*.
For all of Woodstock's acumen and talent, he is physically a very poor flyer, which has been a character trait since he first appeared. He flutters around erratically, often upside down, and frequently crashes into things. He usually manages to get where he wants to go as long as he doesn't have to fly too high. He is prone to beak\-bleeds if he goes over 10 feet in the air. Despite his difficulty in flying like a bird, he is skilled in piloting Snoopy as a canine helicopter. When asked where he learned to pilot, Woodstock replied (speaking in his usual chicken scratches, but translated), "[Nam](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War")." This gag appeared in the strip several times as well as in *[It's Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown](/wiki/It%27s_Your_First_Kiss%2C_Charlie_Brown "It's Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown")*.
During the winter, he relaxes by either skating or playing ice hockey on top of the birdbath, complete with his own [Zamboni](/wiki/Ice_resurfacer "Ice resurfacer") machine to keep the surface clean (except one year where Woodstock asks Snoopy to migrate with him, and the duo takes the trip on foot). His one\-goal throughout the comic is to track down his mother so he can send her a Mother's Day card.
In the TV special, *[It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown](/wiki/It%27s_the_Easter_Beagle%2C_Charlie_Brown "It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown")*, Snoopy buys Woodstock a birdhouse to replace his nest after a cold early spring rain. At first, Woodstock refused to use it, so Snoopy forced the issue. Checking up later on Woodstock, Snoopy peers into the birdhouse to find Woodstock has converted it into a 1970s\-style leisure room (complete with a [quadraphonic](/wiki/Quadraphonic "Quadraphonic") stereo system) that appears much larger on the inside than from outside (much like Snoopy's doghouse). Unfortunately, Snoopy gets his nose stuck in the door and demolishes the house, so he buys Woodstock a second birdhouse, which Woodstock accepts.
Woodstock and his fellow yellow birds (named Bill, Harriet, Olivier, Raymond, Fred, Roy, Wilson and Conrad) often join Snoopy for group activities, with Snoopy as the *de facto* leader. Most frequently, they embark on Beagle Scout expeditions with Snoopy as scoutmaster, or as a patrol of the [French Foreign Legion](/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion "French Foreign Legion") on their march for [Fort Zinderneuf](/wiki/Beau_Geste_%281966_film%29 "Beau Geste (1966 film)"), led by Snoopy as their sergeant. They also have formed football and ice hockey teams (on one occasion a football team composed of Snoopy and the birds defeated a human football team led by [Peppermint Patty](/wiki/Peppermint_Patty "Peppermint Patty")). The birds and Snoopy occasionally are shown playing [bridge](/wiki/Contract_bridge "Contract bridge"). Although all but Raymond (who is purple) and Harriet (with a red ribbon) look alike, Snoopy seems to be able to tell them apart.{{Cite web\|url\=https://joywsy.blogspot.com/2015/12/how\-to\-distinguish\-woodstock\-and\-his.html\|title\=How to distinguish Woodstock and his bird friends?}}
An important and recurring characteristic of Woodstock is his absurdly and hilariously high physical strength and endurance, considering he couldn't weigh more than about 50 grams. When playing hockey against Snoopy on his "home ice" (a frozen birdbath), he administers the beagle a severe body check that sends Snoopy flying clear out of the birdbath. In another instance, Woodstock discovers a "strange creature" in his nest. Linus wants to investigate the nest and asks Snoopy to "give him a boost" so he can reach the tree's lowest branch, which Snoopy does. The branch being still out of Linus's reach, Woodstock gives Snoopy and Linus both a boost, holding them in the air at wings' length, finally allowing Linus to climb the tree. Another strip has Snoopy once again try to determine what species Woodstock belongs to. Snoopy theorizes Woodstock might be an eagle. Since Snoopy has heard somewhere that eagles are capable of lifting a small child, he suggests Woodstock try that with Linus. The bird successfully lifts Linus with his wings three inches in the air and holds him up. The last instance is when Snoopy, posing as a football coach, is angry at his player Woodstock for losing "the book with all our secret plays" and orders the bird to run twenty thousand laps around the field as punishment. Woodstock fearfully complies.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2022}}
Woodstock wears a watch on his right wing?{{citation needed\|date\=March 2022}} in *[The Peanuts Movie](/wiki/The_Peanuts_Movie "The Peanuts Movie")* (at time point 15:02\) and in 2021's *[The Snoopy Show](/wiki/The_Snoopy_Show "The Snoopy Show")* (episode 2 "Nest Friends", episode 5 "Happy Bird\-Day").{{citation needed\|date\=March 2022}}
The TV special *[It's a Mystery, Charlie Brown](/wiki/It%27s_a_Mystery%2C_Charlie_Brown "It's a Mystery, Charlie Brown")* was mainly centered around Woodstock. The entire cold open and first act of the special involves Woodstock building his nest and taking a bird bath, and getting caught in a rainstorm, which, to Woodstock, is like a typhoon. The special centers around the theft of his nest and Snoopy, dressed as the World Famous Detective, trying to find out who did it.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2022}}
Both Snoopy and Woodstock were voiced by Bill Melendez from 1972 to 2006\.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2022}}
|
[
"Character\n---------",
"Woodstock is a bird who is Snoopy's best friend. The only non\\-bird character who can understand Woodstock's speech is Snoopy. When depicted in the comic strip, his speech is rendered almost entirely in \"chicken scratch\" marks, with Snoopy's either directly translating or allowing the reader to deduce Woodstock's meaning in the context of Snoopy's replies. Woodstock does make nonverbal noises such as yawns, laughter, sighs and \"Z\"s or snores to indicate sleep. He also uses punctuation marks like \"!\" or \"??\" to indicate emotions. In the movies and television specials, the chicken scratches are rendered audibly as a staccato series of high\\-pitched honks and squawks by Snoopy's voice actor [Bill Melendez](/wiki/Bill_Melendez \"Bill Melendez\"). Woodstock often works as Snoopy's secretary (most notably when the latter was appointed \"Head Beagle\"), and [caddies](/wiki/Caddies \"Caddies\") for him when he plays [golf](/wiki/Golf \"Golf\") (usually with some difficulty). Woodstock also plays [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") with Snoopy, usually attempting to catch the ball but, due to his size, he is simply hit by it; sometimes getting embedded into the ground a short distance.",
"Woodstock is a small and good\\-hearted yellow bird. He resourcefully wins the river rafting race in *[Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown](/wiki/Race_for_Your_Life%2C_Charlie_Brown \"Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown\")* after all other contestants have been eliminated. He routinely takes Snoopy's gentle verbal digs and practical jokes in stride, though he does not hesitate to stand up to Snoopy if his friend goes too far. Once, he and Snoopy stopped speaking to each other because of Snoopy's practice of reading *[War and Peace](/wiki/War_and_Peace \"War and Peace\")* one word per day. When told that Woodstock was being attacked by the cat next door, Snoopy immediately rushed to his aid, getting clobbered in the process (what the cat was attacking ended up being a yellow glove). He also hates being mistaken for the wrong species of bird (though we are never told what species he actually is), and he is reluctant to eat thrown bread crumbs because he doesn't want anyone to think he's on [welfare](/wiki/Welfare_%28financial_aid%29 \"Welfare (financial aid)\"), and when asked about his net income by Snoopy in his 'census\\-taker' persona, he replied \"four worms a day\". He's a whiz at playing trivia too, and almost always manages to stump Snoopy.",
"Woodstock is also a skilled whistler. In the TV special, *[She's a Good Skate, Charlie Brown](/wiki/She%27s_a_Good_Skate%2C_Charlie_Brown \"She's a Good Skate, Charlie Brown\")*, when [Peppermint Patty](/wiki/Peppermint_Patty \"Peppermint Patty\")'s music for a skating competition fails to play due to a malfunction that cannot be repaired expediently, Woodstock steps up to the microphone and whistles a flawless *[O Mio Babbino Caro](/wiki/O_Mio_Babbino_Caro \"O Mio Babbino Caro\")*, to which Peppermint Patty performs her routine. He also whistles his part in the song \"The Best of Buddies\" (via an instrumental version entitled \"Woodstock's Samba\"){{cite book\\|last1\\=Sherman\\|first1\\=Richard M. and Robert B.\\|title\\=Snoopy Come Home: Original Soundtrack Recording\\|date\\=1972\\|publisher\\=Columbia Masterworks\\|location\\=USA}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Richard M. Sherman / Robert B. Sherman And Don Ralke – \"Snoopy, Come Home\" Original Soundtrack\\|url\\=https://www.discogs.com/Richard\\-M\\-Sherman\\-Robert\\-B\\-Sherman\\-And\\-Don\\-Ralke\\-Snoopy\\-Come\\-Home\\-Original\\-Soundtrack/release/6434896\\|website\\=Discogs.com\\|year\\=1972 \\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2016}} in the feature film *[Snoopy Come Home](/wiki/Snoopy_Come_Home \"Snoopy Come Home\")*.",
"For all of Woodstock's acumen and talent, he is physically a very poor flyer, which has been a character trait since he first appeared. He flutters around erratically, often upside down, and frequently crashes into things. He usually manages to get where he wants to go as long as he doesn't have to fly too high. He is prone to beak\\-bleeds if he goes over 10 feet in the air. Despite his difficulty in flying like a bird, he is skilled in piloting Snoopy as a canine helicopter. When asked where he learned to pilot, Woodstock replied (speaking in his usual chicken scratches, but translated), \"[Nam](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\").\" This gag appeared in the strip several times as well as in *[It's Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown](/wiki/It%27s_Your_First_Kiss%2C_Charlie_Brown \"It's Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown\")*.",
"During the winter, he relaxes by either skating or playing ice hockey on top of the birdbath, complete with his own [Zamboni](/wiki/Ice_resurfacer \"Ice resurfacer\") machine to keep the surface clean (except one year where Woodstock asks Snoopy to migrate with him, and the duo takes the trip on foot). His one\\-goal throughout the comic is to track down his mother so he can send her a Mother's Day card.",
"In the TV special, *[It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown](/wiki/It%27s_the_Easter_Beagle%2C_Charlie_Brown \"It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown\")*, Snoopy buys Woodstock a birdhouse to replace his nest after a cold early spring rain. At first, Woodstock refused to use it, so Snoopy forced the issue. Checking up later on Woodstock, Snoopy peers into the birdhouse to find Woodstock has converted it into a 1970s\\-style leisure room (complete with a [quadraphonic](/wiki/Quadraphonic \"Quadraphonic\") stereo system) that appears much larger on the inside than from outside (much like Snoopy's doghouse). Unfortunately, Snoopy gets his nose stuck in the door and demolishes the house, so he buys Woodstock a second birdhouse, which Woodstock accepts.",
"Woodstock and his fellow yellow birds (named Bill, Harriet, Olivier, Raymond, Fred, Roy, Wilson and Conrad) often join Snoopy for group activities, with Snoopy as the *de facto* leader. Most frequently, they embark on Beagle Scout expeditions with Snoopy as scoutmaster, or as a patrol of the [French Foreign Legion](/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion \"French Foreign Legion\") on their march for [Fort Zinderneuf](/wiki/Beau_Geste_%281966_film%29 \"Beau Geste (1966 film)\"), led by Snoopy as their sergeant. They also have formed football and ice hockey teams (on one occasion a football team composed of Snoopy and the birds defeated a human football team led by [Peppermint Patty](/wiki/Peppermint_Patty \"Peppermint Patty\")). The birds and Snoopy occasionally are shown playing [bridge](/wiki/Contract_bridge \"Contract bridge\"). Although all but Raymond (who is purple) and Harriet (with a red ribbon) look alike, Snoopy seems to be able to tell them apart.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://joywsy.blogspot.com/2015/12/how\\-to\\-distinguish\\-woodstock\\-and\\-his.html\\|title\\=How to distinguish Woodstock and his bird friends?}}",
"An important and recurring characteristic of Woodstock is his absurdly and hilariously high physical strength and endurance, considering he couldn't weigh more than about 50 grams. When playing hockey against Snoopy on his \"home ice\" (a frozen birdbath), he administers the beagle a severe body check that sends Snoopy flying clear out of the birdbath. In another instance, Woodstock discovers a \"strange creature\" in his nest. Linus wants to investigate the nest and asks Snoopy to \"give him a boost\" so he can reach the tree's lowest branch, which Snoopy does. The branch being still out of Linus's reach, Woodstock gives Snoopy and Linus both a boost, holding them in the air at wings' length, finally allowing Linus to climb the tree. Another strip has Snoopy once again try to determine what species Woodstock belongs to. Snoopy theorizes Woodstock might be an eagle. Since Snoopy has heard somewhere that eagles are capable of lifting a small child, he suggests Woodstock try that with Linus. The bird successfully lifts Linus with his wings three inches in the air and holds him up. The last instance is when Snoopy, posing as a football coach, is angry at his player Woodstock for losing \"the book with all our secret plays\" and orders the bird to run twenty thousand laps around the field as punishment. Woodstock fearfully complies.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2022}}",
"Woodstock wears a watch on his right wing?{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2022}} in *[The Peanuts Movie](/wiki/The_Peanuts_Movie \"The Peanuts Movie\")* (at time point 15:02\\) and in 2021's *[The Snoopy Show](/wiki/The_Snoopy_Show \"The Snoopy Show\")* (episode 2 \"Nest Friends\", episode 5 \"Happy Bird\\-Day\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2022}}",
"The TV special *[It's a Mystery, Charlie Brown](/wiki/It%27s_a_Mystery%2C_Charlie_Brown \"It's a Mystery, Charlie Brown\")* was mainly centered around Woodstock. The entire cold open and first act of the special involves Woodstock building his nest and taking a bird bath, and getting caught in a rainstorm, which, to Woodstock, is like a typhoon. The special centers around the theft of his nest and Snoopy, dressed as the World Famous Detective, trying to find out who did it.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2022}}",
"Both Snoopy and Woodstock were voiced by Bill Melendez from 1972 to 2006\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2022}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Bang Ui\-gang is a retired [assassin](/wiki/Assassin "Assassin") who has settled down with his wife, Hyeon\-soo. One day, Hyeon\-soo tells Ui\-gang that she is going on a holiday in [Jeju](/wiki/Jeju_Island "Jeju Island") together with her best friend, and requests that he take care of 17\-year\-old Kim Yoon\-ji, the daughter of her best friend. Though reluctant at first, Ui\-gang eventually gives in. After sending Hyeon\-soo and Yoon\-ji's stepmother off in the day, Ui\-gang fetches Yoon\-ji to Hongdae at night, and goes home after telling her to stay at her friend's house for a few days. Later at home, he gets awakened by Yoon\-ji's call asking for help because her stomach hurts and immediately goes to find her, only to realise later that she faked being sick to get him to come pick her up. However, after Yoon\-ji gets a text message, she tells Ui\-gang to go home first.
Ui\-gang heads home and drives away even though he looks back to see Yoon\-ji riding away on a bike with several others. After receiving a text from his wife asking how Yoon\-ji is doing, Ui\-gang decides to turn back to find her, managing to track her eventual location through a tracking device, which he placed in her wallet earlier. Finding her being threatened by several delinquents, led by Sung\-yeon, Ui\-gang beats them up and brings Yoon\-ji back home. The next night, Ui\-gang and Yoon\-ji are on the way back home, passing by the same place where he beat up the delinquents. He is stopped by [Detective](/wiki/Detective "Detective") Lee Young\-ho, who tells him that there is a murder case in the venue, and then lets him drive off.
The next morning, Detective Lee visits Ui\-gang, suspecting him of being a part of the murder, and telling him about Yoon\-ji's situation. Ui\-gang understands her situation as he recalls a flashback which showed him and a teenage girl who wanted to kill herself. Sung\-yeon calls Yoon\-ji and Ui\-gang intercepts the call, where he agrees to meet up, as Sung\-yeon has the knife used in the murders, and that knife has Ui\-gang's fingerprints. Though Sung\-yeon tell Ui\-gang to call her when he reaches a certain location, he is able to track her down because she has Yoon\-ji's wallet (with the tracker still inside). Ui\-gang escapes with the knife after fighting a Russian killer named Yuri, who is also trained in the [Spetsnaz](/wiki/Spetsnaz "Spetsnaz"). He returns home, only to find Yoon\-ji has been kidnapped.
Ui\-gang tracks Sung\-yeon to an apartment and mortally wounds her after seeking information from her about a [human trafficking](/wiki/Human_trafficking "Human trafficking") ring that also involves the [Russian mafia](/wiki/Russian_mafia "Russian mafia"), and about someone who has specifically requested Yoon\-ji. He visits a hotel linked to the ring, kills numerous delinquents and escapes from Yuri, who earlier told him where Yoon\-ji is. Detective Lee had arrived on the location to arrest Ui\-gang, but Ui\-gang overpowers him and drives with him to where he was told Yoon\-ji was. After saving her, Ui\-gang learns that Detective Lee is a corrupt police officer who worked for the organization Ui\-gang has been attacking. Detective Lee learns that Yoon\-ji was to be delivered to Park Hyung\-joo. Ui\-gang visits Park and learns that an unknown, high\-ranking judge had specifically requested Yoon\-ji. He also learns of an individual named *Pig Mama* who appears to be Park's boss.
Ui\-gang asks Detective Lee to research both the judge and Yoon\-ji. He learns Yoon\-ji's mother is actually her stepmother, and also the identity of the judge. He proceeds to the judge's mansion, killing several bodyguards, but is betrayed by Detective Lee. Ui\-gang is turned over to the judge, who is actually Judge Kim, next in line to become the Chief Justice of the [Supreme Court of Korea](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Korea "Supreme Court of Korea"). Judge Kim asks Detective Lee to kill Ui\-gang, but the latter breaks free, killing Detective Lee and Yuri. Having killed all the bodyguards, Ui\-gang kills Judge Kim after finding out that Pig Mama is Yoon\-ji's stepmother, currently on holiday with Hyeon\-soo. He heads to [Jeju](/wiki/Jeju_Island "Jeju Island") and kills Pig Mama in the outskirts. Together with Yoon\-ji, Ui\-gang finds Hyeon\-soo at a beach in Jeju, where it is revealed that the teenage girl in Ui\-gang's flashback was Hyeon\-soo.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Bang Ui\\-gang is a retired [assassin](/wiki/Assassin \"Assassin\") who has settled down with his wife, Hyeon\\-soo. One day, Hyeon\\-soo tells Ui\\-gang that she is going on a holiday in [Jeju](/wiki/Jeju_Island \"Jeju Island\") together with her best friend, and requests that he take care of 17\\-year\\-old Kim Yoon\\-ji, the daughter of her best friend. Though reluctant at first, Ui\\-gang eventually gives in. After sending Hyeon\\-soo and Yoon\\-ji's stepmother off in the day, Ui\\-gang fetches Yoon\\-ji to Hongdae at night, and goes home after telling her to stay at her friend's house for a few days. Later at home, he gets awakened by Yoon\\-ji's call asking for help because her stomach hurts and immediately goes to find her, only to realise later that she faked being sick to get him to come pick her up. However, after Yoon\\-ji gets a text message, she tells Ui\\-gang to go home first.",
"Ui\\-gang heads home and drives away even though he looks back to see Yoon\\-ji riding away on a bike with several others. After receiving a text from his wife asking how Yoon\\-ji is doing, Ui\\-gang decides to turn back to find her, managing to track her eventual location through a tracking device, which he placed in her wallet earlier. Finding her being threatened by several delinquents, led by Sung\\-yeon, Ui\\-gang beats them up and brings Yoon\\-ji back home. The next night, Ui\\-gang and Yoon\\-ji are on the way back home, passing by the same place where he beat up the delinquents. He is stopped by [Detective](/wiki/Detective \"Detective\") Lee Young\\-ho, who tells him that there is a murder case in the venue, and then lets him drive off.",
"The next morning, Detective Lee visits Ui\\-gang, suspecting him of being a part of the murder, and telling him about Yoon\\-ji's situation. Ui\\-gang understands her situation as he recalls a flashback which showed him and a teenage girl who wanted to kill herself. Sung\\-yeon calls Yoon\\-ji and Ui\\-gang intercepts the call, where he agrees to meet up, as Sung\\-yeon has the knife used in the murders, and that knife has Ui\\-gang's fingerprints. Though Sung\\-yeon tell Ui\\-gang to call her when he reaches a certain location, he is able to track her down because she has Yoon\\-ji's wallet (with the tracker still inside). Ui\\-gang escapes with the knife after fighting a Russian killer named Yuri, who is also trained in the [Spetsnaz](/wiki/Spetsnaz \"Spetsnaz\"). He returns home, only to find Yoon\\-ji has been kidnapped.",
"Ui\\-gang tracks Sung\\-yeon to an apartment and mortally wounds her after seeking information from her about a [human trafficking](/wiki/Human_trafficking \"Human trafficking\") ring that also involves the [Russian mafia](/wiki/Russian_mafia \"Russian mafia\"), and about someone who has specifically requested Yoon\\-ji. He visits a hotel linked to the ring, kills numerous delinquents and escapes from Yuri, who earlier told him where Yoon\\-ji is. Detective Lee had arrived on the location to arrest Ui\\-gang, but Ui\\-gang overpowers him and drives with him to where he was told Yoon\\-ji was. After saving her, Ui\\-gang learns that Detective Lee is a corrupt police officer who worked for the organization Ui\\-gang has been attacking. Detective Lee learns that Yoon\\-ji was to be delivered to Park Hyung\\-joo. Ui\\-gang visits Park and learns that an unknown, high\\-ranking judge had specifically requested Yoon\\-ji. He also learns of an individual named *Pig Mama* who appears to be Park's boss.",
"Ui\\-gang asks Detective Lee to research both the judge and Yoon\\-ji. He learns Yoon\\-ji's mother is actually her stepmother, and also the identity of the judge. He proceeds to the judge's mansion, killing several bodyguards, but is betrayed by Detective Lee. Ui\\-gang is turned over to the judge, who is actually Judge Kim, next in line to become the Chief Justice of the [Supreme Court of Korea](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Korea \"Supreme Court of Korea\"). Judge Kim asks Detective Lee to kill Ui\\-gang, but the latter breaks free, killing Detective Lee and Yuri. Having killed all the bodyguards, Ui\\-gang kills Judge Kim after finding out that Pig Mama is Yoon\\-ji's stepmother, currently on holiday with Hyeon\\-soo. He heads to [Jeju](/wiki/Jeju_Island \"Jeju Island\") and kills Pig Mama in the outskirts. Together with Yoon\\-ji, Ui\\-gang finds Hyeon\\-soo at a beach in Jeju, where it is revealed that the teenage girl in Ui\\-gang's flashback was Hyeon\\-soo.",
""
] |
Inflation
---------
As there was no control over the amount to be printed, the value of the {{lang\|fr\|assignats}} went beyond the limits of the confiscated properties. This caused [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation "Hyperinflation"). In the beginning of 1792, they had lost most of their supposed value.
This hyperinflation was inspired by continual food shortages. Rather than solving the financial problems, the {{lang\|fr\|assignats}} became a cause for food riots. Insecurity continued after the abolition of the monarchy, and the situation got worse with the wars France faced. These circumstances interfered with the completion of good financial policies that would reduce debts. Bills were passed such as the [Maximum Price Act](/wiki/Maximum_Price_Act "Maximum Price Act") ({{lang\|fr\|loi du maximum général}}) of 1793, meant to control price increases.
On 28 December 1793, the Assembly issued the legislation to confiscate the property of individuals regarded as enemies of the Revolution, which included the émigrés and fugitives, hostile priesthood, the deportees, prisoners, those sentenced to death, and the aliens from enemy countries.
When the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[Directoire]]}} came into power in 1795 the Maximum Price Act was lifted. High [monetary inflation](/wiki/Monetary_inflation "Monetary inflation") reemerged and in the next four years Paris was the scene of yet more riots. The {{lang\|fr\|assignats}} were becoming worthless.
France's financial problems were solved during the [French Consulate](/wiki/French_Consulate "French Consulate") when [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon "Napoleon"), the First Consul, created the country's new currency, the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[French franc\#French Empire and Restoration\|franc germinal]]}}, by the law of 28 March 1803 ({{lang\|fr\|loi du 7 Germinal an XI}}).
|
[
"Inflation\n---------",
"As there was no control over the amount to be printed, the value of the {{lang\\|fr\\|assignats}} went beyond the limits of the confiscated properties. This caused [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation \"Hyperinflation\"). In the beginning of 1792, they had lost most of their supposed value.",
"This hyperinflation was inspired by continual food shortages. Rather than solving the financial problems, the {{lang\\|fr\\|assignats}} became a cause for food riots. Insecurity continued after the abolition of the monarchy, and the situation got worse with the wars France faced. These circumstances interfered with the completion of good financial policies that would reduce debts. Bills were passed such as the [Maximum Price Act](/wiki/Maximum_Price_Act \"Maximum Price Act\") ({{lang\\|fr\\|loi du maximum général}}) of 1793, meant to control price increases.",
"On 28 December 1793, the Assembly issued the legislation to confiscate the property of individuals regarded as enemies of the Revolution, which included the émigrés and fugitives, hostile priesthood, the deportees, prisoners, those sentenced to death, and the aliens from enemy countries.",
"When the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Directoire]]}} came into power in 1795 the Maximum Price Act was lifted. High [monetary inflation](/wiki/Monetary_inflation \"Monetary inflation\") reemerged and in the next four years Paris was the scene of yet more riots. The {{lang\\|fr\\|assignats}} were becoming worthless.",
"France's financial problems were solved during the [French Consulate](/wiki/French_Consulate \"French Consulate\") when [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon \"Napoleon\"), the First Consul, created the country's new currency, the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[French franc\\#French Empire and Restoration\\|franc germinal]]}}, by the law of 28 March 1803 ({{lang\\|fr\\|loi du 7 Germinal an XI}}).",
""
] |
Plot
----
DJ Andrey Pushkarev wakes up in his Moscow apartment, packs his [vinyl records](/wiki/Gramophone_record "Gramophone record") into a rolling bag and leaves for [Domodedovo airport](/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport "Domodedovo International Airport"), to fly to Zurich. Upon arriving, he is greeted by the [promoter](/wiki/Promoter_%28entertainment%29 "Promoter (entertainment)") of the Supermarket club. After falling asleep in the hotel, he is suddenly awakened by the alarm, resulting in a prolonged moment of disorientation. This disorientation, indicative of severe sleep deprivation, is visually emphasized as he stares blankly into the camera, capturing the exhaustion and mental fatigue inherent in the DJing profession. He finally gathers his wits, dresses up, and leaves for the job in the middle of the night. After finishing his [DJ set](/wiki/DJ_mix "DJ mix"), he leaves the club to take the train to Geneva. While en route, instead of admiring the Alpine scenery, he sleeps.
After a short visit to a friend in Geneva (whether male or female is not shown), he takes the plane back to Moscow. He thus completes the first "story loop", repeated with slight variations throughout the entire film, a metaphor on techno [music loops](/wiki/Loop_%28music%29 "Loop (music)").
In his flat in Moscow, after quickly replying to booking requests on Skype, he goes through his huge collection of vinyl techno records to prepare his next performances. A quick shave and he leaves to take a taxi for the railway station, where he boards a train for Saint Petersburg.
Once in Saint Petersburg, he waits at a friend’s flat, while listening to tracks on [Beatport](/wiki/Beatport "Beatport"). After nightfall, he is driven to Barakobamabar, where he plays a set. At dawn, his friends accompany him to the metro, one of them barely walking from too much drink. Pushkarev then takes the metro back to the train station, using a short\-cut through Saint Petersburg down\-town.
Back in Moscow, and back to the beginning of the story loop, he visits his friends and while drinking tea, debates his dream of playing techno during the day and bringing the techno club industry more in line with a healthy [lifestyle](/wiki/Lifestyle_%28sociology%29 "Lifestyle (sociology)").
After a short metro trip, he plays in a Moscow club Mir, after which he flies out to Geneva, again. There, he takes the same train as previously, looping in the other direction, to [Olten](/wiki/Olten "Olten") via [Bern](/wiki/Bern "Bern"). Greeted by the club promoter, he goes directly to the local club Terminus, where technical problems hamper his performance. The [Technics SL\-1210](/wiki/Technics_SL-1200 "Technics SL-1200") turntable refuses to switch the playback speed from 45 rpm to 33 rpm. Later, a club technician bumps his elbow into the [tonearm](/wiki/Tonearm "Tonearm"). Tired, Pushkarev takes a cab to the hotel, where he checks his in\-coming booking requests on the notebook computer.
In the morning, he takes the train to [Lausanne](/wiki/Lausanne "Lausanne") where he changes for a [TGV](/wiki/TGV "TGV") to Paris. After a performance at the 4 Éléments bar, he continues his trip to the [SWISS](/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines "Swiss International Air Lines") [hub](/wiki/Airline_hub "Airline hub") in [Zurich](/wiki/Zurich_Airport "Zurich Airport"), where he boards a flight to Budapest.
The local crew transport him from Budapest to [Kecel](/wiki/Kecel "Kecel"), where he plays at the club Korona to a massive audience. Asleep in the car back to Budapest, he misses the decorated down\-town and gets only a couple of hours to repack at the hotel, before leaving again for the airport, restarting the loop.
He flies back to the Zurich hub, where he changes for a flight to Bucharest.
Picked\-up at the airport, he is driven to [Craiova](/wiki/Craiova "Craiova"), where he plays at club Krypton without any rest.
The next day, he sleeps in the car during a huge [snowstorm of 2012](/wiki/Early_2012_European_cold_wave "Early 2012 European cold wave"), one of the deadliest in Romania’s history, to arrive in [Cluj\-Napoca](/wiki/Cluj-Napoca "Cluj-Napoca")’s club Midi, where he plays a high\-energy DJ set. The crowd responds enthusiastically, cheering, jumping, and raising their hands as the music drives the atmosphere to a peak… only to cut to the DJ waking up in the same battered BMW driving again through winter.
Finally, he arrives at the seaside, stares at the waves and the sunset and silently walks away, leaving his bag of vinyls on the beach.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"DJ Andrey Pushkarev wakes up in his Moscow apartment, packs his [vinyl records](/wiki/Gramophone_record \"Gramophone record\") into a rolling bag and leaves for [Domodedovo airport](/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport \"Domodedovo International Airport\"), to fly to Zurich. Upon arriving, he is greeted by the [promoter](/wiki/Promoter_%28entertainment%29 \"Promoter (entertainment)\") of the Supermarket club. After falling asleep in the hotel, he is suddenly awakened by the alarm, resulting in a prolonged moment of disorientation. This disorientation, indicative of severe sleep deprivation, is visually emphasized as he stares blankly into the camera, capturing the exhaustion and mental fatigue inherent in the DJing profession. He finally gathers his wits, dresses up, and leaves for the job in the middle of the night. After finishing his [DJ set](/wiki/DJ_mix \"DJ mix\"), he leaves the club to take the train to Geneva. While en route, instead of admiring the Alpine scenery, he sleeps.",
"After a short visit to a friend in Geneva (whether male or female is not shown), he takes the plane back to Moscow. He thus completes the first \"story loop\", repeated with slight variations throughout the entire film, a metaphor on techno [music loops](/wiki/Loop_%28music%29 \"Loop (music)\").",
"In his flat in Moscow, after quickly replying to booking requests on Skype, he goes through his huge collection of vinyl techno records to prepare his next performances. A quick shave and he leaves to take a taxi for the railway station, where he boards a train for Saint Petersburg.",
"Once in Saint Petersburg, he waits at a friend’s flat, while listening to tracks on [Beatport](/wiki/Beatport \"Beatport\"). After nightfall, he is driven to Barakobamabar, where he plays a set. At dawn, his friends accompany him to the metro, one of them barely walking from too much drink. Pushkarev then takes the metro back to the train station, using a short\\-cut through Saint Petersburg down\\-town.",
"Back in Moscow, and back to the beginning of the story loop, he visits his friends and while drinking tea, debates his dream of playing techno during the day and bringing the techno club industry more in line with a healthy [lifestyle](/wiki/Lifestyle_%28sociology%29 \"Lifestyle (sociology)\").",
"After a short metro trip, he plays in a Moscow club Mir, after which he flies out to Geneva, again. There, he takes the same train as previously, looping in the other direction, to [Olten](/wiki/Olten \"Olten\") via [Bern](/wiki/Bern \"Bern\"). Greeted by the club promoter, he goes directly to the local club Terminus, where technical problems hamper his performance. The [Technics SL\\-1210](/wiki/Technics_SL-1200 \"Technics SL-1200\") turntable refuses to switch the playback speed from 45 rpm to 33 rpm. Later, a club technician bumps his elbow into the [tonearm](/wiki/Tonearm \"Tonearm\"). Tired, Pushkarev takes a cab to the hotel, where he checks his in\\-coming booking requests on the notebook computer.",
"In the morning, he takes the train to [Lausanne](/wiki/Lausanne \"Lausanne\") where he changes for a [TGV](/wiki/TGV \"TGV\") to Paris. After a performance at the 4 Éléments bar, he continues his trip to the [SWISS](/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines \"Swiss International Air Lines\") [hub](/wiki/Airline_hub \"Airline hub\") in [Zurich](/wiki/Zurich_Airport \"Zurich Airport\"), where he boards a flight to Budapest.",
"The local crew transport him from Budapest to [Kecel](/wiki/Kecel \"Kecel\"), where he plays at the club Korona to a massive audience. Asleep in the car back to Budapest, he misses the decorated down\\-town and gets only a couple of hours to repack at the hotel, before leaving again for the airport, restarting the loop.",
"He flies back to the Zurich hub, where he changes for a flight to Bucharest.",
"Picked\\-up at the airport, he is driven to [Craiova](/wiki/Craiova \"Craiova\"), where he plays at club Krypton without any rest.",
"The next day, he sleeps in the car during a huge [snowstorm of 2012](/wiki/Early_2012_European_cold_wave \"Early 2012 European cold wave\"), one of the deadliest in Romania’s history, to arrive in [Cluj\\-Napoca](/wiki/Cluj-Napoca \"Cluj-Napoca\")’s club Midi, where he plays a high\\-energy DJ set. The crowd responds enthusiastically, cheering, jumping, and raising their hands as the music drives the atmosphere to a peak… only to cut to the DJ waking up in the same battered BMW driving again through winter.",
"Finally, he arrives at the seaside, stares at the waves and the sunset and silently walks away, leaving his bag of vinyls on the beach.",
""
] |
Tennis career
-------------
Throughout his career, Enqvist finished four seasons ranked inside the top 10 and won at least one ATP title for six consecutive years. In 1998 he underwent surgery in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") to remove a small piece of bone from his right foot and had surgery on his right shoulder to repair a [repetitive strain injury](/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury "Repetitive strain injury"). Despite his surgeries, Enqvist posted some major victories, including wins over world no. 1 [Pete Sampras](/wiki/Pete_Sampras "Pete Sampras"), [Juan Carlos Ferrero](/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ferrero "Juan Carlos Ferrero"), and [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick "Andy Roddick").
Enqvist won a total of 19 singles titles, the most significant being [ATP Masters Series](/wiki/ATP_Masters_Series "ATP Masters Series") titles at [Paris](/wiki/Paris_Masters "Paris Masters") (1996\), [Stuttgart](/wiki/Eurocard_Open "Eurocard Open") (1999\) and both the singles and doubles titles in [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati_Masters "Cincinnati Masters") (2000\). In winning the [Stuttgart Masters](/wiki/Eurocard_Open "Eurocard Open"), he defeated four top 10 players, including world no. 1 [Andre Agassi](/wiki/Andre_Agassi "Andre Agassi").
His best showing at a [Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28tennis%29 "Grand Slam (tennis)") event was at the [1999 Australian Open](/wiki/1999_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "1999 Australian Open – Men's singles"), when he beat [Jan\-Michael Gambill](/wiki/Jan-Michael_Gambill "Jan-Michael Gambill"), [Byron Black](/wiki/Byron_Black "Byron Black"), [Pat Rafter](/wiki/Pat_Rafter "Pat Rafter"), [Mark Philippoussis](/wiki/Mark_Philippoussis "Mark Philippoussis"), [Marc Rosset](/wiki/Marc_Rosset "Marc Rosset") and [Nicolás Lapentti](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Lapentti "Nicolás Lapentti") before losing in the final to [Yevgeny Kafelnikov](/wiki/Yevgeny_Kafelnikov "Yevgeny Kafelnikov") of Russia. He also reached the quarterfinals at the [1996 Australian Open](/wiki/1996_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "1996 Australian Open – Men's singles") and at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2001_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles") in 2001\.
Enqvist was a force on the [Swedish Davis Cup team](/wiki/Sweden_Davis_Cup_team "Sweden Davis Cup team"). In 1998, he helped Sweden reach the finals of the Davis Cup for the fourth time in five years.
From 2017 to 2019, Enqvist was captain of the Swedish Davis Cup team. He currently works as a commentator for [Eurosport](/wiki/Eurosport "Eurosport") Sweden. Enqvist is also the current vice\-captain for Team Europe in the [Laver Cup](/wiki/Laver_Cup "Laver Cup"), a position he has held since the inaugural tournament.
He has been provisionally coaching [Stefanos Tsitsipas](/wiki/Stefanos_Tsitsipas "Stefanos Tsitsipas") since February 2022, starting with the [Rotterdam Open](/wiki/Rotterdam_Open "Rotterdam Open").
|
[
"Tennis career\n-------------",
"Throughout his career, Enqvist finished four seasons ranked inside the top 10 and won at least one ATP title for six consecutive years. In 1998 he underwent surgery in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") to remove a small piece of bone from his right foot and had surgery on his right shoulder to repair a [repetitive strain injury](/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury \"Repetitive strain injury\"). Despite his surgeries, Enqvist posted some major victories, including wins over world no. 1 [Pete Sampras](/wiki/Pete_Sampras \"Pete Sampras\"), [Juan Carlos Ferrero](/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ferrero \"Juan Carlos Ferrero\"), and [Andy Roddick](/wiki/Andy_Roddick \"Andy Roddick\").",
"Enqvist won a total of 19 singles titles, the most significant being [ATP Masters Series](/wiki/ATP_Masters_Series \"ATP Masters Series\") titles at [Paris](/wiki/Paris_Masters \"Paris Masters\") (1996\\), [Stuttgart](/wiki/Eurocard_Open \"Eurocard Open\") (1999\\) and both the singles and doubles titles in [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati_Masters \"Cincinnati Masters\") (2000\\). In winning the [Stuttgart Masters](/wiki/Eurocard_Open \"Eurocard Open\"), he defeated four top 10 players, including world no. 1 [Andre Agassi](/wiki/Andre_Agassi \"Andre Agassi\").",
"His best showing at a [Grand Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_%28tennis%29 \"Grand Slam (tennis)\") event was at the [1999 Australian Open](/wiki/1999_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"1999 Australian Open – Men's singles\"), when he beat [Jan\\-Michael Gambill](/wiki/Jan-Michael_Gambill \"Jan-Michael Gambill\"), [Byron Black](/wiki/Byron_Black \"Byron Black\"), [Pat Rafter](/wiki/Pat_Rafter \"Pat Rafter\"), [Mark Philippoussis](/wiki/Mark_Philippoussis \"Mark Philippoussis\"), [Marc Rosset](/wiki/Marc_Rosset \"Marc Rosset\") and [Nicolás Lapentti](/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Lapentti \"Nicolás Lapentti\") before losing in the final to [Yevgeny Kafelnikov](/wiki/Yevgeny_Kafelnikov \"Yevgeny Kafelnikov\") of Russia. He also reached the quarterfinals at the [1996 Australian Open](/wiki/1996_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"1996 Australian Open – Men's singles\") and at [Wimbledon](/wiki/2001_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles\") in 2001\\.",
"Enqvist was a force on the [Swedish Davis Cup team](/wiki/Sweden_Davis_Cup_team \"Sweden Davis Cup team\"). In 1998, he helped Sweden reach the finals of the Davis Cup for the fourth time in five years.",
"From 2017 to 2019, Enqvist was captain of the Swedish Davis Cup team. He currently works as a commentator for [Eurosport](/wiki/Eurosport \"Eurosport\") Sweden. Enqvist is also the current vice\\-captain for Team Europe in the [Laver Cup](/wiki/Laver_Cup \"Laver Cup\"), a position he has held since the inaugural tournament.",
"He has been provisionally coaching [Stefanos Tsitsipas](/wiki/Stefanos_Tsitsipas \"Stefanos Tsitsipas\") since February 2022, starting with the [Rotterdam Open](/wiki/Rotterdam_Open \"Rotterdam Open\").",
""
] |
History
-------
Anomabu had long been a coastal trading center before it was established as a slave trading port, which caused the town to rise to prominence in the 17th century. The Fante merchants there traded primarily in gold and grain. After inviting the Dutch to build a factory in the town, the merchants turned increasingly towards the slave trade. Wealthy Fante merchants supported the building of an English fort to further this cause. However, the loss of the [Royal African Company](/wiki/Royal_African_Company "Royal African Company")'s monopoly in 1698 led to the closing of the fort in 1730\. Under pressure from increasing French interest, the [Company of Merchants Trading to Africa](/wiki/Company_of_Merchants_Trading_to_Africa "Company of Merchants Trading to Africa") moved to rebuild the fort.Sparks, Randy. "Where the Negroes are Masters." Harvard University Press, 2014, p. 4\.
Anomabu Castle, renamed [Fort William](/wiki/Fort_William%2C_Ghana "Fort William, Ghana") in the 1830s, was designed by the British engineer John Apperley and constructed between 1753 and 1760\. At the time it was considered to be the strongest fortification on the coast.{{cite book \|title\=The National Cyclopaedia of Usefuk Knowledge,; Vol I \|date\=1847 \|publisher\=Charles Knight \|location\=London \|page\=770 \|edition\=First}} It is about {{convert\|10\|mi\|sp\=us\|order\=flip}} from [Cape Coast Castle](/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle "Cape Coast Castle").{{sfnp\|EB\|1878}} After Apperley's death in 1756, Anglo\-Irishman Richard Brew took over the Governorship of the fort and continued its construction. The Anomabu fort became the center of British involvement in the [Atlantic slave trade](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade "Atlantic slave trade") along the [Gold Coast](/wiki/Gold_Coast_%28British_colony%29 "Gold Coast (British colony)") until it was abolished in 1807\.{{sfnp\|St Clair\|2006\|loc\=Ch. 7}} Though lack of evidence makes it difficult to say with absolute certainty, it is thought that the majority of the captive people sold into slavery at Anomabu were likely to have come from the [Ashanti](/wiki/Ashanti_people "Ashanti people") and southern [Akan people](/wiki/Akan_people "Akan people").
According to a survey and analysis of village settlement patterns in Anomabu done by James Sanders in the 1960s, the distribution of villages in Anomabu have remained relatively constant since the mid to late 19th century.{{Cite journal\|last\=Sanders\|first\=James\|date\=April 1985\|title\=Village settlement among the Fante: a study of the Anomabo paramountcy\|url\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0001972000044612/type/journal\_article\|journal\=Africa\|language\=en\|volume\=55\|issue\=2\|pages\=174–186\|doi\=10\.2307/1160300\|jstor\=1160300\|s2cid\=145774156 \|issn\=0001\-9720}} As Anomabu declined in its role as a trading post of slaves, so did its population \- fewer settlements were established in Anomabu and the areas inland of it, and as a result, the villages from that point until the present have remained relatively unchanged.
Since the fabric of Anomabu's commercial society was so dependent on the institution of slavery up to that point, Anomabu post 1807 declined significantly in its power as an economic commercial space. In the same year, a small garrison successfully resisted the entire [Ashanti](/wiki/Ashanti_Empire "Ashanti Empire") army, although the city suffered greatly from the attack.{{sfnp\|EB\|1878}} The attack resulted in over 8,000 casualties of Anomabu people.
In the later 19th century, it exported in [palm oil](/wiki/Palm_oil "Palm oil"), [ivory](/wiki/Ivory "Ivory"), [gold](/wiki/Gold "Gold") dust, [peanuts](/wiki/Peanut "Peanut"), and [Guinea grains](/wiki/Guinea_grain "Guinea grain") in exchange for considerable imports of manufactured goods.{{Sfnp\|EB\|1878}} Its population in the 1870s was around 4500\.{{sfnp\|EB\|1878}}
Originally a small fishing village, Anomabu eventually became one of the most important trading ports on the Gold Coast. By the 18th century, the town had become one of the largest exporters of slaves on the West Coast of Africa. According to 19th century colonial official George Macdonald, Anomabu was “The strongest \[town] on the coast on account of the number of armed natives that it contained: The whole land round was well populated besides being very rich in gold, slaves, and corn”. Not just slaves, but the plentiful maize corn was another reason that the Fante region and Anomabu specifically was so desirable to slave traders.
In 1798, people who would be enslaved were embarked on the [Antelope ship](/wiki/Antelope_%281797_ship%29 "Antelope (1797 ship)") which had come from London.{{cite book\|last1\=Sparks\|first1\=Randy\|title\=Where the Negroes Are Masters\|date\=2014\|publisher\=Harvard University Press\|location\=Cambridge, Massachusetts\|page\=7}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Anomabu had long been a coastal trading center before it was established as a slave trading port, which caused the town to rise to prominence in the 17th century. The Fante merchants there traded primarily in gold and grain. After inviting the Dutch to build a factory in the town, the merchants turned increasingly towards the slave trade. Wealthy Fante merchants supported the building of an English fort to further this cause. However, the loss of the [Royal African Company](/wiki/Royal_African_Company \"Royal African Company\")'s monopoly in 1698 led to the closing of the fort in 1730\\. Under pressure from increasing French interest, the [Company of Merchants Trading to Africa](/wiki/Company_of_Merchants_Trading_to_Africa \"Company of Merchants Trading to Africa\") moved to rebuild the fort.Sparks, Randy. \"Where the Negroes are Masters.\" Harvard University Press, 2014, p. 4\\.",
"Anomabu Castle, renamed [Fort William](/wiki/Fort_William%2C_Ghana \"Fort William, Ghana\") in the 1830s, was designed by the British engineer John Apperley and constructed between 1753 and 1760\\. At the time it was considered to be the strongest fortification on the coast.{{cite book \\|title\\=The National Cyclopaedia of Usefuk Knowledge,; Vol I \\|date\\=1847 \\|publisher\\=Charles Knight \\|location\\=London \\|page\\=770 \\|edition\\=First}} It is about {{convert\\|10\\|mi\\|sp\\=us\\|order\\=flip}} from [Cape Coast Castle](/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle \"Cape Coast Castle\").{{sfnp\\|EB\\|1878}} After Apperley's death in 1756, Anglo\\-Irishman Richard Brew took over the Governorship of the fort and continued its construction. The Anomabu fort became the center of British involvement in the [Atlantic slave trade](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade \"Atlantic slave trade\") along the [Gold Coast](/wiki/Gold_Coast_%28British_colony%29 \"Gold Coast (British colony)\") until it was abolished in 1807\\.{{sfnp\\|St Clair\\|2006\\|loc\\=Ch. 7}} Though lack of evidence makes it difficult to say with absolute certainty, it is thought that the majority of the captive people sold into slavery at Anomabu were likely to have come from the [Ashanti](/wiki/Ashanti_people \"Ashanti people\") and southern [Akan people](/wiki/Akan_people \"Akan people\").",
"According to a survey and analysis of village settlement patterns in Anomabu done by James Sanders in the 1960s, the distribution of villages in Anomabu have remained relatively constant since the mid to late 19th century.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Sanders\\|first\\=James\\|date\\=April 1985\\|title\\=Village settlement among the Fante: a study of the Anomabo paramountcy\\|url\\=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0001972000044612/type/journal\\_article\\|journal\\=Africa\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=55\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=174–186\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/1160300\\|jstor\\=1160300\\|s2cid\\=145774156 \\|issn\\=0001\\-9720}} As Anomabu declined in its role as a trading post of slaves, so did its population \\- fewer settlements were established in Anomabu and the areas inland of it, and as a result, the villages from that point until the present have remained relatively unchanged.",
"Since the fabric of Anomabu's commercial society was so dependent on the institution of slavery up to that point, Anomabu post 1807 declined significantly in its power as an economic commercial space. In the same year, a small garrison successfully resisted the entire [Ashanti](/wiki/Ashanti_Empire \"Ashanti Empire\") army, although the city suffered greatly from the attack.{{sfnp\\|EB\\|1878}} The attack resulted in over 8,000 casualties of Anomabu people.",
"In the later 19th century, it exported in [palm oil](/wiki/Palm_oil \"Palm oil\"), [ivory](/wiki/Ivory \"Ivory\"), [gold](/wiki/Gold \"Gold\") dust, [peanuts](/wiki/Peanut \"Peanut\"), and [Guinea grains](/wiki/Guinea_grain \"Guinea grain\") in exchange for considerable imports of manufactured goods.{{Sfnp\\|EB\\|1878}} Its population in the 1870s was around 4500\\.{{sfnp\\|EB\\|1878}}",
"Originally a small fishing village, Anomabu eventually became one of the most important trading ports on the Gold Coast. By the 18th century, the town had become one of the largest exporters of slaves on the West Coast of Africa. According to 19th century colonial official George Macdonald, Anomabu was “The strongest \\[town] on the coast on account of the number of armed natives that it contained: The whole land round was well populated besides being very rich in gold, slaves, and corn”. Not just slaves, but the plentiful maize corn was another reason that the Fante region and Anomabu specifically was so desirable to slave traders.",
"In 1798, people who would be enslaved were embarked on the [Antelope ship](/wiki/Antelope_%281797_ship%29 \"Antelope (1797 ship)\") which had come from London.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Sparks\\|first1\\=Randy\\|title\\=Where the Negroes Are Masters\\|date\\=2014\\|publisher\\=Harvard University Press\\|location\\=Cambridge, Massachusetts\\|page\\=7}}",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|250px\|Main historical sites in the northern part of the [Gulf of Aqaba](/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba "Gulf of Aqaba")](/wiki/File:AqabaComposite.png "AqabaComposite.png")
### Nearby Chalcolithic sites
[thumb\|200px\|Tall Hujayrat Al\-Ghuzlan excavations](/wiki/File:Tall_Hujayrat_al-Ghuzlan_01.jpg "Tall Hujayrat al-Ghuzlan 01.jpg")
Excavations at two [tells](/wiki/Tell_%28archaeology%29 "Tell (archaeology)") (archaeological mounds) [Tall Hujayrat Al\-Ghuzlan](/wiki/Tall_Hujayrat_Al-Ghuzlan "Tall Hujayrat Al-Ghuzlan") and [Tall Al\-Magass](/wiki/Tall_Al-Magass "Tall Al-Magass"), both a few kilometres north of modern\-day Aqaba city, revealed inhabited settlements from c. 4000 BC during the [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic "Chalcolithic") period, with thriving [copper](/wiki/Copper "Copper") production on a large scale.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=R44VRnNCzAYC\&pg\=PA72\|title\=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, المجلد 4\|author1\=Trudy Ring\|author2\=Robert M. Salkin\|author3\=Sharon La Boda\|year\=1994\|isbn\=978\-1\-884964\-03\-9\|publisher\=Taylor \& Francis\|page\=72\|access\-date\=19 September 2017\|archive\-date\=26 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726074437/https://books.google.com/books?id\=R44VRnNCzAYC\&pg\=PA72\|url\-status\=live}} This period is largely unknown due to the absence of written historical sources. [University of Jordan](/wiki/University_of_Jordan "University of Jordan")
archaeologists have discovered the sites, where they found{{where\|date\=January 2021}} a small building whose walls were inscribed with human and animal drawings, suggesting that the building was used as a religious site. The people who inhabited the site had developed an extensive water system in irrigating their crops which were mostly made up of grapes, olives and wheat. Several different\-sized clay pots were also found suggesting that copper production was a major industry in the region, the pots being used in melting the copper and reshaping it. Scientific studies performed on\-site revealed that it had undergone two earthquakes, with the latter one leaving the site completely destroyed.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.alghad.com/articles/722736\-%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA\-%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9\-%D9%81%D9%8A\-%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9\-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86\-%D9%81%D9%8A\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9\|access\-date\=22 April 2016\|date\=18 February 2008\|title\=اكتشافات أثرية في موقع حجيرة الغزلان بوادي اليتيم في جنوب الأردن\|work\=Alghad\|language\=ar\|archive\-date\=5 March 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002959/http://www.alghad.com/articles/722736\-%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA\-%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9\-%D9%81%D9%8A\-%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9\-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86\-%D9%81%D9%8A\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9\|url\-status\=live}}
### Early history
#### Elath
{{further\|Elath}}
The [Edomites](/wiki/Edom "Edom"), who ruled over [Edom](/wiki/Edom "Edom") just south of the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea "Dead Sea"), are believed to have built the first port in Aqaba called [Elath](/wiki/Elath "Elath") around 1500 BC,{{citation needed\|date\=May 2018}} turning it into a major hub for the trade of copper as the [Phoenicians](/wiki/Phoenicia "Phoenicia") helped them develop their maritime economy. They profited from its strategic location at the junction of trading routes between Asia and Africa.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2018}}
#### Tell el\-Kheleifeh
Archaeologists have investigated an [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age") settlement at [Tell el\-Kheleifeh](/wiki/Tell_el-Kheleifeh "Tell el-Kheleifeh"), immediately west of Aqaba, inhabited between the 8th and 4th centuries BCE.{{Cite web\|title\=Aqaba\|url\=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a4add4d1482149d787fa5b7c8d9b2de2\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-24\|website\=ArcGIS StoryMaps\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=15 March 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315231533/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a4add4d1482149d787fa5b7c8d9b2de2\|url\-status\=live}}
#### Undefined
Around 735 BC, the city{{dubious\|Which? Kheleifeh? Goes for the entire paragraph. Was there one city north of the golf? Two? Which archaeological sites have remains from the time?\|date\=January 2021}} was conquered by the [Assyrian empire](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire "Neo-Assyrian Empire"). Because of the wars the Assyrians were fighting in the east, their trading routes were diverted to the city and the port witnessed relative prosperity. The [Babylonians](/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire "Neo-Babylonian Empire") conquered it in 600 BC. During this time, Elath witnessed great economic growth, which is attributed to the business background of its rulers who realized how important the city's location was. The Persian [Achaemenid Empire](/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire "Achaemenid Empire") took the city in 539 BC.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aqaba.jo/en/aqaba/beach\-of\-history\#page\|title\=The Beach of History (3700 BC to date)\|work\=aqaba.jo\|publisher\=AQABA\|access\-date\=27 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928032739/http://www.aqaba.jo/en/aqaba/beach\-of\-history\#page\|archive\-date\=28 September 2015\|url\-status\=dead}}{{unreliable source?\|date\=May 2018}}{{dubious\|Unaccebtably poor source, useless, faulty and against Wikipedia standards.\|date\=January 2021}}
### Classical antiquity
#### Hellenistic period
{{further\|History of the Romans in Arabia\|Arabia Petraea\|Via Traiana Nova}}The city continued to grow and prosper which made it a major trading hub by the time of the [Greek](/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece "Hellenistic Greece") rule by 300 BC, after the [Wars of Alexander the Great](/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great "Wars of Alexander the Great"), it was described by a Greek historian to be "one of the most important trading cities in the Arab World". The [Ptolemaic Greeks](/wiki/Ptolemaic_Greek "Ptolemaic Greek") called it *Berenice*.{{harvnb\|Mayhew\|2006}}
The [Nabatean kingdom](/wiki/Nabatean_kingdom "Nabatean kingdom") had its capital north of the city, at [Petra](/wiki/Petra "Petra").
#### Roman period
[thumb\|left\|200px\|[Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") milestone that marked the starting point of the [Via Nova Traiana](/wiki/Via_Nova_Traiana "Via Nova Traiana")](/wiki/File:Aqaba_Archeological_Museum04.jpg "Aqaba Archeological Museum04.jpg")
In 64 BC, following the [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") conquest, they{{who\|date\=January 2021}} annexed the city and called it *Aela* (also *Haila*, *Aelana*, in Greek rendered Αἴλα *Aila*).In classical texts the Roman city is known as *Aela*, occasionally *Haila* or *Aelana*. *Aela* is the standard form of the name in Roman\-era classical studies.
See:
{{cite book\|author\=Glen Warren Bowersock\|title\=Roman Arabia\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=L4NBigJ3NF4C\&pg\=PA172\|year\=1994\|publisher\=Harvard University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-674\-77756\-9\|page\=172\|access\-date\=20 February 2016\|archive\-date\=26 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726074807/https://books.google.com/books?id\=L4NBigJ3NF4C\&pg\=PA172\|url\-status\=live}}
{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xeJMAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=RA2\-PA56\|page\=56\|title\=''The Oxford Companion to Archaeology''\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|year\=2012\|author\=Neil Asher Silberman\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-973578\-5\|access\-date\=20 February 2016\|archive\-date\=26 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726075322/https://books.google.com/books?id\=xeJMAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=RA2\-PA56\|url\-status\=live}}
{{cite book\|editor1\=Averil Cameron\|editor2\=Peter Garnsey\|title\=The Cambridge Ancient History\|year\=1928\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=zdoUNivK\_hsC\&pg\=PA846\|volume\=13\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-30200\-5\|page\=846\|access\-date\=20 February 2016\|archive\-date\=26 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726075158/https://books.google.com/books?id\=zdoUNivK\_hsC\&pg\=PA846\|url\-status\=live}}
\[Stéphanie Benoist (editor), *Rome, A City and Its Empire in Perspective* (BRILL 2012 {{ISBN\|978\-9\-00423123\-8}}), p. 128]
[Suzanne Richard, *Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader*](https://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&pg=PA436) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726074924/https://books.google.com/books?id\=khR0apPid8gC\&pg\=PA436 \|date\=26 July 2020 }} (Eisenbrauns 2003 {{ISBN\|978\-1\-57506083\-5}}), p. 436
Both Petra and Aela were under strong [Nabatean](/wiki/Nabatean "Nabatean") influence despite the Roman rule.{{dubious\|When? After 106 Nabataea itself became a Roman province. Before? But before 106 Petra WAS Nabataean, so this looks like total nonsense. Utterly misunderstood sense of "patriotism".\|date\=January 2021}} Aela reached its peak during Roman times, the great long\-distance road the [Via Traiana Nova](/wiki/Via_Traiana_Nova "Via Traiana Nova") led south from [Bostra](/wiki/Bostra "Bostra") through [Amman](/wiki/Amman "Amman"), terminating in Aela, where it connected with a west road leading to the [Paralia](/wiki/Paralia_%28Seleucid_eparchy%29 "Paralia (Seleucid eparchy)") and [Roman Egypt](/wiki/Roman_Egypt "Roman Egypt").
Around AD 106 Aela was one of the main ports{{clarify\|reason\=Do we mean, "main ports to the Red Sea"?\|date\=May 2018}} for the Romans.{{dubious\|Could we cite something better than a tourism website?\|date\=May 2018}}
#### Late Roman and Byzantine periods
{{Further\|Aqaba Church\|Palaestina Tertia}}
The [Aqaba Church](/wiki/Aqaba_Church "Aqaba Church") was constructed under Roman rule between 293 and 303 and is considered to be the oldest known purpose\-built Christian [church](/wiki/Church_%28building%29 "Church (building)") in the world.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world\-records/first\-purpose\-built\-church\|title\=First purpose\-built church\|access\-date\=27 September 2015\|work\=Guinness World Records\|archive\-date\=17 June 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617193456/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world\-records/first\-purpose\-built\-church\|url\-status\=live}} By the time of [Eusebius](/wiki/Eusebius "Eusebius"), Aela became the garrison of the [Legio X Fretensis](/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis "Legio X Fretensis"), which was moved to Aela from Jerusalem.[Hannah Cotton (editor), *Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae*](https://books.google.com/books?id=s4NMuZf3o4QC&pg=PA26) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726074738/https://books.google.com/books?id\=s4NMuZf3o4QC\&pg\=PA26 \|date\=26 July 2020 }} (Walter de Gruyter 2010 {{ISBN\|978\-31\-1022219\-7}}), pp. 25–26
\[Brian M. Fagan, Charlotte Beck (editors), *The Oxford Companion to Archaeology*] (Oxford University Press 1996 {{ISBN\|978\-0\-19507618\-9}}), p. 617\.
[Benjamin H. Isaac, *The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jjcPG5UInzgC&pg=PA336) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830064815/https://books.google.com/books?id\=jjcPG5UInzgC\&pg\=PA336 \|date\=30 August 2018 }} (BRILL 1998 {{ISBN\|978\-9\-00410736\-6}}), p. 336
[thumb\|200px\|Aqaba Church from around AD 300](/wiki/File:Early_church_of_Aqaba04.jpg "Early church of Aqaba04.jpg")
One of the oldest known texts written in the [Arabic alphabet](/wiki/Arabic_alphabet "Arabic alphabet") is a late 4th\-century inscription found in [Jabal Ram](/wiki/Jabal_Ram "Jabal Ram") {{convert\|50\|km\|0\|abbr\=off}} east of Aqaba.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fweY0lTEJogC\&pg\=PA33\|page\=33\|title\=Treks and Climbs in Wadi Rum, Jordan\|isbn\=978\-1\-85284\-254\-3\|author1\=Di Taylor\|author2\=Tony Howard\|publisher\=Cicerone Press Limited\|year\=1997\|access\-date\=19 September 2017\|archive\-date\=26 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726073421/https://books.google.com/books?id\=fweY0lTEJogC\&pg\=PA33\|url\-status\=live}}
The city became a [Christian](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") [bishopric](/wiki/Bishopric "Bishopric") at an early stage. Its bishop Peter was present at the [First Council of Nicaea](/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea "First Council of Nicaea"),Irfan Shahid, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century (Dumbarton Oaks, 1984\) page 345\. the first [ecumenical council](/wiki/Ecumenical_council "Ecumenical council"), in 325\. Beryllus was at the [Council of Chalcedon](/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon "Council of Chalcedon") in 451, and Paul at [the synod](/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem_%28536%29 "Council of Jerusalem (536)") called by [Patriarch Peter of Jerusalem](/wiki/Patriarch_Theophilus_I_of_Jerusalem "Patriarch Theophilus I of Jerusalem") in 536 against [Patriarch Anthimus I of Alexandria](/wiki/Coptic_Church_of_Alexandria "Coptic Church of Alexandria"), a council attended by bishops of the Late [Roman provinces](/wiki/Roman_province "Roman province") of [Palaestina Prima](/wiki/Palaestina_Prima "Palaestina Prima"), [Palaestina Secunda](/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda "Palaestina Secunda") and [Palaestina Tertia](/wiki/Palaestina_Tertia "Palaestina Tertia"), to the last\-named of which Aela belonged.Siméon Vailhé, v. *Aela*, in [*Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques*](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6562709t/f344.image) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503062452/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6562709t/f344\.image \|date\=3 May 2015 }}, vol. I, Paris 1909, coll. 647–648Siméon Vailhé, [*Notes de géographie ecclésiastique*](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_1146-9447_1900_num_3_6_3298) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006160652/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz\_1146\-9447\_1900\_num\_3\_6\_3298 \|date\=6 October 2014 }}, in *Échos d'Orient*, tome 3, nº 6 (1900\), pp. 337–338
A citadel was also built in the area{{where\|date\=January 2021}}{{when\|date\=January 2021}} that became the focal point of the Roman southern defense system.{{clarify\|date\=May 2018}}
In the 6th century, [Procopius of Caesarea](/wiki/Procopius_of_Caesarea "Procopius of Caesarea") mentioned a Jewish population in Eilat and its surroundings which enjoyed autonomy until the time of [Justinian I](/wiki/Justinian_I "Justinian I") ({{Reign\|527\|565}}).{{clarify\|date\=May 2018}}
According to [Ibn Ishaq](/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq "Ibn Ishaq"), [Muhammad](/wiki/Muhammad "Muhammad") himself reached Aila during the [expedition of Tabuk](/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk "Expedition of Tabuk") of 630, and extracted tribute from the city.Francis E. Peters, *Muhammad and the Origins of Islam*, [p. 241](https://books.google.com/books?id=FS8W4fEXJpsC&pg=PA241) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726084316/https://books.google.ch/books?id\=FS8W4fEXJpsC\&pg\=PA241 \|date\=26 July 2020 }}.
During the Late Byzantine or even Early Muslim period, Aila was the origin of what came to be known as the [Ayla\-Axum amphoras](/wiki/Ayla-Axum_amphoras "Ayla-Axum amphoras").M. Raith – R. Hoffbauer – H. Euler – P. Yule – K. Damgaard, *The view from Ẓafār – an archaeometric study of the ʿAqaba late Roman period pottery complex and distribution in the 1st millennium CE*, Zeitschrift für Orient\-Archäologie 6, 2013f, 320–50
### Early Muslim period
Aila fell to the [Islamic armies](/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_the_Levant "Islamic conquest of the Levant") by 629, and the ancient settlement was left to decay, while a new Arab city was established outside its walls under [Uthman ibn Affan](/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan "Uthman ibn Affan"),{{cite web\|title\=The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago – Aqaba Project\|url\=http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/aqa/\|work\=Aqaba project\|publisher\=The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago\|access\-date\=7 May 2018\|archive\-date\=4 January 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204035/http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/aqa/\|url\-status\=live}} known as *Ayla* ({{lang\-ar\|آيلا}}).
The Early Muslim city was excavated in 1986 by a team from the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago"). Artefacts are now on exhibit at [Aqaba Archaeological Museum](/wiki/Aqaba_Archaeological_Museum "Aqaba Archaeological Museum") and [Jordan Archaeological Museum](/wiki/Jordan_Archaeological_Museum "Jordan Archaeological Museum") in [Amman](/wiki/Amman "Amman").{{citation needed\|date\=May 2018}} The fortified city was inscribed in a rectangle of 170 × 145 meters, with walls 2\.6 meters thick and 4\.5 meters high, surrounding a fortified structure, occupying an area of 35 × 55 meters.{{dubious\|It makes no sense. What were the dimensions of the fortified area, 170x145 or 35x35 m? Certainly the former. I guess it's a confusion with the Late Muslim fort. Or did Ayla also have a citadel inside the fortified city? Very unlikely.\|date\=January 2021}}{{citation needed\|date\=May 2018}} 24 towers defended the city. The city had four gates on all four sides, defining two main lines intersecting at the centre. The intersection of these two thoroughfares was indicated by a [tetrapylon](/wiki/Tetrapylon "Tetrapylon") (a four\-way arch), which was later transformed into a luxury residential building decorated with frescoes dated to the tenth century.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2018}} This type of urban structure, called MSIR,{{clarify\|date\=May 2018}} is typical of early Islamic fortified settlements.
File:Ayla02\.jpg\|Early Muslim Ayla
File:Ayla01\.jpg\|Early Muslim Ayla
The city prospered from 661 to 750 under the [Umayyads](/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate "Umayyad Caliphate") and beyond under the [Abbasids](/wiki/Abbasids "Abbasids") (750–970\) and the [Fatimids](/wiki/Fatimids "Fatimids") (970–1116\). Ayla took advantage of its key position as an important step on the road to [India](/wiki/India "India") and Arab spices (frankincense, myrrh), between the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea") and the [Arabian Peninsula](/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula "Arabian Peninsula"). The city is also mentioned in several stories of the [Arabian Nights](/wiki/Arabian_Nights "Arabian Nights").{{citation needed\|date\=May 2018}}
The geographer [Shams Eddin Muqaddasi](/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi "Al-Muqaddasi") describes Ayla as nearby the ruined ancient city.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.alrai.com/article/357602\.html\|title\=حفريات أثرية.. العقبة منطقة اقتصادية منذ 6 آلاف سنة\|access\-date\=28 September 2015\|date\=10 July 2009\|work\=Al\-Rai Newspaper\|archive\-date\=18 October 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018082807/http://www.alrai.com/article/357602\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
The city was mentioned in Medieval{{when\|date\=January 2021}} Arabic sources as having a mixed population of Jews and Christians. It subsequently became an important station for pilgrim caravans on the way to [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca "Mecca").{{clarify\|reason\=When? From\-till, historical periods. Since it did continue to play this part during later periods, this must be mentioned there too. Also here, maybe it belongs higher up in the paragraph.\|date\=January 2021}}{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=M0wUKoMJeccC\&q\=Moshe\+Gil\+history\+of\+palestine\|title \= A History of Palestine, 634\-1099\|isbn \= 9780521599849\|last1 \= Gil\|first1 \= Moshe\|date \= 27 February 1997\| publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|access\-date \= 17 June 2021\|archive\-date \= 31 August 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831144006/https://books.google.com/books?id\=M0wUKoMJeccC\&q\=Moshe\+Gil\+history\+of\+palestine\|url\-status \= live}}
### Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamluk periods
[thumb\|200px\|The [Muslim fortress of Aqaba](/wiki/Aqaba_Fortress "Aqaba Fortress")](/wiki/File:Aqaba_Fort.jpg "Aqaba Fort.jpg")
[Baldwin I of Jerusalem](/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem "Baldwin I of Jerusalem") took over the city in 1115 without encountering much resistance. The centre of the city then moved to 500 meters along the coast to the south, and the crusader fortress of *Elyn* was built, which allowed the [Kingdom of Jerusalem](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem "Kingdom of Jerusalem") to dominate all roads between [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus"), [Egypt](/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate "Fatimid Caliphate"), and [Arabia](/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula "Arabian Peninsula"), protecting the [Crusader states](/wiki/Crusader_states "Crusader states") from the east and allowing for profitable raids on trade caravans passing through the area. In order to secure this strategic position, Baldwin also built and garrisoned a fortress on [Pharaoh's Island](/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_Island "Pharaoh's Island") (called *Île de Graye* by the Franks), the modern *Jazīrat Fir'aun* in [Egyptian](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") territorial waters about {{convert\|7\|km\|0\|abbr\=off}} west of Aqaba.
The garrison of Elyn (now serving primarily as a military outpost) was further strengthened in 1142 by [Pagan the Butler](/wiki/Pagan_the_Butler "Pagan the Butler"), [Lord of Oultrejourdain](/wiki/Oultrejourdain "Oultrejourdain"), who pursued an ambitious program of castle building throughout his domain. However, there was no large\-scale settlement of Europeans in the area, and the region between the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea "Dead Sea") and the [Gulf of Aqaba](/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba "Gulf of Aqaba") remained mainly inhabited by Bedouins, who were obliged to pay tribute to the Lordship of Oultrejourdain.{{cite book \| author \= Steven Runciman \| title \= A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100\-1187\| volume \= 2 \| publisher \= Cambridge University Press \| page \= 186\| year \= 1952}} Despite all efforts to fortify the region, the city was captured in 1170 by a squadron sent by [Saladin](/wiki/Saladin "Saladin") as he was besieging [Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_City "Gaza City"); while it was successfully raided by [Raynald of Châtillon](/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon "Raynald of Châtillon") in 1182,{{cite book \| author \= Steven Runciman \| title \= A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100\-1187\| volume \= 2 \| publisher \= Cambridge University Press \| page \= 318\| year \= 1952}} it was never retaken by the Crusaders.{{cite book \| author \= Steven Runciman \| title \= A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100\-1187\| volume \= 2 \| publisher \= Cambridge University Press \| pages \= 356–357\| year \= 1952}}
The old fort was rebuilt, as [Aqaba Fortress](/wiki/Aqaba_Fortress "Aqaba Fortress"), by [Mamluk](/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_%28Cairo%29 "Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)") sultan [Al\-Ashraf Qansuh Al\-Ghuri](/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Qansuh_Al-Ghuri "Al-Ashraf Qansuh Al-Ghuri") in the early 16th century. For the next four centuries, the site was a simple fishing village of little importance.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2021}}
### Modern history
During World War I, the Ottoman forces were forced to withdraw from Aqaba in 1917 after the [Battle of Aqaba](/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba "Battle of Aqaba"), led by [T. E. Lawrence](/wiki/T._E._Lawrence "T. E. Lawrence") and the Arab forces of [Auda Abu Tayi](/wiki/Auda_Abu_Tayi "Auda Abu Tayi") and [Sherif Nasir](/wiki/Nasir_ibn_Ali_ibn_Hussein "Nasir ibn Ali ibn Hussein"). The capture of Aqaba allowed the British to supply the Arab forces. In 1918, the regions of Aqaba and Ma'an were officially incorporated into the [Kingdom of the Hejaz](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Hejaz "Kingdom of the Hejaz"). In 1925, [Ibn Saud](/wiki/Ibn_Saud "Ibn Saud") the ruler of [Nejd](/wiki/Nejd "Nejd") with the help of his Wahhabi [Ikhwan](/wiki/Ikhwan "Ikhwan") troops successfully annexed the Hejaz, but gave up the Ma'an and Aqaba to the British [protectorate](/wiki/Protectorate "Protectorate") of [Transjordan](/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan "Emirate of Transjordan").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his\_transjordan.html\|title\=Jordan \- History \- the Making of Transjordan\|access\-date\=25 February 2019\|archive\-date\=21 September 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921111449/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his\_transjordan.html\|url\-status\=live}}
File:Lcamel.jpg\|\[\[Lawrence of Arabia]] on a camel in Aqaba in 1917
File:Air films (1937\). Akkaba. Closer view LOC matpc.17054\.jpg\|Aqaba in 1937
File:1822 Rüppell map of the Gulf of Aqaba with modern borders.jpg\|1822 area map by \[\[Eduard Rüppell]], modern borders overlaid. His "Ruines d'Elana" is the site of \[\[Tell el\-Kheleifeh]].
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 8,908 inhabitants in 'Aqaba.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, pp. [6](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p06.pdf)[13](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p13.pdf)
In 1965, [King Hussein](/wiki/King_Hussein "King Hussein"), through an exchange deal with [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"), gave {{convert\|6000\|km2\|0\|abbr\=off}} of desert land in Jordanian territories in exchange for other territories, including {{convert\|12\|km\|0\|abbr\=off}} of an extension of prime coastline south of Aqaba, which included the magnificent Yamanieh [coral reef](/wiki/Coral_reef "Coral reef").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/tourism6e.html\|title\=Aqaba\|work\=kinghussein.gov.jo\|access\-date\=28 September 2015\|archive\-date\=16 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116050332/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/tourism6e.html\|url\-status\=live}} Aqaba was a major site for imports of [Iraqi](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq") goods in the 1980s until the [Persian Gulf War](/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War "Persian Gulf War").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=k5xIAAAAYAAJ\|title\=The Economic Consequences of the Persian Gulf War: Accelerating Opec's Demise\|isbn\=978\-0\-944029\-18\-3\|year\=1992\|author\=Eliyahu Kanovsky\|publisher\=Washington Institute for Near East Policy\|access\-date\=19 September 2017\|archive\-date\=26 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726074835/https://books.google.com/books?id\=k5xIAAAAYAAJ\|url\-status\=live}}
In 1997, the [Aqaba Marine Reserve](/wiki/Aqaba_Marine_Reserve "Aqaba Marine Reserve") was established within the southern boundaries of the [Gulf of Aqaba](/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba "Gulf of Aqaba").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|Main historical sites in the northern part of the [Gulf of Aqaba](/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba \"Gulf of Aqaba\")](/wiki/File:AqabaComposite.png \"AqabaComposite.png\")",
"### Nearby Chalcolithic sites",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|Tall Hujayrat Al\\-Ghuzlan excavations](/wiki/File:Tall_Hujayrat_al-Ghuzlan_01.jpg \"Tall Hujayrat al-Ghuzlan 01.jpg\")",
"Excavations at two [tells](/wiki/Tell_%28archaeology%29 \"Tell (archaeology)\") (archaeological mounds) [Tall Hujayrat Al\\-Ghuzlan](/wiki/Tall_Hujayrat_Al-Ghuzlan \"Tall Hujayrat Al-Ghuzlan\") and [Tall Al\\-Magass](/wiki/Tall_Al-Magass \"Tall Al-Magass\"), both a few kilometres north of modern\\-day Aqaba city, revealed inhabited settlements from c. 4000 BC during the [Chalcolithic](/wiki/Chalcolithic \"Chalcolithic\") period, with thriving [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\") production on a large scale.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=R44VRnNCzAYC\\&pg\\=PA72\\|title\\=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, المجلد 4\\|author1\\=Trudy Ring\\|author2\\=Robert M. Salkin\\|author3\\=Sharon La Boda\\|year\\=1994\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-884964\\-03\\-9\\|publisher\\=Taylor \\& Francis\\|page\\=72\\|access\\-date\\=19 September 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726074437/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=R44VRnNCzAYC\\&pg\\=PA72\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This period is largely unknown due to the absence of written historical sources. [University of Jordan](/wiki/University_of_Jordan \"University of Jordan\") \narchaeologists have discovered the sites, where they found{{where\\|date\\=January 2021}} a small building whose walls were inscribed with human and animal drawings, suggesting that the building was used as a religious site. The people who inhabited the site had developed an extensive water system in irrigating their crops which were mostly made up of grapes, olives and wheat. Several different\\-sized clay pots were also found suggesting that copper production was a major industry in the region, the pots being used in melting the copper and reshaping it. Scientific studies performed on\\-site revealed that it had undergone two earthquakes, with the latter one leaving the site completely destroyed.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.alghad.com/articles/722736\\-%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA\\-%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\\-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9\\-%D9%81%D9%8A\\-%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9\\-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86\\-%D9%81%D9%8A\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9\\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2016\\|date\\=18 February 2008\\|title\\=اكتشافات أثرية في موقع حجيرة الغزلان بوادي اليتيم في جنوب الأردن\\|work\\=Alghad\\|language\\=ar\\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002959/http://www.alghad.com/articles/722736\\-%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA\\-%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\\-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9\\-%D9%81%D9%8A\\-%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9\\-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86\\-%D9%81%D9%8A\\-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Early history",
"#### Elath",
"{{further\\|Elath}}\nThe [Edomites](/wiki/Edom \"Edom\"), who ruled over [Edom](/wiki/Edom \"Edom\") just south of the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea \"Dead Sea\"), are believed to have built the first port in Aqaba called [Elath](/wiki/Elath \"Elath\") around 1500 BC,{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2018}} turning it into a major hub for the trade of copper as the [Phoenicians](/wiki/Phoenicia \"Phoenicia\") helped them develop their maritime economy. They profited from its strategic location at the junction of trading routes between Asia and Africa.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2018}}",
"#### Tell el\\-Kheleifeh",
"Archaeologists have investigated an [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\") settlement at [Tell el\\-Kheleifeh](/wiki/Tell_el-Kheleifeh \"Tell el-Kheleifeh\"), immediately west of Aqaba, inhabited between the 8th and 4th centuries BCE.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Aqaba\\|url\\=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a4add4d1482149d787fa5b7c8d9b2de2\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-24\\|website\\=ArcGIS StoryMaps\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315231533/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a4add4d1482149d787fa5b7c8d9b2de2\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"#### Undefined",
"Around 735 BC, the city{{dubious\\|Which? Kheleifeh? Goes for the entire paragraph. Was there one city north of the golf? Two? Which archaeological sites have remains from the time?\\|date\\=January 2021}} was conquered by the [Assyrian empire](/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire \"Neo-Assyrian Empire\"). Because of the wars the Assyrians were fighting in the east, their trading routes were diverted to the city and the port witnessed relative prosperity. The [Babylonians](/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire \"Neo-Babylonian Empire\") conquered it in 600 BC. During this time, Elath witnessed great economic growth, which is attributed to the business background of its rulers who realized how important the city's location was. The Persian [Achaemenid Empire](/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire \"Achaemenid Empire\") took the city in 539 BC.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aqaba.jo/en/aqaba/beach\\-of\\-history\\#page\\|title\\=The Beach of History (3700 BC to date)\\|work\\=aqaba.jo\\|publisher\\=AQABA\\|access\\-date\\=27 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928032739/http://www.aqaba.jo/en/aqaba/beach\\-of\\-history\\#page\\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{unreliable source?\\|date\\=May 2018}}{{dubious\\|Unaccebtably poor source, useless, faulty and against Wikipedia standards.\\|date\\=January 2021}}",
"### Classical antiquity",
"#### Hellenistic period",
"{{further\\|History of the Romans in Arabia\\|Arabia Petraea\\|Via Traiana Nova}}The city continued to grow and prosper which made it a major trading hub by the time of the [Greek](/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece \"Hellenistic Greece\") rule by 300 BC, after the [Wars of Alexander the Great](/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great \"Wars of Alexander the Great\"), it was described by a Greek historian to be \"one of the most important trading cities in the Arab World\". The [Ptolemaic Greeks](/wiki/Ptolemaic_Greek \"Ptolemaic Greek\") called it *Berenice*.{{harvnb\\|Mayhew\\|2006}}",
"The [Nabatean kingdom](/wiki/Nabatean_kingdom \"Nabatean kingdom\") had its capital north of the city, at [Petra](/wiki/Petra \"Petra\").",
"#### Roman period",
"[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|[Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") milestone that marked the starting point of the [Via Nova Traiana](/wiki/Via_Nova_Traiana \"Via Nova Traiana\")](/wiki/File:Aqaba_Archeological_Museum04.jpg \"Aqaba Archeological Museum04.jpg\")",
"In 64 BC, following the [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") conquest, they{{who\\|date\\=January 2021}} annexed the city and called it *Aela* (also *Haila*, *Aelana*, in Greek rendered Αἴλα *Aila*).In classical texts the Roman city is known as *Aela*, occasionally *Haila* or *Aelana*. *Aela* is the standard form of the name in Roman\\-era classical studies. \nSee:\n{{cite book\\|author\\=Glen Warren Bowersock\\|title\\=Roman Arabia\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=L4NBigJ3NF4C\\&pg\\=PA172\\|year\\=1994\\|publisher\\=Harvard University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-674\\-77756\\-9\\|page\\=172\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726074807/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=L4NBigJ3NF4C\\&pg\\=PA172\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xeJMAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=RA2\\-PA56\\|page\\=56\\|title\\=''The Oxford Companion to Archaeology''\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|year\\=2012\\|author\\=Neil Asher Silberman\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-973578\\-5\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726075322/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xeJMAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=RA2\\-PA56\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n{{cite book\\|editor1\\=Averil Cameron\\|editor2\\=Peter Garnsey\\|title\\=The Cambridge Ancient History\\|year\\=1928\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=zdoUNivK\\_hsC\\&pg\\=PA846\\|volume\\=13\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-30200\\-5\\|page\\=846\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726075158/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=zdoUNivK\\_hsC\\&pg\\=PA846\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n\\[Stéphanie Benoist (editor), *Rome, A City and Its Empire in Perspective* (BRILL 2012 {{ISBN\\|978\\-9\\-00423123\\-8}}), p. 128]\n[Suzanne Richard, *Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader*](https://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&pg=PA436) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726074924/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=khR0apPid8gC\\&pg\\=PA436 \\|date\\=26 July 2020 }} (Eisenbrauns 2003 {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-57506083\\-5}}), p. 436",
"Both Petra and Aela were under strong [Nabatean](/wiki/Nabatean \"Nabatean\") influence despite the Roman rule.{{dubious\\|When? After 106 Nabataea itself became a Roman province. Before? But before 106 Petra WAS Nabataean, so this looks like total nonsense. Utterly misunderstood sense of \"patriotism\".\\|date\\=January 2021}} Aela reached its peak during Roman times, the great long\\-distance road the [Via Traiana Nova](/wiki/Via_Traiana_Nova \"Via Traiana Nova\") led south from [Bostra](/wiki/Bostra \"Bostra\") through [Amman](/wiki/Amman \"Amman\"), terminating in Aela, where it connected with a west road leading to the [Paralia](/wiki/Paralia_%28Seleucid_eparchy%29 \"Paralia (Seleucid eparchy)\") and [Roman Egypt](/wiki/Roman_Egypt \"Roman Egypt\").",
"Around AD 106 Aela was one of the main ports{{clarify\\|reason\\=Do we mean, \"main ports to the Red Sea\"?\\|date\\=May 2018}} for the Romans.{{dubious\\|Could we cite something better than a tourism website?\\|date\\=May 2018}}",
"#### Late Roman and Byzantine periods",
"{{Further\\|Aqaba Church\\|Palaestina Tertia}}\nThe [Aqaba Church](/wiki/Aqaba_Church \"Aqaba Church\") was constructed under Roman rule between 293 and 303 and is considered to be the oldest known purpose\\-built Christian [church](/wiki/Church_%28building%29 \"Church (building)\") in the world.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world\\-records/first\\-purpose\\-built\\-church\\|title\\=First purpose\\-built church\\|access\\-date\\=27 September 2015\\|work\\=Guinness World Records\\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617193456/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world\\-records/first\\-purpose\\-built\\-church\\|url\\-status\\=live}} By the time of [Eusebius](/wiki/Eusebius \"Eusebius\"), Aela became the garrison of the [Legio X Fretensis](/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis \"Legio X Fretensis\"), which was moved to Aela from Jerusalem.[Hannah Cotton (editor), *Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae*](https://books.google.com/books?id=s4NMuZf3o4QC&pg=PA26) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726074738/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=s4NMuZf3o4QC\\&pg\\=PA26 \\|date\\=26 July 2020 }} (Walter de Gruyter 2010 {{ISBN\\|978\\-31\\-1022219\\-7}}), pp. 25–26\n\\[Brian M. Fagan, Charlotte Beck (editors), *The Oxford Companion to Archaeology*] (Oxford University Press 1996 {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-19507618\\-9}}), p. 617\\.\n[Benjamin H. Isaac, *The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jjcPG5UInzgC&pg=PA336) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830064815/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jjcPG5UInzgC\\&pg\\=PA336 \\|date\\=30 August 2018 }} (BRILL 1998 {{ISBN\\|978\\-9\\-00410736\\-6}}), p. 336\n[thumb\\|200px\\|Aqaba Church from around AD 300](/wiki/File:Early_church_of_Aqaba04.jpg \"Early church of Aqaba04.jpg\")",
"One of the oldest known texts written in the [Arabic alphabet](/wiki/Arabic_alphabet \"Arabic alphabet\") is a late 4th\\-century inscription found in [Jabal Ram](/wiki/Jabal_Ram \"Jabal Ram\") {{convert\\|50\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=off}} east of Aqaba.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fweY0lTEJogC\\&pg\\=PA33\\|page\\=33\\|title\\=Treks and Climbs in Wadi Rum, Jordan\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-85284\\-254\\-3\\|author1\\=Di Taylor\\|author2\\=Tony Howard\\|publisher\\=Cicerone Press Limited\\|year\\=1997\\|access\\-date\\=19 September 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726073421/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fweY0lTEJogC\\&pg\\=PA33\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The city became a [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") [bishopric](/wiki/Bishopric \"Bishopric\") at an early stage. Its bishop Peter was present at the [First Council of Nicaea](/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea \"First Council of Nicaea\"),Irfan Shahid, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century (Dumbarton Oaks, 1984\\) page 345\\. the first [ecumenical council](/wiki/Ecumenical_council \"Ecumenical council\"), in 325\\. Beryllus was at the [Council of Chalcedon](/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon \"Council of Chalcedon\") in 451, and Paul at [the synod](/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem_%28536%29 \"Council of Jerusalem (536)\") called by [Patriarch Peter of Jerusalem](/wiki/Patriarch_Theophilus_I_of_Jerusalem \"Patriarch Theophilus I of Jerusalem\") in 536 against [Patriarch Anthimus I of Alexandria](/wiki/Coptic_Church_of_Alexandria \"Coptic Church of Alexandria\"), a council attended by bishops of the Late [Roman provinces](/wiki/Roman_province \"Roman province\") of [Palaestina Prima](/wiki/Palaestina_Prima \"Palaestina Prima\"), [Palaestina Secunda](/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda \"Palaestina Secunda\") and [Palaestina Tertia](/wiki/Palaestina_Tertia \"Palaestina Tertia\"), to the last\\-named of which Aela belonged.Siméon Vailhé, v. *Aela*, in [*Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques*](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6562709t/f344.image) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503062452/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6562709t/f344\\.image \\|date\\=3 May 2015 }}, vol. I, Paris 1909, coll. 647–648Siméon Vailhé, [*Notes de géographie ecclésiastique*](http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_1146-9447_1900_num_3_6_3298) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006160652/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz\\_1146\\-9447\\_1900\\_num\\_3\\_6\\_3298 \\|date\\=6 October 2014 }}, in *Échos d'Orient*, tome 3, nº 6 (1900\\), pp. 337–338",
"A citadel was also built in the area{{where\\|date\\=January 2021}}{{when\\|date\\=January 2021}} that became the focal point of the Roman southern defense system.{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2018}}",
"In the 6th century, [Procopius of Caesarea](/wiki/Procopius_of_Caesarea \"Procopius of Caesarea\") mentioned a Jewish population in Eilat and its surroundings which enjoyed autonomy until the time of [Justinian I](/wiki/Justinian_I \"Justinian I\") ({{Reign\\|527\\|565}}).{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2018}}",
"According to [Ibn Ishaq](/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq \"Ibn Ishaq\"), [Muhammad](/wiki/Muhammad \"Muhammad\") himself reached Aila during the [expedition of Tabuk](/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk \"Expedition of Tabuk\") of 630, and extracted tribute from the city.Francis E. Peters, *Muhammad and the Origins of Islam*, [p. 241](https://books.google.com/books?id=FS8W4fEXJpsC&pg=PA241) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726084316/https://books.google.ch/books?id\\=FS8W4fEXJpsC\\&pg\\=PA241 \\|date\\=26 July 2020 }}.",
"During the Late Byzantine or even Early Muslim period, Aila was the origin of what came to be known as the [Ayla\\-Axum amphoras](/wiki/Ayla-Axum_amphoras \"Ayla-Axum amphoras\").M. Raith – R. Hoffbauer – H. Euler – P. Yule – K. Damgaard, *The view from Ẓafār – an archaeometric study of the ʿAqaba late Roman period pottery complex and distribution in the 1st millennium CE*, Zeitschrift für Orient\\-Archäologie 6, 2013f, 320–50",
"### Early Muslim period",
"Aila fell to the [Islamic armies](/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_the_Levant \"Islamic conquest of the Levant\") by 629, and the ancient settlement was left to decay, while a new Arab city was established outside its walls under [Uthman ibn Affan](/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan \"Uthman ibn Affan\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago – Aqaba Project\\|url\\=http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/aqa/\\|work\\=Aqaba project\\|publisher\\=The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago\\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204035/http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/aqa/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} known as *Ayla* ({{lang\\-ar\\|آيلا}}).",
"The Early Muslim city was excavated in 1986 by a team from the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\"). Artefacts are now on exhibit at [Aqaba Archaeological Museum](/wiki/Aqaba_Archaeological_Museum \"Aqaba Archaeological Museum\") and [Jordan Archaeological Museum](/wiki/Jordan_Archaeological_Museum \"Jordan Archaeological Museum\") in [Amman](/wiki/Amman \"Amman\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2018}} The fortified city was inscribed in a rectangle of 170 × 145 meters, with walls 2\\.6 meters thick and 4\\.5 meters high, surrounding a fortified structure, occupying an area of 35 × 55 meters.{{dubious\\|It makes no sense. What were the dimensions of the fortified area, 170x145 or 35x35 m? Certainly the former. I guess it's a confusion with the Late Muslim fort. Or did Ayla also have a citadel inside the fortified city? Very unlikely.\\|date\\=January 2021}}{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2018}} 24 towers defended the city. The city had four gates on all four sides, defining two main lines intersecting at the centre. The intersection of these two thoroughfares was indicated by a [tetrapylon](/wiki/Tetrapylon \"Tetrapylon\") (a four\\-way arch), which was later transformed into a luxury residential building decorated with frescoes dated to the tenth century.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2018}} This type of urban structure, called MSIR,{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2018}} is typical of early Islamic fortified settlements.",
"",
"",
"File:Ayla02\\.jpg\\|Early Muslim Ayla\nFile:Ayla01\\.jpg\\|Early Muslim Ayla",
"The city prospered from 661 to 750 under the [Umayyads](/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate \"Umayyad Caliphate\") and beyond under the [Abbasids](/wiki/Abbasids \"Abbasids\") (750–970\\) and the [Fatimids](/wiki/Fatimids \"Fatimids\") (970–1116\\). Ayla took advantage of its key position as an important step on the road to [India](/wiki/India \"India\") and Arab spices (frankincense, myrrh), between the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\") and the [Arabian Peninsula](/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula \"Arabian Peninsula\"). The city is also mentioned in several stories of the [Arabian Nights](/wiki/Arabian_Nights \"Arabian Nights\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2018}}",
"The geographer [Shams Eddin Muqaddasi](/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi \"Al-Muqaddasi\") describes Ayla as nearby the ruined ancient city.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.alrai.com/article/357602\\.html\\|title\\=حفريات أثرية.. العقبة منطقة اقتصادية منذ 6 آلاف سنة\\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2015\\|date\\=10 July 2009\\|work\\=Al\\-Rai Newspaper\\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018082807/http://www.alrai.com/article/357602\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The city was mentioned in Medieval{{when\\|date\\=January 2021}} Arabic sources as having a mixed population of Jews and Christians. It subsequently became an important station for pilgrim caravans on the way to [Mecca](/wiki/Mecca \"Mecca\").{{clarify\\|reason\\=When? From\\-till, historical periods. Since it did continue to play this part during later periods, this must be mentioned there too. Also here, maybe it belongs higher up in the paragraph.\\|date\\=January 2021}}{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=M0wUKoMJeccC\\&q\\=Moshe\\+Gil\\+history\\+of\\+palestine\\|title \\= A History of Palestine, 634\\-1099\\|isbn \\= 9780521599849\\|last1 \\= Gil\\|first1 \\= Moshe\\|date \\= 27 February 1997\\| publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|access\\-date \\= 17 June 2021\\|archive\\-date \\= 31 August 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831144006/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=M0wUKoMJeccC\\&q\\=Moshe\\+Gil\\+history\\+of\\+palestine\\|url\\-status \\= live}}",
"### Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamluk periods",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|The [Muslim fortress of Aqaba](/wiki/Aqaba_Fortress \"Aqaba Fortress\")](/wiki/File:Aqaba_Fort.jpg \"Aqaba Fort.jpg\")",
"[Baldwin I of Jerusalem](/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem \"Baldwin I of Jerusalem\") took over the city in 1115 without encountering much resistance. The centre of the city then moved to 500 meters along the coast to the south, and the crusader fortress of *Elyn* was built, which allowed the [Kingdom of Jerusalem](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem \"Kingdom of Jerusalem\") to dominate all roads between [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\"), [Egypt](/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate \"Fatimid Caliphate\"), and [Arabia](/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula \"Arabian Peninsula\"), protecting the [Crusader states](/wiki/Crusader_states \"Crusader states\") from the east and allowing for profitable raids on trade caravans passing through the area. In order to secure this strategic position, Baldwin also built and garrisoned a fortress on [Pharaoh's Island](/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_Island \"Pharaoh's Island\") (called *Île de Graye* by the Franks), the modern *Jazīrat Fir'aun* in [Egyptian](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") territorial waters about {{convert\\|7\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=off}} west of Aqaba.",
"The garrison of Elyn (now serving primarily as a military outpost) was further strengthened in 1142 by [Pagan the Butler](/wiki/Pagan_the_Butler \"Pagan the Butler\"), [Lord of Oultrejourdain](/wiki/Oultrejourdain \"Oultrejourdain\"), who pursued an ambitious program of castle building throughout his domain. However, there was no large\\-scale settlement of Europeans in the area, and the region between the [Dead Sea](/wiki/Dead_Sea \"Dead Sea\") and the [Gulf of Aqaba](/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba \"Gulf of Aqaba\") remained mainly inhabited by Bedouins, who were obliged to pay tribute to the Lordship of Oultrejourdain.{{cite book \\| author \\= Steven Runciman \\| title \\= A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100\\-1187\\| volume \\= 2 \\| publisher \\= Cambridge University Press \\| page \\= 186\\| year \\= 1952}} Despite all efforts to fortify the region, the city was captured in 1170 by a squadron sent by [Saladin](/wiki/Saladin \"Saladin\") as he was besieging [Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_City \"Gaza City\"); while it was successfully raided by [Raynald of Châtillon](/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon \"Raynald of Châtillon\") in 1182,{{cite book \\| author \\= Steven Runciman \\| title \\= A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100\\-1187\\| volume \\= 2 \\| publisher \\= Cambridge University Press \\| page \\= 318\\| year \\= 1952}} it was never retaken by the Crusaders.{{cite book \\| author \\= Steven Runciman \\| title \\= A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100\\-1187\\| volume \\= 2 \\| publisher \\= Cambridge University Press \\| pages \\= 356–357\\| year \\= 1952}}",
"The old fort was rebuilt, as [Aqaba Fortress](/wiki/Aqaba_Fortress \"Aqaba Fortress\"), by [Mamluk](/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_%28Cairo%29 \"Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)\") sultan [Al\\-Ashraf Qansuh Al\\-Ghuri](/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Qansuh_Al-Ghuri \"Al-Ashraf Qansuh Al-Ghuri\") in the early 16th century. For the next four centuries, the site was a simple fishing village of little importance.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2021}}",
"### Modern history",
"During World War I, the Ottoman forces were forced to withdraw from Aqaba in 1917 after the [Battle of Aqaba](/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba \"Battle of Aqaba\"), led by [T. E. Lawrence](/wiki/T._E._Lawrence \"T. E. Lawrence\") and the Arab forces of [Auda Abu Tayi](/wiki/Auda_Abu_Tayi \"Auda Abu Tayi\") and [Sherif Nasir](/wiki/Nasir_ibn_Ali_ibn_Hussein \"Nasir ibn Ali ibn Hussein\"). The capture of Aqaba allowed the British to supply the Arab forces. In 1918, the regions of Aqaba and Ma'an were officially incorporated into the [Kingdom of the Hejaz](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Hejaz \"Kingdom of the Hejaz\"). In 1925, [Ibn Saud](/wiki/Ibn_Saud \"Ibn Saud\") the ruler of [Nejd](/wiki/Nejd \"Nejd\") with the help of his Wahhabi [Ikhwan](/wiki/Ikhwan \"Ikhwan\") troops successfully annexed the Hejaz, but gave up the Ma'an and Aqaba to the British [protectorate](/wiki/Protectorate \"Protectorate\") of [Transjordan](/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan \"Emirate of Transjordan\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his\\_transjordan.html\\|title\\=Jordan \\- History \\- the Making of Transjordan\\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921111449/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his\\_transjordan.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"",
"",
"File:Lcamel.jpg\\|\\[\\[Lawrence of Arabia]] on a camel in Aqaba in 1917\nFile:Air films (1937\\). Akkaba. Closer view LOC matpc.17054\\.jpg\\|Aqaba in 1937\nFile:1822 Rüppell map of the Gulf of Aqaba with modern borders.jpg\\|1822 area map by \\[\\[Eduard Rüppell]], modern borders overlaid. His \"Ruines d'Elana\" is the site of \\[\\[Tell el\\-Kheleifeh]].",
"The Jordanian census of 1961 found 8,908 inhabitants in 'Aqaba.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, pp. [6](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p06.pdf)[13](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p13.pdf)",
"In 1965, [King Hussein](/wiki/King_Hussein \"King Hussein\"), through an exchange deal with [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\"), gave {{convert\\|6000\\|km2\\|0\\|abbr\\=off}} of desert land in Jordanian territories in exchange for other territories, including {{convert\\|12\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=off}} of an extension of prime coastline south of Aqaba, which included the magnificent Yamanieh [coral reef](/wiki/Coral_reef \"Coral reef\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/tourism6e.html\\|title\\=Aqaba\\|work\\=kinghussein.gov.jo\\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116050332/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/tourism6e.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Aqaba was a major site for imports of [Iraqi](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\") goods in the 1980s until the [Persian Gulf War](/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War \"Persian Gulf War\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=k5xIAAAAYAAJ\\|title\\=The Economic Consequences of the Persian Gulf War: Accelerating Opec's Demise\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-944029\\-18\\-3\\|year\\=1992\\|author\\=Eliyahu Kanovsky\\|publisher\\=Washington Institute for Near East Policy\\|access\\-date\\=19 September 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726074835/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=k5xIAAAAYAAJ\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 1997, the [Aqaba Marine Reserve](/wiki/Aqaba_Marine_Reserve \"Aqaba Marine Reserve\") was established within the southern boundaries of the [Gulf of Aqaba](/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba \"Gulf of Aqaba\").",
""
] |
Economy
-------
[thumb\|right\|View of Aqaba](/wiki/File:Z_Aqaba_Beatch_JO.jpg "Z Aqaba Beatch JO.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|One of the many resorts in the city](/wiki/File:Movenpick_Tala_Bay_-_Aqaba.png "Movenpick Tala Bay - Aqaba.png")
[thumb\|right\|Shatt Al\-Ghandour gardens](/wiki/File:Aqaba_Garden.jpg "Aqaba Garden.jpg")
[thumb\|220px\|The Red Sea Summit in Aqaba in 2003\.](/wiki/File:Red_Sea_Summit_in_Aqaba.jpg "Red Sea Summit in Aqaba.jpg")
Benefiting from its location and status as Jordan's special economic zone, Aqaba's economy is based on the tourism and port industry sectors. The economic growth in Aqaba is higher than the average economic growth in the country. Under the special economic zone status some investments and trades are exempted from taxation, as a result, new resorts, housing developments, and retail outlets are being constructed. New projects such as Tala Bay and Saraya al Aqaba are constructed aiming at providing high\-end vacation and residential homes to locals and foreigners alike.
Aqaba's location next to [Wadi Rum](/wiki/Wadi_Rum "Wadi Rum") and [Petra](/wiki/Petra "Petra") has placed it in Jordan's golden triangle of tourism, which strengthened the city's location on the world map and made it one of the major tourist attractions in Jordan. The city is administered by the [Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority](/wiki/Aqaba_Special_Economic_Zone_Authority "Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority"), which has turned Aqaba into a low\-tax, duty\-free city, attracting several mega projects like [Ayla Oasis](/wiki/Ayla_Oasis "Ayla Oasis"), [Saraya Aqaba](/wiki/Saraya_Aqaba "Saraya Aqaba"), [Marsa Zayed](/wiki/Marsa_Zayed "Marsa Zayed") and expansion of the Port of Aqaba. They are expected to turn the city into a major tourism hub in the region. However, industrial and commercial activities remain important, due to the strategic location of the city as the country's only [seaport](/wiki/Seaport "Seaport").
Over US$20 billion have been invested in Aqaba since 2001 when the Special Economic Zone was established. Along with tourism projects, Aqaba has also attracted global logistic companies such as APM Terminals and Agility to invest in logistics, which boosted the city's status as a transport and logistics hub. There are numerous hotels that reside in Aqaba but new hotels are also under construction.
Aqaba is the only seaport of Jordan so virtually all of Jordan's exports depart from here. Heavy machinery industry is also flourishing in the city with regional assembly plants being located in Aqaba such as the [Land Rover Aqaba Assembly Plant](/wiki/Land_Rover_Aqaba_Assembly_Plant "Land Rover Aqaba Assembly Plant").
By 2008 the ASEZ had attracted $18bn in committed investments, beating its $6bn target by 2020 by a third and more in less than a decade. The goal was adjusted to bring in another $12bn by 2020, but in 2009 alone, deals worth $14bn were inked.[http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/publication.asp?country\=19](http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/publication.asp?country=19) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829151238/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/publication.asp?country\=19\|date\=29 August 2009}} Some projects currently under construction are:
* [Marsa Zayed](/wiki/Marsa_Zayed "Marsa Zayed") a $10 billion is the largest mega mixed\-use development project ever envisioned in both Jordan and the region. Marsa Zayed will host facilities including residential neighborhoods, commercial outlets and amenities, entertainment venues, financial and business facilities, and a number of hotels. Additionally, the property will feature marinas and a cruise ship terminal. Marsa Zayed will encompass 6\.4 million square meters of built\-up property.
* [Saraya Aqaba](/wiki/Saraya_Aqaba "Saraya Aqaba"), a $1\.5 billion resort with a man made lagoon, luxury hotels, villas, and townhouses that will be completed by 2017\.{{update inline\|date\=April 2021}}
* [Ayla Oasis](/wiki/Ayla_Oasis "Ayla Oasis"), a $1\.5 billion resort around a man made lagoon with hotels, villas, an 18\-hole golf course designed by [Greg Norman](/wiki/Greg_Norman "Greg Norman"). It also has an Arabian Venice theme with apartment buildings built along canals only accessible by walkway or boat. This project will be completed by 2017\.
* Tala Bay, Tala Bay was developed in a distinctive architectural style that blends Jordanian and regional architecture with total cost of US$680 million. Another distinguishing feature of this single community resort is its two\-kilometer private sandy beach on the Red Sea.
* [The Red Sea Astrarium (TRSA)](/wiki/The_Red_Sea_Astrarium_%28TRSA%29 "The Red Sea Astrarium (TRSA)"), the world's only Star Trek themed park, worth $1\.5 billion would have been completed by 2014 but cancelled in 2015\.
* Port relocation. Aqaba's current port will be relocated to the southernmost part of the province near the Saudi border. Its capacity will surpass that of the current port. The project costs $5 billion, and it will be completed by 2013\.
* Aqaba will be connected by the national rail system which will be completed by 2013\. The rail project will connect Aqaba with all Jordan's main cities and economic centers and several countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Syria.
* The Aqaba Container Terminal (ACT) handled a record 587,530 twenty\-foot equivalent units (TEUs) in 2008, an increase of 41\.6% on the previous year. To accommodate the rise in trade on the back of the increasing popularity of container shipping and the stabilising political situation in Iraq, the Aqaba Development Corporation (ADC) has announced plans for a new port. The port relocation {{convert\|20\|km\|0\|abbr\=off}} to the south will cost an estimated $600m and will improve infrastructure, while freeing up space for development in the city. Plans for upgrading the King Hussein International Airport (KHIA) and the development of a logistics centre will also help position Aqaba as a regional hub for trade and transport.
### Tourism
{{wide image\|2005\-08\-17 Marina City, Aqaba, Jordanien 02\.jpg\|align\-cap\=center\|950px\|View of Tala Bay resort south of Aqaba}}
[thumb\|right\|Aqaba's coral reefs have made it one of the best diving spots in the world](/wiki/File:Diving_in_Aqaba.jpg "Diving in Aqaba.jpg")
Aqaba has a number of luxury hotels, including in the Tala Bay resort 20 km further to the south, which service those who come for fun on the beaches as well as [Scuba diving](/wiki/Scuba_diving "Scuba diving"). Aqaba offers more than thirty primary diving locations, with the majority of them accommodating divers of all skill levels. These diving sites comprise fringing reefs that extend for over 25 kilometers, reaching all the way to the border with Saudi Arabia.
It also offers activities which take advantage of its desert location. Its many coffee shops offer [mansaf](/wiki/Mansaf "Mansaf") and [knafeh](/wiki/Knafeh "Knafeh"), and [baqlawa](/wiki/Baqlawa "Baqlawa") desserts. Another very popular venue is the [Turkish Bath (Hamam)](/wiki/Turkish_Bath "Turkish Bath") built in 306 AD, in which locals and visitors alike come to relax after a hot day.
[right\|thumb\|220px\|A beach in Aqaba.](/wiki/File:Aqababeach.jpg "Aqababeach.jpg")
In 2006, the Tourism Division of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority ([ASEZA](/wiki/ASEZA "ASEZA")) reported that the number of tourists visiting the Zone in 2006 rose to about 432,000, an increase of 5% over previous year. Approximately 65%, or 293,000 were Jordanians. Of foreign tourists, Europeans visited the Zone in the largest numbers, with about 98,000 visiting during
the year. The division has financed tourism advertising and media campaigns with the assistance of the European Union.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aqabazone.com/files/ANN%20REP%20ENG.pdf \|title\=Final Ann Rep Eng \|access\-date\=17 October 2011 \|archive\-date\=5 March 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305234102/http://www.aqabazone.com/files/ANN%20REP%20ENG.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}
Aqaba has been chosen for the site of a new waterfront building project that would rebuild Aqaba with new man\-made water structures, new high\-rise residential and office buildings, and more tourist services to place Aqaba on the investment map and challenge other centers of waterfront development throughout the region.
Aqaba was chosen as the Arab Tourism City of 2011\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aqabazone.com/index.php?q\=node/529 \|title\=King visits Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority \| ASEZA \|publisher\=Aqabazone.com \|access\-date\=17 October 2011 \|archive\-date\=5 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305180758/http://aqabazone.com/index.php?q\=node%2F529 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-3872851,00\.html \|title\=Arkia to operate flights to Aqaba – Israel Travel, Ynetnews \|newspaper\=Ynetnews \|publisher\=Ynetnews.com \|date\=20 June 1995 \|access\-date\=17 October 2011 \|archive\-date\=1 October 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001103353/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\-3872851,00\.html \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Sadeh \|first1\=Danny }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100211041816/ATO:%20Jordan%20turned%20Aqaba%20into%20a%20distinguished%20city \|title\=ATO: Jordan turned Aqaba into a distinguished city \|publisher\=Zawya \|date\=10 February 2010 \|access\-date\=17 October 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617063235/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100211041816/ATO:%20Jordan%20turned%20Aqaba%20into%20a%20distinguished%20city \|archive\-date\=17 June 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }}
During the 5\-day holiday at both the end of [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan") and [Eid Al\-Adha](/wiki/Eid_Al-Adha "Eid Al-Adha"), Jordanian and western expats flock into the city with numbers reaching up to 50,000 visitors. During this time the occupancy rate of most hotels there reaches as high as 90%, and are often fully booked.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/over\-50000\-vacationers\-visited\-aqaba\-during\-eid\-al\-adha\|title\=Over 50,000 vacationers visited Aqaba during Eid Al Adha\|date\=29 September 2015\|website\=jordantimes.com\|access\-date\=29 September 2015\|archive\-date\=1 October 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001043322/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/over\-50000\-vacationers\-visited\-aqaba\-during\-eid\-al\-adha\|url\-status\=live}}
The several development projects (i.e. Ayla, Saraya etc.) now taking place in Aqaba provide "opportunities of empowerment" for local populations that want to expand their agency within the city. According to Fulbright scholar Kimberly Cavanagh development projects will help exhibit the ways global\- local partnerships and the resultant cultural exchanges, can result in mutually beneficial outcomes.{{Cite web\|last\=Cavanagh\|first\=Kimberly\|date\=2020\-05\-15\|title\=Exploring the tourism development landscape in Aqaba\|url\=https://publications.acorjordan.org/2020/05/15/exploring\-the\-tourism\-development\-landscape\-in\-aqaba/\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-29\|website\=ACOR Jordan\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=22 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122174058/https://publications.acorjordan.org/2020/05/15/exploring\-the\-tourism\-development\-landscape\-in\-aqaba/\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Economy\n-------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|View of Aqaba](/wiki/File:Z_Aqaba_Beatch_JO.jpg \"Z Aqaba Beatch JO.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|One of the many resorts in the city](/wiki/File:Movenpick_Tala_Bay_-_Aqaba.png \"Movenpick Tala Bay - Aqaba.png\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Shatt Al\\-Ghandour gardens](/wiki/File:Aqaba_Garden.jpg \"Aqaba Garden.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|220px\\|The Red Sea Summit in Aqaba in 2003\\.](/wiki/File:Red_Sea_Summit_in_Aqaba.jpg \"Red Sea Summit in Aqaba.jpg\")\nBenefiting from its location and status as Jordan's special economic zone, Aqaba's economy is based on the tourism and port industry sectors. The economic growth in Aqaba is higher than the average economic growth in the country. Under the special economic zone status some investments and trades are exempted from taxation, as a result, new resorts, housing developments, and retail outlets are being constructed. New projects such as Tala Bay and Saraya al Aqaba are constructed aiming at providing high\\-end vacation and residential homes to locals and foreigners alike.",
"Aqaba's location next to [Wadi Rum](/wiki/Wadi_Rum \"Wadi Rum\") and [Petra](/wiki/Petra \"Petra\") has placed it in Jordan's golden triangle of tourism, which strengthened the city's location on the world map and made it one of the major tourist attractions in Jordan. The city is administered by the [Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority](/wiki/Aqaba_Special_Economic_Zone_Authority \"Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority\"), which has turned Aqaba into a low\\-tax, duty\\-free city, attracting several mega projects like [Ayla Oasis](/wiki/Ayla_Oasis \"Ayla Oasis\"), [Saraya Aqaba](/wiki/Saraya_Aqaba \"Saraya Aqaba\"), [Marsa Zayed](/wiki/Marsa_Zayed \"Marsa Zayed\") and expansion of the Port of Aqaba. They are expected to turn the city into a major tourism hub in the region. However, industrial and commercial activities remain important, due to the strategic location of the city as the country's only [seaport](/wiki/Seaport \"Seaport\").",
"Over US$20 billion have been invested in Aqaba since 2001 when the Special Economic Zone was established. Along with tourism projects, Aqaba has also attracted global logistic companies such as APM Terminals and Agility to invest in logistics, which boosted the city's status as a transport and logistics hub. There are numerous hotels that reside in Aqaba but new hotels are also under construction.",
"Aqaba is the only seaport of Jordan so virtually all of Jordan's exports depart from here. Heavy machinery industry is also flourishing in the city with regional assembly plants being located in Aqaba such as the [Land Rover Aqaba Assembly Plant](/wiki/Land_Rover_Aqaba_Assembly_Plant \"Land Rover Aqaba Assembly Plant\"). \nBy 2008 the ASEZ had attracted $18bn in committed investments, beating its $6bn target by 2020 by a third and more in less than a decade. The goal was adjusted to bring in another $12bn by 2020, but in 2009 alone, deals worth $14bn were inked.[http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/publication.asp?country\\=19](http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/publication.asp?country=19) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829151238/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/publication.asp?country\\=19\\|date\\=29 August 2009}} Some projects currently under construction are:",
"* [Marsa Zayed](/wiki/Marsa_Zayed \"Marsa Zayed\") a $10 billion is the largest mega mixed\\-use development project ever envisioned in both Jordan and the region. Marsa Zayed will host facilities including residential neighborhoods, commercial outlets and amenities, entertainment venues, financial and business facilities, and a number of hotels. Additionally, the property will feature marinas and a cruise ship terminal. Marsa Zayed will encompass 6\\.4 million square meters of built\\-up property.\n* [Saraya Aqaba](/wiki/Saraya_Aqaba \"Saraya Aqaba\"), a $1\\.5 billion resort with a man made lagoon, luxury hotels, villas, and townhouses that will be completed by 2017\\.{{update inline\\|date\\=April 2021}}\n* [Ayla Oasis](/wiki/Ayla_Oasis \"Ayla Oasis\"), a $1\\.5 billion resort around a man made lagoon with hotels, villas, an 18\\-hole golf course designed by [Greg Norman](/wiki/Greg_Norman \"Greg Norman\"). It also has an Arabian Venice theme with apartment buildings built along canals only accessible by walkway or boat. This project will be completed by 2017\\.\n* Tala Bay, Tala Bay was developed in a distinctive architectural style that blends Jordanian and regional architecture with total cost of US$680 million. Another distinguishing feature of this single community resort is its two\\-kilometer private sandy beach on the Red Sea.\n* [The Red Sea Astrarium (TRSA)](/wiki/The_Red_Sea_Astrarium_%28TRSA%29 \"The Red Sea Astrarium (TRSA)\"), the world's only Star Trek themed park, worth $1\\.5 billion would have been completed by 2014 but cancelled in 2015\\.\n* Port relocation. Aqaba's current port will be relocated to the southernmost part of the province near the Saudi border. Its capacity will surpass that of the current port. The project costs $5 billion, and it will be completed by 2013\\.\n* Aqaba will be connected by the national rail system which will be completed by 2013\\. The rail project will connect Aqaba with all Jordan's main cities and economic centers and several countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Syria.\n* The Aqaba Container Terminal (ACT) handled a record 587,530 twenty\\-foot equivalent units (TEUs) in 2008, an increase of 41\\.6% on the previous year. To accommodate the rise in trade on the back of the increasing popularity of container shipping and the stabilising political situation in Iraq, the Aqaba Development Corporation (ADC) has announced plans for a new port. The port relocation {{convert\\|20\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=off}} to the south will cost an estimated $600m and will improve infrastructure, while freeing up space for development in the city. Plans for upgrading the King Hussein International Airport (KHIA) and the development of a logistics centre will also help position Aqaba as a regional hub for trade and transport.",
"### Tourism",
"{{wide image\\|2005\\-08\\-17 Marina City, Aqaba, Jordanien 02\\.jpg\\|align\\-cap\\=center\\|950px\\|View of Tala Bay resort south of Aqaba}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Aqaba's coral reefs have made it one of the best diving spots in the world](/wiki/File:Diving_in_Aqaba.jpg \"Diving in Aqaba.jpg\")",
"Aqaba has a number of luxury hotels, including in the Tala Bay resort 20 km further to the south, which service those who come for fun on the beaches as well as [Scuba diving](/wiki/Scuba_diving \"Scuba diving\"). Aqaba offers more than thirty primary diving locations, with the majority of them accommodating divers of all skill levels. These diving sites comprise fringing reefs that extend for over 25 kilometers, reaching all the way to the border with Saudi Arabia.",
"It also offers activities which take advantage of its desert location. Its many coffee shops offer [mansaf](/wiki/Mansaf \"Mansaf\") and [knafeh](/wiki/Knafeh \"Knafeh\"), and [baqlawa](/wiki/Baqlawa \"Baqlawa\") desserts. Another very popular venue is the [Turkish Bath (Hamam)](/wiki/Turkish_Bath \"Turkish Bath\") built in 306 AD, in which locals and visitors alike come to relax after a hot day.",
"[right\\|thumb\\|220px\\|A beach in Aqaba.](/wiki/File:Aqababeach.jpg \"Aqababeach.jpg\")\nIn 2006, the Tourism Division of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority ([ASEZA](/wiki/ASEZA \"ASEZA\")) reported that the number of tourists visiting the Zone in 2006 rose to about 432,000, an increase of 5% over previous year. Approximately 65%, or 293,000 were Jordanians. Of foreign tourists, Europeans visited the Zone in the largest numbers, with about 98,000 visiting during\nthe year. The division has financed tourism advertising and media campaigns with the assistance of the European Union.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aqabazone.com/files/ANN%20REP%20ENG.pdf \\|title\\=Final Ann Rep Eng \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305234102/http://www.aqabazone.com/files/ANN%20REP%20ENG.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Aqaba has been chosen for the site of a new waterfront building project that would rebuild Aqaba with new man\\-made water structures, new high\\-rise residential and office buildings, and more tourist services to place Aqaba on the investment map and challenge other centers of waterfront development throughout the region.",
"Aqaba was chosen as the Arab Tourism City of 2011\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aqabazone.com/index.php?q\\=node/529 \\|title\\=King visits Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority \\| ASEZA \\|publisher\\=Aqabazone.com \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305180758/http://aqabazone.com/index.php?q\\=node%2F529 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-3872851,00\\.html \\|title\\=Arkia to operate flights to Aqaba – Israel Travel, Ynetnews \\|newspaper\\=Ynetnews \\|publisher\\=Ynetnews.com \\|date\\=20 June 1995 \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001103353/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L\\-3872851,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Sadeh \\|first1\\=Danny }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100211041816/ATO:%20Jordan%20turned%20Aqaba%20into%20a%20distinguished%20city \\|title\\=ATO: Jordan turned Aqaba into a distinguished city \\|publisher\\=Zawya \\|date\\=10 February 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617063235/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100211041816/ATO:%20Jordan%20turned%20Aqaba%20into%20a%20distinguished%20city \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"During the 5\\-day holiday at both the end of [Ramadan](/wiki/Ramadan \"Ramadan\") and [Eid Al\\-Adha](/wiki/Eid_Al-Adha \"Eid Al-Adha\"), Jordanian and western expats flock into the city with numbers reaching up to 50,000 visitors. During this time the occupancy rate of most hotels there reaches as high as 90%, and are often fully booked.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/over\\-50000\\-vacationers\\-visited\\-aqaba\\-during\\-eid\\-al\\-adha\\|title\\=Over 50,000 vacationers visited Aqaba during Eid Al Adha\\|date\\=29 September 2015\\|website\\=jordantimes.com\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001043322/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/over\\-50000\\-vacationers\\-visited\\-aqaba\\-during\\-eid\\-al\\-adha\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The several development projects (i.e. Ayla, Saraya etc.) now taking place in Aqaba provide \"opportunities of empowerment\" for local populations that want to expand their agency within the city. According to Fulbright scholar Kimberly Cavanagh development projects will help exhibit the ways global\\- local partnerships and the resultant cultural exchanges, can result in mutually beneficial outcomes.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Cavanagh\\|first\\=Kimberly\\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-15\\|title\\=Exploring the tourism development landscape in Aqaba\\|url\\=https://publications.acorjordan.org/2020/05/15/exploring\\-the\\-tourism\\-development\\-landscape\\-in\\-aqaba/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-29\\|website\\=ACOR Jordan\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=22 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122174058/https://publications.acorjordan.org/2020/05/15/exploring\\-the\\-tourism\\-development\\-landscape\\-in\\-aqaba/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Thum was first mentioned 1389 in historic records of the [archdiocese](/wiki/Diocese "Diocese") of [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague"). From the 14th century, [mining](/wiki/Mining "Mining") in the once densely forested [Ore Mountains](/wiki/Ore_Mountains "Ore Mountains") steadily increased, and a history book of 1445 describes Thum as a small [mining](/wiki/Mining "Mining") town. Several [placer deposits](/wiki/Placer_deposit "Placer deposit"), two [stamp mills](/wiki/Stamp_mill "Stamp mill") and 27 mines were in the area of Thum. Considerable amounts of [Axinite](/wiki/Axinite "Axinite") were found, which initially was given the name *Thumit*.[Chronicle of Thum](http://www.stadt-thum.de/index.php/stadtinformation/ortschronik/82-stadtinformation-ortschronik-thum?id=91:thum) In 1469 the citizens of Thum acquired [township](/wiki/Township "Township").
The last battle of the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War") in [Saxony](/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony "Electorate of Saxony") was fought on January 15, 1648, near Thum. The destruction caused by the war resulted in mining no longer being sustainable. With the run\-down of ore\-mining in the area, Thum (like many other towns and villages in the Ore Mountains) turned to wooden toy manufacture – such as [Schwibbogen](/wiki/Schwibbogen "Schwibbogen") and [Christmas pyramids](/wiki/Christmas_pyramid "Christmas pyramid") – as well as [bobbin lace](/wiki/Bobbin_lace "Bobbin lace") as a matter of economic survival. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the [textile industry](/wiki/Textile_industry "Textile industry") was the main source of income for Thum.
In 1886, a [narrow gauge railway](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway "Narrow gauge railway") connected Thum to [Wilischthal](/wiki/Zschopau "Zschopau"). This [Thumer Netz](/wiki/Thumer_Netz "Thumer Netz") was part of the [narrow gauge railways in Saxony](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railways_in_Saxony "Narrow gauge railways in Saxony") and was expanded throughout the early 20th century.
The *Rittergut* ([manor](/wiki/Manorialism "Manorialism")) of *Dorfthum* was incorporated into Thum in 1879\. With the zoning reforms in the 1990s, the neighbouring *[Reihendorf](/wiki/Reihendorf "Reihendorf")* villages of *Jahnsbach* and *Herold* were incorporated into Thum.
### Historical brewery ("Dampfbrauerei")
The original brewery, founded in the 14th century, was the property of the church until 1546 when it was acquired by the town, and a brewing [cooperative](/wiki/Cooperative "Cooperative") was formed. This cooperative dissolved in 1882, and [brewer](/wiki/Brewing "Brewing") William Böttger bought the buildings and inventory. He built new brewery buildings in 1898 and increased production to 15,000 hecto litres. After the death of Böttger, in 1926 his widow sold the brewery back to the town of Thum, which was unable to find a buyer. This ended the long brewing tradition in Thum. In 2000, the brand was revived under the name of *Thumer Lager*. It is now being brewed using the original recipe by a brewery in [Chemnitz](/wiki/Chemnitz "Chemnitz").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Thum was first mentioned 1389 in historic records of the [archdiocese](/wiki/Diocese \"Diocese\") of [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\"). From the 14th century, [mining](/wiki/Mining \"Mining\") in the once densely forested [Ore Mountains](/wiki/Ore_Mountains \"Ore Mountains\") steadily increased, and a history book of 1445 describes Thum as a small [mining](/wiki/Mining \"Mining\") town. Several [placer deposits](/wiki/Placer_deposit \"Placer deposit\"), two [stamp mills](/wiki/Stamp_mill \"Stamp mill\") and 27 mines were in the area of Thum. Considerable amounts of [Axinite](/wiki/Axinite \"Axinite\") were found, which initially was given the name *Thumit*.[Chronicle of Thum](http://www.stadt-thum.de/index.php/stadtinformation/ortschronik/82-stadtinformation-ortschronik-thum?id=91:thum) In 1469 the citizens of Thum acquired [township](/wiki/Township \"Township\").",
"The last battle of the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\") in [Saxony](/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony \"Electorate of Saxony\") was fought on January 15, 1648, near Thum. The destruction caused by the war resulted in mining no longer being sustainable. With the run\\-down of ore\\-mining in the area, Thum (like many other towns and villages in the Ore Mountains) turned to wooden toy manufacture – such as [Schwibbogen](/wiki/Schwibbogen \"Schwibbogen\") and [Christmas pyramids](/wiki/Christmas_pyramid \"Christmas pyramid\") – as well as [bobbin lace](/wiki/Bobbin_lace \"Bobbin lace\") as a matter of economic survival. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the [textile industry](/wiki/Textile_industry \"Textile industry\") was the main source of income for Thum.",
"In 1886, a [narrow gauge railway](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway \"Narrow gauge railway\") connected Thum to [Wilischthal](/wiki/Zschopau \"Zschopau\"). This [Thumer Netz](/wiki/Thumer_Netz \"Thumer Netz\") was part of the [narrow gauge railways in Saxony](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railways_in_Saxony \"Narrow gauge railways in Saxony\") and was expanded throughout the early 20th century.",
"The *Rittergut* ([manor](/wiki/Manorialism \"Manorialism\")) of *Dorfthum* was incorporated into Thum in 1879\\. With the zoning reforms in the 1990s, the neighbouring *[Reihendorf](/wiki/Reihendorf \"Reihendorf\")* villages of *Jahnsbach* and *Herold* were incorporated into Thum.",
"### Historical brewery (\"Dampfbrauerei\")",
"The original brewery, founded in the 14th century, was the property of the church until 1546 when it was acquired by the town, and a brewing [cooperative](/wiki/Cooperative \"Cooperative\") was formed. This cooperative dissolved in 1882, and [brewer](/wiki/Brewing \"Brewing\") William Böttger bought the buildings and inventory. He built new brewery buildings in 1898 and increased production to 15,000 hecto litres. After the death of Böttger, in 1926 his widow sold the brewery back to the town of Thum, which was unable to find a buyer. This ended the long brewing tradition in Thum. In 2000, the brand was revived under the name of *Thumer Lager*. It is now being brewed using the original recipe by a brewery in [Chemnitz](/wiki/Chemnitz \"Chemnitz\").",
""
] |
History
-------
The biggest difference between monastic copyists and copy editors is that copy editors leave edits as suggestions that can be rejected by the writer. These printing houses established procedures for editing, preparing the text, and proofreading the first typeset [galley proofs](/wiki/Galley_proof "Galley proof"). Specialist correctors ensured that texts followed the standards of the time.Hellinga, Lotte (2009\). *The Gutenberg Revolutions A Companion to the History of the Book*, p. 211\. Wiley\-Blackwell, Oxford. {{ISBN\|9781405192781}}.
Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2022}}
After the globalization of the [book](/wiki/Book "Book") from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, [Maxwell Perkins](/wiki/Maxwell_Perkins "Maxwell Perkins"), was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing.Luey, Beth (2009\). *Modernity and Print III: The United States 1890\-1970 A Companion to the History of the Book*, p. 369\. Wiley\-Blackwell, Oxford. {{ISBN\|9781405192781}}.
In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and [publisher](/wiki/Publisher "Publisher") became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end.
Copy editors were employed at various publishing houses, magazines, journals, and by private authors seeking revisions to their work. Some copy editors were even employed by [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") and [advertising](/wiki/Advertising "Advertising") firms who valued strong editing practices in their business.{{cite book\|last1\=Harrigan\|first1\=Jane R.\|last2\=Dunlap\|first2\=Karen Brown\|title\=The Editorial Eye\|date\=2003\|publisher\=Bedford/St. Martin's\|isbn\=9780312152703\|page\=387\|edition\= Second}}
The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.designtalkboard.com/design\-articles/desktoppublishing.php \|title\=History of Desktop Publishing \|publisher\=DesignTalk \|access\-date\= March 19, 2016}}
{{cite web \|url\=http://www.bookediting.ca/timeline.html \|title\=Book Editing Looks at Developments in the History of Book Printing and Publishing \|publisher\=The Authors Guild \|access\-date\=March 19, 2016}} Namely, the development of the [Xerox Star](/wiki/Xerox_Star "Xerox Star") computer, with its [Viewpoint desktop environment](/wiki/Viewpoint_desktop_environment "Viewpoint desktop environment") and the [Xerox multilingual character code](/wiki/Xerox_Character_Code_Standard "Xerox Character Code Standard") (the precursor of [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode "Unicode")); as well as others, such as the [Macintosh](/wiki/Mac_%28computer%29 "Mac (computer)") computer, the [desktop laser printer](/wiki/HP_LaserJet "HP LaserJet") by Hewlett\-Packard, and software for desktop publishing called [PageMaker](/wiki/PageMaker "PageMaker") allowed the revolution to begin.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2\-3401200365\.html \|title\=Desktop Publishing \|author\= Allen Renear \|publisher\= The Gale Group Inc. \|year\=2002 \|access\-date\= March 19, 2016}} By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on\-screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern [WYSIWYG](/wiki/WYSIWYG "WYSIWYG") (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work.
There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the *Newark Ledger* from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild ... \[it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process".{{cite journal \|title\=Toward Unionization: The American Newspaper Guild and the Newark Ledger Strike of 1934\-35 \|journal \= Labor History\|volume \= 11\|pages \= 3–22\|author\=Daniel J. Leab \|publisher\=Tamiment Institute \|doi \= 10\.1080/00236567008584104\|year \= 1970}} Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen. Another strike from the year 1934 was the strike at the Macaulay Company, reportedly the first\-ever strike to occur at a publishing firm. At the conclusion of the second Macaulay strike, which occurred three months after the first, the nationwide drive towards unionization had entered the publishing industry and was "sweeping through all the major publishing houses".{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Yqi0x7BEvCoC\&q\=macaulay\+newspaper\+strike\+1934\&pg\=PA251 \|title\=Women Writers in the United States: A Timeline of Literary, Cultural, and Social History \|author\=Cynthia J. Davis, Kathryn West \|publisher\=Oxford UP \|year\= 2006 \|access\-date\=March 19, 2016\|isbn\=9780195358124 }} As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said{{Weasel inline\|date\=June 2023}} that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today.
Owing to the rise of the [Digital Age](/wiki/Digital_Age "Digital Age"), the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically.{{cite thesis \|last\=Avery\-Ahlijian\|first\=Angela Anne. \|date\=2011\|title\=Copy Editing in the Digital Age: How Technology Has Changed Copy Editing \|publisher\=Eastern Michigan University \|url\=http://commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1252\&context\=honors \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908075907/https://commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer\=\&httpsredir\=1\&article\=1252\&context\=honors \|archive\-date\= Sep 8, 2023 }}{{Page needed\|date\=April 2016}} They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut\-outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as [Adobe InDesign](/wiki/Adobe_InDesign "Adobe InDesign"), [QuarkXPress](/wiki/QuarkXPress "QuarkXPress"), [Affinity Publisher](/wiki/Affinity_Publisher "Affinity Publisher") or [Scribus](/wiki/Scribus "Scribus").
Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand [RSS feeds](/wiki/RSS_feed "RSS feed"), [social media](/wiki/Social_media "Social media") (such as Twitter and Facebook), and [HTML](/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language "HyperText Markup Language"). What should be accounted for is that, in this digital age, information is constantly being released, which has led to a decline in the editing of the online versions. Editors of the website [BuzzFeed](/wiki/BuzzFeed "BuzzFeed") commented that sometimes they "simply can't get \[to] every post before it's published".{{cite web \|url\=http://ajr.org/2014/05/13/copy\-editors\-digital\-media/ \|title\=Copy Editors Carve Niche in Digital Media Landscape \|author\= Dan Appenfeller \|date\= May 13, 2014}}
While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".{{cite web \|url\=http://www.copydesk.org/blog/2013/06/01/editing\-job\-losses/ \|title\=A look at the numbers: Editing job losses in the newsroom \|author\=Fred Vultee \|date\=June 1, 2013 \|access\-date\=April 19, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809022924/http://www.copydesk.org/blog/2013/06/01/editing\-job\-losses/ \|archive\-date\=August 9, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The biggest difference between monastic copyists and copy editors is that copy editors leave edits as suggestions that can be rejected by the writer. These printing houses established procedures for editing, preparing the text, and proofreading the first typeset [galley proofs](/wiki/Galley_proof \"Galley proof\"). Specialist correctors ensured that texts followed the standards of the time.Hellinga, Lotte (2009\\). *The Gutenberg Revolutions A Companion to the History of the Book*, p. 211\\. Wiley\\-Blackwell, Oxford. {{ISBN\\|9781405192781}}.",
"Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2022}}",
"After the globalization of the [book](/wiki/Book \"Book\") from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, [Maxwell Perkins](/wiki/Maxwell_Perkins \"Maxwell Perkins\"), was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing.Luey, Beth (2009\\). *Modernity and Print III: The United States 1890\\-1970 A Companion to the History of the Book*, p. 369\\. Wiley\\-Blackwell, Oxford. {{ISBN\\|9781405192781}}.",
"In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and [publisher](/wiki/Publisher \"Publisher\") became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end.",
"Copy editors were employed at various publishing houses, magazines, journals, and by private authors seeking revisions to their work. Some copy editors were even employed by [public relations](/wiki/Public_relations \"Public relations\") and [advertising](/wiki/Advertising \"Advertising\") firms who valued strong editing practices in their business.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Harrigan\\|first1\\=Jane R.\\|last2\\=Dunlap\\|first2\\=Karen Brown\\|title\\=The Editorial Eye\\|date\\=2003\\|publisher\\=Bedford/St. Martin's\\|isbn\\=9780312152703\\|page\\=387\\|edition\\= Second}}",
"The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.designtalkboard.com/design\\-articles/desktoppublishing.php \\|title\\=History of Desktop Publishing \\|publisher\\=DesignTalk \\|access\\-date\\= March 19, 2016}}\n{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bookediting.ca/timeline.html \\|title\\=Book Editing Looks at Developments in the History of Book Printing and Publishing \\|publisher\\=The Authors Guild \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2016}} Namely, the development of the [Xerox Star](/wiki/Xerox_Star \"Xerox Star\") computer, with its [Viewpoint desktop environment](/wiki/Viewpoint_desktop_environment \"Viewpoint desktop environment\") and the [Xerox multilingual character code](/wiki/Xerox_Character_Code_Standard \"Xerox Character Code Standard\") (the precursor of [Unicode](/wiki/Unicode \"Unicode\")); as well as others, such as the [Macintosh](/wiki/Mac_%28computer%29 \"Mac (computer)\") computer, the [desktop laser printer](/wiki/HP_LaserJet \"HP LaserJet\") by Hewlett\\-Packard, and software for desktop publishing called [PageMaker](/wiki/PageMaker \"PageMaker\") allowed the revolution to begin.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2\\-3401200365\\.html \\|title\\=Desktop Publishing \\|author\\= Allen Renear \\|publisher\\= The Gale Group Inc. \\|year\\=2002 \\|access\\-date\\= March 19, 2016}} By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on\\-screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern [WYSIWYG](/wiki/WYSIWYG \"WYSIWYG\") (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work.",
"There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the *Newark Ledger* from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was \"the first major action of its kind by any local guild ... \\[it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process\".{{cite journal \\|title\\=Toward Unionization: The American Newspaper Guild and the Newark Ledger Strike of 1934\\-35 \\|journal \\= Labor History\\|volume \\= 11\\|pages \\= 3–22\\|author\\=Daniel J. Leab \\|publisher\\=Tamiment Institute \\|doi \\= 10\\.1080/00236567008584104\\|year \\= 1970}} Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a \"professional\" to one as an average citizen. Another strike from the year 1934 was the strike at the Macaulay Company, reportedly the first\\-ever strike to occur at a publishing firm. At the conclusion of the second Macaulay strike, which occurred three months after the first, the nationwide drive towards unionization had entered the publishing industry and was \"sweeping through all the major publishing houses\".{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Yqi0x7BEvCoC\\&q\\=macaulay\\+newspaper\\+strike\\+1934\\&pg\\=PA251 \\|title\\=Women Writers in the United States: A Timeline of Literary, Cultural, and Social History \\|author\\=Cynthia J. Davis, Kathryn West \\|publisher\\=Oxford UP \\|year\\= 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2016\\|isbn\\=9780195358124 }} As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said{{Weasel inline\\|date\\=June 2023}} that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today.",
"Owing to the rise of the [Digital Age](/wiki/Digital_Age \"Digital Age\"), the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically.{{cite thesis \\|last\\=Avery\\-Ahlijian\\|first\\=Angela Anne. \\|date\\=2011\\|title\\=Copy Editing in the Digital Age: How Technology Has Changed Copy Editing \\|publisher\\=Eastern Michigan University \\|url\\=http://commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1252\\&context\\=honors \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908075907/https://commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer\\=\\&httpsredir\\=1\\&article\\=1252\\&context\\=honors \\|archive\\-date\\= Sep 8, 2023 }}{{Page needed\\|date\\=April 2016}} They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut\\-outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as [Adobe InDesign](/wiki/Adobe_InDesign \"Adobe InDesign\"), [QuarkXPress](/wiki/QuarkXPress \"QuarkXPress\"), [Affinity Publisher](/wiki/Affinity_Publisher \"Affinity Publisher\") or [Scribus](/wiki/Scribus \"Scribus\").",
"Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand [RSS feeds](/wiki/RSS_feed \"RSS feed\"), [social media](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\") (such as Twitter and Facebook), and [HTML](/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language \"HyperText Markup Language\"). What should be accounted for is that, in this digital age, information is constantly being released, which has led to a decline in the editing of the online versions. Editors of the website [BuzzFeed](/wiki/BuzzFeed \"BuzzFeed\") commented that sometimes they \"simply can't get \\[to] every post before it's published\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://ajr.org/2014/05/13/copy\\-editors\\-digital\\-media/ \\|title\\=Copy Editors Carve Niche in Digital Media Landscape \\|author\\= Dan Appenfeller \\|date\\= May 13, 2014}}\nWhile copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as \"copy/layout editors\" or \"producers/designers\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.copydesk.org/blog/2013/06/01/editing\\-job\\-losses/ \\|title\\=A look at the numbers: Editing job losses in the newsroom \\|author\\=Fred Vultee \\|date\\=June 1, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809022924/http://www.copydesk.org/blog/2013/06/01/editing\\-job\\-losses/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 9, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
""
] |
Traits, skills, and training
----------------------------
Besides an outstanding command of the language, copy editors need broad general knowledge for spotting factual errors; good critical thinking skills in order to recognize inconsistencies or vagueness; interpersonal skills for dealing with writers, other editors, and designers; attention to detail; and a sense of style. They must also set priorities and balance a desire for perfection with the need to meet deadlines.
Many copy editors have a college degree, often in journalism, communications, or the language of the writing that they edit. Additionally, some copy editors take it upon themselves to gain a background in topics that would further help their career. For instance, some copy editors may seek knowledge and background in statistics to help catch mistakes related to data within an article to help authors have a better chance at getting published.{{Cite journal \|last\=Fonseca \|first\=Marisha \|date\=May 2013 \|title\="Does an academic copy\-editor require knowledge of statistics?" \|url\=https://ease.org.uk/wp\-content/uploads/essay\_statistics.pdf \|journal\=European Science Editing \|pages\=46 \|via\=Essay Statistics}} Statistics are an aspect of copy editing that may be helpful to understanding a broader range of topics. Understanding how to read and interpret data allows copy editors to more accurately help authors which allows them to have a greater chance of publishing their work. According to Marisha Fonseca, who wrote a study on the correlation between understanding statistics in copy\-editing, there are many articles that contain statistical flaws. Although a background in statistics is not necessary to become a copy editor, the training and background in understanding quantitative data can allow copy editors to further prevent inaccuracies in data related works.
In the United States, copy editing is often taught as a college journalism course, though its name varies. The courses often include news design and [pagination](/wiki/Pagination "Pagination").
In the United States, The Dow Jones Newspaper Fund sponsors internships that include two weeks of training. Also, the [American Press Institute](/wiki/American_Press_Institute "American Press Institute"), the [Poynter Institute](/wiki/Poynter_Institute "Poynter Institute"), the [University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"), UC San Diego Extension, and conferences of the American Copy Editors Society offer mid\-career training for newspaper copy editors and news editors (news copy desk supervisors).
Most US newspapers and publishers give copy\-editing job candidates an editing test or a tryout. These vary widely and can include general items such as acronyms, current events, math, punctuation, and skills such as the use of [Associated Press style](/wiki/AP_Stylebook "AP Stylebook"), headline writing, infographics editing, and [journalism ethics](/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards "Journalism ethics and standards").
Copy editors can also be trained in other software programs to ensure accuracy within a writer's work. Whether using programs like illustrator, publisher, or photoshop, copy editors can obtain skills in using different types of software to help catch further errors that may be present in a writer's work. Due to new developments in technology and its various uses, the training and skills that would help a copy editor are expected to change in the future.{{Cite journal \|last\=Loop \|first\=Mead \|date\=2000 \|title\=Contemporary editing. \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/215293721 \|journal\=Journalism \& Mass Communication Educator \|volume\=55 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=90–91 \|id\={{ProQuest\|215293721}} \|via\=ProQuest}}
|
[
"Traits, skills, and training\n----------------------------",
"Besides an outstanding command of the language, copy editors need broad general knowledge for spotting factual errors; good critical thinking skills in order to recognize inconsistencies or vagueness; interpersonal skills for dealing with writers, other editors, and designers; attention to detail; and a sense of style. They must also set priorities and balance a desire for perfection with the need to meet deadlines.",
"Many copy editors have a college degree, often in journalism, communications, or the language of the writing that they edit. Additionally, some copy editors take it upon themselves to gain a background in topics that would further help their career. For instance, some copy editors may seek knowledge and background in statistics to help catch mistakes related to data within an article to help authors have a better chance at getting published.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Fonseca \\|first\\=Marisha \\|date\\=May 2013 \\|title\\=\"Does an academic copy\\-editor require knowledge of statistics?\" \\|url\\=https://ease.org.uk/wp\\-content/uploads/essay\\_statistics.pdf \\|journal\\=European Science Editing \\|pages\\=46 \\|via\\=Essay Statistics}} Statistics are an aspect of copy editing that may be helpful to understanding a broader range of topics. Understanding how to read and interpret data allows copy editors to more accurately help authors which allows them to have a greater chance of publishing their work. According to Marisha Fonseca, who wrote a study on the correlation between understanding statistics in copy\\-editing, there are many articles that contain statistical flaws. Although a background in statistics is not necessary to become a copy editor, the training and background in understanding quantitative data can allow copy editors to further prevent inaccuracies in data related works.",
"In the United States, copy editing is often taught as a college journalism course, though its name varies. The courses often include news design and [pagination](/wiki/Pagination \"Pagination\").",
"In the United States, The Dow Jones Newspaper Fund sponsors internships that include two weeks of training. Also, the [American Press Institute](/wiki/American_Press_Institute \"American Press Institute\"), the [Poynter Institute](/wiki/Poynter_Institute \"Poynter Institute\"), the [University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill \"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\"), UC San Diego Extension, and conferences of the American Copy Editors Society offer mid\\-career training for newspaper copy editors and news editors (news copy desk supervisors).",
"Most US newspapers and publishers give copy\\-editing job candidates an editing test or a tryout. These vary widely and can include general items such as acronyms, current events, math, punctuation, and skills such as the use of [Associated Press style](/wiki/AP_Stylebook \"AP Stylebook\"), headline writing, infographics editing, and [journalism ethics](/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards \"Journalism ethics and standards\").",
"Copy editors can also be trained in other software programs to ensure accuracy within a writer's work. Whether using programs like illustrator, publisher, or photoshop, copy editors can obtain skills in using different types of software to help catch further errors that may be present in a writer's work. Due to new developments in technology and its various uses, the training and skills that would help a copy editor are expected to change in the future.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Loop \\|first\\=Mead \\|date\\=2000 \\|title\\=Contemporary editing. \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/215293721 \\|journal\\=Journalism \\& Mass Communication Educator \\|volume\\=55 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=90–91 \\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|215293721}} \\|via\\=ProQuest}}",
""
] |
Contemporary
------------
{{update section\|reason\=most of the information in this section is more than ten years old. In addition, it could use some material on AI\-assisted copy editing\|date\=October 2023}}
Before the digital era, copy editors would mark errors and inconsistencies with a red pen, using a markup language of symbols which were universally known. The traditional copy editor was once defined as editing for grammar, spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics of style.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.editors.ca/hire/definitions.html \|title\=Definitions of editorial skills \|date\=12 December 2009 \|access\-date\=5 April 2016\|publisher\=Editors' Association of Canada }}
Copy\-editing symbols cannot be used in digital editing because they are not supported by tools such as track changes. With more posting online and less printing on paper, hard\-copy can no longer keep pace with digital publishing. For a publisher to hire copy editors to print a hard copy, make edits, and then make changes is no longer the most efficient process. The position of copy editors is at risk because software can correct grammatical errors more quickly{{Cite web \|url\=http://ajr.org/2014/04/15/copy\-editors\-in\-digital\-world/ \|first1\=Michael \|last1\=King \| title\=Will Automated Copy Editors Replace Human Ones? \| access\-date\=5 April 2016\|date\= 14 April 2014 \|publisher\=American Journalism Review \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160408195923/http://ajr.org/2014/04/15/copy\-editors\-in\-digital\-world/ \|archive\-date\= Apr 8, 2016 }} and cheaply.
Professionals feared that the introduction of digital editing software would end copyediting careers. Copy editors are still employed and needed for heavy edits, such as fact\-checking and content organization, which are beyond the abilities of the software. With [grammar software](/wiki/Grammar_checker "Grammar checker") and journalists who can edit, copy editors are seen as a luxury in publishing. The potential for a company to use editing software may also require the copy editor to only perform heavy editing and querying. Though the steps for copyediting are the same, the execution has been adapted for digital environments.
The technological development of [cloud storage](/wiki/Cloud_storage "Cloud storage") allows contemporary copy editors and writers to upload and share files across multiple devices.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.coolheadtech.com/blog/four\-differences\-between\-google\-drive\-and\-dropbox \|first1\=Christopher \|last1\=Alghini \| title\=Four Differences Between Google Drive and Dropbox \|access\-date\=5 April 2016\|date\= 23 October 2013 \|publisher\=Coolhead Tech \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414024721/http://www.coolheadtech.com/blog/four\-differences\-between\-google\-drive\-and\-dropbox \|archive\-date\= Apr 14, 2016 }} Online word processors allow users to perform a number of tasks. Each processor has its advantages and disadvantages based on the users' preferences, but primarily allows users to share, edit and collaborate on documents.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5\-great\-alternatives\-to\-google\-docs\-you\-should\-consider/ \| title\= 5 Great Alternatives to Google Docs You Should Consider \|access\-date\=5 April 2016\|date\= 26 October 2009 \|publisher\=Make Use Of \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419154630/http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5\-great\-alternatives\-to\-google\-docs\-you\-should\-consider/ \|archive\-date\= Apr 19, 2016 }} Additionally, Google Docs users can invite others via email to view, comment, and edit any file of their choosing, and those who were invited can view and edit the document together in real time.{{Cite web \|url\=https://support.google.com/docs/answer/49008?hl\=en \|title\=Overview of Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides \|website\=Google Help \|access\-date\=5 April 2016 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427151649/https://support.google.com/docs/answer/49008?hl\=en \|archive\-date\= Apr 27, 2016 }} Unlike Google Docs whose files can only be shared through the web app, Dropbox shares from a desktop app. Dropbox users can share documents as links or as shared folders. Users can create shared folders and add others to the folder. Files in a shared folder will appear in the other user's Dropbox and all involved users receive notifications when edits are made to a file in the folder. Adobe's Buzzword allows users to share files, with the user's choice from varying levels of editing access and includes a version history feature which tracks changes made to documents and lets users revert to earlier versions.
Useful in many word processors, a track changes feature allows users to make changes to a document and view them separately from the original document. In Microsoft Word, users can choose whether to show or hide changes by clicking track changes under the Review ribbon.{{Cite web \|url\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\-us/office/track\-changes\-in\-word\-197ba630\-0f5f\-4a8e\-9a77\-3712475e806a \|title\=Track changes in Word \|publisher\=\[\[Microsoft]] Support \|access\-date\=18 October 2023 }} Those editing documents can leave comments by clicking wherever the user desires to leave a comment and clicking New Comment under the review ribbon or by highlighting text and clicking New Comment. Users can apply revisions and choose which level of markups to view under the Show Markup dropdown menu in the Review ribbon. Users can also choose to accept or reject changes by clicking either Accept or Reject in the Review Ribbon.
### Contemporary copy editor
The field of copy editing is not obsolete. Teresa Schmedding, president of the American Copy Editors Society (ACES) and a deputy managing editor at the *Daily Herald* in Chicago, thinks that copy editors are "a natural fit" for digital journalism and social media because, though publishing has been made available to almost anyone, quality and credibility is brought to content only by copy editors.
Copy editors must now consider multimedia aspects of the story, such as video, images, audio, and [search engine optimization](/wiki/Search_engine_optimization "Search engine optimization"), which may be included in digital publications. Digital editing now requires copy editors to understand [SEO](/wiki/Search_engine_optimization "Search engine optimization"), HTML, [CSS](/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets "Cascading Style Sheets"), and [RSS](/wiki/RSS "RSS") feeds, as well as creative tools like [Adobe Illustrator](/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator "Adobe Illustrator"). This shows that the age of copy editing has now surpassed traditional methods of editing. The basics of checking grammar and punctuation are still necessary, but in the age of technology, the field of copy\-editing has grown to include digital editing of various forms of media. Contemporary copy editors now have to review and understand current technology to help authors gain credibility in today's digital age.
### Issues
One of the problems with copy\-editing is that it may slow the publication of the text. With the digital publishing era came an increased demand for a fast turnover of information. Additional details such as color printing, page size, and layout are determined by the allotted budget. Web\-based publications, such as BuzzFeed and *[Slate](/wiki/Slate_%28magazine%29 "Slate (magazine)")*, do not have enough room in their budgets to keep sufficient staff to edit their massive, daily rushes of content. Therefore copy chief Emmy Favila says lower\-priority posts are published without copyedits at Buzzfeed.{{Cite web \|url\=http://ajr.org/2014/05/13/copy\-editors\-digital\-media/ \|title\= Copy Editors Carve Niche in Digital Media Landscape \|access\-date\=5 April 2016\|date\= 13 May 2014\|publisher\=American Journalism Review }} *Slate* does not edit its blog posts before publication, but all of its news articles are copy edited before publication, say *Slate* copy chief Lowen Liu and deputy editor Julia Turner.
In response to such high demands for fast\-produced content, some online publications have started publishing articles first and then editing later, a process known as back\-editing. Editors prioritize stories to edit based on traffic and whether the content was originally reported for needing edits.
Reading material has become increasingly accessible to users with a wide range of disabilities. Carolyn Rude exemplifies such cases in alternatively replacing illustrations with text and audio translations for the visually impaired.{{Cite book\|title\=Technical editing\|last1\=Rude\|first1\=Carolyn D.\|date\=2006\|publisher\=Longman\|last2\=Dayton\|first2\=David\|last3\=Maylath\|first3\= Bruce\|isbn\=032133082X\|edition\= 4th\|location\=New York\|oclc\=60188071}} Rude also suggests that web developers attempt to stick to print guidelines, such as "clear and simple language and consistent terms and navigation devices", especially when readers are looking at text in a second language.
|
[
"Contemporary\n------------",
"{{update section\\|reason\\=most of the information in this section is more than ten years old. In addition, it could use some material on AI\\-assisted copy editing\\|date\\=October 2023}}\nBefore the digital era, copy editors would mark errors and inconsistencies with a red pen, using a markup language of symbols which were universally known. The traditional copy editor was once defined as editing for grammar, spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics of style.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.editors.ca/hire/definitions.html \\|title\\=Definitions of editorial skills \\|date\\=12 December 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2016\\|publisher\\=Editors' Association of Canada }}",
"Copy\\-editing symbols cannot be used in digital editing because they are not supported by tools such as track changes. With more posting online and less printing on paper, hard\\-copy can no longer keep pace with digital publishing. For a publisher to hire copy editors to print a hard copy, make edits, and then make changes is no longer the most efficient process. The position of copy editors is at risk because software can correct grammatical errors more quickly{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ajr.org/2014/04/15/copy\\-editors\\-in\\-digital\\-world/ \\|first1\\=Michael \\|last1\\=King \\| title\\=Will Automated Copy Editors Replace Human Ones? \\| access\\-date\\=5 April 2016\\|date\\= 14 April 2014 \\|publisher\\=American Journalism Review \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160408195923/http://ajr.org/2014/04/15/copy\\-editors\\-in\\-digital\\-world/ \\|archive\\-date\\= Apr 8, 2016 }} and cheaply.",
"Professionals feared that the introduction of digital editing software would end copyediting careers. Copy editors are still employed and needed for heavy edits, such as fact\\-checking and content organization, which are beyond the abilities of the software. With [grammar software](/wiki/Grammar_checker \"Grammar checker\") and journalists who can edit, copy editors are seen as a luxury in publishing. The potential for a company to use editing software may also require the copy editor to only perform heavy editing and querying. Though the steps for copyediting are the same, the execution has been adapted for digital environments.",
"The technological development of [cloud storage](/wiki/Cloud_storage \"Cloud storage\") allows contemporary copy editors and writers to upload and share files across multiple devices.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.coolheadtech.com/blog/four\\-differences\\-between\\-google\\-drive\\-and\\-dropbox \\|first1\\=Christopher \\|last1\\=Alghini \\| title\\=Four Differences Between Google Drive and Dropbox \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2016\\|date\\= 23 October 2013 \\|publisher\\=Coolhead Tech \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414024721/http://www.coolheadtech.com/blog/four\\-differences\\-between\\-google\\-drive\\-and\\-dropbox \\|archive\\-date\\= Apr 14, 2016 }} Online word processors allow users to perform a number of tasks. Each processor has its advantages and disadvantages based on the users' preferences, but primarily allows users to share, edit and collaborate on documents.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5\\-great\\-alternatives\\-to\\-google\\-docs\\-you\\-should\\-consider/ \\| title\\= 5 Great Alternatives to Google Docs You Should Consider \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2016\\|date\\= 26 October 2009 \\|publisher\\=Make Use Of \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419154630/http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5\\-great\\-alternatives\\-to\\-google\\-docs\\-you\\-should\\-consider/ \\|archive\\-date\\= Apr 19, 2016 }} Additionally, Google Docs users can invite others via email to view, comment, and edit any file of their choosing, and those who were invited can view and edit the document together in real time.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://support.google.com/docs/answer/49008?hl\\=en \\|title\\=Overview of Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides \\|website\\=Google Help \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427151649/https://support.google.com/docs/answer/49008?hl\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\= Apr 27, 2016 }} Unlike Google Docs whose files can only be shared through the web app, Dropbox shares from a desktop app. Dropbox users can share documents as links or as shared folders. Users can create shared folders and add others to the folder. Files in a shared folder will appear in the other user's Dropbox and all involved users receive notifications when edits are made to a file in the folder. Adobe's Buzzword allows users to share files, with the user's choice from varying levels of editing access and includes a version history feature which tracks changes made to documents and lets users revert to earlier versions. \nUseful in many word processors, a track changes feature allows users to make changes to a document and view them separately from the original document. In Microsoft Word, users can choose whether to show or hide changes by clicking track changes under the Review ribbon.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\\-us/office/track\\-changes\\-in\\-word\\-197ba630\\-0f5f\\-4a8e\\-9a77\\-3712475e806a \\|title\\=Track changes in Word \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Microsoft]] Support \\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2023 }} Those editing documents can leave comments by clicking wherever the user desires to leave a comment and clicking New Comment under the review ribbon or by highlighting text and clicking New Comment. Users can apply revisions and choose which level of markups to view under the Show Markup dropdown menu in the Review ribbon. Users can also choose to accept or reject changes by clicking either Accept or Reject in the Review Ribbon.",
"### Contemporary copy editor",
"The field of copy editing is not obsolete. Teresa Schmedding, president of the American Copy Editors Society (ACES) and a deputy managing editor at the *Daily Herald* in Chicago, thinks that copy editors are \"a natural fit\" for digital journalism and social media because, though publishing has been made available to almost anyone, quality and credibility is brought to content only by copy editors.",
"Copy editors must now consider multimedia aspects of the story, such as video, images, audio, and [search engine optimization](/wiki/Search_engine_optimization \"Search engine optimization\"), which may be included in digital publications. Digital editing now requires copy editors to understand [SEO](/wiki/Search_engine_optimization \"Search engine optimization\"), HTML, [CSS](/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets \"Cascading Style Sheets\"), and [RSS](/wiki/RSS \"RSS\") feeds, as well as creative tools like [Adobe Illustrator](/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator \"Adobe Illustrator\"). This shows that the age of copy editing has now surpassed traditional methods of editing. The basics of checking grammar and punctuation are still necessary, but in the age of technology, the field of copy\\-editing has grown to include digital editing of various forms of media. Contemporary copy editors now have to review and understand current technology to help authors gain credibility in today's digital age.",
"### Issues",
"One of the problems with copy\\-editing is that it may slow the publication of the text. With the digital publishing era came an increased demand for a fast turnover of information. Additional details such as color printing, page size, and layout are determined by the allotted budget. Web\\-based publications, such as BuzzFeed and *[Slate](/wiki/Slate_%28magazine%29 \"Slate (magazine)\")*, do not have enough room in their budgets to keep sufficient staff to edit their massive, daily rushes of content. Therefore copy chief Emmy Favila says lower\\-priority posts are published without copyedits at Buzzfeed.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ajr.org/2014/05/13/copy\\-editors\\-digital\\-media/ \\|title\\= Copy Editors Carve Niche in Digital Media Landscape \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2016\\|date\\= 13 May 2014\\|publisher\\=American Journalism Review }} *Slate* does not edit its blog posts before publication, but all of its news articles are copy edited before publication, say *Slate* copy chief Lowen Liu and deputy editor Julia Turner.",
"In response to such high demands for fast\\-produced content, some online publications have started publishing articles first and then editing later, a process known as back\\-editing. Editors prioritize stories to edit based on traffic and whether the content was originally reported for needing edits.",
"Reading material has become increasingly accessible to users with a wide range of disabilities. Carolyn Rude exemplifies such cases in alternatively replacing illustrations with text and audio translations for the visually impaired.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Technical editing\\|last1\\=Rude\\|first1\\=Carolyn D.\\|date\\=2006\\|publisher\\=Longman\\|last2\\=Dayton\\|first2\\=David\\|last3\\=Maylath\\|first3\\= Bruce\\|isbn\\=032133082X\\|edition\\= 4th\\|location\\=New York\\|oclc\\=60188071}} Rude also suggests that web developers attempt to stick to print guidelines, such as \"clear and simple language and consistent terms and navigation devices\", especially when readers are looking at text in a second language.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Steve Everett, an [Oakland](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California "Oakland, California") [journalist](/wiki/Journalism "Journalism") recovering from [alcoholism](/wiki/Alcoholism "Alcoholism"), is assigned to cover the execution of convicted murderer Frank Beechum following the death of Everett's colleague, Michelle Ziegler, who had originally been assigned to the story.
Everett investigates the background to the case and comes to suspect that Beechum has been wrongly convicted of murdering Amy Wilson. He gets permission from his editor's boss to investigate, and is told that the top editor would call the Governor, and that would do the job, if Everett gets hard proof. He thus has a little over 12 hours to confirm his hunch and save Beechum.
Everett interviews a prosecution witness, Dale Porterhouse, who saw Beechum at the store with a gun. Everett questions Porterhouse's account, saying that, because of the layout of the store, he could not have seen a gun in Beechum's hand.
Everett confronts D.A. Cecelia Nussbaum, who reveals that, a young man, Warren, was interviewed and claimed he had stopped at the store to buy a soda and saw nothing. Everett suspects that Warren, never called as a witness, is probably the real killer. He breaks into the deceased reporter's house, suspecting that she had been onto something and finds her file on Warren. Meanwhile, Warden Luther Plunkett also starts to have doubts about Beechum's guilt.
Everett falls out with his bosses and is fired on the spot, but he points out that his contract entitles him to adequate notice. They ask him how much notice he requires, and, looking at his watch, he says 6 hours and 7 minutes. He tracks down Angela Russel, Warren's grandmother. She tells him that her grandson could not have been the murderer, and berates him for the lack of interest from the press when Warren himself was killed in a mugging two years after Amy's murder.
The prison chaplain misrepresents an exchange with Beechum as a confession to the crime. Everett hears about this on the radio and loses heart; on top of this, his wife Barbara has found out about his affair with his editor's wife and has turned him out of the house. He is about to start drinking again when he sees a piece on TV that shows a photograph of Amy wearing a locket, a locket he realizes he has seen before, being worn by Angela Russel.
Everett drives back to Angela's house. When he tells her about the locket, she realizes the truth: her grandson was the killer. Everett now has to get Angela to the Governor's house in order to persuade him to order a stay of execution. As they approach the Governor's mansion, the first of three drugs used in the execution has already been injected into Frank's bloodstream and he has lost consciousness. The Governor calls, and the doctors try to revive him, while his wife Bonnie bangs on the window calling out for him to wake up.
Six months later, a week before Christmas, Everett is out buying a stuffed hippo for his daughter, and the store's proprietor mentions that he is famous and may even win a Pulitzer. He catches sight of Frank and his family doing their Christmas shopping. Steve and Frank acknowledge each other, but Frank's daughter shouts for him to "come on," which Frank does.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Steve Everett, an [Oakland](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California \"Oakland, California\") [journalist](/wiki/Journalism \"Journalism\") recovering from [alcoholism](/wiki/Alcoholism \"Alcoholism\"), is assigned to cover the execution of convicted murderer Frank Beechum following the death of Everett's colleague, Michelle Ziegler, who had originally been assigned to the story.",
"Everett investigates the background to the case and comes to suspect that Beechum has been wrongly convicted of murdering Amy Wilson. He gets permission from his editor's boss to investigate, and is told that the top editor would call the Governor, and that would do the job, if Everett gets hard proof. He thus has a little over 12 hours to confirm his hunch and save Beechum.",
"Everett interviews a prosecution witness, Dale Porterhouse, who saw Beechum at the store with a gun. Everett questions Porterhouse's account, saying that, because of the layout of the store, he could not have seen a gun in Beechum's hand.",
"Everett confronts D.A. Cecelia Nussbaum, who reveals that, a young man, Warren, was interviewed and claimed he had stopped at the store to buy a soda and saw nothing. Everett suspects that Warren, never called as a witness, is probably the real killer. He breaks into the deceased reporter's house, suspecting that she had been onto something and finds her file on Warren. Meanwhile, Warden Luther Plunkett also starts to have doubts about Beechum's guilt.",
"Everett falls out with his bosses and is fired on the spot, but he points out that his contract entitles him to adequate notice. They ask him how much notice he requires, and, looking at his watch, he says 6 hours and 7 minutes. He tracks down Angela Russel, Warren's grandmother. She tells him that her grandson could not have been the murderer, and berates him for the lack of interest from the press when Warren himself was killed in a mugging two years after Amy's murder.",
"The prison chaplain misrepresents an exchange with Beechum as a confession to the crime. Everett hears about this on the radio and loses heart; on top of this, his wife Barbara has found out about his affair with his editor's wife and has turned him out of the house. He is about to start drinking again when he sees a piece on TV that shows a photograph of Amy wearing a locket, a locket he realizes he has seen before, being worn by Angela Russel.",
"Everett drives back to Angela's house. When he tells her about the locket, she realizes the truth: her grandson was the killer. Everett now has to get Angela to the Governor's house in order to persuade him to order a stay of execution. As they approach the Governor's mansion, the first of three drugs used in the execution has already been injected into Frank's bloodstream and he has lost consciousness. The Governor calls, and the doctors try to revive him, while his wife Bonnie bangs on the window calling out for him to wake up.",
"Six months later, a week before Christmas, Everett is out buying a stuffed hippo for his daughter, and the store's proprietor mentions that he is famous and may even win a Pulitzer. He catches sight of Frank and his family doing their Christmas shopping. Steve and Frank acknowledge each other, but Frank's daughter shouts for him to \"come on,\" which Frank does.",
""
] |
Career
------
As a graduate student, Fuglesang worked at [CERN](/wiki/CERN "CERN") in Geneva on the [UA5 experiment](/wiki/UA5_experiment "UA5 experiment"), which studied [proton](/wiki/Proton "Proton")–[antiproton](/wiki/Antiproton "Antiproton") collisions. In 1988 he became a Fellow of CERN, where he worked on the [CPLEAR experiment](/wiki/CPLEAR_experiment "CPLEAR experiment") studying the subtle [CP\-violation](/wiki/CP-violation "CP-violation") of [kaon](/wiki/Kaon "Kaon") particles. After a year he became a *Senior Fellow* and head of the particle identification subdetector.{{Cite journal \|url\=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1733430/files/vol43\-issue1\-p058\-e.pdf \|title\=Viewpoint: From research at CERN to working in space \|last1\=Fuglesang \|first1\=Christer \|date\=January 2003 \|page\=58 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126150205/https://cds.cern.ch/record/1733430/files/vol43\-issue1\-p058\-e.pdf \|archive\-date\=26 November 2023 \|volume\=43 \|issue\=1 \|journal\=CERN Courier }} In November 1990, Fuglesang obtained a position at the [Manne Siegbahn Institute of Physics](/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn_Institute_of_Physics "Manne Siegbahn Institute of Physics"), Stockholm, but remained stationed at CERN for another year working towards the new [Large Hadron Collider](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider "Large Hadron Collider") project. Since 1990, when stationed in Sweden, Fuglesang taught mathematics at the Royal Institute of Technology.
In May 1992, Fuglesang was selected to join the [European Astronaut Corps](/wiki/European_Astronaut_Corps "European Astronaut Corps") of the [European Space Agency](/wiki/European_Space_Agency "European Space Agency") (ESA) based at the [European Astronaut Centre](/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre "European Astronaut Centre") (EAC) in [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne"), Germany. In 1992 he attended an introductory training programme at EAC and a four\-week training program at the [Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center](/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center "Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center") (TsPK) in [Star City](/wiki/Star_City%2C_Russia "Star City, Russia"), Russia, with a view to future ESA–Russian collaboration on the [Mir](/wiki/Mir "Mir") Space Station. In July 1993, he completed the basic astronaut training course at EAC.
In May 1993, Fuglesang and fellow ESA astronaut [Thomas Reiter](/wiki/Thomas_Reiter "Thomas Reiter") were selected for the [Euromir](/wiki/Euromir "Euromir") 95 mission and commenced training at TsPK (Moscow) in preparation for their onboard engineer tasks, extra\-vehicular activities (spacewalks) and operation of the [Soyuz spacecraft](/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft "Soyuz spacecraft"). The Euromir 95 experiment training was organized and mainly carried out at EAC.
On 17 March 1995 he was selected as a member of Crew 2, the backup crew for the Euromir 95 mission, joining [Gennadi Manakov](/wiki/Gennadi_Manakov "Gennadi Manakov") and [Pavel Vinogradov](/wiki/Pavel_Vinogradov "Pavel Vinogradov"). During the mission, which lasted 179 days, Fuglesang was the prime crew interface coordinator. From the [Russian Mission Control Center](/wiki/Russian_Mission_Control_Center "Russian Mission Control Center") (TsUP) in [Korolyov](/wiki/Korolyov%2C_Moscow_Oblast "Korolyov, Moscow Oblast"), he was the main contact with ESA Astronaut, Thomas Reiter, on Mir, and acted as coordinator between Mir and the Euromir 95 Payloads Operations Control Center, located in [Oberpfaffenhofen](/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen "Oberpfaffenhofen"), Germany, and project management. Between March and June 1996, he underwent specialized training in TsPK on Soyuz operations for de\-docking, atmospheric re\-entry and landing.
[300px\|thumb\|Christer Fuglesang participating in EVA on [STS\-116](/wiki/STS-116 "STS-116")](/wiki/File:STS-116_spacewalk_2.jpg "STS-116 spacewalk 2.jpg")
In 1996, ESA selected Fuglesang to train as a mission specialist for NASA Space Shuttle missions. He joined the Mission Specialist Class at [NASA Johnson Space Center](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center "Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center"), [Houston](/wiki/Houston "Houston"), in August 1996, and qualified for flight assignment as a [mission specialist](/wiki/Mission_specialist "Mission specialist") in April 1998\.
From May to October 1998, he resumed training at TsPK on Soyuz\-TM spacecraft operations for de\-docking, atmospheric re\-entry and landing. He was awarded the Russian *Soyuz Return Commander* certificate, which qualifies him to command a three\-person Soyuz capsule on its return from space.
In October 1998, he returned to NASA and was assigned technical duties in the Station Operations System Branch of the NASA Astronaut Office, working on Russian Soyuz and Progress transfer vehicles. Later he worked as prime Increment Crew Support Astronaut for the second International Space Station expedition crew. Fuglesang also continued with some scientific work and was involved with the SilEye experiment which investigated light flashes in astronauts' eyes on Mir between 1995 and 1999\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://wizard.roma2\.infn.it/sileye/index.htm \|title\=SilEye Experiment \|access\-date\=28 September 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407015025/http://wizard.roma2\.infn.it/sileye/index.htm \|archive\-date\=7 April 2013 \|author\=Vincenzo Buttaro \|website\=Wizard.roma2\.infn.it }} This work is continuing on the [International Space Station](/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") (ISS) with the Alteino and ALTEA apparatuses. He has also initiated the DESIRE project to simulate and estimate the radiation environment inside ISS.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/fuglesan.html \|title\=Astronaut Bio: Christer Fuglesang \|date\=February 2010 \|publisher\=\[\[NASA]] \|access\-date\=28 September 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918002447/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/fuglesan.html \|archive\-date\=18 September 2012 }}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"As a graduate student, Fuglesang worked at [CERN](/wiki/CERN \"CERN\") in Geneva on the [UA5 experiment](/wiki/UA5_experiment \"UA5 experiment\"), which studied [proton](/wiki/Proton \"Proton\")–[antiproton](/wiki/Antiproton \"Antiproton\") collisions. In 1988 he became a Fellow of CERN, where he worked on the [CPLEAR experiment](/wiki/CPLEAR_experiment \"CPLEAR experiment\") studying the subtle [CP\\-violation](/wiki/CP-violation \"CP-violation\") of [kaon](/wiki/Kaon \"Kaon\") particles. After a year he became a *Senior Fellow* and head of the particle identification subdetector.{{Cite journal \\|url\\=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1733430/files/vol43\\-issue1\\-p058\\-e.pdf \\|title\\=Viewpoint: From research at CERN to working in space \\|last1\\=Fuglesang \\|first1\\=Christer \\|date\\=January 2003 \\|page\\=58 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126150205/https://cds.cern.ch/record/1733430/files/vol43\\-issue1\\-p058\\-e.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=26 November 2023 \\|volume\\=43 \\|issue\\=1 \\|journal\\=CERN Courier }} In November 1990, Fuglesang obtained a position at the [Manne Siegbahn Institute of Physics](/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn_Institute_of_Physics \"Manne Siegbahn Institute of Physics\"), Stockholm, but remained stationed at CERN for another year working towards the new [Large Hadron Collider](/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider \"Large Hadron Collider\") project. Since 1990, when stationed in Sweden, Fuglesang taught mathematics at the Royal Institute of Technology.",
"In May 1992, Fuglesang was selected to join the [European Astronaut Corps](/wiki/European_Astronaut_Corps \"European Astronaut Corps\") of the [European Space Agency](/wiki/European_Space_Agency \"European Space Agency\") (ESA) based at the [European Astronaut Centre](/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre \"European Astronaut Centre\") (EAC) in [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\"), Germany. In 1992 he attended an introductory training programme at EAC and a four\\-week training program at the [Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center](/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center \"Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center\") (TsPK) in [Star City](/wiki/Star_City%2C_Russia \"Star City, Russia\"), Russia, with a view to future ESA–Russian collaboration on the [Mir](/wiki/Mir \"Mir\") Space Station. In July 1993, he completed the basic astronaut training course at EAC.",
"In May 1993, Fuglesang and fellow ESA astronaut [Thomas Reiter](/wiki/Thomas_Reiter \"Thomas Reiter\") were selected for the [Euromir](/wiki/Euromir \"Euromir\") 95 mission and commenced training at TsPK (Moscow) in preparation for their onboard engineer tasks, extra\\-vehicular activities (spacewalks) and operation of the [Soyuz spacecraft](/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft \"Soyuz spacecraft\"). The Euromir 95 experiment training was organized and mainly carried out at EAC.",
"On 17 March 1995 he was selected as a member of Crew 2, the backup crew for the Euromir 95 mission, joining [Gennadi Manakov](/wiki/Gennadi_Manakov \"Gennadi Manakov\") and [Pavel Vinogradov](/wiki/Pavel_Vinogradov \"Pavel Vinogradov\"). During the mission, which lasted 179 days, Fuglesang was the prime crew interface coordinator. From the [Russian Mission Control Center](/wiki/Russian_Mission_Control_Center \"Russian Mission Control Center\") (TsUP) in [Korolyov](/wiki/Korolyov%2C_Moscow_Oblast \"Korolyov, Moscow Oblast\"), he was the main contact with ESA Astronaut, Thomas Reiter, on Mir, and acted as coordinator between Mir and the Euromir 95 Payloads Operations Control Center, located in [Oberpfaffenhofen](/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen \"Oberpfaffenhofen\"), Germany, and project management. Between March and June 1996, he underwent specialized training in TsPK on Soyuz operations for de\\-docking, atmospheric re\\-entry and landing.",
"[300px\\|thumb\\|Christer Fuglesang participating in EVA on [STS\\-116](/wiki/STS-116 \"STS-116\")](/wiki/File:STS-116_spacewalk_2.jpg \"STS-116 spacewalk 2.jpg\")\nIn 1996, ESA selected Fuglesang to train as a mission specialist for NASA Space Shuttle missions. He joined the Mission Specialist Class at [NASA Johnson Space Center](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center \"Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center\"), [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"), in August 1996, and qualified for flight assignment as a [mission specialist](/wiki/Mission_specialist \"Mission specialist\") in April 1998\\.",
"From May to October 1998, he resumed training at TsPK on Soyuz\\-TM spacecraft operations for de\\-docking, atmospheric re\\-entry and landing. He was awarded the Russian *Soyuz Return Commander* certificate, which qualifies him to command a three\\-person Soyuz capsule on its return from space.",
"In October 1998, he returned to NASA and was assigned technical duties in the Station Operations System Branch of the NASA Astronaut Office, working on Russian Soyuz and Progress transfer vehicles. Later he worked as prime Increment Crew Support Astronaut for the second International Space Station expedition crew. Fuglesang also continued with some scientific work and was involved with the SilEye experiment which investigated light flashes in astronauts' eyes on Mir between 1995 and 1999\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://wizard.roma2\\.infn.it/sileye/index.htm \\|title\\=SilEye Experiment \\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407015025/http://wizard.roma2\\.infn.it/sileye/index.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=7 April 2013 \\|author\\=Vincenzo Buttaro \\|website\\=Wizard.roma2\\.infn.it }} This work is continuing on the [International Space Station](/wiki/International_Space_Station \"International Space Station\") (ISS) with the Alteino and ALTEA apparatuses. He has also initiated the DESIRE project to simulate and estimate the radiation environment inside ISS.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/fuglesan.html \\|title\\=Astronaut Bio: Christer Fuglesang \\|date\\=February 2010 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NASA]] \\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918002447/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/fuglesan.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 September 2012 }}",
""
] |
Action
------
The back several inches of the barrel (the chamber) is a separate piece that pivots upwards from the front for reloading, similar in concept to the later Swedish\-Norwegian [kammerlader](/wiki/Kammerlader "Kammerlader"). In essence, the weapon was still loaded front to back, but without the need to ram the charge all the way from the muzzle, similar in concept to loading a cylinder of an early cap\-and\-ball (percussion) revolver. One could also think of it as similar to loading a short barreled, single shot muzzle\-loading "horse pistol", which then hinges down behind an extra several feet of barrel, avoiding the need for extracting the long ram\-rod from its underbarrel rings, rotating it so the ramming head faced the muzzle, ramming the charge down the barrel, extracting the rod, flipping it again, and then returning it to its holding rings. With the short chamber, a simple hand\-held tool could be used to easily and quickly seat the bullet onto the charge. More importantly, as with all breechloaders (and muzzle\-loaders, prior to the invention of the [Minie ball](/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball "Minié ball")), the fact that one didn't need to load through the whole barrel allowed for the use of rifling in a standard\-issue front\-line military weapon (as opposed to weapons issued in small numbers to elite troops such as sharpshooters). In order for rifling to work, the projectile must fit very snugly in the barrel, which makes it harder and slower to ram the bullet down the barrel. Once fired, black powder builds up thick fouling very quickly, which makes the gun even harder to load; a typical muzzle\-loading rifle couldn't be fired more than 3–4 times before requiring cleaning, or the bullet would be impossible to force down the barrel on loading, even with the mallet typically issued to riflemen to aid in forcing the bullet through the rifling while loading after the first two shots. This fact is why soldiers were still issued smoothbore muskets firing loose\-fitting round balls, long after the merits of rifling were known; rifles simply couldn't be loaded fast enough for use in open\-field combat, even though they were far more effective shot\-for\-shot. The loose fit of a musket ball allowed for faster loading, even after fouling built up, but also made adding rifling useless, since it wouldn't work without a tight\-fitting projectile. With a breech\-loader, a tight\-fitting projectile can be used, as it doesn't have to be forced down the barrel, which allows the use of rifling as well as a fast rate of fire. This fact means that even a breechloader that only achieved the same rate of fire as a muzzle\-loading musket would still be superior to the musket, as the breechloader could be rifled and the musket couldn't, although in fact, breechloaders generally also had a greater rate of fire.
The development was primarily the work of Hall, who had been working on a design in the first two decades of the 19th century, receiving critical patents during the time. The work caught the interest of Army, which led to the contract at the end of the latter decade. The breech\-loading design was made possible by his focus on using carefully machined components to form a seal, but still allowing enough tolerance for the breech to be opened easily. While precisely machined for the time, the technology of the day didn't allow for tolerances close enough to make a satisfactory seal, which was also one of the biggest hindrances to the creation of a successful revolver until some years later. The Hall rifle offered a significant increase in rate of fire over muzzleloading rifles and muskets (mostly due to the fact that one didn't have to manipulate the long, awkward ramming\-rod every time one loaded). However, the design suffered from the gas leakage around the interface of the separate chamber and the bore (much as gases escape from the gap between cylinder and barrel of a revolver), resulting in the necessity of a heavier powder charge that still produced much less muzzle velocity than its muzzleloading competition. No serious efforts were made to develop a seal to reduce the loss of gas from the breech. The penetrating ability of its {{convert\|.52\|in\|abbr\=on}} caliber ball for the rifle was only one third of that of the muzzleloaders, and the muzzle velocity of the carbine was 25 percent lower than that of the Jenks "Mule Ear" carbine, despite having similar barrel lengths and identical {{convert\|70\|gr\|abbr\=on}} powder charges.
Thousands of rifles were made, though the troops and many leaders preferred the simplicity and lower costs of muzzle\-loaded weapons. However, the advantages were clear, and breech\-loading designs would grow to dominate rifle procurement after the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"). Many of the lessons learned by Hall would benefit designers of the next generation of breech\-loaders such as the [Sharps rifle](/wiki/Sharps_rifle "Sharps rifle") (1848\), [Spencer carbine](/wiki/Spencer_carbine "Spencer carbine") (1860\), [Henry rifle](/wiki/Henry_rifle "Henry rifle") (1860\), and others.
The Halls were used in the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War"), against [Native Americans](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), and in other, smaller conflicts. Some saw service in the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"); however, by this time, many rifles were worn out over 30 years of use.
The Buenos Aires State Forces acquired (perhaps around 1854, when the US cavalry began to replace it with the Sharps) a small amount (probably no more than 50\), to be used in the fight against the Confederacy and the Indians, remaining in use until 1881, always by the forces of Buenos Aires. It may be that some were issued to the Escort Squadron of Buenos Aires, and others to the infantry. One can be seen at the Museo de Armas de la Nación (establishing that it was used in the war for National Organization between 1852 and 1862\). In 1812, there was a Hall rifle in the Artillery Park, not of the same system, but of the original 1811 flintlock model, perhaps a handful of them entered the country (approximately ten), then disappearing from the Park in that same period.{{Cite web \|title\=Unidades y armas durante el sitio de Buenos Aires de 1880 \|url\=http://www.legionitaliana.com.ar/FuerzasSitioBuenosAires1880\.PDF}}
As part of the process, Hall built his own shops and machinery at [Harper's Ferry](/wiki/Harper%27s_Ferry "Harper's Ferry"), and along with inventing this weapon, he invented many machines, paving the way for uniform manufacturing of weapons with interchangeable parts. The ruins of his shops are still visible today.
|
[
"Action\n------",
"The back several inches of the barrel (the chamber) is a separate piece that pivots upwards from the front for reloading, similar in concept to the later Swedish\\-Norwegian [kammerlader](/wiki/Kammerlader \"Kammerlader\"). In essence, the weapon was still loaded front to back, but without the need to ram the charge all the way from the muzzle, similar in concept to loading a cylinder of an early cap\\-and\\-ball (percussion) revolver. One could also think of it as similar to loading a short barreled, single shot muzzle\\-loading \"horse pistol\", which then hinges down behind an extra several feet of barrel, avoiding the need for extracting the long ram\\-rod from its underbarrel rings, rotating it so the ramming head faced the muzzle, ramming the charge down the barrel, extracting the rod, flipping it again, and then returning it to its holding rings. With the short chamber, a simple hand\\-held tool could be used to easily and quickly seat the bullet onto the charge. More importantly, as with all breechloaders (and muzzle\\-loaders, prior to the invention of the [Minie ball](/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball \"Minié ball\")), the fact that one didn't need to load through the whole barrel allowed for the use of rifling in a standard\\-issue front\\-line military weapon (as opposed to weapons issued in small numbers to elite troops such as sharpshooters). In order for rifling to work, the projectile must fit very snugly in the barrel, which makes it harder and slower to ram the bullet down the barrel. Once fired, black powder builds up thick fouling very quickly, which makes the gun even harder to load; a typical muzzle\\-loading rifle couldn't be fired more than 3–4 times before requiring cleaning, or the bullet would be impossible to force down the barrel on loading, even with the mallet typically issued to riflemen to aid in forcing the bullet through the rifling while loading after the first two shots. This fact is why soldiers were still issued smoothbore muskets firing loose\\-fitting round balls, long after the merits of rifling were known; rifles simply couldn't be loaded fast enough for use in open\\-field combat, even though they were far more effective shot\\-for\\-shot. The loose fit of a musket ball allowed for faster loading, even after fouling built up, but also made adding rifling useless, since it wouldn't work without a tight\\-fitting projectile. With a breech\\-loader, a tight\\-fitting projectile can be used, as it doesn't have to be forced down the barrel, which allows the use of rifling as well as a fast rate of fire. This fact means that even a breechloader that only achieved the same rate of fire as a muzzle\\-loading musket would still be superior to the musket, as the breechloader could be rifled and the musket couldn't, although in fact, breechloaders generally also had a greater rate of fire.",
"The development was primarily the work of Hall, who had been working on a design in the first two decades of the 19th century, receiving critical patents during the time. The work caught the interest of Army, which led to the contract at the end of the latter decade. The breech\\-loading design was made possible by his focus on using carefully machined components to form a seal, but still allowing enough tolerance for the breech to be opened easily. While precisely machined for the time, the technology of the day didn't allow for tolerances close enough to make a satisfactory seal, which was also one of the biggest hindrances to the creation of a successful revolver until some years later. The Hall rifle offered a significant increase in rate of fire over muzzleloading rifles and muskets (mostly due to the fact that one didn't have to manipulate the long, awkward ramming\\-rod every time one loaded). However, the design suffered from the gas leakage around the interface of the separate chamber and the bore (much as gases escape from the gap between cylinder and barrel of a revolver), resulting in the necessity of a heavier powder charge that still produced much less muzzle velocity than its muzzleloading competition. No serious efforts were made to develop a seal to reduce the loss of gas from the breech. The penetrating ability of its {{convert\\|.52\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}} caliber ball for the rifle was only one third of that of the muzzleloaders, and the muzzle velocity of the carbine was 25 percent lower than that of the Jenks \"Mule Ear\" carbine, despite having similar barrel lengths and identical {{convert\\|70\\|gr\\|abbr\\=on}} powder charges.",
"Thousands of rifles were made, though the troops and many leaders preferred the simplicity and lower costs of muzzle\\-loaded weapons. However, the advantages were clear, and breech\\-loading designs would grow to dominate rifle procurement after the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"). Many of the lessons learned by Hall would benefit designers of the next generation of breech\\-loaders such as the [Sharps rifle](/wiki/Sharps_rifle \"Sharps rifle\") (1848\\), [Spencer carbine](/wiki/Spencer_carbine \"Spencer carbine\") (1860\\), [Henry rifle](/wiki/Henry_rifle \"Henry rifle\") (1860\\), and others.",
"The Halls were used in the [Mexican–American War](/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\"), against [Native Americans](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), and in other, smaller conflicts. Some saw service in the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"); however, by this time, many rifles were worn out over 30 years of use.",
"The Buenos Aires State Forces acquired (perhaps around 1854, when the US cavalry began to replace it with the Sharps) a small amount (probably no more than 50\\), to be used in the fight against the Confederacy and the Indians, remaining in use until 1881, always by the forces of Buenos Aires. It may be that some were issued to the Escort Squadron of Buenos Aires, and others to the infantry. One can be seen at the Museo de Armas de la Nación (establishing that it was used in the war for National Organization between 1852 and 1862\\). In 1812, there was a Hall rifle in the Artillery Park, not of the same system, but of the original 1811 flintlock model, perhaps a handful of them entered the country (approximately ten), then disappearing from the Park in that same period.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Unidades y armas durante el sitio de Buenos Aires de 1880 \\|url\\=http://www.legionitaliana.com.ar/FuerzasSitioBuenosAires1880\\.PDF}}",
"As part of the process, Hall built his own shops and machinery at [Harper's Ferry](/wiki/Harper%27s_Ferry \"Harper's Ferry\"), and along with inventing this weapon, he invented many machines, paving the way for uniform manufacturing of weapons with interchangeable parts. The ruins of his shops are still visible today.",
""
] |
Social organisation and reproduction
------------------------------------
Logrunners live in pairs or in small groups and defend their territory aggressively from neighbouring birds. They are believed to form monogamous and permanent bonds.
The female lays two eggs that are approximately {{cvt\|29x24\|mm\|in\|1\|abbr\=on}} in size. The eggs are white in colour and have an oval shape. The incubation period for the eggs is between 20 and 25 days.
[thumb\|250px\|right\|A pair of eggs from the Australian logrunner](/wiki/File:Australian_Logrunner_Eggs.jpg "Australian Logrunner Eggs.jpg")
There appears to be some difference across references with respect to when the logrunner breeds. For example, some state that the bird breeds between April and October, others state that this occurs usually between May and August,BERULDSEN, G. 2003\. Australian birds their nests and eggs, Kenmore Hills, Qld., G. Beruldsen. whilst others state that breeding can occur at any time but usually between July and December.
The eggs are laid in a large, domed nest with a ramp. It is formed with sticks, ferns, leaves and natural fibres and is generally covered with green moss. The nests are lined with smaller material and leaves. They are generally constructed against a stone or log, or in a in tree buttress, but nests are also sometimes constructed in dense forest vines or ferns close to the ground.BERULDSEN, G. 2003\. *Australian birds their nests and eggs*, Kenmore Hills, Qld., G. Beruldsen. There appears to be some variety in the construction material and appearance of logrunner nests.
Logrunners conceal their nests by placing leaves and sticks from the surrounding environment on top of the nest, as well as building a hood over the entrance to the nest with mosses also collected from nearby.
The process of building the nest has been observed in some detail and involves:
* Initially laying down a foundation platform of up to 50 mm of short and strong dry sticks
* Then using short strong sticks to build up around the sides and back of the platform and curved in over the top to form a roof
* The roof and walls are then covered with dry leaves and moss to a thickness of around 25 mm
* Concealment is further improved by placing dry leaves and twigs on top of the moss roof
* The moss roof is extended and slopes towards the front of the nest to form a hood or awning over the entrance (almost concealing the entrance)
* Finally, the inside of the nest is lined with dry vegetation such as bark, dry moss and fern fibre.
Nest construction is performed by the female and she is solely responsible for incubating the eggs which takes between 20–25 days. The female is also responsible for rearing the young until they leave the nest which takes between 16–19 days. Both male and female appear to share responsibility for feeding the young after they leave the nest.MCNAMARA, E. 1934\. Observations of the Habits of the Spine\-tailed Log\-runner. \-Emu, 34: 177\-180\.
|
[
"Social organisation and reproduction\n------------------------------------",
"Logrunners live in pairs or in small groups and defend their territory aggressively from neighbouring birds. They are believed to form monogamous and permanent bonds.",
"The female lays two eggs that are approximately {{cvt\\|29x24\\|mm\\|in\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} in size. The eggs are white in colour and have an oval shape. The incubation period for the eggs is between 20 and 25 days.",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|A pair of eggs from the Australian logrunner](/wiki/File:Australian_Logrunner_Eggs.jpg \"Australian Logrunner Eggs.jpg\")",
"There appears to be some difference across references with respect to when the logrunner breeds. For example, some state that the bird breeds between April and October, others state that this occurs usually between May and August,BERULDSEN, G. 2003\\. Australian birds their nests and eggs, Kenmore Hills, Qld., G. Beruldsen. whilst others state that breeding can occur at any time but usually between July and December.",
"The eggs are laid in a large, domed nest with a ramp. It is formed with sticks, ferns, leaves and natural fibres and is generally covered with green moss. The nests are lined with smaller material and leaves. They are generally constructed against a stone or log, or in a in tree buttress, but nests are also sometimes constructed in dense forest vines or ferns close to the ground.BERULDSEN, G. 2003\\. *Australian birds their nests and eggs*, Kenmore Hills, Qld., G. Beruldsen. There appears to be some variety in the construction material and appearance of logrunner nests.",
"Logrunners conceal their nests by placing leaves and sticks from the surrounding environment on top of the nest, as well as building a hood over the entrance to the nest with mosses also collected from nearby.",
"The process of building the nest has been observed in some detail and involves:\n* Initially laying down a foundation platform of up to 50 mm of short and strong dry sticks\n* Then using short strong sticks to build up around the sides and back of the platform and curved in over the top to form a roof\n* The roof and walls are then covered with dry leaves and moss to a thickness of around 25 mm\n* Concealment is further improved by placing dry leaves and twigs on top of the moss roof\n* The moss roof is extended and slopes towards the front of the nest to form a hood or awning over the entrance (almost concealing the entrance)\n* Finally, the inside of the nest is lined with dry vegetation such as bark, dry moss and fern fibre.",
"Nest construction is performed by the female and she is solely responsible for incubating the eggs which takes between 20–25 days. The female is also responsible for rearing the young until they leave the nest which takes between 16–19 days. Both male and female appear to share responsibility for feeding the young after they leave the nest.MCNAMARA, E. 1934\\. Observations of the Habits of the Spine\\-tailed Log\\-runner. \\-Emu, 34: 177\\-180\\.",
""
] |
Game summaries
--------------
### Duke
{{See also\|2021 Duke Blue Devils football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\|Title\=Duke vs Charlotte
\|Visitor\=Blue Devils
\|Host\='''49ers'''
\|V1\=0\|V2\=14\|V3\=0\|V4\=14
\|H1\=7\|H2\=3\|H3\=7\|H4\=14
\|Date\=September 3, 2021
\|Location\=\[\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]]
\[\[Charlotte, North Carolina\|Charlotte, NC]]
\|TimeZone\=EDT
\|StartTime\=7:03 p.m.
\|ElapsedTime\= 4:05
\|Attendance\= 14,125
\|Weather\=Temperature: {{Convert\|80\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: NE 0 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\|Referee\=Riley Johnson
\|TVAnnouncers\=Chris Lewis, \[\[Corey Chavous]], and Justin Walters
\|TVStation\=\[\[CBS Sports Network\|CBSSN]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte Hosts Duke Friday Night\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/8/31/football\-game\-notes\-charlotte\-hosts\-duke\-friday\-night.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=August 31, 2021\|access\-date\=September 5, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Late\-Game Heroics Secure Charlotte's First Power Five Win, 31–28, Over Duke\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/3/charlotte\-duke\-recap.aspx\|date\=September 3, 2021\|access\-date\=September 5, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Duke vs Charlotte (Sept 3, 2021 at Charlotte, N.C.)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/9/3/Charlotte\_vs\_Duke\_FINAL\_Game\_Book.pdf\|date\=September 3, 2021\|access\-date\=September 5, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Duke vs Charlotte – Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282052\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=September 3, 2021\|access\-date\=September 5, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=Grant DuBose worked in an Alabama Walmart last season. Friday, he led Charlotte past Duke\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article253996248\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=September 4, 2021\|access\-date\=September 5, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=TPA:Charlotte 31 Duke 28\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/4/football\-the\-point\-after\-charlotte\-31\-duke\-28\.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=September 4, 2021\|access\-date\=September 5, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=8:51\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Grant DUBOSE 56 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 7–0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=10:22\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jonathan CRUZ 32 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=CHAR 10–0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=8:22\|Team\=DUKE\|Event\=Jordan WATERS 43 Yd pass from Gunnar HOLMBERG (Charlie HAM Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 10–7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=2:57\|Team\=DUKE\|Event\=Mataeo DURANT 5 Yd Run (Charlie HAM Kick)\|Score\=DUKE 14–10}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=9:54\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Chris REYNOLDS 1 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 17–14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=13:07\|Team\=DUKE\|Event\=Mataeo DURANT 59 Yd Run (Charlie HAM Kick)\|Score\=DUKE 21–17}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=2:59\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Grant DUBOSE 9 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 24–21}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=1:44\|Team\=DUKE\|Event\=Mataeo DURANT 53 Yd Run (Charlie HAM Kick)\|Score\=DUKE 28–24}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=0:33\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Shadrick BYRD 11 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 31–28\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
Following the previous year's drubbing in Durham, the 49ers were looking to regain their pride against the Blue Devils in the first full stadium home game since the 2019 season. The 49ers would score first in the first quarter on a [Grant DuBose](/wiki/Grant_DuBose "Grant DuBose") reception from Chris Reynolds and pad their lead early in the second quarter on a Jonathan Cruz 32 yard field goal. But the Blue Devils would find the endzone midway through the quarter and then take their first lead near the end of the half behind Mataeo Durant's first of three rushing touchdowns to take a 14 to 10 lead into the locker rooms.
Charlotte would regain the lead in the third quarter only to lose it again early in the fourth quarter. With three minutes left Charlotte would again take the lead only to see the Blue Devils again on top of the scoreboard with less than two minutes in regulation. Reynolds would then orchestrate a seven\-play drive downfield that resulted in an eleven\-yard touchdown pass to Shadrick Byrd with only thirty\-three seconds left on the clock. With time expired Duke attempted a hook\-and\-ladder play, but the 49ers would stop it cold and gain their first victory over a [Power 5](/wiki/Power_Five_conferences "Power Five conferences") and [ACC](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference "Atlantic Coast Conference") opponent in program history.
Top performances for the game included Charlotte's Chris Reynolds, who threw for 324 yards and three touchdowns. Duke's Mataeo Durant had 29 carries for 255 yards and 3 touchdowns. The 49er's Victor Tucker had 8 receptions for 133 yards. Charlotte's Grant DuBose also had 118 yards receiving with two touchdowns in his 49ers debut.
**Game notes:**
* Charlotte's first victory over a [Power 5](/wiki/Power_Five_conferences "Power Five conferences") conference team and a team from the [ACC](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference "Atlantic Coast Conference").
* First time the 49ers have hosted a Power 5 conference team.
* The win was also Coach Healy's first victory over a Power 5 opponent.
* Chris Reynold's is now 39 yards away from breaking Matt Johnson's all\-time passing record (5405 yards).
* Reynolds is also chasing Johnson's all\-time passing touchdowns record, just 3 shy of Johnson's 42 career TDs.
* Reynolds was named [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA "Conference USA") Offensive Player of the Week.
* [Markees Watts](/wiki/Markees_Watts "Markees Watts")' single sack placed him a half\-sack away from [Larry Ogunjobi](/wiki/Larry_Ogunjobi "Larry Ogunjobi")'s (13\.0\) number 2 spot on the 49ers all\-time sack record. [Alex Highsmith](/wiki/Alex_Highsmith "Alex Highsmith") has the current career sack record with 20\.0\.
* Charlotte received votes for the first time in the National [Coaches Poll](/wiki/Coaches_Poll "Coaches Poll") after the win.{{cite web\|title\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte vs. Gardner\-Webb\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/8/football\-game\-notes\-charlotte\-vs\-gardner\-webb.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=September 8, 2021\|access\-date\=September 8, 2021}}
* 2nd game in the series since 2020 (Tied 1–1\).
{{Clear}}
### Gardner–Webb
{{see also\|2021 Gardner–Webb Runnin' Bulldogs football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\| Title \='''Gardner–Webb vs Charlotte'''
\| Visitor \=Runnin' Bulldogs
\| Host \='''49ers'''
\| V1 \=3 \| V2 \=7 \| V3 \=0 \| V4 \=0
\| H1 \=14 \| H2 \=14 \| H3 \=7 \| H4 \=3
\| Date \= September 11
\| Location \= \[\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]]
\[\[Charlotte, North Carolina\|Charlotte, NC]]
\| TimeZone\=EDT
\| StartTime \= 6:04 pm
\| ElapsedTime \= 3:15
\| Attendance \= 12,274
\| Weather \= {{Convert\|81\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: SW 5 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\| Referee \= Joe Lehring
\|TVAnnouncers\=Jack Fitzpatrick, Reggie Walker Jr.
\|TVStation\= \[\[ESPN3]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=Reynolds Breaks All\-Time Record; Charlotte Rushes Past Gardner\-Webb, 38–10\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/11/football\-charlotte\-rushes\-past\-gardner\-webb\-38\-10\.aspx\|date\=September 11, 2021\|access\-date\=September 12, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Gardner\-Webb vs Charlotte (Sept 11, 2021 at Charlotte, N.C.)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/football/2021/boxscore/vs\-gardner\-webb/15608/pdf\|date\=September 11, 2021\|access\-date\=September 12, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Gardner\-Webb vs Charlotte – Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282181\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=September 11, 2021\|access\-date\=September 12, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=Charlotte runs over Gardner\-Webb; 49ers are off to their best start in six years\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article254073168\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=September 11, 2021\|access\-date\=September 12, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=TPA:Charlotte 38 Gardner\-Webb 10\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/12/football\-the\-point\-after\-charlotte\-38\-gardner\-webb\-10\.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=September 12, 2021\|access\-date\=September 13, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=12:08\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Chris REYNOLDS 37 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 7–0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=8:31\|Team\=GWU\|Event\=Austin MCKAY 45 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=CHAR 7–3}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=1:32\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Shadrick BYRD 5 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 14–3}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=9:42\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Calvin CAMP 1 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 21–3}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=7:47\|Team\=GWU\|Event\=Narii GAITHER 14 Yd Run (Austin MCKAY Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 21–10}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=3:43\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jairus MACK 11 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 28–10}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=10:52\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Chavon MCEACHERN 13 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 35–10}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=12:46\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jonathan CRUZ 29 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=CHAR 38–10\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
The 49ers were looking to build off of the previous week's success by dominating local rival Gardner\-Webb Runnin' Bulldogs. Charlotte would find the endzone first and never really looked back as they were able to hold Gardner\-Webb to 10 total points of offense. Charlotte's bend\-but\-don't\-break defense allowed GWU to move the ball down the field but was able to frustrate most of the Runnin' Bulldogs' scoring attempts as the 49ers walked away with a 38 to 10 home victory.
Top performances of the game included the 49ers' Chris Reynolds who threw for 103 yards and a touchdown with 2 interceptions. Gardner\-Webb's Narii Gaither had 16 carries for 82 yards and a touchdown. The Runnin' Bulldogs' Justin Franklin had 4 receptions for 53 yards.
**Game notes:**
* Chris Reynolds would connect to his favorite receiver of 4 years Victor Tucker on a 28 yard pass in the 3rd quarter to move into 1st place all\-time on the 49ers passing yardage board. He'd finish the game with 5,469 career passing yards, moving past previous record holder Matt Johnson's 5,405 yards.
* Reynolds is now 2 passing touchdowns away from tying Johnson's career touchdown passes record (42\).
* Markees Watts' sack in this game moved him past Larry Ogunjobi into second place on the 49ers career sacks list with 13\.5 sacks.
* 4th game in the series since 2013, (Char. 3–1\)
{{Clear}}
### Georgia State
{{see also\|2021 Georgia State Panthers football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\| Title \='''Charlotte vs Georgia State'''
\| Visitor \=49ers
\| Host \='''Panthers'''
\| V1 \=0 \| V2 \=7 \| V3 \=2 \| V4 \=0
\| H1 \=0 \| H2 \=7 \| H3 \=6 \| H4 \=7
\| Date \= September 18
\| Location \= \[\[Center Parc Stadium]]
\[\[Atlanta, Georgia\|Atlanta, GA]]
\| TimeZone\=EDT
\| StartTime \= 7:05 pm
\| ElapsedTime \= 3:12
\| Attendance \= 12,978
\| Weather \= {{Convert\|78\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Cloudy• Wind: SW 4 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\| Referee \= Kevin Vicknair
\|TVAnnouncers\=Matt Stewart, Sam Crenshaw
\|TVStation\= \[\[ESPN\+]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte at Georgia State\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/15/football\-game\-notes\-charlotte\-at\-georgia\-state.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=September 15, 2021\|access\-date\=September 15, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte Suffers First Loss on Road at Georgia State, 20–9\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/18/football\-charlotte\-suffers\-first\-loss\-on\-road\-at\-georgia\-state\-20\-9\.aspx\|date\=September 18, 2021\|access\-date\=September 20, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte vs Georgia St. (Sept 18, 2021 at Atlanta, G.A.)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/9/18/GSU03\_Charlotte.PDF\|date\=September 18, 2021\|access\-date\=September 20, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte vs Georgia St. – Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282196\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=September 18, 2021\|access\-date\=September 20, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=Charlotte’s lack of offensive execution led to a 49ers loss. Here’s what else we learned\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article254365978\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=September 19, 2021\|access\-date\=September 20, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=TPA:Charlotte at Georgia State\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/19/football\-the\-point\-after\-charlotte\-at\-georgia\-state.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=September 19, 2021\|access\-date\=September 20, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=7:41\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Elijah SPENCER 36 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 7–0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=4:03\|Team\=GAST\|Event\=\[\[Jamari Thrash\|Jamari THRASH]] 35 Yd pass from Darren GRAINGER (Noel RUIZ Kick)\|Score\=TIED 7–7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=9:45\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Team Safety\|Score\=CHAR 9–7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=5:06\|Team\=GAST\|Event\=Ja'Cyais CREDEL 28 Yd pass from Darren GRAINGER (Noel RUIZ PAT blocked)\|Score\=GAST 13–9}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=1:38\|Team\=GAST\|Event\=Jamyest WILLIAMS 13 Yd Run (Noel RUIZ Kick)\|Score\=GAST 20–9\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
Rain and slick conditions would help turn this matchup into a ground and pound event dominated be defense. Charlotte would score first in the second quarter but Georgia State would tie it up moving into halftime.
The second half resulted in Charlotte retaking the lead on an intention grounding safety, but the Panthers would retake the lead before the end of the quarter. The 4th quarter was more of the same running game for both teams but Georgia State was able to find their running game rhythm and would put the game out of reach on a final touchdown with less than two minutes to go in the contest.
Georgia State dominated the top performances with [Darren Grainger](/wiki/Darren_Grainger "Darren Grainger") passing for 139 yards, 2 touchdowns and an interception. Running back Dustin Coates had 4 carries for 83 yards. Jamari Thrash had 2 receptions for 62 yards and a touchdown.
**Game notes:**
* The 2nd quarter touchdown pass from Chris Reynolds to Elijah Spencer was Reynolds' 41st career pass. He was one touchdown pass away from tying the 49ers career passing TD leader Matt Johnson (42\).
* Jonathan Cruz broke the record for consecutive PATs, passing Blake Brewer's record of 46\.
* The 49ers' first visit to [Center Parc Stadium](/wiki/Center_Parc_Stadium "Center Parc Stadium"). The previous meeting in Atlanta took place in the [Georgia Dome](/wiki/Georgia_Dome "Georgia Dome").
* 3rd game in the series since 2015, (GAST 2–1\)
{{Clear}}
### Middle Tennessee
{{see also\|2021 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\| Title \='''Middle Tennessee vs Charlotte'''
\| Visitor \=Blue Raiders
\| Host \='''49ers'''
\| V1 \=7 \| V2 \=10 \| V3 \=7 \| V4 \=15
\| H1 \=14 \| H2 \=0 \| H3 \=14 \| H4 \=14
\| Date \= September 24
\| Location \= \[\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]]
\[\[Charlotte, North Carolina\|Charlotte, NC]]
\| TimeZone\=EDT
\| StartTime \= 6:32 pm
\| ElapsedTime \= 3:44
\| Attendance \= 11,076
\| Weather \= {{Convert\|73\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: N 6 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\| Referee \= Tony Johnson
\|TVAnnouncers\= Chris Lewis, \[\[Corey Chavous]]
\|TVStation\= \[\[CBS Sports Network\|CBSSN]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=GAME NOTES: C\-USA Opener Charlotte vs. Middle Tennessee\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/21/football\-game\-notes\-c\-usa\-opener\-charlotte\-vs\-middle\-tennessee.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=September 21, 2021\|access\-date\=September 25, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Reynolds Caps Record\-Breaking Night in Win over Middle Tennessee
\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/25/football\-reynolds\-caps\-record\-breaking\-night\-in\-win\-over\-middle\-tennessee.aspx \|date\=September 25, 2021\|access\-date\=September 25, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Middle Tenn. Vs Charlotte (Sept 24, 2021 at Charlotte, N.C.)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/9/24/Middle\_Tennessee\_at\_Charlotte\_Game\_Book.PDF\|access\-date\=September 25, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Middle Tenn. vs Charlotte – Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282204\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=September 24, 2021\|access\-date\=September 25, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=The Charlotte 49ers’ offense exploded in conference opener against Middle Tennessee\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article254492607\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=September 24, 2021\|access\-date\=September 25, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=TPA:C\-USA Opener – Charlotte 42 Middle Tennessee 39\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/25/football\-the\-point\-after\-c\-usa\-opener\-charlotte\-42\-middle\-tennessee\-39\.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=September 25, 2021\|access\-date\=September 26, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=7:25\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=
Grant DUBOSE 17 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 7–0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=3:27\|Team\=MTSU\|Event\=Jimmy MARSHALL 7 Yd pass from Chase CUNNINGHAM (Zeke RANKIN Kick)\|Score\=TIED 7–7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=0:57\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Grant DUBOSE 12 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 14–7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=11:15\|Team\=MTSU\|Event\=Jaylin LANE 24 Yd pass from Chase CUNNINGHAM (Zeke RANKIN Kick)\|Score\=TIED 14–14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=7:49\|Team\=MTSU\|Event\=Zeke RANKIN 26 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=MTSU 17–14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=7:04\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Elijah SPENCER 18 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 21–17}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=6:16\|Team\=MTSU\|Event\=DJ ENGLAND\-CHISOLM 51 Yd pass from Chase CUNNINGHAM (Zeke RANKIN Kick)\|Score\=MTSU 24–21}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=0:00\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Calvin CAMP 44 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 28–24}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=10:27\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Shadrick BYRD 19 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 35–24}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=8:21\|Team\=MTSU\|Event\=Jarrin PIERCE 16 Yd pass from Chase CUNNINGHAM (Chase CUNNINGHAM Pass to Jaylin LANE for Two\-Point Conversion)\|Score\=CHAR 35–32}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=4:00\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Chris REYNOLDS 1 Yd run (Jonathan CRUZ kick)\|Score\=CHAR 42–32}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=2:12\|Team\=MTSU\|Event\=Yusuf ALI 12 Yd pass from Chase CUNNINGHAM (Zeke RANKIN Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 42–39\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
Charlotte would score first only to have Middle Tennessee tie it up before a go ahead touchdown would again give the 49ers the lead. In the 2nd quarter the Blue Raiders would tie the game up again and take their first lead into halftime off a field goal.
Charlotte and Middle Tennessee would again swap leads in the 3rd quarter with the 49ers up heading into the 4th quarter. The 49ers would stretch their lead to 11 points early in the 4th only to see the Blue Raiders cut the lead down to 3 points after a successful two\-point conversion. Charlotte would then tack on another touchdown only to see the Blue Raiders again cut the lead to 3 points with slightly more than 2 minutes left in the game, but Middle Tennessee's on\-sides kick attempt would fail and with no time outs left the 49ers were able to take a knee to their 3rd home victory of the season.
Top performers of the game included Middle Tennessee's Chase Cunningham who passed for 379 yards and 5 touchdowns. The 49ers' Chris Reynolds would match Cunningham's touchdown performance with 339 yards of passing with 4 passing touchdowns and a 1 yard rushing touchdown. Charlotte's Calvin Camp had 12 carries for 101 yards and a touchdown. The 49ers' Grant DuBose had 9 receptions for 14 yards and 2 touchdowns.
**Game notes:**
* Chris Reynold's 4 passing touchdowns in the game moved him past Matt Johnson (42\) with 45 career touchdown passes making him the new career passing leader.
* Reynolds also added a rushing touchdown for 5 total touchdowns in the game.
* Reynold's received his 2nd [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA "Conference USA") Offensive Player of the Week award for the season.
* Grant DuBose (114 receiving), Victor Tucker (108 receiving), and Clavin Camp (101 rushing) all had 100 yard performances in the game.
* 6th game in the series since 2015, (MT 4–2\).
{{Clear}}
### Illinois
{{see also\|2021 Illinois Fighting Illini football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\| Title \='''Charlotte vs Illinois'''
\| Visitor \=49ers
\| Host \= '''Fighting Illini'''
\| V1 \=7 \| V2 \=7 \| V3 \=0 \| V4 \=0
\| H1 \=3 \| H2 \=7 \| H3 \=14 \| H4 \=0
\| Date \= October 2
\| Location \= \[\[Memorial Stadium (Champaign)]]
\[\[Champaign, Illinois\|Champaign, IL]]
\| TimeZone\=CDT
\| StartTime \= 11:01 p.m.
\| ElapsedTime \= 3:02
\| Attendance \= 30,559
\| Weather \= {{Convert\|73\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Cloudy • Wind: SE 5 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\| Referee \= Reggie Smith
\|TVAnnouncers\= Chris Vosters, \[\[Stanley Jackson (gridiron football)\|Stanley Jackson]], Krystle Rich
\|TVStation\= \[\[Big Ten Network\|BTN]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte at Illinois\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/28/football\-game\-notes\-charlotte\-at\-illinois.aspx\|date\=September 28, 2021\|access\-date\=September 28, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Second Half Surge Carries Illini Past Charlotte, 24\-14\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/2/football\-second\-half\-surge\-carries\-illini\-past\-charlotte\-24\-14\.aspx\|date\=October 2, 2021\|access\-date\=October 4, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte Vs Illinois (Oct 02, 2021 at Champaign, Illinois)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/10/2/Charlotte\_at\_Illinois\_Game\_Book.PDF\|access\-date\=October 4, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte vs Illinois – Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282219\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=October 2, 2021\|access\-date\=October 4, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=Charlotte runs aground against Illinois: How the Illini held off the 49ers\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article254649737\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=October 4, 2021\|access\-date\=October 4, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=TPA:Charlotte at Illinois\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/3/football\-the\-point\-after\-charlotte\-at\-illinois.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=October 3, 2021\|access\-date\=October 4, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=7:28\|Team\=ILLI\|Event\=
James MCCOURT 29 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=ILLI 3\-0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=1:31\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Victor TUCKER 22 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 7\-3}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=2:52\|Team\=ILLI\|Event\=Daniel BARKER 10 Yd pass from Brandon PETERS (James MCCOURT Kick)\|Score\=ILLI 10\-7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=0:46\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Elijah SPENCER 27 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 14\-10}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=6:52\|Team\=ILLI\|Event\=Chase BROWN 31 Yd Run (James MCCOURT Kick)\|Score\=ILLI 17\-14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=0:00\|Team\=ILLI\|Event\=Chase BROWN 80 Yd Run (James MCCOURT Kick)\|Score\=ILLI 24\-14\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
The game got off to a slow start with the Illini making a field goal halfway through the first quarter and Charlotte answering with a touchdown right before the second quarter. The Illini would finally find the endzone with less than three minutes left in the half only to have the 49ers answer with a touchdown of their on to take a 14 to 10 lead into the halftime.
The Illini would retake the lead midway through the third quarter. Charlotte would get into comfortable field goal range in the last seconds of the quarter to attempt to tie the game only to have the ball drift wide right. On the next play from scrimmage the Illini would tack on an 80 yard touchdown run. The Illini would then use ball control running plays to eat up the clock and walk away with a 24 to 14 home victory.
Top performances of the game included Charlotte's Chris Reynolds, who threw for 191 yards, two touchdowns and an interception. The Fighting Illini's Chase Brown had 26 carries for 257 yards and two touchdowns. The 49ers' Grant DuBose had four receptions for 70 yards.
**Game notes:**
* First 49ers game in the State of [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois").
* First game against a [Big Ten Conference](/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference "Big Ten Conference") opponent.
* First time the 49ers have played two [Power 5](/wiki/Power_Five_conferences "Power Five conferences") conference teams in a single season.
* Chris Reynolds became the first 49ers passer to cross the 6000 yards mark.
* Victor Tucker moved into a 2nd place tie with Trent Bostick for career touchdown receptions with 12\.
* First game in series history.
{{Clear}}
### FIU
{{see also\|2021 FIU Panthers football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\| Title \='''Charlotte vs FIU'''
\| Visitor \='''49ers'''
\| Host \=Panthers
\| V1 \=7 \| V2 \=10 \| V3 \=14 \| V4 \=14
\| H1 \=3 \| H2 \=3 \| H3 \=7 \| H4 \=20
\| Date \= October 8
\| Location \= \[\[Riccardo Silva Stadium]]
\[\[Miami, Florida\|Miami, FL]]
\| TimeZone\=EDT
\| StartTime \= 7:03 pm
\| ElapsedTime \= 3:36
\| Attendance \= 0
\| Weather \= {{Convert\|82\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Cloudy • Wind: 0 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\| Referee \= Joe Lehring
\|TVAnnouncers\= Chris Lewis, \[\[Donte Whitner]]
\|TVStation\= \[\[CBS Sports Network\|CBSSN]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte Heads to FIU for Key C\-USA Match\-Up\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/6/football\-game\-notes\-charlotte\-heads\-to\-fiu\-for\-key\-c\-usa\-match\-up.aspx\|date\=October 6, 2021\|access\-date\=October 7, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Niners Explode for Six TDs; Take Down FIU on the Road\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/9/football\-niners\-explode\-for\-six\-tds\-take\-down\-fiu\-on\-the\-road.aspx\|date\=October 9, 2021\|access\-date\=October 9, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte Vs FIU (Oct 08, 2021 at Miami, Florida)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/10/8/Charlotte\_at\_FIU\_Game\_Book.PDF\|access\-date\=October 9, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte vs FIU – Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282224\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=October 8, 2021\|access\-date\=October 8, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=The Charlotte 49ers are off to the program’s best start after a win at FIU\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article254858627\.html\#storylink\=mainstage\_lead\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=October 8, 2021\|access\-date\=October 8, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=TPA:Charlotte 45 at FIU 33 \- Charlotte Unbeaten in C\-USA\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/9/football\-the\-point\-after\-charlotte\-45\-at\-fiu\-33\-charlotte\-unbeaten\-in\-c\-usa.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=October 9, 2021\|access\-date\=October 10, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=8:59\|Team\=FIU\|Event\=Chase GABRIEL 26 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=FIU 3\-0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=5:15\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Calvin CAMP 2 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 7\-3}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=9:21\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Taylor THOMPSON 5 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 14\-3}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=4:49\|Team\=FIU\|Event\=Chase GABRIEL 43 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=CHAR 14\-6}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=0:03\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jonathan CRUZ 42 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=CHAR 17\-6}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=11:58\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Victor TUCKER 22 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 24\-6}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=11:25\|Team\=FIU\|Event\=\[\[Kris Mitchell\|Kris MITCHELL]] 50 Yd pass from Max BORTENSCHLAGER (Chase GABRIEL Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 24\-13}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=3:46\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jake CLEMONS 1 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 31\-13}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=11:10\|Team\=FIU\|Event\=Tyrese CHAMBERS 59 Yd pass from Max BORTENSCHLAGER (Chase GABRIEL Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 31\-20}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=5:45\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jonathan ALEXANDER 41 Yd Interception Return (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 38\-20}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=5:35\|Team\=FIU\|Event\=Tyrese CHAMBERS 75 Yd pass from Max BORTENSCHLAGER (Chase GABRIEL Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 38\-27}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=2:36\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Ryan CARRIERE 4 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 45\-27}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=0:14\|Team\=FIU\|Event\=Sterling PALMER 8 Yd pass from Max BORTENSCHLAGER (Chase GABRIEL PAT failed)\|Score\=CHAR 45\-33\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
The game Started slow with Charlotte answering FIU's field goal with a touchdown. The 49ers would pad their lead in the 2nd quarter with another touchdown before both teams traded field goals before the half. Charlotte hit the locker rooms with a 17 to 6 lead.
Charlotte would stretch the lead out to 18 early in the 2nd half, but two plays later FIU would find the endzone for the first time in the game. Charlotte would go back out to an 18 point lead before the start of the last quarter with a 21 to 3 lead.
Both teams would score as many touchdowns in the 4th quarter as they had in the entire rest of the game combined. FIU would pull back to within 11 points early in the quarter. With less than six minutes left on the clock the 49ers again would go out to an 18 point lead on a Jon Alexander interception return, only to have the Panthers score on the very next play. The Panthers looked like they might have recovered the ensuing on\-sides kick, but the ball didn't cross the 10 yard mark by mere inches. The 49ers would capitalize on the turnover and again reach the magic number 18 with less than 3 minutes on the clock. FIU would get it to within 12 points with less than 15 seconds on the clock, but the on\-sides kick attempt this time was easily recovered by the 49ers who would leave Miami with a 45 to 33 win.
Both quarterbacks, Charlotte's Chris Reynolds and FIU's Matt Bortenschlager, put up four touchdowns passes each, Reynolds for 203 yards and Bortenschlager for an impressive 466 yards and an interception. FIU's D'vonte Price rushed for 89 yards on 18 carries. The Panthers' Tyrese Chambers had 3 receptions for 201 yards and two touchdowns.
**Game notes:**
* First victory for Charlotte over FIU, who was the last team in CUSA's Eastern Division that Charlotte had never defeated.
* Shadrick Byrd was named [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA "Conference USA") Special Teams Player of the Week.
* 6th game in the series since 2015, (FIU 5–1\).
{{Clear}}
### Florida Atlantic
{{see also\|2021 Florida Atlantic Owls football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\| Title \='''Florida Atlantic vs Charlotte'''
\| Visitor \='''Owls'''
\| Host \=49ers
\| V1 \=0 \| V2 \=7 \| V3 \=21 \| V4 \=10
\| H1 \=3 \| H2 \=6 \| H3 \=0 \| H4 \=0
\| Date \= October 21
\| Location \= \[\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]]
\[\[Charlotte, North Carolina\|Charlotte, NC]]
\| TimeZone\=EDT
\| StartTime \= 7:32 pm
\| ElapsedTime \= 3:12
\| Attendance \= 13,017
\| Weather \= {{Convert\|73\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Cloudy • Wind: SW 10 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\| Referee \= Kevin Randall
\|TVAnnouncers\= Jason Horowitz, \[\[Ross Tucker]]
\|TVStation\= \[\[CBS Sports Network\|CBSSN]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte vs. Florida Atlantic\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/19/football\-game\-notes\-charlotte\-vs\-florida\-atlantic.aspx\|date\=October 19, 2021\|access\-date\=October 24, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte's Home Win Streak Stifled by Owls, Thursday\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/22/football\-charlottes\-home\-win\-streak\-stifled\-by\-owls\-thursday.aspx\|date\=October 22, 2021\|access\-date\=October 24, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Florida Atlantic vs Charlotte (Oct 21, 2021 at Charlotte, N.C.)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/10/21/Florida\_Atlantic\_at\_Charlotte\_Game\_Book.PDF\|access\-date\=October 24, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte vs Florida Atlantic – Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282235\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=October 21, 2021\|access\-date\=October 24, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=Big FAU second half dooms Charlotte as the 49ers fall to the Owls at home\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article255106177\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=October 22, 2021\|access\-date\=October 24, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=3:19\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jonathan CRUZ 23 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=CHAR 3\-0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=12:32\|Team\=FAU\|Event\=TJ CHASE 8 Yd pass from \[\[N'Kosi Perry\|N'Kosi PERRY]] (Aaron SHAHRIARI Kick)\|Score\=FAU 7\-3}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=0:00\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Grant DUBOSE 1 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ PAT failed)\|Score\=CHAR 9\-7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=13:38\|Team\=FAU\|Event\=Johnny FORD 32 Yd pass from N'Kosi PERRY (Aaron SHAHRIARI Kick)\|Score\=FAU 14\-9}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=7:11\|Team\=FAU\|Event\=Malcolm DAVIDSON 9 Yd Run (Aaron SHAHRIARI Kick)\|Score\=FAU 21\-9}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=1:06\|Team\=FAU\|Event\=Brandon ROBINSON 30 Yd pass from N'Kosi PERRY (Aaron SHAHRIARI Kick)\|Score\=FAU 28\-9}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=9:09\|Team\=FAU\|Event\=Aaron SHAHRIARI 27 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=FAU 31\-9}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=7:14\|Team\=FAU\|Event\=Johnny FORD 1 Yd Run (Aaron SHAHRIARI Kick)\|Score\=FAU 38\-9\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
Both teams, coming off bye weeks, would start the game slowly with Charlotte parting the uprights in the first quarter and FAU getting the first touchdown near the end of the second quarter. With no time left in the half Charlotte would find the endzone to take a lead into the locker rooms at halftime, but the rare missed PAT from Jonathan Cruz would seem to be a harbinger of what was to come in the second half for the 49ers.
FAU would retake the lead on the first series of the second half and never look back. They would add two more touchdowns before the fourth quarter and pad their lead in the final quarter with a field goal and a final touchdown to win 38 to 9\.
Top performers of the game included Florida Atlantic quarterback N'Kosi Perry, who threw for 225 yards and three touchdowns. The Owls' Johnny Ford rushed for 92 yards on 8 carries with a touchdown. Charlotte's Victor Tucker had 6 receptions for 105 yards.
**Game notes:**
* 7th game in the series since 2015, (FAU 5–2\).
{{Clear}}
### Western Kentucky
{{see also\|2021 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\| Title \='''Charlotte vs Western Kentucky'''
\| Visitor \=49ers
\| Host \='''Hilltoppers'''
\| V1 \=3 \| V2 \=10 \| V3 \=0 \| V4 \=0
\| H1 \=14 \| H2 \=14 \| H3 \=7 \| H4 \=10
\| Date \= October 30
\| Location \= \[\[Houchens Industries\-L. T. Smith Stadium]]
\[\[Bowling Green, Kentucky\|Bowling Green, KY]]
\| TimeZone\=EDT
\| StartTime \= 4:05 pm
\| ElapsedTime \= 3:11
\| Attendance \= 16,763
\| Weather \= {{Convert\|55\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Rainy • Wind: 0 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\| Referee \= Scott Hardin
\|TVAnnouncers\= Nate Gatter, Bob Belvin
\|TVStation\= \[\[ESPN\+]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte at WKU \|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/27/football\-game\-notes\-charlotte\-at\-wku.aspx\|date\=October 27, 2021\|access\-date\=October 27, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=WKU Pulls Away From Charlotte in C\-USA East Division Action\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/30/football\-wku\-pulls\-away\-from\-charlotte\-in\-c\-usa\-east\-division\-action.aspx\|date\=October 30, 2021\|access\-date\=November 2, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte vs WKU (Oct 30, 2021 at Bowling Green, Ky.)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/10/31/Charlotte\_at\_WKU\_Game\_Book.pdf\|access\-date\=November 2, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte vs Western Kentucky – Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282241\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=October 30, 2021\|access\-date\=November 2, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=The Charlotte 49ers’ slide continues in a tough loss to Western Kentucky\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article255416531\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=October 30, 2021\|access\-date\=November 2, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=TPA:Charlotte at WKU\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/31/football\-the\-point\-after\-charlotte\-at\-wku.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=October 31, 2021\|access\-date\=November 2, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=11:44\|Team\=WKU\|Event\=\[\[Daewood Davis\|Daewood DAVIS]] 11 Yd pass from \[\[Bailey Zappe]] (\[\[Brayden Narveson\|Brayden NARVESON]] Kick)\|Score\=WKU 7\-0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=6:39\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jonathan CRUZ 37 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=WKU 7\-3}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=1:21\|Team\=WKU\|Event\=Bailey ZAPPE 2 Yd Run (Brayden NARVESON Kick)\|Score\=WKU 17\-3}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=13:09\|Team\=WKU\|Event\=Mitchell TINSLEY 13 Yd pass from Bailey ZAPPE (Brayden NARVESON Kick)\|Score\=WKU 21\-3}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=9:40\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=James FOSTER 1 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=WKU 21\-10}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=3:06\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jonathan CRUZ 56 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=WKU 21\-13}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=1:27\|Team\=WKU\|Event\=\[\[Jerreth Sterns]] 21 Yd pass from Bailey ZAPPE (Brayden NARVESON Kick)\|Score\=WKU 28\-13}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=2:04\|Team\=WKU\|Event\=Dalvin SMITH 9 Yd pass from Bailey ZAPPE (Brayden NARVESON Kick)\|Score\=WKU 35\-13}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=12:28\|Team\=WKU\|Event\=Brayden NARVESON 35 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=WKU 38\-13}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=5:09\|Team\=WKU\|Event\=Noah WHITTINGTON 1 Yd Run (Brayden NARVESON Kick)\|Score\=WKU 45\-13\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
In a light rain the 49ers struggled behind backup quarterback James Foster to establish an offensive rhythm. This was not an issue WKU had as they scored first in the game and already had 4 touchdowns before the half. Charlotte would split the uprights twice and find the endzone once to keep the game within reach heading into the locker rooms, 28 to 13\.
The second half would be significantly less active, but it was all Hilltoppers, adding two more touchdowns and a field goal to put the game safely in their pocket. The final score was WKU 45, Charlotte 13\.
Top performances of the game were dominated by the Hilltopper's, whose Bailey Zappe threw for 393 yards, 4 touchdowns and 2 interceptions on his way to collecting a CUSA Offensive Player of the Week Award. Noah Whittingham rushed for 66 yards on 10 carries for a touchdown. Jerreth Sterns had 10 receptions for 89 yards and a touchdown.
**Game notes:**
* Jonathan Cruz's 56 yard field goal tied his own school record.
* The 56 yard field goal also matched the [season](/wiki/2021_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season "2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season") longest [NCAA](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association "National Collegiate Athletic Association") field goal up to that point in the season.
* 5th game in the series since 2017, (WKU 4–1\).
{{Clear}}
### Rice
{{see also\|2021 Rice Owls football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\| Title \='''Rice vs Charlotte'''
\| Visitor \=Owls
\| Host \='''49ers'''
\| V1 \=0 \| V2 \=7 \| V3 \=10 \| V4 \=7 \| VOT \=0
\| H1 \=7 \| H2 \=7 \| H3 \=0 \| H4 \=10 \| HOT \=7
\| Date \= November 6
\| Location \= \[\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]]
\[\[Charlotte, North Carolina\|Charlotte, NC]]
\| TimeZone\=EDT
\| StartTime \= 3:35 pm
\| ElapsedTime \= 3:30
\| Attendance \= 16,050
\| Weather \= {{Convert\|56\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Cloudy • Wind: S 15 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\| Referee \= Kevin Randall
\|TVAnnouncers\= Bobby Rosinski, Reggie Walker Jr.
\|TVStation\= \[\[ESPN\+]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=HOMECOMING GAME NOTES: Charlotte vs. Rice \|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/4/football\-homecoming\-game\-notes\-charlotte\-vs\-rice.aspx\|date\=November 4, 2021\|access\-date\=November 4, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Homecoming Heroics! Niners Rally for OT Win\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/6/football\-homecoming\-heroics\-niners\-rally\-for\-ot\-win.aspx\|date\=November 6, 2021\|access\-date\=November 7, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Rice vs Charlotte (Nov 6, 2021 at Charlotte, NC.)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/11/6/Rice\_at\_Charlotte\_Game\_Book.PDF\|access\-date\=November 7, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Rice vs Charlotte – Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282247\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=November 6, 2021\|access\-date\=November 7, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=Charlotte 49ers back on the right track after a thrilling comeback win over Rice in OT\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article255603611\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=November 6, 2021\|access\-date\=November 7, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=TPA:Charlotte 31 Rice 24 (OT)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/7/football\-the\-point\-after\-charlotte\-31\-rice\-24\-ot.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=November 7, 2021\|access\-date\=November 7, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=4:37\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Calvin CAMP 53 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 7\-0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=11:29\|Team\=RICE\|Event\=Ari BROUSSARD 22 Yd Run (Christian VANSICKLE Kick)\|Score\=TIED 7\-7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=7:49\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Shadrick BYRD 1 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 14\-7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=8:01\|Team\=RICE\|Event\=Christian VANSICKLE 25 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=CHAR 14\-10}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=2:48\|Team\=RICE\|Event\=Jordan MYERS 1 Yd Run (Christian VANSICKLE Kick)\|Score\=RICE 17\-14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=6:35\|Team\=RICE\|Event\=Ari BROUSSARD 2 Yd Run (Christian VANSICKLE Kick)\|Score\=RICE 24\-14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=4:09\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jonathan CRUZ 32 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=RICE 24\-17}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=1:14\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Elijah SPENCER 8 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=TIED 24\-24}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=OT\|Time\=OT\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Elijah SPENCER 25 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 31\-24\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
Charlotte scored first on the windy afternoon in the first quarter. Rice would answer early in the 2nd quarter to tie it up but mid\-way through that quarter the 49ers would again find the endzone to take a 14 to 7 lead in at the half.
Rice split the uprights midway through the 3rd quarter after the 49ers turned it over in the redzone. Rice would take their first lead of the game late in the third quarter and early in the fourth quarter would extended it to a two score lead. The 49ers again would find the redzone but would be forced to settle for a field goal to get it back down to a one score game. With less than a minute and a half left in regulation Chris Reynolds would find Elijah Spencer in the corner of the endzone to tie the game for the second time. Rice would go 4 and out and Charlotte would take their chances in overtime.
Charlotte took possession first in the overtime and on the first play Reynolds again would find Spencer to take a 7 point lead. On their second play of the overtime Rice's Jake Constantine would be flushed from the pocket and throw up a game winning interception to Charlotte's Luke Martin, securing the overtime win for the 49ers at 31 to 24\.
Top performances of the game included Charlotte's Chris Reynolds, who threw for 292 yards and 3 touchdowns. Rice's Ari Broussard had 20 carries for 186 yards and 2 touchdowns. The 49ers' Elijah Spencer had 6 receptions for 77 yards and 2 touchdowns.
**Game notes:**
* 49th home game at Richardson Stadium for the 49ers.
* 49th Conference USA game for the 49ers.
* First overtime game for the 49ers since the 2017 season.
* 3rd game in the series since 2015, (Rice 2–1\).
{{Clear}}
### Louisiana Tech
{{see also\|2021 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\| Title \='''Charlotte vs Louisiana Tech'''
\| Visitor \=49ers
\| Host \='''Bulldogs'''
\| V1 \=0 \| V2 \=7 \| V3 \=10 \| V4 \=15
\| H1 \=7 \| H2 \=7 \| H3 \=14 \| H4 \=14
\| Date \= November 13
\| Location \= \[\[Joe Aillet Stadium]]
\[\[Ruston, Louisiana\|Ruston, LA]]
\| TimeZone\=EST
\| StartTime \= 3:36 pm
\| ElapsedTime \= 3:30
\| Attendance \= 14,068
\| Weather \= {{Convert\|58\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: 0 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\| Referee \= Ed Ardito
\|TVAnnouncers\= Chris Hassel, \[\[Sed Bonner]]
\|TVStation\= \[\[Stadium (sports network)\|Stadium]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte at Louisiana Tech on WCCB\-TV \|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/11/football\-game\-notes\-charlotte\-at\-louisiana\-tech.aspx\|date\=November 11, 2021\|access\-date\=November 15, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte Drops High\-Scoring Battle at Louisiana Tech\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/13/football\-charlotte\-drops\-high\-scoring\-battle\-at\-louisiana\-tech.aspx\|date\=November 13, 2021\|access\-date\=November 15, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte vs Louisiana Tech (Nov 13, 2021 at Ruston, LA)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/11/13/Charlotte\_at\_Louisiana\_Tech\_Game\_Book.PDF\|access\-date\=November 15, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte vs Louisiana Tech – Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282254\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=November 13, 2021\|access\-date\=November 15, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=Charlotte 49ers’ road woes continue under coach Will Healy with loss to Louisiana Tech\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article255801406\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=November 13, 2021\|access\-date\=November 15, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=TPA:Charlotte at Louisiana Tech\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/14/football\-the\-point\-after\-charlotte\-at\-louisiana\-tech.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=November 15, 2021\|access\-date\=November 14, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=3:16\|Team\=LTECH\|Event\=Marcus WILLIAMS Jr. 2 Yd Run (Jacob BARNES Kick)\|Score\=LTECH 7\-0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=5:55\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Shadrick BYRD 1 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=TIED 7\-7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=1:38\|Team\=LTECH\|Event\=Marcus WILLIAMS Jr. 8 Yd Run (Jacob BARNES Kick)\|Score\=LTECH 14\-7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=12:58\|Team\=LTECH\|Event\=Marcus WILLIAMS Jr. 6 Yd Run (Jacob BARNES Kick)\|Score\=LTECH 21\-7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=9:06\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jonathan CRUZ 26 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=LTECH 21\-10}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=7:22\|Team\=LTECH\|Event\=Isaiah GRAHAM 32 Yd pass from Aaron ALLEN (Jacob BARNES Kick)\|Score\=LTECH 28\-10}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=3:52\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Chris REYNOLDS 12 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=LTECH 28\-17}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=13:36\|Team\=LTECH\|Event\=Smoke HARRIS 17 Yd pass from Aaron ALLEN (Jacob BARNES Kick)\|Score\=LTECH 35\-17}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=12:18\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Keith PEARSON 18 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Chris REYNOLDS Pass to Keith PEARSON \|Score\=LTECH 35\-25}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=11:06\|Team\=LTECH\|Event\=Marcus WILLIAMS Jr. 25 Yd Run (Jacob BARNES Kick)\|Score\=LTECH 42\-25}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=8:44\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Keith PEARSON 21 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=LTECH 42\-32\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
In the first ever match between these conference foes the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs, already eliminated from bowl contention, got to play spoiler to the 49ers who were still seeking their second bowl qualification in program history.
The game started slow with the Bulldogs taking the early lead at home, but the 49ers would tie the game up before the Bulldogs would score again to take a 14 to 7 lead into the half.
Once again Charlotte experienced a second half change in pace as the Bulldogs early in the third quarter took a commanding two score lead. The 49ers would gain a field goal and a touchdown in the quarter but La. Tech would also find the end zone again to preserve a two score lead heading into the last quarter of play. Charlotte would add two more touchdowns in the fourth quarter but so would the Bulldogs who would win the battle at home to the score of 42 to 32, denying Charlotte a bowl qualification for at least another week and continuing Charlotte's road winless tour.
Top performances for the game included Charlotte's Chris Reynolds, who threw for 448 yards with 2 touchdowns and an interception. The Bulldogs' Marcus Williams Jr. rushed for 131 yards on 29 carries with 4 touchdowns. The 49ers' Keith Pearson had 6 receptions for 150 yards and 2 touchdowns.
**Game notes:**
* First time the 49ers will visit the State of [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana").
* First time these two cross\-division conference mates will meet.
* Chris Reynold's 448 passing yards set a new school single\-game record.
* Reynold's became the first 49ers' passer to cross 7,000 career passing yards.
* Louisiana Tech is the final team in [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA "Conference USA") the 49ers have yet to play.
{{Clear}}
### Marshall
{{see also\|2021 Marshall Thundering Herd football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\| Title \='''Marshall vs Charlotte'''
\| Visitor \='''Thundering Herd'''
\| Host \=49ers
\| V1 \=7 \| V2 \=14 \| V3 \=21 \| V4 \=7
\| H1 \=7 \| H2 \=7 \| H3 \=0 \| H4 \=14
\| Date \= November 20
\| Location \= \[\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]]
\[\[Charlotte, North Carolina\|Charlotte, NC]]
\| TimeZone\=EST
\| StartTime \= 3:37 pm
\| ElapsedTime \= 3:14
\| Attendance \= 13,211
\| Weather \= {{Convert\|54\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: S 3 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\| Referee \= Patrick Foy
\|TVAnnouncers\= Josh Appel, Patrick Russell
\|TVStation\= \[\[Stadium (sports network)\|Stadium]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte vs. Marshall: All\-Time Game No. 100 \|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/17/football\-game\-notes\-charlotte\-vs\-marshall\-the\-100th\-game.aspx\|date\=November 17, 2021\|access\-date\=November 18, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte Upended by Marshall in C\-USA Action\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/20/football\-charlotte\-upended\-by\-marshall\-in\-c\-usa\-action.aspx\|date\=November 20, 2021\|access\-date\=November 22, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Marshall vs Charlotte(Nov 20, 2021 at Charlotte, NC)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/11/20/Marshall\_at\_Charlotte\_Game\_Book.PDF\|access\-date\=November 20, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Marshall vs Charlotte – Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282261\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=November 20, 2021\|access\-date\=November 22, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=Marshall thunders past Charlotte. What we learned in the 49ers’ loss to the Herd\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article255892151\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=November 20, 2021\|access\-date\=November 22, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=TPA:Charlotte vs. Marshall\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/21/football\-the\-point\-after\-charlotte\-vs\-marshall\-all\-time\-game\-100\.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=November 21, 2021\|access\-date\=November 22, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=8:42\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Keith PEARSON 6 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=CHAR 7\-0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=5:14\|Team\=MARS\|Event\=Rasheen ALI 25 Yd Run (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\|Score\=TIED 7\-7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=12:12\|Team\=MARS\|Event\=Rasheen ALI 5 Yd Run (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\|Score\=MARS 14\-7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=4:13\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Cameron DOLLAR 21 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=TIED 14\-14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=3:26\|Team\=MARS\|Event\=Corey GAMMAGE 64 Yd pass from \[\[Grant Wells]] (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\|Score\=MARS 21\-14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=11:49\|Team\=MARS\|Event\=Xavier GAINES 22 Yd pass from Grant WELLS (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\|Score\=MARS 28\-14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=7:45\|Team\=MARS\|Event\=Sheldon EVANS 15 Yd Run (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\|Score\=MARS 35\-14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=2:07\|Team\=MARS\|Event\=Rasheen ALI 4 Yd Run (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\|Score\=MARS 42\-14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=11:37\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Cameron DOLLAR 4 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=MARS 42\-21}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=8:36\|Team\=MARS\|Event\=Sheldon EVANS 25 Yd Run (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\|Score\=MARS 49\-21}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=4:33\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=ChaVon MCEACHERN 5 Yd pass from James FOSTER (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=MARS 49\-28\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
Charlotte would find the endzone first to take the early lead before Marshall would tie the game going into the second quarter. The Herd would take the lead early in the second quarter before the 49ers would again tie the score before a late Marshall touchdown let them take a 21 to 14 lead in at the half.
Charlotte's second half woes would again plague the team as Marshall rattled off three third quarter touchdowns, and their fourth touchdown in a row, before the Niners could answer early in the fourth quarter. The teams would exchange two more touchdowns to end the game behind both teams' second string quarterbacks but the game was effectively over in the third quarter with Marshall winning 49 to 28\.
Top performers of the game included Charlotte's Chris Reynolds, who threw for 178 yards with 3 touchdowns and an interception on his way to setting a new program single season touchdown record. Marshall's Rasheen Ali rushed for 203 yards on 23 carries for 3 touchdowns. The Herds' Corey Gammage had 3 receptions for 78 yards and a touchdown
**Game notes:**
* 100th game in Charlotte program history.
* Chris Reynold's 3 touchdown passes in the game broke his own single season touchdown record (24 vs 22\).
* 6th game in the series since 2015, (Mar. 4–2\).
{{Clear}}
### Old Dominion
{{see also\|2021 Old Dominion Monarchs football team}}
{{AFB game box start
\| Title \='''Charlotte vs Old Dominion'''
\| Visitor \=49ers
\| Host \='''Monarchs'''
\| V1 \=0 \| V2 \=14 \| V3 \=14 \| V4 \=6
\| H1 \=14 \| H2 \=14 \| H3 \=7 \| H4 \=21
\| Date \= November 27
\| Location \= \[\[S.B. Ballard Stadium]]
\[\[Norfolk, Virginia\|Norfolk, VA]]
\| TimeZone\=EST
\| StartTime \= 2:05 pm
\| ElapsedTime \= 3:48
\| Attendance \= 15,874
\| Weather \= {{Convert\|45\|°F\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: 0 \[\[Miles per hour\|MPH]]
\| Referee \= Kevin Randall
\|TVAnnouncers\= Ted Alexander, Andy Mashaw, James Witham
\|TVStation\= \[\[ESPN\+]]
}}
* **Sources:**{{cite web\|title\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte vs. Marshall: All\-Time Game No. 100 \|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/23/football\-game\-notes\-charlotte\-at\-old\-dominion.aspx\|date\=November 23, 2021\|access\-date\=November 29, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte Fights Back Before Dropping Season Finale at ODU\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/27/football\-charlottes\-second\-half\-fight\-not\-enough\-at\-odu.aspx\|date\=November 27, 2021\|access\-date\=November 29, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte vs Old Dominion(Nov 27, 2021 at Norfolk, VA)\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/11/27/Charlotte\_at\_Old\_Dominion\_Game\_Book.PDF\|access\-date\=November 27, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=Charlotte vs Old Dominion– Game Summary\|url\=https://www.espn.com/college\-football/game/\_/gameId/401282268\|work\=\[\[ESPN]]\|date\=November 27, 2021\|access\-date\=November 29, 2021}}{{cite news\|title\=Charlotte isn’t going bowling this year. What we learned from the 49ers’ loss to ODU\|first\=Hunter\|last\=Bailey\|url\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\-49ers/article256162827\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Charlotte Observer]]\|date\=November 27, 2021\|access\-date\=November 29, 2021}}{{cite web\|title\=TPA:Charlotte at Old Dominion\|url\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/29/football\-the\-point\-after\-charlotte\-at\-old\-dominion.aspx\|website\=Charlotte49ers.com\|date\=November 29, 2021\|access\-date\=December 2, 2021}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|FirstEntry\=yes\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=9:15\|Team\=ODU\|Event\=\[\[Nick Saldiveri]] 0 Yd Run (Nick RICE Kick)\|Score\=ODU 7\-0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=1\|Time\=2:51\|Team\=ODU\|Event\=Elijah DAVIS 12 Yd Run (Nick RICE Kick)\|Score\=ODU 14\-0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=12:11\|Team\=ODU\|Event\=Ali JENNINGS III 46 Yd pass from Hayden WOLFF (Nick RICE Kick)\|Score\=ODU 21\-0}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=10:45\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Elijah SPENCER 19 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=ODU 21\-7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=7:40\|Team\=ODU\|Event\=Ali JENNINGS III 34 Yd pass from Hayden WOLFF (Nick RICE Kick)\|Score\=ODU 28\-7}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=2\|Time\=2:59\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Luke MARTIN 8 Yd Interception Return (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=ODU 28\-14}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=10:49\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Grant DUBOSE 9 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan Cruz Kick)\|Score\=ODU 28\-21}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=6:06\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Calvin CAMP 6 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\|Score\=TIED 28\-28}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=3\|Time\=3:25\|Team\=ODU\|Event\=Blake WATSON 3 Yd Run (Nick RICE Kick)\|Score\=ODU 35\-28}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=13:09\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jonathan CRUZ 39 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=ODU 35\-31}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=10:04\|Team\=CHAR\|Event\=Jonathan CRUZ 44 Yd Field Goal\|Score\=ODU 35\-34}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=6:42\|Team\=ODU\|Event\=Blake WATSON 2 Yd Run (Nick RICE Kick)\|Score\=ODU 42\-34}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=3:49\|Team\=ODU\|Event\=Ali JENNINGS III 36 Yd pass from Hayden WOLFF (Nick RICE Kick)\|Score\=ODU 49\-34}}
{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\|Quarter\=4\|Time\=2:52\|Team\=ODU\|Event\=Deeve HARRIS 1 Yd Fumble Return (Nick RICE Kick)\|Score\=ODU 56\-34\|LastEntry\=yes}}
{{AFB game box end}}
Both teams in this contest need the win to become bowl eligible. Old Dominion had turned a 1\-6 start into 5 straight wins. Charlotte had lost 4 of 5 after starting the season 4\-2\. For these two teams on different wave trajectories, this battle was critical to continue their seasons for a bowl game.
After the usual slow start for the 49ers the Monarchs rattled off two 1st quarter touchdowns and started the 2nd quarter with another to take an early commanding lead before Charlotte would find the endzone. ODU would score again before Charlotte's Luke Martin would intercept a batted pass and return it for the 49ers' second score of the game. The Monarchs took a 28 and 14 lead in at the half.
The start of the 2nd half would be Charlotte's turn to score as tow touchdowns in the 3rd quarter tied the game up at 28\-all before ODU would tack on a touchdown to retake the lead heading into the final quarter of regulation. Charlotte would get into ODU's half of the field twice early in the 4th quarter but would have to settle for twin Jonathan Cruz field goals to make it a 1 point game, but with less than 7 minutes left in the game ODU would score two offensive touchdowns and return a 49ers' fumble for a third touchdown to win the game 56 to 34\.
Old Dominion dominated the top performances of the game with Hayden Wolff throwing fir 328 yards, 3 touchdowns and 2 interceptions. Blake Watson rushed for 106 yards on 18 carries for 2 touchdowns. Ali Jennings III had 9 receptions for 252 yards and 3 touchdowns.
**Game notes:**
* Charlotte's first time visiting the newly rebuilt S.B. Ballard Stadium.
* Charlotte's 2nd [Oyster Bowl](/wiki/Oyster_Bowl "Oyster Bowl"), the series is tied 1\-1\.
* Chris Reynolds set a new single season passing record for the 49ers with 2,684 yards.
* 6th game in the series since 2015, (ODU 4–2\).
{{Clear}}
|
[
"Game summaries\n--------------",
"### Duke",
"{{See also\\|2021 Duke Blue Devils football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\|Title\\=Duke vs Charlotte \n\\|Visitor\\=Blue Devils\n\\|Host\\='''49ers'''\n\\|V1\\=0\\|V2\\=14\\|V3\\=0\\|V4\\=14\n\\|H1\\=7\\|H2\\=3\\|H3\\=7\\|H4\\=14\n\\|Date\\=September 3, 2021\n\\|Location\\=\\[\\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Charlotte, North Carolina\\|Charlotte, NC]]\n\\|TimeZone\\=EDT\n\\|StartTime\\=7:03 p.m.\n\\|ElapsedTime\\= 4:05\n\\|Attendance\\= 14,125\n\\|Weather\\=Temperature: {{Convert\\|80\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: NE 0 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\|Referee\\=Riley Johnson\n\\|TVAnnouncers\\=Chris Lewis, \\[\\[Corey Chavous]], and Justin Walters\n\\|TVStation\\=\\[\\[CBS Sports Network\\|CBSSN]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte Hosts Duke Friday Night\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/8/31/football\\-game\\-notes\\-charlotte\\-hosts\\-duke\\-friday\\-night.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=August 31, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 5, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Late\\-Game Heroics Secure Charlotte's First Power Five Win, 31–28, Over Duke\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/3/charlotte\\-duke\\-recap.aspx\\|date\\=September 3, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 5, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Duke vs Charlotte (Sept 3, 2021 at Charlotte, N.C.)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/9/3/Charlotte\\_vs\\_Duke\\_FINAL\\_Game\\_Book.pdf\\|date\\=September 3, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 5, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Duke vs Charlotte – Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282052\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=September 3, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 5, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Grant DuBose worked in an Alabama Walmart last season. Friday, he led Charlotte past Duke\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article253996248\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=September 4, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 5, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TPA:Charlotte 31 Duke 28\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/4/football\\-the\\-point\\-after\\-charlotte\\-31\\-duke\\-28\\.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=September 4, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 5, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=8:51\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Grant DUBOSE 56 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 7–0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=10:22\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jonathan CRUZ 32 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=CHAR 10–0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=8:22\\|Team\\=DUKE\\|Event\\=Jordan WATERS 43 Yd pass from Gunnar HOLMBERG (Charlie HAM Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 10–7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=2:57\\|Team\\=DUKE\\|Event\\=Mataeo DURANT 5 Yd Run (Charlie HAM Kick)\\|Score\\=DUKE 14–10}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=9:54\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Chris REYNOLDS 1 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 17–14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=13:07\\|Team\\=DUKE\\|Event\\=Mataeo DURANT 59 Yd Run (Charlie HAM Kick)\\|Score\\=DUKE 21–17}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=2:59\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Grant DUBOSE 9 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 24–21}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=1:44\\|Team\\=DUKE\\|Event\\=Mataeo DURANT 53 Yd Run (Charlie HAM Kick)\\|Score\\=DUKE 28–24}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=0:33\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Shadrick BYRD 11 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 31–28\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"Following the previous year's drubbing in Durham, the 49ers were looking to regain their pride against the Blue Devils in the first full stadium home game since the 2019 season. The 49ers would score first in the first quarter on a [Grant DuBose](/wiki/Grant_DuBose \"Grant DuBose\") reception from Chris Reynolds and pad their lead early in the second quarter on a Jonathan Cruz 32 yard field goal. But the Blue Devils would find the endzone midway through the quarter and then take their first lead near the end of the half behind Mataeo Durant's first of three rushing touchdowns to take a 14 to 10 lead into the locker rooms.",
"Charlotte would regain the lead in the third quarter only to lose it again early in the fourth quarter. With three minutes left Charlotte would again take the lead only to see the Blue Devils again on top of the scoreboard with less than two minutes in regulation. Reynolds would then orchestrate a seven\\-play drive downfield that resulted in an eleven\\-yard touchdown pass to Shadrick Byrd with only thirty\\-three seconds left on the clock. With time expired Duke attempted a hook\\-and\\-ladder play, but the 49ers would stop it cold and gain their first victory over a [Power 5](/wiki/Power_Five_conferences \"Power Five conferences\") and [ACC](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference \"Atlantic Coast Conference\") opponent in program history.",
"Top performances for the game included Charlotte's Chris Reynolds, who threw for 324 yards and three touchdowns. Duke's Mataeo Durant had 29 carries for 255 yards and 3 touchdowns. The 49er's Victor Tucker had 8 receptions for 133 yards. Charlotte's Grant DuBose also had 118 yards receiving with two touchdowns in his 49ers debut.",
"**Game notes:**",
"* Charlotte's first victory over a [Power 5](/wiki/Power_Five_conferences \"Power Five conferences\") conference team and a team from the [ACC](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference \"Atlantic Coast Conference\").\n* First time the 49ers have hosted a Power 5 conference team.\n* The win was also Coach Healy's first victory over a Power 5 opponent.\n* Chris Reynold's is now 39 yards away from breaking Matt Johnson's all\\-time passing record (5405 yards).\n* Reynolds is also chasing Johnson's all\\-time passing touchdowns record, just 3 shy of Johnson's 42 career TDs.\n* Reynolds was named [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA \"Conference USA\") Offensive Player of the Week.\n* [Markees Watts](/wiki/Markees_Watts \"Markees Watts\")' single sack placed him a half\\-sack away from [Larry Ogunjobi](/wiki/Larry_Ogunjobi \"Larry Ogunjobi\")'s (13\\.0\\) number 2 spot on the 49ers all\\-time sack record. [Alex Highsmith](/wiki/Alex_Highsmith \"Alex Highsmith\") has the current career sack record with 20\\.0\\.\n* Charlotte received votes for the first time in the National [Coaches Poll](/wiki/Coaches_Poll \"Coaches Poll\") after the win.{{cite web\\|title\\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte vs. Gardner\\-Webb\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/8/football\\-game\\-notes\\-charlotte\\-vs\\-gardner\\-webb.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=September 8, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2021}}\n* 2nd game in the series since 2020 (Tied 1–1\\).",
"{{Clear}}",
"### Gardner–Webb",
"{{see also\\|2021 Gardner–Webb Runnin' Bulldogs football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\| Title \\='''Gardner–Webb vs Charlotte'''\n\\| Visitor \\=Runnin' Bulldogs\n\\| Host \\='''49ers'''\n\\| V1 \\=3 \\| V2 \\=7 \\| V3 \\=0 \\| V4 \\=0 \n\\| H1 \\=14 \\| H2 \\=14 \\| H3 \\=7 \\| H4 \\=3\n\\| Date \\= September 11\n\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Charlotte, North Carolina\\|Charlotte, NC]]\n\\| TimeZone\\=EDT\n\\| StartTime \\= 6:04 pm\n\\| ElapsedTime \\= 3:15\n\\| Attendance \\= 12,274\n\\| Weather \\= {{Convert\\|81\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: SW 5 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\| Referee \\= Joe Lehring\n\\|TVAnnouncers\\=Jack Fitzpatrick, Reggie Walker Jr.\n\\|TVStation\\= \\[\\[ESPN3]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=Reynolds Breaks All\\-Time Record; Charlotte Rushes Past Gardner\\-Webb, 38–10\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/11/football\\-charlotte\\-rushes\\-past\\-gardner\\-webb\\-38\\-10\\.aspx\\|date\\=September 11, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Gardner\\-Webb vs Charlotte (Sept 11, 2021 at Charlotte, N.C.)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/football/2021/boxscore/vs\\-gardner\\-webb/15608/pdf\\|date\\=September 11, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Gardner\\-Webb vs Charlotte – Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282181\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=September 11, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Charlotte runs over Gardner\\-Webb; 49ers are off to their best start in six years\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article254073168\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=September 11, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 12, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TPA:Charlotte 38 Gardner\\-Webb 10\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/12/football\\-the\\-point\\-after\\-charlotte\\-38\\-gardner\\-webb\\-10\\.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=September 12, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=12:08\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Chris REYNOLDS 37 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 7–0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=8:31\\|Team\\=GWU\\|Event\\=Austin MCKAY 45 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=CHAR 7–3}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=1:32\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Shadrick BYRD 5 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 14–3}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=9:42\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Calvin CAMP 1 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 21–3}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=7:47\\|Team\\=GWU\\|Event\\=Narii GAITHER 14 Yd Run (Austin MCKAY Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 21–10}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=3:43\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jairus MACK 11 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 28–10}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=10:52\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Chavon MCEACHERN 13 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 35–10}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=12:46\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jonathan CRUZ 29 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=CHAR 38–10\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"The 49ers were looking to build off of the previous week's success by dominating local rival Gardner\\-Webb Runnin' Bulldogs. Charlotte would find the endzone first and never really looked back as they were able to hold Gardner\\-Webb to 10 total points of offense. Charlotte's bend\\-but\\-don't\\-break defense allowed GWU to move the ball down the field but was able to frustrate most of the Runnin' Bulldogs' scoring attempts as the 49ers walked away with a 38 to 10 home victory.",
"Top performances of the game included the 49ers' Chris Reynolds who threw for 103 yards and a touchdown with 2 interceptions. Gardner\\-Webb's Narii Gaither had 16 carries for 82 yards and a touchdown. The Runnin' Bulldogs' Justin Franklin had 4 receptions for 53 yards.",
"**Game notes:**",
"* Chris Reynolds would connect to his favorite receiver of 4 years Victor Tucker on a 28 yard pass in the 3rd quarter to move into 1st place all\\-time on the 49ers passing yardage board. He'd finish the game with 5,469 career passing yards, moving past previous record holder Matt Johnson's 5,405 yards.\n* Reynolds is now 2 passing touchdowns away from tying Johnson's career touchdown passes record (42\\).\n* Markees Watts' sack in this game moved him past Larry Ogunjobi into second place on the 49ers career sacks list with 13\\.5 sacks.\n* 4th game in the series since 2013, (Char. 3–1\\)",
"{{Clear}}",
"### Georgia State",
"{{see also\\|2021 Georgia State Panthers football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\| Title \\='''Charlotte vs Georgia State'''\n\\| Visitor \\=49ers \n\\| Host \\='''Panthers'''\n\\| V1 \\=0 \\| V2 \\=7 \\| V3 \\=2 \\| V4 \\=0 \n\\| H1 \\=0 \\| H2 \\=7 \\| H3 \\=6 \\| H4 \\=7\n\\| Date \\= September 18\n\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Center Parc Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Atlanta, Georgia\\|Atlanta, GA]]\n\\| TimeZone\\=EDT\n\\| StartTime \\= 7:05 pm\n\\| ElapsedTime \\= 3:12\n\\| Attendance \\= 12,978\n\\| Weather \\= {{Convert\\|78\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Cloudy• Wind: SW 4 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\| Referee \\= Kevin Vicknair\n\\|TVAnnouncers\\=Matt Stewart, Sam Crenshaw\n\\|TVStation\\= \\[\\[ESPN\\+]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte at Georgia State\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/15/football\\-game\\-notes\\-charlotte\\-at\\-georgia\\-state.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=September 15, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte Suffers First Loss on Road at Georgia State, 20–9\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/18/football\\-charlotte\\-suffers\\-first\\-loss\\-on\\-road\\-at\\-georgia\\-state\\-20\\-9\\.aspx\\|date\\=September 18, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte vs Georgia St. (Sept 18, 2021 at Atlanta, G.A.)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/9/18/GSU03\\_Charlotte.PDF\\|date\\=September 18, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte vs Georgia St. – Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282196\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=September 18, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Charlotte’s lack of offensive execution led to a 49ers loss. Here’s what else we learned\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article254365978\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=September 19, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TPA:Charlotte at Georgia State\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/19/football\\-the\\-point\\-after\\-charlotte\\-at\\-georgia\\-state.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=September 19, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 20, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=7:41\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Elijah SPENCER 36 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 7–0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=4:03\\|Team\\=GAST\\|Event\\=\\[\\[Jamari Thrash\\|Jamari THRASH]] 35 Yd pass from Darren GRAINGER (Noel RUIZ Kick)\\|Score\\=TIED 7–7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=9:45\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Team Safety\\|Score\\=CHAR 9–7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=5:06\\|Team\\=GAST\\|Event\\=Ja'Cyais CREDEL 28 Yd pass from Darren GRAINGER (Noel RUIZ PAT blocked)\\|Score\\=GAST 13–9}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=1:38\\|Team\\=GAST\\|Event\\=Jamyest WILLIAMS 13 Yd Run (Noel RUIZ Kick)\\|Score\\=GAST 20–9\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"Rain and slick conditions would help turn this matchup into a ground and pound event dominated be defense. Charlotte would score first in the second quarter but Georgia State would tie it up moving into halftime.",
"The second half resulted in Charlotte retaking the lead on an intention grounding safety, but the Panthers would retake the lead before the end of the quarter. The 4th quarter was more of the same running game for both teams but Georgia State was able to find their running game rhythm and would put the game out of reach on a final touchdown with less than two minutes to go in the contest.",
"Georgia State dominated the top performances with [Darren Grainger](/wiki/Darren_Grainger \"Darren Grainger\") passing for 139 yards, 2 touchdowns and an interception. Running back Dustin Coates had 4 carries for 83 yards. Jamari Thrash had 2 receptions for 62 yards and a touchdown.",
"**Game notes:**",
"* The 2nd quarter touchdown pass from Chris Reynolds to Elijah Spencer was Reynolds' 41st career pass. He was one touchdown pass away from tying the 49ers career passing TD leader Matt Johnson (42\\).\n* Jonathan Cruz broke the record for consecutive PATs, passing Blake Brewer's record of 46\\.\n* The 49ers' first visit to [Center Parc Stadium](/wiki/Center_Parc_Stadium \"Center Parc Stadium\"). The previous meeting in Atlanta took place in the [Georgia Dome](/wiki/Georgia_Dome \"Georgia Dome\").\n* 3rd game in the series since 2015, (GAST 2–1\\)",
"{{Clear}}",
"### Middle Tennessee",
"{{see also\\|2021 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\| Title \\='''Middle Tennessee vs Charlotte'''\n\\| Visitor \\=Blue Raiders\n\\| Host \\='''49ers'''\n\\| V1 \\=7 \\| V2 \\=10 \\| V3 \\=7 \\| V4 \\=15\n\\| H1 \\=14 \\| H2 \\=0 \\| H3 \\=14 \\| H4 \\=14\n\\| Date \\= September 24\n\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Charlotte, North Carolina\\|Charlotte, NC]]\n\\| TimeZone\\=EDT\n\\| StartTime \\= 6:32 pm\n\\| ElapsedTime \\= 3:44\n\\| Attendance \\= 11,076\n\\| Weather \\= {{Convert\\|73\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: N 6 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\| Referee \\= Tony Johnson \n\\|TVAnnouncers\\= Chris Lewis, \\[\\[Corey Chavous]]\n\\|TVStation\\= \\[\\[CBS Sports Network\\|CBSSN]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=GAME NOTES: C\\-USA Opener Charlotte vs. Middle Tennessee\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/21/football\\-game\\-notes\\-c\\-usa\\-opener\\-charlotte\\-vs\\-middle\\-tennessee.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=September 21, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Reynolds Caps Record\\-Breaking Night in Win over Middle Tennessee\n\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/25/football\\-reynolds\\-caps\\-record\\-breaking\\-night\\-in\\-win\\-over\\-middle\\-tennessee.aspx \\|date\\=September 25, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Middle Tenn. Vs Charlotte (Sept 24, 2021 at Charlotte, N.C.)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/9/24/Middle\\_Tennessee\\_at\\_Charlotte\\_Game\\_Book.PDF\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Middle Tenn. vs Charlotte – Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282204\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=September 24, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=The Charlotte 49ers’ offense exploded in conference opener against Middle Tennessee\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article254492607\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=September 24, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TPA:C\\-USA Opener – Charlotte 42 Middle Tennessee 39\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/25/football\\-the\\-point\\-after\\-c\\-usa\\-opener\\-charlotte\\-42\\-middle\\-tennessee\\-39\\.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=September 25, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 26, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=7:25\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\= \nGrant DUBOSE 17 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 7–0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=3:27\\|Team\\=MTSU\\|Event\\=Jimmy MARSHALL 7 Yd pass from Chase CUNNINGHAM (Zeke RANKIN Kick)\\|Score\\=TIED 7–7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=0:57\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Grant DUBOSE 12 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 14–7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=11:15\\|Team\\=MTSU\\|Event\\=Jaylin LANE 24 Yd pass from Chase CUNNINGHAM (Zeke RANKIN Kick)\\|Score\\=TIED 14–14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=7:49\\|Team\\=MTSU\\|Event\\=Zeke RANKIN 26 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=MTSU 17–14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=7:04\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Elijah SPENCER 18 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 21–17}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=6:16\\|Team\\=MTSU\\|Event\\=DJ ENGLAND\\-CHISOLM 51 Yd pass from Chase CUNNINGHAM (Zeke RANKIN Kick)\\|Score\\=MTSU 24–21}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=0:00\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Calvin CAMP 44 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 28–24}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=10:27\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Shadrick BYRD 19 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 35–24}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=8:21\\|Team\\=MTSU\\|Event\\=Jarrin PIERCE 16 Yd pass from Chase CUNNINGHAM (Chase CUNNINGHAM Pass to Jaylin LANE for Two\\-Point Conversion)\\|Score\\=CHAR 35–32}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=4:00\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Chris REYNOLDS 1 Yd run (Jonathan CRUZ kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 42–32}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=2:12\\|Team\\=MTSU\\|Event\\=Yusuf ALI 12 Yd pass from Chase CUNNINGHAM (Zeke RANKIN Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 42–39\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"Charlotte would score first only to have Middle Tennessee tie it up before a go ahead touchdown would again give the 49ers the lead. In the 2nd quarter the Blue Raiders would tie the game up again and take their first lead into halftime off a field goal.",
"Charlotte and Middle Tennessee would again swap leads in the 3rd quarter with the 49ers up heading into the 4th quarter. The 49ers would stretch their lead to 11 points early in the 4th only to see the Blue Raiders cut the lead down to 3 points after a successful two\\-point conversion. Charlotte would then tack on another touchdown only to see the Blue Raiders again cut the lead to 3 points with slightly more than 2 minutes left in the game, but Middle Tennessee's on\\-sides kick attempt would fail and with no time outs left the 49ers were able to take a knee to their 3rd home victory of the season.",
"Top performers of the game included Middle Tennessee's Chase Cunningham who passed for 379 yards and 5 touchdowns. The 49ers' Chris Reynolds would match Cunningham's touchdown performance with 339 yards of passing with 4 passing touchdowns and a 1 yard rushing touchdown. Charlotte's Calvin Camp had 12 carries for 101 yards and a touchdown. The 49ers' Grant DuBose had 9 receptions for 14 yards and 2 touchdowns.",
"**Game notes:**",
"* Chris Reynold's 4 passing touchdowns in the game moved him past Matt Johnson (42\\) with 45 career touchdown passes making him the new career passing leader.\n* Reynolds also added a rushing touchdown for 5 total touchdowns in the game.\n* Reynold's received his 2nd [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA \"Conference USA\") Offensive Player of the Week award for the season.\n* Grant DuBose (114 receiving), Victor Tucker (108 receiving), and Clavin Camp (101 rushing) all had 100 yard performances in the game.\n* 6th game in the series since 2015, (MT 4–2\\).",
"{{Clear}}",
"### Illinois",
"{{see also\\|2021 Illinois Fighting Illini football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\| Title \\='''Charlotte vs Illinois'''\n\\| Visitor \\=49ers\n\\| Host \\= '''Fighting Illini'''\n\\| V1 \\=7 \\| V2 \\=7 \\| V3 \\=0 \\| V4 \\=0 \n\\| H1 \\=3 \\| H2 \\=7 \\| H3 \\=14 \\| H4 \\=0\n\\| Date \\= October 2\n\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Memorial Stadium (Champaign)]] \n\\[\\[Champaign, Illinois\\|Champaign, IL]]\n\\| TimeZone\\=CDT\n\\| StartTime \\= 11:01 p.m.\n\\| ElapsedTime \\= 3:02\n\\| Attendance \\= 30,559\n\\| Weather \\= {{Convert\\|73\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Cloudy • Wind: SE 5 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\| Referee \\= Reggie Smith\n\\|TVAnnouncers\\= Chris Vosters, \\[\\[Stanley Jackson (gridiron football)\\|Stanley Jackson]], Krystle Rich\n\\|TVStation\\= \\[\\[Big Ten Network\\|BTN]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte at Illinois\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/9/28/football\\-game\\-notes\\-charlotte\\-at\\-illinois.aspx\\|date\\=September 28, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=September 28, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Second Half Surge Carries Illini Past Charlotte, 24\\-14\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/2/football\\-second\\-half\\-surge\\-carries\\-illini\\-past\\-charlotte\\-24\\-14\\.aspx\\|date\\=October 2, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte Vs Illinois (Oct 02, 2021 at Champaign, Illinois)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/10/2/Charlotte\\_at\\_Illinois\\_Game\\_Book.PDF\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte vs Illinois – Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282219\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=October 2, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Charlotte runs aground against Illinois: How the Illini held off the 49ers\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article254649737\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=October 4, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TPA:Charlotte at Illinois\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/3/football\\-the\\-point\\-after\\-charlotte\\-at\\-illinois.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=October 3, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=7:28\\|Team\\=ILLI\\|Event\\= \nJames MCCOURT 29 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=ILLI 3\\-0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=1:31\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Victor TUCKER 22 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 7\\-3}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=2:52\\|Team\\=ILLI\\|Event\\=Daniel BARKER 10 Yd pass from Brandon PETERS (James MCCOURT Kick)\\|Score\\=ILLI 10\\-7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=0:46\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Elijah SPENCER 27 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 14\\-10}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=6:52\\|Team\\=ILLI\\|Event\\=Chase BROWN 31 Yd Run (James MCCOURT Kick)\\|Score\\=ILLI 17\\-14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=0:00\\|Team\\=ILLI\\|Event\\=Chase BROWN 80 Yd Run (James MCCOURT Kick)\\|Score\\=ILLI 24\\-14\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"The game got off to a slow start with the Illini making a field goal halfway through the first quarter and Charlotte answering with a touchdown right before the second quarter. The Illini would finally find the endzone with less than three minutes left in the half only to have the 49ers answer with a touchdown of their on to take a 14 to 10 lead into the halftime.",
"The Illini would retake the lead midway through the third quarter. Charlotte would get into comfortable field goal range in the last seconds of the quarter to attempt to tie the game only to have the ball drift wide right. On the next play from scrimmage the Illini would tack on an 80 yard touchdown run. The Illini would then use ball control running plays to eat up the clock and walk away with a 24 to 14 home victory.",
"Top performances of the game included Charlotte's Chris Reynolds, who threw for 191 yards, two touchdowns and an interception. The Fighting Illini's Chase Brown had 26 carries for 257 yards and two touchdowns. The 49ers' Grant DuBose had four receptions for 70 yards.",
"**Game notes:**",
"* First 49ers game in the State of [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\").\n* First game against a [Big Ten Conference](/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference \"Big Ten Conference\") opponent.\n* First time the 49ers have played two [Power 5](/wiki/Power_Five_conferences \"Power Five conferences\") conference teams in a single season.\n* Chris Reynolds became the first 49ers passer to cross the 6000 yards mark.\n* Victor Tucker moved into a 2nd place tie with Trent Bostick for career touchdown receptions with 12\\.\n* First game in series history.",
"{{Clear}}",
"### FIU",
"{{see also\\|2021 FIU Panthers football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\| Title \\='''Charlotte vs FIU'''\n\\| Visitor \\='''49ers'''\n\\| Host \\=Panthers\n\\| V1 \\=7 \\| V2 \\=10 \\| V3 \\=14 \\| V4 \\=14\n\\| H1 \\=3 \\| H2 \\=3 \\| H3 \\=7 \\| H4 \\=20\n\\| Date \\= October 8\n\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Riccardo Silva Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Miami, Florida\\|Miami, FL]]\n\\| TimeZone\\=EDT\n\\| StartTime \\= 7:03 pm\n\\| ElapsedTime \\= 3:36\n\\| Attendance \\= 0\n\\| Weather \\= {{Convert\\|82\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Cloudy • Wind: 0 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\| Referee \\= Joe Lehring\n\\|TVAnnouncers\\= Chris Lewis, \\[\\[Donte Whitner]]\n\\|TVStation\\= \\[\\[CBS Sports Network\\|CBSSN]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte Heads to FIU for Key C\\-USA Match\\-Up\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/6/football\\-game\\-notes\\-charlotte\\-heads\\-to\\-fiu\\-for\\-key\\-c\\-usa\\-match\\-up.aspx\\|date\\=October 6, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Niners Explode for Six TDs; Take Down FIU on the Road\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/9/football\\-niners\\-explode\\-for\\-six\\-tds\\-take\\-down\\-fiu\\-on\\-the\\-road.aspx\\|date\\=October 9, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte Vs FIU (Oct 08, 2021 at Miami, Florida)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/10/8/Charlotte\\_at\\_FIU\\_Game\\_Book.PDF\\|access\\-date\\=October 9, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte vs FIU – Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282224\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=October 8, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 8, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=The Charlotte 49ers are off to the program’s best start after a win at FIU\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article254858627\\.html\\#storylink\\=mainstage\\_lead\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=October 8, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 8, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TPA:Charlotte 45 at FIU 33 \\- Charlotte Unbeaten in C\\-USA\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/9/football\\-the\\-point\\-after\\-charlotte\\-45\\-at\\-fiu\\-33\\-charlotte\\-unbeaten\\-in\\-c\\-usa.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=October 9, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=8:59\\|Team\\=FIU\\|Event\\=Chase GABRIEL 26 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=FIU 3\\-0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=5:15\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Calvin CAMP 2 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 7\\-3}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=9:21\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Taylor THOMPSON 5 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 14\\-3}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=4:49\\|Team\\=FIU\\|Event\\=Chase GABRIEL 43 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=CHAR 14\\-6}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=0:03\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jonathan CRUZ 42 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=CHAR 17\\-6}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=11:58\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Victor TUCKER 22 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 24\\-6}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=11:25\\|Team\\=FIU\\|Event\\=\\[\\[Kris Mitchell\\|Kris MITCHELL]] 50 Yd pass from Max BORTENSCHLAGER (Chase GABRIEL Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 24\\-13}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=3:46\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jake CLEMONS 1 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 31\\-13}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=11:10\\|Team\\=FIU\\|Event\\=Tyrese CHAMBERS 59 Yd pass from Max BORTENSCHLAGER (Chase GABRIEL Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 31\\-20}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=5:45\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jonathan ALEXANDER 41 Yd Interception Return (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 38\\-20}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=5:35\\|Team\\=FIU\\|Event\\=Tyrese CHAMBERS 75 Yd pass from Max BORTENSCHLAGER (Chase GABRIEL Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 38\\-27}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=2:36\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Ryan CARRIERE 4 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 45\\-27}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=0:14\\|Team\\=FIU\\|Event\\=Sterling PALMER 8 Yd pass from Max BORTENSCHLAGER (Chase GABRIEL PAT failed)\\|Score\\=CHAR 45\\-33\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"The game Started slow with Charlotte answering FIU's field goal with a touchdown. The 49ers would pad their lead in the 2nd quarter with another touchdown before both teams traded field goals before the half. Charlotte hit the locker rooms with a 17 to 6 lead.",
"Charlotte would stretch the lead out to 18 early in the 2nd half, but two plays later FIU would find the endzone for the first time in the game. Charlotte would go back out to an 18 point lead before the start of the last quarter with a 21 to 3 lead.",
"Both teams would score as many touchdowns in the 4th quarter as they had in the entire rest of the game combined. FIU would pull back to within 11 points early in the quarter. With less than six minutes left on the clock the 49ers again would go out to an 18 point lead on a Jon Alexander interception return, only to have the Panthers score on the very next play. The Panthers looked like they might have recovered the ensuing on\\-sides kick, but the ball didn't cross the 10 yard mark by mere inches. The 49ers would capitalize on the turnover and again reach the magic number 18 with less than 3 minutes on the clock. FIU would get it to within 12 points with less than 15 seconds on the clock, but the on\\-sides kick attempt this time was easily recovered by the 49ers who would leave Miami with a 45 to 33 win.",
"Both quarterbacks, Charlotte's Chris Reynolds and FIU's Matt Bortenschlager, put up four touchdowns passes each, Reynolds for 203 yards and Bortenschlager for an impressive 466 yards and an interception. FIU's D'vonte Price rushed for 89 yards on 18 carries. The Panthers' Tyrese Chambers had 3 receptions for 201 yards and two touchdowns.",
"**Game notes:**",
"* First victory for Charlotte over FIU, who was the last team in CUSA's Eastern Division that Charlotte had never defeated.\n* Shadrick Byrd was named [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA \"Conference USA\") Special Teams Player of the Week.\n* 6th game in the series since 2015, (FIU 5–1\\).",
"{{Clear}}",
"### Florida Atlantic",
"{{see also\\|2021 Florida Atlantic Owls football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\| Title \\='''Florida Atlantic vs Charlotte'''\n\\| Visitor \\='''Owls'''\n\\| Host \\=49ers\n\\| V1 \\=0 \\| V2 \\=7 \\| V3 \\=21 \\| V4 \\=10 \n\\| H1 \\=3 \\| H2 \\=6 \\| H3 \\=0 \\| H4 \\=0\n\\| Date \\= October 21\n\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Charlotte, North Carolina\\|Charlotte, NC]]\n\\| TimeZone\\=EDT\n\\| StartTime \\= 7:32 pm\n\\| ElapsedTime \\= 3:12\n\\| Attendance \\= 13,017\n\\| Weather \\= {{Convert\\|73\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Cloudy • Wind: SW 10 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\| Referee \\= Kevin Randall\n\\|TVAnnouncers\\= Jason Horowitz, \\[\\[Ross Tucker]]\n\\|TVStation\\= \\[\\[CBS Sports Network\\|CBSSN]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte vs. Florida Atlantic\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/19/football\\-game\\-notes\\-charlotte\\-vs\\-florida\\-atlantic.aspx\\|date\\=October 19, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte's Home Win Streak Stifled by Owls, Thursday\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/22/football\\-charlottes\\-home\\-win\\-streak\\-stifled\\-by\\-owls\\-thursday.aspx\\|date\\=October 22, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Florida Atlantic vs Charlotte (Oct 21, 2021 at Charlotte, N.C.)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/10/21/Florida\\_Atlantic\\_at\\_Charlotte\\_Game\\_Book.PDF\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte vs Florida Atlantic – Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282235\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=October 21, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Big FAU second half dooms Charlotte as the 49ers fall to the Owls at home\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article255106177\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=October 22, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=3:19\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jonathan CRUZ 23 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=CHAR 3\\-0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=12:32\\|Team\\=FAU\\|Event\\=TJ CHASE 8 Yd pass from \\[\\[N'Kosi Perry\\|N'Kosi PERRY]] (Aaron SHAHRIARI Kick)\\|Score\\=FAU 7\\-3}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=0:00\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Grant DUBOSE 1 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ PAT failed)\\|Score\\=CHAR 9\\-7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=13:38\\|Team\\=FAU\\|Event\\=Johnny FORD 32 Yd pass from N'Kosi PERRY (Aaron SHAHRIARI Kick)\\|Score\\=FAU 14\\-9}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=7:11\\|Team\\=FAU\\|Event\\=Malcolm DAVIDSON 9 Yd Run (Aaron SHAHRIARI Kick)\\|Score\\=FAU 21\\-9}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=1:06\\|Team\\=FAU\\|Event\\=Brandon ROBINSON 30 Yd pass from N'Kosi PERRY (Aaron SHAHRIARI Kick)\\|Score\\=FAU 28\\-9}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=9:09\\|Team\\=FAU\\|Event\\=Aaron SHAHRIARI 27 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=FAU 31\\-9}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=7:14\\|Team\\=FAU\\|Event\\=Johnny FORD 1 Yd Run (Aaron SHAHRIARI Kick)\\|Score\\=FAU 38\\-9\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"Both teams, coming off bye weeks, would start the game slowly with Charlotte parting the uprights in the first quarter and FAU getting the first touchdown near the end of the second quarter. With no time left in the half Charlotte would find the endzone to take a lead into the locker rooms at halftime, but the rare missed PAT from Jonathan Cruz would seem to be a harbinger of what was to come in the second half for the 49ers.",
"FAU would retake the lead on the first series of the second half and never look back. They would add two more touchdowns before the fourth quarter and pad their lead in the final quarter with a field goal and a final touchdown to win 38 to 9\\.",
"Top performers of the game included Florida Atlantic quarterback N'Kosi Perry, who threw for 225 yards and three touchdowns. The Owls' Johnny Ford rushed for 92 yards on 8 carries with a touchdown. Charlotte's Victor Tucker had 6 receptions for 105 yards.",
"**Game notes:**",
"* 7th game in the series since 2015, (FAU 5–2\\).",
"{{Clear}}",
"### Western Kentucky",
"{{see also\\|2021 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\| Title \\='''Charlotte vs Western Kentucky'''\n\\| Visitor \\=49ers \n\\| Host \\='''Hilltoppers'''\n\\| V1 \\=3 \\| V2 \\=10 \\| V3 \\=0 \\| V4 \\=0 \n\\| H1 \\=14 \\| H2 \\=14 \\| H3 \\=7 \\| H4 \\=10\n\\| Date \\= October 30\n\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Houchens Industries\\-L. T. Smith Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Bowling Green, Kentucky\\|Bowling Green, KY]]\n\\| TimeZone\\=EDT\n\\| StartTime \\= 4:05 pm\n\\| ElapsedTime \\= 3:11\n\\| Attendance \\= 16,763\n\\| Weather \\= {{Convert\\|55\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Rainy • Wind: 0 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\| Referee \\= Scott Hardin\n\\|TVAnnouncers\\= Nate Gatter, Bob Belvin\n\\|TVStation\\= \\[\\[ESPN\\+]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte at WKU \\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/27/football\\-game\\-notes\\-charlotte\\-at\\-wku.aspx\\|date\\=October 27, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 27, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=WKU Pulls Away From Charlotte in C\\-USA East Division Action\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/30/football\\-wku\\-pulls\\-away\\-from\\-charlotte\\-in\\-c\\-usa\\-east\\-division\\-action.aspx\\|date\\=October 30, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte vs WKU (Oct 30, 2021 at Bowling Green, Ky.)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/10/31/Charlotte\\_at\\_WKU\\_Game\\_Book.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte vs Western Kentucky – Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282241\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=October 30, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=The Charlotte 49ers’ slide continues in a tough loss to Western Kentucky\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article255416531\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=October 30, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TPA:Charlotte at WKU\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/10/31/football\\-the\\-point\\-after\\-charlotte\\-at\\-wku.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=October 31, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 2, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=11:44\\|Team\\=WKU\\|Event\\=\\[\\[Daewood Davis\\|Daewood DAVIS]] 11 Yd pass from \\[\\[Bailey Zappe]] (\\[\\[Brayden Narveson\\|Brayden NARVESON]] Kick)\\|Score\\=WKU 7\\-0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=6:39\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jonathan CRUZ 37 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=WKU 7\\-3}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=1:21\\|Team\\=WKU\\|Event\\=Bailey ZAPPE 2 Yd Run (Brayden NARVESON Kick)\\|Score\\=WKU 17\\-3}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=13:09\\|Team\\=WKU\\|Event\\=Mitchell TINSLEY 13 Yd pass from Bailey ZAPPE (Brayden NARVESON Kick)\\|Score\\=WKU 21\\-3}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=9:40\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=James FOSTER 1 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=WKU 21\\-10}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=3:06\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jonathan CRUZ 56 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=WKU 21\\-13}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=1:27\\|Team\\=WKU\\|Event\\=\\[\\[Jerreth Sterns]] 21 Yd pass from Bailey ZAPPE (Brayden NARVESON Kick)\\|Score\\=WKU 28\\-13}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=2:04\\|Team\\=WKU\\|Event\\=Dalvin SMITH 9 Yd pass from Bailey ZAPPE (Brayden NARVESON Kick)\\|Score\\=WKU 35\\-13}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=12:28\\|Team\\=WKU\\|Event\\=Brayden NARVESON 35 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=WKU 38\\-13}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=5:09\\|Team\\=WKU\\|Event\\=Noah WHITTINGTON 1 Yd Run (Brayden NARVESON Kick)\\|Score\\=WKU 45\\-13\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"In a light rain the 49ers struggled behind backup quarterback James Foster to establish an offensive rhythm. This was not an issue WKU had as they scored first in the game and already had 4 touchdowns before the half. Charlotte would split the uprights twice and find the endzone once to keep the game within reach heading into the locker rooms, 28 to 13\\.",
"The second half would be significantly less active, but it was all Hilltoppers, adding two more touchdowns and a field goal to put the game safely in their pocket. The final score was WKU 45, Charlotte 13\\.",
"Top performances of the game were dominated by the Hilltopper's, whose Bailey Zappe threw for 393 yards, 4 touchdowns and 2 interceptions on his way to collecting a CUSA Offensive Player of the Week Award. Noah Whittingham rushed for 66 yards on 10 carries for a touchdown. Jerreth Sterns had 10 receptions for 89 yards and a touchdown.",
"**Game notes:**",
"* Jonathan Cruz's 56 yard field goal tied his own school record.\n* The 56 yard field goal also matched the [season](/wiki/2021_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season \"2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season\") longest [NCAA](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association \"National Collegiate Athletic Association\") field goal up to that point in the season.\n* 5th game in the series since 2017, (WKU 4–1\\).",
"{{Clear}}",
"### Rice",
"{{see also\\|2021 Rice Owls football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\| Title \\='''Rice vs Charlotte'''\n\\| Visitor \\=Owls \n\\| Host \\='''49ers'''\n\\| V1 \\=0 \\| V2 \\=7 \\| V3 \\=10 \\| V4 \\=7 \\| VOT \\=0\n\\| H1 \\=7 \\| H2 \\=7 \\| H3 \\=0 \\| H4 \\=10 \\| HOT \\=7\n\\| Date \\= November 6\n\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Charlotte, North Carolina\\|Charlotte, NC]]\n\\| TimeZone\\=EDT\n\\| StartTime \\= 3:35 pm\n\\| ElapsedTime \\= 3:30\n\\| Attendance \\= 16,050\n\\| Weather \\= {{Convert\\|56\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Cloudy • Wind: S 15 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\| Referee \\= Kevin Randall\n\\|TVAnnouncers\\= Bobby Rosinski, Reggie Walker Jr.\n\\|TVStation\\= \\[\\[ESPN\\+]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=HOMECOMING GAME NOTES: Charlotte vs. Rice \\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/4/football\\-homecoming\\-game\\-notes\\-charlotte\\-vs\\-rice.aspx\\|date\\=November 4, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 4, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Homecoming Heroics! Niners Rally for OT Win\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/6/football\\-homecoming\\-heroics\\-niners\\-rally\\-for\\-ot\\-win.aspx\\|date\\=November 6, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Rice vs Charlotte (Nov 6, 2021 at Charlotte, NC.)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/11/6/Rice\\_at\\_Charlotte\\_Game\\_Book.PDF\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Rice vs Charlotte – Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282247\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=November 6, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Charlotte 49ers back on the right track after a thrilling comeback win over Rice in OT\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article255603611\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=November 6, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TPA:Charlotte 31 Rice 24 (OT)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/7/football\\-the\\-point\\-after\\-charlotte\\-31\\-rice\\-24\\-ot.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=November 7, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=4:37\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Calvin CAMP 53 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 7\\-0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=11:29\\|Team\\=RICE\\|Event\\=Ari BROUSSARD 22 Yd Run (Christian VANSICKLE Kick)\\|Score\\=TIED 7\\-7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=7:49\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Shadrick BYRD 1 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 14\\-7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=8:01\\|Team\\=RICE\\|Event\\=Christian VANSICKLE 25 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=CHAR 14\\-10}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=2:48\\|Team\\=RICE\\|Event\\=Jordan MYERS 1 Yd Run (Christian VANSICKLE Kick)\\|Score\\=RICE 17\\-14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=6:35\\|Team\\=RICE\\|Event\\=Ari BROUSSARD 2 Yd Run (Christian VANSICKLE Kick)\\|Score\\=RICE 24\\-14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=4:09\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jonathan CRUZ 32 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=RICE 24\\-17}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=1:14\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Elijah SPENCER 8 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=TIED 24\\-24}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=OT\\|Time\\=OT\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Elijah SPENCER 25 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 31\\-24\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"Charlotte scored first on the windy afternoon in the first quarter. Rice would answer early in the 2nd quarter to tie it up but mid\\-way through that quarter the 49ers would again find the endzone to take a 14 to 7 lead in at the half.",
"Rice split the uprights midway through the 3rd quarter after the 49ers turned it over in the redzone. Rice would take their first lead of the game late in the third quarter and early in the fourth quarter would extended it to a two score lead. The 49ers again would find the redzone but would be forced to settle for a field goal to get it back down to a one score game. With less than a minute and a half left in regulation Chris Reynolds would find Elijah Spencer in the corner of the endzone to tie the game for the second time. Rice would go 4 and out and Charlotte would take their chances in overtime.",
"Charlotte took possession first in the overtime and on the first play Reynolds again would find Spencer to take a 7 point lead. On their second play of the overtime Rice's Jake Constantine would be flushed from the pocket and throw up a game winning interception to Charlotte's Luke Martin, securing the overtime win for the 49ers at 31 to 24\\.",
"Top performances of the game included Charlotte's Chris Reynolds, who threw for 292 yards and 3 touchdowns. Rice's Ari Broussard had 20 carries for 186 yards and 2 touchdowns. The 49ers' Elijah Spencer had 6 receptions for 77 yards and 2 touchdowns.",
"**Game notes:**",
"* 49th home game at Richardson Stadium for the 49ers.\n* 49th Conference USA game for the 49ers.\n* First overtime game for the 49ers since the 2017 season.\n* 3rd game in the series since 2015, (Rice 2–1\\).",
"{{Clear}}",
"### Louisiana Tech",
"{{see also\\|2021 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\| Title \\='''Charlotte vs Louisiana Tech'''\n\\| Visitor \\=49ers \n\\| Host \\='''Bulldogs'''\n\\| V1 \\=0 \\| V2 \\=7 \\| V3 \\=10 \\| V4 \\=15 \n\\| H1 \\=7 \\| H2 \\=7 \\| H3 \\=14 \\| H4 \\=14\n\\| Date \\= November 13\n\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Joe Aillet Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Ruston, Louisiana\\|Ruston, LA]]\n\\| TimeZone\\=EST\n\\| StartTime \\= 3:36 pm\n\\| ElapsedTime \\= 3:30\n\\| Attendance \\= 14,068\n\\| Weather \\= {{Convert\\|58\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: 0 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\| Referee \\= Ed Ardito\n\\|TVAnnouncers\\= Chris Hassel, \\[\\[Sed Bonner]]\n\\|TVStation\\= \\[\\[Stadium (sports network)\\|Stadium]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte at Louisiana Tech on WCCB\\-TV \\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/11/football\\-game\\-notes\\-charlotte\\-at\\-louisiana\\-tech.aspx\\|date\\=November 11, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte Drops High\\-Scoring Battle at Louisiana Tech\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/13/football\\-charlotte\\-drops\\-high\\-scoring\\-battle\\-at\\-louisiana\\-tech.aspx\\|date\\=November 13, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte vs Louisiana Tech (Nov 13, 2021 at Ruston, LA)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/11/13/Charlotte\\_at\\_Louisiana\\_Tech\\_Game\\_Book.PDF\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte vs Louisiana Tech – Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282254\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=November 13, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Charlotte 49ers’ road woes continue under coach Will Healy with loss to Louisiana Tech\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article255801406\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=November 13, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TPA:Charlotte at Louisiana Tech\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/14/football\\-the\\-point\\-after\\-charlotte\\-at\\-louisiana\\-tech.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=November 15, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=3:16\\|Team\\=LTECH\\|Event\\=Marcus WILLIAMS Jr. 2 Yd Run (Jacob BARNES Kick)\\|Score\\=LTECH 7\\-0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=5:55\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Shadrick BYRD 1 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=TIED 7\\-7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=1:38\\|Team\\=LTECH\\|Event\\=Marcus WILLIAMS Jr. 8 Yd Run (Jacob BARNES Kick)\\|Score\\=LTECH 14\\-7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=12:58\\|Team\\=LTECH\\|Event\\=Marcus WILLIAMS Jr. 6 Yd Run (Jacob BARNES Kick)\\|Score\\=LTECH 21\\-7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=9:06\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jonathan CRUZ 26 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=LTECH 21\\-10}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=7:22\\|Team\\=LTECH\\|Event\\=Isaiah GRAHAM 32 Yd pass from Aaron ALLEN (Jacob BARNES Kick)\\|Score\\=LTECH 28\\-10}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=3:52\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Chris REYNOLDS 12 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=LTECH 28\\-17}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=13:36\\|Team\\=LTECH\\|Event\\=Smoke HARRIS 17 Yd pass from Aaron ALLEN (Jacob BARNES Kick)\\|Score\\=LTECH 35\\-17}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=12:18\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Keith PEARSON 18 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Chris REYNOLDS Pass to Keith PEARSON \\|Score\\=LTECH 35\\-25}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=11:06\\|Team\\=LTECH\\|Event\\=Marcus WILLIAMS Jr. 25 Yd Run (Jacob BARNES Kick)\\|Score\\=LTECH 42\\-25}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=8:44\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Keith PEARSON 21 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=LTECH 42\\-32\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"In the first ever match between these conference foes the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs, already eliminated from bowl contention, got to play spoiler to the 49ers who were still seeking their second bowl qualification in program history.",
"The game started slow with the Bulldogs taking the early lead at home, but the 49ers would tie the game up before the Bulldogs would score again to take a 14 to 7 lead into the half.",
"Once again Charlotte experienced a second half change in pace as the Bulldogs early in the third quarter took a commanding two score lead. The 49ers would gain a field goal and a touchdown in the quarter but La. Tech would also find the end zone again to preserve a two score lead heading into the last quarter of play. Charlotte would add two more touchdowns in the fourth quarter but so would the Bulldogs who would win the battle at home to the score of 42 to 32, denying Charlotte a bowl qualification for at least another week and continuing Charlotte's road winless tour.",
"Top performances for the game included Charlotte's Chris Reynolds, who threw for 448 yards with 2 touchdowns and an interception. The Bulldogs' Marcus Williams Jr. rushed for 131 yards on 29 carries with 4 touchdowns. The 49ers' Keith Pearson had 6 receptions for 150 yards and 2 touchdowns.",
"**Game notes:**",
"* First time the 49ers will visit the State of [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\").\n* First time these two cross\\-division conference mates will meet.\n* Chris Reynold's 448 passing yards set a new school single\\-game record.\n* Reynold's became the first 49ers' passer to cross 7,000 career passing yards.\n* Louisiana Tech is the final team in [Conference USA](/wiki/Conference_USA \"Conference USA\") the 49ers have yet to play.",
"{{Clear}}",
"### Marshall",
"{{see also\\|2021 Marshall Thundering Herd football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\| Title \\='''Marshall vs Charlotte'''\n\\| Visitor \\='''Thundering Herd''' \n\\| Host \\=49ers\n\\| V1 \\=7 \\| V2 \\=14 \\| V3 \\=21 \\| V4 \\=7 \n\\| H1 \\=7 \\| H2 \\=7 \\| H3 \\=0 \\| H4 \\=14\n\\| Date \\= November 20\n\\| Location \\= \\[\\[Jerry Richardson Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Charlotte, North Carolina\\|Charlotte, NC]]\n\\| TimeZone\\=EST\n\\| StartTime \\= 3:37 pm\n\\| ElapsedTime \\= 3:14\n\\| Attendance \\= 13,211\n\\| Weather \\= {{Convert\\|54\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: S 3 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\| Referee \\= Patrick Foy\n\\|TVAnnouncers\\= Josh Appel, Patrick Russell\n\\|TVStation\\= \\[\\[Stadium (sports network)\\|Stadium]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte vs. Marshall: All\\-Time Game No. 100 \\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/17/football\\-game\\-notes\\-charlotte\\-vs\\-marshall\\-the\\-100th\\-game.aspx\\|date\\=November 17, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte Upended by Marshall in C\\-USA Action\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/20/football\\-charlotte\\-upended\\-by\\-marshall\\-in\\-c\\-usa\\-action.aspx\\|date\\=November 20, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 22, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Marshall vs Charlotte(Nov 20, 2021 at Charlotte, NC)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/11/20/Marshall\\_at\\_Charlotte\\_Game\\_Book.PDF\\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Marshall vs Charlotte – Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282261\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=November 20, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 22, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Marshall thunders past Charlotte. What we learned in the 49ers’ loss to the Herd\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article255892151\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=November 20, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 22, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TPA:Charlotte vs. Marshall\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/21/football\\-the\\-point\\-after\\-charlotte\\-vs\\-marshall\\-all\\-time\\-game\\-100\\.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=November 21, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 22, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=8:42\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Keith PEARSON 6 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=CHAR 7\\-0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=5:14\\|Team\\=MARS\\|Event\\=Rasheen ALI 25 Yd Run (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\\|Score\\=TIED 7\\-7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=12:12\\|Team\\=MARS\\|Event\\=Rasheen ALI 5 Yd Run (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\\|Score\\=MARS 14\\-7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=4:13\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Cameron DOLLAR 21 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=TIED 14\\-14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=3:26\\|Team\\=MARS\\|Event\\=Corey GAMMAGE 64 Yd pass from \\[\\[Grant Wells]] (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\\|Score\\=MARS 21\\-14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=11:49\\|Team\\=MARS\\|Event\\=Xavier GAINES 22 Yd pass from Grant WELLS (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\\|Score\\=MARS 28\\-14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=7:45\\|Team\\=MARS\\|Event\\=Sheldon EVANS 15 Yd Run (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\\|Score\\=MARS 35\\-14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=2:07\\|Team\\=MARS\\|Event\\=Rasheen ALI 4 Yd Run (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\\|Score\\=MARS 42\\-14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=11:37\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Cameron DOLLAR 4 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=MARS 42\\-21}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=8:36\\|Team\\=MARS\\|Event\\=Sheldon EVANS 25 Yd Run (Shane CIUCCI Kick)\\|Score\\=MARS 49\\-21}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=4:33\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=ChaVon MCEACHERN 5 Yd pass from James FOSTER (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=MARS 49\\-28\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"Charlotte would find the endzone first to take the early lead before Marshall would tie the game going into the second quarter. The Herd would take the lead early in the second quarter before the 49ers would again tie the score before a late Marshall touchdown let them take a 21 to 14 lead in at the half.",
"Charlotte's second half woes would again plague the team as Marshall rattled off three third quarter touchdowns, and their fourth touchdown in a row, before the Niners could answer early in the fourth quarter. The teams would exchange two more touchdowns to end the game behind both teams' second string quarterbacks but the game was effectively over in the third quarter with Marshall winning 49 to 28\\.",
"Top performers of the game included Charlotte's Chris Reynolds, who threw for 178 yards with 3 touchdowns and an interception on his way to setting a new program single season touchdown record. Marshall's Rasheen Ali rushed for 203 yards on 23 carries for 3 touchdowns. The Herds' Corey Gammage had 3 receptions for 78 yards and a touchdown",
"**Game notes:**",
"* 100th game in Charlotte program history.\n* Chris Reynold's 3 touchdown passes in the game broke his own single season touchdown record (24 vs 22\\).\n* 6th game in the series since 2015, (Mar. 4–2\\).",
"{{Clear}}",
"### Old Dominion",
"{{see also\\|2021 Old Dominion Monarchs football team}}\n{{AFB game box start\n\\| Title \\='''Charlotte vs Old Dominion'''\n\\| Visitor \\=49ers \n\\| Host \\='''Monarchs'''\n\\| V1 \\=0 \\| V2 \\=14 \\| V3 \\=14 \\| V4 \\=6 \n\\| H1 \\=14 \\| H2 \\=14 \\| H3 \\=7 \\| H4 \\=21\n\\| Date \\= November 27\n\\| Location \\= \\[\\[S.B. Ballard Stadium]] \n\\[\\[Norfolk, Virginia\\|Norfolk, VA]]\n\\| TimeZone\\=EST\n\\| StartTime \\= 2:05 pm\n\\| ElapsedTime \\= 3:48\n\\| Attendance \\= 15,874\n\\| Weather \\= {{Convert\\|45\\|°F\\|°C}} • Weather: Sunny • Wind: 0 \\[\\[Miles per hour\\|MPH]]\n\\| Referee \\= Kevin Randall\n\\|TVAnnouncers\\= Ted Alexander, Andy Mashaw, James Witham\n\\|TVStation\\= \\[\\[ESPN\\+]]\n}}\n* **Sources:**{{cite web\\|title\\=GAME NOTES: Charlotte vs. Marshall: All\\-Time Game No. 100 \\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/23/football\\-game\\-notes\\-charlotte\\-at\\-old\\-dominion.aspx\\|date\\=November 23, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte Fights Back Before Dropping Season Finale at ODU\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/27/football\\-charlottes\\-second\\-half\\-fight\\-not\\-enough\\-at\\-odu.aspx\\|date\\=November 27, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Scoring Summary Report 2021 Charlotte Football, Charlotte vs Old Dominion(Nov 27, 2021 at Norfolk, VA)\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/documents/2021/11/27/Charlotte\\_at\\_Old\\_Dominion\\_Game\\_Book.PDF\\|access\\-date\\=November 27, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Charlotte vs Old Dominion– Game Summary\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/college\\-football/game/\\_/gameId/401282268\\|work\\=\\[\\[ESPN]]\\|date\\=November 27, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2021}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Charlotte isn’t going bowling this year. What we learned from the 49ers’ loss to ODU\\|first\\=Hunter\\|last\\=Bailey\\|url\\=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/college/charlotte\\-49ers/article256162827\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Charlotte Observer]]\\|date\\=November 27, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2021}}{{cite web\\|title\\=TPA:Charlotte at Old Dominion\\|url\\=https://charlotte49ers.com/news/2021/11/29/football\\-the\\-point\\-after\\-charlotte\\-at\\-old\\-dominion.aspx\\|website\\=Charlotte49ers.com\\|date\\=November 29, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=December 2, 2021}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|FirstEntry\\=yes\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=9:15\\|Team\\=ODU\\|Event\\=\\[\\[Nick Saldiveri]] 0 Yd Run (Nick RICE Kick)\\|Score\\=ODU 7\\-0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=1\\|Time\\=2:51\\|Team\\=ODU\\|Event\\=Elijah DAVIS 12 Yd Run (Nick RICE Kick)\\|Score\\=ODU 14\\-0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=12:11\\|Team\\=ODU\\|Event\\=Ali JENNINGS III 46 Yd pass from Hayden WOLFF (Nick RICE Kick)\\|Score\\=ODU 21\\-0}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=10:45\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Elijah SPENCER 19 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=ODU 21\\-7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=7:40\\|Team\\=ODU\\|Event\\=Ali JENNINGS III 34 Yd pass from Hayden WOLFF (Nick RICE Kick)\\|Score\\=ODU 28\\-7}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=2\\|Time\\=2:59\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Luke MARTIN 8 Yd Interception Return (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=ODU 28\\-14}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=10:49\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Grant DUBOSE 9 Yd pass from Chris REYNOLDS (Jonathan Cruz Kick)\\|Score\\=ODU 28\\-21}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=6:06\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Calvin CAMP 6 Yd Run (Jonathan CRUZ Kick)\\|Score\\=TIED 28\\-28}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=3\\|Time\\=3:25\\|Team\\=ODU\\|Event\\=Blake WATSON 3 Yd Run (Nick RICE Kick)\\|Score\\=ODU 35\\-28}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=13:09\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jonathan CRUZ 39 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=ODU 35\\-31}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=10:04\\|Team\\=CHAR\\|Event\\=Jonathan CRUZ 44 Yd Field Goal\\|Score\\=ODU 35\\-34}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=6:42\\|Team\\=ODU\\|Event\\=Blake WATSON 2 Yd Run (Nick RICE Kick)\\|Score\\=ODU 42\\-34}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=3:49\\|Team\\=ODU\\|Event\\=Ali JENNINGS III 36 Yd pass from Hayden WOLFF (Nick RICE Kick)\\|Score\\=ODU 49\\-34}}\n{{AFB Game Box Scoring Entry\\|Quarter\\=4\\|Time\\=2:52\\|Team\\=ODU\\|Event\\=Deeve HARRIS 1 Yd Fumble Return (Nick RICE Kick)\\|Score\\=ODU 56\\-34\\|LastEntry\\=yes}}\n{{AFB game box end}}",
"Both teams in this contest need the win to become bowl eligible. Old Dominion had turned a 1\\-6 start into 5 straight wins. Charlotte had lost 4 of 5 after starting the season 4\\-2\\. For these two teams on different wave trajectories, this battle was critical to continue their seasons for a bowl game.",
"After the usual slow start for the 49ers the Monarchs rattled off two 1st quarter touchdowns and started the 2nd quarter with another to take an early commanding lead before Charlotte would find the endzone. ODU would score again before Charlotte's Luke Martin would intercept a batted pass and return it for the 49ers' second score of the game. The Monarchs took a 28 and 14 lead in at the half.",
"The start of the 2nd half would be Charlotte's turn to score as tow touchdowns in the 3rd quarter tied the game up at 28\\-all before ODU would tack on a touchdown to retake the lead heading into the final quarter of regulation. Charlotte would get into ODU's half of the field twice early in the 4th quarter but would have to settle for twin Jonathan Cruz field goals to make it a 1 point game, but with less than 7 minutes left in the game ODU would score two offensive touchdowns and return a 49ers' fumble for a third touchdown to win the game 56 to 34\\.",
"Old Dominion dominated the top performances of the game with Hayden Wolff throwing fir 328 yards, 3 touchdowns and 2 interceptions. Blake Watson rushed for 106 yards on 18 carries for 2 touchdowns. Ali Jennings III had 9 receptions for 252 yards and 3 touchdowns.",
"**Game notes:**",
"* Charlotte's first time visiting the newly rebuilt S.B. Ballard Stadium.\n* Charlotte's 2nd [Oyster Bowl](/wiki/Oyster_Bowl \"Oyster Bowl\"), the series is tied 1\\-1\\.\n* Chris Reynolds set a new single season passing record for the 49ers with 2,684 yards.\n* 6th game in the series since 2015, (ODU 4–2\\).",
"{{Clear}}",
""
] |
The Angevins' monarchy (1323–1382\)
-----------------------------------
{{Further\|Charles I of Hungary\|Louis I of Hungary}}
Charles I introduced a centralized power structure in the 1320s.Engel 2001, p. 140\. Stating that "his words has the force of law", he never again convoked the Diet. Even his most faithful partisans depended on revenues from their temporary [honours](/wiki/Honour_%28feudal_barony%29 "Honour (feudal barony)"),Molnár 2001, p. 46\. because the king rarely made land grants.Kontler 1999, p. 89\. This practice ensured the loyalty of the [Drugeths](/wiki/Drugeth_family "Drugeth family"), [Lackfis](/wiki/Lackfi_family "Lackfi family"), [Szécsényis](/wiki/Sz%C3%A9cs%C3%A9nyi "Szécsényi") and other families who emerged in his reign.
[190px\|thumb\|left\|alt\=Körmöcbánya\|The castle at [Kremnitz](/wiki/K%C3%B6rm%C3%B6cb%C3%A1nya "Körmöcbánya") ({{lang\-hu\|Körmöcbánya}}, {{lang\-sk\|Kremnica}}), a mining town founded by [German](/wiki/Sudeten_Germans "Sudeten Germans") miners from [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia")](/wiki/File:Hrad_Kremnica.jpg "Hrad Kremnica.jpg")
[190px\|thumb\|left\|alt\=Golden forint\|Charles I's golden [forint](/wiki/Hungarian_forint "Hungarian forint")](/wiki/File:FlorenKarlaRobertazAnjou.jpg "FlorenKarlaRobertazAnjou.jpg")
The king even afforded to grant privileges which contradicted customary law.Engel 2001, p. 141\. For instance, he occasionally authorized daughters of noblemen to inherit their fathers' estates, although local customs required that a deceased nobleman's inherited lands were to be transferred to his [agnates](/wiki/Agnates "Agnates") in lack of a son.Rady 2000, pp. 107\-109\. Nevertheless, [Roman law](/wiki/Medieval_Roman_law "Medieval Roman law") never replaced customary which gave rise to the appearance of lay officials who possessed "a good command of Latin and a fair knowledge of common law" (Pál Engel).Engel 2001, pp. 192\-193\.
Charles I [reformed the system of royal revenues and monopolies](/wiki/Charles_Robert%23New_economic_policy "Charles Robert#New economic policy").Kontler 1999, p. 90\. For instance, he imposed the "[thirtieth](/wiki/Thirtieth_%28tax%29 "Thirtieth (tax)")" (a tax on goods transferred through the kingdom's frontiers), and authorized landholders to retain one third of the income from mines opened in their estates.Engel 2001, pp. 155\-156\. The new mines produced around {{convert\|2250\|kg\|lb}} of gold and {{convert\|9000\|kg\|lb}} of silver annually, which made up more than 30 percent of the world's production up until the [Spanish conquest of the Americas](/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Americas "Spanish conquest of the Americas") in the 1490s. However, most profits from the mines were transferred to Italian and South German merchants, because the value of imported fine textiles and other goods always exceeded the price of cattle and wine exported from the kingdom.Bak 1994, p. 58\.
Charles I also ordered the minting of stable golden coins modelled on the *[florin](/wiki/Florin_%28Italian_coin%29 "Florin (Italian coin)")* of [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence").Sedlar 1994, p. 346\. His ban on trading with uncoined gold produced shortage in the European market which lasted until his death in 1342\.Sedlar 1994, p. 348\. Following this, in 1343, the [Romanian](/wiki/Romanians "Romanians")\-led [Voivodeship of Maramureș](/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99 "Voivodeship of Maramureș") was established, which would exist until 1402\.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2023}} Thereafter his widow, [Elisabeth of Poland](/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Poland "Elisabeth of Poland") transported enormous quantities of gold to Italy in order to promote the claim of their younger son, [Andrew](/wiki/Andrew%2C_Duke_of_Calabria "Andrew, Duke of Calabria") to the Kingdom of Naples. Andrew who was Queen [Joanna I of Naples](/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples "Joanna I of Naples")'s [consort](/wiki/Prince_consort "Prince consort") was assassinated in 1345\.Engel 2001, p. 159\. His brother, Louis I of Hungary accused the queen of his murder and led two campaigns against her in 1347 and 1350\.Engel 2001, pp. 159\-160\. Although he twice conquered her kingdom,Molnár 2001, p. 50\. she regained it on both occasions.Molnár 2001, p. 51\.
The first campaign against Naples was abandoned because of the arrival of the "[Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death "Black Death")".Kontler 1999, p. 93\. In Hungary, fewer locals fell victim to the epidemic than in Western Europe, because the kingdom was still an underpopulated territory with well nourished inhabitants.Engel 2001, p. 161\. Indeed, colonization also continued in the 14th century.Engel 2001, p. 269\. The new settlers mainly came from Moravia, Poland and other neighboring countries.Engel 2001, p. 270\. They were customarily exempted of taxation for 16 years, which is reflected by the *lehota* ("lightening") placenames in present\-day Slovakia.Engel 2001, pp. 269\-270\.
Earlier distinctions between freemen, serfs and *[udvornici](/wiki/Udvornici "Udvornici")* disappeared in the 14th century, because all peasants had acquired the right to free movement by the 1350s.Kontler 1999, p. 97\. Most of them cultivated well defined parcels with a hereditary right to use it for a rent in cash and in\-kind "gifts" due to the landowner.Kontler 1999, p. 98\. The legal position of "true noblemen" was also standardized when the idea of "one and the same liberty" was enacted in 1351\.Engel 2001, p. 175\. For instance, all noblemen received the right to "adjudicate all offences committed" by the peasants living in their estates (Martyn Rady).Rady 2000, pp. 57\-58\.
[190px\|thumb\|right\|alt\=Louis I\|[Louis I the Great](/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary "Louis I of Hungary") in [Zadar](/wiki/Zadar "Zadar") in [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia "Dalmatia")](/wiki/File:HAZU_72_17_lipnja_2008.jpg "HAZU 72 17 lipnja 2008.jpg")
Most towns were still dominated by German merchants,Engel 2001, p. 261\. but more and more [Croat](/wiki/Croats "Croats"), Hungarian and Slovak peasants arrived from the nearby villages to settle in the towns in the 14th century.Bak 1993, p. 277\. Louis I's *[Privilegium pro Slavis](/wiki/Privilegium_pro_Slavis "Privilegium pro Slavis")* ("Privilege for the Slavs") from 1381 was the first indication of official bilingualism in a town.Kirschbaum 2005, p. 46\. It ensured that the [Slovaks](/wiki/Slovaks "Slovaks") in [Zsolna](/wiki/Zsolna "Zsolna") (present\-day Žilina, Slovakia) would enjoy the same privileges as the town's German burghers.
Louis I who was [heir presumptive](/wiki/Heir_presumptive "Heir presumptive") to [Casimir III of Poland](/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland "Casimir III of Poland") assisted the Poles several times against [Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Lithuania "Grand Principality of Lithuania") and the [Golden Horde](/wiki/Golden_Horde "Golden Horde").Engel 2001, p. 167\. The [foundation of Moldavia](/wiki/Foundation_of_Moldavia "Foundation of Moldavia"), a Romanian principality east of the Carpathians is also connected to these campaigns.Georgescu 1991, p. 18\. Along the southern frontiers, Louis I compelled the Venetians to withdraw from Dalmatia in 1358Goldstein 1999, p. 27\. and forced a number of local rulers (including [Tvrtko I of Bosnia](/wiki/Tvrtko_I_of_Bosnia "Tvrtko I of Bosnia"), and [Lazar of Serbia](/wiki/Lazar_of_Serbia "Lazar of Serbia")) to accept his suzerainty.Engel 2001, pp. 162\-165\. However, his [vassals](/wiki/Vassal "Vassal") often rebelled against him in the 1360s.Engel 2001, p. 165\. [Bogdan](/wiki/Bogdan_I_of_Moldavia "Bogdan I of Moldavia"), a Romanian *voivode* even achieved the independence of Moldavia. Louis I's suzerainty over Moldavia was only restored when he was elected [king of Poland](/wiki/King_of_Poland "King of Poland") in 1370\.
His control over [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia"), the other Romanian principality always remained doubtful.Engel 2001, pp. 165\-166\. [Vladislav I of Wallachia](/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia "Vladislav I of Wallachia") even allied with the emerging [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") in 1375\. Therefore, Louis I was the first Hungarian monarch who had to fight against the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire").
Religious fanaticism is one of the featuring element of Louis I's reign.Engel 2001, p. 172\. He attempted, without success, to convert many of his Orthodox subjects to Catholicism by force.Molnár 2001, p. 53\. He expelled the Jews around 1360, but allowed them to return in 1367\.Engel 2001, pp. 172\-173\.
New royal castles were erected, for instance, in [Visegrád](/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d "Visegrád"), [Diósgyőr](/wiki/Di%C3%B3sgy%C5%91r "Diósgyőr"), and [Zólyom](/wiki/Z%C3%B3lyom "Zólyom") (present\-day Zvolen, Slovakia) under the Angevin kings.Kontler 1999, p. 99\.Engel 2001, pp. 147\-148\. Patricians' houses unearthed at [Sopron](/wiki/Sopron "Sopron") and other towns, frescoes and sculptures found at many places (including Esztergom and Nagyvárad) point at a flourishing Gothic architecture and art. Codices decorated with miniatures (among them the *[Illuminated Chronicle](/wiki/Illuminated_Chronicle "Illuminated Chronicle")*) attest to the high level of [book illumination](/wiki/Illumination_%28manuscript%29 "Illumination (manuscript)").Kontler 1999, pp. 99\-100\. William of Bergzabern, [Bishop of Pécs](/wiki/Bishop_of_P%C3%A9cs "Bishop of Pécs") founded a university at his see in 1367,Sedlar 1994, p. 472\. but it was closed shortly after his death in 1375\.Engel 2001, p. 194\.
|
[
"The Angevins' monarchy (1323–1382\\)\n-----------------------------------",
"{{Further\\|Charles I of Hungary\\|Louis I of Hungary}}\nCharles I introduced a centralized power structure in the 1320s.Engel 2001, p. 140\\. Stating that \"his words has the force of law\", he never again convoked the Diet. Even his most faithful partisans depended on revenues from their temporary [honours](/wiki/Honour_%28feudal_barony%29 \"Honour (feudal barony)\"),Molnár 2001, p. 46\\. because the king rarely made land grants.Kontler 1999, p. 89\\. This practice ensured the loyalty of the [Drugeths](/wiki/Drugeth_family \"Drugeth family\"), [Lackfis](/wiki/Lackfi_family \"Lackfi family\"), [Szécsényis](/wiki/Sz%C3%A9cs%C3%A9nyi \"Szécsényi\") and other families who emerged in his reign.\n[190px\\|thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=Körmöcbánya\\|The castle at [Kremnitz](/wiki/K%C3%B6rm%C3%B6cb%C3%A1nya \"Körmöcbánya\") ({{lang\\-hu\\|Körmöcbánya}}, {{lang\\-sk\\|Kremnica}}), a mining town founded by [German](/wiki/Sudeten_Germans \"Sudeten Germans\") miners from [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia \"Bohemia\")](/wiki/File:Hrad_Kremnica.jpg \"Hrad Kremnica.jpg\")\n[190px\\|thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=Golden forint\\|Charles I's golden [forint](/wiki/Hungarian_forint \"Hungarian forint\")](/wiki/File:FlorenKarlaRobertazAnjou.jpg \"FlorenKarlaRobertazAnjou.jpg\")\nThe king even afforded to grant privileges which contradicted customary law.Engel 2001, p. 141\\. For instance, he occasionally authorized daughters of noblemen to inherit their fathers' estates, although local customs required that a deceased nobleman's inherited lands were to be transferred to his [agnates](/wiki/Agnates \"Agnates\") in lack of a son.Rady 2000, pp. 107\\-109\\. Nevertheless, [Roman law](/wiki/Medieval_Roman_law \"Medieval Roman law\") never replaced customary which gave rise to the appearance of lay officials who possessed \"a good command of Latin and a fair knowledge of common law\" (Pál Engel).Engel 2001, pp. 192\\-193\\.",
"Charles I [reformed the system of royal revenues and monopolies](/wiki/Charles_Robert%23New_economic_policy \"Charles Robert#New economic policy\").Kontler 1999, p. 90\\. For instance, he imposed the \"[thirtieth](/wiki/Thirtieth_%28tax%29 \"Thirtieth (tax)\")\" (a tax on goods transferred through the kingdom's frontiers), and authorized landholders to retain one third of the income from mines opened in their estates.Engel 2001, pp. 155\\-156\\. The new mines produced around {{convert\\|2250\\|kg\\|lb}} of gold and {{convert\\|9000\\|kg\\|lb}} of silver annually, which made up more than 30 percent of the world's production up until the [Spanish conquest of the Americas](/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Americas \"Spanish conquest of the Americas\") in the 1490s. However, most profits from the mines were transferred to Italian and South German merchants, because the value of imported fine textiles and other goods always exceeded the price of cattle and wine exported from the kingdom.Bak 1994, p. 58\\.",
"Charles I also ordered the minting of stable golden coins modelled on the *[florin](/wiki/Florin_%28Italian_coin%29 \"Florin (Italian coin)\")* of [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\").Sedlar 1994, p. 346\\. His ban on trading with uncoined gold produced shortage in the European market which lasted until his death in 1342\\.Sedlar 1994, p. 348\\. Following this, in 1343, the [Romanian](/wiki/Romanians \"Romanians\")\\-led [Voivodeship of Maramureș](/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99 \"Voivodeship of Maramureș\") was established, which would exist until 1402\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}} Thereafter his widow, [Elisabeth of Poland](/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Poland \"Elisabeth of Poland\") transported enormous quantities of gold to Italy in order to promote the claim of their younger son, [Andrew](/wiki/Andrew%2C_Duke_of_Calabria \"Andrew, Duke of Calabria\") to the Kingdom of Naples. Andrew who was Queen [Joanna I of Naples](/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples \"Joanna I of Naples\")'s [consort](/wiki/Prince_consort \"Prince consort\") was assassinated in 1345\\.Engel 2001, p. 159\\. His brother, Louis I of Hungary accused the queen of his murder and led two campaigns against her in 1347 and 1350\\.Engel 2001, pp. 159\\-160\\. Although he twice conquered her kingdom,Molnár 2001, p. 50\\. she regained it on both occasions.Molnár 2001, p. 51\\.",
"The first campaign against Naples was abandoned because of the arrival of the \"[Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death \"Black Death\")\".Kontler 1999, p. 93\\. In Hungary, fewer locals fell victim to the epidemic than in Western Europe, because the kingdom was still an underpopulated territory with well nourished inhabitants.Engel 2001, p. 161\\. Indeed, colonization also continued in the 14th century.Engel 2001, p. 269\\. The new settlers mainly came from Moravia, Poland and other neighboring countries.Engel 2001, p. 270\\. They were customarily exempted of taxation for 16 years, which is reflected by the *lehota* (\"lightening\") placenames in present\\-day Slovakia.Engel 2001, pp. 269\\-270\\.",
"Earlier distinctions between freemen, serfs and *[udvornici](/wiki/Udvornici \"Udvornici\")* disappeared in the 14th century, because all peasants had acquired the right to free movement by the 1350s.Kontler 1999, p. 97\\. Most of them cultivated well defined parcels with a hereditary right to use it for a rent in cash and in\\-kind \"gifts\" due to the landowner.Kontler 1999, p. 98\\. The legal position of \"true noblemen\" was also standardized when the idea of \"one and the same liberty\" was enacted in 1351\\.Engel 2001, p. 175\\. For instance, all noblemen received the right to \"adjudicate all offences committed\" by the peasants living in their estates (Martyn Rady).Rady 2000, pp. 57\\-58\\.\n[190px\\|thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=Louis I\\|[Louis I the Great](/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary \"Louis I of Hungary\") in [Zadar](/wiki/Zadar \"Zadar\") in [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia \"Dalmatia\")](/wiki/File:HAZU_72_17_lipnja_2008.jpg \"HAZU 72 17 lipnja 2008.jpg\")\nMost towns were still dominated by German merchants,Engel 2001, p. 261\\. but more and more [Croat](/wiki/Croats \"Croats\"), Hungarian and Slovak peasants arrived from the nearby villages to settle in the towns in the 14th century.Bak 1993, p. 277\\. Louis I's *[Privilegium pro Slavis](/wiki/Privilegium_pro_Slavis \"Privilegium pro Slavis\")* (\"Privilege for the Slavs\") from 1381 was the first indication of official bilingualism in a town.Kirschbaum 2005, p. 46\\. It ensured that the [Slovaks](/wiki/Slovaks \"Slovaks\") in [Zsolna](/wiki/Zsolna \"Zsolna\") (present\\-day Žilina, Slovakia) would enjoy the same privileges as the town's German burghers.",
"Louis I who was [heir presumptive](/wiki/Heir_presumptive \"Heir presumptive\") to [Casimir III of Poland](/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland \"Casimir III of Poland\") assisted the Poles several times against [Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Lithuania \"Grand Principality of Lithuania\") and the [Golden Horde](/wiki/Golden_Horde \"Golden Horde\").Engel 2001, p. 167\\. The [foundation of Moldavia](/wiki/Foundation_of_Moldavia \"Foundation of Moldavia\"), a Romanian principality east of the Carpathians is also connected to these campaigns.Georgescu 1991, p. 18\\. Along the southern frontiers, Louis I compelled the Venetians to withdraw from Dalmatia in 1358Goldstein 1999, p. 27\\. and forced a number of local rulers (including [Tvrtko I of Bosnia](/wiki/Tvrtko_I_of_Bosnia \"Tvrtko I of Bosnia\"), and [Lazar of Serbia](/wiki/Lazar_of_Serbia \"Lazar of Serbia\")) to accept his suzerainty.Engel 2001, pp. 162\\-165\\. However, his [vassals](/wiki/Vassal \"Vassal\") often rebelled against him in the 1360s.Engel 2001, p. 165\\. [Bogdan](/wiki/Bogdan_I_of_Moldavia \"Bogdan I of Moldavia\"), a Romanian *voivode* even achieved the independence of Moldavia. Louis I's suzerainty over Moldavia was only restored when he was elected [king of Poland](/wiki/King_of_Poland \"King of Poland\") in 1370\\.",
"His control over [Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia \"Wallachia\"), the other Romanian principality always remained doubtful.Engel 2001, pp. 165\\-166\\. [Vladislav I of Wallachia](/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia \"Vladislav I of Wallachia\") even allied with the emerging [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") in 1375\\. Therefore, Louis I was the first Hungarian monarch who had to fight against the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\").",
"Religious fanaticism is one of the featuring element of Louis I's reign.Engel 2001, p. 172\\. He attempted, without success, to convert many of his Orthodox subjects to Catholicism by force.Molnár 2001, p. 53\\. He expelled the Jews around 1360, but allowed them to return in 1367\\.Engel 2001, pp. 172\\-173\\.",
"New royal castles were erected, for instance, in [Visegrád](/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d \"Visegrád\"), [Diósgyőr](/wiki/Di%C3%B3sgy%C5%91r \"Diósgyőr\"), and [Zólyom](/wiki/Z%C3%B3lyom \"Zólyom\") (present\\-day Zvolen, Slovakia) under the Angevin kings.Kontler 1999, p. 99\\.Engel 2001, pp. 147\\-148\\. Patricians' houses unearthed at [Sopron](/wiki/Sopron \"Sopron\") and other towns, frescoes and sculptures found at many places (including Esztergom and Nagyvárad) point at a flourishing Gothic architecture and art. Codices decorated with miniatures (among them the *[Illuminated Chronicle](/wiki/Illuminated_Chronicle \"Illuminated Chronicle\")*) attest to the high level of [book illumination](/wiki/Illumination_%28manuscript%29 \"Illumination (manuscript)\").Kontler 1999, pp. 99\\-100\\. William of Bergzabern, [Bishop of Pécs](/wiki/Bishop_of_P%C3%A9cs \"Bishop of Pécs\") founded a university at his see in 1367,Sedlar 1994, p. 472\\. but it was closed shortly after his death in 1375\\.Engel 2001, p. 194\\.",
""
] |
New consolidation (1382–1437\)
------------------------------
{{Further\|Battle of Nicopolis\|Budai Nagy Antal Revolt\|Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor}}
[190px\|thumb\|right\|alt\=Sigismund\|[Sigismund of Luxemburg](/wiki/Sigismund_of_Luxemburg "Sigismund of Luxemburg") and his queen, [Barbara of Cilli](/wiki/Barbara_of_Cilli "Barbara of Cilli") at the [Council of Constance](/wiki/Council_of_Constance "Council of Constance")](/wiki/File:Meister_der_Chronik_des_Konzils_von_Konstanz_001.jpg "Meister der Chronik des Konzils von Konstanz 001.jpg")
Louis I was succeeded in 1382 by his daughter, [Mary](/wiki/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Hungary "Mary, Queen of Hungary").Kontler 1999, p. 101\. However, most noblemen opposed the idea of being ruled by a female monarch. Taking advantage of the situation, a male member of the dynasty, [Charles III of Naples](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Naples "Charles III of Naples") claimed the throne for himself.Engel 2001, p. 195\. He arrived in the kingdom in September 1385\. Although the Diet forced the queen to abdicate and elected Charles of Naples king, the queen's partisans murdered him in February 1386\. [Paul Horvat](/wiki/Paul_Horvat "Paul Horvat"), [Bishop of Zagreb](/wiki/Bishop_of_Zagreb "Bishop of Zagreb") initiated a new rebellion and declared his infant son, [Ladislaus of Naples](/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples "Ladislaus of Naples") king.Engel 2001, p. 198\. They captured the queen in July 1386, but her supporters proposed the crown to her husband, Sigismund of Luxemburg.Bak 1994, p. 54\. Queen Mary was soon liberated,Fine 1994, p. 397\. but she never again intervened in the government.Kontler 1999, p. 102\.
Sigismund distributed more than 50 percent of the royal estates to his supporters.Engel 2001, pp. 199\-201\. Furthermore, large territories in Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia remained controlled by [Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić](/wiki/Hrvoje_Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87_Hrvatini%C4%87 "Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić") and Ladislaus of Naples's other supporters.Fine 1994, p. 398\. When Queen Mary died childless in 1395, her sister, Queen [Jadwiga of Poland](/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland "Jadwiga of Poland") claimed the throne for herself, but Sigismund's partisans defeated her troops.Engel 2001, p. 201\.
In the meantime, [Stefan Lazarević](/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87 "Stefan Lazarević") of Serbia accepted the [Ottoman sultan](/wiki/Ottoman_sultan "Ottoman sultan")'s suzerainty,Fine 1994, p. 412\. thus the Ottoman Empire's expansion reached the southern frontiers of Hungary in 1390\.Kontler 1999, pp. 102\-103\. Sigismund decided to organize a crusade against the Ottomans.Fine 1994, p. 424\. A great army consisting mainly of French knights assembled, but the crusaders were routed in the [battle of Nicopolis](/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis "Battle of Nicopolis") in 1396\.Engel 2001, p. 203\.
The Diet of [Temesvár](/wiki/Temesv%C3%A1r "Temesvár") (present\-day Timișoara, Romania) of 1397 obliged all landholders to finance the equipment of [soldiers for defensive purposes](/wiki/Militia_portalis "Militia portalis").Kontler 1999, p. 104\. Thereafter, all landholders provided one archer for each twenty peasant households on their estates.Sedlar 1994, p. 167\. In the same year, Sigismund abolished former immunities of the jurisdiction of county authoritiesEngel 2001, p. 219\. which accelerated the development of county assemblies into important institutions of local autonomy.Kirschbaum 2005, p. 53\.
Sigismund's open bias towards [Stibor of Stiboricz](/wiki/Stibor_of_Stiboricz "Stibor of Stiboricz"), [Hermann of Cilli](/wiki/Hermann_II%2C_Count_of_Celje "Hermann II, Count of Celje") and his (mostly foreign) favorites gave rise to a number of plots. Led by John Kanizsai, archbishop of Esztergom, the native barons even imprisoned him in 1401\.Engel 2001, p. 206\. For six months, the barons administered the realm in the name of the Holy Crown, "the impersonal sovereign of the kingdom" (Miklós Molnár),Molnár 2001, p. 56\. but finally restored Sigismund's rule. A group of barons offered the crown to Ladislaus of Naples in 1412, but Sigismund again gained the upper hand.Engel 2001, p. 208\. Since [Pope Boniface IX](/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX "Pope Boniface IX") supported his opponent, Sigismund prohibited both the proclamation of papal documents without a previous royal consentEngel 2001, p. 210\. and the appointment of prelates by the Holy See.
[210px\|thumb\|left\|alt\=Tata Castle\|[Sigismund's](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor") [hunting castle](/wiki/Tata_Castle "Tata Castle") at [Tata](/wiki/Tata%2C_Hungary "Tata, Hungary")](/wiki/File:Tata-var.jpg "Tata-var.jpg")
The major towns always remained faithful to Sigismund.Kontler 1999, p. 106\. He exempted many of them from internal custom duties and even invited their representatives to the Diet in 1405\. However, the Diet was not convoked for three decades.Engel 2001, p. 214\. The king spent more and more time abroad especially after his election [King of the Romans](/wiki/King_of_the_Romans "King of the Romans") in 1410\. The kingdom was governed by his most faithful partisans who were united in a formal league, the [Order of the Dragon](/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon "Order of the Dragon").Molnár 2001, p. 57\.
This knightly order was established on the occasion of the royal troop's victory over Hrvoje Hrvatinić in 1408\.Kontler 1999, p. 105\. Thereafter most Dalmatian towns seceded from Ladislaus of Naples, but he soon sold his claims to the Republic of Venice.Goldstein 1999, p. 29\-30\. In the following decade, the republic forced the settlements on the Dalmatian coasts one by one to accept her suzerainty.Fine 1994, pp. 489\-490\.
[alt\=King Louis I of Hungary, royal, seal, Hungary, double cross, Hungarian coat of arm\|left\|thumb\|Reverse of the second double seal (1366\-1382\) of King [Louis I the Great](/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary "Louis I of Hungary") (1342\-1382\)](/wiki/File:I._Nagy_Lajos_kir%C3%A1ly_%281342-1382%29_m%C3%A1sodik_kett%C5%91s_fels%C3%A9gpecs%C3%A9tj%C3%A9nek_h%C3%A1tlapja_%281366-1382%29.jpg "I. Nagy Lajos király (1342-1382) második kettős felségpecsétjének hátlapja (1366-1382).jpg")
[190px\|thumb\|right\|alt\=Hussite Bible\|Munich Codex (1466\): the [first Hungarian translation of the Bible](/wiki/Hussite_Bible "Hussite Bible")](/wiki/File:Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg "Codex of munchen - bible in hungarian.jpg")
On the southern borders, Sigismund attempted to create a buffer zone against the Ottomans.Bak 1994, p. 61\. For this purpose, he granted large estates to Stefan Lazarević of Serbia, [Mircea I of Wallachia](/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia "Mircea I of Wallachia") and other neighboring rulers.Engel 2001, pp. 232\-234\. Furthermore, fourteen new fortresses were erected on the Danube frontier under the auspices of the Italian [Pipo of Ozora](/wiki/Pipo_of_Ozora "Pipo of Ozora").Engel 2001, p. 237\. The first [Gypsy](/wiki/Romani_people "Romani people") groups were also admitted in the kingdom because of their information on the Ottoman Empire's military and their skills in manufacturing weapons.Crowe 2007, p. 70\.
The Ottomans occupied [Golubac Fortress](/wiki/Golubac_Fortress "Golubac Fortress") in 1427 and started to regularly plunder the neighboring lands. The Ottoman raids forced many locals to depart for better protected regions. Their place was occupied by [South Slavic](/wiki/South_Slavs "South Slavs") refugees (mainly [Serbs](/wiki/Serbs "Serbs")). Many of them were organized into mobile military unitsKontler 1999, p. 111\. known as *[hussars](/wiki/Hussar "Hussar")*.Engel 2001, p. 339\.
The northern regions of the kingdom (present\-day Slovakia) were pillaged in almost every year by [Czech](/wiki/Czechs "Czechs") [Hussites](/wiki/Hussite "Hussite") from 1428\.Spiesz *et al* 2006, pp. 52\-53\. However, Hussite ideas spread in the southern counties, mainly among the burghers of the Szerémség.Bak 1994, p. 60\. Hussite preachers were also the first to [translate the Bible](/wiki/Hussite_Bible "Hussite Bible") to Hungarian. However, all Hussites were either executed or expelled from the Szerémség in the late 1430s.
Sigismund erected a splendid royal palace (later destroyed by the Ottomans) at [Buda](/wiki/Buda "Buda").Engel 2001, p. 241\. Actually, the town became the kingdom's capital in his reign. The wealthiest landholders also constructed new residences or rebuilt their old fortresses in order to improve comfort. For instance, Pipo of Ozora who employed the painter [Masolino da Panicale](/wiki/Masolino_da_Panicale "Masolino da Panicale") and one of [Brunelleschi](/wiki/Brunelleschi "Brunelleschi")'s students introduced [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance") architecture and arts.Kontler 1999, p. 126\.
The kingdom's defense and Sigismund's active foreign policy demanded new sources of income.Kontler 1999, p. 109\. For instance, the king imposed "extraordinary" taxes on the prelates and mortgaged 13 Saxon towns in the Szepesség to Poland in 1412\.Engel 2001, pp. 227\-228\. He regularly debased coinage which resulted in a [major rebellion of Hungarian and Romanian peasants in Transylvania](/wiki/Budai_Nagy_Antal_Revolt "Budai Nagy Antal Revolt") in 1437\.Georgescu 1991, p. 30\. It was suppressed by the joint forces of the Hungarian noblemen, Székelys and Transylvanian Saxons who concluded an [agreement against the rebels](/wiki/Unio_Trium_Nationum "Unio Trium Nationum").Georgescu 1991, pp. 31\., 41\.
|
[
"New consolidation (1382–1437\\)\n------------------------------",
"{{Further\\|Battle of Nicopolis\\|Budai Nagy Antal Revolt\\|Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor}}\n[190px\\|thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=Sigismund\\|[Sigismund of Luxemburg](/wiki/Sigismund_of_Luxemburg \"Sigismund of Luxemburg\") and his queen, [Barbara of Cilli](/wiki/Barbara_of_Cilli \"Barbara of Cilli\") at the [Council of Constance](/wiki/Council_of_Constance \"Council of Constance\")](/wiki/File:Meister_der_Chronik_des_Konzils_von_Konstanz_001.jpg \"Meister der Chronik des Konzils von Konstanz 001.jpg\")\nLouis I was succeeded in 1382 by his daughter, [Mary](/wiki/Mary%2C_Queen_of_Hungary \"Mary, Queen of Hungary\").Kontler 1999, p. 101\\. However, most noblemen opposed the idea of being ruled by a female monarch. Taking advantage of the situation, a male member of the dynasty, [Charles III of Naples](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Naples \"Charles III of Naples\") claimed the throne for himself.Engel 2001, p. 195\\. He arrived in the kingdom in September 1385\\. Although the Diet forced the queen to abdicate and elected Charles of Naples king, the queen's partisans murdered him in February 1386\\. [Paul Horvat](/wiki/Paul_Horvat \"Paul Horvat\"), [Bishop of Zagreb](/wiki/Bishop_of_Zagreb \"Bishop of Zagreb\") initiated a new rebellion and declared his infant son, [Ladislaus of Naples](/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples \"Ladislaus of Naples\") king.Engel 2001, p. 198\\. They captured the queen in July 1386, but her supporters proposed the crown to her husband, Sigismund of Luxemburg.Bak 1994, p. 54\\. Queen Mary was soon liberated,Fine 1994, p. 397\\. but she never again intervened in the government.Kontler 1999, p. 102\\.",
"Sigismund distributed more than 50 percent of the royal estates to his supporters.Engel 2001, pp. 199\\-201\\. Furthermore, large territories in Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia remained controlled by [Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić](/wiki/Hrvoje_Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87_Hrvatini%C4%87 \"Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić\") and Ladislaus of Naples's other supporters.Fine 1994, p. 398\\. When Queen Mary died childless in 1395, her sister, Queen [Jadwiga of Poland](/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland \"Jadwiga of Poland\") claimed the throne for herself, but Sigismund's partisans defeated her troops.Engel 2001, p. 201\\.",
"In the meantime, [Stefan Lazarević](/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87 \"Stefan Lazarević\") of Serbia accepted the [Ottoman sultan](/wiki/Ottoman_sultan \"Ottoman sultan\")'s suzerainty,Fine 1994, p. 412\\. thus the Ottoman Empire's expansion reached the southern frontiers of Hungary in 1390\\.Kontler 1999, pp. 102\\-103\\. Sigismund decided to organize a crusade against the Ottomans.Fine 1994, p. 424\\. A great army consisting mainly of French knights assembled, but the crusaders were routed in the [battle of Nicopolis](/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis \"Battle of Nicopolis\") in 1396\\.Engel 2001, p. 203\\.",
"The Diet of [Temesvár](/wiki/Temesv%C3%A1r \"Temesvár\") (present\\-day Timișoara, Romania) of 1397 obliged all landholders to finance the equipment of [soldiers for defensive purposes](/wiki/Militia_portalis \"Militia portalis\").Kontler 1999, p. 104\\. Thereafter, all landholders provided one archer for each twenty peasant households on their estates.Sedlar 1994, p. 167\\. In the same year, Sigismund abolished former immunities of the jurisdiction of county authoritiesEngel 2001, p. 219\\. which accelerated the development of county assemblies into important institutions of local autonomy.Kirschbaum 2005, p. 53\\.",
"Sigismund's open bias towards [Stibor of Stiboricz](/wiki/Stibor_of_Stiboricz \"Stibor of Stiboricz\"), [Hermann of Cilli](/wiki/Hermann_II%2C_Count_of_Celje \"Hermann II, Count of Celje\") and his (mostly foreign) favorites gave rise to a number of plots. Led by John Kanizsai, archbishop of Esztergom, the native barons even imprisoned him in 1401\\.Engel 2001, p. 206\\. For six months, the barons administered the realm in the name of the Holy Crown, \"the impersonal sovereign of the kingdom\" (Miklós Molnár),Molnár 2001, p. 56\\. but finally restored Sigismund's rule. A group of barons offered the crown to Ladislaus of Naples in 1412, but Sigismund again gained the upper hand.Engel 2001, p. 208\\. Since [Pope Boniface IX](/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX \"Pope Boniface IX\") supported his opponent, Sigismund prohibited both the proclamation of papal documents without a previous royal consentEngel 2001, p. 210\\. and the appointment of prelates by the Holy See.\n[210px\\|thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=Tata Castle\\|[Sigismund's](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor\") [hunting castle](/wiki/Tata_Castle \"Tata Castle\") at [Tata](/wiki/Tata%2C_Hungary \"Tata, Hungary\")](/wiki/File:Tata-var.jpg \"Tata-var.jpg\")\nThe major towns always remained faithful to Sigismund.Kontler 1999, p. 106\\. He exempted many of them from internal custom duties and even invited their representatives to the Diet in 1405\\. However, the Diet was not convoked for three decades.Engel 2001, p. 214\\. The king spent more and more time abroad especially after his election [King of the Romans](/wiki/King_of_the_Romans \"King of the Romans\") in 1410\\. The kingdom was governed by his most faithful partisans who were united in a formal league, the [Order of the Dragon](/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon \"Order of the Dragon\").Molnár 2001, p. 57\\.",
"This knightly order was established on the occasion of the royal troop's victory over Hrvoje Hrvatinić in 1408\\.Kontler 1999, p. 105\\. Thereafter most Dalmatian towns seceded from Ladislaus of Naples, but he soon sold his claims to the Republic of Venice.Goldstein 1999, p. 29\\-30\\. In the following decade, the republic forced the settlements on the Dalmatian coasts one by one to accept her suzerainty.Fine 1994, pp. 489\\-490\\.\n[alt\\=King Louis I of Hungary, royal, seal, Hungary, double cross, Hungarian coat of arm\\|left\\|thumb\\|Reverse of the second double seal (1366\\-1382\\) of King [Louis I the Great](/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary \"Louis I of Hungary\") (1342\\-1382\\)](/wiki/File:I._Nagy_Lajos_kir%C3%A1ly_%281342-1382%29_m%C3%A1sodik_kett%C5%91s_fels%C3%A9gpecs%C3%A9tj%C3%A9nek_h%C3%A1tlapja_%281366-1382%29.jpg \"I. Nagy Lajos király (1342-1382) második kettős felségpecsétjének hátlapja (1366-1382).jpg\")\n[190px\\|thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=Hussite Bible\\|Munich Codex (1466\\): the [first Hungarian translation of the Bible](/wiki/Hussite_Bible \"Hussite Bible\")](/wiki/File:Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg \"Codex of munchen - bible in hungarian.jpg\")\nOn the southern borders, Sigismund attempted to create a buffer zone against the Ottomans.Bak 1994, p. 61\\. For this purpose, he granted large estates to Stefan Lazarević of Serbia, [Mircea I of Wallachia](/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia \"Mircea I of Wallachia\") and other neighboring rulers.Engel 2001, pp. 232\\-234\\. Furthermore, fourteen new fortresses were erected on the Danube frontier under the auspices of the Italian [Pipo of Ozora](/wiki/Pipo_of_Ozora \"Pipo of Ozora\").Engel 2001, p. 237\\. The first [Gypsy](/wiki/Romani_people \"Romani people\") groups were also admitted in the kingdom because of their information on the Ottoman Empire's military and their skills in manufacturing weapons.Crowe 2007, p. 70\\.",
"The Ottomans occupied [Golubac Fortress](/wiki/Golubac_Fortress \"Golubac Fortress\") in 1427 and started to regularly plunder the neighboring lands. The Ottoman raids forced many locals to depart for better protected regions. Their place was occupied by [South Slavic](/wiki/South_Slavs \"South Slavs\") refugees (mainly [Serbs](/wiki/Serbs \"Serbs\")). Many of them were organized into mobile military unitsKontler 1999, p. 111\\. known as *[hussars](/wiki/Hussar \"Hussar\")*.Engel 2001, p. 339\\.",
"The northern regions of the kingdom (present\\-day Slovakia) were pillaged in almost every year by [Czech](/wiki/Czechs \"Czechs\") [Hussites](/wiki/Hussite \"Hussite\") from 1428\\.Spiesz *et al* 2006, pp. 52\\-53\\. However, Hussite ideas spread in the southern counties, mainly among the burghers of the Szerémség.Bak 1994, p. 60\\. Hussite preachers were also the first to [translate the Bible](/wiki/Hussite_Bible \"Hussite Bible\") to Hungarian. However, all Hussites were either executed or expelled from the Szerémség in the late 1430s.",
"Sigismund erected a splendid royal palace (later destroyed by the Ottomans) at [Buda](/wiki/Buda \"Buda\").Engel 2001, p. 241\\. Actually, the town became the kingdom's capital in his reign. The wealthiest landholders also constructed new residences or rebuilt their old fortresses in order to improve comfort. For instance, Pipo of Ozora who employed the painter [Masolino da Panicale](/wiki/Masolino_da_Panicale \"Masolino da Panicale\") and one of [Brunelleschi](/wiki/Brunelleschi \"Brunelleschi\")'s students introduced [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") architecture and arts.Kontler 1999, p. 126\\.",
"The kingdom's defense and Sigismund's active foreign policy demanded new sources of income.Kontler 1999, p. 109\\. For instance, the king imposed \"extraordinary\" taxes on the prelates and mortgaged 13 Saxon towns in the Szepesség to Poland in 1412\\.Engel 2001, pp. 227\\-228\\. He regularly debased coinage which resulted in a [major rebellion of Hungarian and Romanian peasants in Transylvania](/wiki/Budai_Nagy_Antal_Revolt \"Budai Nagy Antal Revolt\") in 1437\\.Georgescu 1991, p. 30\\. It was suppressed by the joint forces of the Hungarian noblemen, Székelys and Transylvanian Saxons who concluded an [agreement against the rebels](/wiki/Unio_Trium_Nationum \"Unio Trium Nationum\").Georgescu 1991, pp. 31\\., 41\\.",
""
] |
Age of the two Hunyadis (1437–1490\)
------------------------------------
{{Further\|John Hunyadi\|Matthias Corvinus\|Ottoman–Hungarian Wars\|Black Army of Hungary}}
[190px\|thumb\|right\|alt\=Hunyadi Castle\|[Hunyadi Castle](/wiki/Hunyad_Castle "Hunyad Castle") at [Vajdahunyad](/wiki/Hunedoara "Hunedoara") (present\-day Hunedoara, [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"))](/wiki/File:Hunedoara_castle.jpg "Hunedoara castle.jpg")
Sigismund, who had no sons, died in late 1437\.Bak 1994, p. 62\. The [Estates](/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm "Estates of the realm") elected his son\-in\-law, [Albert V of Austria](/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany "Albert II of Germany"), king.Engel 2001, p. 279\. Albert promised not to make any decisions without consulting the prelates and the lords. He died of [dysentery](/wiki/Dysentery "Dysentery") during an unsuccessful military operation against the Ottomans in 1439\.Kontler 1999, p. 112\.
Although Albert's widow, [Elizabeth of Luxembourg](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Luxembourg "Elizabeth of Luxembourg"), gave birth to a posthumous son, [Ladislaus V](/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous "Ladislaus the Posthumous"),Engel 2001, pp. 279\-280\. most noblemen preferred a monarch capable to fight.Bak 1994, p. 63\. They offered the crown to [Władysław III of Poland](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland "Władysław III of Poland"). Both Ladislaus and Władysław were crowned which caused a civil war.Engel 2001, pp. 282\-283\. John Hunyadi, a talented military leader who supported Władysław, rose to prominence during these fights.
Władysław appointed Hunyadi (together with his close friend, [Nicholas Újlaki](/wiki/Nicholas_%C3%9Ajlaki "Nicholas Újlaki")) to command the southern defenses in 1441\. Hunyadi made several raids against the Ottomans.Engel 2001, pp. 284\-285\. During his "[long campaign](/wiki/Long_campaign "Long campaign")" of 1443\-1444, the Hungarian forces penetrated as far as [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia "Sofia") within the Ottoman Empire.Kontler 1999, p. 114\. The Holy See organized a [new crusade](/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna "Crusade of Varna"), but the Ottomans annihilated the Christian forces at the [Battle of Varna](/wiki/Battle_of_Varna "Battle of Varna") in 1444, during which Władysław was killed.Engel 2001, pp. 286\-287\.
[alt\=John Hunyadi\|left\|thumb\|324x324px\|[John Hunyadi](/wiki/John_Hunyadi "John Hunyadi"), [Regent\-Governor](/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary "Regent of Hungary") of the Kingdom of Hungary](/wiki/File:Hunyady_J%C3%A1nos.jpg "Hunyady János.jpg")
[190px\|thumb\|left\|alt\=Matthias Corvinus\|King [Matthias the Just](/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus "Matthias Corvinus") at around 50 years old (contemporary sculpture from [Buda Castle](/wiki/Buda_Castle "Buda Castle"))](/wiki/File:Matthias_contemporary_Sculpture.jpg "Matthias contemporary Sculpture.jpg")
Following Władysław's death, the Diet of 1445 acknowledged the infant Ladislaus V as rightful monarch.Kontler 1999, p. 116\. He lived in the court of his relative, [Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor").Engel 2001, p. 288\. Therefore, the Estates appointed seven "captains", one of them being Hunyadi, to govern the kingdom.Bak 1994, p. 67\. The Diet of 1446 elected Hunyadi sole [regent](/wiki/Regent "Regent"), but it was also stipulated that he should convoke the Diet annually. At the Diets, all official documents were issued and even speeches could be made in Latin. However, the German\-speaking delegates from [Pressburg](/wiki/Pressburg "Pressburg") (present\-day Bratislava, Slovakia) reported already in 1446 that they could not understand the debates because the noblemen spoke in Hungarian.
Large territories remained independent of the central government in Hunyadi's regency.Engel 2001, p. 289\. For instance, Frederick III held several towns along the western borders, and a Czech mercenary, [John Jiskra of Brandýs](/wiki/John_Jiskra_of_Brand%C3%BDs "John Jiskra of Brandýs"), administered many fortresses in the northern regions.Spiesz *et al* 2006, p. 54\. Even so, Hunyadi was planning to fight against the Ottomans in their own territories.Engel 2001, p. 291\. However, his new campaign ended with the [Christian forces' defeat at Kosovo in 1448](/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_%281448%29 "Battle of Kosovo (1448)").
Ladislaus V's [Austrian](/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria "Duchy of Austria") and [Bohemian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia "Kingdom of Bohemia") subjects forced Emperor Frederick III to hand their young monarch over to his new guardian, [Ulrich II, Count of Celje](/wiki/Ulrich_II%2C_Count_of_Celje "Ulrich II, Count of Celje") in 1452\.Engel 2001, p. 292\. Hunyadi also resigned from the regency, but he continued to administer a significant part of royal revenues and many royal fortresses.Kontler 1999, p. 117\. According to a contemporary proposal for the reform of royal revenues, more than 50 percent thereof (around 120,000 florins) derived from the royal monopoly on salt and a [direct tax](/wiki/Direct_tax "Direct tax") payable by the peasantry.Bak 1994, p. 68\.
The [Fall of Constantinople](/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople "Fall of Constantinople") in 1453 demonstrated the beginning of a new phase of Ottoman expansion under Sultan [Mehmed II](/wiki/Mehmed_II "Mehmed II").Engel 2001, p. 295\. In two years, he occupied Serbia and decided to take Belgrade ({{lang\-hu\|Nándorfehérvár}}), the key fort at Hungary's southern frontier.Fine 1991, pp. 568\-569\.Sedlar 1994, p. 251\. The defence was organized by John Hunyadi, who was assisted by the [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscans "Franciscans") preacher, [John of Capistrano](/wiki/John_of_Capistrano "John of Capistrano").Engel 2001, p. 296\. They mobilized 25\-30,000 commoners, cut the Ottomans' supply lines and forced them to withdraw on July 22, 1456\.Bak 1994, p. 69\. Hunyadi died in an epidemic in two weeks.
Ulrich of Celje ordered Hunyadi's elder son, [Ladislaus](/wiki/Ladislaus_Hunyadi "Ladislaus Hunyadi"), to hand over all royal castles held by his father.Kontler 1999, p. 118\. Ladislaus Hunyadi pretended to accept the command, but his retinue murdered Ulrich in Belgrade.Bak 1994, p. 70\. He was arrested in March 1457, along with his younger brother Matthias, and subsequently executed. However, the execution stirred up the lesser nobility to revolt. Ladislaus V fled to [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague"), where he died before the end of the year.
A Diet was convoked and the assembled noblemen elected Matthias Hunyadi king in 1458\.Engel 2001, p. 298\. The young monarch in short time removed the powerful Ladislaus Garay from the office of [palatine](/wiki/Palatine_of_Hungary "Palatine of Hungary") and his uncle, [Michael Szilágyi](/wiki/Michael_Szil%C3%A1gyi "Michael Szilágyi"), of the regency.Engel 2001, p. 299\. Led by Garay, his opponents offered the crown to Frederick III, but Matthias defeated them and concluded a peace treaty with the emperor in 1464\. In the meantime, the zone of buffer states along the kingdom's southern frontiers collapsed with the occupation of Serbia and [Bosnia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia "Kingdom of Bosnia") by the Ottomans.Engel 2001, pp. 300\-301\. As an immediate consequence, a great number of Serbian refugees settled in the kingdom.Fine 1994, p. 576\.
King Matthias introduced far\-reaching fiscal and military reforms.Kontler 1999, p. 121\. First of all, peasants were in each year obliged to pay a [lump\-sum](/wiki/Lump-sum_tax "Lump-sum tax") "extraordinary tax",Engel 2001, pp. 310\-311\. often without the consent of the Diet.Kontler 1999, p. 120\. Traditional taxes were renamed in order to abolish earlier exemptions (for instance, the "thirtieth" was collected under the name "duty of the Crown" from 1467\).Bak 1994, p. 71\. Contemporary estimations suggest that his total yearly income was about 650,000 golden florins.Engel 2001, p. 311\. More than 60 percent of his revenues (about 400,000 florins) derived from the "extraordinary tax", but salt monopoly and coinage still yielded significant income (60\-80,000 florins).
[thumb\|right\|250px\|Campaigns of the "[Black Army of Hungary](/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary "Black Army of Hungary")"](/wiki/File:The_wars_of_Matthias_Corvinus_of_Hungary_%281458-1490%29.png "The wars of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458-1490).png")
Increased royal revenues enabled Matthias to set up and maintain a standing army.Sedlar 1994, pp. 225\., 238 Consisting of mainly Czech, German and Hungarian mercenaries, his "[Black Army](/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary "Black Army of Hungary")" was one of the first professional military forces in Europe.Engel 2001, p. 309\. Matthias strengthened the network of fortresses along the southern frontier,Engel 2001, pp. 308\-309\. but he did not pursue his father's offensive anti\-Ottoman policy.Kontler 1999, p. 125\. Instead, he [launched attacks on Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemian_War_%281468%E2%80%931478%29 "Bohemian War (1468–1478)"), Poland, and [Austria](/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria "Archduchy of Austria"), arguing that he was trying to forge an alliance strong enough to expel the Ottomans from Europe.Kontler 1999, pp. 123\-125\.
Although his war against the "heretic" king of Bohemia, [George of Poděbrady](/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady "George of Poděbrady"), was supported by the Holy See,Engel 2001, pp. 303\-304\. this reorientation of the kingdom's foreign policy was unpopular.Bak 1994, p. 72\. Led by [John Vitéz](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Vit%C3%A9z_%28bishop%29 "János Vitéz (bishop)"), archbishop of Esztergom, many of Matthias's former supporters rebelled against him in 1471\. They offered the throne to [Casimir](/wiki/Saint_Casimir "Saint Casimir"), son of [Casimir IV of Poland](/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon "Casimir IV Jagiellon"), but Matthias overcame them without difficulties. His war against Bohemia ended with the [Peace of Olomouc](/wiki/Peace_of_Olomouc "Peace of Olomouc") of 1478 which confirmed his hold of [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia "Moravia"), [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia "Silesia") and [Lusatia](/wiki/Lusatia "Lusatia").Bak 1994, pp. 72\-73\. In the next decade, Matthias [waged a war](/wiki/Austrian-Hungarian_War_%281477%E2%80%931488%29 "Austrian-Hungarian War (1477–1488)") against Emperor Frederick III which enabled him to occupy [Styria](/wiki/Styria "Styria") and [Lower Austria](/wiki/Lower_Austria "Lower Austria") (including Vienna).Bak 1994, p. 73\.
Matthias rarely convoked a Diet and governed by [royal decrees](/wiki/Royal_decree "Royal decree") after 1471\.Sedlar 1994, p. 290\. He preferred to employ lesser nobles and even commoners instead of aristocrats in state administration. His *Decretum Maius* of 1486 strengthened the authority of county magistrates by abolishing the palatine's right to convoke judicial assemblies in the counties and by annulling earlier immunities.Engel 2001, p. 316\.Bak 1994, p. 74\. King "Matthias the Just" travelling in disguise throughout his realm in order to suppress corruption became a hero of popular folk tales for some years after his death.
Matthias's court was "unquestionably among the most brilliant in Europe" (Miklós Molnár).Molnár 2001, p. 79\. His library, the *[Bibliotheca Corviniana](/wiki/Bibliotheca_Corviniana "Bibliotheca Corviniana")* with its 2,000 manuscripts, was the second greatest in size among contemporary book\-collections.Engel 2001, p. 319\. Matthias was the first monarch north of the Alps to introduce Italian Renaissance style in his realms. Inspired by his second wife, [Beatrice of Naples](/wiki/Beatrice_of_Naples "Beatrice of Naples"), he had the royal palaces at Buda and [Visegrád](/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d "Visegrád") rebuilt under the auspices of Italian architects and artists after 1479\.
|
[
"Age of the two Hunyadis (1437–1490\\)\n------------------------------------",
"{{Further\\|John Hunyadi\\|Matthias Corvinus\\|Ottoman–Hungarian Wars\\|Black Army of Hungary}}\n[190px\\|thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=Hunyadi Castle\\|[Hunyadi Castle](/wiki/Hunyad_Castle \"Hunyad Castle\") at [Vajdahunyad](/wiki/Hunedoara \"Hunedoara\") (present\\-day Hunedoara, [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\"))](/wiki/File:Hunedoara_castle.jpg \"Hunedoara castle.jpg\")\nSigismund, who had no sons, died in late 1437\\.Bak 1994, p. 62\\. The [Estates](/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm \"Estates of the realm\") elected his son\\-in\\-law, [Albert V of Austria](/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany \"Albert II of Germany\"), king.Engel 2001, p. 279\\. Albert promised not to make any decisions without consulting the prelates and the lords. He died of [dysentery](/wiki/Dysentery \"Dysentery\") during an unsuccessful military operation against the Ottomans in 1439\\.Kontler 1999, p. 112\\.",
"Although Albert's widow, [Elizabeth of Luxembourg](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Luxembourg \"Elizabeth of Luxembourg\"), gave birth to a posthumous son, [Ladislaus V](/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous \"Ladislaus the Posthumous\"),Engel 2001, pp. 279\\-280\\. most noblemen preferred a monarch capable to fight.Bak 1994, p. 63\\. They offered the crown to [Władysław III of Poland](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland \"Władysław III of Poland\"). Both Ladislaus and Władysław were crowned which caused a civil war.Engel 2001, pp. 282\\-283\\. John Hunyadi, a talented military leader who supported Władysław, rose to prominence during these fights.",
"Władysław appointed Hunyadi (together with his close friend, [Nicholas Újlaki](/wiki/Nicholas_%C3%9Ajlaki \"Nicholas Újlaki\")) to command the southern defenses in 1441\\. Hunyadi made several raids against the Ottomans.Engel 2001, pp. 284\\-285\\. During his \"[long campaign](/wiki/Long_campaign \"Long campaign\")\" of 1443\\-1444, the Hungarian forces penetrated as far as [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia \"Sofia\") within the Ottoman Empire.Kontler 1999, p. 114\\. The Holy See organized a [new crusade](/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna \"Crusade of Varna\"), but the Ottomans annihilated the Christian forces at the [Battle of Varna](/wiki/Battle_of_Varna \"Battle of Varna\") in 1444, during which Władysław was killed.Engel 2001, pp. 286\\-287\\.\n[alt\\=John Hunyadi\\|left\\|thumb\\|324x324px\\|[John Hunyadi](/wiki/John_Hunyadi \"John Hunyadi\"), [Regent\\-Governor](/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary \"Regent of Hungary\") of the Kingdom of Hungary](/wiki/File:Hunyady_J%C3%A1nos.jpg \"Hunyady János.jpg\")\n[190px\\|thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=Matthias Corvinus\\|King [Matthias the Just](/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus \"Matthias Corvinus\") at around 50 years old (contemporary sculpture from [Buda Castle](/wiki/Buda_Castle \"Buda Castle\"))](/wiki/File:Matthias_contemporary_Sculpture.jpg \"Matthias contemporary Sculpture.jpg\")\nFollowing Władysław's death, the Diet of 1445 acknowledged the infant Ladislaus V as rightful monarch.Kontler 1999, p. 116\\. He lived in the court of his relative, [Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor\").Engel 2001, p. 288\\. Therefore, the Estates appointed seven \"captains\", one of them being Hunyadi, to govern the kingdom.Bak 1994, p. 67\\. The Diet of 1446 elected Hunyadi sole [regent](/wiki/Regent \"Regent\"), but it was also stipulated that he should convoke the Diet annually. At the Diets, all official documents were issued and even speeches could be made in Latin. However, the German\\-speaking delegates from [Pressburg](/wiki/Pressburg \"Pressburg\") (present\\-day Bratislava, Slovakia) reported already in 1446 that they could not understand the debates because the noblemen spoke in Hungarian.",
"Large territories remained independent of the central government in Hunyadi's regency.Engel 2001, p. 289\\. For instance, Frederick III held several towns along the western borders, and a Czech mercenary, [John Jiskra of Brandýs](/wiki/John_Jiskra_of_Brand%C3%BDs \"John Jiskra of Brandýs\"), administered many fortresses in the northern regions.Spiesz *et al* 2006, p. 54\\. Even so, Hunyadi was planning to fight against the Ottomans in their own territories.Engel 2001, p. 291\\. However, his new campaign ended with the [Christian forces' defeat at Kosovo in 1448](/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_%281448%29 \"Battle of Kosovo (1448)\").",
"Ladislaus V's [Austrian](/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria \"Duchy of Austria\") and [Bohemian](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia \"Kingdom of Bohemia\") subjects forced Emperor Frederick III to hand their young monarch over to his new guardian, [Ulrich II, Count of Celje](/wiki/Ulrich_II%2C_Count_of_Celje \"Ulrich II, Count of Celje\") in 1452\\.Engel 2001, p. 292\\. Hunyadi also resigned from the regency, but he continued to administer a significant part of royal revenues and many royal fortresses.Kontler 1999, p. 117\\. According to a contemporary proposal for the reform of royal revenues, more than 50 percent thereof (around 120,000 florins) derived from the royal monopoly on salt and a [direct tax](/wiki/Direct_tax \"Direct tax\") payable by the peasantry.Bak 1994, p. 68\\.",
"The [Fall of Constantinople](/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople \"Fall of Constantinople\") in 1453 demonstrated the beginning of a new phase of Ottoman expansion under Sultan [Mehmed II](/wiki/Mehmed_II \"Mehmed II\").Engel 2001, p. 295\\. In two years, he occupied Serbia and decided to take Belgrade ({{lang\\-hu\\|Nándorfehérvár}}), the key fort at Hungary's southern frontier.Fine 1991, pp. 568\\-569\\.Sedlar 1994, p. 251\\. The defence was organized by John Hunyadi, who was assisted by the [Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscans \"Franciscans\") preacher, [John of Capistrano](/wiki/John_of_Capistrano \"John of Capistrano\").Engel 2001, p. 296\\. They mobilized 25\\-30,000 commoners, cut the Ottomans' supply lines and forced them to withdraw on July 22, 1456\\.Bak 1994, p. 69\\. Hunyadi died in an epidemic in two weeks.",
"Ulrich of Celje ordered Hunyadi's elder son, [Ladislaus](/wiki/Ladislaus_Hunyadi \"Ladislaus Hunyadi\"), to hand over all royal castles held by his father.Kontler 1999, p. 118\\. Ladislaus Hunyadi pretended to accept the command, but his retinue murdered Ulrich in Belgrade.Bak 1994, p. 70\\. He was arrested in March 1457, along with his younger brother Matthias, and subsequently executed. However, the execution stirred up the lesser nobility to revolt. Ladislaus V fled to [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\"), where he died before the end of the year.",
"A Diet was convoked and the assembled noblemen elected Matthias Hunyadi king in 1458\\.Engel 2001, p. 298\\. The young monarch in short time removed the powerful Ladislaus Garay from the office of [palatine](/wiki/Palatine_of_Hungary \"Palatine of Hungary\") and his uncle, [Michael Szilágyi](/wiki/Michael_Szil%C3%A1gyi \"Michael Szilágyi\"), of the regency.Engel 2001, p. 299\\. Led by Garay, his opponents offered the crown to Frederick III, but Matthias defeated them and concluded a peace treaty with the emperor in 1464\\. In the meantime, the zone of buffer states along the kingdom's southern frontiers collapsed with the occupation of Serbia and [Bosnia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia \"Kingdom of Bosnia\") by the Ottomans.Engel 2001, pp. 300\\-301\\. As an immediate consequence, a great number of Serbian refugees settled in the kingdom.Fine 1994, p. 576\\.",
"King Matthias introduced far\\-reaching fiscal and military reforms.Kontler 1999, p. 121\\. First of all, peasants were in each year obliged to pay a [lump\\-sum](/wiki/Lump-sum_tax \"Lump-sum tax\") \"extraordinary tax\",Engel 2001, pp. 310\\-311\\. often without the consent of the Diet.Kontler 1999, p. 120\\. Traditional taxes were renamed in order to abolish earlier exemptions (for instance, the \"thirtieth\" was collected under the name \"duty of the Crown\" from 1467\\).Bak 1994, p. 71\\. Contemporary estimations suggest that his total yearly income was about 650,000 golden florins.Engel 2001, p. 311\\. More than 60 percent of his revenues (about 400,000 florins) derived from the \"extraordinary tax\", but salt monopoly and coinage still yielded significant income (60\\-80,000 florins).\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Campaigns of the \"[Black Army of Hungary](/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary \"Black Army of Hungary\")\"](/wiki/File:The_wars_of_Matthias_Corvinus_of_Hungary_%281458-1490%29.png \"The wars of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458-1490).png\")\nIncreased royal revenues enabled Matthias to set up and maintain a standing army.Sedlar 1994, pp. 225\\., 238 Consisting of mainly Czech, German and Hungarian mercenaries, his \"[Black Army](/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary \"Black Army of Hungary\")\" was one of the first professional military forces in Europe.Engel 2001, p. 309\\. Matthias strengthened the network of fortresses along the southern frontier,Engel 2001, pp. 308\\-309\\. but he did not pursue his father's offensive anti\\-Ottoman policy.Kontler 1999, p. 125\\. Instead, he [launched attacks on Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemian_War_%281468%E2%80%931478%29 \"Bohemian War (1468–1478)\"), Poland, and [Austria](/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria \"Archduchy of Austria\"), arguing that he was trying to forge an alliance strong enough to expel the Ottomans from Europe.Kontler 1999, pp. 123\\-125\\.",
"Although his war against the \"heretic\" king of Bohemia, [George of Poděbrady](/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady \"George of Poděbrady\"), was supported by the Holy See,Engel 2001, pp. 303\\-304\\. this reorientation of the kingdom's foreign policy was unpopular.Bak 1994, p. 72\\. Led by [John Vitéz](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Vit%C3%A9z_%28bishop%29 \"János Vitéz (bishop)\"), archbishop of Esztergom, many of Matthias's former supporters rebelled against him in 1471\\. They offered the throne to [Casimir](/wiki/Saint_Casimir \"Saint Casimir\"), son of [Casimir IV of Poland](/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon \"Casimir IV Jagiellon\"), but Matthias overcame them without difficulties. His war against Bohemia ended with the [Peace of Olomouc](/wiki/Peace_of_Olomouc \"Peace of Olomouc\") of 1478 which confirmed his hold of [Moravia](/wiki/Moravia \"Moravia\"), [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia \"Silesia\") and [Lusatia](/wiki/Lusatia \"Lusatia\").Bak 1994, pp. 72\\-73\\. In the next decade, Matthias [waged a war](/wiki/Austrian-Hungarian_War_%281477%E2%80%931488%29 \"Austrian-Hungarian War (1477–1488)\") against Emperor Frederick III which enabled him to occupy [Styria](/wiki/Styria \"Styria\") and [Lower Austria](/wiki/Lower_Austria \"Lower Austria\") (including Vienna).Bak 1994, p. 73\\.",
"Matthias rarely convoked a Diet and governed by [royal decrees](/wiki/Royal_decree \"Royal decree\") after 1471\\.Sedlar 1994, p. 290\\. He preferred to employ lesser nobles and even commoners instead of aristocrats in state administration. His *Decretum Maius* of 1486 strengthened the authority of county magistrates by abolishing the palatine's right to convoke judicial assemblies in the counties and by annulling earlier immunities.Engel 2001, p. 316\\.Bak 1994, p. 74\\. King \"Matthias the Just\" travelling in disguise throughout his realm in order to suppress corruption became a hero of popular folk tales for some years after his death.",
"Matthias's court was \"unquestionably among the most brilliant in Europe\" (Miklós Molnár).Molnár 2001, p. 79\\. His library, the *[Bibliotheca Corviniana](/wiki/Bibliotheca_Corviniana \"Bibliotheca Corviniana\")* with its 2,000 manuscripts, was the second greatest in size among contemporary book\\-collections.Engel 2001, p. 319\\. Matthias was the first monarch north of the Alps to introduce Italian Renaissance style in his realms. Inspired by his second wife, [Beatrice of Naples](/wiki/Beatrice_of_Naples \"Beatrice of Naples\"), he had the royal palaces at Buda and [Visegrád](/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d \"Visegrád\") rebuilt under the auspices of Italian architects and artists after 1479\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
A native of [Kumamoto prefecture](/wiki/Kumamoto_prefecture "Kumamoto prefecture"), Furushō attended military preparatory schools as a youth, and graduated from the 14th class of the [Imperial Japanese Army Academy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Academy "Imperial Japanese Army Academy") in 1902\. The following year, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the [Imperial Guards](/wiki/Imperial_Guard_of_Japan "Imperial Guard of Japan"). He was in combat during the [Russo\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War "Russo-Japanese War") in 1904\-1905 with the [4th Guards Infantry Regiment](/wiki/Imperial_Guard_%28Japan%29 "Imperial Guard (Japan)").
After the war, Furushō returned to [Army Staff College](/wiki/Army_War_College_%28Japan%29 "Army War College (Japan)") and graduated from the 21st class in 1909\. After graduation, he was assigned a number of administrative positions within the [Imperial Japanese Army General Staff](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff "Imperial Japanese Army General Staff"), and did a tour of duty as a [military attaché](/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9 "Military attaché") to [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), and another tour as [aide\-de\-camp](/wiki/Aide-de-camp "Aide-de-camp") to Field Marshal [Yamagata Aritomo](/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo "Yamagata Aritomo").
After serving as an instructor at the Army War College from 1921–1923, Furushō became Chief of the 1st Section (Organization \& Mobilization), 1st Bureau, [Imperial Japanese Army General Staff](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff "Imperial Japanese Army General Staff") from 1923\-1925\. He was then given command of the 2nd Imperial Guards Regiment, continuing his long association with the Imperial Guard, from 1925\-1927\.Ammenthorp, *The Generals of World War II*
After serving with the [Ministry of War](/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan "Ministry of War of Japan") from 1927–1928, Furushō was promoted to [major general](/wiki/Major_general "Major general") and given command of the IJA 2nd Infantry Brigade. He returned to various administrative positions within the General Staff from 1929\-1934\.
Promoted to [lieutenant general](/wiki/Lieutenant_general "Lieutenant general") in 1933, Furushō took command of the [IJA 11th Division](/wiki/IJA_11th_Division "IJA 11th Division") in 1934\. He subsequently served as Vice Minister of War from 1935\-1936\.
In 1936, Furushō became Head of [Army Aeronautical Department](/wiki/Army_Aeronautical_Department "Army Aeronautical Department"), but in 1937 was appointed Commander in Chief of the Taiwan Army District.
With the start of the [Second Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War") in 1937, Furushō went to [China](/wiki/China "China") as commander of the [Japanese Fifth Army](/wiki/Japanese_Fifth_Army "Japanese Fifth Army"). In 1938, he became commander of the [Japanese Twenty\-First Army](/wiki/Japanese_Twenty-First_Army "Japanese Twenty-First Army"). He returned to Japan in 1938, was promoted to full [general](/wiki/General "General") and served as a member of the [Supreme War Council](/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_%28Japan%29 "Supreme War Council (Japan)") until his death in 1940\. His grave is at [Tama Cemetery](/wiki/Tama_Cemetery "Tama Cemetery"), in [Fuchū, Tokyo](/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB%2C_Tokyo "Fuchū, Tokyo").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"A native of [Kumamoto prefecture](/wiki/Kumamoto_prefecture \"Kumamoto prefecture\"), Furushō attended military preparatory schools as a youth, and graduated from the 14th class of the [Imperial Japanese Army Academy](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Academy \"Imperial Japanese Army Academy\") in 1902\\. The following year, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the [Imperial Guards](/wiki/Imperial_Guard_of_Japan \"Imperial Guard of Japan\"). He was in combat during the [Russo\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War \"Russo-Japanese War\") in 1904\\-1905 with the [4th Guards Infantry Regiment](/wiki/Imperial_Guard_%28Japan%29 \"Imperial Guard (Japan)\").",
"After the war, Furushō returned to [Army Staff College](/wiki/Army_War_College_%28Japan%29 \"Army War College (Japan)\") and graduated from the 21st class in 1909\\. After graduation, he was assigned a number of administrative positions within the [Imperial Japanese Army General Staff](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff \"Imperial Japanese Army General Staff\"), and did a tour of duty as a [military attaché](/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9 \"Military attaché\") to [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), and another tour as [aide\\-de\\-camp](/wiki/Aide-de-camp \"Aide-de-camp\") to Field Marshal [Yamagata Aritomo](/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo \"Yamagata Aritomo\").",
"After serving as an instructor at the Army War College from 1921–1923, Furushō became Chief of the 1st Section (Organization \\& Mobilization), 1st Bureau, [Imperial Japanese Army General Staff](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff \"Imperial Japanese Army General Staff\") from 1923\\-1925\\. He was then given command of the 2nd Imperial Guards Regiment, continuing his long association with the Imperial Guard, from 1925\\-1927\\.Ammenthorp, *The Generals of World War II*",
"After serving with the [Ministry of War](/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan \"Ministry of War of Japan\") from 1927–1928, Furushō was promoted to [major general](/wiki/Major_general \"Major general\") and given command of the IJA 2nd Infantry Brigade. He returned to various administrative positions within the General Staff from 1929\\-1934\\.",
"Promoted to [lieutenant general](/wiki/Lieutenant_general \"Lieutenant general\") in 1933, Furushō took command of the [IJA 11th Division](/wiki/IJA_11th_Division \"IJA 11th Division\") in 1934\\. He subsequently served as Vice Minister of War from 1935\\-1936\\.",
"In 1936, Furushō became Head of [Army Aeronautical Department](/wiki/Army_Aeronautical_Department \"Army Aeronautical Department\"), but in 1937 was appointed Commander in Chief of the Taiwan Army District.",
"With the start of the [Second Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\") in 1937, Furushō went to [China](/wiki/China \"China\") as commander of the [Japanese Fifth Army](/wiki/Japanese_Fifth_Army \"Japanese Fifth Army\"). In 1938, he became commander of the [Japanese Twenty\\-First Army](/wiki/Japanese_Twenty-First_Army \"Japanese Twenty-First Army\"). He returned to Japan in 1938, was promoted to full [general](/wiki/General \"General\") and served as a member of the [Supreme War Council](/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_%28Japan%29 \"Supreme War Council (Japan)\") until his death in 1940\\. His grave is at [Tama Cemetery](/wiki/Tama_Cemetery \"Tama Cemetery\"), in [Fuchū, Tokyo](/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB%2C_Tokyo \"Fuchū, Tokyo\").",
""
] |
Gameplay
--------
Two couples competed each day, one of which was usually a returning champion. The two couples tried to win money by solving [hangman](/wiki/Hangman_%28game%29 "Hangman (game)")\-style word puzzles, but only one member of each couple played at any given time.
In order to fill\-in the blank spaces in the puzzle, a series of toss\-up clues were played. The clues were usually one word in length, but certain clues called for two or even three words to be used. The contestants were told how many letters were in the clue and the letters were put into the clue one at a time until one of the contestants buzzed in. If that contestant gave a correct answer, the couple scored $25\. If not, the clue would be filled in up to the last letter and the opposing contestant got the chance to guess.
Once a contestant guessed correctly, he/she stepped up to an oversized keyboard to place letters in the puzzle, which was displayed on a giant computer screen. All of the letters appearing in the puzzle, as well as a star that would represent numbers or punctuation marks, were lit on the keyboard. There was always an additional key lit that represented what did not appear in the puzzle; the decoy key was referred to as "The Stinger". Correctly guessing the clues earned the contestants the choice of two keys on the keyboard, and each time what was chosen appeared in the puzzle $25 was added to a bank that went to the couple who solved the puzzle. Finding the Stinger ended a contestant's turn immediately; the contestant had to avoid it on both key choices in order to be able to guess the puzzle. A new clue was played whenever a contestant either failed to guess the puzzle or found the Stinger.
In the second round, the couples switched positions and the values for each word and correctly placed letter doubled to $50\. For the third round, as well as any subsequent rounds, the values rose to $100 and each couple had to choose which one of them would play. The game continued as long as time permitted. If time ran short during a puzzle, each of the remaining letters was put into the puzzle one at a time and the bank continued to accumulate until one of the couples answered correctly.
The couple in the lead at the end of the game won their bank and played the bonus round. If there was a tie after the final puzzle, a final toss\-up clue was played with sudden death rules; a correct answer won the game, but an incorrect answer resulted in an automatic loss.
Losing couples received consolation prizes, including a copy of the show's home game.
### Bonus round
[thumb\|200px\|A couple playing the bonus round during the second season.](/wiki/Image:Chance_of_a_Lifetime_Bonus.jpg "Chance of a Lifetime Bonus.jpg")
In the bonus round, the couple had to solve six words or phrases within 60 seconds. Before the round, they were presented with three categories to choose from. Once they made the selection, the show's on\-stage security guard led them into an isolation booth which was wired so they could only hear Lange and could only see the game board screen.
The round began on Lange's command and one letter at a time was placed in the word or phrase. Letters were revealed at a rate of approximately one per 1\.5 seconds, continuing until every blank except one had been filled in. The couple could not pass and had to keep guessing at each word until they either solved it or ran out of time.
If the couple successfully completed the bonus round in their first attempt, they were offered $5,000 and a choice to retire as undefeated champions or to return the next day and face another couple on the following show. If the couple chose to return and then completed the bonus round a second time, the offer increased to $10,000\.
If the couple advanced to the bonus round for a third day, they played for the top prize of $1,000,000\. In the first season, the grand prize was an annuity, with the couple receiving $40,000 a year for 25 years. For the second season, the couple received over $900,000 as an annuity and an additional $100,000 in prizes, including a pair of automobiles and 20 round\-trip tickets on [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines") valid for any destination in the continental United States.
If at any time the couple failed to win the bonus round, they were retired as champions and left with whatever they had won in the main game to that point.
During its two\-season run, a total of nine couples won the grand prize.David Schwartz, Steve Ryan \& Fred Wostbrock, *The Encyclopedia of TV Game $hows*, Checkmark Books, 1999, pp. 161
|
[
"Gameplay\n--------",
"Two couples competed each day, one of which was usually a returning champion. The two couples tried to win money by solving [hangman](/wiki/Hangman_%28game%29 \"Hangman (game)\")\\-style word puzzles, but only one member of each couple played at any given time.",
"In order to fill\\-in the blank spaces in the puzzle, a series of toss\\-up clues were played. The clues were usually one word in length, but certain clues called for two or even three words to be used. The contestants were told how many letters were in the clue and the letters were put into the clue one at a time until one of the contestants buzzed in. If that contestant gave a correct answer, the couple scored $25\\. If not, the clue would be filled in up to the last letter and the opposing contestant got the chance to guess.",
"Once a contestant guessed correctly, he/she stepped up to an oversized keyboard to place letters in the puzzle, which was displayed on a giant computer screen. All of the letters appearing in the puzzle, as well as a star that would represent numbers or punctuation marks, were lit on the keyboard. There was always an additional key lit that represented what did not appear in the puzzle; the decoy key was referred to as \"The Stinger\". Correctly guessing the clues earned the contestants the choice of two keys on the keyboard, and each time what was chosen appeared in the puzzle $25 was added to a bank that went to the couple who solved the puzzle. Finding the Stinger ended a contestant's turn immediately; the contestant had to avoid it on both key choices in order to be able to guess the puzzle. A new clue was played whenever a contestant either failed to guess the puzzle or found the Stinger.",
"In the second round, the couples switched positions and the values for each word and correctly placed letter doubled to $50\\. For the third round, as well as any subsequent rounds, the values rose to $100 and each couple had to choose which one of them would play. The game continued as long as time permitted. If time ran short during a puzzle, each of the remaining letters was put into the puzzle one at a time and the bank continued to accumulate until one of the couples answered correctly.",
"The couple in the lead at the end of the game won their bank and played the bonus round. If there was a tie after the final puzzle, a final toss\\-up clue was played with sudden death rules; a correct answer won the game, but an incorrect answer resulted in an automatic loss.",
"Losing couples received consolation prizes, including a copy of the show's home game.",
"### Bonus round",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|A couple playing the bonus round during the second season.](/wiki/Image:Chance_of_a_Lifetime_Bonus.jpg \"Chance of a Lifetime Bonus.jpg\")\nIn the bonus round, the couple had to solve six words or phrases within 60 seconds. Before the round, they were presented with three categories to choose from. Once they made the selection, the show's on\\-stage security guard led them into an isolation booth which was wired so they could only hear Lange and could only see the game board screen.",
"The round began on Lange's command and one letter at a time was placed in the word or phrase. Letters were revealed at a rate of approximately one per 1\\.5 seconds, continuing until every blank except one had been filled in. The couple could not pass and had to keep guessing at each word until they either solved it or ran out of time.",
"If the couple successfully completed the bonus round in their first attempt, they were offered $5,000 and a choice to retire as undefeated champions or to return the next day and face another couple on the following show. If the couple chose to return and then completed the bonus round a second time, the offer increased to $10,000\\.",
"If the couple advanced to the bonus round for a third day, they played for the top prize of $1,000,000\\. In the first season, the grand prize was an annuity, with the couple receiving $40,000 a year for 25 years. For the second season, the couple received over $900,000 as an annuity and an additional $100,000 in prizes, including a pair of automobiles and 20 round\\-trip tickets on [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines \"Delta Air Lines\") valid for any destination in the continental United States.",
"If at any time the couple failed to win the bonus round, they were retired as champions and left with whatever they had won in the main game to that point.",
"During its two\\-season run, a total of nine couples won the grand prize.David Schwartz, Steve Ryan \\& Fred Wostbrock, *The Encyclopedia of TV Game $hows*, Checkmark Books, 1999, pp. 161",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Bárbara Bonola was listed as fifth in the U23 ranking of the *Mexican Triathlon Federation* of the year 2009\. In 2010, she was thirteenth in the U23 ranking.See [http://www.triatlon.com.mx/fmt\-rnkListaRankings.asp](http://www.triatlon.com.mx/fmt-rnkListaRankings.asp) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225163613/http://www.triatlon.com.mx/fmt\-rnkListaRankings.asp \|date\=2010\-12\-25 }}. Retrieved 10 January 2011\.
In Mexico she is coached by Eugenio Chimal Domínguez of the club *Veratrix* and represents the elite club of her native town *Triatlón Sports Xalapa,* founded by her father, the Mexican triathlete and trainer Vladimir Bonola Pérez, at the beginning of the year 2009\.See *Diario Xalapa,* 9 January 2009, [http://www.oem.com.mx/diariodexalapa/notas/n999461\.htm](http://www.oem.com.mx/diariodexalapa/notas/n999461.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924055210/http://www.oem.com.mx/diariodexalapa/notas/n999461\.htm \|date\=2015\-09\-24 }}. Retrieved 10 January 2010\.
In the *Olimpiada Nacional* she was always among the best ten Mexican triathletes, in 2009 she was number 9 in the category 20–23 years,See [http://www.deporte.gob.mx/eventos/on2009/resultados/base\_resultadosxprueba.asp?Evento\=52\&pru\_id\=12983](http://www.deporte.gob.mx/eventos/on2009/resultados/base_resultadosxprueba.asp?Evento=52&pru_id=12983). Retrieved 10 January 2010\. in 2010 she placed 8th.See [http://www.asdeporte.com/resultadoseventos/detalle.asp?evento\=2947\&id\=10428543\&criterio\=ID\_INSCRIPCION\&sw1\=3](http://www.asdeporte.com/resultadoseventos/detalle.asp?evento=2947&id=10428543&criterio=ID_INSCRIPCION&sw1=3). Retrieved 10 January 2011\.
Since 2007 she has taken part in several ITU triathlons.
She was also a member of the official Mexican delegation at the World Championships in Southport / Gold Coast (2009\), in Vancouver (2008\) and in Hamburg (2007\), placing 10th, 10th and 13th respectively in the age group 20\-24 (i.e. not in the elite or U23 category).
At the Gold Coast Grand Final in 2009 there were non Mexican participants in the U23 race and in the age group race (20\-24\) Bonola was the second best Mexican athlete (Michelle Flipo: 7th, Bonola: 10th, Monica Vargas: 15th, Lucero Vargas: 33rd, Eddaly Sanchez Aquino: 51st).See [http://www.triathlon.org/results/results/2009\_dextro\_energy\_triathlon\_\-\_itu\_world\_championship\_grand\_final\_gold\_coas/3759](http://www.triathlon.org/results/results/2009_dextro_energy_triathlon_-_itu_world_championship_grand_final_gold_coas/3759). Retrieved 10 January 2010\.
Bárbara Bonola did the *Licenciatura* in business administration at the *Escuela de Administración de Empresas Turísticas* of the [University of Xalapa](https://web.archive.org/web/20100117050843/http://uax.edu.mx/ev4/principal.html).
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Bárbara Bonola was listed as fifth in the U23 ranking of the *Mexican Triathlon Federation* of the year 2009\\. In 2010, she was thirteenth in the U23 ranking.See [http://www.triatlon.com.mx/fmt\\-rnkListaRankings.asp](http://www.triatlon.com.mx/fmt-rnkListaRankings.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225163613/http://www.triatlon.com.mx/fmt\\-rnkListaRankings.asp \\|date\\=2010\\-12\\-25 }}. Retrieved 10 January 2011\\.",
"In Mexico she is coached by Eugenio Chimal Domínguez of the club *Veratrix* and represents the elite club of her native town *Triatlón Sports Xalapa,* founded by her father, the Mexican triathlete and trainer Vladimir Bonola Pérez, at the beginning of the year 2009\\.See *Diario Xalapa,* 9 January 2009, [http://www.oem.com.mx/diariodexalapa/notas/n999461\\.htm](http://www.oem.com.mx/diariodexalapa/notas/n999461.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924055210/http://www.oem.com.mx/diariodexalapa/notas/n999461\\.htm \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-24 }}. Retrieved 10 January 2010\\.",
"In the *Olimpiada Nacional* she was always among the best ten Mexican triathletes, in 2009 she was number 9 in the category 20–23 years,See [http://www.deporte.gob.mx/eventos/on2009/resultados/base\\_resultadosxprueba.asp?Evento\\=52\\&pru\\_id\\=12983](http://www.deporte.gob.mx/eventos/on2009/resultados/base_resultadosxprueba.asp?Evento=52&pru_id=12983). Retrieved 10 January 2010\\. in 2010 she placed 8th.See [http://www.asdeporte.com/resultadoseventos/detalle.asp?evento\\=2947\\&id\\=10428543\\&criterio\\=ID\\_INSCRIPCION\\&sw1\\=3](http://www.asdeporte.com/resultadoseventos/detalle.asp?evento=2947&id=10428543&criterio=ID_INSCRIPCION&sw1=3). Retrieved 10 January 2011\\.",
"Since 2007 she has taken part in several ITU triathlons.\nShe was also a member of the official Mexican delegation at the World Championships in Southport / Gold Coast (2009\\), in Vancouver (2008\\) and in Hamburg (2007\\), placing 10th, 10th and 13th respectively in the age group 20\\-24 (i.e. not in the elite or U23 category).\nAt the Gold Coast Grand Final in 2009 there were non Mexican participants in the U23 race and in the age group race (20\\-24\\) Bonola was the second best Mexican athlete (Michelle Flipo: 7th, Bonola: 10th, Monica Vargas: 15th, Lucero Vargas: 33rd, Eddaly Sanchez Aquino: 51st).See [http://www.triathlon.org/results/results/2009\\_dextro\\_energy\\_triathlon\\_\\-\\_itu\\_world\\_championship\\_grand\\_final\\_gold\\_coas/3759](http://www.triathlon.org/results/results/2009_dextro_energy_triathlon_-_itu_world_championship_grand_final_gold_coas/3759). Retrieved 10 January 2010\\.",
"Bárbara Bonola did the *Licenciatura* in business administration at the *Escuela de Administración de Empresas Turísticas* of the [University of Xalapa](https://web.archive.org/web/20100117050843/http://uax.edu.mx/ev4/principal.html).",
""
] |
Geography
---------
Residential areas radiate outward from the Central Business District. At the western terminus of the city on the highway to Mbabane is KaKhoza Township, a poor neighborhood with the appearance of an informal settlement. North of downtown beyond the Mavuso International Trade Fair (opened 2004\) along a bypass road (opened 1994, rebuilt 2004 for the opening of the Mavuso Trade Fair) is Helemesi Estates. Here middle\-class dwellings were erected in the early 1990s on the former farm of Sydney Williams, the long\-serving Resident Commissioner during British rule. Helemesi is the SiSwati corruption of the name Williams. The housing development is surrounded by Fairview Township, developed in 1964 during the twilight of colonial rule as Eswatini's first integrated residential neighborhood. The 19th\-century law, reaffirmed by ordinances in the 1920s, forbade Swazis from residing or owning businesses in Bremserdorp. Until the 1960s Swazi business proprietors used Europeans as fronts in order to operate "Native Eating Houses" and other establishments.
The popularity of Fairview Township prompted the expansion of the area north of a hill occupied at its summit by St. Paul's Methodist Church and School, beside a landmark water tower. The newer development was named Fairview North and the original development became Fairview South.
Upscale residential neighborhoods were erected to the east of downtown, beginning with Coates Valley in the 1960s. Extension 6 north of Coates Valley is predominantly middle\-class homes and abuts a planned community of up\-market properties, Madonsa Township. Large homes were erected at Madonsa Township from the 1990s until all lots were developed ten years later.
South of downtown is the sprawling lower and middle\-class Ngwane Park Township developed from a private farm since the 1970s. However, most areas surrounding Manzini are rural Swazi Nation Land administered by chiefs.
Manzini has pockets of extreme poverty: informal settlements along the river, east of Coates Valley, and west between KaKhoza Township and the industrial town Matsapha.
|
[
"Geography\n---------",
"Residential areas radiate outward from the Central Business District. At the western terminus of the city on the highway to Mbabane is KaKhoza Township, a poor neighborhood with the appearance of an informal settlement. North of downtown beyond the Mavuso International Trade Fair (opened 2004\\) along a bypass road (opened 1994, rebuilt 2004 for the opening of the Mavuso Trade Fair) is Helemesi Estates. Here middle\\-class dwellings were erected in the early 1990s on the former farm of Sydney Williams, the long\\-serving Resident Commissioner during British rule. Helemesi is the SiSwati corruption of the name Williams. The housing development is surrounded by Fairview Township, developed in 1964 during the twilight of colonial rule as Eswatini's first integrated residential neighborhood. The 19th\\-century law, reaffirmed by ordinances in the 1920s, forbade Swazis from residing or owning businesses in Bremserdorp. Until the 1960s Swazi business proprietors used Europeans as fronts in order to operate \"Native Eating Houses\" and other establishments.",
"The popularity of Fairview Township prompted the expansion of the area north of a hill occupied at its summit by St. Paul's Methodist Church and School, beside a landmark water tower. The newer development was named Fairview North and the original development became Fairview South.",
"Upscale residential neighborhoods were erected to the east of downtown, beginning with Coates Valley in the 1960s. Extension 6 north of Coates Valley is predominantly middle\\-class homes and abuts a planned community of up\\-market properties, Madonsa Township. Large homes were erected at Madonsa Township from the 1990s until all lots were developed ten years later.",
"South of downtown is the sprawling lower and middle\\-class Ngwane Park Township developed from a private farm since the 1970s. However, most areas surrounding Manzini are rural Swazi Nation Land administered by chiefs.",
"Manzini has pockets of extreme poverty: informal settlements along the river, east of Coates Valley, and west between KaKhoza Township and the industrial town Matsapha.",
""
] |
Early life and education
------------------------
Kirkpatrick was born near [Mulkeytown, Illinois](/wiki/Mulkeytown%2C_Illinois "Mulkeytown, Illinois"), to John Foster Kirkpatrick and Hester Ann Dial Kirkpatrick. He attended public schools schools.
### Civil War
During the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), he served as a private in Company A of the 136th Illinois Cavalry Regiment from April to October 1864\. He re\-enlisted in the 20th Illinois Cavalry but that had been filled before he reached rendezvous with the regiment. He tried again for the 63rd Regiment of Infantry in which his brothers William A. and Reuben D. were serving, but before he arrived to serve with that regiment the war had ended.
### Career
Kirkpatrick engaged in mercantile pursuits at [Du Quoin, Illinois](/wiki/Du_Quoin%2C_Illinois "Du Quoin, Illinois"), from 1865 to 1867\. He entered the law school at the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan") in 1867 before returning to Illinois. He was [admitted to the bar](/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States "Admission to the bar in the United States") by the supreme court of Illinois on June 30, 1868, and commenced practice at [Cairo, Illinois](/wiki/Cairo%2C_Illinois "Cairo, Illinois").
In 1873, Kirkpatrick moved to Kansas and settled in Fredonia, engaging in the practice of law. He was elected prosecuting attorney of Wilson County in 1880, and served as a member of the [Kansas State Senate](/wiki/Kansas_State_Senate "Kansas State Senate") from 1889 to 1893\. He was an attorney for the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway Company for many years.
### Congress
Kirkpatrick was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1892 to the [Fifty\-third](/wiki/53rd_United_States_Congress "53rd United States Congress") Congress. He was then elected as a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") to the [Fifty\-fourth](/wiki/54th_United_States_Congress "54th United States Congress") Congress (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897\). He ran for reelection to the [Fifty\-fifth](/wiki/55th_United_States_Congress "55th United States Congress") Congress and for election to the [Fifty\-sixth](/wiki/56th_United_States_Congress "56th United States Congress") and [Fifty\-seventh](/wiki/57th_United_States_Congress "57th United States Congress") Congresses but was unsuccessful.
### Later career
Kirkpatrick served as member of the [Kansas House of Representatives](/wiki/Kansas_House_of_Representatives "Kansas House of Representatives") from 1903 to 1905\.
|
[
"Early life and education\n------------------------",
"Kirkpatrick was born near [Mulkeytown, Illinois](/wiki/Mulkeytown%2C_Illinois \"Mulkeytown, Illinois\"), to John Foster Kirkpatrick and Hester Ann Dial Kirkpatrick. He attended public schools schools.",
"### Civil War",
"During the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), he served as a private in Company A of the 136th Illinois Cavalry Regiment from April to October 1864\\. He re\\-enlisted in the 20th Illinois Cavalry but that had been filled before he reached rendezvous with the regiment. He tried again for the 63rd Regiment of Infantry in which his brothers William A. and Reuben D. were serving, but before he arrived to serve with that regiment the war had ended.",
"### Career",
"Kirkpatrick engaged in mercantile pursuits at [Du Quoin, Illinois](/wiki/Du_Quoin%2C_Illinois \"Du Quoin, Illinois\"), from 1865 to 1867\\. He entered the law school at the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\") in 1867 before returning to Illinois. He was [admitted to the bar](/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States \"Admission to the bar in the United States\") by the supreme court of Illinois on June 30, 1868, and commenced practice at [Cairo, Illinois](/wiki/Cairo%2C_Illinois \"Cairo, Illinois\").",
"In 1873, Kirkpatrick moved to Kansas and settled in Fredonia, engaging in the practice of law. He was elected prosecuting attorney of Wilson County in 1880, and served as a member of the [Kansas State Senate](/wiki/Kansas_State_Senate \"Kansas State Senate\") from 1889 to 1893\\. He was an attorney for the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway Company for many years.",
"### Congress",
"Kirkpatrick was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1892 to the [Fifty\\-third](/wiki/53rd_United_States_Congress \"53rd United States Congress\") Congress. He was then elected as a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") to the [Fifty\\-fourth](/wiki/54th_United_States_Congress \"54th United States Congress\") Congress (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897\\). He ran for reelection to the [Fifty\\-fifth](/wiki/55th_United_States_Congress \"55th United States Congress\") Congress and for election to the [Fifty\\-sixth](/wiki/56th_United_States_Congress \"56th United States Congress\") and [Fifty\\-seventh](/wiki/57th_United_States_Congress \"57th United States Congress\") Congresses but was unsuccessful.",
"### Later career",
"Kirkpatrick served as member of the [Kansas House of Representatives](/wiki/Kansas_House_of_Representatives \"Kansas House of Representatives\") from 1903 to 1905\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
[left\|thumb\|[Ukrainian People's Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army "Ukrainian People's Army") soldiers in front of [St. Michael's Golden\-Domed Monastery](/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery "St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery") in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv"), 1918](/wiki/File:Pic_U_N_UNR_Army_%28March_1918%29.jpg "Pic U N UNR Army (March 1918).jpg")
The Ukrainian Ground Forces traces its ancestry to the [Ukrainian People's Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army "Ukrainian People's Army") and the [Ukrainian Galician Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army "Ukrainian Galician Army") of 1917–21\. It fought in the [Ukrainian War of Independence](/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence "Ukrainian War of Independence") (the [Ukrainian\-Soviet War](/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War "Ukrainian–Soviet War")), the [Southern Front of the Russian Civil War](/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War "Southern Front of the Russian Civil War"), the [Polish–Ukrainian War](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War "Polish–Ukrainian War"), and the [Polish](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War "Polish–Soviet War")[–Soviet](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War "Polish–Ukrainian War") War.
Since 2015, with the adoption of the [Defenders Day](/wiki/Defenders_Day_%28Ukraine%29 "Defenders Day (Ukraine)") holiday, certain traditions of the [Ukrainian Insurgent Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army "Ukrainian Insurgent Army") of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") have been incorporated into the ethos and culture of the Ground Forces.
### Collapse of the USSR
[left\|thumb\|Ukrainian soldiers on a [military exercise](/wiki/Military_exercise "Military exercise") in 1998](/wiki/File:Ukrainian_army_-_Cooperative_Osprey_%2798.jpg "Ukrainian army - Cooperative Osprey '98.jpg")
The [August 1991 Soviet coup attempt](/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt "1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt") began the process of splitting the Soviet military. [Leonid Kravchuk](/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk "Leonid Kravchuk"), the head of the [Ukrainian Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"), declared on 24 August 1991 the formation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, the subordination of Soviet military units in Ukraine, and the creation of the [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Ukraine%29 "Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)") of Ukraine. On 3 September 1991 the [Soviet Air Force](/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force "Soviet Air Force") major general [Kostyantyn Morozov](/wiki/Kostyantyn_Morozov "Kostyantyn Morozov") was appointed the first Minister of Defense of Ukraine by the [Verkhovna Rada](/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada "Verkhovna Rada"), the new parliament. In October the [Council of Ministers](/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_%28Ukrainian_State%29 "Council of Ministers (Ukrainian State)") declared that a Ukrainian army would be created with 450,000 troops and the Ukrainian parliament adopted several laws that created the framework for the creation of Ukrainian ground, naval, and air forces, as well as a national guard. The Soviet defense ministry was opposed to this initially, but by early November they started talks with the Ukrainian defense ministry to manage the division of Soviet forces in Ukraine.Kobasa, Askold I. (December 1995\). [A Strategic\-Military Analysis of the Ukrainian Armed Forces](https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA305239.pdf). [Naval Postgraduate School](/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School "Naval Postgraduate School"). pp. 15\-23\. Retrieved 25 January 2024\.
The Ground Forces were officially established on 6 December 1991 as part of the armed forces, with a presidential decree on 12 December \- from then on marked as Ground Forces Day \- being the first that designated the Soviet Army's Ukrainian formations as the ground component of the new force.
After their establishment, in 1992 the Ukrainian Ground Forces included approximately 245,000 personnelKobasa, Askold I. (December 1995\). [A Strategic\-Military Analysis of the Ukrainian Armed Forces](https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA305239.pdf). [Naval Postgraduate School](/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School "Naval Postgraduate School"). pp. 52\-53\. Retrieved 25 January 2024\. and 6,500 tanks.{{Cite web\|title\=The Ukrainian Military: From Degradation to Renewal \- Foreign Policy Research Institute\|url\=https://www.fpri.org/article/2018/08/the\-ukrainian\-military\-from\-degradation\-to\-renewal/\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-22\|website\=www.fpri.org\|language\=en\-US}}
### Creation of the Ground Forces
[left\|thumb\|205x205px\|Ukrainian army Soldier in Iraq, 2003](/wiki/File:Ukrainian_Army_soldier_in_al-Kut%2C_Iraq%2C_August_2003.jpg "Ukrainian Army soldier in al-Kut, Iraq, August 2003.jpg")
The Ukrainian Ground Forces were the second largest army in Europe at the time. Following the [declaration of Ukrainian independence](/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine "Declaration of Independence of Ukraine") in 1991, among those formations gained by the new Ukrainian Ground Forces by inheritance from the old Soviet Army were the [1st Guards Army](/wiki/1st_Guards_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)"), the [13th Army](/wiki/13th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 "13th Army (Soviet Union)"), the [38th Army](/wiki/38th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 "38th Army (Soviet Union)"), two tank armies (the [6th Guards Tank Army](/wiki/6th_Guards_Tank_Army "6th Guards Tank Army") and the [8th Tank Army](/wiki/8th_Tank_Army "8th Tank Army")), and the [32nd Army Corps](/wiki/32nd_Army_Corps_%28Ukraine%29 "32nd Army Corps (Ukraine)") at [Simferopol](/wiki/Simferopol "Simferopol"). The [28th Guards Motor Rifle Division](/wiki/28th_Mechanized_Brigade_%28Ukraine%29 "28th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)") and the [180th Rifle Division](/wiki/180th_Rifle_Division "180th Rifle Division") were left in Ukraine, having been previously under the [14th Guards Army](/wiki/14th_Guards_Army "14th Guards Army") headquartered at [Tiraspol](/wiki/Tiraspol "Tiraspol") in the [Moldovan SSR](/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic "Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic"). The post of commander of ground troops was designated in early 1992\. By the end of 1992, the [Kyiv Military District](/wiki/Kiev_Military_District "Kiev Military District") was disbanded, and Ukraine used its structures as the basis for the Ministry of Defence and the [General Staff](/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Ukrainian_Armed_Forces "General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces").[ANALYSIS: Ukraine adopts program for military reform](http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1997/099704.shtml) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051118232623/http://ukrweekly.com/Archive/1997/099704\.shtml \|date\=2005\-11\-18}}, 03/02/1997
The government made an effort to get all troops to take an oath of allegiance to Ukraine to prevent a possible coup. All personnel were required to either take the oath, or to retire or return to their home republic. The Ukrainian oath of loyalty that was administered was not based on ethnicity or linguistics but on a civic identity, and turned the Soviet Army in Ukraine into the modern Ukrainian Ground Forces. As of February 1992 about 80% of personnel had taken the oath, according to Defense Minister Morozov. Laws establishing regulations the personnel and technical basis for the military were passed in 1992, which included keeping the Soviet rank structure, with the exception of the rank of marshal, which was replaced with [general of the army of Ukraine](/wiki/General_of_the_army_of_Ukraine "General of the army of Ukraine"). It was planned that the restructuring of the entire Armed Forces would take place until 1995\.
Between June and August 1993, the first redesignation of armies to army corps appears to have taken place.See references at [6th Guards Tank Army](/wiki/6th_Guards_Tank_Army "6th Guards Tank Army") and [6th Army Corps (Ukraine)](/wiki/6th_Army_Corps_%28Ukraine%29 "6th Army Corps (Ukraine)"). On 1 December 1993, 8th Guards Tank Army became 8th Army Corps. While the post of Chief of Ground Forces had been created in early 1992, it was over two years before the first holder, Colonel General [Vasily Sobkov](/wiki/Vasily_Sobkov "Vasily Sobkov"), was appointed on 7 April 1994\.Jane's Sentinel: Ukraine, 1994 The legal framework for the Ground Forces was defined in Article 4 of the law 'On the Armed Forces of Ukraine.' At that time, the Ground Forces had no separate command body, and were directly subordinate to the Ukrainian General Staff.{{citation needed\|date\= February 2023}}
The creation of the Ground Forces as a separate branch of the young AFU was formalised by Presidential Decree 368/96 of 23 May 1996, 'On the Ground Forces of Ukraine.'Yuriy Yurchnya, 'The Armed Forces of Ukraine,' DCAF, 2010, 89\. That year both the Ground Forces Command was formed and the [1st Army Corps](/wiki/1st_Army_Corps_%28Ukraine%29 "1st Army Corps (Ukraine)") was reorganised as the Northern Territorial Operational Command (which became the Northern Operational Command in 1998\). In 1997 the Carpathian Military District was reorganised as [Operational Command West](/wiki/Operational_Command_West "Operational Command West").
From 1992 to 1997, the forces of the Kyiv MD were transferred to the Odesa MD, and the Odesa MD's headquarters moved to [Donetsk](/wiki/Donetsk "Donetsk").Andrew Duncan, 'Ukraine's forces find that change is good,' [Jane's Intelligence Review](/wiki/Jane%27s_Intelligence_Review "Jane's Intelligence Review"), April 1997, 162–3\. A new 2nd Army Corps was formed in the Odesa MD. Armies were converted to army corps, and motor rifle divisions converted into mechanised divisions or brigades. Pairs of attack helicopter regiments were combined to form army aviation brigades.{{citation needed\|date\= February 2023}}
In a December 1996 speech, President [Leonid Kuchma](/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma "Leonid Kuchma") revealed that as many as 191 mechanised infantry and tank battalions were rated not ready, adding,"This is especially dangerous in the forward\-based units securing the nation's borders."Stephen D. Olynyk, [Ukraine as a Post\-Cold War Military Power](http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/18_15.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926044249/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq\_pubs/18\_15\.pdf \|date\=2006\-09\-26 }}, [Joint Force Quarterly](/wiki/Joint_Force_Quarterly "Joint Force Quarterly"), Spring 1997, 93\.
### Reform
[left\|thumb\|Ukrainian and [US Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") soldiers during the 2011 [Rapid Trident](/wiki/Rapid_Trident "Rapid Trident") exercise](/wiki/File:U.S.%2C_Partner_Nations_Train_During_Rapid_Trident_2011_%286007716789%29.jpg "U.S., Partner Nations Train During Rapid Trident 2011 (6007716789).jpg")
Under a plan promulgated in 2000, the Ground Forces were to reduce the number of troops from 300,000 to 240,000 by 2015, and an ultimate change from a partial [conscript](/wiki/Conscription "Conscription")\-based force to a fully professional military.{{cite web \|url\=http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/Ukraine\_Eng\-2005\.pdf \|title\=White book 2005 \- Defence policy of Ukraine \|access\-date\=2007\-09\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127012402/http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/Ukraine\_Eng\-2005\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2007\-11\-27 }} , page 4 of 136 The armed forces received little more than half of the [Hr](/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia "Ukrainian hryvnia") 68 million it was promised for reform in 2001, but managed to disband nine [regiments](/wiki/Regiment "Regiment") and close 21 local military bases.{{\#tag:ref\|According to the State Program of the Ukrainian Armed Forces reform and development to 2005, the ground forces were to have the biggest ratio of personnel of all services (up to 54%). This ratio was to be based on the missions assigned to the armed forces, and also on the fact that the \[\[economy of Ukraine]] could not support any larger troop numbers. However, the ground forces still has priority in the number of personnel, weapons, military equipment development priorities and the development of their future systems, which were to correspond to \[\[modern warfare]] requirements. The ground forces were planned to closely coordinate their assignments with other army branches, engaging appropriate military arts and equipment. They were to also be involved in law enforcement activities during emergencies, dealing with consequences of technological and \[\[natural disasters]], providing military assistance to other countries, engaging in international military cooperation activities (\[\[UN]]), and participating in international peacekeeping operations according to international agreements.\|group\=nb}}
In 2005–06, the Northern Operational Command was reorganised as [Territorial Directorate "North"](/wiki/Territorial_Directorate_%22North%22 "Territorial Directorate "). It was tasked with territorial defence, mobilisation training, and preparation of reserves.Yurchnya, 2010, 91\.{{\#tag:ref\|It was reported on 27 July 2005 that '..\[o]ver 70 per cent of planned work on \[the] disbandment of the Ukrainian armed forces' Northern Operational Command has been completed,' according to the Defence Ministry's press service.\[\[Interfax\-AVN]], \[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article\-1G1\-134585162/ukrainian\-army\-northern\-operational.html 'Ukrainian army's Northern Operational Command being disbanded,'] Interfax\-AVN military news agency web site, Moscow, in English 1152 gmt 27 Jul 05 via \[\[BBC Monitoring]].\|group\=nb}}
From 1991 the Ukrainian Ground Forces bought its military equipment only from [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") and other [CIS](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States "Commonwealth of Independent States") states, as well as locally producing some of their own equipment.[Ukraine must stop importing Russian weapons, switch to NATO standards](http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/240543.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218185330/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/240543\.html \|date\=2014\-12\-18 }}, [Interfax\-Ukraine](/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine "Interfax-Ukraine") (18 December 2014\) Until 2014 and the start of the [war in Donbas](/wiki/War_in_Donbas_%282014%E2%80%932022%29 "War in Donbas (2014–2022)"), the [defence industry in Ukraine](/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Ukraine "Defense industry of Ukraine") produced equipment mostly for export.[Ukraine crisis timeline](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603193226/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-26248275 \|date\=2014\-06\-03 }}, [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")
### Russian occupation of Crimea
{{main\|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation}}
[thumb\|Ukrainian troops in 2013, a year before the annexation of Crimea](/wiki/File:A_Ukrainian_army_officer%2C_left%2C_gives_instructions_to_his_soldiers_before_conducting_training_in_Yavoriv%2C_Ukraine%2C_July_10%2C_2013%2C_during_Rapid_Trident_2013_130710-O-ZZ999-004-UA.jpg "A Ukrainian army officer, left, gives instructions to his soldiers before conducting training in Yavoriv, Ukraine, July 10, 2013, during Rapid Trident 2013 130710-O-ZZ999-004-UA.jpg")
In the aftermath of the [2014 Ukrainian Revolution](/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity "Revolution of Dignity"), Russian [special forces](/wiki/Spetsnaz "Spetsnaz") in [unmarked uniforms](/wiki/Little_green_men_%28Russo-Ukrainian_War%29 "Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)") began surrounding Ukrainian military bases on the Crimean peninsula before capturing them individually using a mixture of attrition and threats.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/19/ukraine\-plans\-troop\-withdrawal\-from\-crimea\|title\=Kiev announces plans to withdraw Ukrainian troops from Crimea\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\|access\-date\=31 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026171305/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/19/ukraine\-plans\-troop\-withdrawal\-from\-crimea\|archive\-date\=26 October 2014\|url\-status\=live\|df\=dmy\-all}} Over the following weeks the [Russian Armed Forces](/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces "Russian Armed Forces") consolidated control of the peninsula and established road blocks to cut off the possibility of Ukraine sending reinforcements from the mainland.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.thejournal.ie/russia\-has\-sent\-troops\-to\-crimea\-1339313\-Mar2014/\|title\=Russia has sent 6,000 troops to Crimea says Ukraine\|work\=www.thejournal.ie\|access\-date\=31 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812235145/http://www.thejournal.ie/russia\-has\-sent\-troops\-to\-crimea\-1339313\-Mar2014/\|archive\-date\=12 August 2015\|url\-status\=live\|df\=dmy\-all}} The takeover of Crimea was largely bloodless, as the Ukrainian soldiers there did not fight back.{{Cite news \|date\=2014\-03\-19 \|title\=Ukraine 'preparing withdrawal of troops from Crimea' \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-europe\-26656617 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-21}} By the end of March, all remaining Ukrainian troops were ordered to pull out of Crimea.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine\-orders\-all\-troops\-out\-of\-crimea/\|title\=Ukraine orders all troops out of Crimea\|work\=\[\[CBS News]]\|access\-date\=31 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708141942/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine\-orders\-all\-troops\-out\-of\-crimea/\|archive\-date\=8 July 2014\|url\-status\=live\|df\=dmy\-all}}
The Ukrainian army was considered to be in a poor state during and after the annexation, with only 6,000 of its troops ready for combat and many of its vehicles lacking batteries.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579457591983371478\|title\=Ukraine Battles to Rebuild a Depleted Military\|work\=\[\[Wall Street Journal]]\|access\-date\=31 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223092543/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579457591983371478\|archive\-date\=23 February 2015\|url\-status\=live\|df\=dmy\-all}} After [Russia's annexation](/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation "Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation") only 6,000 of the 20,300 Ukrainian soldiers stationed in Crimea before the annexation left the peninsula. The rest stayed in Crimea and defected to Russia.{{in lang\|uk}} [After the annexation of Crimea left only 10% of staff SBU](http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/8/7098237/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209094509/http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/8/7098237/ \|date\=2016\-02\-09 }}, [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda "Ukrayinska Pravda") (February 8, 2016\){{Cite web \|url\=https://tass.com/russia/727904 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-21 \|website\=tass.com\|title\=Russia employs over 16,000 former servicemen and personnel of Ukrainian armed forces }}
### Russo\-Ukrainian War
#### War in Donbas (2014–2022\)
{{main\|War in Donbas (2014–2022\)}}
[thumb\|Ukrainian soldiers during the [war in Donbas](/wiki/War_in_Donbas_%282014%E2%80%932022%29 "War in Donbas (2014–2022)")](/wiki/File:Anti-terrorist_operation_in_eastern_Ukraine_%28War_Ukraine%29_%2827095245666%29.jpg "Anti-terrorist operation in eastern Ukraine (War Ukraine) (27095245666).jpg")
In the early months of the war in Donbas that erupted in 2014 the Armed Forces were widely criticised for their poor equipment and inept leadership, forcing Internal Affairs Ministry forces like the [National Guard](/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine "National Guard of Ukraine") and the [territorial defence battalions](/wiki/Territorial_defence_battalion_%28Ukraine%29 "Territorial defence battalion (Ukraine)") to take on the brunt of the fighting in the first months of the war.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/abandoned\-donbas\-battalion\-fights\-on\-361886\.html \|title\=Abandoned Donbas Battalion fights on \|work\=Kyiv Post \|date\=24 August 2014 \|access\-date\=27 August 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825135333/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/abandoned\-donbas\-battalion\-fights\-on\-361886\.html \|archive\-date\=25 August 2014 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=dmy\-all }}{{cite magazine \|url\=https://newrepublic.com/article/117710/ukraines\-army\-small\-sovietized\-underfunded\-and\-poorly\-trained \|title\=Why is Ukraine's Army So Appallingly Bad? \|magazine\=The New Republic \|date\=9 May 2014 \|access\-date\=20 September 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704053656/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/117710/ukraines\-army\-small\-sovietized\-underfunded\-and\-poorly\-trained \|archive\-date\=4 July 2014 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=dmy\-all }}
By February 2018 the Ukrainian Armed Forces were larger and better equipped, numbering 200,000 active\-service military personnel. Most of the volunteer soldiers of the territorial defence battalions were integrated into the Ukrainian army.[Ukraine's Toughest Fight: The Challenge of Military Reform](https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/22/ukraine-s-toughest-fight-challenge-of-military-reform-pub-75609) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203102107/https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/22/ukraine\-s\-toughest\-fight\-challenge\-of\-military\-reform\-pub\-75609 \|date\=2018\-12\-03 }}, [Carnegie Endowment for International Peace](/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace") (FEBRUARY 22, 2018\)
Within the reporting period of 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018 a [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") [OHCHR](/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights") monitoring mission documented 115 cases of credible allegations of human rights abuses committed by Russia and its proxy forces.[Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018 "Within the reporting period, OHCHR documented 115 cases of credible allegations of unlawful or arbitrary detention, torture, ill\-treatment and/or sexual violence committed by the Donetsk people’s republic’ and ‘Luhansk people’s ."](https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ReportUkraineNov2017-Feb2018_EN.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503041356/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ReportUkraineNov2017\-Feb2018\_EN.pdf \|date\=3 May 2018 }}, [OHCHR](/wiki/OHCHR "OHCHR") (page 6\) The nature of the crimes ranges from enforced disappearances, looting of civilian property, torture, rape and sexual violence up to political repression and extrajudicial killings.
#### Full\-scale Russian invasion (2022–present)
[thumb\|Ukrainian soldier in a trench during the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine") in 2022\|240x240px](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Bakhmut_3.jpg "Battle of Bakhmut 3.jpg")
{{main\|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
On [24 February 2022](/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine"), Russia began a [full\-scale invasion](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine") of Ukraine.{{cite web \|date\=28 February 2022 \|title\=Conflict in Ukraine \|url\=https://cfr.org/global\-conflict\-tracker/conflict/conflict\-ukraine \|access\-date\=28 February 2022 \|website\=Global Conflict Tracker\|publisher\=Council on Foreign Relations}} The Ground Forces have been participants in most of the land combat actions of the ongoing war. The influx of Western material and supplies to the branch before and during the conflict as well as mobilisation efforts have resulted in a massive expansion of the force, in addition to ongoing force modernisation.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[left\\|thumb\\|[Ukrainian People's Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army \"Ukrainian People's Army\") soldiers in front of [St. Michael's Golden\\-Domed Monastery](/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery \"St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery\") in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"), 1918](/wiki/File:Pic_U_N_UNR_Army_%28March_1918%29.jpg \"Pic U N UNR Army (March 1918).jpg\")\nThe Ukrainian Ground Forces traces its ancestry to the [Ukrainian People's Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army \"Ukrainian People's Army\") and the [Ukrainian Galician Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army \"Ukrainian Galician Army\") of 1917–21\\. It fought in the [Ukrainian War of Independence](/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence \"Ukrainian War of Independence\") (the [Ukrainian\\-Soviet War](/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War \"Ukrainian–Soviet War\")), the [Southern Front of the Russian Civil War](/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War \"Southern Front of the Russian Civil War\"), the [Polish–Ukrainian War](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War \"Polish–Ukrainian War\"), and the [Polish](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War \"Polish–Soviet War\")[–Soviet](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War \"Polish–Ukrainian War\") War.",
"Since 2015, with the adoption of the [Defenders Day](/wiki/Defenders_Day_%28Ukraine%29 \"Defenders Day (Ukraine)\") holiday, certain traditions of the [Ukrainian Insurgent Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army \"Ukrainian Insurgent Army\") of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") have been incorporated into the ethos and culture of the Ground Forces.",
"### Collapse of the USSR",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Ukrainian soldiers on a [military exercise](/wiki/Military_exercise \"Military exercise\") in 1998](/wiki/File:Ukrainian_army_-_Cooperative_Osprey_%2798.jpg \"Ukrainian army - Cooperative Osprey '98.jpg\")\nThe [August 1991 Soviet coup attempt](/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt \"1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt\") began the process of splitting the Soviet military. [Leonid Kravchuk](/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk \"Leonid Kravchuk\"), the head of the [Ukrainian Supreme Soviet](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic\"), declared on 24 August 1991 the formation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, the subordination of Soviet military units in Ukraine, and the creation of the [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Ukraine%29 \"Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)\") of Ukraine. On 3 September 1991 the [Soviet Air Force](/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force \"Soviet Air Force\") major general [Kostyantyn Morozov](/wiki/Kostyantyn_Morozov \"Kostyantyn Morozov\") was appointed the first Minister of Defense of Ukraine by the [Verkhovna Rada](/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada \"Verkhovna Rada\"), the new parliament. In October the [Council of Ministers](/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_%28Ukrainian_State%29 \"Council of Ministers (Ukrainian State)\") declared that a Ukrainian army would be created with 450,000 troops and the Ukrainian parliament adopted several laws that created the framework for the creation of Ukrainian ground, naval, and air forces, as well as a national guard. The Soviet defense ministry was opposed to this initially, but by early November they started talks with the Ukrainian defense ministry to manage the division of Soviet forces in Ukraine.Kobasa, Askold I. (December 1995\\). [A Strategic\\-Military Analysis of the Ukrainian Armed Forces](https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA305239.pdf). [Naval Postgraduate School](/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School \"Naval Postgraduate School\"). pp. 15\\-23\\. Retrieved 25 January 2024\\.",
"The Ground Forces were officially established on 6 December 1991 as part of the armed forces, with a presidential decree on 12 December \\- from then on marked as Ground Forces Day \\- being the first that designated the Soviet Army's Ukrainian formations as the ground component of the new force.",
"After their establishment, in 1992 the Ukrainian Ground Forces included approximately 245,000 personnelKobasa, Askold I. (December 1995\\). [A Strategic\\-Military Analysis of the Ukrainian Armed Forces](https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA305239.pdf). [Naval Postgraduate School](/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School \"Naval Postgraduate School\"). pp. 52\\-53\\. Retrieved 25 January 2024\\. and 6,500 tanks.{{Cite web\\|title\\=The Ukrainian Military: From Degradation to Renewal \\- Foreign Policy Research Institute\\|url\\=https://www.fpri.org/article/2018/08/the\\-ukrainian\\-military\\-from\\-degradation\\-to\\-renewal/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-22\\|website\\=www.fpri.org\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### Creation of the Ground Forces",
"[left\\|thumb\\|205x205px\\|Ukrainian army Soldier in Iraq, 2003](/wiki/File:Ukrainian_Army_soldier_in_al-Kut%2C_Iraq%2C_August_2003.jpg \"Ukrainian Army soldier in al-Kut, Iraq, August 2003.jpg\")\nThe Ukrainian Ground Forces were the second largest army in Europe at the time. Following the [declaration of Ukrainian independence](/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine \"Declaration of Independence of Ukraine\") in 1991, among those formations gained by the new Ukrainian Ground Forces by inheritance from the old Soviet Army were the [1st Guards Army](/wiki/1st_Guards_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)\"), the [13th Army](/wiki/13th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"13th Army (Soviet Union)\"), the [38th Army](/wiki/38th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"38th Army (Soviet Union)\"), two tank armies (the [6th Guards Tank Army](/wiki/6th_Guards_Tank_Army \"6th Guards Tank Army\") and the [8th Tank Army](/wiki/8th_Tank_Army \"8th Tank Army\")), and the [32nd Army Corps](/wiki/32nd_Army_Corps_%28Ukraine%29 \"32nd Army Corps (Ukraine)\") at [Simferopol](/wiki/Simferopol \"Simferopol\"). The [28th Guards Motor Rifle Division](/wiki/28th_Mechanized_Brigade_%28Ukraine%29 \"28th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)\") and the [180th Rifle Division](/wiki/180th_Rifle_Division \"180th Rifle Division\") were left in Ukraine, having been previously under the [14th Guards Army](/wiki/14th_Guards_Army \"14th Guards Army\") headquartered at [Tiraspol](/wiki/Tiraspol \"Tiraspol\") in the [Moldovan SSR](/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic\"). The post of commander of ground troops was designated in early 1992\\. By the end of 1992, the [Kyiv Military District](/wiki/Kiev_Military_District \"Kiev Military District\") was disbanded, and Ukraine used its structures as the basis for the Ministry of Defence and the [General Staff](/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Ukrainian_Armed_Forces \"General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces\").[ANALYSIS: Ukraine adopts program for military reform](http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1997/099704.shtml) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051118232623/http://ukrweekly.com/Archive/1997/099704\\.shtml \\|date\\=2005\\-11\\-18}}, 03/02/1997",
"The government made an effort to get all troops to take an oath of allegiance to Ukraine to prevent a possible coup. All personnel were required to either take the oath, or to retire or return to their home republic. The Ukrainian oath of loyalty that was administered was not based on ethnicity or linguistics but on a civic identity, and turned the Soviet Army in Ukraine into the modern Ukrainian Ground Forces. As of February 1992 about 80% of personnel had taken the oath, according to Defense Minister Morozov. Laws establishing regulations the personnel and technical basis for the military were passed in 1992, which included keeping the Soviet rank structure, with the exception of the rank of marshal, which was replaced with [general of the army of Ukraine](/wiki/General_of_the_army_of_Ukraine \"General of the army of Ukraine\"). It was planned that the restructuring of the entire Armed Forces would take place until 1995\\.",
"Between June and August 1993, the first redesignation of armies to army corps appears to have taken place.See references at [6th Guards Tank Army](/wiki/6th_Guards_Tank_Army \"6th Guards Tank Army\") and [6th Army Corps (Ukraine)](/wiki/6th_Army_Corps_%28Ukraine%29 \"6th Army Corps (Ukraine)\"). On 1 December 1993, 8th Guards Tank Army became 8th Army Corps. While the post of Chief of Ground Forces had been created in early 1992, it was over two years before the first holder, Colonel General [Vasily Sobkov](/wiki/Vasily_Sobkov \"Vasily Sobkov\"), was appointed on 7 April 1994\\.Jane's Sentinel: Ukraine, 1994 The legal framework for the Ground Forces was defined in Article 4 of the law 'On the Armed Forces of Ukraine.' At that time, the Ground Forces had no separate command body, and were directly subordinate to the Ukrainian General Staff.{{citation needed\\|date\\= February 2023}}",
"The creation of the Ground Forces as a separate branch of the young AFU was formalised by Presidential Decree 368/96 of 23 May 1996, 'On the Ground Forces of Ukraine.'Yuriy Yurchnya, 'The Armed Forces of Ukraine,' DCAF, 2010, 89\\. That year both the Ground Forces Command was formed and the [1st Army Corps](/wiki/1st_Army_Corps_%28Ukraine%29 \"1st Army Corps (Ukraine)\") was reorganised as the Northern Territorial Operational Command (which became the Northern Operational Command in 1998\\). In 1997 the Carpathian Military District was reorganised as [Operational Command West](/wiki/Operational_Command_West \"Operational Command West\").",
"From 1992 to 1997, the forces of the Kyiv MD were transferred to the Odesa MD, and the Odesa MD's headquarters moved to [Donetsk](/wiki/Donetsk \"Donetsk\").Andrew Duncan, 'Ukraine's forces find that change is good,' [Jane's Intelligence Review](/wiki/Jane%27s_Intelligence_Review \"Jane's Intelligence Review\"), April 1997, 162–3\\. A new 2nd Army Corps was formed in the Odesa MD. Armies were converted to army corps, and motor rifle divisions converted into mechanised divisions or brigades. Pairs of attack helicopter regiments were combined to form army aviation brigades.{{citation needed\\|date\\= February 2023}}",
"In a December 1996 speech, President [Leonid Kuchma](/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma \"Leonid Kuchma\") revealed that as many as 191 mechanised infantry and tank battalions were rated not ready, adding,\"This is especially dangerous in the forward\\-based units securing the nation's borders.\"Stephen D. Olynyk, [Ukraine as a Post\\-Cold War Military Power](http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/18_15.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926044249/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq\\_pubs/18\\_15\\.pdf \\|date\\=2006\\-09\\-26 }}, [Joint Force Quarterly](/wiki/Joint_Force_Quarterly \"Joint Force Quarterly\"), Spring 1997, 93\\.",
"### Reform",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Ukrainian and [US Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") soldiers during the 2011 [Rapid Trident](/wiki/Rapid_Trident \"Rapid Trident\") exercise](/wiki/File:U.S.%2C_Partner_Nations_Train_During_Rapid_Trident_2011_%286007716789%29.jpg \"U.S., Partner Nations Train During Rapid Trident 2011 (6007716789).jpg\")\nUnder a plan promulgated in 2000, the Ground Forces were to reduce the number of troops from 300,000 to 240,000 by 2015, and an ultimate change from a partial [conscript](/wiki/Conscription \"Conscription\")\\-based force to a fully professional military.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/Ukraine\\_Eng\\-2005\\.pdf \\|title\\=White book 2005 \\- Defence policy of Ukraine \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127012402/http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/Ukraine\\_Eng\\-2005\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-11\\-27 }} , page 4 of 136 The armed forces received little more than half of the [Hr](/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia \"Ukrainian hryvnia\") 68 million it was promised for reform in 2001, but managed to disband nine [regiments](/wiki/Regiment \"Regiment\") and close 21 local military bases.{{\\#tag:ref\\|According to the State Program of the Ukrainian Armed Forces reform and development to 2005, the ground forces were to have the biggest ratio of personnel of all services (up to 54%). This ratio was to be based on the missions assigned to the armed forces, and also on the fact that the \\[\\[economy of Ukraine]] could not support any larger troop numbers. However, the ground forces still has priority in the number of personnel, weapons, military equipment development priorities and the development of their future systems, which were to correspond to \\[\\[modern warfare]] requirements. The ground forces were planned to closely coordinate their assignments with other army branches, engaging appropriate military arts and equipment. They were to also be involved in law enforcement activities during emergencies, dealing with consequences of technological and \\[\\[natural disasters]], providing military assistance to other countries, engaging in international military cooperation activities (\\[\\[UN]]), and participating in international peacekeeping operations according to international agreements.\\|group\\=nb}}",
"In 2005–06, the Northern Operational Command was reorganised as [Territorial Directorate \"North\"](/wiki/Territorial_Directorate_%22North%22 \"Territorial Directorate \"). It was tasked with territorial defence, mobilisation training, and preparation of reserves.Yurchnya, 2010, 91\\.{{\\#tag:ref\\|It was reported on 27 July 2005 that '..\\[o]ver 70 per cent of planned work on \\[the] disbandment of the Ukrainian armed forces' Northern Operational Command has been completed,' according to the Defence Ministry's press service.\\[\\[Interfax\\-AVN]], \\[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article\\-1G1\\-134585162/ukrainian\\-army\\-northern\\-operational.html 'Ukrainian army's Northern Operational Command being disbanded,'] Interfax\\-AVN military news agency web site, Moscow, in English 1152 gmt 27 Jul 05 via \\[\\[BBC Monitoring]].\\|group\\=nb}}",
"From 1991 the Ukrainian Ground Forces bought its military equipment only from [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") and other [CIS](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States \"Commonwealth of Independent States\") states, as well as locally producing some of their own equipment.[Ukraine must stop importing Russian weapons, switch to NATO standards](http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/240543.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218185330/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/240543\\.html \\|date\\=2014\\-12\\-18 }}, [Interfax\\-Ukraine](/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine \"Interfax-Ukraine\") (18 December 2014\\) Until 2014 and the start of the [war in Donbas](/wiki/War_in_Donbas_%282014%E2%80%932022%29 \"War in Donbas (2014–2022)\"), the [defence industry in Ukraine](/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Ukraine \"Defense industry of Ukraine\") produced equipment mostly for export.[Ukraine crisis timeline](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603193226/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-26248275 \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-03 }}, [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\")",
"### Russian occupation of Crimea",
"{{main\\|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation}}\n[thumb\\|Ukrainian troops in 2013, a year before the annexation of Crimea](/wiki/File:A_Ukrainian_army_officer%2C_left%2C_gives_instructions_to_his_soldiers_before_conducting_training_in_Yavoriv%2C_Ukraine%2C_July_10%2C_2013%2C_during_Rapid_Trident_2013_130710-O-ZZ999-004-UA.jpg \"A Ukrainian army officer, left, gives instructions to his soldiers before conducting training in Yavoriv, Ukraine, July 10, 2013, during Rapid Trident 2013 130710-O-ZZ999-004-UA.jpg\")\nIn the aftermath of the [2014 Ukrainian Revolution](/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity \"Revolution of Dignity\"), Russian [special forces](/wiki/Spetsnaz \"Spetsnaz\") in [unmarked uniforms](/wiki/Little_green_men_%28Russo-Ukrainian_War%29 \"Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)\") began surrounding Ukrainian military bases on the Crimean peninsula before capturing them individually using a mixture of attrition and threats.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/19/ukraine\\-plans\\-troop\\-withdrawal\\-from\\-crimea\\|title\\=Kiev announces plans to withdraw Ukrainian troops from Crimea\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026171305/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/19/ukraine\\-plans\\-troop\\-withdrawal\\-from\\-crimea\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} Over the following weeks the [Russian Armed Forces](/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces \"Russian Armed Forces\") consolidated control of the peninsula and established road blocks to cut off the possibility of Ukraine sending reinforcements from the mainland.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thejournal.ie/russia\\-has\\-sent\\-troops\\-to\\-crimea\\-1339313\\-Mar2014/\\|title\\=Russia has sent 6,000 troops to Crimea says Ukraine\\|work\\=www.thejournal.ie\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812235145/http://www.thejournal.ie/russia\\-has\\-sent\\-troops\\-to\\-crimea\\-1339313\\-Mar2014/\\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} The takeover of Crimea was largely bloodless, as the Ukrainian soldiers there did not fight back.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2014\\-03\\-19 \\|title\\=Ukraine 'preparing withdrawal of troops from Crimea' \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-europe\\-26656617 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-21}} By the end of March, all remaining Ukrainian troops were ordered to pull out of Crimea.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine\\-orders\\-all\\-troops\\-out\\-of\\-crimea/\\|title\\=Ukraine orders all troops out of Crimea\\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS News]]\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708141942/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine\\-orders\\-all\\-troops\\-out\\-of\\-crimea/\\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"The Ukrainian army was considered to be in a poor state during and after the annexation, with only 6,000 of its troops ready for combat and many of its vehicles lacking batteries.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579457591983371478\\|title\\=Ukraine Battles to Rebuild a Depleted Military\\|work\\=\\[\\[Wall Street Journal]]\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223092543/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579457591983371478\\|archive\\-date\\=23 February 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} After [Russia's annexation](/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation \"Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation\") only 6,000 of the 20,300 Ukrainian soldiers stationed in Crimea before the annexation left the peninsula. The rest stayed in Crimea and defected to Russia.{{in lang\\|uk}} [After the annexation of Crimea left only 10% of staff SBU](http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/8/7098237/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209094509/http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2016/02/8/7098237/ \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-09 }}, [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (February 8, 2016\\){{Cite web \\|url\\=https://tass.com/russia/727904 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-21 \\|website\\=tass.com\\|title\\=Russia employs over 16,000 former servicemen and personnel of Ukrainian armed forces }}",
"### Russo\\-Ukrainian War",
"#### War in Donbas (2014–2022\\)",
"{{main\\|War in Donbas (2014–2022\\)}}\n[thumb\\|Ukrainian soldiers during the [war in Donbas](/wiki/War_in_Donbas_%282014%E2%80%932022%29 \"War in Donbas (2014–2022)\")](/wiki/File:Anti-terrorist_operation_in_eastern_Ukraine_%28War_Ukraine%29_%2827095245666%29.jpg \"Anti-terrorist operation in eastern Ukraine (War Ukraine) (27095245666).jpg\")\nIn the early months of the war in Donbas that erupted in 2014 the Armed Forces were widely criticised for their poor equipment and inept leadership, forcing Internal Affairs Ministry forces like the [National Guard](/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine \"National Guard of Ukraine\") and the [territorial defence battalions](/wiki/Territorial_defence_battalion_%28Ukraine%29 \"Territorial defence battalion (Ukraine)\") to take on the brunt of the fighting in the first months of the war.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/abandoned\\-donbas\\-battalion\\-fights\\-on\\-361886\\.html \\|title\\=Abandoned Donbas Battalion fights on \\|work\\=Kyiv Post \\|date\\=24 August 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825135333/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/abandoned\\-donbas\\-battalion\\-fights\\-on\\-361886\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=25 August 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://newrepublic.com/article/117710/ukraines\\-army\\-small\\-sovietized\\-underfunded\\-and\\-poorly\\-trained \\|title\\=Why is Ukraine's Army So Appallingly Bad? \\|magazine\\=The New Republic \\|date\\=9 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704053656/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/117710/ukraines\\-army\\-small\\-sovietized\\-underfunded\\-and\\-poorly\\-trained \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}",
"By February 2018 the Ukrainian Armed Forces were larger and better equipped, numbering 200,000 active\\-service military personnel. Most of the volunteer soldiers of the territorial defence battalions were integrated into the Ukrainian army.[Ukraine's Toughest Fight: The Challenge of Military Reform](https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/22/ukraine-s-toughest-fight-challenge-of-military-reform-pub-75609) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203102107/https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/22/ukraine\\-s\\-toughest\\-fight\\-challenge\\-of\\-military\\-reform\\-pub\\-75609 \\|date\\=2018\\-12\\-03 }}, [Carnegie Endowment for International Peace](/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace \"Carnegie Endowment for International Peace\") (FEBRUARY 22, 2018\\)",
"Within the reporting period of 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018 a [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") [OHCHR](/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights \"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights\") monitoring mission documented 115 cases of credible allegations of human rights abuses committed by Russia and its proxy forces.[Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018 \"Within the reporting period, OHCHR documented 115 cases of credible allegations of unlawful or arbitrary detention, torture, ill\\-treatment and/or sexual violence committed by the Donetsk people’s republic’ and ‘Luhansk people’s .\"](https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ReportUkraineNov2017-Feb2018_EN.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503041356/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ReportUkraineNov2017\\-Feb2018\\_EN.pdf \\|date\\=3 May 2018 }}, [OHCHR](/wiki/OHCHR \"OHCHR\") (page 6\\) The nature of the crimes ranges from enforced disappearances, looting of civilian property, torture, rape and sexual violence up to political repression and extrajudicial killings.",
"#### Full\\-scale Russian invasion (2022–present)",
"[thumb\\|Ukrainian soldier in a trench during the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\") in 2022\\|240x240px](/wiki/File:Battle_of_Bakhmut_3.jpg \"Battle of Bakhmut 3.jpg\")\n{{main\\|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}\nOn [24 February 2022](/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), Russia began a [full\\-scale invasion](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\") of Ukraine.{{cite web \\|date\\=28 February 2022 \\|title\\=Conflict in Ukraine \\|url\\=https://cfr.org/global\\-conflict\\-tracker/conflict/conflict\\-ukraine \\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2022 \\|website\\=Global Conflict Tracker\\|publisher\\=Council on Foreign Relations}} The Ground Forces have been participants in most of the land combat actions of the ongoing war. The influx of Western material and supplies to the branch before and during the conflict as well as mobilisation efforts have resulted in a massive expansion of the force, in addition to ongoing force modernisation.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Origins
Rosneft has played a major role in the history of Russia's [oil industry](/wiki/Petroleum_industry "Petroleum industry"). The first use of the name *Rosneft* dates back to the late 19th century{{citation needed\|date\=May 2023}}, when [exploration](/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration "Hydrocarbon exploration") of oil fields in [Sakhalin](/wiki/Sakhalin "Sakhalin") began in 1889\. Most of Rosneft's current assets were acquired during the [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") era.
### 1990s
Rosneft was established in 1993 as a [unitary enterprise](/wiki/Unitary_enterprise "Unitary enterprise") with assets previously held by Rosneftegaz, the successor to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union")'s [Ministry of Oil Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_Industry "Ministry of Oil Industry"). During the early 1990s, almost all Russian oil companies and refineries were extracted from Rosneft to form ten integrated companies. Later their number was halved as a result of acquisitions. On 29 September 1995, an [Order of the Government of Russia](/wiki/Order_of_the_Government_of_Russia "Order of the Government of Russia") No. 971 transformed Rosneft into an [open joint stock company](/wiki/Open_joint_stock_company "Open joint stock company").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp\-content/uploads/2012/01/WPM\_44\.pdf\|title\=On the Road to Global NOC Status? \|date\=January 2012 \|first\=James \|last\=Henderson \|website\=\[\[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] \|publisher\=University of Oxford \|access\-date\=5 May 2020}}
In March 1996, Rosneft founded the [Russian Regional Development Bank](/wiki/Russian_Regional_Development_Bank "Russian Regional Development Bank").{{cite web \|title\=Russian Regional Development Bank OAO \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/VBRR:RU \|publisher\=Bloomberg \|access\-date\=16 June 2020}}{{cite news \|title\=Sale of top Russian business newspaper 'Vedomosti' complete \|url\=https://meduza.io/en/news/2020/05/29/sale\-of\-top\-russian\-business\-newspaper\-vedomosti\-complete \|publisher\=Meduza \|date\=29 May 2020}}
Rosneft struggled financially and operationally during the [1998 Russian financial crisis](/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis "1998 Russian financial crisis") with decreased production due to poor assets and lower retail sales with an underused refining capacity. In July 1998 the Russian government tried to sell Rosneft, but it failed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ponarseurasia.org/memo/lessons\-half\-learned\-comparing\-1998\-and\-2014\-ruble\-crises\|title\=Comparing the 1998 and 2014 Ruble Crises \|date\=July 2015\|work\=Ponars Eurasia\|access\-date\=5 May 2020}}
In October 1998, the Russian government appointed [Sergey Bogdanchikov](/wiki/Sergey_Bogdanchikov "Sergey Bogdanchikov") as president.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/25/business/business\-russian\-oil\-so\-much\-yet\-so\-little.html \|title\=Russian Oil: So Much, Yet So Little\|date\=25 October 1998\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|first\=Agis \|last\=Salpukas \|access\-date\=5 May 2020}} The company owned two obsolete refineries and several low\-productive and poorly managed oil\-producing assets. In the late 1990s, plans for Rosneft's [privatization in Russia](/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia "Privatization in Russia") were made, but due to competition with equally influential [pretenders](/wiki/Pretender "Pretender"), they were not carried out.
### 2000s
From 2002 to 2004, the company's primary objectives were strengthening control over its assets, reducing the debt burden, and obtaining licenses in Eastern Siberia. The determining factor in enhancing the role of Rosneft in the Russian oil industry has been the support of the country's top leadership.{{vague\|date\=June 2023}} The company, during this time, managed to restore its status after its rough start in the 1990s with the acquisition of Krasnodar Oil and Gas Company in 2002 and Northern Oil Company in early 2003\. In addition, in 2002, the company received a license for the development of the Sakhalin\-IV and Sakhalin\-V project,{{cite journal \|url\=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Rosneft.pdf \|title\=Rosneft as a Mirror of Russia's Evolution \|via\=\[\[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] \|access\-date\=5 May 2020 \|first\=Nina \|last\=Poussenkova \|publisher\=Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences \|journal\=Pro et Contra \|volume\=10 \|issue\=2 \|date\=June 2006}} and in 2003 a license for the development of the [Sakhalin\-III](/wiki/Sakhalin-III "Sakhalin-III") project.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2020}}
In 2005, Rosneft acquired a 25\.94% stake in the company [Verkhnechonskneftegaz](/wiki/Verkhnechonsk_field "Verkhnechonsk field"){{cite book \|url\={{GBurl\|sPZ6zQEACAAJ\|page\=67}} \|title\=Russia Oil and Gas Exploration Laws and Regulation Handbook (Vol.1\) \|date\=2013 \|work\=International Business Publications USA \|pages\=67 \|isbn\=978\-1\-4330\-7894\-1 \|access\-date\=19 May 2020 \|last1\=Usa \|first1\=Usa Ibp \|publisher\=International Business Publications, USA }} and became the leading oil company of Russia in terms of production.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.azernews.az/oil\_and\_gas/126234\.html \|title\=SOCAR to export Russian oil products\|date\=29 January 2018\|work\=AzerNews\|access\-date\=11 May 2020}}
In 2007, the company for the first time entered the annual list of one hundred most respected firms and companies in the world according to the weekly *Barron's*, in 99th place.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.rbcdaily.ru/2007/09/16/world/293271 \|script\-title\=ru:Авторитеты из России \|trans\-title\=Authorities from Russia \|date\=9 September 2012 \|work\=\[\[RBK Daily]] \|access\-date\=21 March 2018 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120909102522/http://www.rbcdaily.ru/2007/09/16/world/293271 \|archive\-date\=9 September 2012 \|first\=Roman \|last\=Kirillov \|language\=ru}} By the same year, Rosneft produced 100 million barrels of oil, 20% of Russia's output at the time. In March 2007, Rosneft had announced it hoped to increase production from 80 million tonnes to 103 million tonnes from 2006 to the end of 2007, extract 140 million tonnes of oil by 2012, and become a global top three energy company.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.petroleumworld.com/story07090309\.htm \|title\=Russia's Rosneft Aiming to Become Top Global Oil Company \|date\=9 March 2007 \|agency\=AFP \|work\=Petroleumworld \|publisher\=Elio Ohep Fitzgerald \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510011755/http://www.petroleumworld.com/story07090309\.htm \|archive\-date\=10 May 2015}}
When the [Great Recession](/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") struck Russia in late 2008, Rosneft was able to endure the economic pains by improving and strengthening business lines, management, and [transparency](/wiki/Transparency_%28behavior%29 "Transparency (behavior)"), and as a result, became a leading oil company domestically and internationally.
In February 2009, a number of agreements were negotiated between Russia and China that provided a 20\-year contract for an annual supply of 15 million tons of oil between the [Chinese National Petroleum Corporation](/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation "China National Petroleum Corporation") (CNPC) and Rosneft, cooperation between CNPC and [Transneft](/wiki/Transneft "Transneft") to construct and operate a branch of the [Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Eastern_Siberia%E2%80%93Pacific_Ocean_oil_pipeline "Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline") (ESPO) oil pipeline to China, and the provision of loans for US$25 billion—US$15 billion from Rosneft and US$10 billion from Transneft—by the [China Development Bank](/wiki/China_Development_Bank "China Development Bank") on the [security](/wiki/Security_%28finance%29 "Security (finance)") of supplies.{{cite book \|url\={{GBurl\|EpadDQAAQBAJ}} \|title\=The Challenge of BRIC Multinationals \|date\=2017 \|work\=Emerald Group Publishing Limited \|pages\=461 \|isbn\=978\-1\-78635\-349\-8 \|access\-date\=14 May 2020 \|last1\=Tulder \|first1\=Rob van \|last2\=Verbeke \|first2\=Alain \|last3\=Carneiro \|first3\=Jorge \|last4\=Gonzalez\-Perez \|first4\=Maria Alejandra\|publisher\=Emerald Group }}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market\-insights/latest\-news/oil/020714\-russias\-rosneft\-chinas\-cnpc\-in\-talks\-on\-upstream\-pact\-deals\-possible\-by\-may\-reports\|title\=Russia's Rosneft, China's CNPC in talks on upstream pact, deals possible by May: reports \|date\=7 February 2014 \|work\=S\&P Global Platts \|access\-date\=14 May 2020}}{{cite book \|url\={{GBurl\|yxk4paS\_HfUC\|page\=342}} \|title\=Rebalancing and Sustaining Growth in China\|date\=2012\|work\=The Australian National University \|pages\=342 \|isbn\=978\-1\-921862\-80\-9 \|access\-date\=14 May 2020 \|last1\=McKay \|first1\=Huw \|last2\=Song \|first2\=Ligang\|publisher\=ANU E Press }}
#### Acquisition of assets of Yukos
{{See also\|Yukos}}
[thumb\|265px\|The Rosneft headquarters next to the [Saint Sophia Church](/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Church%2C_Moscow "Saint Sophia Church, Moscow") on the bank of the Moskva River](/wiki/File:Moscow%2C_Sofiyskaya_embankment.jpg "Moscow, Sofiyskaya embankment.jpg")
Starting in 2004, the Russian government organized a series of auctions to sell the assets of [Yukos](/wiki/Yukos "Yukos") Oil Company, of which Rosneft won the majority. On 22 December 2004, Rosneft purchased [Baikal Finance Group](/wiki/Baikal_Finance_Group "Baikal Finance Group"), which bought [Yuganskneftegaz](/wiki/Yuganskneftegaz "Yuganskneftegaz") (Yugansk), a main asset of Yukos, three days earlier at a state\-run auction for [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")9\.35 billion to satisfy tax debts.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/f371c836\-1645\-11e4\-93ec\-00144feabdc0 \|title\=Timeline: The rise and fall of Yukos \|work\=\[\[Financial Times]] \|date\=28 July 2014 \|access\-date\=11 May 2020 \|url\-access\=subscription}} According to some estimates,{{who\|date\=January 2015}} this operation was directed by Russian authorities in order to nationalize Russia's oil and gas industry. In response to the deal, [Andrei Illarionov](/wiki/Andrei_Illarionov "Andrei Illarionov"), then a senior Putin economic advisor, denounced it as "fraud of the year".{{Cite news \|url\=http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004//12/28//illarionov.shtml \|title\=Putin's Advisor Calls Yuganskneftegaz Sale "Fraud of the Year" \|date\=29 December 2004 \|work\=MosNews \|access\-date\=21 March 2018 \|url\-status\=usurped \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20041229122106/http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004//12/28//illarionov.shtml \|archive\-date\=29 December 2004}}
In 2005, [Mikhail Khodorkovsky](/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky "Mikhail Khodorkovsky") (former chairman of [Menatep](/wiki/Bank_Menatep "Bank Menatep")) and [Platon Lebedev](/wiki/Platon_Lebedev "Platon Lebedev") (business partner of Khodorkovsky) were sentenced to nine years in prison for fraud and [tax evasion](/wiki/Tax_evasion "Tax evasion"). In February 2007, they were charged again and accused of stealing $25 billion worth of oil from Yukos subsidiaries. They were convicted, but in 2013 [Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") pardoned Khodorkovsky and 2014 the [Russian supreme court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia "Supreme Court of Russia") announced that Lebedev should also be freed early.
The purchase of Yugansk in 2005{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4315593\.stm \|title\=Managers' row hits Russian merger\|date\=3 March 2005 \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|access\-date\=11 May 2020}} greatly increased the number of assets and production for Rosneft. Subsequently, Rosneft filed a lawsuit against Yukos in connection with the use of the understated transfer prices for the purchase of oil from Yuganskneftegaz prior to its breakup. At the same time, Rosneft itself also purchased oil and gas from its subsidiary, Yuganskneftegaz, at [transfer prices](/wiki/Transfer_pricing "Transfer pricing").{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2018}}
[thumb\|180px\|Major existing and planned natural oil and gas pipelines supplying [Russian oil and gas](/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia "Petroleum industry in Russia") to Europe](/wiki/File:RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif "RF NG pipestoEU.gif")
In May 2007, Rosneft won a number of auctions for the sale of Yukos' assets, including five refineries and oil companies Tomsk Oil Company and Samara Oil and Gas Company, making it the largest oil company in Russia. According to experts on the Russian newspaper *[Vedomosti](/wiki/Vedomosti "Vedomosti")*, the assets of Yukos, bought by Rosneft at auction organized by the state, went to the company at a discount of 43\.4% of the market price of this property. In 2007, the former assets of Yukos provided 72\.6% of oil and gas condensate production and 74\.2% of Rosneft's primary refining.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2007/09/25/133276 \|script\-title\=ru:Прокурорский дисконт \|trans\-title\=Prosecutor's discount \|first\=Irina \|last\=Reznik \|date\=25 September 2007 \|work\=\[\[Vedomosti]] \|url\-access\=subscription \|language\=ru}} In June, Rosneft paid $731 million for the transportation assets of Yukos, which had declared bankrupt in August 2006 after three years of litigation over tax arrears.{{cite web \|publisher\=Oil \& Gas Eurasia \|url\=http://www.oilandgaseurasia.com/articles/p/36/article/343/ \|title\=Rosneft Gets More of Yukos \|date\=June 2007 \|access\-date\=27 August 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208084343/http://www.oilandgaseurasia.com/articles/p/36/article/343/ \|archive\-date\=8 February 2012 }} In August, Bogdanchikov said that although the Yukos acquisitions had increased Rosnefts debt to $US 26 billion, he planned to reduce debt to 30% of total assets by 2010 by tripling refining capacity and expand into China.{{cn\|date\=April 2023}}
#### Initial public offering of 2006
In July 2006, Rosneft placed 15% of its shares traded with a total value of US$10\.7 billion in an [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") (IPO) at the [London Stock Exchange](/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange "London Stock Exchange"), the [Russian Trading System](/wiki/Russian_Trading_System "Russian Trading System"), and the [Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange](/wiki/Moscow_Interbank_Currency_Exchange "Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange"). Part of the shares were distributed among the Russian population through banks such as [Sberbank](/wiki/Sberbank_of_Russia "Sberbank of Russia") and [Gazprombank](/wiki/Gazprombank "Gazprombank").{{cite book \|url\={{GBurl\|6QjcAAAAQBAJ}} \|title\=Power and Policy in Putins´s Russia\|date\=2009\|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-1\-317\-98994\-3 \|access\-date\=14 May 2020\|last1\=Sakwa\|first1\=Richard}}{{cite book \|url\={{GBurl\|VJ1FCgAAQBAJ}} \|title\=Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Restructuring Activities \|date\=2012 \|pages\=574 \|isbn\=978\-0\-12\-801610\-7 \|access\-date\=14 May 2020\|last1\=Depamphilis\|first1\=Donald\|publisher\=Academic Press }}
The [Federal Service for Financial Markets](/wiki/Federal_Financial_Markets_Service "Federal Financial Markets Service") authorized the placement and circulation outside the country of a 22\.5% stake in Rosneft.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market\-news/market\-news\-detail/ROSN/13622556\.html \|title\=Consolidated financial statements 2017\|date\=31 December 2017\|work\=London Stock Exchange\|access\-date\=19 May 2020}}
Rosneft announced a placement value of US$5\.85–7\.85 per share and [global depository receipt](/wiki/Global_depository_receipt "Global depository receipt") (GDR), based on the company's capitalization after [consolidation](/wiki/Reverse_stock_split "Reverse stock split") of US$60–80 billion. It planned to place shares for at least US$8\.5 billion in order to repay loans to Western banks, including interest and taxes.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2006/07/14/investors\-eagerly\-await\-rosneft\-ipo\-petronas\-among\-bidders\|title\=Investors eagerly await Rosneft IPO, Petronas among bidders\|date\=14 July 2006\|work\=TheStar\|access\-date\=19 May 2020}}
On 14 July, the official results of the placement value were announced. Shares were priced at US$7\.55, almost at the upper end of the price band, resulting in Rosneft's [capitalization](/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization")—taking into account the upcoming consolidation of its subsidiaries—at a value of US$79\.8 billion, making Rosneft surpass [Lukoil](/wiki/Lukoil "Lukoil") as the largest oil company in Russia. Investors bought 1\.38 billion shares for US$10\.4 billion: 21% of the shares were bought by strategic investors, 36% from international investors from North America, Europe, and Asia, 39% from Russian investors, and 4% from Russian retail investors. 49\.4% of the total IPO volume accounted for four investors, including [BP](/wiki/BP "BP") for US$1 billion, [Petronas](/wiki/Petronas "Petronas") for US$1\.5 billion, and the [CNPC](/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation "China National Petroleum Corporation") for $0\.5 billion. Individuals submitted applications for the purchase of 99,431,775 shares of the oil company, and as a result, most of the new shareholders were individuals; partly because of this IPO was given the unofficial name of "people's."{{cite news \|url\=http://www.ipocongress.ru/rus/analytics/articles/id/3988/ \|script\-title\=ru:"Роснефть": "народное IPO" обернулось скандалом \|trans\-title\=Rosneft: "people's IPO" turned into a scandal \|date\=9 June 2010\|work\=ipocongress.ru\|access\-date\=22 March 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202183107/http://www.ipocongress.ru/rus/analytics/articles/id/3988/\|archive\-date\=2 February 2012\|url\-status\=dead \|language\=ru}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1499211\|title\=ОАО НК Роснефть \|trans\-title\=OJSC NK Rosneft \|date\=9 June 2010 \|work\=\[\[Kommersant]] \|access\-date\=21 March 2018\|pages\=9}}
Rosneft's IPO became the largest in the history of Russia and the fifth in the world in terms of the amount of money raised at the time. The announced amount could increase by another US$400 million if the global placement coordinators realize the option of buying another 53 million GDRs of Rosneft at the price of placement within 30 days.
#### On Abkhazia
{{See also\|Abkhazia}}
On 26 May 2009, a five\-year cooperation agreement was negotiated between Rosneft and the [Abkhazia](/wiki/Abkhazia "Abkhazia")'s Ministry of Economy. The parties stated their intention to develop mutually beneficial cooperation in areas as [geological prospecting](/wiki/Prospecting "Prospecting"), development of oil and gas fields, production of [hydrocarbons](/wiki/Hydrocarbon "Hydrocarbon"), and sale of oil, natural gas and oil products. Rosneft undertook [exploration](/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration "Hydrocarbon exploration") on the shelf in the Ochamchira area, discovering preliminary reserves estimated at 200 million to 500 million tons of oil equivalent. In addition to drilling and creating its own sales network, Rosneft also planned the construction of mini\-refineries in Abkhazia.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/26052009\.html \|date\=May 26, 2009 \|script\-title\=ru:НК «Роснефть» и Минэкономики Абхазии договорились о сотрудничестве \|trans\-title\=NK "Rosneft" and the Ministry of Economy of Abkhazia agreed on cooperation \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127222258/http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/26052009\.html \|archivedate\=2010\-11\-27 \|publisher\=Rosneft \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=22 March 2018}}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.expert.ru/articles/2009/08/25/rosnanhaz/ \|title\="Роснефть" признала Абхазию \|trans\-title\=Rosneft recognized Abkhazia \|work\=Expert Online 2\.0 \|date\=31 August 2009\|access\-date\=22 March 2018\|url\-status\=bot: unknown\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831212102/http://www.expert.ru/articles/2009/08/25/rosnanhaz/\|archive\-date\=31 August 2009}}
According to Rosneft, the company provides more than half of the retail sales of oil products in Abkhazia. In 2014, Rosneft exported 47 thousand tons of oil products to Abkhazia. Since 2015, Rosneft has been supplying aviation fuel for [Sukhumi Babushara Airport](/wiki/Sukhumi_Babushara_Airport "Sukhumi Babushara Airport").{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/310720152\.html \|script\-title\=ru:Позиция «НК «Роснефть» по вопросу о сотрудничестве с республикой Абхазия \|trans\-title\=Position of "NK" Rosneft "on the issue of cooperation with the Republic of Abkhazia \|date\=July 31, 2015 \|publisher\=Rosneft \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=22 March 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803044506/http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/310720152\.html \|archive\-date\=2015\-08\-03}}
As part of the project to develop the Gudauta area on the Black Sea shelf, Rosneft carried out a full range of geophysical and geochemical research, conduct 2D and 3D seismic surveys, and start preparations for exploratory drilling. In June 2014, Rosneft extended the shelf study period to five years.
In July 2015, however, the new President of Abkhazia, [Raul Khajimba](/wiki/Raul_Khajimba "Raul Khajimba"), who replaced [Alexander Ankvab](/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab "Alexander Ankvab") after his resignation, spoke out against the exploration and production of oil on the offshore shelf of Abkhazia and asked the [People's Assembly](/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia "People's Assembly of Abkhazia") to consider the possibility of establishing a "commission for the comprehensive study of issues related to the conclusion of contracts for exploration and production hydrocarbons by the previous Abkhaz leadership."{{cite news \|url\=http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/60776 \|script\-title\=ru:Власти Абхазии вытесняют "Роснефть" из страны \|trans\-title\=Abkhazian authorities oust Rosneft from the country \|language\=ru \|work\=Vesti Finance \|access\-date\=22 March 2018 \|archive\-date\=23 March 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031015/http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/60776 \|url\-status\=dead }}
A group of deputies of the People's Assembly drafted a bill banning the development of hydrocarbons in Abkhazia. Supporters of the bill demanded the prohibition of the development of the offshore shelf in Abkhazia for 30 years.
### 2010s
In September 2010, Eduard Khudainatov replaced Sergei Bogdanchikov as [CEO](/wiki/CEO "CEO") of the company.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/05092010\.html \|script\-title\=ru:Решением Совета директоров Президентом ОАО "НК "Роснефть" назначен Эдуард Худайнатов \|trans\-title\=By the decision of the Board of Directors, Eduard Khudainatov was appointed President of Rosneft \|language\=ru \|date\=9 June 2010 \|work\=Rosneft \|access\-date\=22 March 2018}}
On 15 October 2010, [Russian President](/wiki/President_of_Russia "President of Russia") [Dmitry Medvedev](/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev "Dmitry Medvedev") signed an agreement with [President of Venezuela](/wiki/President_of_Venezuela "President of Venezuela") [Hugo Chávez](/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez "Hugo Chávez") for the [PDVSA](/wiki/PDVSA "PDVSA") to sell 50% of the shares of German company Ruhr Oel to Rosneft, giving Rosneft oil refining assets in Germany.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.rosneft.com/business/Downstream/Neftepererabotka/Acquisition\_of\_a\_stake\_in\_Ruhr\_Oel\_GmbH/ \|title\=Stake in Ruhr Oel GmbH \|website\=Rosneft}}
Since 23 May 2012, former Deputy Prime Minister [Igor Sechin](/wiki/Igor_Sechin "Igor Sechin") became the company's CEO, succeeding Khudaninatov, who received the post of vice\-president.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gazeta.ru/business/news/2012/05/23/n\_2355721\.shtml \|script\-title\=ru:Совет директоров назначил Сечина президентом "Роснефти", Худайнатов стал его замом \|trans\-title\=The board of directors appointed Sechin president of Rosneft, Khudainatov became his deputy \|language\=ru \|work\=\[\[Gazeta.Ru]] \|access\-date\=22 March 2018}}
In the summer of 2012, Rosneft purchased a fuel oil terminal from the [United Shipbuilding Corporation](/wiki/United_Shipbuilding_Corporation "United Shipbuilding Corporation") (USC) located on the territory of the Murmansk Ship Repair Plant No. 35\. The transaction value is estimated at [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")28 million. According to *[Kommersant](/wiki/Kommersant "Kommersant")*, the Murmansk terminal can be used as a platform for Rosneft's activities in the Arctic.{{Cite news \|url\=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1982144 \|script\-title\=ru:"Роснефть" вышла на причал в Мурманске \|trans\-title\=Rosneft went to the pier in Murmansk \|date\=17 July 2012 \|work\=\[\[Kommersant]] \|access\-date\=22 March 2018 \|pages\=9 \|language\=ru}}
In October 2016, Rosneft bought a 49% stake in [Essar Oil](/wiki/Essar_Oil "Essar Oil") of India, along with Russian investment fund United Capital, in a deal worth $13 billion.{{cite news \|url\=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/brics\-summit\-2016\-rosneft\-partners\-buy\-essar\-oil\-for\-13\-billion\-in\-largest\-fdi\-deal\-3084527/ \|title\=Rosneft, partners buy Essar Oil for $13 billion in largest FDI deal \|date\=October 15, 2016 \|work\=The Indian Express}}
On 7 December 2016, Rosneft signed a deal to sell 19\.5% of the outstanding shares, or roughly US$11 billion, to the Anglo\-Swiss multinational commodity trader [Glencore](/wiki/Glencore "Glencore") and the [Qatar Investment Authority](/wiki/Qatar_Investment_Authority "Qatar Investment Authority").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.businessinsider.com/carter\-page\-trump\-russia\-igor\-sechin\-dossier\-2017\-1\|title \= Memos: CEO of Russia's state oil company offered Trump adviser, allies a cut of huge deal if sanctions were lifted \|work\=Business Insider \|first\=Natasha \|last\=Bertrand \|date\=January 27, 2017}} Officially, the stake was split 50/50 between Glencore and Qatar, but Glencore contributed only €300 million and claims only a 0\.54% stake. The ownership structure includes a [Cayman Islands](/wiki/Cayman_Islands "Cayman Islands") company, QHG Cayman Limited, whose ownership can not be traced.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-russia\-rosneft\-privatisation\-insight\-idUSKBN1582OH \|title\=How Russia sold its oil jewel: without saying who bought it\|date\=25 January 2017\|publisher\=Reuters}} After the transaction, Rosneft's [holding company](/wiki/Holding_company "Holding company") Rosneftegaz retained 50% \+ 1 share of the company.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2016/12/08/668719\-glencore\-tsena\-pokupki\-rosnefti \|title\=Glencore: цена покупки пакета "Роснефти" – 10,2 млрд евро \|trans\-title\=Glencore: purchase price of Rosneft stake – 10\.2 billion euros \|last\=Ведомости \|date\=8 December 2016 \|access\-date\=22 March 2018}}
On 2 October 2017, the [PLA](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army")\-linked [CEFC China Energy](/wiki/CEFC_China_Energy "CEFC China Energy"){{cite news \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/e3f8cbd2\-983f\-11e7\-a652\-cde3f882dd7b \|title\=Opaque Chinese oil group makes clear gains in former Soviet bloc \|work\=\[\[Financial Times]] \|date\=13 September 2017 \|url\-access\=subscription}} bought a $9 billion stake in Rosneft.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017\-10\-02/why\-cefc\-spent\-9\-billion\-on\-rosneft\-while\-seeing\-30\-oil\-risk \|title\=Why an Enigmatic Chinese Company Just Spent $9 Billion on a Stake in Rosneft \|work\=Bloomberg \|date\=2 October 2017}}
On 26 September 2017, the Russian government [controversially](/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der%23Criticism_and_controversies "Gerhard Schröder#Criticism and controversies") approved the former [German chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany") [Gerhard Schröder](/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") as chairman of Rosneft.{{Cite web \|url\=http://runews24\.ru/politics/26/09/2017/bbb36e42d7f6cd47c67f1acdc5f7f854 \|script\-title\=ru:Власти утвердили Шредера кандидатом на пост главы "Роснефти" \|trans\-title\=The authorities approved Schroeder as a candidate for the post of head of Rosneft \|website\=runews24\.ru \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=22 March 2018}}
In May 2018, it was announced that the Qatar\-Glencore consortium is cancelling the plan to sell a $9\.1 billion (14%) stake of Rosneft to [CEFC China Energy](/wiki/CEFC_China_Energy "CEFC China Energy"). With the dissolution of the consortium, the [Qatar Investment Authority](/wiki/Qatar_Investment_Authority "Qatar Investment Authority") purchased the shares instead, thereby solidifying its position as one of the biggest shareholders (19%) of Rosneft.{{cite news \|first1\=N. \|last1\=Hume \|first2\=D. \|last2\=Sheppard \|date\=4 May 2018 \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/402ab57c\-4fb6\-11e8\-9471\-a083af05aea7 \|title\=Qatar and Glencore scrap plan to sell $9bn Rosneft stake to CEFC \|work\=\[\[Financial Times]] \|access\-date\=1 June 2018 \|url\-access\=subscription}}
In the 2010s, the extensive contact between Rosneft and [ExxonMobil](/wiki/ExxonMobil "ExxonMobil") were further deepened, with Igor Sechin and [Rex Tillerson](/wiki/Rex_Tillerson "Rex Tillerson") getting to know each other personally.
#### Arctic shelf deals with BP and ExxonMobil
{{see also\|East\-Prinovozemelsky field}}
[thumb\|180px\|Location of the EPNZ\-1, EPNZ\-2 and EPNZ\-3 oil and gas areas in the Kara Sea](/wiki/File:EPNZ_1-3_oil_and_gas_areas.png "EPNZ 1-3 oil and gas areas.png")
On 15 January 2011, Rosneft and [BP](/wiki/BP "BP") announced a deal to develop the [East\-Prinovozemelsky field](/wiki/East-Prinovozemelsky_field "East-Prinovozemelsky field") on the [Russian arctic shelf](/wiki/Russian_continental_shelf "Russian continental shelf") between the [Yamal Peninsula](/wiki/Yamal_Peninsula "Yamal Peninsula") and [Novaya Zemlya](/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya "Novaya Zemlya") island.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rosneft.ru/attach/0/62/46/Rosneft\_Strategic\_Alliance\_with\_BP.pdf\|title\=Rosneft Strategic Alliance with BP\|publisher\=Rosneft\|date\=January 2011\|access\-date\=30 January 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030112213/http://www.rosneft.ru/attach/0/62/46/Rosneft\_Strategic\_Alliance\_with\_BP.pdf\|archive\-date\=30 October 2012}} As part of the deal Rosneft was to receive 5% of BP's shares, worth approximately $7\.8 billion, as of January 2011 and BP would get approximately 9\.5% of Rosneft's shares in exchange.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\-12195576\|title\=BP and Russia in Arctic oil deal \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|url\-status\=live \|date\=14 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102184656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\-12195576 \|archive\-date\=2 November 2011}} According to the deal, the two companies would create an Arctic technology centre in Russia to develop technologies and engineering practices for safe arctic hydrocarbons extraction.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rosneft.com/news/pressrelease/15012011\.html\|title\=Rosneft and BP Form Global and Arctic Strategic Alliance \|publisher\=Rosneft\|date\=14 January 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528120828/http://rosneft.com/news/pressrelease/15012011\.html\|archive\-date\=28 May 2012}} AAR, which represents four billionaires of Russian origin and is BP's Russian partner in the [TNK\-BP](/wiki/TNK-BP "TNK-BP") joint venture, blocked the BP–Rosneft deal in international courts, arguing it breached earlier contracts between BP and AAR.{{cite journal \|last\=Yenikeyeff \|first\=Shamil \|url\=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp\-content/uploads/2011/11/BP\-Russian\-billionaires\-and\-the\-Kremlin.pdf\|title\=BP, Russian Billionaires, and the Kremlin: A Power Triangle That Never Was\|journal\=Oxford Energy Comment\|date\=23 November 2011\|pages\=18\|publisher\=The Oxford Institute of Energy Studies\|access\-date\=24 November 2011}} The TNK\-BP partners had previously signed a shareholding agreement which stipulated that their Russian joint venture would be the primary corporate vehicle for BP's oil and gas operations in Russia.{{cite news \|first1\=Alexis \|last1\=Flynn \|first2\=Jacob \|last2\=Gronholt\-Pedersen \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703421204576331033490882712 \|title\=BP, Rosneft Still in Talks \|newspaper\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \|date\=18 May 2011 \|access\-date\=22 May 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517025644/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703421204576331033490882712\.html \|archive\-date\=17 May 2013\|url\-access\=subscription }} On 30 August 2011, Rosneft announced that instead of BP, the partner for EPNZ\-1, EPNZ\-2 and EPNZ\-3 in the [Kara Sea](/wiki/Kara_Sea "Kara Sea") will be ExxonMobil. In exchange, subject to approval by U.S. regulators, in addition to a share in oil production in Russian fields, Rosneft was granted participation in U.S. fields in Texas and the Gulf of Mexico.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article275459\.ece\|title\=ExxonMobil in $3\.2bn Rosneft Arctic pact \|newspaper\=\[\[Upstream (newspaper)\|Upstream Online]]\|publisher\=NHST Media Group\|date\=30 August 2011\|access\-date\=31 August 2011 \|url\-access\=subscription \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007123538/http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article275459\.ece\|archive\-date\=7 October 2012}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9PEK64G1\.htm\|title\=Rosneft Teams Up with Exxon Mobil in Arctic Deal\|first\=Nataliya \|last\=Vasilyeva\|agency\=Associated Press \|work\=\[\[Bloomberg Businessweek]]\|date\=30 August 2011 \|access\-date\=24 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102110700/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9PEK64G1\.htm\|archive\-date\=2 November 2012}}
#### Black Sea shelf deal with ExxonMobil
On 27 January 2011, Rosneft and the American company [ExxonMobil](/wiki/ExxonMobil "ExxonMobil") signed a deal to establish a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture "Joint venture") for the purpose of prospecting and extracting oil from the [Tuapse field](/wiki/Tuapse_field "Tuapse field") deepwater area on the [Black Sea shelf](/wiki/Black_Sea_shelf "Black Sea shelf"), near the coast of the [Krasnodar Krai](/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai "Krasnodar Krai").{{cite journal \|last1\=Overland \|first1\=Indra \|last2\=Godzimirski \|first2\=Jakub \|last3\=Lunden \|first3\=Lars\| last4\=Fjaertoft \|first4\=Daniel \|date\=2013 \|title\=Rosneft's offshore partnerships: The re\-opening of the Russian petroleum frontier?\|url\= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259431566\|journal\=Polar Record\|volume\=49\|issue\=249\|pages\=140–153\|doi\=10\.1017/S0032247412000137 \|doi\-access\=free\|bibcode\=2013PoRec..49\..140O \|hdl\=11250/2442558 \|hdl\-access\=free }} The value of the deal is unknown, but ExxonMobil is expected to invest $1 billion in the project. The venture will be shared 50–50 between the companies during prospecting phase, and two\-thirds to one\-third in Rosneft's favour during the extraction phase. The Tuapse Trough is estimated to contain 7\.2 billion [barrels of oil equivalent](/wiki/Barrels_of_oil_equivalent "Barrels of oil equivalent"). The first well could be drilled in 2012\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/exxon\-rosneft\-sink\-1bln\-in\-black\-sea/429894\.html\|title\=Exxon, Rosneft Sink $1Bln in Black Sea\|last1\=Oliphant\|first1\=Roland\|work\=\[\[The Moscow Times]] \|date\=28 January 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320023645/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/exxon\-rosneft\-sink\-1bln\-in\-black\-sea/429894\.html\|archive\-date\=20 March 2014}} The deal also contains options for additional cooperation, such as extended exploration and production, deliveries to Rosneft's oil refinery in [Tuapse](/wiki/Tuapse "Tuapse"), development of transport infrastructure and research on offshore oil production technologies.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rosneft.com/news/pressrelease/27012011\.html\|title\=Rosneft and ExxonMobil to Develop Black Sea Resources\|publisher\=Rosneft\|date\=27 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528083544/http://rosneft.com/news/pressrelease/27012011\.html\|archive\-date\=28 May 2012}} According to analysts, offshore areas are central to Rosneft's expansionist plans, and the company is looking for foreign cooperation to bring in new technology and share risks.
In April 2017, the [Trump administration](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Donald_Trump "Cabinet of Donald Trump") denied ExxonMobil permission to continue a deal with Rosneft to drill for oil in Russia.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-exxon\-mobil\-sanctions\-russia\-usa\-idUSKBN17N2B5 \|title\=U.S. will not give Exxon permission to drill in Russia \|work\=Reuters \|date\=21 April 2017}}
#### TNK\-BP acquisition
On 22 October 2012, it was announced that Rosneft will take over TNK\-BP International, a parent company of TNK\-BP Holding, which is the third largest oil company in Russia.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/nils\-pratley\-on\-finance/2012/oct/22/stake\-rosneft\-gamble\-bp \|title\=Taking a stake in Rosneft is a big gamble for BP \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|date\=22 October 2012 \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517011325/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/nils\-pratley\-on\-finance/2012/oct/22/stake\-rosneft\-gamble\-bp \|archivedate\=17 May 2013}} BP will receive in exchange of its stake $12\.3 billion of cash and 18\.5% of Rosneft's share, while ARR received $28 billion in cash.{{cite news\|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/bp\-rosneft\-idUSL5E8LM23U20121022 \|title\=Rosneft beefs up with TNK\-BP purchase \|work\=Reuters \|first1\=Darya \|last1\=Korsunskaya \|first2\=Andrew \|last2\=Callus \|date\=22 October 2012\|access\-date\=22 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204549/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/10/22/bp\-rosneft\-idUSL5E8LM23U20121022 \|archive\-date\=22 February 2014}} According to Rosneft's CEO [Igor Sechin](/wiki/Igor_Sechin "Igor Sechin"), no discussion was held on a buyout of minority shareholders in TNK\-BP Holding.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article1268244\.ece\|title\=Sechin points to multi\-billion TNK\-BP synergies\|newspaper\=\[\[Upstream (newspaper)\|Upstream Online]]\|publisher\=\[\[NHST Media Group]]\|first1\=Bill \|last1\=Lehane \|date\=23 October 2012\|access\-date\=24 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301050832/http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article1268244\.ece \|archive\-date\=1 March 2014}} The deal was completed on 20 March 2013\.{{cite news \|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-rosneft\-tnkbp\-deal\-idUKBRE92K0IX20130322 \|title\=Rosneft pays out in historic TNK\-BP deal completion \|work\=\[\[Reuters]] \|first1\=Vladimir \|last1\=Soldatkin \|first2\=Andrew \|last2\=Callus \|date\=22 March 2013 \|access\-date\=25 March 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214072516/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/03/22/uk\-rosneft\-tnkbp\-deal\-idUKBRE92K0IX20130322 \|archive\-date\=14 February 2014}}
### 2020s
On 27 February 2022, [BP](/wiki/BP "BP") announced that it would divest its 19\.75% stake in Rosneft in response to the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine") that took place in February 2022\.{{cite news\|title\=BP to offload stake in Rosneft amid Ukraine conflict\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/business\-60548382\|work\=BBC News\|date\=27 February 2022\|access\-date\=27 February 2022\|language\=en\-UK}}
In 2022, [Trafigura](/wiki/Trafigura "Trafigura") wound down its relationship with Rosneft, Rosneft asked [2Rivers](/wiki/2Rivers "2Rivers") to take Trafigura's place.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-02\-19 \|title\=The Secret Oil\-Trading Ring That Funds Russia’s War \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/business/energy\-oil/russia\-oil\-trading\-secret\-network\-sanctions\-fc3981b7 \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-15}}
The week beginning 19 April 2022, Rosneft attempted to sell millions of barrels of Urals, one of three main export\-grade crude oils sold by Russia. The offer failed to attract any customers.{{cite news\|last1\=Cheong\|first1\=Serene\|last2\=Cho\|first2\=Sharon\|last3\=Chakraborty\|first3\=Debjit\|title\=Asian Buyers Trying to Back Out of Purchases of Russian Oil Grade\|work\=Bloomberg Business News\|date\=April 25, 2022\|accessdate\=April 26, 2022\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022\-04\-25/major\-russian\-oil\-grade\-may\-get\-dumped\-due\-to\-tanker\-sanctions}}
Following the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine") more than half of Rosneft's 11\-member board had quit, forcing the company into a major reshuffle at its annual general meeting on 30 June 2022\. Taieb Belmahdi, a former executive at Qatar's state\-owned QE, has been elected chairman of the board to replace ex\-German chancellor [Gerhard Schröder](/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") who stepped down in May.{{cite web \|title\=Rosneft replaces departed western board members \|url\=https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2346806\-rosneft\-replaces\-departed\-western\-board\-members \|access\-date\=11 January 2023 \|work\=Argus media \|date\=1 July 2022}}
In November 2023 a Rosneft subsidiary *Sakhalinmorneftegaz\-Shelf* was given the job of managing [Sakhalin\-I](/wiki/Sakhalin-I "Sakhalin-I") with an 11\.5% interest in the project.{{cite web \|title\=Russia allows SODECO and ONGC to participate in Sakhalin\-1 project \|url\=https://www.worldexpro.com/news/newsrussia\-allows\-sodeco\-and\-ongc\-to\-participate\-in\-sakhalin\-1\-project\-10354382 \|date\=15 November 2023}}
In January 2024, [Ukrainian retaliatory drone strikes](/wiki/Attacks_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine") hit at least four oil and gas terminals across Russia, including Rosneft's [Tuapse oil terminal](/wiki/Tuapse_oil_terminal "Tuapse oil terminal") on the Black Sea coast.{{cite news \|title\=Ukraine levels up the fight with drone strikes deep into Russia \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/27/ukraine\-levels\-up\-the\-fight\-with\-drone\-strikes\-deep\-into\-russia \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=27 January 2024}}
On 13 March 2024, Ukrainian drones set fire to Rosneft's oil refinery in [Ryazan](/wiki/Ryazan "Ryazan"), the seventh largest in Russia, causing injuries according to the regional governor. The refinery is responsible for 8% of Russian aviation fuel, 6\.4% of gasoline, 4\.1% of diesel and 7\.7% of fuel oil. Another drone was shot down over the Kirishi refinery, Russia's second largest, without causing damage or injuries.{{Cite web \|title\= Russian refineries attacked by Ukraine, Rosneft refinery damaged\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine\-launches\-drone\-attacks\-russia\-second\-night\-row\-officials\-say\-2024\-03\-13/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-12 \|date\=13 March 2024 \|website\=Reuters \|author\=Guy Faulconbridge\| author2\=Lidia Kelly \|language\=en}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Origins",
"Rosneft has played a major role in the history of Russia's [oil industry](/wiki/Petroleum_industry \"Petroleum industry\"). The first use of the name *Rosneft* dates back to the late 19th century{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2023}}, when [exploration](/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration \"Hydrocarbon exploration\") of oil fields in [Sakhalin](/wiki/Sakhalin \"Sakhalin\") began in 1889\\. Most of Rosneft's current assets were acquired during the [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") era.",
"### 1990s",
"Rosneft was established in 1993 as a [unitary enterprise](/wiki/Unitary_enterprise \"Unitary enterprise\") with assets previously held by Rosneftegaz, the successor to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\")'s [Ministry of Oil Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_Industry \"Ministry of Oil Industry\"). During the early 1990s, almost all Russian oil companies and refineries were extracted from Rosneft to form ten integrated companies. Later their number was halved as a result of acquisitions. On 29 September 1995, an [Order of the Government of Russia](/wiki/Order_of_the_Government_of_Russia \"Order of the Government of Russia\") No. 971 transformed Rosneft into an [open joint stock company](/wiki/Open_joint_stock_company \"Open joint stock company\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp\\-content/uploads/2012/01/WPM\\_44\\.pdf\\|title\\=On the Road to Global NOC Status? \\|date\\=January 2012 \\|first\\=James \\|last\\=Henderson \\|website\\=\\[\\[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] \\|publisher\\=University of Oxford \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2020}}",
"In March 1996, Rosneft founded the [Russian Regional Development Bank](/wiki/Russian_Regional_Development_Bank \"Russian Regional Development Bank\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Russian Regional Development Bank OAO \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/VBRR:RU \\|publisher\\=Bloomberg \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2020}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Sale of top Russian business newspaper 'Vedomosti' complete \\|url\\=https://meduza.io/en/news/2020/05/29/sale\\-of\\-top\\-russian\\-business\\-newspaper\\-vedomosti\\-complete \\|publisher\\=Meduza \\|date\\=29 May 2020}}",
"Rosneft struggled financially and operationally during the [1998 Russian financial crisis](/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis \"1998 Russian financial crisis\") with decreased production due to poor assets and lower retail sales with an underused refining capacity. In July 1998 the Russian government tried to sell Rosneft, but it failed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ponarseurasia.org/memo/lessons\\-half\\-learned\\-comparing\\-1998\\-and\\-2014\\-ruble\\-crises\\|title\\=Comparing the 1998 and 2014 Ruble Crises \\|date\\=July 2015\\|work\\=Ponars Eurasia\\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2020}}",
"In October 1998, the Russian government appointed [Sergey Bogdanchikov](/wiki/Sergey_Bogdanchikov \"Sergey Bogdanchikov\") as president.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/25/business/business\\-russian\\-oil\\-so\\-much\\-yet\\-so\\-little.html \\|title\\=Russian Oil: So Much, Yet So Little\\|date\\=25 October 1998\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|first\\=Agis \\|last\\=Salpukas \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2020}} The company owned two obsolete refineries and several low\\-productive and poorly managed oil\\-producing assets. In the late 1990s, plans for Rosneft's [privatization in Russia](/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia \"Privatization in Russia\") were made, but due to competition with equally influential [pretenders](/wiki/Pretender \"Pretender\"), they were not carried out.",
"### 2000s",
"From 2002 to 2004, the company's primary objectives were strengthening control over its assets, reducing the debt burden, and obtaining licenses in Eastern Siberia. The determining factor in enhancing the role of Rosneft in the Russian oil industry has been the support of the country's top leadership.{{vague\\|date\\=June 2023}} The company, during this time, managed to restore its status after its rough start in the 1990s with the acquisition of Krasnodar Oil and Gas Company in 2002 and Northern Oil Company in early 2003\\. In addition, in 2002, the company received a license for the development of the Sakhalin\\-IV and Sakhalin\\-V project,{{cite journal \\|url\\=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Rosneft.pdf \\|title\\=Rosneft as a Mirror of Russia's Evolution \\|via\\=\\[\\[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2020 \\|first\\=Nina \\|last\\=Poussenkova \\|publisher\\=Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences \\|journal\\=Pro et Contra \\|volume\\=10 \\|issue\\=2 \\|date\\=June 2006}} and in 2003 a license for the development of the [Sakhalin\\-III](/wiki/Sakhalin-III \"Sakhalin-III\") project.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2020}}",
"In 2005, Rosneft acquired a 25\\.94% stake in the company [Verkhnechonskneftegaz](/wiki/Verkhnechonsk_field \"Verkhnechonsk field\"){{cite book \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|sPZ6zQEACAAJ\\|page\\=67}} \\|title\\=Russia Oil and Gas Exploration Laws and Regulation Handbook (Vol.1\\) \\|date\\=2013 \\|work\\=International Business Publications USA \\|pages\\=67 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4330\\-7894\\-1 \\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2020 \\|last1\\=Usa \\|first1\\=Usa Ibp \\|publisher\\=International Business Publications, USA }} and became the leading oil company of Russia in terms of production.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.azernews.az/oil\\_and\\_gas/126234\\.html \\|title\\=SOCAR to export Russian oil products\\|date\\=29 January 2018\\|work\\=AzerNews\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2020}}",
"In 2007, the company for the first time entered the annual list of one hundred most respected firms and companies in the world according to the weekly *Barron's*, in 99th place.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rbcdaily.ru/2007/09/16/world/293271 \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Авторитеты из России \\|trans\\-title\\=Authorities from Russia \\|date\\=9 September 2012 \\|work\\=\\[\\[RBK Daily]] \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120909102522/http://www.rbcdaily.ru/2007/09/16/world/293271 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 September 2012 \\|first\\=Roman \\|last\\=Kirillov \\|language\\=ru}} By the same year, Rosneft produced 100 million barrels of oil, 20% of Russia's output at the time. In March 2007, Rosneft had announced it hoped to increase production from 80 million tonnes to 103 million tonnes from 2006 to the end of 2007, extract 140 million tonnes of oil by 2012, and become a global top three energy company.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.petroleumworld.com/story07090309\\.htm \\|title\\=Russia's Rosneft Aiming to Become Top Global Oil Company \\|date\\=9 March 2007 \\|agency\\=AFP \\|work\\=Petroleumworld \\|publisher\\=Elio Ohep Fitzgerald \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510011755/http://www.petroleumworld.com/story07090309\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2015}}",
"When the [Great Recession](/wiki/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") struck Russia in late 2008, Rosneft was able to endure the economic pains by improving and strengthening business lines, management, and [transparency](/wiki/Transparency_%28behavior%29 \"Transparency (behavior)\"), and as a result, became a leading oil company domestically and internationally.",
"In February 2009, a number of agreements were negotiated between Russia and China that provided a 20\\-year contract for an annual supply of 15 million tons of oil between the [Chinese National Petroleum Corporation](/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation \"China National Petroleum Corporation\") (CNPC) and Rosneft, cooperation between CNPC and [Transneft](/wiki/Transneft \"Transneft\") to construct and operate a branch of the [Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Eastern_Siberia%E2%80%93Pacific_Ocean_oil_pipeline \"Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline\") (ESPO) oil pipeline to China, and the provision of loans for US$25 billion—US$15 billion from Rosneft and US$10 billion from Transneft—by the [China Development Bank](/wiki/China_Development_Bank \"China Development Bank\") on the [security](/wiki/Security_%28finance%29 \"Security (finance)\") of supplies.{{cite book \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|EpadDQAAQBAJ}} \\|title\\=The Challenge of BRIC Multinationals \\|date\\=2017 \\|work\\=Emerald Group Publishing Limited \\|pages\\=461 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78635\\-349\\-8 \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2020 \\|last1\\=Tulder \\|first1\\=Rob van \\|last2\\=Verbeke \\|first2\\=Alain \\|last3\\=Carneiro \\|first3\\=Jorge \\|last4\\=Gonzalez\\-Perez \\|first4\\=Maria Alejandra\\|publisher\\=Emerald Group }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market\\-insights/latest\\-news/oil/020714\\-russias\\-rosneft\\-chinas\\-cnpc\\-in\\-talks\\-on\\-upstream\\-pact\\-deals\\-possible\\-by\\-may\\-reports\\|title\\=Russia's Rosneft, China's CNPC in talks on upstream pact, deals possible by May: reports \\|date\\=7 February 2014 \\|work\\=S\\&P Global Platts \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2020}}{{cite book \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|yxk4paS\\_HfUC\\|page\\=342}} \\|title\\=Rebalancing and Sustaining Growth in China\\|date\\=2012\\|work\\=The Australian National University \\|pages\\=342 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-921862\\-80\\-9 \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2020 \\|last1\\=McKay \\|first1\\=Huw \\|last2\\=Song \\|first2\\=Ligang\\|publisher\\=ANU E Press }}",
"#### Acquisition of assets of Yukos",
"{{See also\\|Yukos}}\n[thumb\\|265px\\|The Rosneft headquarters next to the [Saint Sophia Church](/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Church%2C_Moscow \"Saint Sophia Church, Moscow\") on the bank of the Moskva River](/wiki/File:Moscow%2C_Sofiyskaya_embankment.jpg \"Moscow, Sofiyskaya embankment.jpg\")\nStarting in 2004, the Russian government organized a series of auctions to sell the assets of [Yukos](/wiki/Yukos \"Yukos\") Oil Company, of which Rosneft won the majority. On 22 December 2004, Rosneft purchased [Baikal Finance Group](/wiki/Baikal_Finance_Group \"Baikal Finance Group\"), which bought [Yuganskneftegaz](/wiki/Yuganskneftegaz \"Yuganskneftegaz\") (Yugansk), a main asset of Yukos, three days earlier at a state\\-run auction for [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")9\\.35 billion to satisfy tax debts.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/f371c836\\-1645\\-11e4\\-93ec\\-00144feabdc0 \\|title\\=Timeline: The rise and fall of Yukos \\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]] \\|date\\=28 July 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2020 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}} According to some estimates,{{who\\|date\\=January 2015}} this operation was directed by Russian authorities in order to nationalize Russia's oil and gas industry. In response to the deal, [Andrei Illarionov](/wiki/Andrei_Illarionov \"Andrei Illarionov\"), then a senior Putin economic advisor, denounced it as \"fraud of the year\".{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004//12/28//illarionov.shtml \\|title\\=Putin's Advisor Calls Yuganskneftegaz Sale \"Fraud of the Year\" \\|date\\=29 December 2004 \\|work\\=MosNews \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20041229122106/http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004//12/28//illarionov.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=29 December 2004}}",
"In 2005, [Mikhail Khodorkovsky](/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky \"Mikhail Khodorkovsky\") (former chairman of [Menatep](/wiki/Bank_Menatep \"Bank Menatep\")) and [Platon Lebedev](/wiki/Platon_Lebedev \"Platon Lebedev\") (business partner of Khodorkovsky) were sentenced to nine years in prison for fraud and [tax evasion](/wiki/Tax_evasion \"Tax evasion\"). In February 2007, they were charged again and accused of stealing $25 billion worth of oil from Yukos subsidiaries. They were convicted, but in 2013 [Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") pardoned Khodorkovsky and 2014 the [Russian supreme court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia \"Supreme Court of Russia\") announced that Lebedev should also be freed early.",
"The purchase of Yugansk in 2005{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4315593\\.stm \\|title\\=Managers' row hits Russian merger\\|date\\=3 March 2005 \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2020}} greatly increased the number of assets and production for Rosneft. Subsequently, Rosneft filed a lawsuit against Yukos in connection with the use of the understated transfer prices for the purchase of oil from Yuganskneftegaz prior to its breakup. At the same time, Rosneft itself also purchased oil and gas from its subsidiary, Yuganskneftegaz, at [transfer prices](/wiki/Transfer_pricing \"Transfer pricing\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2018}}",
"[thumb\\|180px\\|Major existing and planned natural oil and gas pipelines supplying [Russian oil and gas](/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia \"Petroleum industry in Russia\") to Europe](/wiki/File:RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif \"RF NG pipestoEU.gif\")\nIn May 2007, Rosneft won a number of auctions for the sale of Yukos' assets, including five refineries and oil companies Tomsk Oil Company and Samara Oil and Gas Company, making it the largest oil company in Russia. According to experts on the Russian newspaper *[Vedomosti](/wiki/Vedomosti \"Vedomosti\")*, the assets of Yukos, bought by Rosneft at auction organized by the state, went to the company at a discount of 43\\.4% of the market price of this property. In 2007, the former assets of Yukos provided 72\\.6% of oil and gas condensate production and 74\\.2% of Rosneft's primary refining.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2007/09/25/133276 \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Прокурорский дисконт \\|trans\\-title\\=Prosecutor's discount \\|first\\=Irina \\|last\\=Reznik \\|date\\=25 September 2007 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Vedomosti]] \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|language\\=ru}} In June, Rosneft paid $731 million for the transportation assets of Yukos, which had declared bankrupt in August 2006 after three years of litigation over tax arrears.{{cite web \\|publisher\\=Oil \\& Gas Eurasia \\|url\\=http://www.oilandgaseurasia.com/articles/p/36/article/343/ \\|title\\=Rosneft Gets More of Yukos \\|date\\=June 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208084343/http://www.oilandgaseurasia.com/articles/p/36/article/343/ \\|archive\\-date\\=8 February 2012 }} In August, Bogdanchikov said that although the Yukos acquisitions had increased Rosnefts debt to $US 26 billion, he planned to reduce debt to 30% of total assets by 2010 by tripling refining capacity and expand into China.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2023}}",
"#### Initial public offering of 2006",
"In July 2006, Rosneft placed 15% of its shares traded with a total value of US$10\\.7 billion in an [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") (IPO) at the [London Stock Exchange](/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange \"London Stock Exchange\"), the [Russian Trading System](/wiki/Russian_Trading_System \"Russian Trading System\"), and the [Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange](/wiki/Moscow_Interbank_Currency_Exchange \"Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange\"). Part of the shares were distributed among the Russian population through banks such as [Sberbank](/wiki/Sberbank_of_Russia \"Sberbank of Russia\") and [Gazprombank](/wiki/Gazprombank \"Gazprombank\").{{cite book \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|6QjcAAAAQBAJ}} \\|title\\=Power and Policy in Putins´s Russia\\|date\\=2009\\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-317\\-98994\\-3 \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2020\\|last1\\=Sakwa\\|first1\\=Richard}}{{cite book \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|VJ1FCgAAQBAJ}} \\|title\\=Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Restructuring Activities \\|date\\=2012 \\|pages\\=574 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-12\\-801610\\-7 \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2020\\|last1\\=Depamphilis\\|first1\\=Donald\\|publisher\\=Academic Press }}",
"The [Federal Service for Financial Markets](/wiki/Federal_Financial_Markets_Service \"Federal Financial Markets Service\") authorized the placement and circulation outside the country of a 22\\.5% stake in Rosneft.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market\\-news/market\\-news\\-detail/ROSN/13622556\\.html \\|title\\=Consolidated financial statements 2017\\|date\\=31 December 2017\\|work\\=London Stock Exchange\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2020}}",
"Rosneft announced a placement value of US$5\\.85–7\\.85 per share and [global depository receipt](/wiki/Global_depository_receipt \"Global depository receipt\") (GDR), based on the company's capitalization after [consolidation](/wiki/Reverse_stock_split \"Reverse stock split\") of US$60–80 billion. It planned to place shares for at least US$8\\.5 billion in order to repay loans to Western banks, including interest and taxes.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2006/07/14/investors\\-eagerly\\-await\\-rosneft\\-ipo\\-petronas\\-among\\-bidders\\|title\\=Investors eagerly await Rosneft IPO, Petronas among bidders\\|date\\=14 July 2006\\|work\\=TheStar\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2020}}",
"On 14 July, the official results of the placement value were announced. Shares were priced at US$7\\.55, almost at the upper end of the price band, resulting in Rosneft's [capitalization](/wiki/Market_capitalization \"Market capitalization\")—taking into account the upcoming consolidation of its subsidiaries—at a value of US$79\\.8 billion, making Rosneft surpass [Lukoil](/wiki/Lukoil \"Lukoil\") as the largest oil company in Russia. Investors bought 1\\.38 billion shares for US$10\\.4 billion: 21% of the shares were bought by strategic investors, 36% from international investors from North America, Europe, and Asia, 39% from Russian investors, and 4% from Russian retail investors. 49\\.4% of the total IPO volume accounted for four investors, including [BP](/wiki/BP \"BP\") for US$1 billion, [Petronas](/wiki/Petronas \"Petronas\") for US$1\\.5 billion, and the [CNPC](/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation \"China National Petroleum Corporation\") for $0\\.5 billion. Individuals submitted applications for the purchase of 99,431,775 shares of the oil company, and as a result, most of the new shareholders were individuals; partly because of this IPO was given the unofficial name of \"people's.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.ipocongress.ru/rus/analytics/articles/id/3988/ \\|script\\-title\\=ru:\"Роснефть\": \"народное IPO\" обернулось скандалом \\|trans\\-title\\=Rosneft: \"people's IPO\" turned into a scandal \\|date\\=9 June 2010\\|work\\=ipocongress.ru\\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202183107/http://www.ipocongress.ru/rus/analytics/articles/id/3988/\\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|language\\=ru}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1499211\\|title\\=ОАО НК Роснефть \\|trans\\-title\\=OJSC NK Rosneft \\|date\\=9 June 2010 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Kommersant]] \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2018\\|pages\\=9}}",
"Rosneft's IPO became the largest in the history of Russia and the fifth in the world in terms of the amount of money raised at the time. The announced amount could increase by another US$400 million if the global placement coordinators realize the option of buying another 53 million GDRs of Rosneft at the price of placement within 30 days.",
"#### On Abkhazia",
"{{See also\\|Abkhazia}}",
"On 26 May 2009, a five\\-year cooperation agreement was negotiated between Rosneft and the [Abkhazia](/wiki/Abkhazia \"Abkhazia\")'s Ministry of Economy. The parties stated their intention to develop mutually beneficial cooperation in areas as [geological prospecting](/wiki/Prospecting \"Prospecting\"), development of oil and gas fields, production of [hydrocarbons](/wiki/Hydrocarbon \"Hydrocarbon\"), and sale of oil, natural gas and oil products. Rosneft undertook [exploration](/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration \"Hydrocarbon exploration\") on the shelf in the Ochamchira area, discovering preliminary reserves estimated at 200 million to 500 million tons of oil equivalent. In addition to drilling and creating its own sales network, Rosneft also planned the construction of mini\\-refineries in Abkhazia.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/26052009\\.html \\|date\\=May 26, 2009 \\|script\\-title\\=ru:НК «Роснефть» и Минэкономики Абхазии договорились о сотрудничестве \\|trans\\-title\\=NK \"Rosneft\" and the Ministry of Economy of Abkhazia agreed on cooperation \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127222258/http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/26052009\\.html \\|archivedate\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|publisher\\=Rosneft \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.expert.ru/articles/2009/08/25/rosnanhaz/ \\|title\\=\"Роснефть\" признала Абхазию \\|trans\\-title\\=Rosneft recognized Abkhazia \\|work\\=Expert Online 2\\.0 \\|date\\=31 August 2009\\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831212102/http://www.expert.ru/articles/2009/08/25/rosnanhaz/\\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2009}}",
"According to Rosneft, the company provides more than half of the retail sales of oil products in Abkhazia. In 2014, Rosneft exported 47 thousand tons of oil products to Abkhazia. Since 2015, Rosneft has been supplying aviation fuel for [Sukhumi Babushara Airport](/wiki/Sukhumi_Babushara_Airport \"Sukhumi Babushara Airport\").{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/310720152\\.html \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Позиция «НК «Роснефть» по вопросу о сотрудничестве с республикой Абхазия \\|trans\\-title\\=Position of \"NK\" Rosneft \"on the issue of cooperation with the Republic of Abkhazia \\|date\\=July 31, 2015 \\|publisher\\=Rosneft \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803044506/http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/310720152\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-08\\-03}}",
"As part of the project to develop the Gudauta area on the Black Sea shelf, Rosneft carried out a full range of geophysical and geochemical research, conduct 2D and 3D seismic surveys, and start preparations for exploratory drilling. In June 2014, Rosneft extended the shelf study period to five years.",
"In July 2015, however, the new President of Abkhazia, [Raul Khajimba](/wiki/Raul_Khajimba \"Raul Khajimba\"), who replaced [Alexander Ankvab](/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab \"Alexander Ankvab\") after his resignation, spoke out against the exploration and production of oil on the offshore shelf of Abkhazia and asked the [People's Assembly](/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia \"People's Assembly of Abkhazia\") to consider the possibility of establishing a \"commission for the comprehensive study of issues related to the conclusion of contracts for exploration and production hydrocarbons by the previous Abkhaz leadership.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/60776 \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Власти Абхазии вытесняют \"Роснефть\" из страны \\|trans\\-title\\=Abkhazian authorities oust Rosneft from the country \\|language\\=ru \\|work\\=Vesti Finance \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031015/http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/60776 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"A group of deputies of the People's Assembly drafted a bill banning the development of hydrocarbons in Abkhazia. Supporters of the bill demanded the prohibition of the development of the offshore shelf in Abkhazia for 30 years.",
"### 2010s",
"In September 2010, Eduard Khudainatov replaced Sergei Bogdanchikov as [CEO](/wiki/CEO \"CEO\") of the company.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/05092010\\.html \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Решением Совета директоров Президентом ОАО \"НК \"Роснефть\" назначен Эдуард Худайнатов \\|trans\\-title\\=By the decision of the Board of Directors, Eduard Khudainatov was appointed President of Rosneft \\|language\\=ru \\|date\\=9 June 2010 \\|work\\=Rosneft \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018}}",
"On 15 October 2010, [Russian President](/wiki/President_of_Russia \"President of Russia\") [Dmitry Medvedev](/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev \"Dmitry Medvedev\") signed an agreement with [President of Venezuela](/wiki/President_of_Venezuela \"President of Venezuela\") [Hugo Chávez](/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez \"Hugo Chávez\") for the [PDVSA](/wiki/PDVSA \"PDVSA\") to sell 50% of the shares of German company Ruhr Oel to Rosneft, giving Rosneft oil refining assets in Germany.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.rosneft.com/business/Downstream/Neftepererabotka/Acquisition\\_of\\_a\\_stake\\_in\\_Ruhr\\_Oel\\_GmbH/ \\|title\\=Stake in Ruhr Oel GmbH \\|website\\=Rosneft}}",
"Since 23 May 2012, former Deputy Prime Minister [Igor Sechin](/wiki/Igor_Sechin \"Igor Sechin\") became the company's CEO, succeeding Khudaninatov, who received the post of vice\\-president.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazeta.ru/business/news/2012/05/23/n\\_2355721\\.shtml \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Совет директоров назначил Сечина президентом \"Роснефти\", Худайнатов стал его замом \\|trans\\-title\\=The board of directors appointed Sechin president of Rosneft, Khudainatov became his deputy \\|language\\=ru \\|work\\=\\[\\[Gazeta.Ru]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018}}",
"In the summer of 2012, Rosneft purchased a fuel oil terminal from the [United Shipbuilding Corporation](/wiki/United_Shipbuilding_Corporation \"United Shipbuilding Corporation\") (USC) located on the territory of the Murmansk Ship Repair Plant No. 35\\. The transaction value is estimated at [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")28 million. According to *[Kommersant](/wiki/Kommersant \"Kommersant\")*, the Murmansk terminal can be used as a platform for Rosneft's activities in the Arctic.{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1982144 \\|script\\-title\\=ru:\"Роснефть\" вышла на причал в Мурманске \\|trans\\-title\\=Rosneft went to the pier in Murmansk \\|date\\=17 July 2012 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Kommersant]] \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018 \\|pages\\=9 \\|language\\=ru}}",
"In October 2016, Rosneft bought a 49% stake in [Essar Oil](/wiki/Essar_Oil \"Essar Oil\") of India, along with Russian investment fund United Capital, in a deal worth $13 billion.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/brics\\-summit\\-2016\\-rosneft\\-partners\\-buy\\-essar\\-oil\\-for\\-13\\-billion\\-in\\-largest\\-fdi\\-deal\\-3084527/ \\|title\\=Rosneft, partners buy Essar Oil for $13 billion in largest FDI deal \\|date\\=October 15, 2016 \\|work\\=The Indian Express}}",
"On 7 December 2016, Rosneft signed a deal to sell 19\\.5% of the outstanding shares, or roughly US$11 billion, to the Anglo\\-Swiss multinational commodity trader [Glencore](/wiki/Glencore \"Glencore\") and the [Qatar Investment Authority](/wiki/Qatar_Investment_Authority \"Qatar Investment Authority\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.businessinsider.com/carter\\-page\\-trump\\-russia\\-igor\\-sechin\\-dossier\\-2017\\-1\\|title \\= Memos: CEO of Russia's state oil company offered Trump adviser, allies a cut of huge deal if sanctions were lifted \\|work\\=Business Insider \\|first\\=Natasha \\|last\\=Bertrand \\|date\\=January 27, 2017}} Officially, the stake was split 50/50 between Glencore and Qatar, but Glencore contributed only €300 million and claims only a 0\\.54% stake. The ownership structure includes a [Cayman Islands](/wiki/Cayman_Islands \"Cayman Islands\") company, QHG Cayman Limited, whose ownership can not be traced.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-russia\\-rosneft\\-privatisation\\-insight\\-idUSKBN1582OH \\|title\\=How Russia sold its oil jewel: without saying who bought it\\|date\\=25 January 2017\\|publisher\\=Reuters}} After the transaction, Rosneft's [holding company](/wiki/Holding_company \"Holding company\") Rosneftegaz retained 50% \\+ 1 share of the company.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2016/12/08/668719\\-glencore\\-tsena\\-pokupki\\-rosnefti \\|title\\=Glencore: цена покупки пакета \"Роснефти\" – 10,2 млрд евро \\|trans\\-title\\=Glencore: purchase price of Rosneft stake – 10\\.2 billion euros \\|last\\=Ведомости \\|date\\=8 December 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018}}",
"On 2 October 2017, the [PLA](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\")\\-linked [CEFC China Energy](/wiki/CEFC_China_Energy \"CEFC China Energy\"){{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/e3f8cbd2\\-983f\\-11e7\\-a652\\-cde3f882dd7b \\|title\\=Opaque Chinese oil group makes clear gains in former Soviet bloc \\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]] \\|date\\=13 September 2017 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}} bought a $9 billion stake in Rosneft.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017\\-10\\-02/why\\-cefc\\-spent\\-9\\-billion\\-on\\-rosneft\\-while\\-seeing\\-30\\-oil\\-risk \\|title\\=Why an Enigmatic Chinese Company Just Spent $9 Billion on a Stake in Rosneft \\|work\\=Bloomberg \\|date\\=2 October 2017}}",
"On 26 September 2017, the Russian government [controversially](/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der%23Criticism_and_controversies \"Gerhard Schröder#Criticism and controversies\") approved the former [German chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany \"Chancellor of Germany\") [Gerhard Schröder](/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der \"Gerhard Schröder\") as chairman of Rosneft.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://runews24\\.ru/politics/26/09/2017/bbb36e42d7f6cd47c67f1acdc5f7f854 \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Власти утвердили Шредера кандидатом на пост главы \"Роснефти\" \\|trans\\-title\\=The authorities approved Schroeder as a candidate for the post of head of Rosneft \\|website\\=runews24\\.ru \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018}}",
"In May 2018, it was announced that the Qatar\\-Glencore consortium is cancelling the plan to sell a $9\\.1 billion (14%) stake of Rosneft to [CEFC China Energy](/wiki/CEFC_China_Energy \"CEFC China Energy\"). With the dissolution of the consortium, the [Qatar Investment Authority](/wiki/Qatar_Investment_Authority \"Qatar Investment Authority\") purchased the shares instead, thereby solidifying its position as one of the biggest shareholders (19%) of Rosneft.{{cite news \\|first1\\=N. \\|last1\\=Hume \\|first2\\=D. \\|last2\\=Sheppard \\|date\\=4 May 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/402ab57c\\-4fb6\\-11e8\\-9471\\-a083af05aea7 \\|title\\=Qatar and Glencore scrap plan to sell $9bn Rosneft stake to CEFC \\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2018 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}}",
"In the 2010s, the extensive contact between Rosneft and [ExxonMobil](/wiki/ExxonMobil \"ExxonMobil\") were further deepened, with Igor Sechin and [Rex Tillerson](/wiki/Rex_Tillerson \"Rex Tillerson\") getting to know each other personally.",
"#### Arctic shelf deals with BP and ExxonMobil",
"{{see also\\|East\\-Prinovozemelsky field}}\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Location of the EPNZ\\-1, EPNZ\\-2 and EPNZ\\-3 oil and gas areas in the Kara Sea](/wiki/File:EPNZ_1-3_oil_and_gas_areas.png \"EPNZ 1-3 oil and gas areas.png\")\nOn 15 January 2011, Rosneft and [BP](/wiki/BP \"BP\") announced a deal to develop the [East\\-Prinovozemelsky field](/wiki/East-Prinovozemelsky_field \"East-Prinovozemelsky field\") on the [Russian arctic shelf](/wiki/Russian_continental_shelf \"Russian continental shelf\") between the [Yamal Peninsula](/wiki/Yamal_Peninsula \"Yamal Peninsula\") and [Novaya Zemlya](/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya \"Novaya Zemlya\") island.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rosneft.ru/attach/0/62/46/Rosneft\\_Strategic\\_Alliance\\_with\\_BP.pdf\\|title\\=Rosneft Strategic Alliance with BP\\|publisher\\=Rosneft\\|date\\=January 2011\\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030112213/http://www.rosneft.ru/attach/0/62/46/Rosneft\\_Strategic\\_Alliance\\_with\\_BP.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=30 October 2012}} As part of the deal Rosneft was to receive 5% of BP's shares, worth approximately $7\\.8 billion, as of January 2011 and BP would get approximately 9\\.5% of Rosneft's shares in exchange.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\\-12195576\\|title\\=BP and Russia in Arctic oil deal \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|date\\=14 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102184656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\\-12195576 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2011}} According to the deal, the two companies would create an Arctic technology centre in Russia to develop technologies and engineering practices for safe arctic hydrocarbons extraction.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rosneft.com/news/pressrelease/15012011\\.html\\|title\\=Rosneft and BP Form Global and Arctic Strategic Alliance \\|publisher\\=Rosneft\\|date\\=14 January 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528120828/http://rosneft.com/news/pressrelease/15012011\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=28 May 2012}} AAR, which represents four billionaires of Russian origin and is BP's Russian partner in the [TNK\\-BP](/wiki/TNK-BP \"TNK-BP\") joint venture, blocked the BP–Rosneft deal in international courts, arguing it breached earlier contracts between BP and AAR.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Yenikeyeff \\|first\\=Shamil \\|url\\=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp\\-content/uploads/2011/11/BP\\-Russian\\-billionaires\\-and\\-the\\-Kremlin.pdf\\|title\\=BP, Russian Billionaires, and the Kremlin: A Power Triangle That Never Was\\|journal\\=Oxford Energy Comment\\|date\\=23 November 2011\\|pages\\=18\\|publisher\\=The Oxford Institute of Energy Studies\\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2011}} The TNK\\-BP partners had previously signed a shareholding agreement which stipulated that their Russian joint venture would be the primary corporate vehicle for BP's oil and gas operations in Russia.{{cite news \\|first1\\=Alexis \\|last1\\=Flynn \\|first2\\=Jacob \\|last2\\=Gronholt\\-Pedersen \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703421204576331033490882712 \\|title\\=BP, Rosneft Still in Talks \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\|date\\=18 May 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517025644/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703421204576331033490882712\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=17 May 2013\\|url\\-access\\=subscription }} On 30 August 2011, Rosneft announced that instead of BP, the partner for EPNZ\\-1, EPNZ\\-2 and EPNZ\\-3 in the [Kara Sea](/wiki/Kara_Sea \"Kara Sea\") will be ExxonMobil. In exchange, subject to approval by U.S. regulators, in addition to a share in oil production in Russian fields, Rosneft was granted participation in U.S. fields in Texas and the Gulf of Mexico.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article275459\\.ece\\|title\\=ExxonMobil in $3\\.2bn Rosneft Arctic pact \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Upstream (newspaper)\\|Upstream Online]]\\|publisher\\=NHST Media Group\\|date\\=30 August 2011\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2011 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007123538/http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article275459\\.ece\\|archive\\-date\\=7 October 2012}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9PEK64G1\\.htm\\|title\\=Rosneft Teams Up with Exxon Mobil in Arctic Deal\\|first\\=Nataliya \\|last\\=Vasilyeva\\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|work\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg Businessweek]]\\|date\\=30 August 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102110700/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9PEK64G1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2012}}",
"#### Black Sea shelf deal with ExxonMobil",
"On 27 January 2011, Rosneft and the American company [ExxonMobil](/wiki/ExxonMobil \"ExxonMobil\") signed a deal to establish a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture \"Joint venture\") for the purpose of prospecting and extracting oil from the [Tuapse field](/wiki/Tuapse_field \"Tuapse field\") deepwater area on the [Black Sea shelf](/wiki/Black_Sea_shelf \"Black Sea shelf\"), near the coast of the [Krasnodar Krai](/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai \"Krasnodar Krai\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Overland \\|first1\\=Indra \\|last2\\=Godzimirski \\|first2\\=Jakub \\|last3\\=Lunden \\|first3\\=Lars\\| last4\\=Fjaertoft \\|first4\\=Daniel \\|date\\=2013 \\|title\\=Rosneft's offshore partnerships: The re\\-opening of the Russian petroleum frontier?\\|url\\= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259431566\\|journal\\=Polar Record\\|volume\\=49\\|issue\\=249\\|pages\\=140–153\\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0032247412000137 \\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|bibcode\\=2013PoRec..49\\..140O \\|hdl\\=11250/2442558 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }} The value of the deal is unknown, but ExxonMobil is expected to invest $1 billion in the project. The venture will be shared 50–50 between the companies during prospecting phase, and two\\-thirds to one\\-third in Rosneft's favour during the extraction phase. The Tuapse Trough is estimated to contain 7\\.2 billion [barrels of oil equivalent](/wiki/Barrels_of_oil_equivalent \"Barrels of oil equivalent\"). The first well could be drilled in 2012\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/exxon\\-rosneft\\-sink\\-1bln\\-in\\-black\\-sea/429894\\.html\\|title\\=Exxon, Rosneft Sink $1Bln in Black Sea\\|last1\\=Oliphant\\|first1\\=Roland\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Moscow Times]] \\|date\\=28 January 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320023645/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/exxon\\-rosneft\\-sink\\-1bln\\-in\\-black\\-sea/429894\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=20 March 2014}} The deal also contains options for additional cooperation, such as extended exploration and production, deliveries to Rosneft's oil refinery in [Tuapse](/wiki/Tuapse \"Tuapse\"), development of transport infrastructure and research on offshore oil production technologies.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rosneft.com/news/pressrelease/27012011\\.html\\|title\\=Rosneft and ExxonMobil to Develop Black Sea Resources\\|publisher\\=Rosneft\\|date\\=27 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528083544/http://rosneft.com/news/pressrelease/27012011\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=28 May 2012}} According to analysts, offshore areas are central to Rosneft's expansionist plans, and the company is looking for foreign cooperation to bring in new technology and share risks.",
"In April 2017, the [Trump administration](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Donald_Trump \"Cabinet of Donald Trump\") denied ExxonMobil permission to continue a deal with Rosneft to drill for oil in Russia.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-exxon\\-mobil\\-sanctions\\-russia\\-usa\\-idUSKBN17N2B5 \\|title\\=U.S. will not give Exxon permission to drill in Russia \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=21 April 2017}}",
"#### TNK\\-BP acquisition",
"On 22 October 2012, it was announced that Rosneft will take over TNK\\-BP International, a parent company of TNK\\-BP Holding, which is the third largest oil company in Russia.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/nils\\-pratley\\-on\\-finance/2012/oct/22/stake\\-rosneft\\-gamble\\-bp \\|title\\=Taking a stake in Rosneft is a big gamble for BP \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\=22 October 2012 \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517011325/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/nils\\-pratley\\-on\\-finance/2012/oct/22/stake\\-rosneft\\-gamble\\-bp \\|archivedate\\=17 May 2013}} BP will receive in exchange of its stake $12\\.3 billion of cash and 18\\.5% of Rosneft's share, while ARR received $28 billion in cash.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/bp\\-rosneft\\-idUSL5E8LM23U20121022 \\|title\\=Rosneft beefs up with TNK\\-BP purchase \\|work\\=Reuters \\|first1\\=Darya \\|last1\\=Korsunskaya \\|first2\\=Andrew \\|last2\\=Callus \\|date\\=22 October 2012\\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204549/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/10/22/bp\\-rosneft\\-idUSL5E8LM23U20121022 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 February 2014}} According to Rosneft's CEO [Igor Sechin](/wiki/Igor_Sechin \"Igor Sechin\"), no discussion was held on a buyout of minority shareholders in TNK\\-BP Holding.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article1268244\\.ece\\|title\\=Sechin points to multi\\-billion TNK\\-BP synergies\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Upstream (newspaper)\\|Upstream Online]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NHST Media Group]]\\|first1\\=Bill \\|last1\\=Lehane \\|date\\=23 October 2012\\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301050832/http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article1268244\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=1 March 2014}} The deal was completed on 20 March 2013\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-rosneft\\-tnkbp\\-deal\\-idUKBRE92K0IX20130322 \\|title\\=Rosneft pays out in historic TNK\\-BP deal completion \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|first1\\=Vladimir \\|last1\\=Soldatkin \\|first2\\=Andrew \\|last2\\=Callus \\|date\\=22 March 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214072516/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/03/22/uk\\-rosneft\\-tnkbp\\-deal\\-idUKBRE92K0IX20130322 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2014}}",
"### 2020s",
"On 27 February 2022, [BP](/wiki/BP \"BP\") announced that it would divest its 19\\.75% stake in Rosneft in response to the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\") that took place in February 2022\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=BP to offload stake in Rosneft amid Ukraine conflict\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/business\\-60548382\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=27 February 2022\\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2022\\|language\\=en\\-UK}}",
"In 2022, [Trafigura](/wiki/Trafigura \"Trafigura\") wound down its relationship with Rosneft, Rosneft asked [2Rivers](/wiki/2Rivers \"2Rivers\") to take Trafigura's place.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-19 \\|title\\=The Secret Oil\\-Trading Ring That Funds Russia’s War \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/business/energy\\-oil/russia\\-oil\\-trading\\-secret\\-network\\-sanctions\\-fc3981b7 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-15}}",
"The week beginning 19 April 2022, Rosneft attempted to sell millions of barrels of Urals, one of three main export\\-grade crude oils sold by Russia. The offer failed to attract any customers.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Cheong\\|first1\\=Serene\\|last2\\=Cho\\|first2\\=Sharon\\|last3\\=Chakraborty\\|first3\\=Debjit\\|title\\=Asian Buyers Trying to Back Out of Purchases of Russian Oil Grade\\|work\\=Bloomberg Business News\\|date\\=April 25, 2022\\|accessdate\\=April 26, 2022\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022\\-04\\-25/major\\-russian\\-oil\\-grade\\-may\\-get\\-dumped\\-due\\-to\\-tanker\\-sanctions}}",
"Following the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\") more than half of Rosneft's 11\\-member board had quit, forcing the company into a major reshuffle at its annual general meeting on 30 June 2022\\. Taieb Belmahdi, a former executive at Qatar's state\\-owned QE, has been elected chairman of the board to replace ex\\-German chancellor [Gerhard Schröder](/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der \"Gerhard Schröder\") who stepped down in May.{{cite web \\|title\\=Rosneft replaces departed western board members \\|url\\=https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2346806\\-rosneft\\-replaces\\-departed\\-western\\-board\\-members \\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2023 \\|work\\=Argus media \\|date\\=1 July 2022}}",
"In November 2023 a Rosneft subsidiary *Sakhalinmorneftegaz\\-Shelf* was given the job of managing [Sakhalin\\-I](/wiki/Sakhalin-I \"Sakhalin-I\") with an 11\\.5% interest in the project.{{cite web \\|title\\=Russia allows SODECO and ONGC to participate in Sakhalin\\-1 project \\|url\\=https://www.worldexpro.com/news/newsrussia\\-allows\\-sodeco\\-and\\-ongc\\-to\\-participate\\-in\\-sakhalin\\-1\\-project\\-10354382 \\|date\\=15 November 2023}}",
"In January 2024, [Ukrainian retaliatory drone strikes](/wiki/Attacks_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine\") hit at least four oil and gas terminals across Russia, including Rosneft's [Tuapse oil terminal](/wiki/Tuapse_oil_terminal \"Tuapse oil terminal\") on the Black Sea coast.{{cite news \\|title\\=Ukraine levels up the fight with drone strikes deep into Russia \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/27/ukraine\\-levels\\-up\\-the\\-fight\\-with\\-drone\\-strikes\\-deep\\-into\\-russia \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=27 January 2024}}",
"On 13 March 2024, Ukrainian drones set fire to Rosneft's oil refinery in [Ryazan](/wiki/Ryazan \"Ryazan\"), the seventh largest in Russia, causing injuries according to the regional governor. The refinery is responsible for 8% of Russian aviation fuel, 6\\.4% of gasoline, 4\\.1% of diesel and 7\\.7% of fuel oil. Another drone was shot down over the Kirishi refinery, Russia's second largest, without causing damage or injuries.{{Cite web \\|title\\= Russian refineries attacked by Ukraine, Rosneft refinery damaged\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine\\-launches\\-drone\\-attacks\\-russia\\-second\\-night\\-row\\-officials\\-say\\-2024\\-03\\-13/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-12 \\|date\\=13 March 2024 \\|website\\=Reuters \\|author\\=Guy Faulconbridge\\| author2\\=Lidia Kelly \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
### 2000s
From 2002 to 2004, the company's primary objectives were strengthening control over its assets, reducing the debt burden, and obtaining licenses in Eastern Siberia. The determining factor in enhancing the role of Rosneft in the Russian oil industry has been the support of the country's top leadership.{{vague\|date\=June 2023}} The company, during this time, managed to restore its status after its rough start in the 1990s with the acquisition of Krasnodar Oil and Gas Company in 2002 and Northern Oil Company in early 2003\. In addition, in 2002, the company received a license for the development of the Sakhalin\-IV and Sakhalin\-V project,{{cite journal \|url\=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Rosneft.pdf \|title\=Rosneft as a Mirror of Russia's Evolution \|via\=\[\[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] \|access\-date\=5 May 2020 \|first\=Nina \|last\=Poussenkova \|publisher\=Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences \|journal\=Pro et Contra \|volume\=10 \|issue\=2 \|date\=June 2006}} and in 2003 a license for the development of the [Sakhalin\-III](/wiki/Sakhalin-III "Sakhalin-III") project.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2020}}
In 2005, Rosneft acquired a 25\.94% stake in the company [Verkhnechonskneftegaz](/wiki/Verkhnechonsk_field "Verkhnechonsk field"){{cite book \|url\={{GBurl\|sPZ6zQEACAAJ\|page\=67}} \|title\=Russia Oil and Gas Exploration Laws and Regulation Handbook (Vol.1\) \|date\=2013 \|work\=International Business Publications USA \|pages\=67 \|isbn\=978\-1\-4330\-7894\-1 \|access\-date\=19 May 2020 \|last1\=Usa \|first1\=Usa Ibp \|publisher\=International Business Publications, USA }} and became the leading oil company of Russia in terms of production.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.azernews.az/oil\_and\_gas/126234\.html \|title\=SOCAR to export Russian oil products\|date\=29 January 2018\|work\=AzerNews\|access\-date\=11 May 2020}}
In 2007, the company for the first time entered the annual list of one hundred most respected firms and companies in the world according to the weekly *Barron's*, in 99th place.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.rbcdaily.ru/2007/09/16/world/293271 \|script\-title\=ru:Авторитеты из России \|trans\-title\=Authorities from Russia \|date\=9 September 2012 \|work\=\[\[RBK Daily]] \|access\-date\=21 March 2018 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120909102522/http://www.rbcdaily.ru/2007/09/16/world/293271 \|archive\-date\=9 September 2012 \|first\=Roman \|last\=Kirillov \|language\=ru}} By the same year, Rosneft produced 100 million barrels of oil, 20% of Russia's output at the time. In March 2007, Rosneft had announced it hoped to increase production from 80 million tonnes to 103 million tonnes from 2006 to the end of 2007, extract 140 million tonnes of oil by 2012, and become a global top three energy company.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.petroleumworld.com/story07090309\.htm \|title\=Russia's Rosneft Aiming to Become Top Global Oil Company \|date\=9 March 2007 \|agency\=AFP \|work\=Petroleumworld \|publisher\=Elio Ohep Fitzgerald \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510011755/http://www.petroleumworld.com/story07090309\.htm \|archive\-date\=10 May 2015}}
When the [Great Recession](/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") struck Russia in late 2008, Rosneft was able to endure the economic pains by improving and strengthening business lines, management, and [transparency](/wiki/Transparency_%28behavior%29 "Transparency (behavior)"), and as a result, became a leading oil company domestically and internationally.
In February 2009, a number of agreements were negotiated between Russia and China that provided a 20\-year contract for an annual supply of 15 million tons of oil between the [Chinese National Petroleum Corporation](/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation "China National Petroleum Corporation") (CNPC) and Rosneft, cooperation between CNPC and [Transneft](/wiki/Transneft "Transneft") to construct and operate a branch of the [Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Eastern_Siberia%E2%80%93Pacific_Ocean_oil_pipeline "Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline") (ESPO) oil pipeline to China, and the provision of loans for US$25 billion—US$15 billion from Rosneft and US$10 billion from Transneft—by the [China Development Bank](/wiki/China_Development_Bank "China Development Bank") on the [security](/wiki/Security_%28finance%29 "Security (finance)") of supplies.{{cite book \|url\={{GBurl\|EpadDQAAQBAJ}} \|title\=The Challenge of BRIC Multinationals \|date\=2017 \|work\=Emerald Group Publishing Limited \|pages\=461 \|isbn\=978\-1\-78635\-349\-8 \|access\-date\=14 May 2020 \|last1\=Tulder \|first1\=Rob van \|last2\=Verbeke \|first2\=Alain \|last3\=Carneiro \|first3\=Jorge \|last4\=Gonzalez\-Perez \|first4\=Maria Alejandra\|publisher\=Emerald Group }}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market\-insights/latest\-news/oil/020714\-russias\-rosneft\-chinas\-cnpc\-in\-talks\-on\-upstream\-pact\-deals\-possible\-by\-may\-reports\|title\=Russia's Rosneft, China's CNPC in talks on upstream pact, deals possible by May: reports \|date\=7 February 2014 \|work\=S\&P Global Platts \|access\-date\=14 May 2020}}{{cite book \|url\={{GBurl\|yxk4paS\_HfUC\|page\=342}} \|title\=Rebalancing and Sustaining Growth in China\|date\=2012\|work\=The Australian National University \|pages\=342 \|isbn\=978\-1\-921862\-80\-9 \|access\-date\=14 May 2020 \|last1\=McKay \|first1\=Huw \|last2\=Song \|first2\=Ligang\|publisher\=ANU E Press }}
#### Acquisition of assets of Yukos
{{See also\|Yukos}}
[thumb\|265px\|The Rosneft headquarters next to the [Saint Sophia Church](/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Church%2C_Moscow "Saint Sophia Church, Moscow") on the bank of the Moskva River](/wiki/File:Moscow%2C_Sofiyskaya_embankment.jpg "Moscow, Sofiyskaya embankment.jpg")
Starting in 2004, the Russian government organized a series of auctions to sell the assets of [Yukos](/wiki/Yukos "Yukos") Oil Company, of which Rosneft won the majority. On 22 December 2004, Rosneft purchased [Baikal Finance Group](/wiki/Baikal_Finance_Group "Baikal Finance Group"), which bought [Yuganskneftegaz](/wiki/Yuganskneftegaz "Yuganskneftegaz") (Yugansk), a main asset of Yukos, three days earlier at a state\-run auction for [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")9\.35 billion to satisfy tax debts.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/f371c836\-1645\-11e4\-93ec\-00144feabdc0 \|title\=Timeline: The rise and fall of Yukos \|work\=\[\[Financial Times]] \|date\=28 July 2014 \|access\-date\=11 May 2020 \|url\-access\=subscription}} According to some estimates,{{who\|date\=January 2015}} this operation was directed by Russian authorities in order to nationalize Russia's oil and gas industry. In response to the deal, [Andrei Illarionov](/wiki/Andrei_Illarionov "Andrei Illarionov"), then a senior Putin economic advisor, denounced it as "fraud of the year".{{Cite news \|url\=http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004//12/28//illarionov.shtml \|title\=Putin's Advisor Calls Yuganskneftegaz Sale "Fraud of the Year" \|date\=29 December 2004 \|work\=MosNews \|access\-date\=21 March 2018 \|url\-status\=usurped \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20041229122106/http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004//12/28//illarionov.shtml \|archive\-date\=29 December 2004}}
In 2005, [Mikhail Khodorkovsky](/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky "Mikhail Khodorkovsky") (former chairman of [Menatep](/wiki/Bank_Menatep "Bank Menatep")) and [Platon Lebedev](/wiki/Platon_Lebedev "Platon Lebedev") (business partner of Khodorkovsky) were sentenced to nine years in prison for fraud and [tax evasion](/wiki/Tax_evasion "Tax evasion"). In February 2007, they were charged again and accused of stealing $25 billion worth of oil from Yukos subsidiaries. They were convicted, but in 2013 [Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") pardoned Khodorkovsky and 2014 the [Russian supreme court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia "Supreme Court of Russia") announced that Lebedev should also be freed early.
The purchase of Yugansk in 2005{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4315593\.stm \|title\=Managers' row hits Russian merger\|date\=3 March 2005 \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|access\-date\=11 May 2020}} greatly increased the number of assets and production for Rosneft. Subsequently, Rosneft filed a lawsuit against Yukos in connection with the use of the understated transfer prices for the purchase of oil from Yuganskneftegaz prior to its breakup. At the same time, Rosneft itself also purchased oil and gas from its subsidiary, Yuganskneftegaz, at [transfer prices](/wiki/Transfer_pricing "Transfer pricing").{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2018}}
[thumb\|180px\|Major existing and planned natural oil and gas pipelines supplying [Russian oil and gas](/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia "Petroleum industry in Russia") to Europe](/wiki/File:RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif "RF NG pipestoEU.gif")
In May 2007, Rosneft won a number of auctions for the sale of Yukos' assets, including five refineries and oil companies Tomsk Oil Company and Samara Oil and Gas Company, making it the largest oil company in Russia. According to experts on the Russian newspaper *[Vedomosti](/wiki/Vedomosti "Vedomosti")*, the assets of Yukos, bought by Rosneft at auction organized by the state, went to the company at a discount of 43\.4% of the market price of this property. In 2007, the former assets of Yukos provided 72\.6% of oil and gas condensate production and 74\.2% of Rosneft's primary refining.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2007/09/25/133276 \|script\-title\=ru:Прокурорский дисконт \|trans\-title\=Prosecutor's discount \|first\=Irina \|last\=Reznik \|date\=25 September 2007 \|work\=\[\[Vedomosti]] \|url\-access\=subscription \|language\=ru}} In June, Rosneft paid $731 million for the transportation assets of Yukos, which had declared bankrupt in August 2006 after three years of litigation over tax arrears.{{cite web \|publisher\=Oil \& Gas Eurasia \|url\=http://www.oilandgaseurasia.com/articles/p/36/article/343/ \|title\=Rosneft Gets More of Yukos \|date\=June 2007 \|access\-date\=27 August 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208084343/http://www.oilandgaseurasia.com/articles/p/36/article/343/ \|archive\-date\=8 February 2012 }} In August, Bogdanchikov said that although the Yukos acquisitions had increased Rosnefts debt to $US 26 billion, he planned to reduce debt to 30% of total assets by 2010 by tripling refining capacity and expand into China.{{cn\|date\=April 2023}}
#### Initial public offering of 2006
In July 2006, Rosneft placed 15% of its shares traded with a total value of US$10\.7 billion in an [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") (IPO) at the [London Stock Exchange](/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange "London Stock Exchange"), the [Russian Trading System](/wiki/Russian_Trading_System "Russian Trading System"), and the [Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange](/wiki/Moscow_Interbank_Currency_Exchange "Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange"). Part of the shares were distributed among the Russian population through banks such as [Sberbank](/wiki/Sberbank_of_Russia "Sberbank of Russia") and [Gazprombank](/wiki/Gazprombank "Gazprombank").{{cite book \|url\={{GBurl\|6QjcAAAAQBAJ}} \|title\=Power and Policy in Putins´s Russia\|date\=2009\|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-1\-317\-98994\-3 \|access\-date\=14 May 2020\|last1\=Sakwa\|first1\=Richard}}{{cite book \|url\={{GBurl\|VJ1FCgAAQBAJ}} \|title\=Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Restructuring Activities \|date\=2012 \|pages\=574 \|isbn\=978\-0\-12\-801610\-7 \|access\-date\=14 May 2020\|last1\=Depamphilis\|first1\=Donald\|publisher\=Academic Press }}
The [Federal Service for Financial Markets](/wiki/Federal_Financial_Markets_Service "Federal Financial Markets Service") authorized the placement and circulation outside the country of a 22\.5% stake in Rosneft.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market\-news/market\-news\-detail/ROSN/13622556\.html \|title\=Consolidated financial statements 2017\|date\=31 December 2017\|work\=London Stock Exchange\|access\-date\=19 May 2020}}
Rosneft announced a placement value of US$5\.85–7\.85 per share and [global depository receipt](/wiki/Global_depository_receipt "Global depository receipt") (GDR), based on the company's capitalization after [consolidation](/wiki/Reverse_stock_split "Reverse stock split") of US$60–80 billion. It planned to place shares for at least US$8\.5 billion in order to repay loans to Western banks, including interest and taxes.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2006/07/14/investors\-eagerly\-await\-rosneft\-ipo\-petronas\-among\-bidders\|title\=Investors eagerly await Rosneft IPO, Petronas among bidders\|date\=14 July 2006\|work\=TheStar\|access\-date\=19 May 2020}}
On 14 July, the official results of the placement value were announced. Shares were priced at US$7\.55, almost at the upper end of the price band, resulting in Rosneft's [capitalization](/wiki/Market_capitalization "Market capitalization")—taking into account the upcoming consolidation of its subsidiaries—at a value of US$79\.8 billion, making Rosneft surpass [Lukoil](/wiki/Lukoil "Lukoil") as the largest oil company in Russia. Investors bought 1\.38 billion shares for US$10\.4 billion: 21% of the shares were bought by strategic investors, 36% from international investors from North America, Europe, and Asia, 39% from Russian investors, and 4% from Russian retail investors. 49\.4% of the total IPO volume accounted for four investors, including [BP](/wiki/BP "BP") for US$1 billion, [Petronas](/wiki/Petronas "Petronas") for US$1\.5 billion, and the [CNPC](/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation "China National Petroleum Corporation") for $0\.5 billion. Individuals submitted applications for the purchase of 99,431,775 shares of the oil company, and as a result, most of the new shareholders were individuals; partly because of this IPO was given the unofficial name of "people's."{{cite news \|url\=http://www.ipocongress.ru/rus/analytics/articles/id/3988/ \|script\-title\=ru:"Роснефть": "народное IPO" обернулось скандалом \|trans\-title\=Rosneft: "people's IPO" turned into a scandal \|date\=9 June 2010\|work\=ipocongress.ru\|access\-date\=22 March 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202183107/http://www.ipocongress.ru/rus/analytics/articles/id/3988/\|archive\-date\=2 February 2012\|url\-status\=dead \|language\=ru}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1499211\|title\=ОАО НК Роснефть \|trans\-title\=OJSC NK Rosneft \|date\=9 June 2010 \|work\=\[\[Kommersant]] \|access\-date\=21 March 2018\|pages\=9}}
Rosneft's IPO became the largest in the history of Russia and the fifth in the world in terms of the amount of money raised at the time. The announced amount could increase by another US$400 million if the global placement coordinators realize the option of buying another 53 million GDRs of Rosneft at the price of placement within 30 days.
#### On Abkhazia
{{See also\|Abkhazia}}
On 26 May 2009, a five\-year cooperation agreement was negotiated between Rosneft and the [Abkhazia](/wiki/Abkhazia "Abkhazia")'s Ministry of Economy. The parties stated their intention to develop mutually beneficial cooperation in areas as [geological prospecting](/wiki/Prospecting "Prospecting"), development of oil and gas fields, production of [hydrocarbons](/wiki/Hydrocarbon "Hydrocarbon"), and sale of oil, natural gas and oil products. Rosneft undertook [exploration](/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration "Hydrocarbon exploration") on the shelf in the Ochamchira area, discovering preliminary reserves estimated at 200 million to 500 million tons of oil equivalent. In addition to drilling and creating its own sales network, Rosneft also planned the construction of mini\-refineries in Abkhazia.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/26052009\.html \|date\=May 26, 2009 \|script\-title\=ru:НК «Роснефть» и Минэкономики Абхазии договорились о сотрудничестве \|trans\-title\=NK "Rosneft" and the Ministry of Economy of Abkhazia agreed on cooperation \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127222258/http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/26052009\.html \|archivedate\=2010\-11\-27 \|publisher\=Rosneft \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=22 March 2018}}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.expert.ru/articles/2009/08/25/rosnanhaz/ \|title\="Роснефть" признала Абхазию \|trans\-title\=Rosneft recognized Abkhazia \|work\=Expert Online 2\.0 \|date\=31 August 2009\|access\-date\=22 March 2018\|url\-status\=bot: unknown\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831212102/http://www.expert.ru/articles/2009/08/25/rosnanhaz/\|archive\-date\=31 August 2009}}
According to Rosneft, the company provides more than half of the retail sales of oil products in Abkhazia. In 2014, Rosneft exported 47 thousand tons of oil products to Abkhazia. Since 2015, Rosneft has been supplying aviation fuel for [Sukhumi Babushara Airport](/wiki/Sukhumi_Babushara_Airport "Sukhumi Babushara Airport").{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/310720152\.html \|script\-title\=ru:Позиция «НК «Роснефть» по вопросу о сотрудничестве с республикой Абхазия \|trans\-title\=Position of "NK" Rosneft "on the issue of cooperation with the Republic of Abkhazia \|date\=July 31, 2015 \|publisher\=Rosneft \|language\=ru \|access\-date\=22 March 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803044506/http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/310720152\.html \|archive\-date\=2015\-08\-03}}
As part of the project to develop the Gudauta area on the Black Sea shelf, Rosneft carried out a full range of geophysical and geochemical research, conduct 2D and 3D seismic surveys, and start preparations for exploratory drilling. In June 2014, Rosneft extended the shelf study period to five years.
In July 2015, however, the new President of Abkhazia, [Raul Khajimba](/wiki/Raul_Khajimba "Raul Khajimba"), who replaced [Alexander Ankvab](/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab "Alexander Ankvab") after his resignation, spoke out against the exploration and production of oil on the offshore shelf of Abkhazia and asked the [People's Assembly](/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia "People's Assembly of Abkhazia") to consider the possibility of establishing a "commission for the comprehensive study of issues related to the conclusion of contracts for exploration and production hydrocarbons by the previous Abkhaz leadership."{{cite news \|url\=http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/60776 \|script\-title\=ru:Власти Абхазии вытесняют "Роснефть" из страны \|trans\-title\=Abkhazian authorities oust Rosneft from the country \|language\=ru \|work\=Vesti Finance \|access\-date\=22 March 2018 \|archive\-date\=23 March 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031015/http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/60776 \|url\-status\=dead }}
A group of deputies of the People's Assembly drafted a bill banning the development of hydrocarbons in Abkhazia. Supporters of the bill demanded the prohibition of the development of the offshore shelf in Abkhazia for 30 years.
|
[
"### 2000s",
"From 2002 to 2004, the company's primary objectives were strengthening control over its assets, reducing the debt burden, and obtaining licenses in Eastern Siberia. The determining factor in enhancing the role of Rosneft in the Russian oil industry has been the support of the country's top leadership.{{vague\\|date\\=June 2023}} The company, during this time, managed to restore its status after its rough start in the 1990s with the acquisition of Krasnodar Oil and Gas Company in 2002 and Northern Oil Company in early 2003\\. In addition, in 2002, the company received a license for the development of the Sakhalin\\-IV and Sakhalin\\-V project,{{cite journal \\|url\\=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Rosneft.pdf \\|title\\=Rosneft as a Mirror of Russia's Evolution \\|via\\=\\[\\[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] \\|access\\-date\\=5 May 2020 \\|first\\=Nina \\|last\\=Poussenkova \\|publisher\\=Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences \\|journal\\=Pro et Contra \\|volume\\=10 \\|issue\\=2 \\|date\\=June 2006}} and in 2003 a license for the development of the [Sakhalin\\-III](/wiki/Sakhalin-III \"Sakhalin-III\") project.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2020}}",
"In 2005, Rosneft acquired a 25\\.94% stake in the company [Verkhnechonskneftegaz](/wiki/Verkhnechonsk_field \"Verkhnechonsk field\"){{cite book \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|sPZ6zQEACAAJ\\|page\\=67}} \\|title\\=Russia Oil and Gas Exploration Laws and Regulation Handbook (Vol.1\\) \\|date\\=2013 \\|work\\=International Business Publications USA \\|pages\\=67 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4330\\-7894\\-1 \\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2020 \\|last1\\=Usa \\|first1\\=Usa Ibp \\|publisher\\=International Business Publications, USA }} and became the leading oil company of Russia in terms of production.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.azernews.az/oil\\_and\\_gas/126234\\.html \\|title\\=SOCAR to export Russian oil products\\|date\\=29 January 2018\\|work\\=AzerNews\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2020}}",
"In 2007, the company for the first time entered the annual list of one hundred most respected firms and companies in the world according to the weekly *Barron's*, in 99th place.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rbcdaily.ru/2007/09/16/world/293271 \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Авторитеты из России \\|trans\\-title\\=Authorities from Russia \\|date\\=9 September 2012 \\|work\\=\\[\\[RBK Daily]] \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120909102522/http://www.rbcdaily.ru/2007/09/16/world/293271 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 September 2012 \\|first\\=Roman \\|last\\=Kirillov \\|language\\=ru}} By the same year, Rosneft produced 100 million barrels of oil, 20% of Russia's output at the time. In March 2007, Rosneft had announced it hoped to increase production from 80 million tonnes to 103 million tonnes from 2006 to the end of 2007, extract 140 million tonnes of oil by 2012, and become a global top three energy company.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.petroleumworld.com/story07090309\\.htm \\|title\\=Russia's Rosneft Aiming to Become Top Global Oil Company \\|date\\=9 March 2007 \\|agency\\=AFP \\|work\\=Petroleumworld \\|publisher\\=Elio Ohep Fitzgerald \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510011755/http://www.petroleumworld.com/story07090309\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2015}}",
"When the [Great Recession](/wiki/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") struck Russia in late 2008, Rosneft was able to endure the economic pains by improving and strengthening business lines, management, and [transparency](/wiki/Transparency_%28behavior%29 \"Transparency (behavior)\"), and as a result, became a leading oil company domestically and internationally.",
"In February 2009, a number of agreements were negotiated between Russia and China that provided a 20\\-year contract for an annual supply of 15 million tons of oil between the [Chinese National Petroleum Corporation](/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation \"China National Petroleum Corporation\") (CNPC) and Rosneft, cooperation between CNPC and [Transneft](/wiki/Transneft \"Transneft\") to construct and operate a branch of the [Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Eastern_Siberia%E2%80%93Pacific_Ocean_oil_pipeline \"Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline\") (ESPO) oil pipeline to China, and the provision of loans for US$25 billion—US$15 billion from Rosneft and US$10 billion from Transneft—by the [China Development Bank](/wiki/China_Development_Bank \"China Development Bank\") on the [security](/wiki/Security_%28finance%29 \"Security (finance)\") of supplies.{{cite book \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|EpadDQAAQBAJ}} \\|title\\=The Challenge of BRIC Multinationals \\|date\\=2017 \\|work\\=Emerald Group Publishing Limited \\|pages\\=461 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78635\\-349\\-8 \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2020 \\|last1\\=Tulder \\|first1\\=Rob van \\|last2\\=Verbeke \\|first2\\=Alain \\|last3\\=Carneiro \\|first3\\=Jorge \\|last4\\=Gonzalez\\-Perez \\|first4\\=Maria Alejandra\\|publisher\\=Emerald Group }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market\\-insights/latest\\-news/oil/020714\\-russias\\-rosneft\\-chinas\\-cnpc\\-in\\-talks\\-on\\-upstream\\-pact\\-deals\\-possible\\-by\\-may\\-reports\\|title\\=Russia's Rosneft, China's CNPC in talks on upstream pact, deals possible by May: reports \\|date\\=7 February 2014 \\|work\\=S\\&P Global Platts \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2020}}{{cite book \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|yxk4paS\\_HfUC\\|page\\=342}} \\|title\\=Rebalancing and Sustaining Growth in China\\|date\\=2012\\|work\\=The Australian National University \\|pages\\=342 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-921862\\-80\\-9 \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2020 \\|last1\\=McKay \\|first1\\=Huw \\|last2\\=Song \\|first2\\=Ligang\\|publisher\\=ANU E Press }}",
"#### Acquisition of assets of Yukos",
"{{See also\\|Yukos}}\n[thumb\\|265px\\|The Rosneft headquarters next to the [Saint Sophia Church](/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Church%2C_Moscow \"Saint Sophia Church, Moscow\") on the bank of the Moskva River](/wiki/File:Moscow%2C_Sofiyskaya_embankment.jpg \"Moscow, Sofiyskaya embankment.jpg\")\nStarting in 2004, the Russian government organized a series of auctions to sell the assets of [Yukos](/wiki/Yukos \"Yukos\") Oil Company, of which Rosneft won the majority. On 22 December 2004, Rosneft purchased [Baikal Finance Group](/wiki/Baikal_Finance_Group \"Baikal Finance Group\"), which bought [Yuganskneftegaz](/wiki/Yuganskneftegaz \"Yuganskneftegaz\") (Yugansk), a main asset of Yukos, three days earlier at a state\\-run auction for [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")9\\.35 billion to satisfy tax debts.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/f371c836\\-1645\\-11e4\\-93ec\\-00144feabdc0 \\|title\\=Timeline: The rise and fall of Yukos \\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]] \\|date\\=28 July 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2020 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription}} According to some estimates,{{who\\|date\\=January 2015}} this operation was directed by Russian authorities in order to nationalize Russia's oil and gas industry. In response to the deal, [Andrei Illarionov](/wiki/Andrei_Illarionov \"Andrei Illarionov\"), then a senior Putin economic advisor, denounced it as \"fraud of the year\".{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004//12/28//illarionov.shtml \\|title\\=Putin's Advisor Calls Yuganskneftegaz Sale \"Fraud of the Year\" \\|date\\=29 December 2004 \\|work\\=MosNews \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20041229122106/http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004//12/28//illarionov.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=29 December 2004}}",
"In 2005, [Mikhail Khodorkovsky](/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky \"Mikhail Khodorkovsky\") (former chairman of [Menatep](/wiki/Bank_Menatep \"Bank Menatep\")) and [Platon Lebedev](/wiki/Platon_Lebedev \"Platon Lebedev\") (business partner of Khodorkovsky) were sentenced to nine years in prison for fraud and [tax evasion](/wiki/Tax_evasion \"Tax evasion\"). In February 2007, they were charged again and accused of stealing $25 billion worth of oil from Yukos subsidiaries. They were convicted, but in 2013 [Putin](/wiki/Vladimir_Putin \"Vladimir Putin\") pardoned Khodorkovsky and 2014 the [Russian supreme court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia \"Supreme Court of Russia\") announced that Lebedev should also be freed early.",
"The purchase of Yugansk in 2005{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4315593\\.stm \\|title\\=Managers' row hits Russian merger\\|date\\=3 March 2005 \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2020}} greatly increased the number of assets and production for Rosneft. Subsequently, Rosneft filed a lawsuit against Yukos in connection with the use of the understated transfer prices for the purchase of oil from Yuganskneftegaz prior to its breakup. At the same time, Rosneft itself also purchased oil and gas from its subsidiary, Yuganskneftegaz, at [transfer prices](/wiki/Transfer_pricing \"Transfer pricing\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2018}}",
"[thumb\\|180px\\|Major existing and planned natural oil and gas pipelines supplying [Russian oil and gas](/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia \"Petroleum industry in Russia\") to Europe](/wiki/File:RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif \"RF NG pipestoEU.gif\")\nIn May 2007, Rosneft won a number of auctions for the sale of Yukos' assets, including five refineries and oil companies Tomsk Oil Company and Samara Oil and Gas Company, making it the largest oil company in Russia. According to experts on the Russian newspaper *[Vedomosti](/wiki/Vedomosti \"Vedomosti\")*, the assets of Yukos, bought by Rosneft at auction organized by the state, went to the company at a discount of 43\\.4% of the market price of this property. In 2007, the former assets of Yukos provided 72\\.6% of oil and gas condensate production and 74\\.2% of Rosneft's primary refining.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2007/09/25/133276 \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Прокурорский дисконт \\|trans\\-title\\=Prosecutor's discount \\|first\\=Irina \\|last\\=Reznik \\|date\\=25 September 2007 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Vedomosti]] \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|language\\=ru}} In June, Rosneft paid $731 million for the transportation assets of Yukos, which had declared bankrupt in August 2006 after three years of litigation over tax arrears.{{cite web \\|publisher\\=Oil \\& Gas Eurasia \\|url\\=http://www.oilandgaseurasia.com/articles/p/36/article/343/ \\|title\\=Rosneft Gets More of Yukos \\|date\\=June 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208084343/http://www.oilandgaseurasia.com/articles/p/36/article/343/ \\|archive\\-date\\=8 February 2012 }} In August, Bogdanchikov said that although the Yukos acquisitions had increased Rosnefts debt to $US 26 billion, he planned to reduce debt to 30% of total assets by 2010 by tripling refining capacity and expand into China.{{cn\\|date\\=April 2023}}",
"#### Initial public offering of 2006",
"In July 2006, Rosneft placed 15% of its shares traded with a total value of US$10\\.7 billion in an [initial public offering](/wiki/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") (IPO) at the [London Stock Exchange](/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange \"London Stock Exchange\"), the [Russian Trading System](/wiki/Russian_Trading_System \"Russian Trading System\"), and the [Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange](/wiki/Moscow_Interbank_Currency_Exchange \"Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange\"). Part of the shares were distributed among the Russian population through banks such as [Sberbank](/wiki/Sberbank_of_Russia \"Sberbank of Russia\") and [Gazprombank](/wiki/Gazprombank \"Gazprombank\").{{cite book \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|6QjcAAAAQBAJ}} \\|title\\=Power and Policy in Putins´s Russia\\|date\\=2009\\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-317\\-98994\\-3 \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2020\\|last1\\=Sakwa\\|first1\\=Richard}}{{cite book \\|url\\={{GBurl\\|VJ1FCgAAQBAJ}} \\|title\\=Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Restructuring Activities \\|date\\=2012 \\|pages\\=574 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-12\\-801610\\-7 \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2020\\|last1\\=Depamphilis\\|first1\\=Donald\\|publisher\\=Academic Press }}",
"The [Federal Service for Financial Markets](/wiki/Federal_Financial_Markets_Service \"Federal Financial Markets Service\") authorized the placement and circulation outside the country of a 22\\.5% stake in Rosneft.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market\\-news/market\\-news\\-detail/ROSN/13622556\\.html \\|title\\=Consolidated financial statements 2017\\|date\\=31 December 2017\\|work\\=London Stock Exchange\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2020}}",
"Rosneft announced a placement value of US$5\\.85–7\\.85 per share and [global depository receipt](/wiki/Global_depository_receipt \"Global depository receipt\") (GDR), based on the company's capitalization after [consolidation](/wiki/Reverse_stock_split \"Reverse stock split\") of US$60–80 billion. It planned to place shares for at least US$8\\.5 billion in order to repay loans to Western banks, including interest and taxes.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2006/07/14/investors\\-eagerly\\-await\\-rosneft\\-ipo\\-petronas\\-among\\-bidders\\|title\\=Investors eagerly await Rosneft IPO, Petronas among bidders\\|date\\=14 July 2006\\|work\\=TheStar\\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2020}}",
"On 14 July, the official results of the placement value were announced. Shares were priced at US$7\\.55, almost at the upper end of the price band, resulting in Rosneft's [capitalization](/wiki/Market_capitalization \"Market capitalization\")—taking into account the upcoming consolidation of its subsidiaries—at a value of US$79\\.8 billion, making Rosneft surpass [Lukoil](/wiki/Lukoil \"Lukoil\") as the largest oil company in Russia. Investors bought 1\\.38 billion shares for US$10\\.4 billion: 21% of the shares were bought by strategic investors, 36% from international investors from North America, Europe, and Asia, 39% from Russian investors, and 4% from Russian retail investors. 49\\.4% of the total IPO volume accounted for four investors, including [BP](/wiki/BP \"BP\") for US$1 billion, [Petronas](/wiki/Petronas \"Petronas\") for US$1\\.5 billion, and the [CNPC](/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation \"China National Petroleum Corporation\") for $0\\.5 billion. Individuals submitted applications for the purchase of 99,431,775 shares of the oil company, and as a result, most of the new shareholders were individuals; partly because of this IPO was given the unofficial name of \"people's.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.ipocongress.ru/rus/analytics/articles/id/3988/ \\|script\\-title\\=ru:\"Роснефть\": \"народное IPO\" обернулось скандалом \\|trans\\-title\\=Rosneft: \"people's IPO\" turned into a scandal \\|date\\=9 June 2010\\|work\\=ipocongress.ru\\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202183107/http://www.ipocongress.ru/rus/analytics/articles/id/3988/\\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|language\\=ru}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1499211\\|title\\=ОАО НК Роснефть \\|trans\\-title\\=OJSC NK Rosneft \\|date\\=9 June 2010 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Kommersant]] \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2018\\|pages\\=9}}",
"Rosneft's IPO became the largest in the history of Russia and the fifth in the world in terms of the amount of money raised at the time. The announced amount could increase by another US$400 million if the global placement coordinators realize the option of buying another 53 million GDRs of Rosneft at the price of placement within 30 days.",
"#### On Abkhazia",
"{{See also\\|Abkhazia}}",
"On 26 May 2009, a five\\-year cooperation agreement was negotiated between Rosneft and the [Abkhazia](/wiki/Abkhazia \"Abkhazia\")'s Ministry of Economy. The parties stated their intention to develop mutually beneficial cooperation in areas as [geological prospecting](/wiki/Prospecting \"Prospecting\"), development of oil and gas fields, production of [hydrocarbons](/wiki/Hydrocarbon \"Hydrocarbon\"), and sale of oil, natural gas and oil products. Rosneft undertook [exploration](/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration \"Hydrocarbon exploration\") on the shelf in the Ochamchira area, discovering preliminary reserves estimated at 200 million to 500 million tons of oil equivalent. In addition to drilling and creating its own sales network, Rosneft also planned the construction of mini\\-refineries in Abkhazia.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/26052009\\.html \\|date\\=May 26, 2009 \\|script\\-title\\=ru:НК «Роснефть» и Минэкономики Абхазии договорились о сотрудничестве \\|trans\\-title\\=NK \"Rosneft\" and the Ministry of Economy of Abkhazia agreed on cooperation \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127222258/http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/26052009\\.html \\|archivedate\\=2010\\-11\\-27 \\|publisher\\=Rosneft \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018}}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.expert.ru/articles/2009/08/25/rosnanhaz/ \\|title\\=\"Роснефть\" признала Абхазию \\|trans\\-title\\=Rosneft recognized Abkhazia \\|work\\=Expert Online 2\\.0 \\|date\\=31 August 2009\\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831212102/http://www.expert.ru/articles/2009/08/25/rosnanhaz/\\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2009}}",
"According to Rosneft, the company provides more than half of the retail sales of oil products in Abkhazia. In 2014, Rosneft exported 47 thousand tons of oil products to Abkhazia. Since 2015, Rosneft has been supplying aviation fuel for [Sukhumi Babushara Airport](/wiki/Sukhumi_Babushara_Airport \"Sukhumi Babushara Airport\").{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/310720152\\.html \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Позиция «НК «Роснефть» по вопросу о сотрудничестве с республикой Абхазия \\|trans\\-title\\=Position of \"NK\" Rosneft \"on the issue of cooperation with the Republic of Abkhazia \\|date\\=July 31, 2015 \\|publisher\\=Rosneft \\|language\\=ru \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803044506/http://www.rosneft.ru/news/pressrelease/310720152\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-08\\-03}}",
"As part of the project to develop the Gudauta area on the Black Sea shelf, Rosneft carried out a full range of geophysical and geochemical research, conduct 2D and 3D seismic surveys, and start preparations for exploratory drilling. In June 2014, Rosneft extended the shelf study period to five years.",
"In July 2015, however, the new President of Abkhazia, [Raul Khajimba](/wiki/Raul_Khajimba \"Raul Khajimba\"), who replaced [Alexander Ankvab](/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab \"Alexander Ankvab\") after his resignation, spoke out against the exploration and production of oil on the offshore shelf of Abkhazia and asked the [People's Assembly](/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia \"People's Assembly of Abkhazia\") to consider the possibility of establishing a \"commission for the comprehensive study of issues related to the conclusion of contracts for exploration and production hydrocarbons by the previous Abkhaz leadership.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/60776 \\|script\\-title\\=ru:Власти Абхазии вытесняют \"Роснефть\" из страны \\|trans\\-title\\=Abkhazian authorities oust Rosneft from the country \\|language\\=ru \\|work\\=Vesti Finance \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031015/http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/60776 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"A group of deputies of the People's Assembly drafted a bill banning the development of hydrocarbons in Abkhazia. Supporters of the bill demanded the prohibition of the development of the offshore shelf in Abkhazia for 30 years.",
""
] |
Text
----
The Greek text of the codex, is a representative of the [Alexandrian text\-type](/wiki/Alexandrian_text-type "Alexandrian text-type"), with some the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_text-type "Byzantine text-type") readings. It is one of the most important of all minuscule manuscripts.[Bruce M. Metzger](/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger "Bruce M. Metzger"), [Bart D. Ehrman](/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman "Bart D. Ehrman"), *The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration* ([Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"), 2005\), p. 88\. It was only one minuscule manuscript examined by [Constantin von Tischendorf](/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf "Constantin von Tischendorf"). [Aland](/wiki/Kurt_Aland "Kurt Aland") placed it in "at least [Category II](/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts%23Category_II "Categories of New Testament manuscripts#Category II")".{{Cite book
\| last1 \= Aland
\| first1 \= Kurt
\| author\-link \= Kurt Aland
\| last2 \= Aland
\| first2 \= Barbara
\| author\-link2 \= Barbara Aland
\| others \= Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.)
\| title \= The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
\| publisher \= \[\[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]
\| year \= 1995
\| location \= Grand Rapids
\| page \= 129
\| isbn \= 978\-0\-8028\-4098\-1}}
It has been called "the best minuscule witness to Acts" or "the most important minuscule copy of the Acts". [F. H. A. Scrivener](/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener "Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener") stated "its value is shown not so much by the readings in which it stands alone, as by agreement with the oldest uncial copies, where their testimonies coincide".
In Acts 16:10 it reads θεος along with [P74](/wiki/Papyrus_74 "Papyrus 74"), [Sinaiticus](/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus "Codex Sinaiticus"), [Alexandrinus](/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus "Codex Alexandrinus"), [Vaticanus](/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus "Codex Vaticanus"), [Ephraemi](/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus "Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus"), [E](/wiki/Codex_Laudianus "Codex Laudianus"), [044](/wiki/Codex_Athous_Lavrensis "Codex Athous Lavrensis"), [33](/wiki/Minuscule_33 "Minuscule 33"), [181](/wiki/Minuscule_181 "Minuscule 181"), [326](/wiki/Minuscule_326 "Minuscule 326"), [630](/wiki/Minuscule_630 "Minuscule 630"), [945](/wiki/Minuscule_945_%28Gregory-Aland%29 "Minuscule 945 (Gregory-Aland)"), [1739](/wiki/Minuscule_1739 "Minuscule 1739"), ar, e, l, vg, copbo, geo; other reading κυριος, is supported by D, [P](/wiki/Codex_Porphyrianus "Codex Porphyrianus"), [049](/wiki/Uncial_049 "Uncial 049"), [056](/wiki/Uncial_056 "Uncial 056"), [0142](/wiki/Uncial_0142 "Uncial 0142"), [88](/wiki/Minuscule_88 "Minuscule 88"), [104](/wiki/Minuscule_104 "Minuscule 104"), [330](/wiki/Minuscule_330 "Minuscule 330"), [436](/wiki/Minuscule_436 "Minuscule 436"), [451](/wiki/Minuscule_451 "Minuscule 451"), [614](/wiki/Minuscule_614 "Minuscule 614"), [629](/wiki/Minuscule_629 "Minuscule 629"), 1241, 1505, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, c, d, gig, syrp,h, copsa.NA26, p. 480
It does not contain text of Acts 28:29\.
In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν, for Ιησου (as א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, itd, g, copsa, bo, eth). The reading of the manuscript is supported by [A](/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus "Codex Alexandrinus"), [Db](/wiki/Codex_Claromontanus "Codex Claromontanus"), Ψ, 629, 2127, vg. The Byzantine manuscripts read Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα.UBS3, p. 548\.
In Romans 13:9 it has additional phrase ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, the reading is supported by the manuscripts: א (P) [048](/wiki/Uncial_048 "Uncial 048") [104](/wiki/Minuscule_104 "Minuscule 104") [365](/wiki/Minuscule_365 "Minuscule 365") 1506 a b [vgcl](/wiki/Vulgata_Clementina "Vulgata Clementina") (syrh) copbo.Na26, p. 433\.
Romans 16:24 is omitted as in [Codex Sinaiticus](/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus "Codex Sinaiticus") A B C [5](/wiki/Minuscule_5 "Minuscule 5") [263](/wiki/Minuscule_263 "Minuscule 263") [623](/wiki/Minuscule_623 "Minuscule 623") 1739 1838 1962 [2127](/wiki/Minuscule_2127 "Minuscule 2127") itz vgww copsa,bo ethro Origenlat).UBS3, p. 576\.
In 1 Corinthians 2:1 it reads μαρτυριον along with B D G P Ψ 33 [104](/wiki/Minuscule_104 "Minuscule 104") [181](/wiki/Minuscule_181 "Minuscule 181") [326](/wiki/Minuscule_326 "Minuscule 326") 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syrh copsa arm eth. Other manuscripts read μυστηριον or σωτηριον.UBS3, p. 581\.
In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (*prayer*) along with [𝔓11](/wiki/Papyrus_11 "Papyrus 11"), [𝔓46](/wiki/Papyrus_46 "Papyrus 46"), א\*, A, [B](/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus "Codex Vaticanus"), C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, [6](/wiki/Minuscule_6 "Minuscule 6"), 33, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (*fasting and prayer*) or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (*prayer and fasting*).NA26, p. 450\.UBS3, p. 591\.
In [1 Timothy](/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy "First Epistle to Timothy") 3:16 it has textual variant {{lang\|grc\|θεός ἐφανερώθη}} (*God manifested*) (Sinaiticuse, A2, C2, Dc, [K](/wiki/Codex_Mosquensis_I "Codex Mosquensis I"), [L](/wiki/Codex_Angelicus "Codex Angelicus"), [P](/wiki/Codex_Porphyrianus "Codex Porphyrianus"), 044, 81, [104](/wiki/Minuscule_104 "Minuscule 104"), [181](/wiki/Minuscule_181 "Minuscule 181"), [326](/wiki/Minuscule_326 "Minuscule 326"), [330](/wiki/Minuscule_330 "Minuscule 330"), [436](/wiki/Minuscule_436 "Minuscule 436"), [451](/wiki/Minuscule_451 "Minuscule 451"), [614](/wiki/Minuscule_614 "Minuscule 614"), [629](/wiki/Minuscule_629 "Minuscule 629"), [630](/wiki/Minuscule_630 "Minuscule 630"), 1241, [1739](/wiki/Minuscule_1739 "Minuscule 1739"), 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect), against ὃς ἐφανερώθη (*he was manifested*) supported by Sinaiticus, [Codex Alexandrinus](/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus "Codex Alexandrinus"), [Ephraemi](/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi "Codex Ephraemi"), [Boernerianus](/wiki/Codex_Boernerianus "Codex Boernerianus"), [33](/wiki/Minuscule_33 "Minuscule 33"), [365](/wiki/Minuscule_365 "Minuscule 365"), [442](/wiki/Minuscule_442 "Minuscule 442"), 2127, [**ℓ** *599*](/wiki/Lectionary_599 "Lectionary 599").Bruce M. Metzger, *A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament* ([Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft](/wiki/Deutsche_Bibelgesellschaft "Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft"): Stuttgart 2001\), pp. 573\-573\.[1 Timothy 3:16 in Codex Alexandrinus](http://www.bible-researcher.com/alexandrinus4.html) at the Bible Research
In 2 Timothy 4:10 it reads Γαλλιαν, along with Sinaiticus C 104 326 436; other manuscript read Γαλατιαν (A D F G K L P Ψ 33 88 181 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect) or Γαλιλαιαν (copbo).UBS3, p. 737\.
In Hebrews 8:11 it reads πλησιον for πολιτην, the reading is supported by [Codex Porphyrianus](/wiki/Codex_Porphyrianus "Codex Porphyrianus"), 104, [436](/wiki/Minuscule_436 "Minuscule 436"), [629](/wiki/Minuscule_629 "Minuscule 629"), [630](/wiki/Minuscule_630 "Minuscule 630"), and 1985\.UBS3, pp. 761\-762\.
In 1 John 5:6 it has textual variant δι' ὕδατος καὶ πνεύματος καὶ αἵματος (*through water and spirit and blood*) together with the manuscripts: [Codex Porphyrianus](/wiki/Codex_Porphyrianus "Codex Porphyrianus"), [88](/wiki/Minuscule_88 "Minuscule 88"), [442](/wiki/Minuscule_442 "Minuscule 442"), [630](/wiki/Minuscule_630 "Minuscule 630"), 915, 2492, arm, ethUBS3, p. 823\.For another variants of this verse see: [Textual variants in the First Epistle of John](/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament%23First_Epistle_of_John "Textual variants in the New Testament#First Epistle of John"). [Bart D. Ehrman](/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman "Bart D. Ehrman") identified it as Orthodox corrupt reading.[Bart D. Ehrman](/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman "Bart D. Ehrman"), *The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture*, [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"), Oxford 1993, p. 60\.
|
[
"Text\n----",
"The Greek text of the codex, is a representative of the [Alexandrian text\\-type](/wiki/Alexandrian_text-type \"Alexandrian text-type\"), with some the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_text-type \"Byzantine text-type\") readings. It is one of the most important of all minuscule manuscripts.[Bruce M. Metzger](/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger \"Bruce M. Metzger\"), [Bart D. Ehrman](/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman \"Bart D. Ehrman\"), *The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration* ([Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"), 2005\\), p. 88\\. It was only one minuscule manuscript examined by [Constantin von Tischendorf](/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf \"Constantin von Tischendorf\"). [Aland](/wiki/Kurt_Aland \"Kurt Aland\") placed it in \"at least [Category II](/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts%23Category_II \"Categories of New Testament manuscripts#Category II\")\".{{Cite book\n \\| last1 \\= Aland\n \\| first1 \\= Kurt\n \\| author\\-link \\= Kurt Aland\n \\| last2 \\= Aland\n \\| first2 \\= Barbara\n \\| author\\-link2 \\= Barbara Aland\n \\| others \\= Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.)\n \\| title \\= The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism\n \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]\n \\| year \\= 1995\n \\| location \\= Grand Rapids\n \\| page \\= 129\n \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-8028\\-4098\\-1}}",
"It has been called \"the best minuscule witness to Acts\" or \"the most important minuscule copy of the Acts\". [F. H. A. Scrivener](/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener \"Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener\") stated \"its value is shown not so much by the readings in which it stands alone, as by agreement with the oldest uncial copies, where their testimonies coincide\".",
"In Acts 16:10 it reads θεος along with [P74](/wiki/Papyrus_74 \"Papyrus 74\"), [Sinaiticus](/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus \"Codex Sinaiticus\"), [Alexandrinus](/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus \"Codex Alexandrinus\"), [Vaticanus](/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus \"Codex Vaticanus\"), [Ephraemi](/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus \"Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus\"), [E](/wiki/Codex_Laudianus \"Codex Laudianus\"), [044](/wiki/Codex_Athous_Lavrensis \"Codex Athous Lavrensis\"), [33](/wiki/Minuscule_33 \"Minuscule 33\"), [181](/wiki/Minuscule_181 \"Minuscule 181\"), [326](/wiki/Minuscule_326 \"Minuscule 326\"), [630](/wiki/Minuscule_630 \"Minuscule 630\"), [945](/wiki/Minuscule_945_%28Gregory-Aland%29 \"Minuscule 945 (Gregory-Aland)\"), [1739](/wiki/Minuscule_1739 \"Minuscule 1739\"), ar, e, l, vg, copbo, geo; other reading κυριος, is supported by D, [P](/wiki/Codex_Porphyrianus \"Codex Porphyrianus\"), [049](/wiki/Uncial_049 \"Uncial 049\"), [056](/wiki/Uncial_056 \"Uncial 056\"), [0142](/wiki/Uncial_0142 \"Uncial 0142\"), [88](/wiki/Minuscule_88 \"Minuscule 88\"), [104](/wiki/Minuscule_104 \"Minuscule 104\"), [330](/wiki/Minuscule_330 \"Minuscule 330\"), [436](/wiki/Minuscule_436 \"Minuscule 436\"), [451](/wiki/Minuscule_451 \"Minuscule 451\"), [614](/wiki/Minuscule_614 \"Minuscule 614\"), [629](/wiki/Minuscule_629 \"Minuscule 629\"), 1241, 1505, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, c, d, gig, syrp,h, copsa.NA26, p. 480",
"It does not contain text of Acts 28:29\\.",
"In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν, for Ιησου (as א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, itd, g, copsa, bo, eth). The reading of the manuscript is supported by [A](/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus \"Codex Alexandrinus\"), [Db](/wiki/Codex_Claromontanus \"Codex Claromontanus\"), Ψ, 629, 2127, vg. The Byzantine manuscripts read Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα.UBS3, p. 548\\.",
"In Romans 13:9 it has additional phrase ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, the reading is supported by the manuscripts: א (P) [048](/wiki/Uncial_048 \"Uncial 048\") [104](/wiki/Minuscule_104 \"Minuscule 104\") [365](/wiki/Minuscule_365 \"Minuscule 365\") 1506 a b [vgcl](/wiki/Vulgata_Clementina \"Vulgata Clementina\") (syrh) copbo.Na26, p. 433\\.",
"Romans 16:24 is omitted as in [Codex Sinaiticus](/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus \"Codex Sinaiticus\") A B C [5](/wiki/Minuscule_5 \"Minuscule 5\") [263](/wiki/Minuscule_263 \"Minuscule 263\") [623](/wiki/Minuscule_623 \"Minuscule 623\") 1739 1838 1962 [2127](/wiki/Minuscule_2127 \"Minuscule 2127\") itz vgww copsa,bo ethro Origenlat).UBS3, p. 576\\.",
"In 1 Corinthians 2:1 it reads μαρτυριον along with B D G P Ψ 33 [104](/wiki/Minuscule_104 \"Minuscule 104\") [181](/wiki/Minuscule_181 \"Minuscule 181\") [326](/wiki/Minuscule_326 \"Minuscule 326\") 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syrh copsa arm eth. Other manuscripts read μυστηριον or σωτηριον.UBS3, p. 581\\.",
"In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (*prayer*) along with [𝔓11](/wiki/Papyrus_11 \"Papyrus 11\"), [𝔓46](/wiki/Papyrus_46 \"Papyrus 46\"), א\\*, A, [B](/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus \"Codex Vaticanus\"), C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, [6](/wiki/Minuscule_6 \"Minuscule 6\"), 33, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (*fasting and prayer*) or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (*prayer and fasting*).NA26, p. 450\\.UBS3, p. 591\\.",
"In [1 Timothy](/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy \"First Epistle to Timothy\") 3:16 it has textual variant {{lang\\|grc\\|θεός ἐφανερώθη}} (*God manifested*) (Sinaiticuse, A2, C2, Dc, [K](/wiki/Codex_Mosquensis_I \"Codex Mosquensis I\"), [L](/wiki/Codex_Angelicus \"Codex Angelicus\"), [P](/wiki/Codex_Porphyrianus \"Codex Porphyrianus\"), 044, 81, [104](/wiki/Minuscule_104 \"Minuscule 104\"), [181](/wiki/Minuscule_181 \"Minuscule 181\"), [326](/wiki/Minuscule_326 \"Minuscule 326\"), [330](/wiki/Minuscule_330 \"Minuscule 330\"), [436](/wiki/Minuscule_436 \"Minuscule 436\"), [451](/wiki/Minuscule_451 \"Minuscule 451\"), [614](/wiki/Minuscule_614 \"Minuscule 614\"), [629](/wiki/Minuscule_629 \"Minuscule 629\"), [630](/wiki/Minuscule_630 \"Minuscule 630\"), 1241, [1739](/wiki/Minuscule_1739 \"Minuscule 1739\"), 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect), against ὃς ἐφανερώθη (*he was manifested*) supported by Sinaiticus, [Codex Alexandrinus](/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus \"Codex Alexandrinus\"), [Ephraemi](/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi \"Codex Ephraemi\"), [Boernerianus](/wiki/Codex_Boernerianus \"Codex Boernerianus\"), [33](/wiki/Minuscule_33 \"Minuscule 33\"), [365](/wiki/Minuscule_365 \"Minuscule 365\"), [442](/wiki/Minuscule_442 \"Minuscule 442\"), 2127, [**ℓ** *599*](/wiki/Lectionary_599 \"Lectionary 599\").Bruce M. Metzger, *A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament* ([Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft](/wiki/Deutsche_Bibelgesellschaft \"Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft\"): Stuttgart 2001\\), pp. 573\\-573\\.[1 Timothy 3:16 in Codex Alexandrinus](http://www.bible-researcher.com/alexandrinus4.html) at the Bible Research",
"In 2 Timothy 4:10 it reads Γαλλιαν, along with Sinaiticus C 104 326 436; other manuscript read Γαλατιαν (A D F G K L P Ψ 33 88 181 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect) or Γαλιλαιαν (copbo).UBS3, p. 737\\.",
"In Hebrews 8:11 it reads πλησιον for πολιτην, the reading is supported by [Codex Porphyrianus](/wiki/Codex_Porphyrianus \"Codex Porphyrianus\"), 104, [436](/wiki/Minuscule_436 \"Minuscule 436\"), [629](/wiki/Minuscule_629 \"Minuscule 629\"), [630](/wiki/Minuscule_630 \"Minuscule 630\"), and 1985\\.UBS3, pp. 761\\-762\\.",
"In 1 John 5:6 it has textual variant δι' ὕδατος καὶ πνεύματος καὶ αἵματος (*through water and spirit and blood*) together with the manuscripts: [Codex Porphyrianus](/wiki/Codex_Porphyrianus \"Codex Porphyrianus\"), [88](/wiki/Minuscule_88 \"Minuscule 88\"), [442](/wiki/Minuscule_442 \"Minuscule 442\"), [630](/wiki/Minuscule_630 \"Minuscule 630\"), 915, 2492, arm, ethUBS3, p. 823\\.For another variants of this verse see: [Textual variants in the First Epistle of John](/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament%23First_Epistle_of_John \"Textual variants in the New Testament#First Epistle of John\"). [Bart D. Ehrman](/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman \"Bart D. Ehrman\") identified it as Orthodox corrupt reading.[Bart D. Ehrman](/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman \"Bart D. Ehrman\"), *The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture*, [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"), Oxford 1993, p. 60\\.",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
Horatio was actively involved in the law, and in local and national politics. He was an [Alderman](/wiki/Alderman "Alderman") in London. His first connection with the [Court of Common Council](/wiki/Court_of_Common_Council "Court of Common Council") was his election as representative of the [Ward of Cheap](/wiki/Cheap_%28ward%29 "Cheap (ward)") in 1885\. Four years later he became a member of the [Court of Aldermen](/wiki/Court_of_Aldermen "Court of Aldermen") for [Bishopsgate](/wiki/Bishopsgate "Bishopsgate"), and was soon chosen to serve as [Sheriff of London and Middlesexin](/wiki/Sheriff_of_London_and_Middlesex "Sheriff of London and Middlesex") 1887\.{{cite news \|newspaper\=Reynolds’s Newspaper \|date\=3 October 1897 \|title\=The Lord Mayor elect\|url\=https://sites.google.com/site/wateringburylocalhistory/topics/people/wateringburymanelectedlordmayoroflondon \|access\-date\=20 November 2019}} Hosted online at [Wateringbury Local History Society](https://sites.google.com/site/wateringburylocalhistory/). His name appears as an Alderman on a plaque commemorating the opening of [Tower Bridge](/wiki/Tower_Bridge "Tower Bridge") in 1894\.
He was Master of the [Worshipful Company of Loriners](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Loriners "Worshipful Company of Loriners"), Master of the [Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Spectacle_Makers "Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers") in 1897,{{cite web \|title\=History and Archive Data \|website\=Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers \|url\=https://www.spectaclemakers.com/about\-us/history \|access\-date\=20 November 2019}} the same year as he served as [Lord Mayor of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London "Lord Mayor of London"). His old school in the form of the [Dulwich College Rifle Volunteer Corps](/wiki/1st_Surrey_Rifles%23Origins "1st Surrey Rifles#Origins") (a forerunner of the present day [CCF](/wiki/Combined_Cadet_Force "Combined Cadet Force")), took part in his [Lord Mayor's Show](/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Show "Lord Mayor's Show") in 1897\. He was said to have entertained more lavishly than any other occupant of the [Mansion House](/wiki/Mansion_House%2C_London "Mansion House, London").
1897 was also the year of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria") [Golden Jubilee](/wiki/Golden_Jubilee "Golden Jubilee"), and he welcomed the Queen to the City of London as part of the celebrations.French newspaper illustration at {{cite web \|title\=The Jubilee of the Queen of England Victoria. In ''Le Petit Parisien'', 27 June 1897\. \|url\=https://www.bridgemanimages.de/de/asset/4173049/summary \|access\-date\=22 November 2019}} He was knighted at the close of his mayoralty as a {{post\-nominals\|country\=GBR\|size\=100%\|KCMG}}.
His first attempt to enter Parliament was for [Rochester](/wiki/Rochester_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Rochester (UK Parliament constituency)") as a [Tory](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 "Conservative Party (UK)") in 1889, but [Edward Knatchbull\-Hugessen](/wiki/Edward_Knatchbull-Hugessen%2C_2nd_Baron_Brabourne "Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen, 2nd Baron Brabourne") defeated him. The Rochester by\-election was caused by the resignation of the Conservative [Francis Hughes\-Hallett](/wiki/Francis_Hughes-Hallett "Francis Hughes-Hallett") after a scandal.
### 1892 general election
Standing again for Rochester he topped the poll and was returned as an [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)") in the [July 1892 general election](/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election "1892 United Kingdom general election"), only to be unseated after an [electoral petition](/wiki/Electoral_petition "Electoral petition") in December that year.{{cite news \|newspaper\=Reynolds’s Newspaper \|date\=3 October 1897 \|title\=The Lord Mayor elect\|url\=https://sites.google.com/site/wateringburylocalhistory/topics/people/wateringburymanelectedlordmayoroflondon \|access\-date\=20 November 2019}} Hosted online at [Wateringbury Local History Society](https://sites.google.com/site/wateringburylocalhistory/). The [election was declared void](/wiki/List_of_UK_Parliamentary_election_petitions "List of UK Parliamentary election petitions"), and a by\-election was held in 1893, with [Viscount Cranborne](/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil%2C_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury "James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury") being returned unopposed.
The election petition had been brought on [Election fraud](/wiki/Election_fraud "Election fraud") bribery charges, including [treating](/wiki/Treating "Treating") of electors and irregular election expenses. [Maidstone](/wiki/Maidstone_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Maidstone (UK Parliament constituency)"), just down the road, had been plagued by "electoral squalor" for centuries, like eg Yarmouth, Bodmin and Worcester.{{cite journal \|title\=Political Corruption in England \|first\=Edward \|last\=Porritt \|journal\=The North American Review \|volume\=183 \|issue\=603 \|date\=16 November 1906 \|publisher\=University of Northern Iowa \|page\=1000 \|jstor\=25105699}}
The judges were Sir [Lewis Cave](/wiki/Lewis_Cave "Lewis Cave") and [Roland Vaughan Williams](/wiki/Roland_Vaughan_Williams "Roland Vaughan Williams"), the uncle of the composer [Ralph Vaughan Williams](/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams "Ralph Vaughan Williams")."Rochester By\-Election". ([The Corrupt Practices Prevention Acts, 1854 to 1883](/wiki/Corrupt_and_Illegal_Practices_Prevention_Act_1883 "Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883")). [HC Deb 31 January 1893 vol 8 cc56\-7](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1893/jan/31/rochester-election).
According to the judgement:
Payments by Davies to his Conservative constituency association were supposed to cover registration expenses, but no accounts were produced to prove it. The association held a *conversazione* with food and drink provided at nominal price to the attendees; the costs were not returned as election expenses.
Coming to the alleged treating at the conversaziones his lordship said that those who had the management, of it went considerably beyond what Alderman Davies intended, and what was advertised. It was obvious the refreshments could not be supplied for the sum charged, and this amounted to corrupt treating. He was unable to come to the conclusion, however, that Alderman Davies knew of it at the time or assented to it. The Constitutional Association, which organised the conversazione, however, were agents of Alderman Davies, and he must bear the responsibility of their illegal acts.
His lordship spoke in terms of deprecation of the smoking concerts and the 'Birth Night Club' festivities in connection with politics, and went on to say that in this case the object was to influence voters. The financial affairs of the Constitutional Association were conducted in a very lax way, which was calculated to give rise to suspicion, for there was a considerable sum unaccounted for. He acquitted Alderman Davies of any corrupt intent.{{cite book
\|last\=Day \|first\=Samuel H. \|title\=Election cases in 1892 and 1893: being a collection of the points of law and practice arising out of the parliamentary election petitions in those years, together with reports of the judgments \|place\=London \|publisher\=Stevens and Sons \|date\=1894 \|page\=98 \|url\=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id\=mdp.35112203953296\&view\=1up\&seq\=7}}
He held on to his seat for [Chatham](/wiki/Chatham_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Chatham (UK Parliament constituency)") from 1895 to 1906 as a member of the [Conservative Party](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 "Conservative Party (UK)"). He was returned unopposed in the [1900 general election](/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election "1900 United Kingdom general election"), but lost in the [1906 election](/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election "1906 United Kingdom general election") to [John Jenkins](/wiki/John_Jenkins_%28British_politician%29 "John Jenkins (British politician)"), one of 29 MPs of the [Labour Representation Committee](/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_%281900%29 "Labour Representation Committee (1900)"), the predecessor of the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 "Labour Party (UK)").
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"Horatio was actively involved in the law, and in local and national politics. He was an [Alderman](/wiki/Alderman \"Alderman\") in London. His first connection with the [Court of Common Council](/wiki/Court_of_Common_Council \"Court of Common Council\") was his election as representative of the [Ward of Cheap](/wiki/Cheap_%28ward%29 \"Cheap (ward)\") in 1885\\. Four years later he became a member of the [Court of Aldermen](/wiki/Court_of_Aldermen \"Court of Aldermen\") for [Bishopsgate](/wiki/Bishopsgate \"Bishopsgate\"), and was soon chosen to serve as [Sheriff of London and Middlesexin](/wiki/Sheriff_of_London_and_Middlesex \"Sheriff of London and Middlesex\") 1887\\.{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=Reynolds’s Newspaper \\|date\\=3 October 1897 \\|title\\=The Lord Mayor elect\\|url\\=https://sites.google.com/site/wateringburylocalhistory/topics/people/wateringburymanelectedlordmayoroflondon \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2019}} Hosted online at [Wateringbury Local History Society](https://sites.google.com/site/wateringburylocalhistory/). His name appears as an Alderman on a plaque commemorating the opening of [Tower Bridge](/wiki/Tower_Bridge \"Tower Bridge\") in 1894\\.",
"He was Master of the [Worshipful Company of Loriners](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Loriners \"Worshipful Company of Loriners\"), Master of the [Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers](/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Spectacle_Makers \"Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers\") in 1897,{{cite web \\|title\\=History and Archive Data \\|website\\=Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers \\|url\\=https://www.spectaclemakers.com/about\\-us/history \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2019}} the same year as he served as [Lord Mayor of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London \"Lord Mayor of London\"). His old school in the form of the [Dulwich College Rifle Volunteer Corps](/wiki/1st_Surrey_Rifles%23Origins \"1st Surrey Rifles#Origins\") (a forerunner of the present day [CCF](/wiki/Combined_Cadet_Force \"Combined Cadet Force\")), took part in his [Lord Mayor's Show](/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Show \"Lord Mayor's Show\") in 1897\\. He was said to have entertained more lavishly than any other occupant of the [Mansion House](/wiki/Mansion_House%2C_London \"Mansion House, London\").",
"1897 was also the year of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") [Golden Jubilee](/wiki/Golden_Jubilee \"Golden Jubilee\"), and he welcomed the Queen to the City of London as part of the celebrations.French newspaper illustration at {{cite web \\|title\\=The Jubilee of the Queen of England Victoria. In ''Le Petit Parisien'', 27 June 1897\\. \\|url\\=https://www.bridgemanimages.de/de/asset/4173049/summary \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2019}} He was knighted at the close of his mayoralty as a {{post\\-nominals\\|country\\=GBR\\|size\\=100%\\|KCMG}}.",
"His first attempt to enter Parliament was for [Rochester](/wiki/Rochester_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Rochester (UK Parliament constituency)\") as a [Tory](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\") in 1889, but [Edward Knatchbull\\-Hugessen](/wiki/Edward_Knatchbull-Hugessen%2C_2nd_Baron_Brabourne \"Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen, 2nd Baron Brabourne\") defeated him. The Rochester by\\-election was caused by the resignation of the Conservative [Francis Hughes\\-Hallett](/wiki/Francis_Hughes-Hallett \"Francis Hughes-Hallett\") after a scandal.",
"### 1892 general election",
"Standing again for Rochester he topped the poll and was returned as an [MP](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)\") in the [July 1892 general election](/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1892 United Kingdom general election\"), only to be unseated after an [electoral petition](/wiki/Electoral_petition \"Electoral petition\") in December that year.{{cite news \\|newspaper\\=Reynolds’s Newspaper \\|date\\=3 October 1897 \\|title\\=The Lord Mayor elect\\|url\\=https://sites.google.com/site/wateringburylocalhistory/topics/people/wateringburymanelectedlordmayoroflondon \\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2019}} Hosted online at [Wateringbury Local History Society](https://sites.google.com/site/wateringburylocalhistory/). The [election was declared void](/wiki/List_of_UK_Parliamentary_election_petitions \"List of UK Parliamentary election petitions\"), and a by\\-election was held in 1893, with [Viscount Cranborne](/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil%2C_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury \"James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury\") being returned unopposed.",
"The election petition had been brought on [Election fraud](/wiki/Election_fraud \"Election fraud\") bribery charges, including [treating](/wiki/Treating \"Treating\") of electors and irregular election expenses. [Maidstone](/wiki/Maidstone_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Maidstone (UK Parliament constituency)\"), just down the road, had been plagued by \"electoral squalor\" for centuries, like eg Yarmouth, Bodmin and Worcester.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Political Corruption in England \\|first\\=Edward \\|last\\=Porritt \\|journal\\=The North American Review \\|volume\\=183 \\|issue\\=603 \\|date\\=16 November 1906 \\|publisher\\=University of Northern Iowa \\|page\\=1000 \\|jstor\\=25105699}}",
"The judges were Sir [Lewis Cave](/wiki/Lewis_Cave \"Lewis Cave\") and [Roland Vaughan Williams](/wiki/Roland_Vaughan_Williams \"Roland Vaughan Williams\"), the uncle of the composer [Ralph Vaughan Williams](/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams \"Ralph Vaughan Williams\").\"Rochester By\\-Election\". ([The Corrupt Practices Prevention Acts, 1854 to 1883](/wiki/Corrupt_and_Illegal_Practices_Prevention_Act_1883 \"Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883\")). [HC Deb 31 January 1893 vol 8 cc56\\-7](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1893/jan/31/rochester-election).",
"According to the judgement:\nPayments by Davies to his Conservative constituency association were supposed to cover registration expenses, but no accounts were produced to prove it. The association held a *conversazione* with food and drink provided at nominal price to the attendees; the costs were not returned as election expenses.",
"Coming to the alleged treating at the conversaziones his lordship said that those who had the management, of it went considerably beyond what Alderman Davies intended, and what was advertised. It was obvious the refreshments could not be supplied for the sum charged, and this amounted to corrupt treating. He was unable to come to the conclusion, however, that Alderman Davies knew of it at the time or assented to it. The Constitutional Association, which organised the conversazione, however, were agents of Alderman Davies, and he must bear the responsibility of their illegal acts.\nHis lordship spoke in terms of deprecation of the smoking concerts and the 'Birth Night Club' festivities in connection with politics, and went on to say that in this case the object was to influence voters. The financial affairs of the Constitutional Association were conducted in a very lax way, which was calculated to give rise to suspicion, for there was a considerable sum unaccounted for. He acquitted Alderman Davies of any corrupt intent.{{cite book \n \\|last\\=Day \\|first\\=Samuel H. \\|title\\=Election cases in 1892 and 1893: being a collection of the points of law and practice arising out of the parliamentary election petitions in those years, together with reports of the judgments \\|place\\=London \\|publisher\\=Stevens and Sons \\|date\\=1894 \\|page\\=98 \\|url\\=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id\\=mdp.35112203953296\\&view\\=1up\\&seq\\=7}}\nHe held on to his seat for [Chatham](/wiki/Chatham_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Chatham (UK Parliament constituency)\") from 1895 to 1906 as a member of the [Conservative Party](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\"). He was returned unopposed in the [1900 general election](/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1900 United Kingdom general election\"), but lost in the [1906 election](/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1906 United Kingdom general election\") to [John Jenkins](/wiki/John_Jenkins_%28British_politician%29 \"John Jenkins (British politician)\"), one of 29 MPs of the [Labour Representation Committee](/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_%281900%29 \"Labour Representation Committee (1900)\"), the predecessor of the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\").",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1919, Antem founded an automobile repair shop in the Paris suburb of [Levallois\-Perret](/wiki/Levallois-Perret "Levallois-Perret"). After the Spaniard Camille Monroig took a stake in the company, this became the company Antem \& Monroig, which was based in [Neuilly\-sur\-Seine](/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine "Neuilly-sur-Seine") and produced bodies for automobiles from 1924 onwards. In 1924 Antem \& Monroig exhibited for the first time at the [Paris Motor Show](/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show "Paris Motor Show"). In 1925 the company got another shareholder; it then traded as Antem Monroig \& Guyot. Four years later, Antem took over the shares of its business partners. The company was then called Antem Carrossier.Serge Bellu: *A French Touch of Class. Les Ateliers de carrosserie français*, Editions Nicolas Chaudun 2012, {{ISBN\|978\-2\-35039\-136\-6}}, S. 199\. After the end of the Second World War, Antem moved into new premises in [Courbevoie](/wiki/Courbevoie "Courbevoie").
The importance of Antem among coachbuilders of that era is assessed differently amongst sources. Some sources consider the company to be one of the leading French coachbuilders of the interwar period, while others see Antem as "one of the best of the second set".
### Automobile bodies
In the 1930s, Antem manufactured exclusive one\-off bodies on chassis from [Delahaye](/wiki/Delahaye "Delahaye"), [Talbot\-Lago](/wiki/Talbot-Lago "Talbot-Lago") and [Bugatti](/wiki/Bugatti "Bugatti"); There were also occasional bodies for [Mercedes\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz "Mercedes-Benz"), [Rolls\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce "Rolls-Royce"), and other chassis. However, small series orders for [Ariès](/wiki/Ari%C3%A8s "Ariès") and [Corre La Licorne](/wiki/Corre_La_Licorne "Corre La Licorne") ensured economic survival during this time.
After the end of the Second World War, Antem resumed body production. The company focused primarily on the luxury manufacturer Delahaye, with Antem supplying a large portion of the bodies for the [Delahaye Type 235](/wiki/Delahaye_235 "Delahaye 235"). Stylistically, the structures were considered heavy and conservative. A number of individual bodies were also created, including a coupé body for the last [Bugatti Type 101](/wiki/Bugatti_Type_101 "Bugatti Type 101") chassis (chassis number 101\.504\), which in later years temporarily belonged to the actor [Nicolas Cage](/wiki/Nicolas_Cage "Nicolas Cage"). At times there were close business relationships with the small series manufacturer [Deutsch Bonnet](/wiki/Deutsch_Bonnet "Deutsch Bonnet"), for whom Antem not only manufactured some road vehicles based on the 2 Liters model (1949\),Roger Gloor: *Alle Autos der 50er Jahre*. 1\. Auflage. Motorbuch Verlag, 2007, {{ISBN\|978\-3\-613\-02808\-1}}, S. 124\. but also bodied some racing vehicles. A number of individual bodies were also built on [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn "Citroën") chassis. These were often pontoon\-style coupés, and more rarely four\-door sedans, some of which had expansive bodies with free\-standing fenders. A small four\-door sedan was also created as a one\-off on the chassis of the [Citroën 2CV](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV "Citroën 2CV"). Many of Antem's bodies of this era were designs by [Philippe Charbonneaux](/wiki/Philippe_Charbonneaux "Philippe Charbonneaux"), including the 2CV sedan.
In 1955 Antem ended production of automotive bodies.
### Commercial bodies
One of Antem's sons moved the business to the town of [Doudeville](/wiki/Doudeville "Doudeville") in Normandy. There the company manufactured vehicle trailers and cabs for tractors. Operations ceased in 1997\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1919, Antem founded an automobile repair shop in the Paris suburb of [Levallois\\-Perret](/wiki/Levallois-Perret \"Levallois-Perret\"). After the Spaniard Camille Monroig took a stake in the company, this became the company Antem \\& Monroig, which was based in [Neuilly\\-sur\\-Seine](/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine \"Neuilly-sur-Seine\") and produced bodies for automobiles from 1924 onwards. In 1924 Antem \\& Monroig exhibited for the first time at the [Paris Motor Show](/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show \"Paris Motor Show\"). In 1925 the company got another shareholder; it then traded as Antem Monroig \\& Guyot. Four years later, Antem took over the shares of its business partners. The company was then called Antem Carrossier.Serge Bellu: *A French Touch of Class. Les Ateliers de carrosserie français*, Editions Nicolas Chaudun 2012, {{ISBN\\|978\\-2\\-35039\\-136\\-6}}, S. 199\\. After the end of the Second World War, Antem moved into new premises in [Courbevoie](/wiki/Courbevoie \"Courbevoie\").",
"The importance of Antem among coachbuilders of that era is assessed differently amongst sources. Some sources consider the company to be one of the leading French coachbuilders of the interwar period, while others see Antem as \"one of the best of the second set\".",
"### Automobile bodies",
"In the 1930s, Antem manufactured exclusive one\\-off bodies on chassis from [Delahaye](/wiki/Delahaye \"Delahaye\"), [Talbot\\-Lago](/wiki/Talbot-Lago \"Talbot-Lago\") and [Bugatti](/wiki/Bugatti \"Bugatti\"); There were also occasional bodies for [Mercedes\\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz \"Mercedes-Benz\"), [Rolls\\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce \"Rolls-Royce\"), and other chassis. However, small series orders for [Ariès](/wiki/Ari%C3%A8s \"Ariès\") and [Corre La Licorne](/wiki/Corre_La_Licorne \"Corre La Licorne\") ensured economic survival during this time.",
"After the end of the Second World War, Antem resumed body production. The company focused primarily on the luxury manufacturer Delahaye, with Antem supplying a large portion of the bodies for the [Delahaye Type 235](/wiki/Delahaye_235 \"Delahaye 235\"). Stylistically, the structures were considered heavy and conservative. A number of individual bodies were also created, including a coupé body for the last [Bugatti Type 101](/wiki/Bugatti_Type_101 \"Bugatti Type 101\") chassis (chassis number 101\\.504\\), which in later years temporarily belonged to the actor [Nicolas Cage](/wiki/Nicolas_Cage \"Nicolas Cage\"). At times there were close business relationships with the small series manufacturer [Deutsch Bonnet](/wiki/Deutsch_Bonnet \"Deutsch Bonnet\"), for whom Antem not only manufactured some road vehicles based on the 2 Liters model (1949\\),Roger Gloor: *Alle Autos der 50er Jahre*. 1\\. Auflage. Motorbuch Verlag, 2007, {{ISBN\\|978\\-3\\-613\\-02808\\-1}}, S. 124\\. but also bodied some racing vehicles. A number of individual bodies were also built on [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn \"Citroën\") chassis. These were often pontoon\\-style coupés, and more rarely four\\-door sedans, some of which had expansive bodies with free\\-standing fenders. A small four\\-door sedan was also created as a one\\-off on the chassis of the [Citroën 2CV](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV \"Citroën 2CV\"). Many of Antem's bodies of this era were designs by [Philippe Charbonneaux](/wiki/Philippe_Charbonneaux \"Philippe Charbonneaux\"), including the 2CV sedan.",
"In 1955 Antem ended production of automotive bodies.",
"### Commercial bodies",
"One of Antem's sons moved the business to the town of [Doudeville](/wiki/Doudeville \"Doudeville\") in Normandy. There the company manufactured vehicle trailers and cabs for tractors. Operations ceased in 1997\\.",
""
] |
Individual records
------------------
### Most championships won
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
#### 10 championships
* [Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon "Gianluigi Buffon") (all with Juventus)
#### 9 championships
* [Giorgio Chiellini](/wiki/Giorgio_Chiellini "Giorgio Chiellini") (all with Juventus)
* [Leonardo Bonucci](/wiki/Leonardo_Bonucci "Leonardo Bonucci") (8 with Juventus \+ 1 with Inter Milan)
#### 8 championships
* [Virginio Rosetta](/wiki/Virginio_Rosetta "Virginio Rosetta") (2 with Pro Vercelli \+ 6 with Juventus)
* [Giovanni Ferrari](/wiki/Giovanni_Ferrari "Giovanni Ferrari") (5 with Juventus \+ 2 with Inter Milan \+ 1 with Bologna)
* [Giuseppe Furino](/wiki/Giuseppe_Furino "Giuseppe Furino") (all with Juventus)
* [Andrea Barzagli](/wiki/Andrea_Barzagli "Andrea Barzagli") (all with Juventus)
#### 7 championships
* [Roberto Bettega](/wiki/Roberto_Bettega "Roberto Bettega") (all with Juventus)
* [Alessandro Costacurta](/wiki/Alessandro_Costacurta "Alessandro Costacurta") (all with AC Milan)
* [Ciro Ferrara](/wiki/Ciro_Ferrara "Ciro Ferrara") (2 with Napoli \+ 5 with Juventus)
* [Stephan Lichtsteiner](/wiki/Stephan_Lichtsteiner "Stephan Lichtsteiner") (all with Juventus)
* [Paolo Maldini](/wiki/Paolo_Maldini "Paolo Maldini") (all with AC Milan)
* [Claudio Marchisio](/wiki/Claudio_Marchisio "Claudio Marchisio") (all with Juventus)
* [Gaetano Scirea](/wiki/Gaetano_Scirea "Gaetano Scirea") (all with Juventus)
#### 6 championships
* [Guido Ara](/wiki/Guido_Ara "Guido Ara") (all with Pro Vercelli)
* [Antonello Cuccureddu](/wiki/Antonello_Cuccureddu "Antonello Cuccureddu") (all with Juventus)
* Edoardo Pasteur (all with Genoa)
* [James Richardson Spensley](/wiki/James_Richardson_Spensley "James Richardson Spensley") (all with Genoa)
* [Claudio Gentile](/wiki/Claudio_Gentile "Claudio Gentile") (all with Juventus)
* [Franco Baresi](/wiki/Franco_Baresi "Franco Baresi") (all with AC Milan)
* [Antonio Cabrini](/wiki/Antonio_Cabrini "Antonio Cabrini") (all with Juventus)
* [Franco Causio](/wiki/Franco_Causio "Franco Causio") (all with Juventus)
* [Dino Zoff](/wiki/Dino_Zoff "Dino Zoff") (all with Juventus)
* [Roberto Donadoni](/wiki/Roberto_Donadoni "Roberto Donadoni") (all with AC Milan)
* [Dejan Stanković](/wiki/Dejan_Stankovi%C4%87 "Dejan Stanković") (5 with Inter Milan \+ 1 with Lazio)
* [Walter Samuel](/wiki/Walter_Samuel "Walter Samuel") (5 with Inter Milan \+ 1 with Roma)
* [Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero") (all with Juventus)
* [Guglielmo Gabetto](/wiki/Guglielmo_Gabetto "Guglielmo Gabetto") (1 with Juventus \+ 5 with Torino)
* [Andrea Pirlo](/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo "Andrea Pirlo") (2 with AC Milan \+ 4 with Juventus)
* [Kwadwo Asamoah](/wiki/Kwadwo_Asamoah "Kwadwo Asamoah") (all with Juventus)
* [Martín Cáceres](/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_C%C3%A1ceres "Martín Cáceres") (all with Juventus)
* **[Juan Cuadrado](/wiki/Juan_Cuadrado "Juan Cuadrado")** (5 with Juventus \+ 1 with Inter Milan)
#### 5 championships
* Henri Dapples (all with Genoa)
* Enrico Pasteur (all with Genoa)
* [Filippo Galli](/wiki/Filippo_Galli "Filippo Galli") (all with AC Milan)
* [Renato Cesarini](/wiki/Renato_Cesarini "Renato Cesarini") (all with Juventus)
* [Raimundo Orsi](/wiki/Raimundo_Orsi "Raimundo Orsi") (all with Juventus)
* [Umberto Caligaris](/wiki/Umberto_Caligaris "Umberto Caligaris") (all with Juventus)
* [Mario Varglien](/wiki/Mario_Varglien "Mario Varglien") (all with Juventus)
* [Giovanni Varglien](/wiki/Giovanni_Varglien "Giovanni Varglien") (all with Juventus)
* [Gianpiero Combi](/wiki/Gianpiero_Combi "Gianpiero Combi") (all with Juventus)
* [Giuseppe Grezar](/wiki/Giuseppe_Grezar "Giuseppe Grezar") (all with Torino)
* [Valentino Mazzola](/wiki/Valentino_Mazzola "Valentino Mazzola") (all with Torino)
* [Franco Ossola](/wiki/Franco_Ossola "Franco Ossola") (all with Torino)
* [Ezio Loik](/wiki/Ezio_Loik "Ezio Loik") (all with Torino)
* [Pietro Ferraris](/wiki/Pietro_Ferraris "Pietro Ferraris") (2 with Inter Milan \+ 3 with Torino)
* [Lorenzo Buffon](/wiki/Lorenzo_Buffon "Lorenzo Buffon") (4 with AC Milan \+ 1 with Inter Milan)
* [Sandro Salvadore](/wiki/Sandro_Salvadore "Sandro Salvadore") (2 with AC Milan \+ 3 with Juventus)
* [Giampiero Boniperti](/wiki/Giampiero_Boniperti "Giampiero Boniperti") (all with Juventus)
* [Tarcisio Burgnich](/wiki/Tarcisio_Burgnich "Tarcisio Burgnich") (1 with Juventus \+ 4 with Inter Milan)
* [Francesco Morini](/wiki/Francesco_Morini "Francesco Morini") (all with Juventus)
* [Luciano Spinosi](/wiki/Luciano_Spinosi "Luciano Spinosi") (all with Juventus)
* [Marco Tardelli](/wiki/Marco_Tardelli "Marco Tardelli") (all with Juventus)
* [Pietro Fanna](/wiki/Pietro_Fanna "Pietro Fanna") (3 with Juventus \+ 1 with Hellas Verona \+ 1 with Inter Milan)
* [Sebastiano Rossi](/wiki/Sebastiano_Rossi "Sebastiano Rossi") (all with AC Milan)
* [Demetrio Albertini](/wiki/Demetrio_Albertini "Demetrio Albertini") (all with AC Milan)
* [Mauro Tassotti](/wiki/Mauro_Tassotti "Mauro Tassotti") (all with AC Milan)
* [Antonio Conte](/wiki/Antonio_Conte "Antonio Conte") (all with Juventus)
* [Alessio Tacchinardi](/wiki/Alessio_Tacchinardi "Alessio Tacchinardi") (all with Juventus)
* [Júlio César](/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_C%C3%A9sar_%28football_goalkeeper%2C_born_1979%29 "Júlio César (football goalkeeper, born 1979)") (all with Inter Milan)
* [Javier Zanetti](/wiki/Javier_Zanetti "Javier Zanetti") (all with Inter Milan)
* [Iván Córdoba](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_C%C3%B3rdoba "Iván Córdoba") (all with Inter Milan)
* [Marco Materazzi](/wiki/Marco_Materazzi "Marco Materazzi") (all with Inter Milan)
* [Esteban Cambiasso](/wiki/Esteban_Cambiasso "Esteban Cambiasso") (all with Inter Milan)
* [Paolo Orlandoni](/wiki/Paolo_Orlandoni "Paolo Orlandoni") (all with Inter Milan)
* [Francesco Toldo](/wiki/Francesco_Toldo "Francesco Toldo") (all with Inter Milan)
* [Simone Padoin](/wiki/Simone_Padoin "Simone Padoin") (all with Juventus)
* [Sami Khedira](/wiki/Sami_Khedira "Sami Khedira") (all with Juventus)
* **[Paulo Dybala](/wiki/Paulo_Dybala "Paulo Dybala")** (all with Juventus)
* [Alex Sandro](/wiki/Alex_Sandro "Alex Sandro") (all with Juventus)
* [Daniele Rugani](/wiki/Daniele_Rugani "Daniele Rugani") (all with Juventus)
* [Arturo Vidal](/wiki/Arturo_Vidal "Arturo Vidal") (4 with Juventus \+ 1 with Inter Milan)
* [Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 "Zlatan Ibrahimović") (3 with Inter Milan \+ 2 with AC Milan)
### Most consecutive championships won
* [Giorgio Chiellini](/wiki/Giorgio_Chiellini "Giorgio Chiellini"): 9 (2012–2020, all with Juventus)
### Oldest player to win a championship
* [Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon "Gianluigi Buffon"): 42 years (2019–20\)
### Appearances
{{see also\|List of Serie A players}}
**Top 30 most appearances, all\-time (only Serie A regular\-season games)**
*Updated as of 19 September 2024*
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
| Rank | Nat. | Player
Years
Apps
Goals
| --- | --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} | {{sortname\|Gianluigi\|Buffon}} | 1995–2021 | 657 | – |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Paolo\|Maldini}}
1984–2009 | 647 | 29 |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} | {{sortname\|Francesco\|Totti}} | 1992–2017 | 619 | 250 |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |{{sortname\|Javier\|Zanetti}}
1995–2014 | 615 | 12 |
| 5 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Gianluca\|Pagliuca}}
1987–2007 | 592 | – |
| 6 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Dino\|Zoff}}
1961–1983 | 570 | – |
| 7 | {{flagicon\|SVN}} |{{sortname\|Samir\|Handanović}}
2005–2023 | 566 | – |
| 8 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Pietro\|Vierchowod}}
1980–2000 | 562 | 38 |
| 9 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Fabio\|Quagliarella}}
1999–2023 | 556 | 182 |
| 10 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Roberto\|Mancini}}
1981–2000 | 541 | 156 |
| 11 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Silvio\|Piola}}
1929–1954 | 537 | 274 |
| 12 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Enrico\|Albertosi}}
1958–1980 | 532 | – |
| 13 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Gianni\|Rivera}}
1958–1979 | 527 | 128 |
| 14 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Giuseppe\|Bergomi}}
1980–1999 | 519 | 23 |
| 15 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Alberto\|Gilardino}}
1999–2017 | 514 | 188 |
| 16 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*{{sortname\|Andrea\|Consigli}}*
2008–2024 | 510 | – |
| 17 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*{{sortname\|Antonio\|Candreva}}*
2008–2024 | 502 | 85 |
| 18 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Ciro\|Ferrara}}
1984–2005 | 500 | 27 |
| 19 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Giovanni\|Galli}}
1977–1995 | 496 | – |
| 20 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Tarcisio\|Burgnich}}
1958–1976 | 494 | 6 |
|21
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
{{sortname\|Andrea\|Pirlo}}
1994–2015 | 493 | 58 |
| {{flagicon\|MKD}} |{{sortname\|Goran\|Pandev}}
2001–2022 | 493 | 101 |
| 23 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Giuseppe\|Favalli}}
1989–2010 | 486 | 7 |
| 24 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Angelo\|Peruzzi}}
1987–2007 | 479 | – |
|25
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
{{sortname\|Giancarlo\|De Sisti}}
1960–1979 | 478 | 50 |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Alessandro\|Del Piero}}
1993–2012 | 478 | 188 |
| 27 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Giacinto\|Facchetti}}
1960–1978 | 476 | 59 |
| 28 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Franco\|Baresi}}
1978–1997 | 471 | 12 |
| 29 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Pietro\|Ferraris}}
1929–1950 | 469 | 124 |
| 30 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Sergio\|Cervato}}
1948–1965 | 466 | 45 |
**Top four most appearances, still active in Serie A (only Serie A regular\-season games)**
*Updated as of 30 September 2024*
| Rank | All\-timerank | Nat.
Player
Debut
year
Current
club
Apps
Goals
| --- | --- |
| 1 | 42 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} | **[Lorenzo De Silvestri](/wiki/Lorenzo_De_Silvestri "Lorenzo De Silvestri")** | 2006 | [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_FC_1909 "Bologna FC 1909") | 434 | 27 |
| 2 | 94 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} | **[Francesco Acerbi](/wiki/Francesco_Acerbi "Francesco Acerbi")** | 2011 | [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") | 387 | 24 |
| 3 | 124 | {{flagicon\|COL}} | **[Juan Cuadrado](/wiki/Juan_Cuadrado "Juan Cuadrado")** | 2009 | [Atalanta](/wiki/Atalanta "Atalanta") | 374 | 43 |
| 4 | 142 | {{flagicon\|POL}} | **[Piotr Zieliński](/wiki/Piotr_Zieli%C5%84ski "Piotr Zieliński")** | 2012 | [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") | 366 | 42 |
#### Oldest players
List of the 20 oldest players at their last Serie A match.
*Updated as of 22 October 2023\.*{{cite web \|url\=https://www.calcionews24\.com/giocatori\-piu\-anziani\-serie\-a\-classifica \|title\=Giocatori più anziani Serie A: la classifica di tutti i tempi \|website\=CalcioNews24 \|language\=it \|last1\=Camedda \|first1\=Paolo \|date\=8 October 2019 \|access\-date\=9 October 2019 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/rankingEFIta1\.html \|title\=Ranking Oldest Serie A \|website\=BDFutbol \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 }}
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
1. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Marco Ballotta](/wiki/Marco_Ballotta "Marco Ballotta") {{age in years and days\|1964\|4\|3\|2008\|5\|11}} (last game: 11 May 2008, [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio"))
2. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon "Gianluigi Buffon") {{age in years and days\|1978\|1\|28\|2021\|4\|21}} (last game: 12 May 2021, [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC"))
3. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Francesco Antonioli](/wiki/Francesco_Antonioli "Francesco Antonioli") {{age in years and days\|1969\|9\|14\|2012\|5\|6}} (last game: 6 May 2012, [Cesena](/wiki/AC_Cesena "AC Cesena"))
4. {{flagicon\|ITA}} *[Gianluca Pegolo](/wiki/Gianluca_Pegolo "Gianluca Pegolo")* {{age in years and days\|1981\|3\|25\|2023\|1\|22}} (last game: 22 January 2023, [Sassuolo](/wiki/US_Sassuolo_Calcio "US Sassuolo Calcio"))
5. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Alberto Fontana](/wiki/Alberto_Fontana_%28born_1967%29 "Alberto Fontana (born 1967)") {{age in years and days\|1967\|01\|23\|2008\|11\|15}} (last game: 15 November 2008, [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo_FC "Palermo FC"))
6. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Roberto Colombo](/wiki/Roberto_Colombo_%28footballer%29 "Roberto Colombo (footballer)") {{age in years and days\|1975\|8\|24\|2017\|4\|15}} (last game: 15 April 2017, [Cagliari](/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio "Cagliari Calcio"))
7. {{flagicon\|SWE}} [Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 "Zlatan Ibrahimović") {{age in years and days\|1981\|10\|3\|2023\|3\|18}} (last game: 18 March 2023, [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan"))
8. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Dino Zoff](/wiki/Dino_Zoff "Dino Zoff") {{age in years and days\|1942\|2\|28\|1983\|5\|15}} (last game: 15 May 1983, [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC"))
9. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Alessandro Costacurta](/wiki/Alessandro_Costacurta "Alessandro Costacurta") {{age in years and days\|1966\|4\|24\|2007\|5\|19}} (last game: 19 May 2007, [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan"))
10. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Pietro Vierchowod](/wiki/Pietro_Vierchowod "Pietro Vierchowod") {{age in years and days\|1959\|4\|6\|2000\|4\|16}} (last game: 16 April 2000, [Piacenza](/wiki/Piacenza_Calcio "Piacenza Calcio"))
11. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Paolo Maldini](/wiki/Paolo_Maldini "Paolo Maldini") {{age in years and days\|1968\|6\|26\|2009\|5\|31}} (last game: 31 May 2009, [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan"))
12. {{flagicon\|ARG}} [Javier Zanetti](/wiki/Javier_Zanetti "Javier Zanetti") {{age in years and days\|1973\|8\|10\|2014\|5\|18}} (last game: 18 May 2014, [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan"))
13. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti") {{age in years and days\|1976\|9\|27\|2017\|5\|28}} (last game: 28 May 2017, [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma"))
14. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Daniele Balli](/wiki/Daniele_Balli "Daniele Balli") {{age in years and days\|1967\|9\|16\|2008\|5\|4}} (last game: 4 May 2008, [Empoli](/wiki/Empoli_FC "Empoli FC"))
15. {{flagicon\|ARG}} [Albano Bizzarri](/wiki/Albano_Bizzarri "Albano Bizzarri") {{age in years and days\|1977\|11\|9\|2018\|5\|20}} (last game: 20 May 2018, [Udinese](/wiki/Udinese_Calcio "Udinese Calcio"))
16. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola") {{age in years and days\|1913\|9\|29\|1954\|3\|7}} (last game: 7 March 1954, [Novara](/wiki/Novara_Calcio "Novara Calcio"))
17. {{flagicon\|ITA}} *[Alex Cordaz](/wiki/Alex_Cordaz "Alex Cordaz")* {{age in years and days\|1983\|1\|1\|2023\|6\|3}} (last game: 3 June 2023, [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan"))
18. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Fabio Quagliarella](/wiki/Fabio_Quagliarella "Fabio Quagliarella") {{age in years and days\|1983\|1\|31\|2023\|6\|4}} (last game: 4 June 2023, [Sampdoria](/wiki/UC_Sampdoria "UC Sampdoria"))
19. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Antonio Mirante](/wiki/Antonio_Mirante "Antonio Mirante") {{age in years and days\|1983\|7\|8\|2023\|10\|22}} (last game: 22 October 2023, [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan"))
20. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Enrico Albertosi](/wiki/Enrico_Albertosi "Enrico Albertosi") {{age in years and days\|1939\|11\|2\|1980\|2\|10}} (last game: 10 February 1980, [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan"))
#### Youngest players
List of the 20 youngest players at their first Serie A match.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/rankingEIIta1\.html \|title\=Ranking Youngest Serie A \|website\=BDFutbol \|access\-date\=22 October 2023 }}
1. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Francesco Camarda](/wiki/Francesco_Camarda "Francesco Camarda") ([AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan")) {{age in years and days\|2008\|3\|10\|2023\|11\|25}} (25 November 2023{{cite news\|url\=https://football\-italia.net/milan\-striker\-camarda\-is\-youngest\-ever\-serie\-a\-player\-at\-15/\|title\=Milan striker Camarda is youngest ever Serie A player at 15\|website\=Football Italia\|date\=25 November 2023\|access\-date\=25 November 2023}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.eurosport.it/calcio/serie\-a/2023\-2024/milan\-fiorentina\-francesco\-camarda\-diventa\-il\-piu\-giovane\-di\-sempre\-a\-esordire\-in\-serie\-a\-la\-top\-10\_sto9894505/story.shtml \|publisher\=Eurosport \|language\=it \|title\=MILAN\-FIORENTINA, FRANCESCO CAMARDA DIVENTA IL PIÙ GIOVANE DI SEMPRE A ESORDIRE IN SERIE A: LA TOP 10 \|date\=25 November 2023 \|accessdate\=25 November 2023 }})
2. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Wisdom Amey](/wiki/Wisdom_Amey "Wisdom Amey") ([Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_FC_1909 "Bologna FC 1909")) {{age in years and days\|2005\|8\|11\|2021\|5\|12}} (12 May 2021{{cite news\|url\=https://www.football\-italia.net/170543/miha\-introduced\-15\-year\-old\-amey\-against\-genoa\|title\=Miha introduced 15\-year\-old Amey against Genoa\|website\=Football Italia\|date\=12 May 2021\|access\-date\=12 May 2021}})
3. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Amedeo Amadei](/wiki/Amedeo_Amadei "Amedeo Amadei") ([Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma")) {{age in years and days\|1921\|7\|26\|1937\|5\|2}} (2 May 1937{{cite web\|url\=http://www.espnfc.com/genoa/story/3025449/genoas\-pietro\-pellegri\-makes\-debut\-aged\-15\-equals\-serie\-a\-record\|title\=Genoa's Pietro Pellegri makes debut aged 15, equals Serie A record\|publisher\=ESPN FC\|author1\=Ben Gladwell\|date\=23 December 2016\|access\-date\=23 December 2016}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\-A/Genoa/22\-12\-2016/genoa\-pellegri\-esordio\-record\-a\-amadei\-rivera\-kean\-messi\-180141699093\.shtml\|title\=Genoa, Pellegri esordio record in Serie A: eguagliato il record di Amadei\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|author1\=Francesco Oddi\|date\=22 December 2016\|access\-date\=23 December 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie\-a/2016/12/22/30763952/\-\|title\=Genoa, esordio record per il 2001 Pellegri: debutto in A a 15 anni\|website\=Goal.com\|language\=it\-IT\|date\=22 December 2016}})
4. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Pietro Pellegri](/wiki/Pietro_Pellegri "Pietro Pellegri") ([Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC "Genoa CFC")) {{age in years and days\|2001\|3\|17\|2016\|12\|22}} (22 December 2016)
5. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Gianni Rivera](/wiki/Gianni_Rivera "Gianni Rivera") ([Alessandria](/wiki/US_Alessandria_Calcio_1912 "US Alessandria Calcio 1912")) {{age in years and days\|1943\|8\|18\|1959\|6\|2}} (2 June 1959{{cite web\|url\=http://www.magliarossonera.it/protagonisti/Gioc\-Rivera.html\|title\=Gianni Rivera: Golden Boy\|publisher\=Maglia Rossonera.it\|language\=it\|access\-date\=6 November 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123035345/http://www.magliarossonera.it/protagonisti/Gioc\-Rivera.html\|archive\-date\=23 November 2011\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fifa.com/fifa\-tournaments/players\-coaches/people\=44571/profile.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009162757/http://www.fifa.com/fifa\-tournaments/players\-coaches/people\=44571/profile.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=9 October 2015\|title\=Milan and Italy's golden boy: Gianni Rivera\|publisher\=FIFA\|access\-date\=20 April 2015}})
6. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Aristide Rossi](/wiki/Aristide_Rossi "Aristide Rossi") ([Cremonese](/wiki/US_Cremonese "US Cremonese")) {{age in years and days\|1914\|9\|8\|1930\|6\|29}} (29 June 1930{{cite web\|url\=http://www.uscremonese.it/index.php?option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=2098\&Itemid\=206\|title\=Dagli anni Venti al 1929\|first\=Daniela\|last\=Fioni\|language\=it\|publisher\=US Cremonese}})
7. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Giuseppe Campione](/wiki/Giuseppe_Campione "Giuseppe Campione") ([Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_FC_1909 "Bologna FC 1909")) {{age in years and days\|1973\|8\|31\|1989\|6\|25}} (25 June 1989{{cite web\|url\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2002/01/29/un\-angelov\-custode\-il\-segreto\-di\-bojinov.html\|title\=Un Angelov custode il segreto di Bojinov \- la Repubblica.it\|website\=la Repubblica.it\|language\=it\|date\=29 January 2002\|publisher\=GEDI Gruppo Editoriale}})
8. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Eddie Salcedo](/wiki/Eddie_Salcedo "Eddie Salcedo") ([Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC "Genoa CFC")) {{age in years and days\|2001\|10\|1\|2017\|8\|20}} (20 August 2017{{cite news\|url\=https://www.footballscouting.it/hellas\-verona/hellas\-verona\-primo\-gol\-in\-serie\-a\-per\-eddie\-salcedo/\|title\=Hellas Verona, primo gol in Serie A per Eddie Salcedo
\|website\=Football Scouting\|language\=it\|date\=3 November 2019\|access\-date\=3 November 2019}})
9. {{flagicon\|BGR}} [Valeri Bojinov](/wiki/Valeri_Bojinov "Valeri Bojinov") ([Lecce](/wiki/US_Lecce "US Lecce")) {{age in years and days\|1986\|2\|15\|2002\|1\|22}} (22 January 2002)
10. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Andrea Pirlo](/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo "Andrea Pirlo") ([Brescia](/wiki/Brescia_Calcio "Brescia Calcio")) {{age in years and days\|1979\|5\|19\|1995\|5\|21}} (21 May 1995{{cite news\|url\=http://football\-italia.net/20442/memories\-16\-year\-old\-star\-pirlo\|title\=Memories of 16\-year\-old star Pirlo\|date\=26 June 2012\|access\-date\=20 September 2012\|publisher\=football\-italia.net\|archive\-date\=18 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518004143/https://www.football\-italia.net/20442/memories\-16\-year\-old\-star\-pirlo\|url\-status\=dead}})
11. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Stephan El Shaarawy](/wiki/Stephan_El_Shaarawy "Stephan El Shaarawy") ([Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC "Genoa CFC")) {{age in years and days\|1992\|10\|27\|2008\|12\|21}} (21 December 2008{{cite news \|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2008/dicembre/22/Olivera\_lancia\_Genoa\_Chievo\_sprofonda\_ga\_10\_081222035\.shtml\|title\=Olivera lancia il Genoa Il Chievo sprofonda\|newspaper\=\[\[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]\|language\=it\|date\=22 December 2008\|access\-date\=19 January 2009}})
12. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Simone Pafundi](/wiki/Simone_Pafundi "Simone Pafundi") ([Udinese](/wiki/Udinese_Calcio "Udinese Calcio")) {{age in years and days\|2006\|3\|14\|2022\|5\|22}} (22 May 2022{{cite news\|url\=https://football\-italia.net/serie\-a\-salernitana\-0\-4\-udinese\-granata\-safe\-despite\-drubbing/\|title\=Serie A {{!}} Salernitana 0\-4 Udinese: Granata safe despite drubbing\|website\=Football Italia\|date\=22 May 2022\|access\-date\=22 May 2022}})
13. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Lorenzo Tassi](/wiki/Lorenzo_Tassi "Lorenzo Tassi") ([Brescia](/wiki/Brescia_Calcio "Brescia Calcio")) {{age in years and days\|1995\|2\|12\|2011\|5\|22}} (22 May 2011{{cite web\|url\=https://int.soccerway.com/players/lorenzo\-tassi/180573/\|title\=L. Tassi\|website\=Soccerway}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.corriere.it/sport/cards/i\-piu\-giovani\-esordire\-serie\-a/tassiesordio\-supervalutazione.shtml\|title\=I più giovani a esordire in Serie A Pellegri come Amadei quando la carriera inizia a 15 anni\|publisher\=Il Corriere della Sera\|language\=it\|author1\=Fiorenzo Radogna\|date\=21 November 2016\|access\-date\=23 December 2016}})
14. {{flagicon\|CIV}} [Chaka Traorè](/wiki/Chaka_Traor%C3%A8 "Chaka Traorè") ([Parma](/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913 "Parma Calcio 1913")) {{age in years and days\|2004\|12\|23\|2021\|4\|10}} (10 April 2021\)
15. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Stefano Okaka](/wiki/Stefano_Okaka "Stefano Okaka") ([Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma")) {{age in years and days\|1989\|8\|9\|2005\|12\|18}} (18 December 2005{{cite web\|url\=http://www.corriere.it/sport/cards/i\-piu\-giovani\-esordire\-serie\-a/stefano\-okaka.shtml\|title\=I più giovani a esordire in Serie A Pellegri come Amadei quando la carriera inizia a 15 anni\|publisher\=Il Corriere della Sera\|language\=it\|author1\=Fiorenzo Radogna\|date\=21 November 2016\|access\-date\=23 December 2016}})
16. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Paolo Pupita](/wiki/Paolo_Pupita "Paolo Pupita") ([Cesena](/wiki/AC_Cesena "AC Cesena")) {{age in years and days\|1973\|9\|16\|1990\|1\|28}} (28 January 1990{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tuttocesenaweb.it/rassegna\-stampa/corriere\-romagna\-cesena\-maglia\-nera\-di\-serie\-a\-e\-b\-5208\|title\=Cesena maglia nera di Serie A\|website\=tuttocesenaweb.it\|access\-date\=13 May 2014\|archive\-date\=14 May 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514225516/http://www.tuttocesenaweb.it/rassegna\-stampa/corriere\-romagna\-cesena\-maglia\-nera\-di\-serie\-a\-e\-b\-5208\|url\-status\=dead}})
17. {{flagicon\|GRE}} [Lampros Choutos](/wiki/Lampros_Choutos "Lampros Choutos") ([Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma")) {{age in years and days\|1979\|12\|4\|1996\|4\|21}} (21 April 1996\)
18. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola") ([Cesena](/wiki/AC_Cesena "AC Cesena")) {{age in years and days\|1913\|9\|29\|1930\|2\|16}} (16 February 1930\)
19. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Tommaso Maestrelli](/wiki/Tommaso_Maestrelli "Tommaso Maestrelli") ([Bari](/wiki/SSC_Bari "SSC Bari")) {{age in years and days\|1922\|10\|7\|1939\|2\|26}} (26 February 1939\)
20. {{flagicon\|CIV}} [Siriki Sanogo](/wiki/Siriki_Sanogo "Siriki Sanogo") ([Benevento](/wiki/Benevento_Calcio "Benevento Calcio")) {{age in years and days\|2001\|12\|21\|2018\|5\|12}} (12 May 2018\)
#### Oldest player to debut in Serie A
1. {{flagicon\|ITA}} [Maurizio Pugliesi](/wiki/Maurizio_Pugliesi "Maurizio Pugliesi") {{age in years and days\|1976\|12\|27\|2016\|5\|15}} (15 May 2016, [Empoli](/wiki/Empoli_FC "Empoli FC")){{cite web\|url\=http://www.tuttolegapro.com/altre\-news/debutto\-in\-serie\-a\-a\-quasi\-40\-anni\-per\-un\-ex\-lega\-pro\-124517\|title\=Debutto in Serie A a quasi 40 anni per un ex Lega Pro\|website\=Tuttolegapro\|language\=it\|access\-date\=17 November 2016\|archive\-date\=26 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030840/http://www.tuttolegapro.com/altre\-news/debutto\-in\-serie\-a\-a\-quasi\-40\-anni\-per\-un\-ex\-lega\-pro\-124517\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Most consecutive appearances in Serie A
[Dino Zoff](/wiki/Dino_Zoff "Dino Zoff"), 332{{cite web\|url\=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dino\-zoff\_(Enciclopedia\-dello\-Sport)/\|title\=Zoff, Dino\|publisher\=Treccani: Enciclopedia dello Sport\|author1\=Fabrizio Maffei\|access\-date\=26 November 2016}}
#### Most consecutive appearances in Serie A for a single club
Dino Zoff, 330 (with [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC")){{cite web \|url\=https://www.goal.com/it/notizie/dino\-zoff\-un\-portiere\-leggendario\-dal\-flop\-alludinese\-ai/6mqnl8duoe6i18bhc5f2aov5w \|title\=Dino Zoff, un portiere leggendario: dal flop all'Udinese ai successi con Juventus e Nazionale \|publisher\=www.goal.com \|language\=Italian \|last1\=Camedda \|first1\=Paolo \|date\=28 February 2021 \|access\-date\=17 December 2021 }}
#### Most seasons in Serie A
[Paolo Maldini](/wiki/Paolo_Maldini "Paolo Maldini") and [Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti"), 25
#### Most consecutive seasons in Serie A
[Paolo Maldini](/wiki/Paolo_Maldini "Paolo Maldini") and [Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti"), 25
#### Most career club appearances by an Italian player
Gianluigi Buffon, 975{{cite web \|url\=https://www.football\-italia.net/SerieA/match/142400 \|title\=Juventus 2 \- 1 Verona \|publisher\=Football Italia \|date\=21 September 2019 \|access\-date\=22 September 2019 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/09/28/cristiano\-ronaldo\-goal\-gianluigi\-buffon\-makes\-history\-for\-juventus \|title\=Cristiano Ronaldo, Miralem Pjanic Score as Juventus beats SPAL \|publisher\=Sports Illustrated \|date\=28 September 2019 \|access\-date\=28 September 2019 }}
#### Most appearances for a single Italian club
Paolo Maldini, 902, with AC Milan{{cite web \|url\=https://www.football\-stadiums.co.uk/articles/one\-club\-football\-players/ \|title\=One Club Football Players \|date\=20 May 2016 \|publisher\=football\-stadiums.co.uk \|access\-date\=5 November 2019 }}
### Goalscoring
{{see also\|List of Serie A players with 100 or more goals}}
**Top 30 goalscorers, all\-time (only Serie A regular\-season games)**
*Updated as of 16 September 2024*
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
| Rank | Nat. | Player
Years
Goals
Apps
Ratio
| --- | --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Silvio\|Piola}}{{\#tag:ref\|Tally does not include 16 goals that Piola also scored from 29 appearances during the \[\[1945–46 Serie A\-B\|1945–46 Divisione Nazionale]] season\|name\="piola\-DN"\|group\="nb"}}
1929–1954 | 274 | 537 | {{\#expr: 274/537 round 2}} |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Francesco\|Totti}}
1992–2017 | 250 | 619 | {{\#expr: 250/619 round 2}} |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|SWE}} |{{sortname\|Gunnar\|Nordahl}}
1948–1958 | 225 | 291 | {{\#expr: 225/291 round 2}} |
|4
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
{{sortname\|Giuseppe\|Meazza}}
1929–1947 | 216 | 367 | {{\#expr: 216/367 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|BRA}}{{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|José\|Altafini}}
1958–1976 | 216 | 459 | {{\#expr: 216/459 round 2}} |
| 6 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Antonio\|Di Natale}}
2002–2016 | 209 | 445 | {{\#expr: 209/445 round 2}} |
| 7 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Roberto\|Baggio}}
1985–2004 | 205 | 452 | {{\#expr: 205/452 round 2}} |
| 8 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*{{sortname\|Ciro\|Immobile}}*
2009–2024 | 201 | 350 | {{\#expr: 201/350 round 2}} |
| 9 | {{flagicon\|SWE}} |{{sortname\|Kurt\|Hamrin}}
1956–1971 | 190 | 400 | {{\#expr: 190/400 round 2}} |
|10
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
{{sortname\|Giuseppe\|Signori}}
1991–2004 | 188 | 344 | {{\#expr: 188/344 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Alessandro\|Del Piero}}
1993–2012 | 188 | 478 | {{\#expr: 188/478 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Alberto\|Gilardino}}
1999–2017 | 188 | 514 | {{\#expr: 188/514 round 2}} |
| 13 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |{{sortname\|Gabriel\|Batistuta}}
1991–2003 | 184 | 318 | {{\#expr: 184/318 round 2}} |
| 14 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Fabio\|Quagliarella}}
1999–2023 | 182 | 556 | {{\#expr: 182/556 round 2}} |
| 15 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Giampiero\|Boniperti}}
1946–1961 | 178 | 443 | {{\#expr: 178/443 round 2}} |
| 16 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Amedeo\|Amadei}}
1936–1956 | 174 | 423 | {{\#expr: 174/423 round 2}} |
| 17 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Giuseppe\|Savoldi}}
1965–1982 | 168 | 405 | {{\#expr: 168/405 round 2}} |
| 18 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Guglielmo\|Gabetto}}
1934–1949 | 167 | 322 | {{\#expr: 167/322 round 2}} |
| 19 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Roberto\|Boninsegna}}
1965–1979 | 163 | 366 | {{\#expr: 163/366 round 2}} |
| 20 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Luca\|Toni}}
2000–2016 | 157 | 344 | {{\#expr: 157/344 round 2}} |
|21
{{flagicon\|SWE}} |
{{sortname\|Zlatan\|Ibrahimović}}
2004–2023 | 156 | 283 | {{\#expr: 156/283 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Gigi\|Riva}}
1964–1976 | 156 | 289 | {{\#expr: 156/289 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Filippo\|Inzaghi}}
1995–2012 | 156 | 370 | {{\#expr: 156/370 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Roberto\|Mancini}}
1981–2000 | 156 | 541 | {{\#expr: 156/541 round 2}} |
|25
{{flagicon\|BRA}} |
{{sortname\|Luís\|Vinício}}
1955–1968 | 155 | 348 | {{\#expr: 155/348 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Carlo\|Reguzzoni}}
1929–1948 | 155 | 401 | {{\#expr: 155/401 round 2}} |
|27
{{flagicon\|HUN}} |
{{sortname\|István\|Nyers}}
1948–1956 | 153 | 236 | {{\#expr: 153/236 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ARG}} |{{sortname\|Hernán\|Crespo}}
1996–2012 | 153 | 340 | {{\#expr: 153/340 round 2}} |
| 29 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Adriano\|Bassetto}}
1946–1958 | 149 | 329 | {{\#expr: 149/329 round 2}} |
| 30 | {{flagicon\|ARG}}{{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Omar\|Sívori\|\|Sivori, Omar}}
1957–1969 | 147 | 278 | {{\#expr: 147/278 round 2}} |
**Top five goal scorers, still active in Serie A (only Serie A regular\-season games)**
*Updated as of 30 September 2024*
| Rank | All\-timerank | Nat. | Player
Debut
year
Current
club
Goals
Apps
Ratio
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 48 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |**{{sortname\|Paulo\|Dybala}}**
2012 | [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma") | 124 | 329 | {{\#expr: 124/329 round 2}} |
| 2 | 51 | {{flagicon\|COL}} |**{{sortname\|Duván\|Zapata}}**
2013 | [Torino](/wiki/Torino_FC "Torino FC") | 123 | 325 | {{\#expr: 123/325 round 2}} |
| 3 | 63 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |**{{sortname\|Andrea\|Belotti}}**
2014 | [Como](/wiki/Como_1907 "Como 1907") | 113 | 335 | {{\#expr: 113/335 round 2}} |
| 4 | 80 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |**{{sortname\|Lautaro\|Martínez}}**
2018 | [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") | 105 | 211 | {{\#expr: 105/211 round 2}} |
| 5 | 133 | {{flagicon\|SRB}} |**{{sortname\|Dusan\|Vlahovic}}**
2018 | [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus "Juventus") | 81 | 169 | {{\#expr: 81/169 round 2}} |
#### Most goals from a penalty kick
**Top five penalty kick scorers, all\-time (only Serie A regular\-season games)**{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie\-a/2016/04/22/22675912/totti\-riscrive\-la\-storia\-baggio\-superato\-sui\-calci\-di\-rigore\|title\=Totti riscrive la storia: Baggio superato sui calci di rigore, Higuain per media\-goal\|trans\-title\=Totti rewrites history: Baggio overtaken on penalties, Higuain in terms of goalscoring average\|publisher\=Goal.com\|language\=it\|date\=22 April 2016\|access\-date\=25 April 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://blog.guerinsportivo.it/blog/2011/07/15/i\-migliori\-rigoristi\-della\-storia\-della\-serie\-a?cookieAccept\|title\=I migliori rigoristi della storia della serie A\|trans\-title\=The best penalty takers in Serie A history\|publisher\=Il Guerin Sportivo\|language\=it\|author1\=Roberto Vinciguerra\|access\-date\=16 May 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/rankingGPenIta1\.html\|title\=Ranking Goals Penalty Serie A\|website\=BDFutbol\|access\-date\=30 October 2023}}
Updated 4 February 2024
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Goals
| --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti")
71 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio "Roberto Baggio")
68 |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile "Ciro Immobile")*
52 |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero")
50 |
| 5 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*[Domenico Berardi](/wiki/Domenico_Berardi "Domenico Berardi")*
47 |
#### Most penalty kicks scored in a single Serie A season
[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile "Ciro Immobile"), 14 ([2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A "2019–20 Serie A")){{cite web \|url\=https://www.mn24\.it/calcio\-ciro\-immobile\-da\-record\-e\-il\-giocatore\-con\-il\-maggior\-numero\-di\-rigori\-realizzati\-in\-una\-sola\-stagione/ \|title\=Calcio \- Ciro Immobile da record: è il giocatore con il maggior numero di rigori realizzati in una sola stagione \|publisher\=Media News 24 \|language\=it \|date\=27 July 2020 \|access\-date\=6 September 2020 }}
#### Most goals from a free kick
**Top ten free kick scorers, all\-time (only Serie A regular\-season games)**{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie\-a/2014/03/18/4692299/sentenza\-pirlo\-su\-punizione\-solo\-mihajlovic\-ha\-fatto\-meglio\|title\='Sentenza' Pirlo su punizione, solo Mihajlovic ha fatto meglio in Serie A\|trans\-title\=Pirlo's 'sentence' from a free\-kick, only Mihajlovic has done better in Serie A\|website\=Goal.com\|language\=it\|date\=18 March 2014\|access\-date\=16 May 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\-a/2017/12/17/bologna\-juventus\-risultato\-gol.html\|title\=Bologna\-Juventus 0\-3: segnano Pjanic, Mandzukic e Matuidi: gol e highlights\|publisher\=Sky.it\|language\=it\|date\=17 December 2017\|access\-date\=20 December 2017}}
Updated 17 December 2017
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Goals
| --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|SRB}} |[Siniša Mihajlović](/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87 "Siniša Mihajlović")
28 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Andrea Pirlo](/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo "Andrea Pirlo")
26{{\#tag:ref\|According to several sources, \[\[Andrea Pirlo]] scored 28 goals from free kicks in Serie A, which would make him the all–time highest goalscorer from set–pieces in Serie A history, alongside \[\[Siniša Mihajlović]]; however, two of his claimed goals are disputed and have been recorded as own goals by two different goalkeepers according to other sources: the first by \[\[Sébastien Frey]] in Verona\-\[\[Reggina 1914\|Reggina]] 1–1 on 9 January 2000 (\[\[1999–2000 Serie A]]),{{cite news \|url\=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/01/10/la\-reggina\-viene\-ripresa\-da\-adailton.html \|title\=La Reggina viene ripresa da Adailton \|work\=La Repubblica \|language\=it \|last1\=Scemma \|first1\=Adalberto \|date\=10 January 2000 \|access\-date\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite news \|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2000/gennaio/11/Roma\_capoccia\_con\_Totti\_Delvecchio\_ga\_0\_0001115512\.shtml \|title\=Roma capoccia con Totti Delvecchio \|work\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \|language\=it \|date\=11 January 2000 \|access\-date\=8 July 2020 }} and the second by \[\[Marco Silvestri]] in Juventus\-Cagliari 3–0 on 16 May 2014 (\[\[2013–14 Serie A]]).{{cite news \|url\=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie\-a/2014/05/18/news/juventus\-cagliari\_3\-0\_102\_punti\_la\_festa\_bianconera\_e\_completa\-86489031/ \|title\=Juventus\-Cagliari 3\-0: 102 punti, la festa bianconera è completa \|work\=la Repubblica \|language\=it \|date\=18 May 2014 \|access\-date\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\-A/Juventus/18\-05\-2014/juventus\-cagliari\-3\-0\-gol\-pirlo\-llorente\-marchisio\-punti\-sono\-102\-80699388008\.shtml \|title\=Juventus\-Cagliari 3\-0\. Autorete Silvestri, gol di Llorente e Marchisio. I punti sono 102 \|work\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \|language\=it \|date\=16 May 2014 \|access\-date\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/27463440 \|title\=Juventus 3\-0 Cagliari \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=18 May 2014 \|access\-date\=8 July 2020 }} According to the official regulations by Lega Serie A, a goal is considered to be an own goal when "a player deflects a shot, cross, or pass from an opponent, which was not directed on target, into their own goal."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie\-a/linee\-guida\-pdf\|title\=Linee guida per l'assegnazione dei gol dubbi\|publisher\=Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A\|language\=it\|access\-date\=7 July 2020}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} See also \[\[:it:Statistiche della Serie A\#Calci piazzati]].\|name\="PirloError"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero")
22 |
|4
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti")
21
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio "Roberto Baggio")
| 6 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Gianfranco Zola](/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola "Gianfranco Zola")
20 |
| 7 | {{flagicon\|BIH}} |*[Miralem Pjanić](/wiki/Miralem_Pjani%C4%87 "Miralem Pjanić")*
15 |
| 8 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |[Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona "Diego Maradona")
14 |
|9
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Enrico Chiesa](/wiki/Enrico_Chiesa "Enrico Chiesa")
13
| {{flagicon\|FRA}} |[Michel Platini](/wiki/Michel_Platini "Michel Platini")
| {{flagicon\|URU}} |[Álvaro Recoba](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Recoba "Álvaro Recoba")
|
#### Most goals from a free kick in a single Serie A match
[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori "Giuseppe Signori") and [Siniša Mihajlović](/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87 "Siniša Mihajlović"), 3 (in [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio") 3–1 [Atalanta](/wiki/Atalanta_B.C. "Atalanta B.C."), 10 April 1994; and Lazio 5–2 [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria "U.C. Sampdoria"), 13 December 1998, respectively){{cite news\|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/1998/dicembre/14/Record\_Mihajlovic\_mai\_gol\_punizione\_ga\_0\_9812144971\.shtml\|title\=Record Mihajlovic: mai 3 gol su punizione diretta\|trans\-title\=Mihajlovic record: never before 3 goals from direct free\-kicks\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|author1\=Lanfredo Birelli\|date\=14 December 1998\|access\-date\=26 August 2015}}
#### Most goals from a free kick in a single Serie A season
[Cristiano Lucarelli](/wiki/Cristiano_Lucarelli "Cristiano Lucarelli") ([2004–05](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Serie_A "2004–05 Serie A")), [Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero") ([2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Serie_A "2008–09 Serie A")), Francesco Lodi ([2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_A "2012–13 Serie A")), Andrea Pirlo ([2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_A "2012–13 Serie A")) (all 5\){{\#tag:ref\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \[\[2004–05 Serie A]] season onwards\|name\="2004–05\-stats"\|group\="nb"}}
#### Most different teams scored against in Serie A
[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti"), [Alberto Gilardino](/wiki/Alberto_Gilardino "Alberto Gilardino"), and [Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio "Roberto Baggio"), 38{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tgcom24\.mediaset.it/sport/gilardino\-come\-totti\-e\-baggio\-gol\-da\-record\-al\-carpi\_2157706\-201602a.shtml\|title\=Gilardino come Totti e Baggio: gol da record al Carpi\|publisher\=Mediaset\|language\=it\|date\=30 January 2016\|access\-date\=6 February 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131210710/http://www.tgcom24\.mediaset.it/sport/gilardino\-come\-totti\-e\-baggio\-gol\-da\-record\-al\-carpi\_2157706\-201602a.shtml\|archive\-date\=31 January 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Fastest goal scored in Serie A
[Rafael Leão](/wiki/Rafael_Le%C3%A3o "Rafael Leão"), 6\.2 seconds (20 December 2020, in [Sassuolo](/wiki/US_Sassuolo_Calcio "US Sassuolo Calcio")–[AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan"), 1–2\){{Cite news\|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/21/football/rafael\-leao\-serie\-a\-fastest\-goal\-ac\-milan\-spt\-intl/index.html\|title\=Blink and you'll miss it \-\- Rafael Leao scores fastest goal in Serie A history\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=21 December 2020\|access\-date\=22 December 2020}}
#### Oldest goalscorer in Serie A
[Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 "Zlatan Ibrahimović"), {{age in years and days\|1981\|10\|3\|2023\|3\|18}} (18 March 2023, in Udinese–[AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan"), 3–1\){{cite news\|url\=https://football\-italia.net/video\-ibrahimovic\-makes\-history\-as\-oldest\-ever\-serie\-a\-scorer/\|title\=IBRAHIMOVIC MAKES HISTORY AS OLDEST EVER SERIE A SCORER\|newspaper\=football\-italia.net\|language\=\|date\=18 March 2023}}
#### Youngest goalscorer in Serie A
[Amedeo Amadei](/wiki/Amedeo_Amadei "Amedeo Amadei"), 15 years, 287 days (9 May 1937, in [Lucchese](/wiki/Lucchese_1905 "Lucchese 1905")–[Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma"), 5–1\){{cite web\|url\=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid\=2117246\.html\|title\=Europe's youngest top\-flight goalscorers\|publisher\=UEFA.com\|date\=26 November 2014\|access\-date\=21 May 2017}}
#### Youngest players to score 100 goals in Serie A
{{updated\|18 March 2018}}
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Age
| --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza "Giuseppe Meazza")
23 years and 32 days |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola")
23 years and 68 days |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giampiero Boniperti](/wiki/Giampiero_Boniperti "Giampiero Boniperti")
23 years and 193 days |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Felice Borel](/wiki/Felice_Borel "Felice Borel")
23 years and 307 days |
| 5 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[José Altafini](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Altafini "José Altafini")
24 years and 239 days |
| 6 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |[Mauro Icardi](/wiki/Mauro_Icardi "Mauro Icardi")
25 years and 27 days |
| 7 | {{flagicon\|URU}} |[Edinson Cavani](/wiki/Edinson_Cavani "Edinson Cavani")
25 years and 340 days |
| 8 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |[Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori "Omar Sívori")
26 years and 90 days |
| 9 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Guglielmo Gabetto](/wiki/Guglielmo_Gabetto "Guglielmo Gabetto")
26 years and 104 days |
| 10 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Alberto Gilardino](/wiki/Alberto_Gilardino "Alberto Gilardino")
26 years and 105 days |
|
Sources:{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/icardi\-100\-inter\-captains\-serie\-a\-landmark\-opta\-numbers\|title\=Icardi 100: Inter captain's Serie A landmark in Opta numbers\|magazine\=FourFourTwo\|date\=18 March 2018\|access\-date\=18 March 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.football\-italia.net/118692/icardi\-hits\-serie\-century\|title\=Icardi hits Serie A Century\|publisher\=Football Italia\|date\=18 March 2018\|access\-date\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/icardi\-passes\-2\-century\-marks\-with\-4\-goal\-performance/2018/03/18/308400f2\-2ab2\-11e8\-8dc9\-3b51e028b845\_story.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/icardi\-passes\-2\-century\-marks\-with\-4\-goal\-performance/2018/03/18/308400f2\-2ab2\-11e8\-8dc9\-3b51e028b845\_story.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=1 April 2018\|title\=Icardi passes 2 century marks with 4\-goal performance\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|author1\=Andrew Dampf\|date\=18 March 2018\|access\-date\=18 March 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://en.as.com/en/2018/03/18/football/1521379260\_969326\.html\|title\=Inter's Icardi reaches 100 Serie A goals at former club Sampdoria\|publisher\=as.com\|date\=18 March 2018\|access\-date\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/inter\-star\-icardi\-exceeds\-100\-serie\-a\-goals\-with\-four/17kykzf7q79z616exkqtqwgaqa\|title\=Inter star Icardi exceeds 100 Serie A goals with four against Sampdoria\|publisher\=Goal.com\|author\=Ryan Benson\|date\=18 March 2018\|access\-date\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.goal.com/it/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId\=876148\|title\=Solo Altafini come Gilardino: bomber a 26 anni\|work\=Goal.com\|author\=Redazione La Nazione\|access\-date\=5 March 2016\|archive\-date\=2 October 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002215631/http://www.goal.com/it/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId\=876148\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.violanews.com/news.asp?idnew\=25184\|title\=Gila, numeri da urlo. Più decisivo di Altafini: alla sua età Bati era indietro\|publisher\=\[\[La Nazione]]\|author\=Giansandro Mosti\|access\-date\=5 March 2016}} {{dead link\|date\=October 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
#### Most goals in a single Serie A match
[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola") and [Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori "Omar Sívori"), 6{{cite web\|url\=http://storiedicalcio.altervista.org/blog/silvio\_piola.html\|title\=PIOLA Silvio: il sesto senso del gol\|publisher\=Storie di Calcio\|language\=it\|author1\=Lorenzo Proverbio\|date\=February 2016\|access\-date\=21 May 2017}}
#### Most braces in Serie A
[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola") and [Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl "Gunnar Nordahl"), 49{{cite news\|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2001/ottobre/20/chi\_detiene\_record\_doppiette\_serie\_sw\_0\_0110201317\.shtml\|title\=Chi detiene il record di doppiette in serie a?\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|author1\=Federico Mambelli\|date\=20 October 2001\|access\-date\=21 May 2017}}
#### Most hat\-tricks in Serie A
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl "Gunnar Nordahl"), 17{{cite web\|url\=http://www.90min.com/it/posts/4158930\-top\-10\-i\-dieci\-giocatori\-autori\-di\-piu\-triplette\-nella\-storia\-della\-serie\-a\|title\=TOP 10 \- I dieci giocatori autori di più triplette nella storia della Serie A\|publisher\=90min.com\|language\=it\|author1\=Niccolò Mariotto\|date\=23 November 2016\|access\-date\=21 May 2017\|archive\-date\=27 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727221917/https://www.90min.com/it/posts/4158930\-top\-10\-i\-dieci\-giocatori\-autori\-di\-piu\-triplette\-nella\-storia\-della\-serie\-a\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web \|url\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\-a/2019/09/02/tripletta\-serie\-a\-classifica\#27 \|title\=Serie A, quali giocatori hanno fatto tripletta più volte? La classifica \|publisher\=sport.sky.it \|language\=it \|date\=2 September 2019 \|access\-date\=12 November 2019 }}
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Hat\-tricks
| --- |
|1
{{flagicon\|SWE}} |
[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl "Gunnar Nordahl")
17
|
|2
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza "Giuseppe Meazza")
15
|
|3
{{flagicon\|SWE}} |
[Kurt Hamrin](/wiki/Kurt_Hamrin "Kurt Hamrin")
12
| {{flagicon\|HUN}} |[István Nyers](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Nyers "István Nyers")
|5
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi "Filippo Inzaghi")
10
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola")
|7
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Adriano Bassetto](/wiki/Adriano_Bassetto "Adriano Bassetto")
9
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori "Giuseppe Signori")
| {{flagicon\|ARG}} |[Pedro Manfredini](/wiki/Pedro_Manfredini "Pedro Manfredini")
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori "Omar Sívori")
|
#### Youngest player to score a brace in Serie A
[Pietro Pellegri](/wiki/Pietro_Pellegri "Pietro Pellegri"), 16 years and 184 days (17 September 2017, in [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC "Genoa CFC")–[Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio"), 2–3\){{cite web\|url\=https://www.foxsports.it/2017/09/18/genoa\-pellegri\-doppietta\-a\-sedici\-anni\-184\-giorni/\|title\=Genoa, enfant prodige Pellegri: doppietta in A a 16 anni e 184 giorni\|publisher\=foxsports.it\|language\=it\|author1\=Luca Guerra\|date\=18 September 2017\|access\-date\=8 December 2017}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\-A/Genoa/17\-09\-2017/immobile\-pellegri\-presente\-futuro\-calcio\-italiano\-220656349308\.shtml\|title\=Pellegri, storia di un predestinato: "Non posso neanche fare il figo a scuola..."\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|author1\=Giuseppe Di Giovanni\|date\=17 September 2017\|access\-date\=28 January 2018}}
#### Oldest player to score a brace in Serie A
[Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 "Zlatan Ibrahimović"), 40 years and 48 days{{cite tweet\|number\=1462171794496966661\|user\=OptaPaolo\|title\=40 \- Zlatan Ibrahimovic has become the oldest player ever to have scored 2\+ goals in a Serie A game and the first 4…\|date\=20 November 2021}} (20 November 2021 Fiorentina 4–3 AC Milan)
#### Most braces in a single Serie A season
[Oliver Bierhoff](/wiki/Oliver_Bierhoff "Oliver Bierhoff") (10 in [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Serie_A "1997–98 Serie A"))
#### Youngest player to score a hat\-trick in Serie A
[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola"), 17 years and 132 days{{cite news\|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2011/maggio/23/SILVIO\_PIOLA\_PIU\_GIOVANE\_TRIPLETTISTA\_ga\_3\_110523002\.shtml\|title\=È SILVIO PIOLA IL PIÙ GIOVANE TRIPLETTISTA DELLA SERIE A\|trans\-title\=Silvio Piola is the youngest hat\-trick scorer of Serie A\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|date\=23 May 2011\|access\-date\=7 December 2017}}
#### Oldest player to score a hat\-trick in Serie A
[Rodrigo Palacio](/wiki/Rodrigo_Palacio "Rodrigo Palacio"), 39 years and 86 days{{cite web\|url\=https://www.football\-italia.net/170045/palacio\-has\-oldest\-serie\-hat\-trick\|title\=Palacio has oldest Serie A hat\-trick\|website\=Football Italia\|date\=2 May 2021\|access\-date\=2 May 2021}}
#### Most hat\-tricks in a single Serie A season
[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza "Giuseppe Meazza") ([1929–30](/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_Serie_A "1929–30 Serie A")), [Enrique Guaita](/wiki/Enrique_Guaita "Enrique Guaita") ([1934–35](/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_Serie_A "1934–35 Serie A")), [Valentino Mazzola](/wiki/Valentino_Mazzola "Valentino Mazzola") ([1946–47](/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Serie_A "1946–47 Serie A")), [István Nyers](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Nyers "István Nyers") ([1950–51](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Serie_A "1950–51 Serie A")), [Pedro Manfredini](/wiki/Pedro_Manfredini "Pedro Manfredini") ([1960–61](/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Serie_A "1960–61 Serie A")), and [Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori "Omar Sívori") ([1960–61](/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Serie_A "1960–61 Serie A")) (all four){{cite news \|title\=Gol, assist e non solo: i record stagionali in A \|url\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\-a/2019/07/27/serie\-a\-giocatori\-record\-campionato \|access\-date\=20 February 2024 \|work\=Sky Sport Italia \|date\=27 July 2019 \|language\=it}}
#### Youngest player to score more than three goals in a single Serie A match
[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola"), 18 years and 54 days{{cite web\|url\=http://www.modenanoi.it/non\-\-domenico\-berardi\-ma\-silvio\-piola\-il\-pokerista\-pi\-giovane\-della\-serie\-a/\|title\=Non è Domenico Berardi ma Silvio Piola il pokerista più giovane della Serie A\|trans\-title\=Domenico Berardi is not the youngest poker scorer of Serie A but Silvio Piola is\|publisher\=modenanoi.it\|language\=it\|author\=Andrea Rughetti\|date\=13 January 2014\|access\-date\=21 May 2017\|archive\-date\=5 October 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050642/http://www.modenanoi.it/non\-\-domenico\-berardi\-ma\-silvio\-piola\-il\-pokerista\-pi\-giovane\-della\-serie\-a/\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Oldest player to score five goals in a single Serie A match
[Miroslav Klose](/wiki/Miroslav_Klose "Miroslav Klose"), 34 years and 330 days{{cite news\|url\=http://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie\-a/lazio/2013/05/05/news/lazio\_bologna\-58113010/\|title\=Lazio\-Bologna 6\-0: cinquina storica di Klose, i biancocelesti ritrovano gol e vittoria\|newspaper\=La Repubblica\|language\=it\|author1\=Giulio Cardone\|date\=5 May 2013\|access\-date\=8 December 2017}}
#### Oldest player to score their first goal in Serie A
[Angelo Mattea](/wiki/Angelo_Mattea "Angelo Mattea"), 38 years and 7 days, for [Casale](/wiki/Casale_F.B.C. "Casale F.B.C."), in a 5–1 away loss to [Ambrosiana](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") on 28 October 1930{{cite web \|url\=https://www.calciomercato.com/news/fiorentina\-ribery\-da\-record\-45263 \|title\=Fiorentina, Ribery da record \|publisher\=calciomercato.com \|language\=it \|date\=22 September 2019 \|access\-date\=23 September 2019 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://calcio\-seriea.net/tabellini/1930/309/ \|title\=Risultati Serie A 30\-31 \|publisher\=calcio\-seriea.net \|language\=it \|access\-date\=23 September 2019 }}
#### Most consecutive Serie A seasons with at least one goal
[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti"), 23 ([1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A "1994–95 Serie A") to [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Serie_A "2016–17 Serie A")){{cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\-A/Roma/11\-09\-2016/roma\-sampdoria\-muriel\-fa\-gol\-pazzesco\-applaude\-perfino\-totti\-17016402630\.shtml\|title\=Roma\-Sampdoria, Totti in gol da 23 anni: è il suo 25° anno in A come Maldini\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|date\=11 September 2016\|access\-date\=8 December 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=https://calcio.fanpage.it/totti\-sempre\-in\-gol\-da\-23\-anni\-perche\-dovrei\-smettere/\|title\=Totti sempre in gol da 23 anni: "Perché dovrei smettere?"\|publisher\=calcio.fanpage.it\|language\=it\|author1\=Marco Beltrami\|date\=11 September 2016\|access\-date\=8 December 2017}}
#### Oldest player to win the Serie A top scorer award
[Luca Toni](/wiki/Luca_Toni "Luca Toni") (38 years, [2014–15](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers "2014–15 Serie A#Top goalscorers")){{cite web\|url\=http://www.beinsports.tv/soccer/article/n12rkjb40q7n1ae3dy8hk8l2a/title/verona\-level\-late\-against\-juventus\-as\-luca\-toni\-ends\-season\-as\-serie\-as\-top\-marksman\|title\=Verona Level Late Against Juventus As Luca Toni Ends Season As Serie A's Top Marksman\|publisher\=Bein Sports\|date\=30 May 2015\|access\-date\=30 May 2015}}
#### Most Serie A top scorer awards
[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl "Gunnar Nordahl"), 5 ([1949–50](/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Serie_A "1949–50 Serie A"), [1950–51](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Serie_A "1950–51 Serie A"), [1952–53](/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Serie_A "1952–53 Serie A"), [1953–54](/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Serie_A "1953–54 Serie A"), [1954–55](/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Serie_A "1954–55 Serie A"))
#### Most goals in a single Serie A season
36, [Gonzalo Higuaín](/wiki/Gonzalo_Higua%C3%ADn "Gonzalo Higuaín") ([2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers "2015–16 Serie A#Top goalscorers")){{cite web\|url\=http://www.football\-italia.net/84347/higuain\-i\-am\-so\-happy\|title\=Higuain: 'I am so happy!'\|publisher\=Football Italia\|date\=14 May 2016\|access\-date\=14 May 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/723/serie\-a/2016/05/14/23529832/higuain\-makes\-serie\-a\-history\-by\-breaking\-66\-year\-old\|title\=Higuain makes Serie A history by breaking 66\-year\-old goalscoring record\|publisher\=goal.com\|first\=Chris\|last\= Davie\|date\=14 May 2016\|access\-date\=14 May 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.espnfc.us/italian\-serie\-a/12/statistics/scorers?season\=2015\|title\=Serie A Statistics 2015\-16\|publisher\=ESPN FC\|date\=14 May 2016\|access\-date\=14 May 2016}} and [Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile "Ciro Immobile") ([2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers "2019–20 Serie A#Top goalscorers")){{cite web\|url\=http://www.legaseriea.it/en/serie\-a/statistics\|title\=Serie A Statistics 2019\-20\|publisher\=Serie A\|date\=1 August 2020\|access\-date\=1 August 2020}}{{\#tag:ref\|\[\[Gino Rossetti]]'s Italian league record of 36 goals was set during the \[\[1928–29 Divisione Nazionale]] season, prior to the establishment of the Serie A in the \[\[1929–30 Serie A\|1929–30 season]].\|name\="rosetti\-record"\|group\="nb"}}
#### Most headed goals in Serie A
[Christian Vieri](/wiki/Christian_Vieri "Christian Vieri"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.espnfc.com/story/257739/inter\-milan\-squad\-profiles\|title\=Inter Milan \- Squad Profiles\|publisher\=ESPN FC\|date\=11 February 2003\|access\-date\=2 February 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2001/novembre/02/Vieri\_gol\_per\_rinascere\_Visto\_co\_0\_0111021666\.shtml\|title\=Vieri, un gol per rinascere "Visto che colpo di testa? Adesso sono affari vostri"\|publisher\=Il Corriere della Sera\|language\=it\|date\=2 November 2001\|access\-date\=22 September 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/446613\-serie\-a\-special\-7\-stars\-to\-have\-played\-for\-milaninter\-amp\-juventus\#slide3 \|title\=Serie A Special: Seven Stars Who Played For Milan, Inter and Juventus \|publisher\=bleacherreport.com \|last1\=Soldo \|first1\=Ivan \|date\=31 August 2010 \|access\-date\=13 September 2019 }}
#### Most headed goals in a single Serie A season
[Oliver Bierhoff](/wiki/Oliver_Bierhoff "Oliver Bierhoff") (15 out of 19, [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers "1998–99 Serie A#Top goalscorers")){{cite news \|url\=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/serie\-a\-pavoletti\-record\-nessuno\-come\-lui\-gol\-testa\-AE7IJqfF \|title\=Serie A: Pavoletti da record, nessuno come lui nei gol di testa \|work\=ilsole24ore.com \|language\=it \|date\=27 August 2018 \|access\-date\=13 September 2019 }}
#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored
[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta "Gabriel Batistuta") (13 consecutive Serie A games, 2 in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A "1992–93 Serie A") and 11 in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A "1994–95 Serie A") with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina "ACF Fiorentina")){{cite web \|url\=http://www.violanews.com/statistiche/quagliarella\-e\-a\-quota\-11\-e\-allora\-batistuta\-e\-a\-13\-le\-statistiche\-premiano\-ancora\-batigol/?refresh\_ce\-cp \|title\=Quagliarella è a quota 11? E allora Batistuta è a... 13! Le statistiche premiano ancora Batigol \|publisher\=Viola News \|date\=28 January 2019 \|access\-date\=29 January 2019 }}
#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored in a single season
[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta "Gabriel Batistuta") (in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A "1994–95 Serie A"), with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina "ACF Fiorentina")), [Fabio Quagliarella](/wiki/Fabio_Quagliarella "Fabio Quagliarella") (in [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Serie_A "2018–19 Serie A"), with [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria "U.C. Sampdoria")){{cite web \|url\=https://www.football\-italia.net/SerieA/match/125273 \|title\=Sampdoria 4 \- 0 Udinese \|publisher\=Football Italia \|date\=26 January 2019 \|access\-date\=28 January 2019 }}
#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored since the start of a single season
[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta "Gabriel Batistuta") (in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A "1994–95 Serie A"), with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina "ACF Fiorentina")) (11 consecutive Serie A games){{cite news \|title\=8 of the greatest ever scoring streaks – starring Batistuta, Ronaldo, Messi and Muller \|url\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/8\-greatest\-ever\-scoring\-streaks\-starring\-batistuta\-ronaldo\-messi\-and\-muller \|access\-date\=17 August 2018 \|work\=Four Four Two}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid\=2062223\.html\|title\=Longest goalscoring runs in Europe's top leagues\|last\=UEFA.com\|date\=2015\-11\-28\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-27}}
#### Most consecutive Serie A away appearances with at least one goal scored
[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori "Giuseppe Signori") (from 17 May 1992 to 28 February 1993; 1 in [1991–92](/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Serie_A "1991–92 Serie A") with [Foggia](/wiki/Foggia_Calcio "Foggia Calcio"), and 9 in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A "1992–93 Serie A") with [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio")) (10 consecutive Serie A away games with a goal){{cite news \|url\=https://www.gazzetta.it/calcio/fantanews/11\-02\-2019/cr7\-record\-juve\-9\-trasferte\-fila\-gol\-serie\-a\-mirino\-c\-messi\-3201193050934\.shtml \|title\=Juve, CR7 da record: 9 trasferte di fila con gol in Serie A. E nel mirino c'è Messi \|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \|language\=it \|date\=11 February 2019 \|access\-date\=11 February 2019 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol\-internacional/2019/02/10/5c60740b468aeb377c8b45a9\.html \|title\=Así está la Bota de Oro: Cristiano Ronaldo empata con Mbappé y se sitúa a tres goles de Messi \|publisher\=marca.com \|language\=es \|date\=10 February 2019 \|access\-date\=11 February 2019 }}
#### Most consecutive Serie A away appearances with at least one goal scored in a single season
[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori "Giuseppe Signori") (in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A "1992–93 Serie A"), with [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio")) (9 consecutive Serie A away games with a goal) and [Cristiano Ronaldo](/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo "Cristiano Ronaldo") (in [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Serie_A "2018–19 Serie A") and [2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A "2019–20 Serie A"), with [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC"))
#### Most seasons with at least 10 goals scored in all competitions by an Italian player
[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero") (17 seasons){{cite web\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Juventus/24\-04\-2011/record\-fedelissimo\-80959586614\.shtml\|title\=Record da fedelissimo, Ma Del Piero è amaro\|website\=gazzetta.it\|publisher\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|date\=24 April 2011}}
#### Highest\-scoring Italian players in all competitions
The following table shows the ten Italian players that have scored the most professional goals in total throughout their career, at both club and international level (excluding youth competitions).{{cite web\|url\=http://tribunasportiva.blogspot.it/2014/08/di\-natale\-punta\-i\-300\-gol\-in\-carriera\-e.html\|title\=Di Natale punta i 300 gol in carriera: è a 293 dopo la quaterna in Coppa Italia\|website\=tribunasportiva.blogspot.it\|language\=it\|date\=26 August 2014\|access\-date\=28 April 2015}}
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Goals
| --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola")
364{{\#tag:ref\|391 if his goals in the \[\[Divisione Nazionale]] (16\) and goals for the \[\[Italy under\-21 Serie B representative team\|Italy B team]] (11\) are also included{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tuttosport.com/calcio/serie\_a/juventus/2010/03/15\-60075/Del\+Piero\+a\+quota\+301\+gol\+in\+carriera%3A\+nel\+mirino\+c%27%C3%A8\+Inzaghi\|title\=Del Piero a quota 301 gol in carriera: nel mirino c'è Inzaghi\|publisher\=Tutto Sport\|language\=it\|date\=15 March 2010\|access\-date\=22 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100558/http://www.tuttosport.com/calcio/serie\_a/juventus/2010/03/15\-60075/Del\+Piero\+a\+quota\+301\+gol\+in\+carriera%3A\+nel\+mirino\+c%27%C3%A8\+Inzaghi\|archive\-date\=6 October 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}\|name\="piola\-record"\|group\="nb"}}{{\#tag:ref\|Although some sources claim that \[\[Giorgio Chinaglia]] is in fact the highest\-scoring Italian player in all competitions with 398 career goals, this claim is also disputed, as the \[\[North American Soccer League (1968–84\)\|NASL]] did not abide to certain \[\[FIFA]] regulations at the time in which Chinaglia was playing there{{cite web\|url\=http://www.askanews.it/sport/calcio\-66\-anni\-fa\-nasceva\-\-\-long\-john\-\-\-giorgio\-chinaglia\_711113713\.htm\|title\=Calcio: 66 anni fa nasceva ''Long John'', Giorgio Chinaglia\|language\=it\|date\=24 January 2013\|access\-date\=10 November 2015\|archive\-date\=13 February 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213103601/http://www.askanews.it/sport/calcio\-66\-anni\-fa\-nasceva\-\-\-long\-john\-\-\-giorgio\-chinaglia\_711113713\.htm\|url\-status\=dead}}\|name\="chinaglia\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero")
346{{\#tag:ref\|362 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-17 football team\|Italy U\-17]] (1\), \[\[Italy national under\-18 football team\|U\-18]] (12\), and \[\[Italy national under\-21 football team\|U\-21]] teams (3\) are included\|name\="alex\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza "Giuseppe Meazza")
338{{\#tag:ref\|349 if his goals in the Divisione Nazionale are included\|name\="meazza\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Luca Toni](/wiki/Luca_Toni "Luca Toni")
322 |
| 5 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio "Roberto Baggio")
318{{\#tag:ref\|321 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-16 football team\|Italy U\-16]] team (3\) are included\|name\="baggio\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 6 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti")
316{{\#tag:ref\|334 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-15 football team\|Italy U\-15]] (3\), \[\[Italy national under\-16 football team\|Italy U\-16]] (2\), \[\[Italy national under\-18 football team\|U\-18]] (7\), \[\[Italy national under\-21 football team\|U\-21]] (4\), and U\-23 teams (2\) are included\|name\="totti\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 7 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi "Filippo Inzaghi")
313{{\#tag:ref\|316 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-21 football team\|Italy U\-21]] team (3\) are included\|name\="inzaghi\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 8 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Antonio Di Natale](/wiki/Antonio_Di_Natale "Antonio Di Natale")
311 |
| 9 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile "Ciro Immobile")*
304{{\#tag:ref\|313 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-21 football team\|Italy U\-21]] team (9\) are included\|name\="immobile\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 10 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Altobelli](/wiki/Alessandro_Altobelli "Alessandro Altobelli")
293{{\#tag:ref\|298 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-21 football team\|Italy U\-21]] (2\), and U\-23 tams (3\) are included\|name\="altobelli\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
#### Most own goals scored in Serie A history
[Franco Baresi](/wiki/Franco_Baresi "Franco Baresi") and [Riccardo Ferri](/wiki/Riccardo_Ferri "Riccardo Ferri") (8 each){{cite news \|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2004/gennaio/10/chi\_detiene\_record\_autoreti\_nella\_sw\_0\_040110585\.shtml \|title\=chi detiene il record di autoreti nella storia della serie a ? \|work\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \|language\=it \|date\=10 January 2004 \|access\-date\=2 September 2019 }}
### Assists
#### Most assists in Serie A
[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti") (188\){{cite news \|url\=https://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/serie\-a/2023/10/30\-115838922/campionato\_di\_calcio\_serie\_a\_record\_primati\_numeri\_e\_statistiche \|title\=Campionato di Calcio Serie A: record, primati, numeri e statistiche \|work\=Il Corriere dello Sport \|language\=it \|date\=30 October 2023 \|access\-date\=12 February 2024 }}
The following table shows the ten players that have provided the most assists in Serie A history.
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A. Players in *italics* are still active, but outside Serie A.
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Assists
Appearances
{{Abbr\|Ratio\|Assists per game}}
| 1 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti")
188 |
619 |
0\.26 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio "Roberto Baggio")
119 |
452 |
0\.26 |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero")
111 |
478 |
0\.23 |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Gianni Rivera](/wiki/Gianni_Rivera "Gianni Rivera")
105 |
527 |
0\.20 |
| 5 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Andrea Pirlo](/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo "Andrea Pirlo")
100 |
493 |
0\.20 |
| 6 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*[Antonio Candreva](/wiki/Antonio_Candreva "Antonio Candreva")*
100 |
494 |
0\.20 |
| 7 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Antonio Cassano](/wiki/Antonio_Cassano "Antonio Cassano")
99 |
400 |
0\.25 |
| 8 | {{flagicon\|SVK}} |[Marek Hamšík](/wiki/Marek_Ham%C5%A1%C3%ADk "Marek Hamšík")
82 |
409 |
0\.20 |
| 9 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*[Lorenzo Insigne](/wiki/Lorenzo_Insigne "Lorenzo Insigne")*
74 |
337 |
0\.22 |
| 10 | {{flagicon\|BIH}} |*[Miralem Pjanić](/wiki/Miralem_Pjani%C4%87 "Miralem Pjanić")*
73 |
281 |
0\.26 |
#### Most assists in a single Serie A season
[Alejandro Gómez](/wiki/Papu_G%C3%B3mez "Papu Gómez") ([2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A "2019–20 Serie A")) (16\){{\#tag:ref\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \[\[2004–05 Serie A]] season onwards\|name\="2004–05\-stats"\|group\="nb"}}
#### Oldest assist provider in Serie A
[Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 "Zlatan Ibrahimović"), 40 years, 6 months and 21 days (24 April 2022, in Lazio–AC Milan, 1–2\){{cite web \|title\=Ibra, quello contro la Lazio è l'assist più anziano della storia della Serie A \|url\=https://www.milannews.it/news/ibra\-quello\-contro\-la\-lazio\-e\-l\-assist\-piu\-anziano\-della\-storia\-della\-serie\-a\-449540 \|publisher\=Milan News \|access\-date\=29 February 2024 \|language\=it \|date\=25 April 2022}}
### Goalkeeping
#### Longest consecutive runs without conceding a goal in Serie A
The following table shows the goalkeepers that have longest consecutive run without conceding a goal in Serie A. Length column is in minutes.
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A. Minutes in **bold** indicate an active run.
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Club
Season
Length
| --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon "Gianluigi Buffon")
[Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") | [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Serie_A "2015–16 Serie A") | 974{{cite web\|url\=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/sala\-stampa/notizie/info/record\-di\-imbattibilita\-per\-buffon\-974\|title\=RECORD DI IMBATTIBILITA' PER BUFFON: 974'\|trans\-title\=Record unbeaten streak for Buffon: 974 minutes\|publisher\=LegaSerieA.it\|language\=it\|date\=20 March 2016\|access\-date\=22 March 2016\|archive\-date\=2 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802205651/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/sala\-stampa/notizie/info/record\-di\-imbattibilita\-per\-buffon\-974\|url\-status\=dead}} |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Sebastiano Rossi](/wiki/Sebastiano_Rossi "Sebastiano Rossi"){{\#tag:ref\|\[\[Gianpiero Combi]]'s Italian league record unbeaten streak of 934 consecutive minutes without conceding a goal was set during the \[\[1925–26 Prima Divisione]] season, prior to the establishment of the Serie A in the \[\[1929–30 Serie A\|1929–30 season]].{{cite news\|url\=http://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/12/20/news/20\_dicembre\_1902\_nasce\_combi\_il\_nonno\_di\_zoff\_e\_buffon\-103364637/\|title\=20 dicembre 1902: nasce Combi, il "nonno" di Zoff e Buffon\|newspaper\=La Repubblica\|language\=it\|date\=20 December 2014\|access\-date\=11 March 2017}}From the third match (Juventus 6–0 Milan on 25 October 1925\) to thirteenth match (Parma 0–3 Juventus on 28 February 1926\) of the \[\[1925–26 Prima Divisione\|1925–26 FIGC Football Championship]] according to {{in lang\|it}} \[http://www.juworld.net/partite\-della\-juventus.asp?Pagina\=14\&c\=Campionato%20a%20gironi All Juventus FC matches: Italian Federal Championship (pages 14 and 15\)] \- www.juworld.net.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/mar/20/torino\-juventus\-serie\-a\-match\-report\-gianluigi\-buffon\-record\|title\=Gianluigi Buffon sets goalkeeping record as Juventus sweep aside Torino\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|date\=20 March 2016\|access\-date\=20 March 2016}}\|name\="combi\-record"\|group\="nb"}}
[AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan") | [1993–94](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Serie_A "1993–94 Serie A") | 929 |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Dino Zoff](/wiki/Dino_Zoff "Dino Zoff")
[Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") | [1972–73](/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Serie_A "1972–73 Serie A") | 903 |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Mario Da Pozzo](/wiki/Mario_Da_Pozzo "Mario Da Pozzo")
[Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC "Genoa CFC") | [1963–64](/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_Serie_A "1963–64 Serie A") | 792 |
| 5 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon "Gianluigi Buffon")
[Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") | [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Serie_A "2017–18 Serie A") | 791 |
| 6 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Ivan Pelizzoli](/wiki/Ivan_Pelizzoli "Ivan Pelizzoli")
[Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma") | [2003–04](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Serie_A "2003–04 Serie A") | 774 |
| 7 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Davide Pinato](/wiki/Davide_Pinato "Davide Pinato")
[Atalanta](/wiki/Atalanta_B.C. "Atalanta B.C.") | [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Serie_A "1997–98 Serie A") | 758 |
|8
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon "Gianluigi Buffon")
[Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC") | [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Serie_A "2013–14 Serie A") | 745 |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Luca Marchegiani](/wiki/Luca_Marchegiani "Luca Marchegiani")
[Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio") | [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Serie_A "1997–98 Serie A") | 745 |
| 10 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Morgan De Sanctis](/wiki/Morgan_De_Sanctis "Morgan De Sanctis")
[Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma") | [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Serie_A "2013–14 Serie A") | 744 |
#### Most clean sheets
Updated 22 February 2021
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon "Gianluigi Buffon"), 299{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fotmob.com/embed/news/6742743/every\-record\-gianluigi\-buffon\-holds\-and\-could\-break\-in\-the\-future\|title\=Every record Gianluigi Buffon holds \- and could break in the future\|website\=FotMob\|date\=23 February 2021\|access\-date\=30 April 2021}}
#### Most consecutive clean sheets
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon "Gianluigi Buffon"), 10 (17 January 2016 to 11 March 2016\){{cite web\|url\=http://www.football\-italia.net/81148/buffon\-eyes\-all\-time\-record\|title\=Buffon eyes all\-time record\|publisher\=Football Italia\|date\=11 March 2016\|access\-date\=11 March 2016}}
#### Most clean sheets in a single season
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
21,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cittaceleste.it/news/lazio\-provedel\-record\-clean\-sheet/amp/\|title\=Lazio, Provedel nella storia: raggiunta quota 21 clean sheet\|date\=15 April 2023 \|language\=it\|access\-date\=4 June 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.cittaceleste.it/news/lazio\-provedel\-record\-clean\-sheet/amp/\|title\=Lazio, Provedel da record: 18 clean sheet in A. E il primato assoluto…\|date\=15 April 2023 \|language\=it\|access\-date\=4 June 2023}} [Fabio Cudicini](/wiki/Fabio_Cudicini "Fabio Cudicini") (in [1968–69](/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Serie_A "1968–69 Serie A") with [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan")), [Sebastiano Rossi](/wiki/Sebastiano_Rossi "Sebastiano Rossi") (in [1993–94](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Serie_A "1993–94 Serie A") with [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan")), [Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon "Gianluigi Buffon") (in [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Serie_A "2011–12 Serie A") and [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Serie_A "2015–16 Serie A") with [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC")), [Morgan De Sanctis](/wiki/Morgan_De_Sanctis "Morgan De Sanctis") (in [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Serie_A "2013–14 Serie A") with [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma")), **[Ivan Provedel](/wiki/Ivan_Provedel "Ivan Provedel")** (in [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Serie_A "2022–23 Serie A") with [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio"))
#### Most goals conceded in a single season
[Alex Cordaz](/wiki/Alex_Cordaz "Alex Cordaz") ([2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Serie_A "2020–21 Serie A")) (91\){{\#tag:ref\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \[\[1994–95 Serie A]] season onwards\|name\="1994–95\-stats"\|group\="nb"}}{{cite news \|url\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\-a/record\-serie\-a \|title\=I record del campionato che (forse) non conosci \|work\=Sky Sport Italia \|language\=it \|date\=24 June 2022 \|access\-date\=22 February 2024 }}
#### Most penalties saved
[Samir Handanović](/wiki/Samir_Handanovi%C4%87 "Samir Handanović"), 26{{cite web\|url\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\-a/2020/01/12/handanovic\-rigori\-parati\-serie\-a\-classifica\|title\=Handanovic come Pagliuca, la classifica dei migliori pararigori della storia della Serie A\|publisher\=sport.sky.it\|language\=it\|date\=12 January 2020}}
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A. Players in *italics* are still active, but outside Serie A.
*Updated as of 3 March 2024*
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Penalties saved
Appearances
Years
| --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|SVN}} |[Samir Handanović](/wiki/Samir_Handanovi%C4%87 "Samir Handanović")
26 |
566 |
2005–2023 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Gianluca Pagliuca](/wiki/Gianluca_Pagliuca "Gianluca Pagliuca")
24 |
592 |
1988–2007 |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*[Andrea Consigli](/wiki/Andrea_Consigli "Andrea Consigli")*
20 |
510 |
2009–2024 |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Luca Marchegiani](/wiki/Luca_Marchegiani "Luca Marchegiani")
17 |
422 |
1988–2005 |
|5
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Giuseppe Moro](/wiki/Giuseppe_Moro "Giuseppe Moro")
16
270 |
1947–1955 |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon "Gianluigi Buffon")
657 |
1995–2021 |
|7
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Francesco Antonioli](/wiki/Francesco_Antonioli "Francesco Antonioli")
14
416 |
1992–2012 |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Stefano Sorrentino](/wiki/Stefano_Sorrentino "Stefano Sorrentino")
363 |
2001–2019 |
| 9 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*[Gianluigi Donnarumma](/wiki/Gianluigi_Donnarumma "Gianluigi Donnarumma")*
13 |
215 |
2015–2021 |
|10
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
*[Emiliano Viviano](/wiki/Emiliano_Viviano "Emiliano Viviano")*
12
251 |
2009–2018 |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Luigi Turci](/wiki/Luigi_Turci "Luigi Turci")
270 |
1993–2004 |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Massimo Taibi](/wiki/Massimo_Taibi "Massimo Taibi")
292 |
1993–2007 |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Taglialatela](/wiki/Giuseppe_Taglialatela "Giuseppe Taglialatela")
173 |
1991–2002 |
#### Most consecutive penalties saved
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
[Samir Handanović](/wiki/Samir_Handanovi%C4%87 "Samir Handanović"), 6{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.it/calcio/fantanews/27\-11\-2014/inter\-handanovic\-para\-sesto\-rigore\-fila\-ma\-volte\-faccio\-c\-ate\-10071855527\.shtml\|title\=Inter, Handanovic para il sesto rigore di fila\|trans\-title\=Inter, Handanovic saves the sixth penalty in a row\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|date\=27 November 2014\|access\-date\=22 December 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.corriere.it/foto\-gallery/sport/14\_novembre\_28/inter\-super\-handanovic\-para\-sei\-rigori\-fila\-818c74a2\-76f6\-11e4\-90d4\-0eff89180b47\.shtml?refresh\_ce\-cp\|title\=Inter: super Handanovic para sei rigori di fila\|date\=28 November 2014 \|trans\-title\=Inter: super Handanovic saves six penalties in a row\|publisher\=Il Corriere della Sera\|language\=it\|access\-date\=22 December 2015}}
#### Oldest goalkeeper to save a penalty
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon "Gianluigi Buffon"), 43 years and 104 days (12 May 2021, in Sassuolo–Juventus, 1–3\){{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57095142 \|title\=Buffon saves penalty as Juventus win \|work\=BBC Sport \|last1\=Emons \|first1\=Michael \|date\=12 May 2021 \|access\-date\=19 May 2021 }}
### Discipline
#### Most red cards
Updated 29 January 2017{{cite web\|url\=http://romanews.eu/it,a112023/Totti\-11\-Espulsioni\-Nessuno\-Rosso\-Come\-Lui\-Giocatori\-In\-Attivita\-Serie\-Br,m82\|title\=Totti, 11 espulsioni. Nessuno 'rosso' come lui tra i giocatori in attività della Serie A\|publisher\=RomaNews.eu\|language\=it\|access\-date\=11 September 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808122414/http://romanews.eu/it,a112023/Totti\-11\-Espulsioni\-Nessuno\-Rosso\-Come\-Lui\-Giocatori\-In\-Attivita\-Serie\-Br,m82\|archive\-date\=8 August 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie\-a\-tim/calciatore?p\_p\_id\=BDC\_dettaglio\_calciatore\_WAR\_LegaCalcioBDC\&p\_p\_lifecycle\=0\&p\_p\_state\=normal\&p\_p\_mode\=view\&p\_p\_col\_id\=column\-1\&p\_p\_col\_count\=1\&\_BDC\_dettaglio\_calciatore\_WAR\_LegaCalcioBDC\_idPersona\=10422\|title\=Montero Iglesias Paolo\|publisher\=Lega Serie A\|language\=it\|access\-date\=11 September 2014\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227191437/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie\-a\-tim/calciatore?p\_p\_id\=BDC\_dettaglio\_calciatore\_WAR\_LegaCalcioBDC\&p\_p\_lifecycle\=0\&p\_p\_state\=normal\&p\_p\_mode\=view\&p\_p\_col\_id\=column\-1\&p\_p\_col\_count\=1\&\_BDC\_dettaglio\_calciatore\_WAR\_LegaCalcioBDC\_idPersona\=10422\|archive\-date\=27 February 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.contra\-ataque.it/2016/02/16/calciatori\-espulsi\-serie\-a\-montero.html\|title\=I calciatori più espulsi nella storia della Serie A: Montero irraggiungibile\|publisher\=contra\-ataque.it\|language\=it\|author1\=Claudio Agave\|date\=16 February 2016\|access\-date\=2 May 2017}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.it/speciali/statistiche/2006/record/record\_assoluti.shtml\|title\=Record Individuali Assoluti\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|access\-date\=2 May 2017\|archive\-date\=24 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170209/http://www.gazzetta.it/speciali/statistiche/2006/record/record\_assoluti.shtml\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2001/settembre/28/Montero\_espulsioni\_nessuno\_mai\_cattivo\_ga\_0\_0109285173\.shtml\|title\=Montero 14 espulsioni: nessuno mai cattivo come lui\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|author1\=Sebastiano Vernazza\|date\=28 September 2001\|access\-date\=2 May 2017}}
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Red cards
| --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|URU}} |[Paolo Montero](/wiki/Paolo_Montero "Paolo Montero")
16 |
|2
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Luigi Di Biagio](/wiki/Luigi_Di_Biagio "Luigi Di Biagio")
12
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giulio Falcone](/wiki/Giulio_Falcone "Giulio Falcone")
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Cristian Ledesma](/wiki/Cristian_Daniel_Ledesma "Cristian Daniel Ledesma")
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giampiero Pinzi](/wiki/Giampiero_Pinzi "Giampiero Pinzi")
|6
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Massimo Ambrosini](/wiki/Massimo_Ambrosini "Massimo Ambrosini")
11
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Bergomi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Bergomi "Giuseppe Bergomi")
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Biava](/wiki/Giuseppe_Biava "Giuseppe Biava")
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Daniele Conti](/wiki/Daniele_Conti "Daniele Conti")
| {{flagicon\|POR}} |[Fernando Couto](/wiki/Fernando_Couto "Fernando Couto")
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giorgio Ferrini](/wiki/Giorgio_Ferrini "Giorgio Ferrini")
| {{flagicon\|GHA}} |[Sulley Muntari](/wiki/Sulley_Muntari "Sulley Muntari")
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti")
|
#### Most red cards in a single Serie A season
[Luigi Apolloni](/wiki/Luigi_Apolloni "Luigi Apolloni") ([2000–01](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Serie_A "2000–01 Serie A")) and [Gabriel Paletta](/wiki/Gabriel_Paletta "Gabriel Paletta") ([2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Serie_A "2016–17 Serie A")) (both five){{\#tag:ref\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \[\[1994–95 Serie A]] season onwards\|name\="1994–95\-stats"\|group\="nb"}}
#### Most yellow cards in a single Serie A season
[Daniele Conti](/wiki/Daniele_Conti "Daniele Conti") ([2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_A "2012–13 Serie A")), 16{{\#tag:ref\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \[\[1994–95 Serie A]] season onwards\|name\="1994–95\-stats"\|group\="nb"}}
### Coaching
#### Most appearances in Serie A
[Carlo Mazzone](/wiki/Carlo_Mazzone "Carlo Mazzone"), 792 (excluding 5 appearances in play\-off matches){{cite web \|url\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\-a/2019/08/16/serie\-a\-allenatori\-record\-curiosita\-statistiche \|title\=Serie A: record, curiosità e statistiche dei 20 allenatori \|publisher\=sport.sky.it \|language\=it \|date\=16 August 2019 \|access\-date\=7 February 2020 }}
#### Most Serie A titles
[Giovanni Trapattoni](/wiki/Giovanni_Trapattoni "Giovanni Trapattoni"), 7
#### Most consecutive Serie A titles
[Massimiliano Allegri](/wiki/Massimiliano_Allegri "Massimiliano Allegri"), 5 (all with Juventus)
#### Most Serie A titles with a single club
Giovanni Trapattoni, 6 (with Juventus)
#### Most Serie A titles with different clubs
* Giovanni Trapattoni, 7 with 2 clubs (6 with Juventus, 1 with Inter)
* Massimiliano Allegri, 6 with 2 clubs (1 with AC Milan, 5 with Juventus)
* [Fabio Capello](/wiki/Fabio_Capello "Fabio Capello"), 5 with 2 clubs (4 with AC Milan, 1 with Roma)
* [Antonio Conte](/wiki/Antonio_Conte "Antonio Conte"), 4 with 2 clubs (3 with Juventus, 1 with Inter)
* [Árpád Weisz](/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Weisz "Árpád Weisz"), 3 with 2 clubs (1 with Ambrosiana, 2 with Bologna)
* [Fulvio Bernardini](/wiki/Fulvio_Bernardini "Fulvio Bernardini"), 2 with 2 clubs (1 with Fiorentina, 1 with Bologna)
* [Nils Liedholm](/wiki/Nils_Liedholm "Nils Liedholm"), 2 with 2 clubs (1 with AC Milan, 1 with Roma)
#### Youngest manager to win a Serie A title
[Armando Castellazzi](/wiki/Armando_Castellazzi "Armando Castellazzi"), 33 years and 199 days, (with Ambrosiana–Inter, [1937–38](/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Serie_A "1937–38 Serie A"))
#### Oldest manager to win a Serie A title
[Luciano Spalletti](/wiki/Luciano_Spalletti "Luciano Spalletti"), {{age in years and days\|1959\|3\|7\|2023\|6\|4}} (with Napoli, [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Serie_A "2022–23 Serie A")){{cite web\|url\=https://football\-italia.net/spalletti\-in\-tears\-as\-napoli\-win\-serie\-a\-title\-this\-is\-for\-you/\|title\=Spalletti in tears as Napoli win Serie A title: 'This is for you'\|website\=Football Italia\|date\=4 May 2023\|access\-date\=4 May 2023}}
#### Most consecutive appearances in Serie A
[Nereo Rocco](/wiki/Nereo_Rocco "Nereo Rocco"), 605 (between 1955 and 1974, with Padova, AC Milan, and Torino)
#### Most appearances in Serie A with a single club
Giovanni Trapattoni, 402 (with Juventus)
#### Most victories in Serie A
Giovanni Trapattoni, 352 (16 with AC Milan, 213 with Juventus, 87 with Inter, 7 with Cagliari, and 29 with Fiorentina)
#### Most consecutive victories in Serie A
[Roberto Mancini](/wiki/Roberto_Mancini "Roberto Mancini"), 17 (with Inter, [2006–07 Serie A](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Serie_A "2006–07 Serie A"))
#### Most victories in Serie A with a single team
Giovanni Trapattoni, 213 (with Juventus)
|
[
"Individual records\n------------------",
"### Most championships won",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.",
"#### 10 championships",
"* [Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon \"Gianluigi Buffon\") (all with Juventus)",
"#### 9 championships",
"* [Giorgio Chiellini](/wiki/Giorgio_Chiellini \"Giorgio Chiellini\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Leonardo Bonucci](/wiki/Leonardo_Bonucci \"Leonardo Bonucci\") (8 with Juventus \\+ 1 with Inter Milan)",
"#### 8 championships",
"* [Virginio Rosetta](/wiki/Virginio_Rosetta \"Virginio Rosetta\") (2 with Pro Vercelli \\+ 6 with Juventus)\n* [Giovanni Ferrari](/wiki/Giovanni_Ferrari \"Giovanni Ferrari\") (5 with Juventus \\+ 2 with Inter Milan \\+ 1 with Bologna)\n* [Giuseppe Furino](/wiki/Giuseppe_Furino \"Giuseppe Furino\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Andrea Barzagli](/wiki/Andrea_Barzagli \"Andrea Barzagli\") (all with Juventus)",
"#### 7 championships",
"* [Roberto Bettega](/wiki/Roberto_Bettega \"Roberto Bettega\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Alessandro Costacurta](/wiki/Alessandro_Costacurta \"Alessandro Costacurta\") (all with AC Milan)\n* [Ciro Ferrara](/wiki/Ciro_Ferrara \"Ciro Ferrara\") (2 with Napoli \\+ 5 with Juventus)\n* [Stephan Lichtsteiner](/wiki/Stephan_Lichtsteiner \"Stephan Lichtsteiner\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Paolo Maldini](/wiki/Paolo_Maldini \"Paolo Maldini\") (all with AC Milan)\n* [Claudio Marchisio](/wiki/Claudio_Marchisio \"Claudio Marchisio\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Gaetano Scirea](/wiki/Gaetano_Scirea \"Gaetano Scirea\") (all with Juventus)",
"#### 6 championships",
"* [Guido Ara](/wiki/Guido_Ara \"Guido Ara\") (all with Pro Vercelli)\n* [Antonello Cuccureddu](/wiki/Antonello_Cuccureddu \"Antonello Cuccureddu\") (all with Juventus)\n* Edoardo Pasteur (all with Genoa)\n* [James Richardson Spensley](/wiki/James_Richardson_Spensley \"James Richardson Spensley\") (all with Genoa)\n* [Claudio Gentile](/wiki/Claudio_Gentile \"Claudio Gentile\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Franco Baresi](/wiki/Franco_Baresi \"Franco Baresi\") (all with AC Milan)\n* [Antonio Cabrini](/wiki/Antonio_Cabrini \"Antonio Cabrini\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Franco Causio](/wiki/Franco_Causio \"Franco Causio\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Dino Zoff](/wiki/Dino_Zoff \"Dino Zoff\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Roberto Donadoni](/wiki/Roberto_Donadoni \"Roberto Donadoni\") (all with AC Milan)\n* [Dejan Stanković](/wiki/Dejan_Stankovi%C4%87 \"Dejan Stanković\") (5 with Inter Milan \\+ 1 with Lazio)\n* [Walter Samuel](/wiki/Walter_Samuel \"Walter Samuel\") (5 with Inter Milan \\+ 1 with Roma)\n* [Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Guglielmo Gabetto](/wiki/Guglielmo_Gabetto \"Guglielmo Gabetto\") (1 with Juventus \\+ 5 with Torino)\n* [Andrea Pirlo](/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo \"Andrea Pirlo\") (2 with AC Milan \\+ 4 with Juventus)\n* [Kwadwo Asamoah](/wiki/Kwadwo_Asamoah \"Kwadwo Asamoah\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Martín Cáceres](/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_C%C3%A1ceres \"Martín Cáceres\") (all with Juventus)\n* **[Juan Cuadrado](/wiki/Juan_Cuadrado \"Juan Cuadrado\")** (5 with Juventus \\+ 1 with Inter Milan)",
"#### 5 championships",
"* Henri Dapples (all with Genoa)\n* Enrico Pasteur (all with Genoa)\n* [Filippo Galli](/wiki/Filippo_Galli \"Filippo Galli\") (all with AC Milan)\n* [Renato Cesarini](/wiki/Renato_Cesarini \"Renato Cesarini\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Raimundo Orsi](/wiki/Raimundo_Orsi \"Raimundo Orsi\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Umberto Caligaris](/wiki/Umberto_Caligaris \"Umberto Caligaris\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Mario Varglien](/wiki/Mario_Varglien \"Mario Varglien\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Giovanni Varglien](/wiki/Giovanni_Varglien \"Giovanni Varglien\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Gianpiero Combi](/wiki/Gianpiero_Combi \"Gianpiero Combi\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Giuseppe Grezar](/wiki/Giuseppe_Grezar \"Giuseppe Grezar\") (all with Torino)\n* [Valentino Mazzola](/wiki/Valentino_Mazzola \"Valentino Mazzola\") (all with Torino)\n* [Franco Ossola](/wiki/Franco_Ossola \"Franco Ossola\") (all with Torino)\n* [Ezio Loik](/wiki/Ezio_Loik \"Ezio Loik\") (all with Torino)\n* [Pietro Ferraris](/wiki/Pietro_Ferraris \"Pietro Ferraris\") (2 with Inter Milan \\+ 3 with Torino)\n* [Lorenzo Buffon](/wiki/Lorenzo_Buffon \"Lorenzo Buffon\") (4 with AC Milan \\+ 1 with Inter Milan)\n* [Sandro Salvadore](/wiki/Sandro_Salvadore \"Sandro Salvadore\") (2 with AC Milan \\+ 3 with Juventus)\n* [Giampiero Boniperti](/wiki/Giampiero_Boniperti \"Giampiero Boniperti\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Tarcisio Burgnich](/wiki/Tarcisio_Burgnich \"Tarcisio Burgnich\") (1 with Juventus \\+ 4 with Inter Milan)\n* [Francesco Morini](/wiki/Francesco_Morini \"Francesco Morini\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Luciano Spinosi](/wiki/Luciano_Spinosi \"Luciano Spinosi\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Marco Tardelli](/wiki/Marco_Tardelli \"Marco Tardelli\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Pietro Fanna](/wiki/Pietro_Fanna \"Pietro Fanna\") (3 with Juventus \\+ 1 with Hellas Verona \\+ 1 with Inter Milan)\n* [Sebastiano Rossi](/wiki/Sebastiano_Rossi \"Sebastiano Rossi\") (all with AC Milan)\n* [Demetrio Albertini](/wiki/Demetrio_Albertini \"Demetrio Albertini\") (all with AC Milan)\n* [Mauro Tassotti](/wiki/Mauro_Tassotti \"Mauro Tassotti\") (all with AC Milan)\n* [Antonio Conte](/wiki/Antonio_Conte \"Antonio Conte\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Alessio Tacchinardi](/wiki/Alessio_Tacchinardi \"Alessio Tacchinardi\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Júlio César](/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_C%C3%A9sar_%28football_goalkeeper%2C_born_1979%29 \"Júlio César (football goalkeeper, born 1979)\") (all with Inter Milan)\n* [Javier Zanetti](/wiki/Javier_Zanetti \"Javier Zanetti\") (all with Inter Milan)\n* [Iván Córdoba](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_C%C3%B3rdoba \"Iván Córdoba\") (all with Inter Milan)\n* [Marco Materazzi](/wiki/Marco_Materazzi \"Marco Materazzi\") (all with Inter Milan)\n* [Esteban Cambiasso](/wiki/Esteban_Cambiasso \"Esteban Cambiasso\") (all with Inter Milan)\n* [Paolo Orlandoni](/wiki/Paolo_Orlandoni \"Paolo Orlandoni\") (all with Inter Milan)\n* [Francesco Toldo](/wiki/Francesco_Toldo \"Francesco Toldo\") (all with Inter Milan)\n* [Simone Padoin](/wiki/Simone_Padoin \"Simone Padoin\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Sami Khedira](/wiki/Sami_Khedira \"Sami Khedira\") (all with Juventus)\n* **[Paulo Dybala](/wiki/Paulo_Dybala \"Paulo Dybala\")** (all with Juventus)\n* [Alex Sandro](/wiki/Alex_Sandro \"Alex Sandro\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Daniele Rugani](/wiki/Daniele_Rugani \"Daniele Rugani\") (all with Juventus)\n* [Arturo Vidal](/wiki/Arturo_Vidal \"Arturo Vidal\") (4 with Juventus \\+ 1 with Inter Milan)\n* [Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 \"Zlatan Ibrahimović\") (3 with Inter Milan \\+ 2 with AC Milan)",
"### Most consecutive championships won",
"* [Giorgio Chiellini](/wiki/Giorgio_Chiellini \"Giorgio Chiellini\"): 9 (2012–2020, all with Juventus)",
"### Oldest player to win a championship",
"* [Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon \"Gianluigi Buffon\"): 42 years (2019–20\\)",
"### Appearances",
"{{see also\\|List of Serie A players}}\n**Top 30 most appearances, all\\-time (only Serie A regular\\-season games)**",
"*Updated as of 19 September 2024*",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.",
"",
"| Rank | Nat. | Player",
"Years",
"Apps",
"Goals",
"| --- | --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} | {{sortname\\|Gianluigi\\|Buffon}} | 1995–2021 | 657 | – |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Paolo\\|Maldini}}",
"1984–2009 | 647 | 29 |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} | {{sortname\\|Francesco\\|Totti}} | 1992–2017 | 619 | 250 |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |{{sortname\\|Javier\\|Zanetti}}",
"1995–2014 | 615 | 12 |\n| 5 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Gianluca\\|Pagliuca}}",
"1987–2007 | 592 | – |\n| 6 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Dino\\|Zoff}}",
"1961–1983 | 570 | – |\n| 7 | {{flagicon\\|SVN}} |{{sortname\\|Samir\\|Handanović}}",
"2005–2023 | 566 | – |\n| 8 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Pietro\\|Vierchowod}}",
"1980–2000 | 562 | 38 |\n| 9 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Fabio\\|Quagliarella}}",
"1999–2023 | 556 | 182 |\n| 10 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Roberto\\|Mancini}}",
"1981–2000 | 541 | 156 |\n| 11 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Silvio\\|Piola}}",
"1929–1954 | 537 | 274 |\n| 12 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Enrico\\|Albertosi}}",
"1958–1980 | 532 | – |\n| 13 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Gianni\\|Rivera}}",
"1958–1979 | 527 | 128 |\n| 14 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Giuseppe\\|Bergomi}}",
"1980–1999 | 519 | 23 |\n| 15 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Alberto\\|Gilardino}}",
"1999–2017 | 514 | 188 |\n| 16 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*{{sortname\\|Andrea\\|Consigli}}*",
"2008–2024 | 510 | – |\n| 17 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*{{sortname\\|Antonio\\|Candreva}}*",
"2008–2024 | 502 | 85 |\n| 18 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Ciro\\|Ferrara}}",
"1984–2005 | 500 | 27 |\n| 19 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Giovanni\\|Galli}}",
"1977–1995 | 496 | – |\n| 20 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Tarcisio\\|Burgnich}}",
"1958–1976 | 494 | 6 |\n|21",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n{{sortname\\|Andrea\\|Pirlo}}",
"1994–2015 | 493 | 58 |\n| {{flagicon\\|MKD}} |{{sortname\\|Goran\\|Pandev}}",
"2001–2022 | 493 | 101 |\n| 23 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Giuseppe\\|Favalli}}",
"1989–2010 | 486 | 7 |\n| 24 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Angelo\\|Peruzzi}}",
"1987–2007 | 479 | – |\n|25",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n{{sortname\\|Giancarlo\\|De Sisti}}",
"1960–1979 | 478 | 50 |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Alessandro\\|Del Piero}}",
"1993–2012 | 478 | 188 |\n| 27 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Giacinto\\|Facchetti}}",
"1960–1978 | 476 | 59 |\n| 28 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Franco\\|Baresi}}",
"1978–1997 | 471 | 12 |\n| 29 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Pietro\\|Ferraris}}",
"1929–1950 | 469 | 124 |\n| 30 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Sergio\\|Cervato}}",
"1948–1965 | 466 | 45 |",
"**Top four most appearances, still active in Serie A (only Serie A regular\\-season games)**",
"*Updated as of 30 September 2024*",
"",
"| Rank | All\\-timerank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Debut \nyear",
"Current \nclub",
"Apps",
"Goals",
"| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 42 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} | **[Lorenzo De Silvestri](/wiki/Lorenzo_De_Silvestri \"Lorenzo De Silvestri\")** | 2006 | [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_FC_1909 \"Bologna FC 1909\") | 434 | 27 |\n| 2 | 94 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} | **[Francesco Acerbi](/wiki/Francesco_Acerbi \"Francesco Acerbi\")** | 2011 | [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") | 387 | 24 |\n| 3 | 124 | {{flagicon\\|COL}} | **[Juan Cuadrado](/wiki/Juan_Cuadrado \"Juan Cuadrado\")** | 2009 | [Atalanta](/wiki/Atalanta \"Atalanta\") | 374 | 43 |\n| 4 | 142 | {{flagicon\\|POL}} | **[Piotr Zieliński](/wiki/Piotr_Zieli%C5%84ski \"Piotr Zieliński\")** | 2012 | [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") | 366 | 42 |",
"#### Oldest players",
"List of the 20 oldest players at their last Serie A match.",
"*Updated as of 22 October 2023\\.*{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.calcionews24\\.com/giocatori\\-piu\\-anziani\\-serie\\-a\\-classifica \\|title\\=Giocatori più anziani Serie A: la classifica di tutti i tempi \\|website\\=CalcioNews24 \\|language\\=it \\|last1\\=Camedda \\|first1\\=Paolo \\|date\\=8 October 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2019 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/rankingEFIta1\\.html \\|title\\=Ranking Oldest Serie A \\|website\\=BDFutbol \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 }}",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.\n1. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Marco Ballotta](/wiki/Marco_Ballotta \"Marco Ballotta\") {{age in years and days\\|1964\\|4\\|3\\|2008\\|5\\|11}} (last game: 11 May 2008, [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\"))\n2. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon \"Gianluigi Buffon\") {{age in years and days\\|1978\\|1\\|28\\|2021\\|4\\|21}} (last game: 12 May 2021, [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\"))\n3. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Francesco Antonioli](/wiki/Francesco_Antonioli \"Francesco Antonioli\") {{age in years and days\\|1969\\|9\\|14\\|2012\\|5\\|6}} (last game: 6 May 2012, [Cesena](/wiki/AC_Cesena \"AC Cesena\"))\n4. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} *[Gianluca Pegolo](/wiki/Gianluca_Pegolo \"Gianluca Pegolo\")* {{age in years and days\\|1981\\|3\\|25\\|2023\\|1\\|22}} (last game: 22 January 2023, [Sassuolo](/wiki/US_Sassuolo_Calcio \"US Sassuolo Calcio\"))\n5. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Alberto Fontana](/wiki/Alberto_Fontana_%28born_1967%29 \"Alberto Fontana (born 1967)\") {{age in years and days\\|1967\\|01\\|23\\|2008\\|11\\|15}} (last game: 15 November 2008, [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo_FC \"Palermo FC\"))\n6. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Roberto Colombo](/wiki/Roberto_Colombo_%28footballer%29 \"Roberto Colombo (footballer)\") {{age in years and days\\|1975\\|8\\|24\\|2017\\|4\\|15}} (last game: 15 April 2017, [Cagliari](/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio \"Cagliari Calcio\"))\n7. {{flagicon\\|SWE}} [Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 \"Zlatan Ibrahimović\") {{age in years and days\\|1981\\|10\\|3\\|2023\\|3\\|18}} (last game: 18 March 2023, [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\"))\n8. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Dino Zoff](/wiki/Dino_Zoff \"Dino Zoff\") {{age in years and days\\|1942\\|2\\|28\\|1983\\|5\\|15}} (last game: 15 May 1983, [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\"))\n9. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Alessandro Costacurta](/wiki/Alessandro_Costacurta \"Alessandro Costacurta\") {{age in years and days\\|1966\\|4\\|24\\|2007\\|5\\|19}} (last game: 19 May 2007, [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\"))\n10. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Pietro Vierchowod](/wiki/Pietro_Vierchowod \"Pietro Vierchowod\") {{age in years and days\\|1959\\|4\\|6\\|2000\\|4\\|16}} (last game: 16 April 2000, [Piacenza](/wiki/Piacenza_Calcio \"Piacenza Calcio\"))\n11. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Paolo Maldini](/wiki/Paolo_Maldini \"Paolo Maldini\") {{age in years and days\\|1968\\|6\\|26\\|2009\\|5\\|31}} (last game: 31 May 2009, [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\"))\n12. {{flagicon\\|ARG}} [Javier Zanetti](/wiki/Javier_Zanetti \"Javier Zanetti\") {{age in years and days\\|1973\\|8\\|10\\|2014\\|5\\|18}} (last game: 18 May 2014, [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\"))\n13. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\") {{age in years and days\\|1976\\|9\\|27\\|2017\\|5\\|28}} (last game: 28 May 2017, [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\"))\n14. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Daniele Balli](/wiki/Daniele_Balli \"Daniele Balli\") {{age in years and days\\|1967\\|9\\|16\\|2008\\|5\\|4}} (last game: 4 May 2008, [Empoli](/wiki/Empoli_FC \"Empoli FC\"))\n15. {{flagicon\\|ARG}} [Albano Bizzarri](/wiki/Albano_Bizzarri \"Albano Bizzarri\") {{age in years and days\\|1977\\|11\\|9\\|2018\\|5\\|20}} (last game: 20 May 2018, [Udinese](/wiki/Udinese_Calcio \"Udinese Calcio\"))\n16. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\") {{age in years and days\\|1913\\|9\\|29\\|1954\\|3\\|7}} (last game: 7 March 1954, [Novara](/wiki/Novara_Calcio \"Novara Calcio\"))\n17. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} *[Alex Cordaz](/wiki/Alex_Cordaz \"Alex Cordaz\")* {{age in years and days\\|1983\\|1\\|1\\|2023\\|6\\|3}} (last game: 3 June 2023, [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\"))\n18. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Fabio Quagliarella](/wiki/Fabio_Quagliarella \"Fabio Quagliarella\") {{age in years and days\\|1983\\|1\\|31\\|2023\\|6\\|4}} (last game: 4 June 2023, [Sampdoria](/wiki/UC_Sampdoria \"UC Sampdoria\"))\n19. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Antonio Mirante](/wiki/Antonio_Mirante \"Antonio Mirante\") {{age in years and days\\|1983\\|7\\|8\\|2023\\|10\\|22}} (last game: 22 October 2023, [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\"))\n20. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Enrico Albertosi](/wiki/Enrico_Albertosi \"Enrico Albertosi\") {{age in years and days\\|1939\\|11\\|2\\|1980\\|2\\|10}} (last game: 10 February 1980, [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\"))",
"#### Youngest players",
"List of the 20 youngest players at their first Serie A match.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/rankingEIIta1\\.html \\|title\\=Ranking Youngest Serie A \\|website\\=BDFutbol \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2023 }}\n1. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Francesco Camarda](/wiki/Francesco_Camarda \"Francesco Camarda\") ([AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\")) {{age in years and days\\|2008\\|3\\|10\\|2023\\|11\\|25}} (25 November 2023{{cite news\\|url\\=https://football\\-italia.net/milan\\-striker\\-camarda\\-is\\-youngest\\-ever\\-serie\\-a\\-player\\-at\\-15/\\|title\\=Milan striker Camarda is youngest ever Serie A player at 15\\|website\\=Football Italia\\|date\\=25 November 2023\\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2023}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.eurosport.it/calcio/serie\\-a/2023\\-2024/milan\\-fiorentina\\-francesco\\-camarda\\-diventa\\-il\\-piu\\-giovane\\-di\\-sempre\\-a\\-esordire\\-in\\-serie\\-a\\-la\\-top\\-10\\_sto9894505/story.shtml \\|publisher\\=Eurosport \\|language\\=it \\|title\\=MILAN\\-FIORENTINA, FRANCESCO CAMARDA DIVENTA IL PIÙ GIOVANE DI SEMPRE A ESORDIRE IN SERIE A: LA TOP 10 \\|date\\=25 November 2023 \\|accessdate\\=25 November 2023 }})\n2. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Wisdom Amey](/wiki/Wisdom_Amey \"Wisdom Amey\") ([Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_FC_1909 \"Bologna FC 1909\")) {{age in years and days\\|2005\\|8\\|11\\|2021\\|5\\|12}} (12 May 2021{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.football\\-italia.net/170543/miha\\-introduced\\-15\\-year\\-old\\-amey\\-against\\-genoa\\|title\\=Miha introduced 15\\-year\\-old Amey against Genoa\\|website\\=Football Italia\\|date\\=12 May 2021\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2021}})\n3. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Amedeo Amadei](/wiki/Amedeo_Amadei \"Amedeo Amadei\") ([Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\")) {{age in years and days\\|1921\\|7\\|26\\|1937\\|5\\|2}} (2 May 1937{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espnfc.com/genoa/story/3025449/genoas\\-pietro\\-pellegri\\-makes\\-debut\\-aged\\-15\\-equals\\-serie\\-a\\-record\\|title\\=Genoa's Pietro Pellegri makes debut aged 15, equals Serie A record\\|publisher\\=ESPN FC\\|author1\\=Ben Gladwell\\|date\\=23 December 2016\\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2016}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\\-A/Genoa/22\\-12\\-2016/genoa\\-pellegri\\-esordio\\-record\\-a\\-amadei\\-rivera\\-kean\\-messi\\-180141699093\\.shtml\\|title\\=Genoa, Pellegri esordio record in Serie A: eguagliato il record di Amadei\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Francesco Oddi\\|date\\=22 December 2016\\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie\\-a/2016/12/22/30763952/\\-\\|title\\=Genoa, esordio record per il 2001 Pellegri: debutto in A a 15 anni\\|website\\=Goal.com\\|language\\=it\\-IT\\|date\\=22 December 2016}})\n4. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Pietro Pellegri](/wiki/Pietro_Pellegri \"Pietro Pellegri\") ([Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC \"Genoa CFC\")) {{age in years and days\\|2001\\|3\\|17\\|2016\\|12\\|22}} (22 December 2016)\n5. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Gianni Rivera](/wiki/Gianni_Rivera \"Gianni Rivera\") ([Alessandria](/wiki/US_Alessandria_Calcio_1912 \"US Alessandria Calcio 1912\")) {{age in years and days\\|1943\\|8\\|18\\|1959\\|6\\|2}} (2 June 1959{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.magliarossonera.it/protagonisti/Gioc\\-Rivera.html\\|title\\=Gianni Rivera: Golden Boy\\|publisher\\=Maglia Rossonera.it\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=6 November 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123035345/http://www.magliarossonera.it/protagonisti/Gioc\\-Rivera.html\\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fifa.com/fifa\\-tournaments/players\\-coaches/people\\=44571/profile.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009162757/http://www.fifa.com/fifa\\-tournaments/players\\-coaches/people\\=44571/profile.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2015\\|title\\=Milan and Italy's golden boy: Gianni Rivera\\|publisher\\=FIFA\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2015}})\n6. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Aristide Rossi](/wiki/Aristide_Rossi \"Aristide Rossi\") ([Cremonese](/wiki/US_Cremonese \"US Cremonese\")) {{age in years and days\\|1914\\|9\\|8\\|1930\\|6\\|29}} (29 June 1930{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uscremonese.it/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=2098\\&Itemid\\=206\\|title\\=Dagli anni Venti al 1929\\|first\\=Daniela\\|last\\=Fioni\\|language\\=it\\|publisher\\=US Cremonese}})\n7. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Giuseppe Campione](/wiki/Giuseppe_Campione \"Giuseppe Campione\") ([Bologna](/wiki/Bologna_FC_1909 \"Bologna FC 1909\")) {{age in years and days\\|1973\\|8\\|31\\|1989\\|6\\|25}} (25 June 1989{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2002/01/29/un\\-angelov\\-custode\\-il\\-segreto\\-di\\-bojinov.html\\|title\\=Un Angelov custode il segreto di Bojinov \\- la Repubblica.it\\|website\\=la Repubblica.it\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=29 January 2002\\|publisher\\=GEDI Gruppo Editoriale}})\n8. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Eddie Salcedo](/wiki/Eddie_Salcedo \"Eddie Salcedo\") ([Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC \"Genoa CFC\")) {{age in years and days\\|2001\\|10\\|1\\|2017\\|8\\|20}} (20 August 2017{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.footballscouting.it/hellas\\-verona/hellas\\-verona\\-primo\\-gol\\-in\\-serie\\-a\\-per\\-eddie\\-salcedo/\\|title\\=Hellas Verona, primo gol in Serie A per Eddie Salcedo\n\\|website\\=Football Scouting\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=3 November 2019\\|access\\-date\\=3 November 2019}})\n9. {{flagicon\\|BGR}} [Valeri Bojinov](/wiki/Valeri_Bojinov \"Valeri Bojinov\") ([Lecce](/wiki/US_Lecce \"US Lecce\")) {{age in years and days\\|1986\\|2\\|15\\|2002\\|1\\|22}} (22 January 2002)\n10. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Andrea Pirlo](/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo \"Andrea Pirlo\") ([Brescia](/wiki/Brescia_Calcio \"Brescia Calcio\")) {{age in years and days\\|1979\\|5\\|19\\|1995\\|5\\|21}} (21 May 1995{{cite news\\|url\\=http://football\\-italia.net/20442/memories\\-16\\-year\\-old\\-star\\-pirlo\\|title\\=Memories of 16\\-year\\-old star Pirlo\\|date\\=26 June 2012\\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2012\\|publisher\\=football\\-italia.net\\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518004143/https://www.football\\-italia.net/20442/memories\\-16\\-year\\-old\\-star\\-pirlo\\|url\\-status\\=dead}})\n11. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Stephan El Shaarawy](/wiki/Stephan_El_Shaarawy \"Stephan El Shaarawy\") ([Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC \"Genoa CFC\")) {{age in years and days\\|1992\\|10\\|27\\|2008\\|12\\|21}} (21 December 2008{{cite news \\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2008/dicembre/22/Olivera\\_lancia\\_Genoa\\_Chievo\\_sprofonda\\_ga\\_10\\_081222035\\.shtml\\|title\\=Olivera lancia il Genoa Il Chievo sprofonda\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=22 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2009}})\n12. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Simone Pafundi](/wiki/Simone_Pafundi \"Simone Pafundi\") ([Udinese](/wiki/Udinese_Calcio \"Udinese Calcio\")) {{age in years and days\\|2006\\|3\\|14\\|2022\\|5\\|22}} (22 May 2022{{cite news\\|url\\=https://football\\-italia.net/serie\\-a\\-salernitana\\-0\\-4\\-udinese\\-granata\\-safe\\-despite\\-drubbing/\\|title\\=Serie A {{!}} Salernitana 0\\-4 Udinese: Granata safe despite drubbing\\|website\\=Football Italia\\|date\\=22 May 2022\\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2022}})\n13. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Lorenzo Tassi](/wiki/Lorenzo_Tassi \"Lorenzo Tassi\") ([Brescia](/wiki/Brescia_Calcio \"Brescia Calcio\")) {{age in years and days\\|1995\\|2\\|12\\|2011\\|5\\|22}} (22 May 2011{{cite web\\|url\\=https://int.soccerway.com/players/lorenzo\\-tassi/180573/\\|title\\=L. Tassi\\|website\\=Soccerway}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.corriere.it/sport/cards/i\\-piu\\-giovani\\-esordire\\-serie\\-a/tassiesordio\\-supervalutazione.shtml\\|title\\=I più giovani a esordire in Serie A Pellegri come Amadei quando la carriera inizia a 15 anni\\|publisher\\=Il Corriere della Sera\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Fiorenzo Radogna\\|date\\=21 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2016}})\n14. {{flagicon\\|CIV}} [Chaka Traorè](/wiki/Chaka_Traor%C3%A8 \"Chaka Traorè\") ([Parma](/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913 \"Parma Calcio 1913\")) {{age in years and days\\|2004\\|12\\|23\\|2021\\|4\\|10}} (10 April 2021\\)\n15. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Stefano Okaka](/wiki/Stefano_Okaka \"Stefano Okaka\") ([Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\")) {{age in years and days\\|1989\\|8\\|9\\|2005\\|12\\|18}} (18 December 2005{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.corriere.it/sport/cards/i\\-piu\\-giovani\\-esordire\\-serie\\-a/stefano\\-okaka.shtml\\|title\\=I più giovani a esordire in Serie A Pellegri come Amadei quando la carriera inizia a 15 anni\\|publisher\\=Il Corriere della Sera\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Fiorenzo Radogna\\|date\\=21 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2016}})\n16. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Paolo Pupita](/wiki/Paolo_Pupita \"Paolo Pupita\") ([Cesena](/wiki/AC_Cesena \"AC Cesena\")) {{age in years and days\\|1973\\|9\\|16\\|1990\\|1\\|28}} (28 January 1990{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tuttocesenaweb.it/rassegna\\-stampa/corriere\\-romagna\\-cesena\\-maglia\\-nera\\-di\\-serie\\-a\\-e\\-b\\-5208\\|title\\=Cesena maglia nera di Serie A\\|website\\=tuttocesenaweb.it\\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=14 May 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514225516/http://www.tuttocesenaweb.it/rassegna\\-stampa/corriere\\-romagna\\-cesena\\-maglia\\-nera\\-di\\-serie\\-a\\-e\\-b\\-5208\\|url\\-status\\=dead}})\n17. {{flagicon\\|GRE}} [Lampros Choutos](/wiki/Lampros_Choutos \"Lampros Choutos\") ([Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\")) {{age in years and days\\|1979\\|12\\|4\\|1996\\|4\\|21}} (21 April 1996\\)\n18. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\") ([Cesena](/wiki/AC_Cesena \"AC Cesena\")) {{age in years and days\\|1913\\|9\\|29\\|1930\\|2\\|16}} (16 February 1930\\)\n19. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Tommaso Maestrelli](/wiki/Tommaso_Maestrelli \"Tommaso Maestrelli\") ([Bari](/wiki/SSC_Bari \"SSC Bari\")) {{age in years and days\\|1922\\|10\\|7\\|1939\\|2\\|26}} (26 February 1939\\)\n20. {{flagicon\\|CIV}} [Siriki Sanogo](/wiki/Siriki_Sanogo \"Siriki Sanogo\") ([Benevento](/wiki/Benevento_Calcio \"Benevento Calcio\")) {{age in years and days\\|2001\\|12\\|21\\|2018\\|5\\|12}} (12 May 2018\\)",
"#### Oldest player to debut in Serie A",
"1. {{flagicon\\|ITA}} [Maurizio Pugliesi](/wiki/Maurizio_Pugliesi \"Maurizio Pugliesi\") {{age in years and days\\|1976\\|12\\|27\\|2016\\|5\\|15}} (15 May 2016, [Empoli](/wiki/Empoli_FC \"Empoli FC\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tuttolegapro.com/altre\\-news/debutto\\-in\\-serie\\-a\\-a\\-quasi\\-40\\-anni\\-per\\-un\\-ex\\-lega\\-pro\\-124517\\|title\\=Debutto in Serie A a quasi 40 anni per un ex Lega Pro\\|website\\=Tuttolegapro\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=17 November 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030840/http://www.tuttolegapro.com/altre\\-news/debutto\\-in\\-serie\\-a\\-a\\-quasi\\-40\\-anni\\-per\\-un\\-ex\\-lega\\-pro\\-124517\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Most consecutive appearances in Serie A",
"[Dino Zoff](/wiki/Dino_Zoff \"Dino Zoff\"), 332{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dino\\-zoff\\_(Enciclopedia\\-dello\\-Sport)/\\|title\\=Zoff, Dino\\|publisher\\=Treccani: Enciclopedia dello Sport\\|author1\\=Fabrizio Maffei\\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2016}}",
"#### Most consecutive appearances in Serie A for a single club",
"Dino Zoff, 330 (with [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\")){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.goal.com/it/notizie/dino\\-zoff\\-un\\-portiere\\-leggendario\\-dal\\-flop\\-alludinese\\-ai/6mqnl8duoe6i18bhc5f2aov5w \\|title\\=Dino Zoff, un portiere leggendario: dal flop all'Udinese ai successi con Juventus e Nazionale \\|publisher\\=www.goal.com \\|language\\=Italian \\|last1\\=Camedda \\|first1\\=Paolo \\|date\\=28 February 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2021 }}",
"#### Most seasons in Serie A",
"[Paolo Maldini](/wiki/Paolo_Maldini \"Paolo Maldini\") and [Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\"), 25",
"#### Most consecutive seasons in Serie A",
"[Paolo Maldini](/wiki/Paolo_Maldini \"Paolo Maldini\") and [Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\"), 25",
"#### Most career club appearances by an Italian player",
"Gianluigi Buffon, 975{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.football\\-italia.net/SerieA/match/142400 \\|title\\=Juventus 2 \\- 1 Verona \\|publisher\\=Football Italia \\|date\\=21 September 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=22 September 2019 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/09/28/cristiano\\-ronaldo\\-goal\\-gianluigi\\-buffon\\-makes\\-history\\-for\\-juventus \\|title\\=Cristiano Ronaldo, Miralem Pjanic Score as Juventus beats SPAL \\|publisher\\=Sports Illustrated \\|date\\=28 September 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=28 September 2019 }}",
"#### Most appearances for a single Italian club",
"Paolo Maldini, 902, with AC Milan{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.football\\-stadiums.co.uk/articles/one\\-club\\-football\\-players/ \\|title\\=One Club Football Players \\|date\\=20 May 2016 \\|publisher\\=football\\-stadiums.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=5 November 2019 }}",
"### Goalscoring",
"{{see also\\|List of Serie A players with 100 or more goals}}\n**Top 30 goalscorers, all\\-time (only Serie A regular\\-season games)**",
"*Updated as of 16 September 2024*",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.",
"| Rank | Nat. | Player",
"Years",
"Goals",
"Apps",
"Ratio",
"| --- | --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Silvio\\|Piola}}{{\\#tag:ref\\|Tally does not include 16 goals that Piola also scored from 29 appearances during the \\[\\[1945–46 Serie A\\-B\\|1945–46 Divisione Nazionale]] season\\|name\\=\"piola\\-DN\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}",
"1929–1954 | 274 | 537 | {{\\#expr: 274/537 round 2}} |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Francesco\\|Totti}}",
"1992–2017 | 250 | 619 | {{\\#expr: 250/619 round 2}} |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|SWE}} |{{sortname\\|Gunnar\\|Nordahl}}",
"1948–1958 | 225 | 291 | {{\\#expr: 225/291 round 2}} |\n|4",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n{{sortname\\|Giuseppe\\|Meazza}}",
"1929–1947 | 216 | 367 | {{\\#expr: 216/367 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|BRA}}{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|José\\|Altafini}}",
"1958–1976 | 216 | 459 | {{\\#expr: 216/459 round 2}} |\n| 6 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Antonio\\|Di Natale}}",
"2002–2016 | 209 | 445 | {{\\#expr: 209/445 round 2}} |\n| 7 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Roberto\\|Baggio}}",
"1985–2004 | 205 | 452 | {{\\#expr: 205/452 round 2}} |\n| 8 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*{{sortname\\|Ciro\\|Immobile}}*",
"2009–2024 | 201 | 350 | {{\\#expr: 201/350 round 2}} |\n| 9 | {{flagicon\\|SWE}} |{{sortname\\|Kurt\\|Hamrin}}",
"1956–1971 | 190 | 400 | {{\\#expr: 190/400 round 2}} |\n|10",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n{{sortname\\|Giuseppe\\|Signori}}",
"1991–2004 | 188 | 344 | {{\\#expr: 188/344 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Alessandro\\|Del Piero}}",
"1993–2012 | 188 | 478 | {{\\#expr: 188/478 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Alberto\\|Gilardino}}",
"1999–2017 | 188 | 514 | {{\\#expr: 188/514 round 2}} |\n| 13 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |{{sortname\\|Gabriel\\|Batistuta}}",
"1991–2003 | 184 | 318 | {{\\#expr: 184/318 round 2}} |\n| 14 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Fabio\\|Quagliarella}}",
"1999–2023 | 182 | 556 | {{\\#expr: 182/556 round 2}} |\n| 15 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Giampiero\\|Boniperti}}",
"1946–1961 | 178 | 443 | {{\\#expr: 178/443 round 2}} |\n| 16 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Amedeo\\|Amadei}}",
"1936–1956 | 174 | 423 | {{\\#expr: 174/423 round 2}} |\n| 17 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Giuseppe\\|Savoldi}}",
"1965–1982 | 168 | 405 | {{\\#expr: 168/405 round 2}} |\n| 18 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Guglielmo\\|Gabetto}}",
"1934–1949 | 167 | 322 | {{\\#expr: 167/322 round 2}} |\n| 19 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Roberto\\|Boninsegna}}",
"1965–1979 | 163 | 366 | {{\\#expr: 163/366 round 2}} |\n| 20 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Luca\\|Toni}}",
"2000–2016 | 157 | 344 | {{\\#expr: 157/344 round 2}} |\n|21",
"{{flagicon\\|SWE}} |\n{{sortname\\|Zlatan\\|Ibrahimović}}",
"2004–2023 | 156 | 283 | {{\\#expr: 156/283 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Gigi\\|Riva}}",
"1964–1976 | 156 | 289 | {{\\#expr: 156/289 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Filippo\\|Inzaghi}}",
"1995–2012 | 156 | 370 | {{\\#expr: 156/370 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Roberto\\|Mancini}}",
"1981–2000 | 156 | 541 | {{\\#expr: 156/541 round 2}} |\n|25",
"{{flagicon\\|BRA}} |\n{{sortname\\|Luís\\|Vinício}}",
"1955–1968 | 155 | 348 | {{\\#expr: 155/348 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Carlo\\|Reguzzoni}}",
"1929–1948 | 155 | 401 | {{\\#expr: 155/401 round 2}} |\n|27",
"{{flagicon\\|HUN}} |\n{{sortname\\|István\\|Nyers}}",
"1948–1956 | 153 | 236 | {{\\#expr: 153/236 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |{{sortname\\|Hernán\\|Crespo}}",
"1996–2012 | 153 | 340 | {{\\#expr: 153/340 round 2}} |\n| 29 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Adriano\\|Bassetto}}",
"1946–1958 | 149 | 329 | {{\\#expr: 149/329 round 2}} |\n| 30 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}}{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Omar\\|Sívori\\|\\|Sivori, Omar}}",
"1957–1969 | 147 | 278 | {{\\#expr: 147/278 round 2}} |",
"",
"**Top five goal scorers, still active in Serie A (only Serie A regular\\-season games)**",
"*Updated as of 30 September 2024*",
"| Rank | All\\-timerank | Nat. | Player",
"Debut \nyear",
"Current \nclub",
"Goals",
"Apps",
"Ratio",
"| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 48 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |**{{sortname\\|Paulo\\|Dybala}}**",
"2012 | [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\") | 124 | 329 | {{\\#expr: 124/329 round 2}} |\n| 2 | 51 | {{flagicon\\|COL}} |**{{sortname\\|Duván\\|Zapata}}**",
"2013 | [Torino](/wiki/Torino_FC \"Torino FC\") | 123 | 325 | {{\\#expr: 123/325 round 2}} |\n| 3 | 63 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |**{{sortname\\|Andrea\\|Belotti}}**",
"2014 | [Como](/wiki/Como_1907 \"Como 1907\") | 113 | 335 | {{\\#expr: 113/335 round 2}} |\n| 4 | 80 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |**{{sortname\\|Lautaro\\|Martínez}}**",
"2018 | [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") | 105 | 211 | {{\\#expr: 105/211 round 2}} |\n| 5 | 133 | {{flagicon\\|SRB}} |**{{sortname\\|Dusan\\|Vlahovic}}**",
"2018 | [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus \"Juventus\") | 81 | 169 | {{\\#expr: 81/169 round 2}} |",
"",
"#### Most goals from a penalty kick",
"**Top five penalty kick scorers, all\\-time (only Serie A regular\\-season games)**{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie\\-a/2016/04/22/22675912/totti\\-riscrive\\-la\\-storia\\-baggio\\-superato\\-sui\\-calci\\-di\\-rigore\\|title\\=Totti riscrive la storia: Baggio superato sui calci di rigore, Higuain per media\\-goal\\|trans\\-title\\=Totti rewrites history: Baggio overtaken on penalties, Higuain in terms of goalscoring average\\|publisher\\=Goal.com\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=22 April 2016\\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blog.guerinsportivo.it/blog/2011/07/15/i\\-migliori\\-rigoristi\\-della\\-storia\\-della\\-serie\\-a?cookieAccept\\|title\\=I migliori rigoristi della storia della serie A\\|trans\\-title\\=The best penalty takers in Serie A history\\|publisher\\=Il Guerin Sportivo\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Roberto Vinciguerra\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/rankingGPenIta1\\.html\\|title\\=Ranking Goals Penalty Serie A\\|website\\=BDFutbol\\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2023}}",
"Updated 4 February 2024",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Goals",
"| --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\")",
"71 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio \"Roberto Baggio\")",
"68 |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile \"Ciro Immobile\")*",
"52 |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\")",
"50 |\n| 5 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*[Domenico Berardi](/wiki/Domenico_Berardi \"Domenico Berardi\")*",
"47 |",
"#### Most penalty kicks scored in a single Serie A season",
"[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile \"Ciro Immobile\"), 14 ([2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A \"2019–20 Serie A\")){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.mn24\\.it/calcio\\-ciro\\-immobile\\-da\\-record\\-e\\-il\\-giocatore\\-con\\-il\\-maggior\\-numero\\-di\\-rigori\\-realizzati\\-in\\-una\\-sola\\-stagione/ \\|title\\=Calcio \\- Ciro Immobile da record: è il giocatore con il maggior numero di rigori realizzati in una sola stagione \\|publisher\\=Media News 24 \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=27 July 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2020 }}",
"#### Most goals from a free kick",
"**Top ten free kick scorers, all\\-time (only Serie A regular\\-season games)**{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie\\-a/2014/03/18/4692299/sentenza\\-pirlo\\-su\\-punizione\\-solo\\-mihajlovic\\-ha\\-fatto\\-meglio\\|title\\='Sentenza' Pirlo su punizione, solo Mihajlovic ha fatto meglio in Serie A\\|trans\\-title\\=Pirlo's 'sentence' from a free\\-kick, only Mihajlovic has done better in Serie A\\|website\\=Goal.com\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=18 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\\-a/2017/12/17/bologna\\-juventus\\-risultato\\-gol.html\\|title\\=Bologna\\-Juventus 0\\-3: segnano Pjanic, Mandzukic e Matuidi: gol e highlights\\|publisher\\=Sky.it\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=17 December 2017\\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2017}}",
"Updated 17 December 2017",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Goals",
"| --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|SRB}} |[Siniša Mihajlović](/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87 \"Siniša Mihajlović\")",
"28 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Andrea Pirlo](/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo \"Andrea Pirlo\")",
"26{{\\#tag:ref\\|According to several sources, \\[\\[Andrea Pirlo]] scored 28 goals from free kicks in Serie A, which would make him the all–time highest goalscorer from set–pieces in Serie A history, alongside \\[\\[Siniša Mihajlović]]; however, two of his claimed goals are disputed and have been recorded as own goals by two different goalkeepers according to other sources: the first by \\[\\[Sébastien Frey]] in Verona\\-\\[\\[Reggina 1914\\|Reggina]] 1–1 on 9 January 2000 (\\[\\[1999–2000 Serie A]]),{{cite news \\|url\\=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/01/10/la\\-reggina\\-viene\\-ripresa\\-da\\-adailton.html \\|title\\=La Reggina viene ripresa da Adailton \\|work\\=La Repubblica \\|language\\=it \\|last1\\=Scemma \\|first1\\=Adalberto \\|date\\=10 January 2000 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2000/gennaio/11/Roma\\_capoccia\\_con\\_Totti\\_Delvecchio\\_ga\\_0\\_0001115512\\.shtml \\|title\\=Roma capoccia con Totti Delvecchio \\|work\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=11 January 2000 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2020 }} and the second by \\[\\[Marco Silvestri]] in Juventus\\-Cagliari 3–0 on 16 May 2014 (\\[\\[2013–14 Serie A]]).{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie\\-a/2014/05/18/news/juventus\\-cagliari\\_3\\-0\\_102\\_punti\\_la\\_festa\\_bianconera\\_e\\_completa\\-86489031/ \\|title\\=Juventus\\-Cagliari 3\\-0: 102 punti, la festa bianconera è completa \\|work\\=la Repubblica \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=18 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\\-A/Juventus/18\\-05\\-2014/juventus\\-cagliari\\-3\\-0\\-gol\\-pirlo\\-llorente\\-marchisio\\-punti\\-sono\\-102\\-80699388008\\.shtml \\|title\\=Juventus\\-Cagliari 3\\-0\\. Autorete Silvestri, gol di Llorente e Marchisio. I punti sono 102 \\|work\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=16 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/27463440 \\|title\\=Juventus 3\\-0 Cagliari \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=18 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2020 }} According to the official regulations by Lega Serie A, a goal is considered to be an own goal when \"a player deflects a shot, cross, or pass from an opponent, which was not directed on target, into their own goal.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie\\-a/linee\\-guida\\-pdf\\|title\\=Linee guida per l'assegnazione dei gol dubbi\\|publisher\\=Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2020}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} See also \\[\\[:it:Statistiche della Serie A\\#Calci piazzati]].\\|name\\=\"PirloError\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\")",
"22 |\n|4",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\")",
"21",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio \"Roberto Baggio\")",
"| 6 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Gianfranco Zola](/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola \"Gianfranco Zola\")",
"20 |\n| 7 | {{flagicon\\|BIH}} |*[Miralem Pjanić](/wiki/Miralem_Pjani%C4%87 \"Miralem Pjanić\")*",
"15 |\n| 8 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |[Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona \"Diego Maradona\")",
"14 |\n|9",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Enrico Chiesa](/wiki/Enrico_Chiesa \"Enrico Chiesa\")",
"13",
"| {{flagicon\\|FRA}} |[Michel Platini](/wiki/Michel_Platini \"Michel Platini\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|URU}} |[Álvaro Recoba](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Recoba \"Álvaro Recoba\")",
"|",
"#### Most goals from a free kick in a single Serie A match",
"[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori \"Giuseppe Signori\") and [Siniša Mihajlović](/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87 \"Siniša Mihajlović\"), 3 (in [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\") 3–1 [Atalanta](/wiki/Atalanta_B.C. \"Atalanta B.C.\"), 10 April 1994; and Lazio 5–2 [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria \"U.C. Sampdoria\"), 13 December 1998, respectively){{cite news\\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/1998/dicembre/14/Record\\_Mihajlovic\\_mai\\_gol\\_punizione\\_ga\\_0\\_9812144971\\.shtml\\|title\\=Record Mihajlovic: mai 3 gol su punizione diretta\\|trans\\-title\\=Mihajlovic record: never before 3 goals from direct free\\-kicks\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Lanfredo Birelli\\|date\\=14 December 1998\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2015}}",
"#### Most goals from a free kick in a single Serie A season",
"[Cristiano Lucarelli](/wiki/Cristiano_Lucarelli \"Cristiano Lucarelli\") ([2004–05](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Serie_A \"2004–05 Serie A\")), [Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\") ([2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Serie_A \"2008–09 Serie A\")), Francesco Lodi ([2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_A \"2012–13 Serie A\")), Andrea Pirlo ([2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_A \"2012–13 Serie A\")) (all 5\\){{\\#tag:ref\\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \\[\\[2004–05 Serie A]] season onwards\\|name\\=\"2004–05\\-stats\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}",
"#### Most different teams scored against in Serie A",
"[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\"), [Alberto Gilardino](/wiki/Alberto_Gilardino \"Alberto Gilardino\"), and [Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio \"Roberto Baggio\"), 38{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tgcom24\\.mediaset.it/sport/gilardino\\-come\\-totti\\-e\\-baggio\\-gol\\-da\\-record\\-al\\-carpi\\_2157706\\-201602a.shtml\\|title\\=Gilardino come Totti e Baggio: gol da record al Carpi\\|publisher\\=Mediaset\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=30 January 2016\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131210710/http://www.tgcom24\\.mediaset.it/sport/gilardino\\-come\\-totti\\-e\\-baggio\\-gol\\-da\\-record\\-al\\-carpi\\_2157706\\-201602a.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Fastest goal scored in Serie A",
"[Rafael Leão](/wiki/Rafael_Le%C3%A3o \"Rafael Leão\"), 6\\.2 seconds (20 December 2020, in [Sassuolo](/wiki/US_Sassuolo_Calcio \"US Sassuolo Calcio\")–[AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\"), 1–2\\){{Cite news\\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/21/football/rafael\\-leao\\-serie\\-a\\-fastest\\-goal\\-ac\\-milan\\-spt\\-intl/index.html\\|title\\=Blink and you'll miss it \\-\\- Rafael Leao scores fastest goal in Serie A history\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=21 December 2020\\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2020}}",
"#### Oldest goalscorer in Serie A",
"[Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 \"Zlatan Ibrahimović\"), {{age in years and days\\|1981\\|10\\|3\\|2023\\|3\\|18}} (18 March 2023, in Udinese–[AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\"), 3–1\\){{cite news\\|url\\=https://football\\-italia.net/video\\-ibrahimovic\\-makes\\-history\\-as\\-oldest\\-ever\\-serie\\-a\\-scorer/\\|title\\=IBRAHIMOVIC MAKES HISTORY AS OLDEST EVER SERIE A SCORER\\|newspaper\\=football\\-italia.net\\|language\\=\\|date\\=18 March 2023}}",
"#### Youngest goalscorer in Serie A",
"[Amedeo Amadei](/wiki/Amedeo_Amadei \"Amedeo Amadei\"), 15 years, 287 days (9 May 1937, in [Lucchese](/wiki/Lucchese_1905 \"Lucchese 1905\")–[Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\"), 5–1\\){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid\\=2117246\\.html\\|title\\=Europe's youngest top\\-flight goalscorers\\|publisher\\=UEFA.com\\|date\\=26 November 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2017}}",
"#### Youngest players to score 100 goals in Serie A",
"{{updated\\|18 March 2018}}",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Age",
"| --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza \"Giuseppe Meazza\")",
"23 years and 32 days |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\")",
"23 years and 68 days |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giampiero Boniperti](/wiki/Giampiero_Boniperti \"Giampiero Boniperti\")",
"23 years and 193 days |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Felice Borel](/wiki/Felice_Borel \"Felice Borel\")",
"23 years and 307 days |\n| 5 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[José Altafini](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Altafini \"José Altafini\")",
"24 years and 239 days |\n| 6 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |[Mauro Icardi](/wiki/Mauro_Icardi \"Mauro Icardi\")",
"25 years and 27 days |\n| 7 | {{flagicon\\|URU}} |[Edinson Cavani](/wiki/Edinson_Cavani \"Edinson Cavani\")",
"25 years and 340 days |\n| 8 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |[Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori \"Omar Sívori\")",
"26 years and 90 days |\n| 9 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Guglielmo Gabetto](/wiki/Guglielmo_Gabetto \"Guglielmo Gabetto\")",
"26 years and 104 days |\n| 10 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Alberto Gilardino](/wiki/Alberto_Gilardino \"Alberto Gilardino\")",
"26 years and 105 days |\n|",
"Sources:{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/icardi\\-100\\-inter\\-captains\\-serie\\-a\\-landmark\\-opta\\-numbers\\|title\\=Icardi 100: Inter captain's Serie A landmark in Opta numbers\\|magazine\\=FourFourTwo\\|date\\=18 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.football\\-italia.net/118692/icardi\\-hits\\-serie\\-century\\|title\\=Icardi hits Serie A Century\\|publisher\\=Football Italia\\|date\\=18 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/icardi\\-passes\\-2\\-century\\-marks\\-with\\-4\\-goal\\-performance/2018/03/18/308400f2\\-2ab2\\-11e8\\-8dc9\\-3b51e028b845\\_story.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/icardi\\-passes\\-2\\-century\\-marks\\-with\\-4\\-goal\\-performance/2018/03/18/308400f2\\-2ab2\\-11e8\\-8dc9\\-3b51e028b845\\_story.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=1 April 2018\\|title\\=Icardi passes 2 century marks with 4\\-goal performance\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|author1\\=Andrew Dampf\\|date\\=18 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://en.as.com/en/2018/03/18/football/1521379260\\_969326\\.html\\|title\\=Inter's Icardi reaches 100 Serie A goals at former club Sampdoria\\|publisher\\=as.com\\|date\\=18 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/inter\\-star\\-icardi\\-exceeds\\-100\\-serie\\-a\\-goals\\-with\\-four/17kykzf7q79z616exkqtqwgaqa\\|title\\=Inter star Icardi exceeds 100 Serie A goals with four against Sampdoria\\|publisher\\=Goal.com\\|author\\=Ryan Benson\\|date\\=18 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/it/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId\\=876148\\|title\\=Solo Altafini come Gilardino: bomber a 26 anni\\|work\\=Goal.com\\|author\\=Redazione La Nazione\\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=2 October 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002215631/http://www.goal.com/it/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId\\=876148\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.violanews.com/news.asp?idnew\\=25184\\|title\\=Gila, numeri da urlo. Più decisivo di Altafini: alla sua età Bati era indietro\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[La Nazione]]\\|author\\=Giansandro Mosti\\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2016}} {{dead link\\|date\\=October 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"#### Most goals in a single Serie A match",
"[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\") and [Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori \"Omar Sívori\"), 6{{cite web\\|url\\=http://storiedicalcio.altervista.org/blog/silvio\\_piola.html\\|title\\=PIOLA Silvio: il sesto senso del gol\\|publisher\\=Storie di Calcio\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Lorenzo Proverbio\\|date\\=February 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2017}}",
"#### Most braces in Serie A",
"[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\") and [Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl \"Gunnar Nordahl\"), 49{{cite news\\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2001/ottobre/20/chi\\_detiene\\_record\\_doppiette\\_serie\\_sw\\_0\\_0110201317\\.shtml\\|title\\=Chi detiene il record di doppiette in serie a?\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Federico Mambelli\\|date\\=20 October 2001\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2017}}",
"#### Most hat\\-tricks in Serie A",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.",
"[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl \"Gunnar Nordahl\"), 17{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.90min.com/it/posts/4158930\\-top\\-10\\-i\\-dieci\\-giocatori\\-autori\\-di\\-piu\\-triplette\\-nella\\-storia\\-della\\-serie\\-a\\|title\\=TOP 10 \\- I dieci giocatori autori di più triplette nella storia della Serie A\\|publisher\\=90min.com\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Niccolò Mariotto\\|date\\=23 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=27 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727221917/https://www.90min.com/it/posts/4158930\\-top\\-10\\-i\\-dieci\\-giocatori\\-autori\\-di\\-piu\\-triplette\\-nella\\-storia\\-della\\-serie\\-a\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\\-a/2019/09/02/tripletta\\-serie\\-a\\-classifica\\#27 \\|title\\=Serie A, quali giocatori hanno fatto tripletta più volte? La classifica \\|publisher\\=sport.sky.it \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=2 September 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2019 }}",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Hat\\-tricks",
"| --- |\n|1",
"{{flagicon\\|SWE}} |\n[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl \"Gunnar Nordahl\")",
"17",
"|\n|2",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza \"Giuseppe Meazza\")",
"15",
"|\n|3",
"{{flagicon\\|SWE}} |\n[Kurt Hamrin](/wiki/Kurt_Hamrin \"Kurt Hamrin\")",
"12",
"| {{flagicon\\|HUN}} |[István Nyers](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Nyers \"István Nyers\")",
"|5",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi \"Filippo Inzaghi\")",
"10",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\")",
"|7",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Adriano Bassetto](/wiki/Adriano_Bassetto \"Adriano Bassetto\")",
"9",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori \"Giuseppe Signori\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |[Pedro Manfredini](/wiki/Pedro_Manfredini \"Pedro Manfredini\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori \"Omar Sívori\")",
"|",
"#### Youngest player to score a brace in Serie A",
"[Pietro Pellegri](/wiki/Pietro_Pellegri \"Pietro Pellegri\"), 16 years and 184 days (17 September 2017, in [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC \"Genoa CFC\")–[Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\"), 2–3\\){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.foxsports.it/2017/09/18/genoa\\-pellegri\\-doppietta\\-a\\-sedici\\-anni\\-184\\-giorni/\\|title\\=Genoa, enfant prodige Pellegri: doppietta in A a 16 anni e 184 giorni\\|publisher\\=foxsports.it\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Luca Guerra\\|date\\=18 September 2017\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2017}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\\-A/Genoa/17\\-09\\-2017/immobile\\-pellegri\\-presente\\-futuro\\-calcio\\-italiano\\-220656349308\\.shtml\\|title\\=Pellegri, storia di un predestinato: \"Non posso neanche fare il figo a scuola...\"\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Giuseppe Di Giovanni\\|date\\=17 September 2017\\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2018}}",
"#### Oldest player to score a brace in Serie A",
"[Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 \"Zlatan Ibrahimović\"), 40 years and 48 days{{cite tweet\\|number\\=1462171794496966661\\|user\\=OptaPaolo\\|title\\=40 \\- Zlatan Ibrahimovic has become the oldest player ever to have scored 2\\+ goals in a Serie A game and the first 4…\\|date\\=20 November 2021}} (20 November 2021 Fiorentina 4–3 AC Milan)",
"#### Most braces in a single Serie A season",
"[Oliver Bierhoff](/wiki/Oliver_Bierhoff \"Oliver Bierhoff\") (10 in [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Serie_A \"1997–98 Serie A\"))",
"#### Youngest player to score a hat\\-trick in Serie A",
"[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\"), 17 years and 132 days{{cite news\\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2011/maggio/23/SILVIO\\_PIOLA\\_PIU\\_GIOVANE\\_TRIPLETTISTA\\_ga\\_3\\_110523002\\.shtml\\|title\\=È SILVIO PIOLA IL PIÙ GIOVANE TRIPLETTISTA DELLA SERIE A\\|trans\\-title\\=Silvio Piola is the youngest hat\\-trick scorer of Serie A\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=23 May 2011\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2017}}",
"#### Oldest player to score a hat\\-trick in Serie A",
"[Rodrigo Palacio](/wiki/Rodrigo_Palacio \"Rodrigo Palacio\"), 39 years and 86 days{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.football\\-italia.net/170045/palacio\\-has\\-oldest\\-serie\\-hat\\-trick\\|title\\=Palacio has oldest Serie A hat\\-trick\\|website\\=Football Italia\\|date\\=2 May 2021\\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2021}}",
"#### Most hat\\-tricks in a single Serie A season",
"[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza \"Giuseppe Meazza\") ([1929–30](/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_Serie_A \"1929–30 Serie A\")), [Enrique Guaita](/wiki/Enrique_Guaita \"Enrique Guaita\") ([1934–35](/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_Serie_A \"1934–35 Serie A\")), [Valentino Mazzola](/wiki/Valentino_Mazzola \"Valentino Mazzola\") ([1946–47](/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Serie_A \"1946–47 Serie A\")), [István Nyers](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Nyers \"István Nyers\") ([1950–51](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Serie_A \"1950–51 Serie A\")), [Pedro Manfredini](/wiki/Pedro_Manfredini \"Pedro Manfredini\") ([1960–61](/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Serie_A \"1960–61 Serie A\")), and [Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori \"Omar Sívori\") ([1960–61](/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Serie_A \"1960–61 Serie A\")) (all four){{cite news \\|title\\=Gol, assist e non solo: i record stagionali in A \\|url\\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\\-a/2019/07/27/serie\\-a\\-giocatori\\-record\\-campionato \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2024 \\|work\\=Sky Sport Italia \\|date\\=27 July 2019 \\|language\\=it}}",
"#### Youngest player to score more than three goals in a single Serie A match",
"[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\"), 18 years and 54 days{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.modenanoi.it/non\\-\\-domenico\\-berardi\\-ma\\-silvio\\-piola\\-il\\-pokerista\\-pi\\-giovane\\-della\\-serie\\-a/\\|title\\=Non è Domenico Berardi ma Silvio Piola il pokerista più giovane della Serie A\\|trans\\-title\\=Domenico Berardi is not the youngest poker scorer of Serie A but Silvio Piola is\\|publisher\\=modenanoi.it\\|language\\=it\\|author\\=Andrea Rughetti\\|date\\=13 January 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050642/http://www.modenanoi.it/non\\-\\-domenico\\-berardi\\-ma\\-silvio\\-piola\\-il\\-pokerista\\-pi\\-giovane\\-della\\-serie\\-a/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Oldest player to score five goals in a single Serie A match",
"[Miroslav Klose](/wiki/Miroslav_Klose \"Miroslav Klose\"), 34 years and 330 days{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie\\-a/lazio/2013/05/05/news/lazio\\_bologna\\-58113010/\\|title\\=Lazio\\-Bologna 6\\-0: cinquina storica di Klose, i biancocelesti ritrovano gol e vittoria\\|newspaper\\=La Repubblica\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Giulio Cardone\\|date\\=5 May 2013\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2017}}",
"#### Oldest player to score their first goal in Serie A",
"[Angelo Mattea](/wiki/Angelo_Mattea \"Angelo Mattea\"), 38 years and 7 days, for [Casale](/wiki/Casale_F.B.C. \"Casale F.B.C.\"), in a 5–1 away loss to [Ambrosiana](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") on 28 October 1930{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.calciomercato.com/news/fiorentina\\-ribery\\-da\\-record\\-45263 \\|title\\=Fiorentina, Ribery da record \\|publisher\\=calciomercato.com \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=22 September 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2019 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://calcio\\-seriea.net/tabellini/1930/309/ \\|title\\=Risultati Serie A 30\\-31 \\|publisher\\=calcio\\-seriea.net \\|language\\=it \\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2019 }}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A seasons with at least one goal",
"[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\"), 23 ([1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A \"1994–95 Serie A\") to [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Serie_A \"2016–17 Serie A\")){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\\-A/Roma/11\\-09\\-2016/roma\\-sampdoria\\-muriel\\-fa\\-gol\\-pazzesco\\-applaude\\-perfino\\-totti\\-17016402630\\.shtml\\|title\\=Roma\\-Sampdoria, Totti in gol da 23 anni: è il suo 25° anno in A come Maldini\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=11 September 2016\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://calcio.fanpage.it/totti\\-sempre\\-in\\-gol\\-da\\-23\\-anni\\-perche\\-dovrei\\-smettere/\\|title\\=Totti sempre in gol da 23 anni: \"Perché dovrei smettere?\"\\|publisher\\=calcio.fanpage.it\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Marco Beltrami\\|date\\=11 September 2016\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2017}}",
"#### Oldest player to win the Serie A top scorer award",
"[Luca Toni](/wiki/Luca_Toni \"Luca Toni\") (38 years, [2014–15](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers \"2014–15 Serie A#Top goalscorers\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.beinsports.tv/soccer/article/n12rkjb40q7n1ae3dy8hk8l2a/title/verona\\-level\\-late\\-against\\-juventus\\-as\\-luca\\-toni\\-ends\\-season\\-as\\-serie\\-as\\-top\\-marksman\\|title\\=Verona Level Late Against Juventus As Luca Toni Ends Season As Serie A's Top Marksman\\|publisher\\=Bein Sports\\|date\\=30 May 2015\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2015}}",
"#### Most Serie A top scorer awards",
"[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl \"Gunnar Nordahl\"), 5 ([1949–50](/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Serie_A \"1949–50 Serie A\"), [1950–51](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Serie_A \"1950–51 Serie A\"), [1952–53](/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Serie_A \"1952–53 Serie A\"), [1953–54](/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Serie_A \"1953–54 Serie A\"), [1954–55](/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Serie_A \"1954–55 Serie A\"))",
"#### Most goals in a single Serie A season",
"36, [Gonzalo Higuaín](/wiki/Gonzalo_Higua%C3%ADn \"Gonzalo Higuaín\") ([2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers \"2015–16 Serie A#Top goalscorers\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.football\\-italia.net/84347/higuain\\-i\\-am\\-so\\-happy\\|title\\=Higuain: 'I am so happy!'\\|publisher\\=Football Italia\\|date\\=14 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/723/serie\\-a/2016/05/14/23529832/higuain\\-makes\\-serie\\-a\\-history\\-by\\-breaking\\-66\\-year\\-old\\|title\\=Higuain makes Serie A history by breaking 66\\-year\\-old goalscoring record\\|publisher\\=goal.com\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\= Davie\\|date\\=14 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espnfc.us/italian\\-serie\\-a/12/statistics/scorers?season\\=2015\\|title\\=Serie A Statistics 2015\\-16\\|publisher\\=ESPN FC\\|date\\=14 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2016}} and [Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile \"Ciro Immobile\") ([2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers \"2019–20 Serie A#Top goalscorers\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.legaseriea.it/en/serie\\-a/statistics\\|title\\=Serie A Statistics 2019\\-20\\|publisher\\=Serie A\\|date\\=1 August 2020\\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2020}}{{\\#tag:ref\\|\\[\\[Gino Rossetti]]'s Italian league record of 36 goals was set during the \\[\\[1928–29 Divisione Nazionale]] season, prior to the establishment of the Serie A in the \\[\\[1929–30 Serie A\\|1929–30 season]].\\|name\\=\"rosetti\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}",
"#### Most headed goals in Serie A",
"[Christian Vieri](/wiki/Christian_Vieri \"Christian Vieri\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espnfc.com/story/257739/inter\\-milan\\-squad\\-profiles\\|title\\=Inter Milan \\- Squad Profiles\\|publisher\\=ESPN FC\\|date\\=11 February 2003\\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2001/novembre/02/Vieri\\_gol\\_per\\_rinascere\\_Visto\\_co\\_0\\_0111021666\\.shtml\\|title\\=Vieri, un gol per rinascere \"Visto che colpo di testa? Adesso sono affari vostri\"\\|publisher\\=Il Corriere della Sera\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=2 November 2001\\|access\\-date\\=22 September 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/446613\\-serie\\-a\\-special\\-7\\-stars\\-to\\-have\\-played\\-for\\-milaninter\\-amp\\-juventus\\#slide3 \\|title\\=Serie A Special: Seven Stars Who Played For Milan, Inter and Juventus \\|publisher\\=bleacherreport.com \\|last1\\=Soldo \\|first1\\=Ivan \\|date\\=31 August 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2019 }}",
"#### Most headed goals in a single Serie A season",
"[Oliver Bierhoff](/wiki/Oliver_Bierhoff \"Oliver Bierhoff\") (15 out of 19, [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers \"1998–99 Serie A#Top goalscorers\")){{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/serie\\-a\\-pavoletti\\-record\\-nessuno\\-come\\-lui\\-gol\\-testa\\-AE7IJqfF \\|title\\=Serie A: Pavoletti da record, nessuno come lui nei gol di testa \\|work\\=ilsole24ore.com \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=27 August 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2019 }}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored",
"[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta \"Gabriel Batistuta\") (13 consecutive Serie A games, 2 in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A \"1992–93 Serie A\") and 11 in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A \"1994–95 Serie A\") with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina \"ACF Fiorentina\")){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.violanews.com/statistiche/quagliarella\\-e\\-a\\-quota\\-11\\-e\\-allora\\-batistuta\\-e\\-a\\-13\\-le\\-statistiche\\-premiano\\-ancora\\-batigol/?refresh\\_ce\\-cp \\|title\\=Quagliarella è a quota 11? E allora Batistuta è a... 13! Le statistiche premiano ancora Batigol \\|publisher\\=Viola News \\|date\\=28 January 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2019 }}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored in a single season",
"[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta \"Gabriel Batistuta\") (in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A \"1994–95 Serie A\"), with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina \"ACF Fiorentina\")), [Fabio Quagliarella](/wiki/Fabio_Quagliarella \"Fabio Quagliarella\") (in [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Serie_A \"2018–19 Serie A\"), with [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria \"U.C. Sampdoria\")){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.football\\-italia.net/SerieA/match/125273 \\|title\\=Sampdoria 4 \\- 0 Udinese \\|publisher\\=Football Italia \\|date\\=26 January 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2019 }}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored since the start of a single season",
"[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta \"Gabriel Batistuta\") (in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A \"1994–95 Serie A\"), with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina \"ACF Fiorentina\")) (11 consecutive Serie A games){{cite news \\|title\\=8 of the greatest ever scoring streaks – starring Batistuta, Ronaldo, Messi and Muller \\|url\\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/8\\-greatest\\-ever\\-scoring\\-streaks\\-starring\\-batistuta\\-ronaldo\\-messi\\-and\\-muller \\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2018 \\|work\\=Four Four Two}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid\\=2062223\\.html\\|title\\=Longest goalscoring runs in Europe's top leagues\\|last\\=UEFA.com\\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-27}}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A away appearances with at least one goal scored",
"[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori \"Giuseppe Signori\") (from 17 May 1992 to 28 February 1993; 1 in [1991–92](/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Serie_A \"1991–92 Serie A\") with [Foggia](/wiki/Foggia_Calcio \"Foggia Calcio\"), and 9 in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A \"1992–93 Serie A\") with [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\")) (10 consecutive Serie A away games with a goal){{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.gazzetta.it/calcio/fantanews/11\\-02\\-2019/cr7\\-record\\-juve\\-9\\-trasferte\\-fila\\-gol\\-serie\\-a\\-mirino\\-c\\-messi\\-3201193050934\\.shtml \\|title\\=Juve, CR7 da record: 9 trasferte di fila con gol in Serie A. E nel mirino c'è Messi \\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=11 February 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2019 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol\\-internacional/2019/02/10/5c60740b468aeb377c8b45a9\\.html \\|title\\=Así está la Bota de Oro: Cristiano Ronaldo empata con Mbappé y se sitúa a tres goles de Messi \\|publisher\\=marca.com \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=10 February 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2019 }}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A away appearances with at least one goal scored in a single season",
"[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori \"Giuseppe Signori\") (in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A \"1992–93 Serie A\"), with [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\")) (9 consecutive Serie A away games with a goal) and [Cristiano Ronaldo](/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo \"Cristiano Ronaldo\") (in [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Serie_A \"2018–19 Serie A\") and [2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A \"2019–20 Serie A\"), with [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\"))",
"#### Most seasons with at least 10 goals scored in all competitions by an Italian player",
"[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\") (17 seasons){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Juventus/24\\-04\\-2011/record\\-fedelissimo\\-80959586614\\.shtml\\|title\\=Record da fedelissimo, Ma Del Piero è amaro\\|website\\=gazzetta.it\\|publisher\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=24 April 2011}}",
"#### Highest\\-scoring Italian players in all competitions",
"The following table shows the ten Italian players that have scored the most professional goals in total throughout their career, at both club and international level (excluding youth competitions).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tribunasportiva.blogspot.it/2014/08/di\\-natale\\-punta\\-i\\-300\\-gol\\-in\\-carriera\\-e.html\\|title\\=Di Natale punta i 300 gol in carriera: è a 293 dopo la quaterna in Coppa Italia\\|website\\=tribunasportiva.blogspot.it\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=26 August 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2015}}",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Goals",
"| --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\")",
"364{{\\#tag:ref\\|391 if his goals in the \\[\\[Divisione Nazionale]] (16\\) and goals for the \\[\\[Italy under\\-21 Serie B representative team\\|Italy B team]] (11\\) are also included{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tuttosport.com/calcio/serie\\_a/juventus/2010/03/15\\-60075/Del\\+Piero\\+a\\+quota\\+301\\+gol\\+in\\+carriera%3A\\+nel\\+mirino\\+c%27%C3%A8\\+Inzaghi\\|title\\=Del Piero a quota 301 gol in carriera: nel mirino c'è Inzaghi\\|publisher\\=Tutto Sport\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=15 March 2010\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100558/http://www.tuttosport.com/calcio/serie\\_a/juventus/2010/03/15\\-60075/Del\\+Piero\\+a\\+quota\\+301\\+gol\\+in\\+carriera%3A\\+nel\\+mirino\\+c%27%C3%A8\\+Inzaghi\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\\|name\\=\"piola\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}{{\\#tag:ref\\|Although some sources claim that \\[\\[Giorgio Chinaglia]] is in fact the highest\\-scoring Italian player in all competitions with 398 career goals, this claim is also disputed, as the \\[\\[North American Soccer League (1968–84\\)\\|NASL]] did not abide to certain \\[\\[FIFA]] regulations at the time in which Chinaglia was playing there{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.askanews.it/sport/calcio\\-66\\-anni\\-fa\\-nasceva\\-\\-\\-long\\-john\\-\\-\\-giorgio\\-chinaglia\\_711113713\\.htm\\|title\\=Calcio: 66 anni fa nasceva ''Long John'', Giorgio Chinaglia\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=24 January 2013\\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=13 February 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213103601/http://www.askanews.it/sport/calcio\\-66\\-anni\\-fa\\-nasceva\\-\\-\\-long\\-john\\-\\-\\-giorgio\\-chinaglia\\_711113713\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\\|name\\=\"chinaglia\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\")",
"346{{\\#tag:ref\\|362 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-17 football team\\|Italy U\\-17]] (1\\), \\[\\[Italy national under\\-18 football team\\|U\\-18]] (12\\), and \\[\\[Italy national under\\-21 football team\\|U\\-21]] teams (3\\) are included\\|name\\=\"alex\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza \"Giuseppe Meazza\")",
"338{{\\#tag:ref\\|349 if his goals in the Divisione Nazionale are included\\|name\\=\"meazza\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Luca Toni](/wiki/Luca_Toni \"Luca Toni\")",
"322 |\n| 5 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio \"Roberto Baggio\")",
"318{{\\#tag:ref\\|321 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-16 football team\\|Italy U\\-16]] team (3\\) are included\\|name\\=\"baggio\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 6 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\")",
"316{{\\#tag:ref\\|334 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-15 football team\\|Italy U\\-15]] (3\\), \\[\\[Italy national under\\-16 football team\\|Italy U\\-16]] (2\\), \\[\\[Italy national under\\-18 football team\\|U\\-18]] (7\\), \\[\\[Italy national under\\-21 football team\\|U\\-21]] (4\\), and U\\-23 teams (2\\) are included\\|name\\=\"totti\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 7 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi \"Filippo Inzaghi\")",
"313{{\\#tag:ref\\|316 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-21 football team\\|Italy U\\-21]] team (3\\) are included\\|name\\=\"inzaghi\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 8 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Antonio Di Natale](/wiki/Antonio_Di_Natale \"Antonio Di Natale\")",
"311 |\n| 9 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile \"Ciro Immobile\")*",
"304{{\\#tag:ref\\|313 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-21 football team\\|Italy U\\-21]] team (9\\) are included\\|name\\=\"immobile\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 10 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Altobelli](/wiki/Alessandro_Altobelli \"Alessandro Altobelli\")",
"293{{\\#tag:ref\\|298 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-21 football team\\|Italy U\\-21]] (2\\), and U\\-23 tams (3\\) are included\\|name\\=\"altobelli\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |",
"#### Most own goals scored in Serie A history",
"[Franco Baresi](/wiki/Franco_Baresi \"Franco Baresi\") and [Riccardo Ferri](/wiki/Riccardo_Ferri \"Riccardo Ferri\") (8 each){{cite news \\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2004/gennaio/10/chi\\_detiene\\_record\\_autoreti\\_nella\\_sw\\_0\\_040110585\\.shtml \\|title\\=chi detiene il record di autoreti nella storia della serie a ? \\|work\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=10 January 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2019 }}",
"### Assists",
"#### Most assists in Serie A",
"[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\") (188\\){{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/serie\\-a/2023/10/30\\-115838922/campionato\\_di\\_calcio\\_serie\\_a\\_record\\_primati\\_numeri\\_e\\_statistiche \\|title\\=Campionato di Calcio Serie A: record, primati, numeri e statistiche \\|work\\=Il Corriere dello Sport \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=30 October 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2024 }}",
"The following table shows the ten players that have provided the most assists in Serie A history.",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A. Players in *italics* are still active, but outside Serie A.",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Assists",
"Appearances",
"{{Abbr\\|Ratio\\|Assists per game}}",
"| 1 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\")",
"188 |\n 619 |\n 0\\.26 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio \"Roberto Baggio\")",
"119 |\n 452 |\n 0\\.26 |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\")",
"111 |\n 478 |\n 0\\.23 |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Gianni Rivera](/wiki/Gianni_Rivera \"Gianni Rivera\")",
"105 |\n 527 |\n 0\\.20 |\n| 5 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Andrea Pirlo](/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo \"Andrea Pirlo\")",
"100 |\n 493 |\n 0\\.20 |\n| 6 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*[Antonio Candreva](/wiki/Antonio_Candreva \"Antonio Candreva\")*",
"100 |\n 494 |\n 0\\.20 |\n| 7 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Antonio Cassano](/wiki/Antonio_Cassano \"Antonio Cassano\")",
"99 |\n 400 |\n 0\\.25 |\n| 8 | {{flagicon\\|SVK}} |[Marek Hamšík](/wiki/Marek_Ham%C5%A1%C3%ADk \"Marek Hamšík\")",
"82 |\n 409 |\n 0\\.20 |\n| 9 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*[Lorenzo Insigne](/wiki/Lorenzo_Insigne \"Lorenzo Insigne\")*",
"74 |\n 337 |\n 0\\.22 |\n| 10 | {{flagicon\\|BIH}} |*[Miralem Pjanić](/wiki/Miralem_Pjani%C4%87 \"Miralem Pjanić\")*",
"73 |\n 281 |\n 0\\.26 |",
"#### Most assists in a single Serie A season",
"[Alejandro Gómez](/wiki/Papu_G%C3%B3mez \"Papu Gómez\") ([2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A \"2019–20 Serie A\")) (16\\){{\\#tag:ref\\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \\[\\[2004–05 Serie A]] season onwards\\|name\\=\"2004–05\\-stats\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}",
"#### Oldest assist provider in Serie A",
"[Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 \"Zlatan Ibrahimović\"), 40 years, 6 months and 21 days (24 April 2022, in Lazio–AC Milan, 1–2\\){{cite web \\|title\\=Ibra, quello contro la Lazio è l'assist più anziano della storia della Serie A \\|url\\=https://www.milannews.it/news/ibra\\-quello\\-contro\\-la\\-lazio\\-e\\-l\\-assist\\-piu\\-anziano\\-della\\-storia\\-della\\-serie\\-a\\-449540 \\|publisher\\=Milan News \\|access\\-date\\=29 February 2024 \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=25 April 2022}}",
"### Goalkeeping",
"#### Longest consecutive runs without conceding a goal in Serie A",
"The following table shows the goalkeepers that have longest consecutive run without conceding a goal in Serie A. Length column is in minutes.",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A. Minutes in **bold** indicate an active run.",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Club",
"Season",
"Length",
"| --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon \"Gianluigi Buffon\")",
"[Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Serie_A \"2015–16 Serie A\") | 974{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/sala\\-stampa/notizie/info/record\\-di\\-imbattibilita\\-per\\-buffon\\-974\\|title\\=RECORD DI IMBATTIBILITA' PER BUFFON: 974'\\|trans\\-title\\=Record unbeaten streak for Buffon: 974 minutes\\|publisher\\=LegaSerieA.it\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=20 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=2 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802205651/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/sala\\-stampa/notizie/info/record\\-di\\-imbattibilita\\-per\\-buffon\\-974\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Sebastiano Rossi](/wiki/Sebastiano_Rossi \"Sebastiano Rossi\"){{\\#tag:ref\\|\\[\\[Gianpiero Combi]]'s Italian league record unbeaten streak of 934 consecutive minutes without conceding a goal was set during the \\[\\[1925–26 Prima Divisione]] season, prior to the establishment of the Serie A in the \\[\\[1929–30 Serie A\\|1929–30 season]].{{cite news\\|url\\=http://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/12/20/news/20\\_dicembre\\_1902\\_nasce\\_combi\\_il\\_nonno\\_di\\_zoff\\_e\\_buffon\\-103364637/\\|title\\=20 dicembre 1902: nasce Combi, il \"nonno\" di Zoff e Buffon\\|newspaper\\=La Repubblica\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=20 December 2014\\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2017}}From the third match (Juventus 6–0 Milan on 25 October 1925\\) to thirteenth match (Parma 0–3 Juventus on 28 February 1926\\) of the \\[\\[1925–26 Prima Divisione\\|1925–26 FIGC Football Championship]] according to {{in lang\\|it}} \\[http://www.juworld.net/partite\\-della\\-juventus.asp?Pagina\\=14\\&c\\=Campionato%20a%20gironi All Juventus FC matches: Italian Federal Championship (pages 14 and 15\\)] \\- www.juworld.net.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/mar/20/torino\\-juventus\\-serie\\-a\\-match\\-report\\-gianluigi\\-buffon\\-record\\|title\\=Gianluigi Buffon sets goalkeeping record as Juventus sweep aside Torino\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=20 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=20 March 2016}}\\|name\\=\"combi\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}",
"[AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\") | [1993–94](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Serie_A \"1993–94 Serie A\") | 929 |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Dino Zoff](/wiki/Dino_Zoff \"Dino Zoff\")",
"[Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | [1972–73](/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Serie_A \"1972–73 Serie A\") | 903 |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Mario Da Pozzo](/wiki/Mario_Da_Pozzo \"Mario Da Pozzo\")",
"[Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC \"Genoa CFC\") | [1963–64](/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_Serie_A \"1963–64 Serie A\") | 792 |\n| 5 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon \"Gianluigi Buffon\")",
"[Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Serie_A \"2017–18 Serie A\") | 791 |\n| 6 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Ivan Pelizzoli](/wiki/Ivan_Pelizzoli \"Ivan Pelizzoli\")",
"[Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\") | [2003–04](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Serie_A \"2003–04 Serie A\") | 774 |\n| 7 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Davide Pinato](/wiki/Davide_Pinato \"Davide Pinato\")",
"[Atalanta](/wiki/Atalanta_B.C. \"Atalanta B.C.\") | [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Serie_A \"1997–98 Serie A\") | 758 |\n|8",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon \"Gianluigi Buffon\")",
"[Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\") | [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Serie_A \"2013–14 Serie A\") | 745 |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Luca Marchegiani](/wiki/Luca_Marchegiani \"Luca Marchegiani\")",
"[Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\") | [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Serie_A \"1997–98 Serie A\") | 745 |\n| 10 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Morgan De Sanctis](/wiki/Morgan_De_Sanctis \"Morgan De Sanctis\")",
"[Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\") | [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Serie_A \"2013–14 Serie A\") | 744 |",
"#### Most clean sheets",
"Updated 22 February 2021",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.",
"[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon \"Gianluigi Buffon\"), 299{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fotmob.com/embed/news/6742743/every\\-record\\-gianluigi\\-buffon\\-holds\\-and\\-could\\-break\\-in\\-the\\-future\\|title\\=Every record Gianluigi Buffon holds \\- and could break in the future\\|website\\=FotMob\\|date\\=23 February 2021\\|access\\-date\\=30 April 2021}}",
"#### Most consecutive clean sheets",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.",
"[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon \"Gianluigi Buffon\"), 10 (17 January 2016 to 11 March 2016\\){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.football\\-italia.net/81148/buffon\\-eyes\\-all\\-time\\-record\\|title\\=Buffon eyes all\\-time record\\|publisher\\=Football Italia\\|date\\=11 March 2016\\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2016}}",
"#### Most clean sheets in a single season",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.",
"21,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cittaceleste.it/news/lazio\\-provedel\\-record\\-clean\\-sheet/amp/\\|title\\=Lazio, Provedel nella storia: raggiunta quota 21 clean sheet\\|date\\=15 April 2023 \\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cittaceleste.it/news/lazio\\-provedel\\-record\\-clean\\-sheet/amp/\\|title\\=Lazio, Provedel da record: 18 clean sheet in A. E il primato assoluto…\\|date\\=15 April 2023 \\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2023}} [Fabio Cudicini](/wiki/Fabio_Cudicini \"Fabio Cudicini\") (in [1968–69](/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Serie_A \"1968–69 Serie A\") with [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\")), [Sebastiano Rossi](/wiki/Sebastiano_Rossi \"Sebastiano Rossi\") (in [1993–94](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Serie_A \"1993–94 Serie A\") with [AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\")), [Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon \"Gianluigi Buffon\") (in [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Serie_A \"2011–12 Serie A\") and [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Serie_A \"2015–16 Serie A\") with [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\")), [Morgan De Sanctis](/wiki/Morgan_De_Sanctis \"Morgan De Sanctis\") (in [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Serie_A \"2013–14 Serie A\") with [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\")), **[Ivan Provedel](/wiki/Ivan_Provedel \"Ivan Provedel\")** (in [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Serie_A \"2022–23 Serie A\") with [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\"))",
"#### Most goals conceded in a single season",
"[Alex Cordaz](/wiki/Alex_Cordaz \"Alex Cordaz\") ([2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Serie_A \"2020–21 Serie A\")) (91\\){{\\#tag:ref\\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \\[\\[1994–95 Serie A]] season onwards\\|name\\=\"1994–95\\-stats\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\\-a/record\\-serie\\-a \\|title\\=I record del campionato che (forse) non conosci \\|work\\=Sky Sport Italia \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=24 June 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2024 }}",
"#### Most penalties saved",
"[Samir Handanović](/wiki/Samir_Handanovi%C4%87 \"Samir Handanović\"), 26{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\\-a/2020/01/12/handanovic\\-rigori\\-parati\\-serie\\-a\\-classifica\\|title\\=Handanovic come Pagliuca, la classifica dei migliori pararigori della storia della Serie A\\|publisher\\=sport.sky.it\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=12 January 2020}}",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A. Players in *italics* are still active, but outside Serie A.",
"*Updated as of 3 March 2024*",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Penalties saved",
"Appearances",
"Years",
"| --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|SVN}} |[Samir Handanović](/wiki/Samir_Handanovi%C4%87 \"Samir Handanović\")",
"26 |\n 566 |\n 2005–2023 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Gianluca Pagliuca](/wiki/Gianluca_Pagliuca \"Gianluca Pagliuca\")",
"24 |\n 592 |\n 1988–2007 |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*[Andrea Consigli](/wiki/Andrea_Consigli \"Andrea Consigli\")*",
"20 |\n 510 |\n 2009–2024 |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Luca Marchegiani](/wiki/Luca_Marchegiani \"Luca Marchegiani\")",
"17 |\n 422 |\n 1988–2005 |\n|5",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Giuseppe Moro](/wiki/Giuseppe_Moro \"Giuseppe Moro\")",
"16",
"270 |\n 1947–1955 |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon \"Gianluigi Buffon\")",
"657 |\n 1995–2021 |\n|7",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Francesco Antonioli](/wiki/Francesco_Antonioli \"Francesco Antonioli\")",
"14",
"416 |\n 1992–2012 |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Stefano Sorrentino](/wiki/Stefano_Sorrentino \"Stefano Sorrentino\")",
"363 |\n 2001–2019 |\n| 9 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*[Gianluigi Donnarumma](/wiki/Gianluigi_Donnarumma \"Gianluigi Donnarumma\")*",
"13 |\n 215 |\n 2015–2021 |\n|10",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n*[Emiliano Viviano](/wiki/Emiliano_Viviano \"Emiliano Viviano\")*",
"12",
"251 |\n 2009–2018 |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Luigi Turci](/wiki/Luigi_Turci \"Luigi Turci\")",
"270 |\n 1993–2004 |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Massimo Taibi](/wiki/Massimo_Taibi \"Massimo Taibi\")",
"292 |\n 1993–2007 |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Taglialatela](/wiki/Giuseppe_Taglialatela \"Giuseppe Taglialatela\")",
"173 |\n 1991–2002 |",
"",
"#### Most consecutive penalties saved",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.",
"[Samir Handanović](/wiki/Samir_Handanovi%C4%87 \"Samir Handanović\"), 6{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.it/calcio/fantanews/27\\-11\\-2014/inter\\-handanovic\\-para\\-sesto\\-rigore\\-fila\\-ma\\-volte\\-faccio\\-c\\-ate\\-10071855527\\.shtml\\|title\\=Inter, Handanovic para il sesto rigore di fila\\|trans\\-title\\=Inter, Handanovic saves the sixth penalty in a row\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=27 November 2014\\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.corriere.it/foto\\-gallery/sport/14\\_novembre\\_28/inter\\-super\\-handanovic\\-para\\-sei\\-rigori\\-fila\\-818c74a2\\-76f6\\-11e4\\-90d4\\-0eff89180b47\\.shtml?refresh\\_ce\\-cp\\|title\\=Inter: super Handanovic para sei rigori di fila\\|date\\=28 November 2014 \\|trans\\-title\\=Inter: super Handanovic saves six penalties in a row\\|publisher\\=Il Corriere della Sera\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2015}}",
"#### Oldest goalkeeper to save a penalty",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.",
"[Gianluigi Buffon](/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon \"Gianluigi Buffon\"), 43 years and 104 days (12 May 2021, in Sassuolo–Juventus, 1–3\\){{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57095142 \\|title\\=Buffon saves penalty as Juventus win \\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|last1\\=Emons \\|first1\\=Michael \\|date\\=12 May 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=19 May 2021 }}",
"### Discipline",
"#### Most red cards",
"Updated 29 January 2017{{cite web\\|url\\=http://romanews.eu/it,a112023/Totti\\-11\\-Espulsioni\\-Nessuno\\-Rosso\\-Come\\-Lui\\-Giocatori\\-In\\-Attivita\\-Serie\\-Br,m82\\|title\\=Totti, 11 espulsioni. Nessuno 'rosso' come lui tra i giocatori in attività della Serie A\\|publisher\\=RomaNews.eu\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808122414/http://romanews.eu/it,a112023/Totti\\-11\\-Espulsioni\\-Nessuno\\-Rosso\\-Come\\-Lui\\-Giocatori\\-In\\-Attivita\\-Serie\\-Br,m82\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie\\-a\\-tim/calciatore?p\\_p\\_id\\=BDC\\_dettaglio\\_calciatore\\_WAR\\_LegaCalcioBDC\\&p\\_p\\_lifecycle\\=0\\&p\\_p\\_state\\=normal\\&p\\_p\\_mode\\=view\\&p\\_p\\_col\\_id\\=column\\-1\\&p\\_p\\_col\\_count\\=1\\&\\_BDC\\_dettaglio\\_calciatore\\_WAR\\_LegaCalcioBDC\\_idPersona\\=10422\\|title\\=Montero Iglesias Paolo\\|publisher\\=Lega Serie A\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227191437/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie\\-a\\-tim/calciatore?p\\_p\\_id\\=BDC\\_dettaglio\\_calciatore\\_WAR\\_LegaCalcioBDC\\&p\\_p\\_lifecycle\\=0\\&p\\_p\\_state\\=normal\\&p\\_p\\_mode\\=view\\&p\\_p\\_col\\_id\\=column\\-1\\&p\\_p\\_col\\_count\\=1\\&\\_BDC\\_dettaglio\\_calciatore\\_WAR\\_LegaCalcioBDC\\_idPersona\\=10422\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.contra\\-ataque.it/2016/02/16/calciatori\\-espulsi\\-serie\\-a\\-montero.html\\|title\\=I calciatori più espulsi nella storia della Serie A: Montero irraggiungibile\\|publisher\\=contra\\-ataque.it\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Claudio Agave\\|date\\=16 February 2016\\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2017}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.it/speciali/statistiche/2006/record/record\\_assoluti.shtml\\|title\\=Record Individuali Assoluti\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170209/http://www.gazzetta.it/speciali/statistiche/2006/record/record\\_assoluti.shtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2001/settembre/28/Montero\\_espulsioni\\_nessuno\\_mai\\_cattivo\\_ga\\_0\\_0109285173\\.shtml\\|title\\=Montero 14 espulsioni: nessuno mai cattivo come lui\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Sebastiano Vernazza\\|date\\=28 September 2001\\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2017}}",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Red cards",
"| --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|URU}} |[Paolo Montero](/wiki/Paolo_Montero \"Paolo Montero\")",
"16 |\n|2",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Luigi Di Biagio](/wiki/Luigi_Di_Biagio \"Luigi Di Biagio\")",
"12",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giulio Falcone](/wiki/Giulio_Falcone \"Giulio Falcone\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Cristian Ledesma](/wiki/Cristian_Daniel_Ledesma \"Cristian Daniel Ledesma\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giampiero Pinzi](/wiki/Giampiero_Pinzi \"Giampiero Pinzi\")",
"|6",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Massimo Ambrosini](/wiki/Massimo_Ambrosini \"Massimo Ambrosini\")",
"11",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Bergomi](/wiki/Giuseppe_Bergomi \"Giuseppe Bergomi\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Biava](/wiki/Giuseppe_Biava \"Giuseppe Biava\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Daniele Conti](/wiki/Daniele_Conti \"Daniele Conti\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|POR}} |[Fernando Couto](/wiki/Fernando_Couto \"Fernando Couto\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giorgio Ferrini](/wiki/Giorgio_Ferrini \"Giorgio Ferrini\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|GHA}} |[Sulley Muntari](/wiki/Sulley_Muntari \"Sulley Muntari\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\")",
"|",
"#### Most red cards in a single Serie A season",
"[Luigi Apolloni](/wiki/Luigi_Apolloni \"Luigi Apolloni\") ([2000–01](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Serie_A \"2000–01 Serie A\")) and [Gabriel Paletta](/wiki/Gabriel_Paletta \"Gabriel Paletta\") ([2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Serie_A \"2016–17 Serie A\")) (both five){{\\#tag:ref\\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \\[\\[1994–95 Serie A]] season onwards\\|name\\=\"1994–95\\-stats\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}",
"#### Most yellow cards in a single Serie A season",
"[Daniele Conti](/wiki/Daniele_Conti \"Daniele Conti\") ([2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_A \"2012–13 Serie A\")), 16{{\\#tag:ref\\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \\[\\[1994–95 Serie A]] season onwards\\|name\\=\"1994–95\\-stats\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}",
"### Coaching",
"#### Most appearances in Serie A",
"[Carlo Mazzone](/wiki/Carlo_Mazzone \"Carlo Mazzone\"), 792 (excluding 5 appearances in play\\-off matches){{cite web \\|url\\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\\-a/2019/08/16/serie\\-a\\-allenatori\\-record\\-curiosita\\-statistiche \\|title\\=Serie A: record, curiosità e statistiche dei 20 allenatori \\|publisher\\=sport.sky.it \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=16 August 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2020 }}",
"#### Most Serie A titles",
"[Giovanni Trapattoni](/wiki/Giovanni_Trapattoni \"Giovanni Trapattoni\"), 7",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A titles",
"[Massimiliano Allegri](/wiki/Massimiliano_Allegri \"Massimiliano Allegri\"), 5 (all with Juventus)",
"#### Most Serie A titles with a single club",
"Giovanni Trapattoni, 6 (with Juventus)",
"#### Most Serie A titles with different clubs",
"* Giovanni Trapattoni, 7 with 2 clubs (6 with Juventus, 1 with Inter)\n* Massimiliano Allegri, 6 with 2 clubs (1 with AC Milan, 5 with Juventus)\n* [Fabio Capello](/wiki/Fabio_Capello \"Fabio Capello\"), 5 with 2 clubs (4 with AC Milan, 1 with Roma)\n* [Antonio Conte](/wiki/Antonio_Conte \"Antonio Conte\"), 4 with 2 clubs (3 with Juventus, 1 with Inter)\n* [Árpád Weisz](/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Weisz \"Árpád Weisz\"), 3 with 2 clubs (1 with Ambrosiana, 2 with Bologna)\n* [Fulvio Bernardini](/wiki/Fulvio_Bernardini \"Fulvio Bernardini\"), 2 with 2 clubs (1 with Fiorentina, 1 with Bologna)\n* [Nils Liedholm](/wiki/Nils_Liedholm \"Nils Liedholm\"), 2 with 2 clubs (1 with AC Milan, 1 with Roma)",
"#### Youngest manager to win a Serie A title",
"[Armando Castellazzi](/wiki/Armando_Castellazzi \"Armando Castellazzi\"), 33 years and 199 days, (with Ambrosiana–Inter, [1937–38](/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Serie_A \"1937–38 Serie A\"))",
"#### Oldest manager to win a Serie A title",
"[Luciano Spalletti](/wiki/Luciano_Spalletti \"Luciano Spalletti\"), {{age in years and days\\|1959\\|3\\|7\\|2023\\|6\\|4}} (with Napoli, [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Serie_A \"2022–23 Serie A\")){{cite web\\|url\\=https://football\\-italia.net/spalletti\\-in\\-tears\\-as\\-napoli\\-win\\-serie\\-a\\-title\\-this\\-is\\-for\\-you/\\|title\\=Spalletti in tears as Napoli win Serie A title: 'This is for you'\\|website\\=Football Italia\\|date\\=4 May 2023\\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2023}}",
"#### Most consecutive appearances in Serie A",
"[Nereo Rocco](/wiki/Nereo_Rocco \"Nereo Rocco\"), 605 (between 1955 and 1974, with Padova, AC Milan, and Torino)",
"#### Most appearances in Serie A with a single club",
"Giovanni Trapattoni, 402 (with Juventus)",
"#### Most victories in Serie A",
"Giovanni Trapattoni, 352 (16 with AC Milan, 213 with Juventus, 87 with Inter, 7 with Cagliari, and 29 with Fiorentina)",
"#### Most consecutive victories in Serie A",
"[Roberto Mancini](/wiki/Roberto_Mancini \"Roberto Mancini\"), 17 (with Inter, [2006–07 Serie A](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Serie_A \"2006–07 Serie A\"))",
"#### Most victories in Serie A with a single team",
"Giovanni Trapattoni, 213 (with Juventus)",
""
] |
### Goalscoring
{{see also\|List of Serie A players with 100 or more goals}}
**Top 30 goalscorers, all\-time (only Serie A regular\-season games)**
*Updated as of 16 September 2024*
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
| Rank | Nat. | Player
Years
Goals
Apps
Ratio
| --- | --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Silvio\|Piola}}{{\#tag:ref\|Tally does not include 16 goals that Piola also scored from 29 appearances during the \[\[1945–46 Serie A\-B\|1945–46 Divisione Nazionale]] season\|name\="piola\-DN"\|group\="nb"}}
1929–1954 | 274 | 537 | {{\#expr: 274/537 round 2}} |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Francesco\|Totti}}
1992–2017 | 250 | 619 | {{\#expr: 250/619 round 2}} |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|SWE}} |{{sortname\|Gunnar\|Nordahl}}
1948–1958 | 225 | 291 | {{\#expr: 225/291 round 2}} |
|4
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
{{sortname\|Giuseppe\|Meazza}}
1929–1947 | 216 | 367 | {{\#expr: 216/367 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|BRA}}{{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|José\|Altafini}}
1958–1976 | 216 | 459 | {{\#expr: 216/459 round 2}} |
| 6 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Antonio\|Di Natale}}
2002–2016 | 209 | 445 | {{\#expr: 209/445 round 2}} |
| 7 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Roberto\|Baggio}}
1985–2004 | 205 | 452 | {{\#expr: 205/452 round 2}} |
| 8 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*{{sortname\|Ciro\|Immobile}}*
2009–2024 | 201 | 350 | {{\#expr: 201/350 round 2}} |
| 9 | {{flagicon\|SWE}} |{{sortname\|Kurt\|Hamrin}}
1956–1971 | 190 | 400 | {{\#expr: 190/400 round 2}} |
|10
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
{{sortname\|Giuseppe\|Signori}}
1991–2004 | 188 | 344 | {{\#expr: 188/344 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Alessandro\|Del Piero}}
1993–2012 | 188 | 478 | {{\#expr: 188/478 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Alberto\|Gilardino}}
1999–2017 | 188 | 514 | {{\#expr: 188/514 round 2}} |
| 13 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |{{sortname\|Gabriel\|Batistuta}}
1991–2003 | 184 | 318 | {{\#expr: 184/318 round 2}} |
| 14 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Fabio\|Quagliarella}}
1999–2023 | 182 | 556 | {{\#expr: 182/556 round 2}} |
| 15 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Giampiero\|Boniperti}}
1946–1961 | 178 | 443 | {{\#expr: 178/443 round 2}} |
| 16 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Amedeo\|Amadei}}
1936–1956 | 174 | 423 | {{\#expr: 174/423 round 2}} |
| 17 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Giuseppe\|Savoldi}}
1965–1982 | 168 | 405 | {{\#expr: 168/405 round 2}} |
| 18 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Guglielmo\|Gabetto}}
1934–1949 | 167 | 322 | {{\#expr: 167/322 round 2}} |
| 19 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Roberto\|Boninsegna}}
1965–1979 | 163 | 366 | {{\#expr: 163/366 round 2}} |
| 20 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Luca\|Toni}}
2000–2016 | 157 | 344 | {{\#expr: 157/344 round 2}} |
|21
{{flagicon\|SWE}} |
{{sortname\|Zlatan\|Ibrahimović}}
2004–2023 | 156 | 283 | {{\#expr: 156/283 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Gigi\|Riva}}
1964–1976 | 156 | 289 | {{\#expr: 156/289 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Filippo\|Inzaghi}}
1995–2012 | 156 | 370 | {{\#expr: 156/370 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Roberto\|Mancini}}
1981–2000 | 156 | 541 | {{\#expr: 156/541 round 2}} |
|25
{{flagicon\|BRA}} |
{{sortname\|Luís\|Vinício}}
1955–1968 | 155 | 348 | {{\#expr: 155/348 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Carlo\|Reguzzoni}}
1929–1948 | 155 | 401 | {{\#expr: 155/401 round 2}} |
|27
{{flagicon\|HUN}} |
{{sortname\|István\|Nyers}}
1948–1956 | 153 | 236 | {{\#expr: 153/236 round 2}} |
| {{flagicon\|ARG}} |{{sortname\|Hernán\|Crespo}}
1996–2012 | 153 | 340 | {{\#expr: 153/340 round 2}} |
| 29 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Adriano\|Bassetto}}
1946–1958 | 149 | 329 | {{\#expr: 149/329 round 2}} |
| 30 | {{flagicon\|ARG}}{{flagicon\|ITA}} |{{sortname\|Omar\|Sívori\|\|Sivori, Omar}}
1957–1969 | 147 | 278 | {{\#expr: 147/278 round 2}} |
**Top five goal scorers, still active in Serie A (only Serie A regular\-season games)**
*Updated as of 30 September 2024*
| Rank | All\-timerank | Nat. | Player
Debut
year
Current
club
Goals
Apps
Ratio
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 48 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |**{{sortname\|Paulo\|Dybala}}**
2012 | [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma") | 124 | 329 | {{\#expr: 124/329 round 2}} |
| 2 | 51 | {{flagicon\|COL}} |**{{sortname\|Duván\|Zapata}}**
2013 | [Torino](/wiki/Torino_FC "Torino FC") | 123 | 325 | {{\#expr: 123/325 round 2}} |
| 3 | 63 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |**{{sortname\|Andrea\|Belotti}}**
2014 | [Como](/wiki/Como_1907 "Como 1907") | 113 | 335 | {{\#expr: 113/335 round 2}} |
| 4 | 80 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |**{{sortname\|Lautaro\|Martínez}}**
2018 | [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") | 105 | 211 | {{\#expr: 105/211 round 2}} |
| 5 | 133 | {{flagicon\|SRB}} |**{{sortname\|Dusan\|Vlahovic}}**
2018 | [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus "Juventus") | 81 | 169 | {{\#expr: 81/169 round 2}} |
#### Most goals from a penalty kick
**Top five penalty kick scorers, all\-time (only Serie A regular\-season games)**{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie\-a/2016/04/22/22675912/totti\-riscrive\-la\-storia\-baggio\-superato\-sui\-calci\-di\-rigore\|title\=Totti riscrive la storia: Baggio superato sui calci di rigore, Higuain per media\-goal\|trans\-title\=Totti rewrites history: Baggio overtaken on penalties, Higuain in terms of goalscoring average\|publisher\=Goal.com\|language\=it\|date\=22 April 2016\|access\-date\=25 April 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://blog.guerinsportivo.it/blog/2011/07/15/i\-migliori\-rigoristi\-della\-storia\-della\-serie\-a?cookieAccept\|title\=I migliori rigoristi della storia della serie A\|trans\-title\=The best penalty takers in Serie A history\|publisher\=Il Guerin Sportivo\|language\=it\|author1\=Roberto Vinciguerra\|access\-date\=16 May 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/rankingGPenIta1\.html\|title\=Ranking Goals Penalty Serie A\|website\=BDFutbol\|access\-date\=30 October 2023}}
Updated 4 February 2024
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Goals
| --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti")
71 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio "Roberto Baggio")
68 |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile "Ciro Immobile")*
52 |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero")
50 |
| 5 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*[Domenico Berardi](/wiki/Domenico_Berardi "Domenico Berardi")*
47 |
#### Most penalty kicks scored in a single Serie A season
[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile "Ciro Immobile"), 14 ([2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A "2019–20 Serie A")){{cite web \|url\=https://www.mn24\.it/calcio\-ciro\-immobile\-da\-record\-e\-il\-giocatore\-con\-il\-maggior\-numero\-di\-rigori\-realizzati\-in\-una\-sola\-stagione/ \|title\=Calcio \- Ciro Immobile da record: è il giocatore con il maggior numero di rigori realizzati in una sola stagione \|publisher\=Media News 24 \|language\=it \|date\=27 July 2020 \|access\-date\=6 September 2020 }}
#### Most goals from a free kick
**Top ten free kick scorers, all\-time (only Serie A regular\-season games)**{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie\-a/2014/03/18/4692299/sentenza\-pirlo\-su\-punizione\-solo\-mihajlovic\-ha\-fatto\-meglio\|title\='Sentenza' Pirlo su punizione, solo Mihajlovic ha fatto meglio in Serie A\|trans\-title\=Pirlo's 'sentence' from a free\-kick, only Mihajlovic has done better in Serie A\|website\=Goal.com\|language\=it\|date\=18 March 2014\|access\-date\=16 May 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\-a/2017/12/17/bologna\-juventus\-risultato\-gol.html\|title\=Bologna\-Juventus 0\-3: segnano Pjanic, Mandzukic e Matuidi: gol e highlights\|publisher\=Sky.it\|language\=it\|date\=17 December 2017\|access\-date\=20 December 2017}}
Updated 17 December 2017
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Goals
| --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|SRB}} |[Siniša Mihajlović](/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87 "Siniša Mihajlović")
28 |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Andrea Pirlo](/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo "Andrea Pirlo")
26{{\#tag:ref\|According to several sources, \[\[Andrea Pirlo]] scored 28 goals from free kicks in Serie A, which would make him the all–time highest goalscorer from set–pieces in Serie A history, alongside \[\[Siniša Mihajlović]]; however, two of his claimed goals are disputed and have been recorded as own goals by two different goalkeepers according to other sources: the first by \[\[Sébastien Frey]] in Verona\-\[\[Reggina 1914\|Reggina]] 1–1 on 9 January 2000 (\[\[1999–2000 Serie A]]),{{cite news \|url\=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/01/10/la\-reggina\-viene\-ripresa\-da\-adailton.html \|title\=La Reggina viene ripresa da Adailton \|work\=La Repubblica \|language\=it \|last1\=Scemma \|first1\=Adalberto \|date\=10 January 2000 \|access\-date\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite news \|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2000/gennaio/11/Roma\_capoccia\_con\_Totti\_Delvecchio\_ga\_0\_0001115512\.shtml \|title\=Roma capoccia con Totti Delvecchio \|work\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \|language\=it \|date\=11 January 2000 \|access\-date\=8 July 2020 }} and the second by \[\[Marco Silvestri]] in Juventus\-Cagliari 3–0 on 16 May 2014 (\[\[2013–14 Serie A]]).{{cite news \|url\=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie\-a/2014/05/18/news/juventus\-cagliari\_3\-0\_102\_punti\_la\_festa\_bianconera\_e\_completa\-86489031/ \|title\=Juventus\-Cagliari 3\-0: 102 punti, la festa bianconera è completa \|work\=la Repubblica \|language\=it \|date\=18 May 2014 \|access\-date\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\-A/Juventus/18\-05\-2014/juventus\-cagliari\-3\-0\-gol\-pirlo\-llorente\-marchisio\-punti\-sono\-102\-80699388008\.shtml \|title\=Juventus\-Cagliari 3\-0\. Autorete Silvestri, gol di Llorente e Marchisio. I punti sono 102 \|work\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \|language\=it \|date\=16 May 2014 \|access\-date\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/27463440 \|title\=Juventus 3\-0 Cagliari \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=18 May 2014 \|access\-date\=8 July 2020 }} According to the official regulations by Lega Serie A, a goal is considered to be an own goal when "a player deflects a shot, cross, or pass from an opponent, which was not directed on target, into their own goal."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie\-a/linee\-guida\-pdf\|title\=Linee guida per l'assegnazione dei gol dubbi\|publisher\=Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A\|language\=it\|access\-date\=7 July 2020}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} See also \[\[:it:Statistiche della Serie A\#Calci piazzati]].\|name\="PirloError"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero")
22 |
|4
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti")
21
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio "Roberto Baggio")
| 6 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Gianfranco Zola](/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola "Gianfranco Zola")
20 |
| 7 | {{flagicon\|BIH}} |*[Miralem Pjanić](/wiki/Miralem_Pjani%C4%87 "Miralem Pjanić")*
15 |
| 8 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |[Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona "Diego Maradona")
14 |
|9
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Enrico Chiesa](/wiki/Enrico_Chiesa "Enrico Chiesa")
13
| {{flagicon\|FRA}} |[Michel Platini](/wiki/Michel_Platini "Michel Platini")
| {{flagicon\|URU}} |[Álvaro Recoba](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Recoba "Álvaro Recoba")
|
#### Most goals from a free kick in a single Serie A match
[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori "Giuseppe Signori") and [Siniša Mihajlović](/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87 "Siniša Mihajlović"), 3 (in [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio") 3–1 [Atalanta](/wiki/Atalanta_B.C. "Atalanta B.C."), 10 April 1994; and Lazio 5–2 [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria "U.C. Sampdoria"), 13 December 1998, respectively){{cite news\|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/1998/dicembre/14/Record\_Mihajlovic\_mai\_gol\_punizione\_ga\_0\_9812144971\.shtml\|title\=Record Mihajlovic: mai 3 gol su punizione diretta\|trans\-title\=Mihajlovic record: never before 3 goals from direct free\-kicks\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|author1\=Lanfredo Birelli\|date\=14 December 1998\|access\-date\=26 August 2015}}
#### Most goals from a free kick in a single Serie A season
[Cristiano Lucarelli](/wiki/Cristiano_Lucarelli "Cristiano Lucarelli") ([2004–05](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Serie_A "2004–05 Serie A")), [Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero") ([2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Serie_A "2008–09 Serie A")), Francesco Lodi ([2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_A "2012–13 Serie A")), Andrea Pirlo ([2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_A "2012–13 Serie A")) (all 5\){{\#tag:ref\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \[\[2004–05 Serie A]] season onwards\|name\="2004–05\-stats"\|group\="nb"}}
#### Most different teams scored against in Serie A
[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti"), [Alberto Gilardino](/wiki/Alberto_Gilardino "Alberto Gilardino"), and [Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio "Roberto Baggio"), 38{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tgcom24\.mediaset.it/sport/gilardino\-come\-totti\-e\-baggio\-gol\-da\-record\-al\-carpi\_2157706\-201602a.shtml\|title\=Gilardino come Totti e Baggio: gol da record al Carpi\|publisher\=Mediaset\|language\=it\|date\=30 January 2016\|access\-date\=6 February 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131210710/http://www.tgcom24\.mediaset.it/sport/gilardino\-come\-totti\-e\-baggio\-gol\-da\-record\-al\-carpi\_2157706\-201602a.shtml\|archive\-date\=31 January 2016\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Fastest goal scored in Serie A
[Rafael Leão](/wiki/Rafael_Le%C3%A3o "Rafael Leão"), 6\.2 seconds (20 December 2020, in [Sassuolo](/wiki/US_Sassuolo_Calcio "US Sassuolo Calcio")–[AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan"), 1–2\){{Cite news\|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/21/football/rafael\-leao\-serie\-a\-fastest\-goal\-ac\-milan\-spt\-intl/index.html\|title\=Blink and you'll miss it \-\- Rafael Leao scores fastest goal in Serie A history\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=21 December 2020\|access\-date\=22 December 2020}}
#### Oldest goalscorer in Serie A
[Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 "Zlatan Ibrahimović"), {{age in years and days\|1981\|10\|3\|2023\|3\|18}} (18 March 2023, in Udinese–[AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan "AC Milan"), 3–1\){{cite news\|url\=https://football\-italia.net/video\-ibrahimovic\-makes\-history\-as\-oldest\-ever\-serie\-a\-scorer/\|title\=IBRAHIMOVIC MAKES HISTORY AS OLDEST EVER SERIE A SCORER\|newspaper\=football\-italia.net\|language\=\|date\=18 March 2023}}
#### Youngest goalscorer in Serie A
[Amedeo Amadei](/wiki/Amedeo_Amadei "Amedeo Amadei"), 15 years, 287 days (9 May 1937, in [Lucchese](/wiki/Lucchese_1905 "Lucchese 1905")–[Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma "AS Roma"), 5–1\){{cite web\|url\=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid\=2117246\.html\|title\=Europe's youngest top\-flight goalscorers\|publisher\=UEFA.com\|date\=26 November 2014\|access\-date\=21 May 2017}}
#### Youngest players to score 100 goals in Serie A
{{updated\|18 March 2018}}
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Age
| --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza "Giuseppe Meazza")
23 years and 32 days |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola")
23 years and 68 days |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giampiero Boniperti](/wiki/Giampiero_Boniperti "Giampiero Boniperti")
23 years and 193 days |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Felice Borel](/wiki/Felice_Borel "Felice Borel")
23 years and 307 days |
| 5 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[José Altafini](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Altafini "José Altafini")
24 years and 239 days |
| 6 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |[Mauro Icardi](/wiki/Mauro_Icardi "Mauro Icardi")
25 years and 27 days |
| 7 | {{flagicon\|URU}} |[Edinson Cavani](/wiki/Edinson_Cavani "Edinson Cavani")
25 years and 340 days |
| 8 | {{flagicon\|ARG}} |[Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori "Omar Sívori")
26 years and 90 days |
| 9 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Guglielmo Gabetto](/wiki/Guglielmo_Gabetto "Guglielmo Gabetto")
26 years and 104 days |
| 10 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Alberto Gilardino](/wiki/Alberto_Gilardino "Alberto Gilardino")
26 years and 105 days |
|
Sources:{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/icardi\-100\-inter\-captains\-serie\-a\-landmark\-opta\-numbers\|title\=Icardi 100: Inter captain's Serie A landmark in Opta numbers\|magazine\=FourFourTwo\|date\=18 March 2018\|access\-date\=18 March 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.football\-italia.net/118692/icardi\-hits\-serie\-century\|title\=Icardi hits Serie A Century\|publisher\=Football Italia\|date\=18 March 2018\|access\-date\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/icardi\-passes\-2\-century\-marks\-with\-4\-goal\-performance/2018/03/18/308400f2\-2ab2\-11e8\-8dc9\-3b51e028b845\_story.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/icardi\-passes\-2\-century\-marks\-with\-4\-goal\-performance/2018/03/18/308400f2\-2ab2\-11e8\-8dc9\-3b51e028b845\_story.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=1 April 2018\|title\=Icardi passes 2 century marks with 4\-goal performance\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|author1\=Andrew Dampf\|date\=18 March 2018\|access\-date\=18 March 2018}}{{cite web\|url\=https://en.as.com/en/2018/03/18/football/1521379260\_969326\.html\|title\=Inter's Icardi reaches 100 Serie A goals at former club Sampdoria\|publisher\=as.com\|date\=18 March 2018\|access\-date\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/inter\-star\-icardi\-exceeds\-100\-serie\-a\-goals\-with\-four/17kykzf7q79z616exkqtqwgaqa\|title\=Inter star Icardi exceeds 100 Serie A goals with four against Sampdoria\|publisher\=Goal.com\|author\=Ryan Benson\|date\=18 March 2018\|access\-date\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.goal.com/it/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId\=876148\|title\=Solo Altafini come Gilardino: bomber a 26 anni\|work\=Goal.com\|author\=Redazione La Nazione\|access\-date\=5 March 2016\|archive\-date\=2 October 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002215631/http://www.goal.com/it/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId\=876148\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.violanews.com/news.asp?idnew\=25184\|title\=Gila, numeri da urlo. Più decisivo di Altafini: alla sua età Bati era indietro\|publisher\=\[\[La Nazione]]\|author\=Giansandro Mosti\|access\-date\=5 March 2016}} {{dead link\|date\=October 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
#### Most goals in a single Serie A match
[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola") and [Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori "Omar Sívori"), 6{{cite web\|url\=http://storiedicalcio.altervista.org/blog/silvio\_piola.html\|title\=PIOLA Silvio: il sesto senso del gol\|publisher\=Storie di Calcio\|language\=it\|author1\=Lorenzo Proverbio\|date\=February 2016\|access\-date\=21 May 2017}}
#### Most braces in Serie A
[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola") and [Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl "Gunnar Nordahl"), 49{{cite news\|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2001/ottobre/20/chi\_detiene\_record\_doppiette\_serie\_sw\_0\_0110201317\.shtml\|title\=Chi detiene il record di doppiette in serie a?\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|author1\=Federico Mambelli\|date\=20 October 2001\|access\-date\=21 May 2017}}
#### Most hat\-tricks in Serie A
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl "Gunnar Nordahl"), 17{{cite web\|url\=http://www.90min.com/it/posts/4158930\-top\-10\-i\-dieci\-giocatori\-autori\-di\-piu\-triplette\-nella\-storia\-della\-serie\-a\|title\=TOP 10 \- I dieci giocatori autori di più triplette nella storia della Serie A\|publisher\=90min.com\|language\=it\|author1\=Niccolò Mariotto\|date\=23 November 2016\|access\-date\=21 May 2017\|archive\-date\=27 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727221917/https://www.90min.com/it/posts/4158930\-top\-10\-i\-dieci\-giocatori\-autori\-di\-piu\-triplette\-nella\-storia\-della\-serie\-a\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web \|url\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\-a/2019/09/02/tripletta\-serie\-a\-classifica\#27 \|title\=Serie A, quali giocatori hanno fatto tripletta più volte? La classifica \|publisher\=sport.sky.it \|language\=it \|date\=2 September 2019 \|access\-date\=12 November 2019 }}
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Hat\-tricks
| --- |
|1
{{flagicon\|SWE}} |
[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl "Gunnar Nordahl")
17
|
|2
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza "Giuseppe Meazza")
15
|
|3
{{flagicon\|SWE}} |
[Kurt Hamrin](/wiki/Kurt_Hamrin "Kurt Hamrin")
12
| {{flagicon\|HUN}} |[István Nyers](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Nyers "István Nyers")
|5
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi "Filippo Inzaghi")
10
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola")
|7
{{flagicon\|ITA}} |
[Adriano Bassetto](/wiki/Adriano_Bassetto "Adriano Bassetto")
9
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori "Giuseppe Signori")
| {{flagicon\|ARG}} |[Pedro Manfredini](/wiki/Pedro_Manfredini "Pedro Manfredini")
| {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori "Omar Sívori")
|
#### Youngest player to score a brace in Serie A
[Pietro Pellegri](/wiki/Pietro_Pellegri "Pietro Pellegri"), 16 years and 184 days (17 September 2017, in [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC "Genoa CFC")–[Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio"), 2–3\){{cite web\|url\=https://www.foxsports.it/2017/09/18/genoa\-pellegri\-doppietta\-a\-sedici\-anni\-184\-giorni/\|title\=Genoa, enfant prodige Pellegri: doppietta in A a 16 anni e 184 giorni\|publisher\=foxsports.it\|language\=it\|author1\=Luca Guerra\|date\=18 September 2017\|access\-date\=8 December 2017}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\-A/Genoa/17\-09\-2017/immobile\-pellegri\-presente\-futuro\-calcio\-italiano\-220656349308\.shtml\|title\=Pellegri, storia di un predestinato: "Non posso neanche fare il figo a scuola..."\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|author1\=Giuseppe Di Giovanni\|date\=17 September 2017\|access\-date\=28 January 2018}}
#### Oldest player to score a brace in Serie A
[Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 "Zlatan Ibrahimović"), 40 years and 48 days{{cite tweet\|number\=1462171794496966661\|user\=OptaPaolo\|title\=40 \- Zlatan Ibrahimovic has become the oldest player ever to have scored 2\+ goals in a Serie A game and the first 4…\|date\=20 November 2021}} (20 November 2021 Fiorentina 4–3 AC Milan)
#### Most braces in a single Serie A season
[Oliver Bierhoff](/wiki/Oliver_Bierhoff "Oliver Bierhoff") (10 in [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Serie_A "1997–98 Serie A"))
#### Youngest player to score a hat\-trick in Serie A
[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola"), 17 years and 132 days{{cite news\|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2011/maggio/23/SILVIO\_PIOLA\_PIU\_GIOVANE\_TRIPLETTISTA\_ga\_3\_110523002\.shtml\|title\=È SILVIO PIOLA IL PIÙ GIOVANE TRIPLETTISTA DELLA SERIE A\|trans\-title\=Silvio Piola is the youngest hat\-trick scorer of Serie A\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|date\=23 May 2011\|access\-date\=7 December 2017}}
#### Oldest player to score a hat\-trick in Serie A
[Rodrigo Palacio](/wiki/Rodrigo_Palacio "Rodrigo Palacio"), 39 years and 86 days{{cite web\|url\=https://www.football\-italia.net/170045/palacio\-has\-oldest\-serie\-hat\-trick\|title\=Palacio has oldest Serie A hat\-trick\|website\=Football Italia\|date\=2 May 2021\|access\-date\=2 May 2021}}
#### Most hat\-tricks in a single Serie A season
[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza "Giuseppe Meazza") ([1929–30](/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_Serie_A "1929–30 Serie A")), [Enrique Guaita](/wiki/Enrique_Guaita "Enrique Guaita") ([1934–35](/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_Serie_A "1934–35 Serie A")), [Valentino Mazzola](/wiki/Valentino_Mazzola "Valentino Mazzola") ([1946–47](/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Serie_A "1946–47 Serie A")), [István Nyers](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Nyers "István Nyers") ([1950–51](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Serie_A "1950–51 Serie A")), [Pedro Manfredini](/wiki/Pedro_Manfredini "Pedro Manfredini") ([1960–61](/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Serie_A "1960–61 Serie A")), and [Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori "Omar Sívori") ([1960–61](/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Serie_A "1960–61 Serie A")) (all four){{cite news \|title\=Gol, assist e non solo: i record stagionali in A \|url\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\-a/2019/07/27/serie\-a\-giocatori\-record\-campionato \|access\-date\=20 February 2024 \|work\=Sky Sport Italia \|date\=27 July 2019 \|language\=it}}
#### Youngest player to score more than three goals in a single Serie A match
[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola"), 18 years and 54 days{{cite web\|url\=http://www.modenanoi.it/non\-\-domenico\-berardi\-ma\-silvio\-piola\-il\-pokerista\-pi\-giovane\-della\-serie\-a/\|title\=Non è Domenico Berardi ma Silvio Piola il pokerista più giovane della Serie A\|trans\-title\=Domenico Berardi is not the youngest poker scorer of Serie A but Silvio Piola is\|publisher\=modenanoi.it\|language\=it\|author\=Andrea Rughetti\|date\=13 January 2014\|access\-date\=21 May 2017\|archive\-date\=5 October 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050642/http://www.modenanoi.it/non\-\-domenico\-berardi\-ma\-silvio\-piola\-il\-pokerista\-pi\-giovane\-della\-serie\-a/\|url\-status\=dead}}
#### Oldest player to score five goals in a single Serie A match
[Miroslav Klose](/wiki/Miroslav_Klose "Miroslav Klose"), 34 years and 330 days{{cite news\|url\=http://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie\-a/lazio/2013/05/05/news/lazio\_bologna\-58113010/\|title\=Lazio\-Bologna 6\-0: cinquina storica di Klose, i biancocelesti ritrovano gol e vittoria\|newspaper\=La Repubblica\|language\=it\|author1\=Giulio Cardone\|date\=5 May 2013\|access\-date\=8 December 2017}}
#### Oldest player to score their first goal in Serie A
[Angelo Mattea](/wiki/Angelo_Mattea "Angelo Mattea"), 38 years and 7 days, for [Casale](/wiki/Casale_F.B.C. "Casale F.B.C."), in a 5–1 away loss to [Ambrosiana](/wiki/Inter_Milan "Inter Milan") on 28 October 1930{{cite web \|url\=https://www.calciomercato.com/news/fiorentina\-ribery\-da\-record\-45263 \|title\=Fiorentina, Ribery da record \|publisher\=calciomercato.com \|language\=it \|date\=22 September 2019 \|access\-date\=23 September 2019 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://calcio\-seriea.net/tabellini/1930/309/ \|title\=Risultati Serie A 30\-31 \|publisher\=calcio\-seriea.net \|language\=it \|access\-date\=23 September 2019 }}
#### Most consecutive Serie A seasons with at least one goal
[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti"), 23 ([1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A "1994–95 Serie A") to [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Serie_A "2016–17 Serie A")){{cite news\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\-A/Roma/11\-09\-2016/roma\-sampdoria\-muriel\-fa\-gol\-pazzesco\-applaude\-perfino\-totti\-17016402630\.shtml\|title\=Roma\-Sampdoria, Totti in gol da 23 anni: è il suo 25° anno in A come Maldini\|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|date\=11 September 2016\|access\-date\=8 December 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=https://calcio.fanpage.it/totti\-sempre\-in\-gol\-da\-23\-anni\-perche\-dovrei\-smettere/\|title\=Totti sempre in gol da 23 anni: "Perché dovrei smettere?"\|publisher\=calcio.fanpage.it\|language\=it\|author1\=Marco Beltrami\|date\=11 September 2016\|access\-date\=8 December 2017}}
#### Oldest player to win the Serie A top scorer award
[Luca Toni](/wiki/Luca_Toni "Luca Toni") (38 years, [2014–15](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers "2014–15 Serie A#Top goalscorers")){{cite web\|url\=http://www.beinsports.tv/soccer/article/n12rkjb40q7n1ae3dy8hk8l2a/title/verona\-level\-late\-against\-juventus\-as\-luca\-toni\-ends\-season\-as\-serie\-as\-top\-marksman\|title\=Verona Level Late Against Juventus As Luca Toni Ends Season As Serie A's Top Marksman\|publisher\=Bein Sports\|date\=30 May 2015\|access\-date\=30 May 2015}}
#### Most Serie A top scorer awards
[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl "Gunnar Nordahl"), 5 ([1949–50](/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Serie_A "1949–50 Serie A"), [1950–51](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Serie_A "1950–51 Serie A"), [1952–53](/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Serie_A "1952–53 Serie A"), [1953–54](/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Serie_A "1953–54 Serie A"), [1954–55](/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Serie_A "1954–55 Serie A"))
#### Most goals in a single Serie A season
36, [Gonzalo Higuaín](/wiki/Gonzalo_Higua%C3%ADn "Gonzalo Higuaín") ([2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers "2015–16 Serie A#Top goalscorers")){{cite web\|url\=http://www.football\-italia.net/84347/higuain\-i\-am\-so\-happy\|title\=Higuain: 'I am so happy!'\|publisher\=Football Italia\|date\=14 May 2016\|access\-date\=14 May 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/723/serie\-a/2016/05/14/23529832/higuain\-makes\-serie\-a\-history\-by\-breaking\-66\-year\-old\|title\=Higuain makes Serie A history by breaking 66\-year\-old goalscoring record\|publisher\=goal.com\|first\=Chris\|last\= Davie\|date\=14 May 2016\|access\-date\=14 May 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.espnfc.us/italian\-serie\-a/12/statistics/scorers?season\=2015\|title\=Serie A Statistics 2015\-16\|publisher\=ESPN FC\|date\=14 May 2016\|access\-date\=14 May 2016}} and [Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile "Ciro Immobile") ([2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers "2019–20 Serie A#Top goalscorers")){{cite web\|url\=http://www.legaseriea.it/en/serie\-a/statistics\|title\=Serie A Statistics 2019\-20\|publisher\=Serie A\|date\=1 August 2020\|access\-date\=1 August 2020}}{{\#tag:ref\|\[\[Gino Rossetti]]'s Italian league record of 36 goals was set during the \[\[1928–29 Divisione Nazionale]] season, prior to the establishment of the Serie A in the \[\[1929–30 Serie A\|1929–30 season]].\|name\="rosetti\-record"\|group\="nb"}}
#### Most headed goals in Serie A
[Christian Vieri](/wiki/Christian_Vieri "Christian Vieri"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.espnfc.com/story/257739/inter\-milan\-squad\-profiles\|title\=Inter Milan \- Squad Profiles\|publisher\=ESPN FC\|date\=11 February 2003\|access\-date\=2 February 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2001/novembre/02/Vieri\_gol\_per\_rinascere\_Visto\_co\_0\_0111021666\.shtml\|title\=Vieri, un gol per rinascere "Visto che colpo di testa? Adesso sono affari vostri"\|publisher\=Il Corriere della Sera\|language\=it\|date\=2 November 2001\|access\-date\=22 September 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/446613\-serie\-a\-special\-7\-stars\-to\-have\-played\-for\-milaninter\-amp\-juventus\#slide3 \|title\=Serie A Special: Seven Stars Who Played For Milan, Inter and Juventus \|publisher\=bleacherreport.com \|last1\=Soldo \|first1\=Ivan \|date\=31 August 2010 \|access\-date\=13 September 2019 }}
#### Most headed goals in a single Serie A season
[Oliver Bierhoff](/wiki/Oliver_Bierhoff "Oliver Bierhoff") (15 out of 19, [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers "1998–99 Serie A#Top goalscorers")){{cite news \|url\=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/serie\-a\-pavoletti\-record\-nessuno\-come\-lui\-gol\-testa\-AE7IJqfF \|title\=Serie A: Pavoletti da record, nessuno come lui nei gol di testa \|work\=ilsole24ore.com \|language\=it \|date\=27 August 2018 \|access\-date\=13 September 2019 }}
#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored
[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta "Gabriel Batistuta") (13 consecutive Serie A games, 2 in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A "1992–93 Serie A") and 11 in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A "1994–95 Serie A") with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina "ACF Fiorentina")){{cite web \|url\=http://www.violanews.com/statistiche/quagliarella\-e\-a\-quota\-11\-e\-allora\-batistuta\-e\-a\-13\-le\-statistiche\-premiano\-ancora\-batigol/?refresh\_ce\-cp \|title\=Quagliarella è a quota 11? E allora Batistuta è a... 13! Le statistiche premiano ancora Batigol \|publisher\=Viola News \|date\=28 January 2019 \|access\-date\=29 January 2019 }}
#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored in a single season
[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta "Gabriel Batistuta") (in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A "1994–95 Serie A"), with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina "ACF Fiorentina")), [Fabio Quagliarella](/wiki/Fabio_Quagliarella "Fabio Quagliarella") (in [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Serie_A "2018–19 Serie A"), with [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria "U.C. Sampdoria")){{cite web \|url\=https://www.football\-italia.net/SerieA/match/125273 \|title\=Sampdoria 4 \- 0 Udinese \|publisher\=Football Italia \|date\=26 January 2019 \|access\-date\=28 January 2019 }}
#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored since the start of a single season
[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta "Gabriel Batistuta") (in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A "1994–95 Serie A"), with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina "ACF Fiorentina")) (11 consecutive Serie A games){{cite news \|title\=8 of the greatest ever scoring streaks – starring Batistuta, Ronaldo, Messi and Muller \|url\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/8\-greatest\-ever\-scoring\-streaks\-starring\-batistuta\-ronaldo\-messi\-and\-muller \|access\-date\=17 August 2018 \|work\=Four Four Two}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid\=2062223\.html\|title\=Longest goalscoring runs in Europe's top leagues\|last\=UEFA.com\|date\=2015\-11\-28\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-27}}
#### Most consecutive Serie A away appearances with at least one goal scored
[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori "Giuseppe Signori") (from 17 May 1992 to 28 February 1993; 1 in [1991–92](/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Serie_A "1991–92 Serie A") with [Foggia](/wiki/Foggia_Calcio "Foggia Calcio"), and 9 in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A "1992–93 Serie A") with [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio")) (10 consecutive Serie A away games with a goal){{cite news \|url\=https://www.gazzetta.it/calcio/fantanews/11\-02\-2019/cr7\-record\-juve\-9\-trasferte\-fila\-gol\-serie\-a\-mirino\-c\-messi\-3201193050934\.shtml \|title\=Juve, CR7 da record: 9 trasferte di fila con gol in Serie A. E nel mirino c'è Messi \|newspaper\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \|language\=it \|date\=11 February 2019 \|access\-date\=11 February 2019 }}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol\-internacional/2019/02/10/5c60740b468aeb377c8b45a9\.html \|title\=Así está la Bota de Oro: Cristiano Ronaldo empata con Mbappé y se sitúa a tres goles de Messi \|publisher\=marca.com \|language\=es \|date\=10 February 2019 \|access\-date\=11 February 2019 }}
#### Most consecutive Serie A away appearances with at least one goal scored in a single season
[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori "Giuseppe Signori") (in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A "1992–93 Serie A"), with [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio "SS Lazio")) (9 consecutive Serie A away games with a goal) and [Cristiano Ronaldo](/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo "Cristiano Ronaldo") (in [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Serie_A "2018–19 Serie A") and [2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A "2019–20 Serie A"), with [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC "Juventus FC"))
#### Most seasons with at least 10 goals scored in all competitions by an Italian player
[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero") (17 seasons){{cite web\|url\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Juventus/24\-04\-2011/record\-fedelissimo\-80959586614\.shtml\|title\=Record da fedelissimo, Ma Del Piero è amaro\|website\=gazzetta.it\|publisher\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\|language\=it\|date\=24 April 2011}}
#### Highest\-scoring Italian players in all competitions
The following table shows the ten Italian players that have scored the most professional goals in total throughout their career, at both club and international level (excluding youth competitions).{{cite web\|url\=http://tribunasportiva.blogspot.it/2014/08/di\-natale\-punta\-i\-300\-gol\-in\-carriera\-e.html\|title\=Di Natale punta i 300 gol in carriera: è a 293 dopo la quaterna in Coppa Italia\|website\=tribunasportiva.blogspot.it\|language\=it\|date\=26 August 2014\|access\-date\=28 April 2015}}
Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.
Players in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.
| Rank | Nat.
Player
Goals
| --- |
| 1 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola "Silvio Piola")
364{{\#tag:ref\|391 if his goals in the \[\[Divisione Nazionale]] (16\) and goals for the \[\[Italy under\-21 Serie B representative team\|Italy B team]] (11\) are also included{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tuttosport.com/calcio/serie\_a/juventus/2010/03/15\-60075/Del\+Piero\+a\+quota\+301\+gol\+in\+carriera%3A\+nel\+mirino\+c%27%C3%A8\+Inzaghi\|title\=Del Piero a quota 301 gol in carriera: nel mirino c'è Inzaghi\|publisher\=Tutto Sport\|language\=it\|date\=15 March 2010\|access\-date\=22 January 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100558/http://www.tuttosport.com/calcio/serie\_a/juventus/2010/03/15\-60075/Del\+Piero\+a\+quota\+301\+gol\+in\+carriera%3A\+nel\+mirino\+c%27%C3%A8\+Inzaghi\|archive\-date\=6 October 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}\|name\="piola\-record"\|group\="nb"}}{{\#tag:ref\|Although some sources claim that \[\[Giorgio Chinaglia]] is in fact the highest\-scoring Italian player in all competitions with 398 career goals, this claim is also disputed, as the \[\[North American Soccer League (1968–84\)\|NASL]] did not abide to certain \[\[FIFA]] regulations at the time in which Chinaglia was playing there{{cite web\|url\=http://www.askanews.it/sport/calcio\-66\-anni\-fa\-nasceva\-\-\-long\-john\-\-\-giorgio\-chinaglia\_711113713\.htm\|title\=Calcio: 66 anni fa nasceva ''Long John'', Giorgio Chinaglia\|language\=it\|date\=24 January 2013\|access\-date\=10 November 2015\|archive\-date\=13 February 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213103601/http://www.askanews.it/sport/calcio\-66\-anni\-fa\-nasceva\-\-\-long\-john\-\-\-giorgio\-chinaglia\_711113713\.htm\|url\-status\=dead}}\|name\="chinaglia\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 2 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero "Alessandro Del Piero")
346{{\#tag:ref\|362 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-17 football team\|Italy U\-17]] (1\), \[\[Italy national under\-18 football team\|U\-18]] (12\), and \[\[Italy national under\-21 football team\|U\-21]] teams (3\) are included\|name\="alex\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 3 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza "Giuseppe Meazza")
338{{\#tag:ref\|349 if his goals in the Divisione Nazionale are included\|name\="meazza\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 4 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Luca Toni](/wiki/Luca_Toni "Luca Toni")
322 |
| 5 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio "Roberto Baggio")
318{{\#tag:ref\|321 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-16 football team\|Italy U\-16]] team (3\) are included\|name\="baggio\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 6 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti "Francesco Totti")
316{{\#tag:ref\|334 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-15 football team\|Italy U\-15]] (3\), \[\[Italy national under\-16 football team\|Italy U\-16]] (2\), \[\[Italy national under\-18 football team\|U\-18]] (7\), \[\[Italy national under\-21 football team\|U\-21]] (4\), and U\-23 teams (2\) are included\|name\="totti\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 7 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi "Filippo Inzaghi")
313{{\#tag:ref\|316 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-21 football team\|Italy U\-21]] team (3\) are included\|name\="inzaghi\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 8 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Antonio Di Natale](/wiki/Antonio_Di_Natale "Antonio Di Natale")
311 |
| 9 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |*[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile "Ciro Immobile")*
304{{\#tag:ref\|313 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-21 football team\|Italy U\-21]] team (9\) are included\|name\="immobile\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
| 10 | {{flagicon\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Altobelli](/wiki/Alessandro_Altobelli "Alessandro Altobelli")
293{{\#tag:ref\|298 if his goals for the \[\[Italy national under\-21 football team\|Italy U\-21]] (2\), and U\-23 tams (3\) are included\|name\="altobelli\-record"\|group\="nb"}} |
#### Most own goals scored in Serie A history
[Franco Baresi](/wiki/Franco_Baresi "Franco Baresi") and [Riccardo Ferri](/wiki/Riccardo_Ferri "Riccardo Ferri") (8 each){{cite news \|url\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2004/gennaio/10/chi\_detiene\_record\_autoreti\_nella\_sw\_0\_040110585\.shtml \|title\=chi detiene il record di autoreti nella storia della serie a ? \|work\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \|language\=it \|date\=10 January 2004 \|access\-date\=2 September 2019 }}
|
[
"### Goalscoring",
"{{see also\\|List of Serie A players with 100 or more goals}}\n**Top 30 goalscorers, all\\-time (only Serie A regular\\-season games)**",
"*Updated as of 16 September 2024*",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.",
"| Rank | Nat. | Player",
"Years",
"Goals",
"Apps",
"Ratio",
"| --- | --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Silvio\\|Piola}}{{\\#tag:ref\\|Tally does not include 16 goals that Piola also scored from 29 appearances during the \\[\\[1945–46 Serie A\\-B\\|1945–46 Divisione Nazionale]] season\\|name\\=\"piola\\-DN\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}",
"1929–1954 | 274 | 537 | {{\\#expr: 274/537 round 2}} |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Francesco\\|Totti}}",
"1992–2017 | 250 | 619 | {{\\#expr: 250/619 round 2}} |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|SWE}} |{{sortname\\|Gunnar\\|Nordahl}}",
"1948–1958 | 225 | 291 | {{\\#expr: 225/291 round 2}} |\n|4",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n{{sortname\\|Giuseppe\\|Meazza}}",
"1929–1947 | 216 | 367 | {{\\#expr: 216/367 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|BRA}}{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|José\\|Altafini}}",
"1958–1976 | 216 | 459 | {{\\#expr: 216/459 round 2}} |\n| 6 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Antonio\\|Di Natale}}",
"2002–2016 | 209 | 445 | {{\\#expr: 209/445 round 2}} |\n| 7 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Roberto\\|Baggio}}",
"1985–2004 | 205 | 452 | {{\\#expr: 205/452 round 2}} |\n| 8 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*{{sortname\\|Ciro\\|Immobile}}*",
"2009–2024 | 201 | 350 | {{\\#expr: 201/350 round 2}} |\n| 9 | {{flagicon\\|SWE}} |{{sortname\\|Kurt\\|Hamrin}}",
"1956–1971 | 190 | 400 | {{\\#expr: 190/400 round 2}} |\n|10",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n{{sortname\\|Giuseppe\\|Signori}}",
"1991–2004 | 188 | 344 | {{\\#expr: 188/344 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Alessandro\\|Del Piero}}",
"1993–2012 | 188 | 478 | {{\\#expr: 188/478 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Alberto\\|Gilardino}}",
"1999–2017 | 188 | 514 | {{\\#expr: 188/514 round 2}} |\n| 13 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |{{sortname\\|Gabriel\\|Batistuta}}",
"1991–2003 | 184 | 318 | {{\\#expr: 184/318 round 2}} |\n| 14 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Fabio\\|Quagliarella}}",
"1999–2023 | 182 | 556 | {{\\#expr: 182/556 round 2}} |\n| 15 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Giampiero\\|Boniperti}}",
"1946–1961 | 178 | 443 | {{\\#expr: 178/443 round 2}} |\n| 16 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Amedeo\\|Amadei}}",
"1936–1956 | 174 | 423 | {{\\#expr: 174/423 round 2}} |\n| 17 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Giuseppe\\|Savoldi}}",
"1965–1982 | 168 | 405 | {{\\#expr: 168/405 round 2}} |\n| 18 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Guglielmo\\|Gabetto}}",
"1934–1949 | 167 | 322 | {{\\#expr: 167/322 round 2}} |\n| 19 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Roberto\\|Boninsegna}}",
"1965–1979 | 163 | 366 | {{\\#expr: 163/366 round 2}} |\n| 20 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Luca\\|Toni}}",
"2000–2016 | 157 | 344 | {{\\#expr: 157/344 round 2}} |\n|21",
"{{flagicon\\|SWE}} |\n{{sortname\\|Zlatan\\|Ibrahimović}}",
"2004–2023 | 156 | 283 | {{\\#expr: 156/283 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Gigi\\|Riva}}",
"1964–1976 | 156 | 289 | {{\\#expr: 156/289 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Filippo\\|Inzaghi}}",
"1995–2012 | 156 | 370 | {{\\#expr: 156/370 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Roberto\\|Mancini}}",
"1981–2000 | 156 | 541 | {{\\#expr: 156/541 round 2}} |\n|25",
"{{flagicon\\|BRA}} |\n{{sortname\\|Luís\\|Vinício}}",
"1955–1968 | 155 | 348 | {{\\#expr: 155/348 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Carlo\\|Reguzzoni}}",
"1929–1948 | 155 | 401 | {{\\#expr: 155/401 round 2}} |\n|27",
"{{flagicon\\|HUN}} |\n{{sortname\\|István\\|Nyers}}",
"1948–1956 | 153 | 236 | {{\\#expr: 153/236 round 2}} |\n| {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |{{sortname\\|Hernán\\|Crespo}}",
"1996–2012 | 153 | 340 | {{\\#expr: 153/340 round 2}} |\n| 29 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Adriano\\|Bassetto}}",
"1946–1958 | 149 | 329 | {{\\#expr: 149/329 round 2}} |\n| 30 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}}{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |{{sortname\\|Omar\\|Sívori\\|\\|Sivori, Omar}}",
"1957–1969 | 147 | 278 | {{\\#expr: 147/278 round 2}} |",
"",
"**Top five goal scorers, still active in Serie A (only Serie A regular\\-season games)**",
"*Updated as of 30 September 2024*",
"| Rank | All\\-timerank | Nat. | Player",
"Debut \nyear",
"Current \nclub",
"Goals",
"Apps",
"Ratio",
"| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 48 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |**{{sortname\\|Paulo\\|Dybala}}**",
"2012 | [Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\") | 124 | 329 | {{\\#expr: 124/329 round 2}} |\n| 2 | 51 | {{flagicon\\|COL}} |**{{sortname\\|Duván\\|Zapata}}**",
"2013 | [Torino](/wiki/Torino_FC \"Torino FC\") | 123 | 325 | {{\\#expr: 123/325 round 2}} |\n| 3 | 63 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |**{{sortname\\|Andrea\\|Belotti}}**",
"2014 | [Como](/wiki/Como_1907 \"Como 1907\") | 113 | 335 | {{\\#expr: 113/335 round 2}} |\n| 4 | 80 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |**{{sortname\\|Lautaro\\|Martínez}}**",
"2018 | [Inter Milan](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") | 105 | 211 | {{\\#expr: 105/211 round 2}} |\n| 5 | 133 | {{flagicon\\|SRB}} |**{{sortname\\|Dusan\\|Vlahovic}}**",
"2018 | [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus \"Juventus\") | 81 | 169 | {{\\#expr: 81/169 round 2}} |",
"",
"#### Most goals from a penalty kick",
"**Top five penalty kick scorers, all\\-time (only Serie A regular\\-season games)**{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie\\-a/2016/04/22/22675912/totti\\-riscrive\\-la\\-storia\\-baggio\\-superato\\-sui\\-calci\\-di\\-rigore\\|title\\=Totti riscrive la storia: Baggio superato sui calci di rigore, Higuain per media\\-goal\\|trans\\-title\\=Totti rewrites history: Baggio overtaken on penalties, Higuain in terms of goalscoring average\\|publisher\\=Goal.com\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=22 April 2016\\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blog.guerinsportivo.it/blog/2011/07/15/i\\-migliori\\-rigoristi\\-della\\-storia\\-della\\-serie\\-a?cookieAccept\\|title\\=I migliori rigoristi della storia della serie A\\|trans\\-title\\=The best penalty takers in Serie A history\\|publisher\\=Il Guerin Sportivo\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Roberto Vinciguerra\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/rankingGPenIta1\\.html\\|title\\=Ranking Goals Penalty Serie A\\|website\\=BDFutbol\\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2023}}",
"Updated 4 February 2024",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Goals",
"| --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\")",
"71 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio \"Roberto Baggio\")",
"68 |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile \"Ciro Immobile\")*",
"52 |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\")",
"50 |\n| 5 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*[Domenico Berardi](/wiki/Domenico_Berardi \"Domenico Berardi\")*",
"47 |",
"#### Most penalty kicks scored in a single Serie A season",
"[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile \"Ciro Immobile\"), 14 ([2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A \"2019–20 Serie A\")){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.mn24\\.it/calcio\\-ciro\\-immobile\\-da\\-record\\-e\\-il\\-giocatore\\-con\\-il\\-maggior\\-numero\\-di\\-rigori\\-realizzati\\-in\\-una\\-sola\\-stagione/ \\|title\\=Calcio \\- Ciro Immobile da record: è il giocatore con il maggior numero di rigori realizzati in una sola stagione \\|publisher\\=Media News 24 \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=27 July 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2020 }}",
"#### Most goals from a free kick",
"**Top ten free kick scorers, all\\-time (only Serie A regular\\-season games)**{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie\\-a/2014/03/18/4692299/sentenza\\-pirlo\\-su\\-punizione\\-solo\\-mihajlovic\\-ha\\-fatto\\-meglio\\|title\\='Sentenza' Pirlo su punizione, solo Mihajlovic ha fatto meglio in Serie A\\|trans\\-title\\=Pirlo's 'sentence' from a free\\-kick, only Mihajlovic has done better in Serie A\\|website\\=Goal.com\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=18 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\\-a/2017/12/17/bologna\\-juventus\\-risultato\\-gol.html\\|title\\=Bologna\\-Juventus 0\\-3: segnano Pjanic, Mandzukic e Matuidi: gol e highlights\\|publisher\\=Sky.it\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=17 December 2017\\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2017}}",
"Updated 17 December 2017",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Goals",
"| --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|SRB}} |[Siniša Mihajlović](/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87 \"Siniša Mihajlović\")",
"28 |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Andrea Pirlo](/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo \"Andrea Pirlo\")",
"26{{\\#tag:ref\\|According to several sources, \\[\\[Andrea Pirlo]] scored 28 goals from free kicks in Serie A, which would make him the all–time highest goalscorer from set–pieces in Serie A history, alongside \\[\\[Siniša Mihajlović]]; however, two of his claimed goals are disputed and have been recorded as own goals by two different goalkeepers according to other sources: the first by \\[\\[Sébastien Frey]] in Verona\\-\\[\\[Reggina 1914\\|Reggina]] 1–1 on 9 January 2000 (\\[\\[1999–2000 Serie A]]),{{cite news \\|url\\=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/01/10/la\\-reggina\\-viene\\-ripresa\\-da\\-adailton.html \\|title\\=La Reggina viene ripresa da Adailton \\|work\\=La Repubblica \\|language\\=it \\|last1\\=Scemma \\|first1\\=Adalberto \\|date\\=10 January 2000 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2000/gennaio/11/Roma\\_capoccia\\_con\\_Totti\\_Delvecchio\\_ga\\_0\\_0001115512\\.shtml \\|title\\=Roma capoccia con Totti Delvecchio \\|work\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=11 January 2000 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2020 }} and the second by \\[\\[Marco Silvestri]] in Juventus\\-Cagliari 3–0 on 16 May 2014 (\\[\\[2013–14 Serie A]]).{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie\\-a/2014/05/18/news/juventus\\-cagliari\\_3\\-0\\_102\\_punti\\_la\\_festa\\_bianconera\\_e\\_completa\\-86489031/ \\|title\\=Juventus\\-Cagliari 3\\-0: 102 punti, la festa bianconera è completa \\|work\\=la Repubblica \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=18 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\\-A/Juventus/18\\-05\\-2014/juventus\\-cagliari\\-3\\-0\\-gol\\-pirlo\\-llorente\\-marchisio\\-punti\\-sono\\-102\\-80699388008\\.shtml \\|title\\=Juventus\\-Cagliari 3\\-0\\. Autorete Silvestri, gol di Llorente e Marchisio. I punti sono 102 \\|work\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=16 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2020 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/27463440 \\|title\\=Juventus 3\\-0 Cagliari \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=18 May 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2020 }} According to the official regulations by Lega Serie A, a goal is considered to be an own goal when \"a player deflects a shot, cross, or pass from an opponent, which was not directed on target, into their own goal.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie\\-a/linee\\-guida\\-pdf\\|title\\=Linee guida per l'assegnazione dei gol dubbi\\|publisher\\=Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=7 July 2020}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} See also \\[\\[:it:Statistiche della Serie A\\#Calci piazzati]].\\|name\\=\"PirloError\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\")",
"22 |\n|4",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\")",
"21",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio \"Roberto Baggio\")",
"| 6 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Gianfranco Zola](/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola \"Gianfranco Zola\")",
"20 |\n| 7 | {{flagicon\\|BIH}} |*[Miralem Pjanić](/wiki/Miralem_Pjani%C4%87 \"Miralem Pjanić\")*",
"15 |\n| 8 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |[Diego Maradona](/wiki/Diego_Maradona \"Diego Maradona\")",
"14 |\n|9",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Enrico Chiesa](/wiki/Enrico_Chiesa \"Enrico Chiesa\")",
"13",
"| {{flagicon\\|FRA}} |[Michel Platini](/wiki/Michel_Platini \"Michel Platini\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|URU}} |[Álvaro Recoba](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Recoba \"Álvaro Recoba\")",
"|",
"#### Most goals from a free kick in a single Serie A match",
"[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori \"Giuseppe Signori\") and [Siniša Mihajlović](/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87 \"Siniša Mihajlović\"), 3 (in [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\") 3–1 [Atalanta](/wiki/Atalanta_B.C. \"Atalanta B.C.\"), 10 April 1994; and Lazio 5–2 [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria \"U.C. Sampdoria\"), 13 December 1998, respectively){{cite news\\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/1998/dicembre/14/Record\\_Mihajlovic\\_mai\\_gol\\_punizione\\_ga\\_0\\_9812144971\\.shtml\\|title\\=Record Mihajlovic: mai 3 gol su punizione diretta\\|trans\\-title\\=Mihajlovic record: never before 3 goals from direct free\\-kicks\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Lanfredo Birelli\\|date\\=14 December 1998\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2015}}",
"#### Most goals from a free kick in a single Serie A season",
"[Cristiano Lucarelli](/wiki/Cristiano_Lucarelli \"Cristiano Lucarelli\") ([2004–05](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Serie_A \"2004–05 Serie A\")), [Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\") ([2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Serie_A \"2008–09 Serie A\")), Francesco Lodi ([2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_A \"2012–13 Serie A\")), Andrea Pirlo ([2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_A \"2012–13 Serie A\")) (all 5\\){{\\#tag:ref\\|Note: statistical data only began to be collected from the \\[\\[2004–05 Serie A]] season onwards\\|name\\=\"2004–05\\-stats\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}",
"#### Most different teams scored against in Serie A",
"[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\"), [Alberto Gilardino](/wiki/Alberto_Gilardino \"Alberto Gilardino\"), and [Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio \"Roberto Baggio\"), 38{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tgcom24\\.mediaset.it/sport/gilardino\\-come\\-totti\\-e\\-baggio\\-gol\\-da\\-record\\-al\\-carpi\\_2157706\\-201602a.shtml\\|title\\=Gilardino come Totti e Baggio: gol da record al Carpi\\|publisher\\=Mediaset\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=30 January 2016\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131210710/http://www.tgcom24\\.mediaset.it/sport/gilardino\\-come\\-totti\\-e\\-baggio\\-gol\\-da\\-record\\-al\\-carpi\\_2157706\\-201602a.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=31 January 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Fastest goal scored in Serie A",
"[Rafael Leão](/wiki/Rafael_Le%C3%A3o \"Rafael Leão\"), 6\\.2 seconds (20 December 2020, in [Sassuolo](/wiki/US_Sassuolo_Calcio \"US Sassuolo Calcio\")–[AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\"), 1–2\\){{Cite news\\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/21/football/rafael\\-leao\\-serie\\-a\\-fastest\\-goal\\-ac\\-milan\\-spt\\-intl/index.html\\|title\\=Blink and you'll miss it \\-\\- Rafael Leao scores fastest goal in Serie A history\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=21 December 2020\\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2020}}",
"#### Oldest goalscorer in Serie A",
"[Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 \"Zlatan Ibrahimović\"), {{age in years and days\\|1981\\|10\\|3\\|2023\\|3\\|18}} (18 March 2023, in Udinese–[AC Milan](/wiki/AC_Milan \"AC Milan\"), 3–1\\){{cite news\\|url\\=https://football\\-italia.net/video\\-ibrahimovic\\-makes\\-history\\-as\\-oldest\\-ever\\-serie\\-a\\-scorer/\\|title\\=IBRAHIMOVIC MAKES HISTORY AS OLDEST EVER SERIE A SCORER\\|newspaper\\=football\\-italia.net\\|language\\=\\|date\\=18 March 2023}}",
"#### Youngest goalscorer in Serie A",
"[Amedeo Amadei](/wiki/Amedeo_Amadei \"Amedeo Amadei\"), 15 years, 287 days (9 May 1937, in [Lucchese](/wiki/Lucchese_1905 \"Lucchese 1905\")–[Roma](/wiki/AS_Roma \"AS Roma\"), 5–1\\){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid\\=2117246\\.html\\|title\\=Europe's youngest top\\-flight goalscorers\\|publisher\\=UEFA.com\\|date\\=26 November 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2017}}",
"#### Youngest players to score 100 goals in Serie A",
"{{updated\\|18 March 2018}}",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Age",
"| --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza \"Giuseppe Meazza\")",
"23 years and 32 days |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\")",
"23 years and 68 days |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giampiero Boniperti](/wiki/Giampiero_Boniperti \"Giampiero Boniperti\")",
"23 years and 193 days |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Felice Borel](/wiki/Felice_Borel \"Felice Borel\")",
"23 years and 307 days |\n| 5 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[José Altafini](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Altafini \"José Altafini\")",
"24 years and 239 days |\n| 6 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |[Mauro Icardi](/wiki/Mauro_Icardi \"Mauro Icardi\")",
"25 years and 27 days |\n| 7 | {{flagicon\\|URU}} |[Edinson Cavani](/wiki/Edinson_Cavani \"Edinson Cavani\")",
"25 years and 340 days |\n| 8 | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |[Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori \"Omar Sívori\")",
"26 years and 90 days |\n| 9 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Guglielmo Gabetto](/wiki/Guglielmo_Gabetto \"Guglielmo Gabetto\")",
"26 years and 104 days |\n| 10 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Alberto Gilardino](/wiki/Alberto_Gilardino \"Alberto Gilardino\")",
"26 years and 105 days |\n|",
"Sources:{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/icardi\\-100\\-inter\\-captains\\-serie\\-a\\-landmark\\-opta\\-numbers\\|title\\=Icardi 100: Inter captain's Serie A landmark in Opta numbers\\|magazine\\=FourFourTwo\\|date\\=18 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.football\\-italia.net/118692/icardi\\-hits\\-serie\\-century\\|title\\=Icardi hits Serie A Century\\|publisher\\=Football Italia\\|date\\=18 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/icardi\\-passes\\-2\\-century\\-marks\\-with\\-4\\-goal\\-performance/2018/03/18/308400f2\\-2ab2\\-11e8\\-8dc9\\-3b51e028b845\\_story.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/icardi\\-passes\\-2\\-century\\-marks\\-with\\-4\\-goal\\-performance/2018/03/18/308400f2\\-2ab2\\-11e8\\-8dc9\\-3b51e028b845\\_story.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=1 April 2018\\|title\\=Icardi passes 2 century marks with 4\\-goal performance\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|author1\\=Andrew Dampf\\|date\\=18 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://en.as.com/en/2018/03/18/football/1521379260\\_969326\\.html\\|title\\=Inter's Icardi reaches 100 Serie A goals at former club Sampdoria\\|publisher\\=as.com\\|date\\=18 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/inter\\-star\\-icardi\\-exceeds\\-100\\-serie\\-a\\-goals\\-with\\-four/17kykzf7q79z616exkqtqwgaqa\\|title\\=Inter star Icardi exceeds 100 Serie A goals with four against Sampdoria\\|publisher\\=Goal.com\\|author\\=Ryan Benson\\|date\\=18 March 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2018}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/it/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId\\=876148\\|title\\=Solo Altafini come Gilardino: bomber a 26 anni\\|work\\=Goal.com\\|author\\=Redazione La Nazione\\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=2 October 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002215631/http://www.goal.com/it/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId\\=876148\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.violanews.com/news.asp?idnew\\=25184\\|title\\=Gila, numeri da urlo. Più decisivo di Altafini: alla sua età Bati era indietro\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[La Nazione]]\\|author\\=Giansandro Mosti\\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2016}} {{dead link\\|date\\=October 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"#### Most goals in a single Serie A match",
"[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\") and [Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori \"Omar Sívori\"), 6{{cite web\\|url\\=http://storiedicalcio.altervista.org/blog/silvio\\_piola.html\\|title\\=PIOLA Silvio: il sesto senso del gol\\|publisher\\=Storie di Calcio\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Lorenzo Proverbio\\|date\\=February 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2017}}",
"#### Most braces in Serie A",
"[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\") and [Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl \"Gunnar Nordahl\"), 49{{cite news\\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2001/ottobre/20/chi\\_detiene\\_record\\_doppiette\\_serie\\_sw\\_0\\_0110201317\\.shtml\\|title\\=Chi detiene il record di doppiette in serie a?\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Federico Mambelli\\|date\\=20 October 2001\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2017}}",
"#### Most hat\\-tricks in Serie A",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.",
"[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl \"Gunnar Nordahl\"), 17{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.90min.com/it/posts/4158930\\-top\\-10\\-i\\-dieci\\-giocatori\\-autori\\-di\\-piu\\-triplette\\-nella\\-storia\\-della\\-serie\\-a\\|title\\=TOP 10 \\- I dieci giocatori autori di più triplette nella storia della Serie A\\|publisher\\=90min.com\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Niccolò Mariotto\\|date\\=23 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=27 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727221917/https://www.90min.com/it/posts/4158930\\-top\\-10\\-i\\-dieci\\-giocatori\\-autori\\-di\\-piu\\-triplette\\-nella\\-storia\\-della\\-serie\\-a\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\\-a/2019/09/02/tripletta\\-serie\\-a\\-classifica\\#27 \\|title\\=Serie A, quali giocatori hanno fatto tripletta più volte? La classifica \\|publisher\\=sport.sky.it \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=2 September 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2019 }}",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Hat\\-tricks",
"| --- |\n|1",
"{{flagicon\\|SWE}} |\n[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl \"Gunnar Nordahl\")",
"17",
"|\n|2",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza \"Giuseppe Meazza\")",
"15",
"|\n|3",
"{{flagicon\\|SWE}} |\n[Kurt Hamrin](/wiki/Kurt_Hamrin \"Kurt Hamrin\")",
"12",
"| {{flagicon\\|HUN}} |[István Nyers](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Nyers \"István Nyers\")",
"|5",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi \"Filippo Inzaghi\")",
"10",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\")",
"|7",
"{{flagicon\\|ITA}} |\n[Adriano Bassetto](/wiki/Adriano_Bassetto \"Adriano Bassetto\")",
"9",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori \"Giuseppe Signori\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|ARG}} |[Pedro Manfredini](/wiki/Pedro_Manfredini \"Pedro Manfredini\")",
"| {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori \"Omar Sívori\")",
"|",
"#### Youngest player to score a brace in Serie A",
"[Pietro Pellegri](/wiki/Pietro_Pellegri \"Pietro Pellegri\"), 16 years and 184 days (17 September 2017, in [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa_CFC \"Genoa CFC\")–[Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\"), 2–3\\){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.foxsports.it/2017/09/18/genoa\\-pellegri\\-doppietta\\-a\\-sedici\\-anni\\-184\\-giorni/\\|title\\=Genoa, enfant prodige Pellegri: doppietta in A a 16 anni e 184 giorni\\|publisher\\=foxsports.it\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Luca Guerra\\|date\\=18 September 2017\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2017}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\\-A/Genoa/17\\-09\\-2017/immobile\\-pellegri\\-presente\\-futuro\\-calcio\\-italiano\\-220656349308\\.shtml\\|title\\=Pellegri, storia di un predestinato: \"Non posso neanche fare il figo a scuola...\"\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Giuseppe Di Giovanni\\|date\\=17 September 2017\\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2018}}",
"#### Oldest player to score a brace in Serie A",
"[Zlatan Ibrahimović](/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87 \"Zlatan Ibrahimović\"), 40 years and 48 days{{cite tweet\\|number\\=1462171794496966661\\|user\\=OptaPaolo\\|title\\=40 \\- Zlatan Ibrahimovic has become the oldest player ever to have scored 2\\+ goals in a Serie A game and the first 4…\\|date\\=20 November 2021}} (20 November 2021 Fiorentina 4–3 AC Milan)",
"#### Most braces in a single Serie A season",
"[Oliver Bierhoff](/wiki/Oliver_Bierhoff \"Oliver Bierhoff\") (10 in [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Serie_A \"1997–98 Serie A\"))",
"#### Youngest player to score a hat\\-trick in Serie A",
"[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\"), 17 years and 132 days{{cite news\\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2011/maggio/23/SILVIO\\_PIOLA\\_PIU\\_GIOVANE\\_TRIPLETTISTA\\_ga\\_3\\_110523002\\.shtml\\|title\\=È SILVIO PIOLA IL PIÙ GIOVANE TRIPLETTISTA DELLA SERIE A\\|trans\\-title\\=Silvio Piola is the youngest hat\\-trick scorer of Serie A\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=23 May 2011\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2017}}",
"#### Oldest player to score a hat\\-trick in Serie A",
"[Rodrigo Palacio](/wiki/Rodrigo_Palacio \"Rodrigo Palacio\"), 39 years and 86 days{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.football\\-italia.net/170045/palacio\\-has\\-oldest\\-serie\\-hat\\-trick\\|title\\=Palacio has oldest Serie A hat\\-trick\\|website\\=Football Italia\\|date\\=2 May 2021\\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2021}}",
"#### Most hat\\-tricks in a single Serie A season",
"[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza \"Giuseppe Meazza\") ([1929–30](/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_Serie_A \"1929–30 Serie A\")), [Enrique Guaita](/wiki/Enrique_Guaita \"Enrique Guaita\") ([1934–35](/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_Serie_A \"1934–35 Serie A\")), [Valentino Mazzola](/wiki/Valentino_Mazzola \"Valentino Mazzola\") ([1946–47](/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Serie_A \"1946–47 Serie A\")), [István Nyers](/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Nyers \"István Nyers\") ([1950–51](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Serie_A \"1950–51 Serie A\")), [Pedro Manfredini](/wiki/Pedro_Manfredini \"Pedro Manfredini\") ([1960–61](/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Serie_A \"1960–61 Serie A\")), and [Omar Sívori](/wiki/Omar_S%C3%ADvori \"Omar Sívori\") ([1960–61](/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Serie_A \"1960–61 Serie A\")) (all four){{cite news \\|title\\=Gol, assist e non solo: i record stagionali in A \\|url\\=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie\\-a/2019/07/27/serie\\-a\\-giocatori\\-record\\-campionato \\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2024 \\|work\\=Sky Sport Italia \\|date\\=27 July 2019 \\|language\\=it}}",
"#### Youngest player to score more than three goals in a single Serie A match",
"[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\"), 18 years and 54 days{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.modenanoi.it/non\\-\\-domenico\\-berardi\\-ma\\-silvio\\-piola\\-il\\-pokerista\\-pi\\-giovane\\-della\\-serie\\-a/\\|title\\=Non è Domenico Berardi ma Silvio Piola il pokerista più giovane della Serie A\\|trans\\-title\\=Domenico Berardi is not the youngest poker scorer of Serie A but Silvio Piola is\\|publisher\\=modenanoi.it\\|language\\=it\\|author\\=Andrea Rughetti\\|date\\=13 January 2014\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050642/http://www.modenanoi.it/non\\-\\-domenico\\-berardi\\-ma\\-silvio\\-piola\\-il\\-pokerista\\-pi\\-giovane\\-della\\-serie\\-a/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"#### Oldest player to score five goals in a single Serie A match",
"[Miroslav Klose](/wiki/Miroslav_Klose \"Miroslav Klose\"), 34 years and 330 days{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie\\-a/lazio/2013/05/05/news/lazio\\_bologna\\-58113010/\\|title\\=Lazio\\-Bologna 6\\-0: cinquina storica di Klose, i biancocelesti ritrovano gol e vittoria\\|newspaper\\=La Repubblica\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Giulio Cardone\\|date\\=5 May 2013\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2017}}",
"#### Oldest player to score their first goal in Serie A",
"[Angelo Mattea](/wiki/Angelo_Mattea \"Angelo Mattea\"), 38 years and 7 days, for [Casale](/wiki/Casale_F.B.C. \"Casale F.B.C.\"), in a 5–1 away loss to [Ambrosiana](/wiki/Inter_Milan \"Inter Milan\") on 28 October 1930{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.calciomercato.com/news/fiorentina\\-ribery\\-da\\-record\\-45263 \\|title\\=Fiorentina, Ribery da record \\|publisher\\=calciomercato.com \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=22 September 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2019 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://calcio\\-seriea.net/tabellini/1930/309/ \\|title\\=Risultati Serie A 30\\-31 \\|publisher\\=calcio\\-seriea.net \\|language\\=it \\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2019 }}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A seasons with at least one goal",
"[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\"), 23 ([1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A \"1994–95 Serie A\") to [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Serie_A \"2016–17 Serie A\")){{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie\\-A/Roma/11\\-09\\-2016/roma\\-sampdoria\\-muriel\\-fa\\-gol\\-pazzesco\\-applaude\\-perfino\\-totti\\-17016402630\\.shtml\\|title\\=Roma\\-Sampdoria, Totti in gol da 23 anni: è il suo 25° anno in A come Maldini\\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=11 September 2016\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://calcio.fanpage.it/totti\\-sempre\\-in\\-gol\\-da\\-23\\-anni\\-perche\\-dovrei\\-smettere/\\|title\\=Totti sempre in gol da 23 anni: \"Perché dovrei smettere?\"\\|publisher\\=calcio.fanpage.it\\|language\\=it\\|author1\\=Marco Beltrami\\|date\\=11 September 2016\\|access\\-date\\=8 December 2017}}",
"#### Oldest player to win the Serie A top scorer award",
"[Luca Toni](/wiki/Luca_Toni \"Luca Toni\") (38 years, [2014–15](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers \"2014–15 Serie A#Top goalscorers\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.beinsports.tv/soccer/article/n12rkjb40q7n1ae3dy8hk8l2a/title/verona\\-level\\-late\\-against\\-juventus\\-as\\-luca\\-toni\\-ends\\-season\\-as\\-serie\\-as\\-top\\-marksman\\|title\\=Verona Level Late Against Juventus As Luca Toni Ends Season As Serie A's Top Marksman\\|publisher\\=Bein Sports\\|date\\=30 May 2015\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2015}}",
"#### Most Serie A top scorer awards",
"[Gunnar Nordahl](/wiki/Gunnar_Nordahl \"Gunnar Nordahl\"), 5 ([1949–50](/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Serie_A \"1949–50 Serie A\"), [1950–51](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Serie_A \"1950–51 Serie A\"), [1952–53](/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Serie_A \"1952–53 Serie A\"), [1953–54](/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Serie_A \"1953–54 Serie A\"), [1954–55](/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Serie_A \"1954–55 Serie A\"))",
"#### Most goals in a single Serie A season",
"36, [Gonzalo Higuaín](/wiki/Gonzalo_Higua%C3%ADn \"Gonzalo Higuaín\") ([2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers \"2015–16 Serie A#Top goalscorers\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.football\\-italia.net/84347/higuain\\-i\\-am\\-so\\-happy\\|title\\=Higuain: 'I am so happy!'\\|publisher\\=Football Italia\\|date\\=14 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.goal.com/en/news/723/serie\\-a/2016/05/14/23529832/higuain\\-makes\\-serie\\-a\\-history\\-by\\-breaking\\-66\\-year\\-old\\|title\\=Higuain makes Serie A history by breaking 66\\-year\\-old goalscoring record\\|publisher\\=goal.com\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\= Davie\\|date\\=14 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espnfc.us/italian\\-serie\\-a/12/statistics/scorers?season\\=2015\\|title\\=Serie A Statistics 2015\\-16\\|publisher\\=ESPN FC\\|date\\=14 May 2016\\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2016}} and [Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile \"Ciro Immobile\") ([2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers \"2019–20 Serie A#Top goalscorers\")){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.legaseriea.it/en/serie\\-a/statistics\\|title\\=Serie A Statistics 2019\\-20\\|publisher\\=Serie A\\|date\\=1 August 2020\\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2020}}{{\\#tag:ref\\|\\[\\[Gino Rossetti]]'s Italian league record of 36 goals was set during the \\[\\[1928–29 Divisione Nazionale]] season, prior to the establishment of the Serie A in the \\[\\[1929–30 Serie A\\|1929–30 season]].\\|name\\=\"rosetti\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}",
"#### Most headed goals in Serie A",
"[Christian Vieri](/wiki/Christian_Vieri \"Christian Vieri\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espnfc.com/story/257739/inter\\-milan\\-squad\\-profiles\\|title\\=Inter Milan \\- Squad Profiles\\|publisher\\=ESPN FC\\|date\\=11 February 2003\\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2001/novembre/02/Vieri\\_gol\\_per\\_rinascere\\_Visto\\_co\\_0\\_0111021666\\.shtml\\|title\\=Vieri, un gol per rinascere \"Visto che colpo di testa? Adesso sono affari vostri\"\\|publisher\\=Il Corriere della Sera\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=2 November 2001\\|access\\-date\\=22 September 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/446613\\-serie\\-a\\-special\\-7\\-stars\\-to\\-have\\-played\\-for\\-milaninter\\-amp\\-juventus\\#slide3 \\|title\\=Serie A Special: Seven Stars Who Played For Milan, Inter and Juventus \\|publisher\\=bleacherreport.com \\|last1\\=Soldo \\|first1\\=Ivan \\|date\\=31 August 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2019 }}",
"#### Most headed goals in a single Serie A season",
"[Oliver Bierhoff](/wiki/Oliver_Bierhoff \"Oliver Bierhoff\") (15 out of 19, [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Serie_A%23Top_goalscorers \"1998–99 Serie A#Top goalscorers\")){{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/serie\\-a\\-pavoletti\\-record\\-nessuno\\-come\\-lui\\-gol\\-testa\\-AE7IJqfF \\|title\\=Serie A: Pavoletti da record, nessuno come lui nei gol di testa \\|work\\=ilsole24ore.com \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=27 August 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2019 }}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored",
"[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta \"Gabriel Batistuta\") (13 consecutive Serie A games, 2 in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A \"1992–93 Serie A\") and 11 in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A \"1994–95 Serie A\") with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina \"ACF Fiorentina\")){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.violanews.com/statistiche/quagliarella\\-e\\-a\\-quota\\-11\\-e\\-allora\\-batistuta\\-e\\-a\\-13\\-le\\-statistiche\\-premiano\\-ancora\\-batigol/?refresh\\_ce\\-cp \\|title\\=Quagliarella è a quota 11? E allora Batistuta è a... 13! Le statistiche premiano ancora Batigol \\|publisher\\=Viola News \\|date\\=28 January 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2019 }}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored in a single season",
"[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta \"Gabriel Batistuta\") (in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A \"1994–95 Serie A\"), with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina \"ACF Fiorentina\")), [Fabio Quagliarella](/wiki/Fabio_Quagliarella \"Fabio Quagliarella\") (in [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Serie_A \"2018–19 Serie A\"), with [Sampdoria](/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria \"U.C. Sampdoria\")){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.football\\-italia.net/SerieA/match/125273 \\|title\\=Sampdoria 4 \\- 0 Udinese \\|publisher\\=Football Italia \\|date\\=26 January 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2019 }}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored since the start of a single season",
"[Gabriel Batistuta](/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta \"Gabriel Batistuta\") (in [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A \"1994–95 Serie A\"), with [Fiorentina](/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina \"ACF Fiorentina\")) (11 consecutive Serie A games){{cite news \\|title\\=8 of the greatest ever scoring streaks – starring Batistuta, Ronaldo, Messi and Muller \\|url\\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/8\\-greatest\\-ever\\-scoring\\-streaks\\-starring\\-batistuta\\-ronaldo\\-messi\\-and\\-muller \\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2018 \\|work\\=Four Four Two}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid\\=2062223\\.html\\|title\\=Longest goalscoring runs in Europe's top leagues\\|last\\=UEFA.com\\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-27}}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A away appearances with at least one goal scored",
"[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori \"Giuseppe Signori\") (from 17 May 1992 to 28 February 1993; 1 in [1991–92](/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Serie_A \"1991–92 Serie A\") with [Foggia](/wiki/Foggia_Calcio \"Foggia Calcio\"), and 9 in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A \"1992–93 Serie A\") with [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\")) (10 consecutive Serie A away games with a goal){{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.gazzetta.it/calcio/fantanews/11\\-02\\-2019/cr7\\-record\\-juve\\-9\\-trasferte\\-fila\\-gol\\-serie\\-a\\-mirino\\-c\\-messi\\-3201193050934\\.shtml \\|title\\=Juve, CR7 da record: 9 trasferte di fila con gol in Serie A. E nel mirino c'è Messi \\|newspaper\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=11 February 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2019 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol\\-internacional/2019/02/10/5c60740b468aeb377c8b45a9\\.html \\|title\\=Así está la Bota de Oro: Cristiano Ronaldo empata con Mbappé y se sitúa a tres goles de Messi \\|publisher\\=marca.com \\|language\\=es \\|date\\=10 February 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=11 February 2019 }}",
"#### Most consecutive Serie A away appearances with at least one goal scored in a single season",
"[Giuseppe Signori](/wiki/Giuseppe_Signori \"Giuseppe Signori\") (in [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Serie_A \"1992–93 Serie A\"), with [Lazio](/wiki/SS_Lazio \"SS Lazio\")) (9 consecutive Serie A away games with a goal) and [Cristiano Ronaldo](/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo \"Cristiano Ronaldo\") (in [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Serie_A \"2018–19 Serie A\") and [2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_A \"2019–20 Serie A\"), with [Juventus](/wiki/Juventus_FC \"Juventus FC\"))",
"#### Most seasons with at least 10 goals scored in all competitions by an Italian player",
"[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\") (17 seasons){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Juventus/24\\-04\\-2011/record\\-fedelissimo\\-80959586614\\.shtml\\|title\\=Record da fedelissimo, Ma Del Piero è amaro\\|website\\=gazzetta.it\\|publisher\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=24 April 2011}}",
"#### Highest\\-scoring Italian players in all competitions",
"The following table shows the ten Italian players that have scored the most professional goals in total throughout their career, at both club and international level (excluding youth competitions).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tribunasportiva.blogspot.it/2014/08/di\\-natale\\-punta\\-i\\-300\\-gol\\-in\\-carriera\\-e.html\\|title\\=Di Natale punta i 300 gol in carriera: è a 293 dopo la quaterna in Coppa Italia\\|website\\=tribunasportiva.blogspot.it\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=26 August 2014\\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2015}}",
"Players in **bold** are still active in Serie A.\nPlayers in *italics* are still active outside of Serie A.",
"",
"| Rank | Nat.",
"Player",
"Goals",
"| --- |\n| 1 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Silvio Piola](/wiki/Silvio_Piola \"Silvio Piola\")",
"364{{\\#tag:ref\\|391 if his goals in the \\[\\[Divisione Nazionale]] (16\\) and goals for the \\[\\[Italy under\\-21 Serie B representative team\\|Italy B team]] (11\\) are also included{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tuttosport.com/calcio/serie\\_a/juventus/2010/03/15\\-60075/Del\\+Piero\\+a\\+quota\\+301\\+gol\\+in\\+carriera%3A\\+nel\\+mirino\\+c%27%C3%A8\\+Inzaghi\\|title\\=Del Piero a quota 301 gol in carriera: nel mirino c'è Inzaghi\\|publisher\\=Tutto Sport\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=15 March 2010\\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100558/http://www.tuttosport.com/calcio/serie\\_a/juventus/2010/03/15\\-60075/Del\\+Piero\\+a\\+quota\\+301\\+gol\\+in\\+carriera%3A\\+nel\\+mirino\\+c%27%C3%A8\\+Inzaghi\\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\\|name\\=\"piola\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}}{{\\#tag:ref\\|Although some sources claim that \\[\\[Giorgio Chinaglia]] is in fact the highest\\-scoring Italian player in all competitions with 398 career goals, this claim is also disputed, as the \\[\\[North American Soccer League (1968–84\\)\\|NASL]] did not abide to certain \\[\\[FIFA]] regulations at the time in which Chinaglia was playing there{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.askanews.it/sport/calcio\\-66\\-anni\\-fa\\-nasceva\\-\\-\\-long\\-john\\-\\-\\-giorgio\\-chinaglia\\_711113713\\.htm\\|title\\=Calcio: 66 anni fa nasceva ''Long John'', Giorgio Chinaglia\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=24 January 2013\\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=13 February 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213103601/http://www.askanews.it/sport/calcio\\-66\\-anni\\-fa\\-nasceva\\-\\-\\-long\\-john\\-\\-\\-giorgio\\-chinaglia\\_711113713\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\\|name\\=\"chinaglia\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 2 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Del Piero](/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero \"Alessandro Del Piero\")",
"346{{\\#tag:ref\\|362 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-17 football team\\|Italy U\\-17]] (1\\), \\[\\[Italy national under\\-18 football team\\|U\\-18]] (12\\), and \\[\\[Italy national under\\-21 football team\\|U\\-21]] teams (3\\) are included\\|name\\=\"alex\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 3 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Giuseppe Meazza](/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza \"Giuseppe Meazza\")",
"338{{\\#tag:ref\\|349 if his goals in the Divisione Nazionale are included\\|name\\=\"meazza\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 4 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Luca Toni](/wiki/Luca_Toni \"Luca Toni\")",
"322 |\n| 5 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Roberto Baggio](/wiki/Roberto_Baggio \"Roberto Baggio\")",
"318{{\\#tag:ref\\|321 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-16 football team\\|Italy U\\-16]] team (3\\) are included\\|name\\=\"baggio\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 6 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Francesco Totti](/wiki/Francesco_Totti \"Francesco Totti\")",
"316{{\\#tag:ref\\|334 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-15 football team\\|Italy U\\-15]] (3\\), \\[\\[Italy national under\\-16 football team\\|Italy U\\-16]] (2\\), \\[\\[Italy national under\\-18 football team\\|U\\-18]] (7\\), \\[\\[Italy national under\\-21 football team\\|U\\-21]] (4\\), and U\\-23 teams (2\\) are included\\|name\\=\"totti\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 7 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Filippo Inzaghi](/wiki/Filippo_Inzaghi \"Filippo Inzaghi\")",
"313{{\\#tag:ref\\|316 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-21 football team\\|Italy U\\-21]] team (3\\) are included\\|name\\=\"inzaghi\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 8 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Antonio Di Natale](/wiki/Antonio_Di_Natale \"Antonio Di Natale\")",
"311 |\n| 9 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |*[Ciro Immobile](/wiki/Ciro_Immobile \"Ciro Immobile\")*",
"304{{\\#tag:ref\\|313 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-21 football team\\|Italy U\\-21]] team (9\\) are included\\|name\\=\"immobile\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |\n| 10 | {{flagicon\\|ITA}} |[Alessandro Altobelli](/wiki/Alessandro_Altobelli \"Alessandro Altobelli\")",
"293{{\\#tag:ref\\|298 if his goals for the \\[\\[Italy national under\\-21 football team\\|Italy U\\-21]] (2\\), and U\\-23 tams (3\\) are included\\|name\\=\"altobelli\\-record\"\\|group\\=\"nb\"}} |",
"#### Most own goals scored in Serie A history",
"[Franco Baresi](/wiki/Franco_Baresi \"Franco Baresi\") and [Riccardo Ferri](/wiki/Riccardo_Ferri \"Riccardo Ferri\") (8 each){{cite news \\|url\\=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2004/gennaio/10/chi\\_detiene\\_record\\_autoreti\\_nella\\_sw\\_0\\_040110585\\.shtml \\|title\\=chi detiene il record di autoreti nella storia della serie a ? \\|work\\=La Gazzetta dello Sport \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=10 January 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2019 }}",
""
] |
Career
------
Sheh graduated in 1994 from the [International Hotel Management Institute Switzerland](/wiki/International_Hotel_Management_Institute_Switzerland "International Hotel Management Institute Switzerland") in [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"), with a diploma in hotel management.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.wenxuecity.com/news/2011/02/17/1282371\.html\|title\=佘诗曼要嫁豪门了，看她的成名路其实挺不易的\|date\=2011\-02\-17}} In October 1997, she signed with Hong Kong television network [TVB](/wiki/Television_Broadcasts_Limited "Television Broadcasts Limited") after emerging as second runner\-up in the 1997 [Miss Hong Kong Pageant](/wiki/Miss_Hong_Kong_Pageant "Miss Hong Kong Pageant"). The early stage of her career was often characterised by her coy, squeaky voice and criticisms of her acting skills. However, Sheh overcame these shortcomings and made her breakthrough in *[Return of the Cuckoo](/wiki/Return_of_the_Cuckoo "Return of the Cuckoo")* in 2000, co\-starring with [Nancy Sit](/wiki/Nancy_Sit "Nancy Sit"), [Julian Cheung](/wiki/Julian_Cheung "Julian Cheung") and [Steven Ma](/wiki/Steven_Ma "Steven Ma").{{Cite web \|url\=http://ent.sina.com.cn/r/m/2007\-12\-25/17021850272\.shtml \|title\=评论：香港无线电视台经历40年风雨被观众嫌老\_影音娱乐\_新浪网 \|access\-date\=8 January 2008 \|archive\-date\=29 December 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229073427/http://ent.sina.com.cn/r/m/2007\-12\-25/17021850272\.shtml \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.tvb.com/affairs/faq/anreport/2000/eng/F105\.pdf\|title\=Corporate Information – Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB)\|access\-date\=9 January 2008\|archive\-date\=13 October 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013090514/http://www.tvb.com/affairs/faq/anreport/2000/eng/F105\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}}
In 2006, Sheh became the first TVB actress to win two major awards at the same [TVB Anniversary Awards](/wiki/TVB_Anniversary_Awards "TVB Anniversary Awards") ceremony, clinching the Best Actress Award and My Favourite Female TV Character for her performance in *[Maidens' Vow](/wiki/Maidens%27_Vow "Maidens' Vow")*.{{Cite web \|url\=http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2006\-11\-12/10001324460\.html \|title\=TVB台庆颁奖揭晓\_影音娱乐\_新浪网 \|access\-date\=8 January 2008 \|archive\-date\=13 February 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213173818/http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2006\-11\-12/10001324460\.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2006\-11\-12/09191324442\.html \|title\=无线台庆佘诗曼获封双料视后\_影音娱乐\_新浪网 \|access\-date\=8 January 2008 \|archive\-date\=9 February 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209034232/http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2006\-11\-12/09191324442\.html \|url\-status\=live }} Sheh also became the first to win the [Best Actress](/wiki/TVB_Anniversary_Award_for_Best_Actress "TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actress") award three times, in 2006, 2014, and 2023\.
Sheh also won the Top Four Actresses Award with [Ruby Lin](/wiki/Ruby_Lin "Ruby Lin"), [Zhao Wei](/wiki/Zhao_Wei "Zhao Wei") and [Liu Yifei](/wiki/Liu_Yifei "Liu Yifei"). Sheh was the first Hong Kong television actress to be shortlisted for the semi\-finals of the Best Actress category at the 35th [International Emmy Awards](/wiki/International_Emmy_Awards "International Emmy Awards") in 2007\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://ent.tom.com/2007\-08\-28/001H/82907142\.html \|title\=入围"艾美奖"提名 欧阳震华佘诗曼征战海外\_TOM娱乐 \|access\-date\=8 January 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20070719093625/http://ent.tom.com/2007\-08\-28/001H/82907142\.html \|archive\-date\=19 July 2007 \|url\-status\=dead}}[TVB stars get Emmy Awards nods](https://web.archive.org/web/20071024185033/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/28/content_6614088.htm) In 2011 she was awarded Best Actress at the Asian Television Awards for her performance in *[Can't Buy Me Love](/wiki/Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love_%282010_TV_series%29 "Can't Buy Me Love (2010 TV series)")*.
After 14 years, Sheh left TVB to develop her acting career in China and returned in 2014 for a two\-year contract with TVBC, a joint venture between TVB and China Media Capital (CMC) and Shanghai Media Group (SMG).
Sheh returned to the small screen in 2014, playing the undercover cop Ting Siu Ka (丁小嘉) in *[Line Walker](/wiki/Line_Walker "Line Walker")*, earning critical acclaim. Her on\-screen partnership with [Raymond Lam](/wiki/Raymond_Lam "Raymond Lam") was also favoured by viewers. She received eleven awards with her role in *[Line Walker](/wiki/Line_Walker "Line Walker")*, including Best Actress and Favourite TV Character at TVB 48th Anniversary Awards, [TVB Star Awards Malaysia](/wiki/TVB_Star_Awards_Malaysia "TVB Star Awards Malaysia") 2014 and Singapore [StarHub TVB Awards](/wiki/StarHub_TVB_Awards "StarHub TVB Awards") 2014, which broke the record of receiving the most awards with a single role in TVB.
In 2018, Sheh was highly praise for her profound portrayal of [Hoifa\-Nara Shushen](/wiki/Hoifa-Nara%2C_the_Step_Empress "Hoifa-Nara, the Step Empress") (嫻妃) in the Chinese period drama *[Story of Yanxi Palace](/wiki/Story_of_Yanxi_Palace "Story of Yanxi Palace")*. For this role, she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the 24th [Huading Awards](/wiki/Huading_Awards "Huading Awards") and garnered international fame.{{Cite web\|title\=华鼎奖提名公布 《和平饭店》《归去来》闪耀榜单\|url\=http://ent.163\.com/18/1022/11/DUNIG0DK000380EO.html\|last\=网易\|date\=2018\-10\-22\|website\=ent.163\.com\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-22\|archive\-date\=22 October 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153159/http://ent.163\.com/18/1022/11/DUNIG0DK000380EO.html\|url\-status\=live}}
She gained some controversy in 2019 when she was seen liking a post on [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram "Instagram") related to the support of the 2019 Hong Kong protests. This garnered extreme backlash from Chinese citizens calling for her to be banned from the Chinese entertainment industry but she was quick to retract the like and publicly stated that she did not know the context of the photo thinking it was just a nice photograph taken by a known photographer and was extremely shocked when she found out. The statement in turn angered some Hong Kong citizens.{{Cite web\|title\=Charmaine Sheh Embroiled in Controversy after Commenting on Hong Kong Extradition Protest – JayneStars.com\|url\=https://www.jaynestars.com/news/charmaine\-sheh\-embroiled\-in\-controversy\-after\-commenting\-on\-hong\-kong\-extradition\-protest/\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-14\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=14 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714170249/https://www.jaynestars.com/news/charmaine\-sheh\-embroiled\-in\-controversy\-after\-commenting\-on\-hong\-kong\-extradition\-protest/\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2020, Sheh starred in *[Winter Begonia](/wiki/Winter_Begonia "Winter Begonia")* as the wife of Cheng Fengtai. She portrayed [Xiao Hunian](/wiki/Xiao_Hunian "Xiao Hunian") in the 2020 drama series *[The Legend of Xiao Chuo](/wiki/The_Legend_of_Xiao_Chuo "The Legend of Xiao Chuo").*
In 2023, Sheh portrayed the ambitious and scheming anchorwoman Man Wai\-sum (文慧心) in *The Queen of News*, again earning critical acclaim. She won the [TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actress](/wiki/TVB_Anniversary_Award_for_Best_Actress "TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actress"), Malaysia’s Favourite Actress and Greater Bay Area’s Favourite Actress.
[right\|thumb\|Charmaine Sheh in January, 2019](/wiki/File:%E3%80%90%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E3%80%91%E4%BF%BE%E7%BE%8E%E9%A1%8F%E6%BF%BE%E9%8F%A1%E5%9A%87%E8%A6%AA_%E4%BD%98%E8%A9%A9%E6%9B%BC%EF%BC%9A%E6%88%91%E5%94%94%E9%81%A9%E5%90%88%E5%B0%96%E4%B8%8B%E5%B7%B4_2019-01-17.jpg "【娛樂】俾美顏濾鏡嚇親 佘詩曼：我唔適合尖下巴 2019-01-17.jpg")
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Sheh graduated in 1994 from the [International Hotel Management Institute Switzerland](/wiki/International_Hotel_Management_Institute_Switzerland \"International Hotel Management Institute Switzerland\") in [Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne \"Lucerne\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), with a diploma in hotel management.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wenxuecity.com/news/2011/02/17/1282371\\.html\\|title\\=佘诗曼要嫁豪门了，看她的成名路其实挺不易的\\|date\\=2011\\-02\\-17}} In October 1997, she signed with Hong Kong television network [TVB](/wiki/Television_Broadcasts_Limited \"Television Broadcasts Limited\") after emerging as second runner\\-up in the 1997 [Miss Hong Kong Pageant](/wiki/Miss_Hong_Kong_Pageant \"Miss Hong Kong Pageant\"). The early stage of her career was often characterised by her coy, squeaky voice and criticisms of her acting skills. However, Sheh overcame these shortcomings and made her breakthrough in *[Return of the Cuckoo](/wiki/Return_of_the_Cuckoo \"Return of the Cuckoo\")* in 2000, co\\-starring with [Nancy Sit](/wiki/Nancy_Sit \"Nancy Sit\"), [Julian Cheung](/wiki/Julian_Cheung \"Julian Cheung\") and [Steven Ma](/wiki/Steven_Ma \"Steven Ma\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ent.sina.com.cn/r/m/2007\\-12\\-25/17021850272\\.shtml \\|title\\=评论：香港无线电视台经历40年风雨被观众嫌老\\_影音娱乐\\_新浪网 \\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 December 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229073427/http://ent.sina.com.cn/r/m/2007\\-12\\-25/17021850272\\.shtml \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tvb.com/affairs/faq/anreport/2000/eng/F105\\.pdf\\|title\\=Corporate Information – Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB)\\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=13 October 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013090514/http://www.tvb.com/affairs/faq/anreport/2000/eng/F105\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In 2006, Sheh became the first TVB actress to win two major awards at the same [TVB Anniversary Awards](/wiki/TVB_Anniversary_Awards \"TVB Anniversary Awards\") ceremony, clinching the Best Actress Award and My Favourite Female TV Character for her performance in *[Maidens' Vow](/wiki/Maidens%27_Vow \"Maidens' Vow\")*.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2006\\-11\\-12/10001324460\\.html \\|title\\=TVB台庆颁奖揭晓\\_影音娱乐\\_新浪网 \\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 February 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213173818/http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2006\\-11\\-12/10001324460\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2006\\-11\\-12/09191324442\\.html \\|title\\=无线台庆佘诗曼获封双料视后\\_影音娱乐\\_新浪网 \\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 February 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209034232/http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2006\\-11\\-12/09191324442\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Sheh also became the first to win the [Best Actress](/wiki/TVB_Anniversary_Award_for_Best_Actress \"TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actress\") award three times, in 2006, 2014, and 2023\\.",
"Sheh also won the Top Four Actresses Award with [Ruby Lin](/wiki/Ruby_Lin \"Ruby Lin\"), [Zhao Wei](/wiki/Zhao_Wei \"Zhao Wei\") and [Liu Yifei](/wiki/Liu_Yifei \"Liu Yifei\"). Sheh was the first Hong Kong television actress to be shortlisted for the semi\\-finals of the Best Actress category at the 35th [International Emmy Awards](/wiki/International_Emmy_Awards \"International Emmy Awards\") in 2007\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://ent.tom.com/2007\\-08\\-28/001H/82907142\\.html \\|title\\=入围\"艾美奖\"提名 欧阳震华佘诗曼征战海外\\_TOM娱乐 \\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20070719093625/http://ent.tom.com/2007\\-08\\-28/001H/82907142\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}[TVB stars get Emmy Awards nods](https://web.archive.org/web/20071024185033/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/28/content_6614088.htm) In 2011 she was awarded Best Actress at the Asian Television Awards for her performance in *[Can't Buy Me Love](/wiki/Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love_%282010_TV_series%29 \"Can't Buy Me Love (2010 TV series)\")*.",
"After 14 years, Sheh left TVB to develop her acting career in China and returned in 2014 for a two\\-year contract with TVBC, a joint venture between TVB and China Media Capital (CMC) and Shanghai Media Group (SMG).",
"Sheh returned to the small screen in 2014, playing the undercover cop Ting Siu Ka (丁小嘉) in *[Line Walker](/wiki/Line_Walker \"Line Walker\")*, earning critical acclaim. Her on\\-screen partnership with [Raymond Lam](/wiki/Raymond_Lam \"Raymond Lam\") was also favoured by viewers. She received eleven awards with her role in *[Line Walker](/wiki/Line_Walker \"Line Walker\")*, including Best Actress and Favourite TV Character at TVB 48th Anniversary Awards, [TVB Star Awards Malaysia](/wiki/TVB_Star_Awards_Malaysia \"TVB Star Awards Malaysia\") 2014 and Singapore [StarHub TVB Awards](/wiki/StarHub_TVB_Awards \"StarHub TVB Awards\") 2014, which broke the record of receiving the most awards with a single role in TVB.",
"In 2018, Sheh was highly praise for her profound portrayal of [Hoifa\\-Nara Shushen](/wiki/Hoifa-Nara%2C_the_Step_Empress \"Hoifa-Nara, the Step Empress\") (嫻妃) in the Chinese period drama *[Story of Yanxi Palace](/wiki/Story_of_Yanxi_Palace \"Story of Yanxi Palace\")*. For this role, she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the 24th [Huading Awards](/wiki/Huading_Awards \"Huading Awards\") and garnered international fame.{{Cite web\\|title\\=华鼎奖提名公布 《和平饭店》《归去来》闪耀榜单\\|url\\=http://ent.163\\.com/18/1022/11/DUNIG0DK000380EO.html\\|last\\=网易\\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-22\\|website\\=ent.163\\.com\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-22\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153159/http://ent.163\\.com/18/1022/11/DUNIG0DK000380EO.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"She gained some controversy in 2019 when she was seen liking a post on [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram \"Instagram\") related to the support of the 2019 Hong Kong protests. This garnered extreme backlash from Chinese citizens calling for her to be banned from the Chinese entertainment industry but she was quick to retract the like and publicly stated that she did not know the context of the photo thinking it was just a nice photograph taken by a known photographer and was extremely shocked when she found out. The statement in turn angered some Hong Kong citizens.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Charmaine Sheh Embroiled in Controversy after Commenting on Hong Kong Extradition Protest – JayneStars.com\\|url\\=https://www.jaynestars.com/news/charmaine\\-sheh\\-embroiled\\-in\\-controversy\\-after\\-commenting\\-on\\-hong\\-kong\\-extradition\\-protest/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-14\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714170249/https://www.jaynestars.com/news/charmaine\\-sheh\\-embroiled\\-in\\-controversy\\-after\\-commenting\\-on\\-hong\\-kong\\-extradition\\-protest/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2020, Sheh starred in *[Winter Begonia](/wiki/Winter_Begonia \"Winter Begonia\")* as the wife of Cheng Fengtai. She portrayed [Xiao Hunian](/wiki/Xiao_Hunian \"Xiao Hunian\") in the 2020 drama series *[The Legend of Xiao Chuo](/wiki/The_Legend_of_Xiao_Chuo \"The Legend of Xiao Chuo\").*",
"In 2023, Sheh portrayed the ambitious and scheming anchorwoman Man Wai\\-sum (文慧心) in *The Queen of News*, again earning critical acclaim. She won the [TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actress](/wiki/TVB_Anniversary_Award_for_Best_Actress \"TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actress\"), Malaysia’s Favourite Actress and Greater Bay Area’s Favourite Actress.",
"[right\\|thumb\\|Charmaine Sheh in January, 2019](/wiki/File:%E3%80%90%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E3%80%91%E4%BF%BE%E7%BE%8E%E9%A1%8F%E6%BF%BE%E9%8F%A1%E5%9A%87%E8%A6%AA_%E4%BD%98%E8%A9%A9%E6%9B%BC%EF%BC%9A%E6%88%91%E5%94%94%E9%81%A9%E5%90%88%E5%B0%96%E4%B8%8B%E5%B7%B4_2019-01-17.jpg \"【娛樂】俾美顏濾鏡嚇親 佘詩曼：我唔適合尖下巴 2019-01-17.jpg\")",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Brown is married to [Emilie de Azevedo Brown](/wiki/Emilie_Brown "Emilie Brown"), the daughter of [Lex de Azevedo](/wiki/Lex_de_Azevedo "Lex de Azevedo"). The couple has four children and live in Sandy, Utah.
Brown graduated from [Brigham Young University](/wiki/Brigham_Young_University "Brigham Young University") in 1996 with his B.A. in English, and minor degrees in music and business management. He and his wife were members of BYU's touring performance group, the Young Ambassadors. In 2000, he graduated from [Pepperdine University School of Law](/wiki/Pepperdine_University_School_of_Law "Pepperdine University School of Law"), where he was editor\-in\-chief of the *Pepperdine Law Review*. While at Pepperdine, he also received the First Place Advocate award in the school's Dalsimer Moot Court Competition, as well as the annual Sorenson Writing Award for a published legal comment he wrote on tort law.
After law school, he was a law clerk to Justice [Ruggero J. Aldisert](/wiki/Ruggero_J._Aldisert "Ruggero J. Aldisert") of the [United States Court of Appeals](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals "United States Court of Appeals") for the Third Circuit, based in Philadelphia. Following, his time with the U.S. Court of Appeals he then practiced law in Washington, D.C., with the international law firm [Sidley \& Austin](/wiki/Sidley_Austin "Sidley Austin").
Brown left Sidley \& Austin when U.S. Senator [Bob Bennett](/wiki/Bob_Bennett_%28politician%29 "Bob Bennett (politician)") asked him to serve as his chief counsel in Washington, D.C. Several years later, Brown relocated his family to his home state of Utah, where he served as counsel to U.S. Senator [Orrin Hatch](/wiki/Orrin_Hatch "Orrin Hatch").{{cite news\|title\=New legislator looks for solutions, not rhetoric\|url\=http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id\=13360615\&itype\=storyID\|accessdate\=8 August 2012\|newspaper\=SALT LAKE TRIBUNE\|date\=February 9, 2011}} Brown is an attorney licensed in the state of Utah.{{Cite web \|last\=April 1 \|first\=Bree Fird \|last2\=Reply \|first2\=2022 at 10:25 am \|title\=Cache County Council votes to take over lobbying contract \|url\=https://www.cachevalleydaily.com/news/archive/2022/03/30/cache\-county\-council\-votes\-to\-take\-over\-lobbying\-contract/ \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-28 \|language\=en\-US}}
Brown was elected in November 2010 to the Utah House of Representatives with 55\.87% of the vote, defeating Democrat incumbent [Jay Seegmiller](/wiki/Jay_Seegmiller_%28politician%29 "Jay Seegmiller (politician)").{{cite news\|title\=2010 Utah General election\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/election/2/2010\-Utah\-General\-election.html\|accessdate\=8 August 2012\|newspaper\=Deseret News\|date\=November 2, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926110426/http://www.deseretnews.com/election/2/2010\-Utah\-General\-election.html\|archive\-date\=26 September 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} Brown won his election in 2012 with approximately 60% of the vote. He served in the House until accepting a position as Deputy Chief of Staff for United States Senator Mike Lee in 2014, where he managed policy and legal matters for the Senator, and served as the Utah State Director. After Senator Lee was re\-elected in late 2016, Brown accepted a position as Vice President of Government Affairs for 1\-800 Contacts, overseeing its 50\-state lobbying effort and government relations efforts in Washington, D.C. He later left 1\-800 Contacts to join the Utah Government Relations Firm Lincoln Hill Partners, where he continues to represent technology and healthcare clients, including 1\-800 Contacts.
Brown has also taught as an adjunct professor at Brigham Young University since 2007, where he teaches courses in communications law and ethics.
In 2019, Brown was elected as Chairman of the Utah Republican Party, a position in which he served until his term expired in 2021\.
Brown announced on November 16, 2023 that he had formed an exploratory committee to consider running as the Republican nominee for Utah Attorney General. Brown's exploratory committee is chaired by former Utah Governor Gary Herbert.[https://www.ksl.com/article/50791665/former\-utah\-gop\-chairman\-derek\-brown\-considering\-run\-against\-attorney\-general\-sean\-reyes](https://www.ksl.com/article/50791665/former-utah-gop-chairman-derek-brown-considering-run-against-attorney-general-sean-reyes)
Brown became the Republican nominee for the 2024 Utah Attorney General election.[October 18, 2024 *Deseret News* bio of Derek Brown](https://www.deseret.com/politics/2024/10/18/who-is-derek-brown/)
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Brown is married to [Emilie de Azevedo Brown](/wiki/Emilie_Brown \"Emilie Brown\"), the daughter of [Lex de Azevedo](/wiki/Lex_de_Azevedo \"Lex de Azevedo\"). The couple has four children and live in Sandy, Utah.",
"Brown graduated from [Brigham Young University](/wiki/Brigham_Young_University \"Brigham Young University\") in 1996 with his B.A. in English, and minor degrees in music and business management. He and his wife were members of BYU's touring performance group, the Young Ambassadors. In 2000, he graduated from [Pepperdine University School of Law](/wiki/Pepperdine_University_School_of_Law \"Pepperdine University School of Law\"), where he was editor\\-in\\-chief of the *Pepperdine Law Review*. While at Pepperdine, he also received the First Place Advocate award in the school's Dalsimer Moot Court Competition, as well as the annual Sorenson Writing Award for a published legal comment he wrote on tort law.",
"After law school, he was a law clerk to Justice [Ruggero J. Aldisert](/wiki/Ruggero_J._Aldisert \"Ruggero J. Aldisert\") of the [United States Court of Appeals](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals \"United States Court of Appeals\") for the Third Circuit, based in Philadelphia. Following, his time with the U.S. Court of Appeals he then practiced law in Washington, D.C., with the international law firm [Sidley \\& Austin](/wiki/Sidley_Austin \"Sidley Austin\").",
"Brown left Sidley \\& Austin when U.S. Senator [Bob Bennett](/wiki/Bob_Bennett_%28politician%29 \"Bob Bennett (politician)\") asked him to serve as his chief counsel in Washington, D.C. Several years later, Brown relocated his family to his home state of Utah, where he served as counsel to U.S. Senator [Orrin Hatch](/wiki/Orrin_Hatch \"Orrin Hatch\").{{cite news\\|title\\=New legislator looks for solutions, not rhetoric\\|url\\=http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id\\=13360615\\&itype\\=storyID\\|accessdate\\=8 August 2012\\|newspaper\\=SALT LAKE TRIBUNE\\|date\\=February 9, 2011}} Brown is an attorney licensed in the state of Utah.{{Cite web \\|last\\=April 1 \\|first\\=Bree Fird \\|last2\\=Reply \\|first2\\=2022 at 10:25 am \\|title\\=Cache County Council votes to take over lobbying contract \\|url\\=https://www.cachevalleydaily.com/news/archive/2022/03/30/cache\\-county\\-council\\-votes\\-to\\-take\\-over\\-lobbying\\-contract/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-28 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Brown was elected in November 2010 to the Utah House of Representatives with 55\\.87% of the vote, defeating Democrat incumbent [Jay Seegmiller](/wiki/Jay_Seegmiller_%28politician%29 \"Jay Seegmiller (politician)\").{{cite news\\|title\\=2010 Utah General election\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/election/2/2010\\-Utah\\-General\\-election.html\\|accessdate\\=8 August 2012\\|newspaper\\=Deseret News\\|date\\=November 2, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926110426/http://www.deseretnews.com/election/2/2010\\-Utah\\-General\\-election.html\\|archive\\-date\\=26 September 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Brown won his election in 2012 with approximately 60% of the vote. He served in the House until accepting a position as Deputy Chief of Staff for United States Senator Mike Lee in 2014, where he managed policy and legal matters for the Senator, and served as the Utah State Director. After Senator Lee was re\\-elected in late 2016, Brown accepted a position as Vice President of Government Affairs for 1\\-800 Contacts, overseeing its 50\\-state lobbying effort and government relations efforts in Washington, D.C. He later left 1\\-800 Contacts to join the Utah Government Relations Firm Lincoln Hill Partners, where he continues to represent technology and healthcare clients, including 1\\-800 Contacts.",
"Brown has also taught as an adjunct professor at Brigham Young University since 2007, where he teaches courses in communications law and ethics.",
"In 2019, Brown was elected as Chairman of the Utah Republican Party, a position in which he served until his term expired in 2021\\.",
"Brown announced on November 16, 2023 that he had formed an exploratory committee to consider running as the Republican nominee for Utah Attorney General. Brown's exploratory committee is chaired by former Utah Governor Gary Herbert.[https://www.ksl.com/article/50791665/former\\-utah\\-gop\\-chairman\\-derek\\-brown\\-considering\\-run\\-against\\-attorney\\-general\\-sean\\-reyes](https://www.ksl.com/article/50791665/former-utah-gop-chairman-derek-brown-considering-run-against-attorney-general-sean-reyes)",
"Brown became the Republican nominee for the 2024 Utah Attorney General election.[October 18, 2024 *Deseret News* bio of Derek Brown](https://www.deseret.com/politics/2024/10/18/who-is-derek-brown/)",
""
] |
Countries
---------
### Afghanistan
[Afghan army](/wiki/Afghan_army "Afghan army") has collar patches similar to [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations "Commonwealth of Nations") ones. Under the [Republic of Afghanistan](/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_%281973%E2%80%931978%29 "Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)"), Afghan police officers working for the Ministry of Interior had a singular star on each collar patch.
### Austria
In [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria") collar patches of the [Federal Army](/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces "Austrian Armed Forces") report the rank and the arm of service. They are also used in the police and fire service. Traditional, corps colours ({{lang\-de\|Waffenfarben or Adjustierungsfarben}}) dominate the basic colours of the rank insignia.
In the [Austro\-Hungarian Army](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army "Austro-Hungarian Army") (k.u.k. Army), collar patches with rank insignia, appliquéd on the gorget of uniform coat, or jacket and the battle\-dress blouse, were designated [*Paroli*](/wiki/Paroli_%28uniform%29 "Paroli (uniform)").
See also:
* [Waffenfarbe (Austria)](/wiki/Waffenfarbe_%28Austria%29 "Waffenfarbe (Austria)")
* [Rank insignia of the Austro\-Hungarian armed forces](/wiki/Rank_insignia_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_armed_forces "Rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces")
The galleries below show examples of *Parolis*
Patrouilleführer der k.k. Gebirgstruppe 1907\-18\.png\| ''\[\[Patrouilleführer]]'' of the k.k. mountain infantry 1906\-1918
Major im K.u.k. Eisenbahn\-Regiment.png\| \[\[Major (rank)\|Major]] ''Paroli'' with special badge of the k.u.k. railway regiment
Oberst M16 gg.png\|''\[\[Oberst]]'', ''Paroli'' with dark\-red, vertical stripe 1916
### Australia
In [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") traditional gorget patches are worn by army colonels and general officers as well as by navy midshipmen. In the [St John Ambulance Australia](/wiki/St_John_Ambulance_Australia "St John Ambulance Australia") First Aid Services Branch, gorget patches distinguish State Staff Officers and National Staff Officers from those who are officers of a division or region.
### Bangladesh
In the [Bangladesh Armed Forces](/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces "Bangladesh Armed Forces") officers of the rank of colonel equivalent and above wear gorget patches. They are respectively red, sky blue and black or golden yellow in color. For Colonel and above equivalent ranks "Shapla" insignia is displayed. Each higher flag rank level above colonel has an additional star added.
### Belgium
In the [Belgian army](/wiki/Belgian_army "Belgian army"), the gorget patches have a branch color and rank insignia.
### Brazil
In the [Brazilian Army](/wiki/Brazilian_Army "Brazilian Army") the gorget patches, embroidered oak leaves in silver, are worn on both lapels of rifle green and grey formal dress uniforms by generals. The same insignia, in gold, is worn on both collars of gala full\-dress uniforms.
In the [State of São Paulo Military Police](/wiki/State_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Military_Police "State of São Paulo Military Police"), commanding officers of the rank of colonel wear, on both lapels of their dark\-grey formal uniforms, embroidered silver insignia. This consists of an armillary sphere, surrounded with laurels and with a star on top.
### Bulgaria
Gorget patches in the [Bulgarian Army](/wiki/Bulgarian_Army "Bulgarian Army") show which branch the wearer belongs to.
### Canada
With the restoration of historical nomenclature and features to the [Canadian Army](/wiki/Canadian_Army "Canadian Army") in 2013{{cite web\|url\=http://www.army\-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/news\-publications/national\-news\-details\-no\-menu.page?doc\=historical\-features\-of\-the\-canadian\-army\-restored/hivnkr3x\|title\=ARCHIVED \- Army News (National) \- Canadian Army \- Article \- Historical Features of the Canadian Army Restored\|first\=Government of Canada, National Defence, Canadian\|last\=Army\|website\=www.army\-armee.forces.gc.ca}} reinstated insignia included traditional gorget patches for colonels and general officers. For combat branches these are in scarlet with gold embroidery for generals. However the gorget patches worn by senior officers of the Medical Branch are dull cherry, the Dental Branch emerald green and the Chaplain Branch purple.
### China
In [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") of [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China") gorget patches are used to denote a military rank.
### Egypt
In Egypt red collar patches symbolize the highest ranks of officers.
### Finland
Finnish Army and Air Force use collar patches in dress uniforms. They are used to display [rank](/wiki/Finnish_military_ranks "Finnish military ranks") and corps colours. Not in use on field uniform.
### France
[thumb\|180px\|left\|France artilleryman's uniform, 1916](/wiki/File:France_artilleryman%27s_uniform%2C_1916_-_National_World_War_I_Museum_-_Kansas_City%2C_MO_-_DSC07511.JPG "France artilleryman's uniform, 1916 - National World War I Museum - Kansas City, MO - DSC07511.JPG")
In the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army") collar patches were used on tunics and greatcoats from the early nineteenth century onwards. Usually in contrasting collars to the collar itself, they came to carry a regimental number or specialist insignia. With the adoption of a new light\-beige dress uniform for all ranks in the 1980s, the practice of wearing coloured collar patches was discontinued.
{{clear}}
### Germany
[thumb\|160px\|Arabesques of a German [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") Generals](/wiki/File:WMacht_arabesques_OF10toOF6-hor_1945.jpg "WMacht arabesques OF10toOF6-hor 1945.jpg")
Collar patches, or gorget patches ({{lang\-de\|Kragenspiegel}}, also {{lang\|de\|Kragenpatten}} or {{lang\|de\|Arabesquen}}), are to be worn on the gorget (on both collar points) of military uniform in German speaking armed forces.
However, collar patch insignia for [general officers](/wiki/General_%28Germany%29 "General (Germany)") of the *[Heer](/wiki/German_Army "German Army")* (Army) are traditionally called *Arabesque collar patch*, also *Larish embroidery*, *Old Prussian embroidery*, or *Arabesquen embroidery* ({{lang\-de\|Arabesken\-Kragenspiegel}}, also {{lang\|de\|Larisch\-Stickerei}}, {{lang\|de\|Altpreußische Stickerei}} or {{lang\|de\|Arabeskenstickerei}}).Dictionary to the German military history, 1st edition (Liz.5, P189/84, LSV:0547, B\-Nr. 746 635 0\), military publishing house of the GDR (VEB) – Berlin, 1985, Volume 1, page 396, definition: "Versions of collar patches".
In the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire"), generals, some officers, guardsmen and seamen wore Kragenspiegel, but these were not part of the service\-wide uniform.
In the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") such patches (or [*Litzen*](/wiki/World_War_II_German_Army_ranks_and_insignia%23Collar_patches_%28Kragenpatten%29_.5B4.5D "World War II German Army ranks and insignia#Collar patches (Kragenpatten) .5B4.5D")) were introduced throughout the [army](/wiki/Reichswehr "Reichswehr") in 1921, where they indicated the rank and the arm of service, but were not used in the navy.
The *[Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht")* continued this. Some Nazi\-era civil services (e.g., police and railways) wore uniforms with collar tabs, similar to the [armed forces' tabs](/wiki/Comparative_ranks_of_Nazi_Germany "Comparative ranks of Nazi Germany"). New tabs were also introduced for the political leaders of the [NSDAP](/wiki/NSDAP "NSDAP") as well as new Nazi organisations like the *[Sturmabteilung](/wiki/Sturmabteilung "Sturmabteilung")* (SA) or the *[Schutzstaffel](/wiki/Schutzstaffel "Schutzstaffel")* (SS).
[East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") used similar collar tabs to those of the *Wehrmacht* for its [army](/wiki/Land_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army "Land Forces of the National People's Army") and [air force](/wiki/Air_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army "Air Forces of the National People's Army"). Collar tabs were also worn by some personnel of the [navy](/wiki/Volksmarine "Volksmarine").
The [armed forces](/wiki/Bundeswehr "Bundeswehr") of the [Federal Republic of Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") also maintained the use of collar tabs in the [army](/wiki/German_Army "German Army") and the [air force](/wiki/German_Air_Force "German Air Force"), where they indicate to which branch (or *Truppengattung*) an individual soldier belongs. Members of the [German Navy](/wiki/German_Navy "German Navy") do not wear collar tabs.
### Greece
In the [Hellenic Army](/wiki/Hellenic_Army "Hellenic Army"), the use of gorget/collar patches (επιρράμματα) was introduced for the undress and field uniforms, via Austrian and French influences, at the turn of the 20th century. They consist of a distinctive background colour or combination of colours, that denote a specific arm of service or corps; officers also feature a metal device with the arms/corps emblem, while other ranks and non\-professional NCOs do not. General officers use a British\-style general officer' patch.
Collar patches are also used by the [Hellenic Police](/wiki/Hellenic_Police "Hellenic Police") (and formerly by the [Greek Gendarmerie](/wiki/Greek_Gendarmerie "Greek Gendarmerie") and the [Cities Police](/wiki/Cities_Police "Cities Police")) and the [Hellenic Fire Service](/wiki/Hellenic_Fire_Service "Hellenic Fire Service").
### Hong Kong
Senior officers, especially the commanding officer of each disciplinary unit in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") use gorget patches in their formal uniforms:
* [Hong Kong Police](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police "Hong Kong Police")
* [Hong Kong Fire Services](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services "Hong Kong Fire Services")
* [Hong Kong Correctional Services](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Correctional_Services "Hong Kong Correctional Services")
* [Customs and Excise](/wiki/Customs_and_Excise_Department_%28Hong_Kong%29 "Customs and Excise Department (Hong Kong)")
* [Hong Kong Immigration](/wiki/Immigration_Department_%28Hong_Kong%29 "Immigration Department (Hong Kong)")
* [Government Flying Service (Hong Kong)](/wiki/Government_Flying_Service_%28Hong_Kong%29 "Government Flying Service (Hong Kong)")
The various services inherited their used as Hong Kong was a former [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") colony.
### Indonesia
Gorget patches, officially, called "monograms", are worn by members of the [Indonesian National Police](/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police "Indonesian National Police"). Most patches consist of cotton and rice embroidery (or sometimes metal made) on a dark brown background, with a red background for general officers and cadets of the [National Police Academy](/wiki/Police_academy "Police academy").{{cite web \| title\=Monogram image \| website\=Blog Abufariq \| url\=https://abufariq.wordpress.com/wp\-content/uploads/2014/02/b2277\-monogram\-padi\-kapas2\.jpg \| access\-date\=7 June 2024}} Examples of the Indonesian monogram.
Gorget patches have been worn by police since their separation from the [Indonesian National Armed Forces](/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces "Indonesian National Armed Forces") in 1999\.
### India
In India, coloured gorget patches are used by senior\-ranking [Armed Forces](/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces "Indian Armed Forces") officers of selection\-grade rank (colonels, naval captains and group captains) and above: scarlet for [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army "Indian Army") officers, gold in the [Indian Navy](/wiki/Indian_Navy "Indian Navy") and navy blue in the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force "Indian Air Force"). The [Chief of Defence Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29 "Chief of Defence Staff (India)") wears maroon patches.{{cite news \|author\=Bhalla, Abhishek \|title\=Here is what CDS Gen Bipin Rawat's new uniform will look like \|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/here\-is\-what\-cds\-gen\-bipin\-rawat\-s\-new\-uniform\-will\-look\-like\-1632869\-2019\-12\-31 \|access\-date\=18 June 2021 \|work\=India Today \|date\=31 December 2019}} Full [colonels](/wiki/Colonel "Colonel") in the army wear golden braid on their patches to signify their [commanding officer](/wiki/Commanding_officer "Commanding officer") rank, while Navy captains and Air Force group captains wear twin silver oakleaves on theirs, set perpendicular to each other.{{cite web\|url\=http://metrovaartha.com/en/2015/01/06/captain\-varghese\-mathew\-assumes\-office\-as\-naval\-officer\-in\-charge\-of\-kerala/\|title\=Captain Varghese Mathew assumes office as Naval officer in charge of Kerala \|publisher\=Metro Vaartha \|date\=6 January 2015 \|access\-date\=28 March 2016}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.indianairforce.nic.in/pdf/IAF\_Uniform\_Reference\_Book.pdf \|title\=IAF Uniform Reference Book \|publisher\=Indian Air Force \|date\=2013 \|access\-date\=28 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002516/http://www.indianairforce.nic.in/pdf/IAF\_Uniform\_Reference\_Book.pdf \|archive\-date\=2 February 2017 \|url\-status\=dead }}
[Flag officers](/wiki/Flag_officers "Flag officers") of one\-star through five\-star rank wear a corresponding number of stars in gold (Indian Army) or silver (Indian Navy and Indian Air Force) on their collar patches. Flag officers of three\-star rank and above who hold command positions wear an oak leaf wreath on each gorget patch, gold in the Army and silver in the Navy and Air Force. Only the [Chief of Defence Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29 "Chief of Defence Staff (India)") and the three armed force chiefs hold four\-star rank and only a [field marshal](/wiki/Field_marshal_%28India%29 "Field marshal (India)") or a [marshal of the air force](/wiki/Marshal_of_the_air_force "Marshal of the air force") wears five stars. Till date, [Sam Manekshaw](/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw "Sam Manekshaw") and [Kodandera Madappa Cariappa](/wiki/Kodandera_Madappa_Cariappa "Kodandera Madappa Cariappa") are the only two officers who have been appointed to the rank of Field Marshal, while [Arjan Singh](/wiki/Arjan_Singh "Arjan Singh") has been appointed to the rank of [Marshal of the Indian Air Force](/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Indian_Air_Force "Marshal of the Indian Air Force"). If the Indian Navy rank of Admiral of the Fleet is ever created, the holder would presumably wear five silver stars on a gold patch.
Commandants and deputy inspector\-generals (below four years service) in the [Indian Coast Guard](/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard "Indian Coast Guard"), who rank with Indian Navy captains, wear a similar insignia of twin golden oakleaves set perpendicularly to each other and mounted on [black\-coloured patches](/wiki/Black-coloured_patches "Black-coloured patches"). Coast Guard officers of one\-star through three\-star rank wear a corresponding number of gold stars on their patches.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/cgpersonnel/ICG%20Uniform.pdf \|title\=Indian Coast Guard Uniforms \|publisher\=Indian Coast Guard \|date\=2013 \|access\-date\=28 March 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414061724/http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/cgpersonnel/ICG%20Uniform.pdf \|archive\-date\=14 April 2016 }} All senior ranking police officers of the Rank of [Senior Superintendent of Police](/wiki/Superintendent_of_Police_%28India%29 "Superintendent of Police (India)") (SSP) or Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) (both ranks being equivalent with Deputy Commissioner's are only in towns which has moved over to a commissioner system of policing this rank being equivalent to a full colonel in the Army) get a dark blue patch with a silver lining. This remains the same for the next higher rank of [Deputy Inspector General](/wiki/Deputy_inspector_general_of_police "Deputy inspector general of police") (DIG) or Additional Commissioner of Police (Addl. CP). However, the next senior officer, [The Inspector General](/wiki/Inspector-general_of_police%23India "Inspector-general of police#India") (IG) or Joint Commissioner of Police (JCP) has a silver design of a long leaf rather than a simple silver lining on their patch. This remains the same for the ranks of [Commissioner of Police](/wiki/Police_commissioner%23India "Police commissioner#India") and the [Director General of Police](/wiki/Director_General_of_Police "Director General of Police") (DGP).
### Iran
In Iran black collar patches identify the highest ranks of officers.
### Ireland
In the [Irish Defence Forces](/wiki/Defence_Forces_%28Ireland%29 "Defence Forces (Ireland)"), officers of Brigadier\-general rank and above wear red and gold gorget patches.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.military.ie/press\-office/multimedia\-hub/downloads/rank\-markings/\|title\=Rank Markings \- Downloads \- Multimedia Hub \- Press Office \- Defence Forces\|website\=www.military.ie}}
### Italy
{{Main\|Italian Army gorget patches}}
Since the late nineteenth century the [Italian Army](/wiki/Italian_Army "Italian Army") has made extensive use of coloured collar patches to distinguish branches of service such as the artillery, infantry brigades and individual cavalry regiments. In 1902 each [line infantry](/wiki/Line_infantry "Line infantry") brigade (comprising two regiments) was distinguished by large collar patches of a distinctive colour or combination of colours. The universal silver "active service" star was attached at the front of each patch.{{cite book\|first\=R. Spencer\|last\=Kidd\|page\=99\|title\=Military Uniforms in Europe Volume 1\|ISBN\=978\-1\-18744\-1}}
There are also distinctive collar patches for the [San Marco Regiment](/wiki/San_Marco_Regiment "San Marco Regiment") (Navy), the [Guardia di Finanza](/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza "Guardia di Finanza"), the [Carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri "Carabinieri") and the civilian [police](/wiki/Italian_police "Italian police") corps.
### Jordan
In Jordan red collar patches symbolize the highest ranks of officers.
### Nepal
Gorget patches are worn by senior officers of the [Nepalese Army](/wiki/Nepalese_Army "Nepalese Army"), [Nepal Police](/wiki/Nepal_Police "Nepal Police") and [Armed Police Force Nepal](/wiki/Armed_Police_Force_Nepal "Armed Police Force Nepal"). Gorget patches are called "Collar Docks" in the Nepal Police.
### New Zealand
The [New Zealand Defence Force](/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force "New Zealand Defence Force") has collar patches for senior officers on the [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations "Commonwealth of Nations") model.
* [New Zealand Governor General](/wiki/New_Zealand_Governor_General "New Zealand Governor General") (if a civilian)\-Jet Black with gold oak leaves
* All other Corps\-Post Office Red
* [Royal New Zealand Army Chaplains Department](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Army_Chaplains_Department "Royal New Zealand Army Chaplains Department")\-Purple
* [Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Army_Medical_Corps "Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps")\-Ruby
* [Royal New Zealand Dental Corps](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Dental_Corps "Royal New Zealand Dental Corps")\-Emerald Green
* [New Zealand Army Legal Services](/wiki/New_Zealand_Army_Legal_Services "New Zealand Army Legal Services")\-Maroon
* [New Zealand Army Pay Corps](/wiki/New_Zealand_Army_Pay_Corps "New Zealand Army Pay Corps")\-Indian Yellow
### North Korea
In [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea") gorget patches are used to denote a military rank.
### Oman
In Oman black collar patches distinguish the most senior ranks of officers.
### Pakistan
In Pakistan, collar patches are worn by senior officers and staff officers on the basis of their rank. A collar patch signifies that an officer is either a staff officer ([Colonel](/wiki/Colonel "Colonel")) or a [General Officer](/wiki/General_officer "General officer") ([Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_General "Brigadier General") or above).
When wearing non\-combat [standard uniform](/wiki/Khaki "Khaki") or [service dress](/wiki/Service_dress "Service dress"), Staff Officers ([Colonel](/wiki/Colonel "Colonel")) in the [Pakistan Army](/wiki/Pakistani_Army "Pakistani Army") wear collar patches of crimson color with straight golden stripes and [General officers](/wiki/General_officer "General officer") wear collar patches of crimson color with golden braid.
When wearing [combat uniform](/wiki/Battledress "Battledress") (CCD), the collar patches of junior officers ([Lieutenant Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel "Lieutenant Colonel") and below) carry the insignia of serving arms. Staff officers ([Colonel](/wiki/Colonel "Colonel")) have no collar patch and [General officers](/wiki/General_officer "General officer") ([Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_General "Brigadier General") and above) wear the corresponding number of stars that their [rank](/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_Pakistan "Army ranks and insignia of Pakistan") carries on the collar.
### Romania
Historically coloured gorget patches of a distinctive "arrow head" pattern were used in the [Romanian army](/wiki/Romanian_army "Romanian army") to distinguish regiments and branches. They survive to a limited extent in the collar braiding of modern ceremonial uniforms.
### Russia
In the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") collar patches of red, blue, white and green distinguished each infantry regiment within a given division. Cavalry and other branches had a variety of collar patches.
In the [USSR](/wiki/USSR "USSR") in 1924\-1943 they served as the primary insignia of military ranks. The rank system changed several times, and collar patches were different in [1924–1935](/wiki/Ranks_and_rank_insignia_of_the_Red_Army_1918%E2%80%931935 "Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1918–1935"), [1935–1940](/wiki/Ranks_and_rank_insignia_of_the_Red_Army_1935%E2%80%931940 "Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940") and [1940–1943 systems](/wiki/Ranks_and_rank_insignia_of_the_Red_Army_1940%E2%80%931943 "Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940–1943"). When the [shoulder straps](/wiki/Shoulder_strap "Shoulder strap") were restored in 1943, collar tabs remained as an insignia of the branch and the arm of service. Since 1932 they were also used as an insignia in some civil services.
The state of affairs is the same in the modern [Russian Federation](/wiki/Russian_Federation "Russian Federation").
### Somalia
In Somalia, only officers above the rank of Second Lieutenant (or Ensign) wear gorget patches, the Army wears red patches, the Navy wear black patches, the Air Force wear navy blue patches, the Police wear royal blue patches and the Custodial Corps wear green patches. Upon reaching the rank of Brigadier General or Commodore Admiral, the patches then will have a golden ornate pattern on them.
### Sri Lanka
[General officers](/wiki/General_officer "General officer") and [senior officers](/wiki/Military_rank%23Field_or_senior_officers "Military rank#Field or senior officers") of the ranks of brigadier and colonel in the [Sri Lanka Army](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army "Sri Lanka Army") wear gold\-on\-red gorget patches according to their rank; air force officers of similar rank wear white\-on\-blue gorget patches. Senior gazetted officers in the [Sri Lanka Police](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police "Sri Lanka Police") ranks wear gorget patches of gold\-on\-black and silver\-on\-black. [Officer cadets](/wiki/Officer_cadet "Officer cadet") in the Army, Navy and the Air Force also wear patches.
The Sri Lanka Army followed the British Army pattern for the gorget patches of its general officer and senior officers of the ranks of brigadier and colonel. In the late 2000s, the practice was changed by [Field Marshal](/wiki/Field_Marshal "Field Marshal") [Sarath Fonseka](/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka "Sarath Fonseka"), who adopted the Indian Army pattern, with gold/silver stars (number of stars denoting the rank) on scarlet background; worn on Dress No 2A, 4, 5, 5A, 6, 6A, 6B, 7 and 8\. Officers of the rank of field marshal, general and the commander of the army would have an oak leaf chain of two oak leaves in gold colour. The traditional British pattern was retained for Dress No1, No 3 and 3A. For the officers of the [Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_Medical_Corps "Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps") the background will be in maroon.{{cite web \|title\=Dress Regulation PDF \- Part I \|url\=https://www.army.lk/sites/all/themes/bootstrap/common/images/images2/downloads/Dress\-regulation\-2019\-PART\-I.pdf \|website\=army.lk \|publisher\=Sri Lanka Army \|access\-date\=20 May 2021}}
### Sweden
In [Swedish Army](/wiki/Swedish_Army "Swedish Army") gorget patches on the combat uniform denote a branch of service and rank.
### Switzerland
In the [Swiss army](/wiki/Swiss_army "Swiss army") collar patches denote the rank and the arm of service.
### Syria
In Syria red collar patches symbolize the highest ranks of officers.
### Ukraine
In the [Soviet Ukraine](/wiki/Soviet_Ukraine "Soviet Ukraine") colored collar patches (though without gorgets) were used, as in other parts of the [USSR](/wiki/USSR "USSR").
Historically Ukrainian national units during the period 1918\-1920 and again 1941\-45 wore collar patches resembling the gorget patches of other armies.{{cite book\|first\=P.\|last\=Abbott\|pages\=44–47\|title\=Ukrainian Armies 1914\-55\|ISBN\=1\-84176\-668\-2}} These included the [Ukrainian Sich Riflemen](/wiki/Ukrainian_Sich_Riflemen "Ukrainian Sich Riflemen"), the [Ukrainian People's Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army "Ukrainian People's Army"), the [Sich Riflemen](/wiki/Sich_Riflemen "Sich Riflemen"), and the [Ukrainian Galician Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army "Ukrainian Galician Army").
### United Kingdom
[100px\|thumb\|General Sir [Bernard Montgomery](/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery%2C_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein "Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein") wearing scarlet collar patches on his battledress tunic](/wiki/File:General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England%2C_1943.jpg "General Sir Bernard Montgomery in England, 1943.jpg")
[General officers](/wiki/General_officer "General officer") and [senior staff officers](/wiki/Military_rank%23Field_or_senior_officers "Military rank#Field or senior officers") of the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army "British Army") wear gorget patches according to their branch or arm of service; their counterpart police ranks wear similar gorget patches of silver\-on\-black (gold\-on\-black in the [City of London Police](/wiki/City_of_London_Police "City of London Police")). [Officer cadets](/wiki/Officer_cadet "Officer cadet") in the [Merchant Navy](/wiki/Merchant_Navy "Merchant Navy"), Army and the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") also wear patches.
Introduced for British Army staff officers in India in 1887, the patches subsequently proliferated. Different colours were introduced to indicate the branch of service and by 1940 one finds:
* bright blue (engineers)
* dark blue (ordnance)
* pale blue (education)
* scarlet (general staff duties)
* cherry (medical)
* maroon (veterinary)
* purple (chaplains)
* green (dental)
* yellow (accountants)
During World War I all staff officers from second lieutenants upwards wore gorget patches and hatbands of these colours, making them conspicuous in the trenches and leading to the nickname of "the gilded staff".Major R. M. Barnes, page 278 "A History of the Regiments \& Uniforms of the British Army", Sphere Books 1972 From 1921 coloured collar patches were restricted to full colonels on the staff and above.In more recent times senior chaplains, dental and medical officers wear gorget patches of the colours described above, while all other colonels and above wear gold on scarlet (as they as are described as being on the General Staff).
[Gorget Patches at Mike Comerford Ordnance Insignia of the British Army](http://homepage.ntlworld.com/mike.comerford/ORDNANCE/47.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106183405/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/mike.comerford/ORDNANCE/47\.htm \|date\=2013\-01\-06 }}. Retrieved 21 June 2013
|
[
"Countries\n---------",
"### Afghanistan",
"[Afghan army](/wiki/Afghan_army \"Afghan army\") has collar patches similar to [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations \"Commonwealth of Nations\") ones. Under the [Republic of Afghanistan](/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_%281973%E2%80%931978%29 \"Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)\"), Afghan police officers working for the Ministry of Interior had a singular star on each collar patch.",
"### Austria",
"In [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") collar patches of the [Federal Army](/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces \"Austrian Armed Forces\") report the rank and the arm of service. They are also used in the police and fire service. Traditional, corps colours ({{lang\\-de\\|Waffenfarben or Adjustierungsfarben}}) dominate the basic colours of the rank insignia.",
"In the [Austro\\-Hungarian Army](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army \"Austro-Hungarian Army\") (k.u.k. Army), collar patches with rank insignia, appliquéd on the gorget of uniform coat, or jacket and the battle\\-dress blouse, were designated [*Paroli*](/wiki/Paroli_%28uniform%29 \"Paroli (uniform)\").\nSee also: \n* [Waffenfarbe (Austria)](/wiki/Waffenfarbe_%28Austria%29 \"Waffenfarbe (Austria)\")\n* [Rank insignia of the Austro\\-Hungarian armed forces](/wiki/Rank_insignia_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_armed_forces \"Rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces\")",
"The galleries below show examples of *Parolis*",
"Patrouilleführer der k.k. Gebirgstruppe 1907\\-18\\.png\\| ''\\[\\[Patrouilleführer]]'' of the k.k. mountain infantry 1906\\-1918\nMajor im K.u.k. Eisenbahn\\-Regiment.png\\| \\[\\[Major (rank)\\|Major]] ''Paroli'' with special badge of the k.u.k. railway regiment\nOberst M16 gg.png\\|''\\[\\[Oberst]]'', ''Paroli'' with dark\\-red, vertical stripe 1916",
"",
"### Australia",
"In [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") traditional gorget patches are worn by army colonels and general officers as well as by navy midshipmen. In the [St John Ambulance Australia](/wiki/St_John_Ambulance_Australia \"St John Ambulance Australia\") First Aid Services Branch, gorget patches distinguish State Staff Officers and National Staff Officers from those who are officers of a division or region.",
"### Bangladesh",
"In the [Bangladesh Armed Forces](/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces \"Bangladesh Armed Forces\") officers of the rank of colonel equivalent and above wear gorget patches. They are respectively red, sky blue and black or golden yellow in color. For Colonel and above equivalent ranks \"Shapla\" insignia is displayed. Each higher flag rank level above colonel has an additional star added.",
"### Belgium",
"In the [Belgian army](/wiki/Belgian_army \"Belgian army\"), the gorget patches have a branch color and rank insignia.",
"### Brazil",
"In the [Brazilian Army](/wiki/Brazilian_Army \"Brazilian Army\") the gorget patches, embroidered oak leaves in silver, are worn on both lapels of rifle green and grey formal dress uniforms by generals. The same insignia, in gold, is worn on both collars of gala full\\-dress uniforms.",
"In the [State of São Paulo Military Police](/wiki/State_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Military_Police \"State of São Paulo Military Police\"), commanding officers of the rank of colonel wear, on both lapels of their dark\\-grey formal uniforms, embroidered silver insignia. This consists of an armillary sphere, surrounded with laurels and with a star on top.",
"### Bulgaria",
"Gorget patches in the [Bulgarian Army](/wiki/Bulgarian_Army \"Bulgarian Army\") show which branch the wearer belongs to.",
"### Canada",
"With the restoration of historical nomenclature and features to the [Canadian Army](/wiki/Canadian_Army \"Canadian Army\") in 2013{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.army\\-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/news\\-publications/national\\-news\\-details\\-no\\-menu.page?doc\\=historical\\-features\\-of\\-the\\-canadian\\-army\\-restored/hivnkr3x\\|title\\=ARCHIVED \\- Army News (National) \\- Canadian Army \\- Article \\- Historical Features of the Canadian Army Restored\\|first\\=Government of Canada, National Defence, Canadian\\|last\\=Army\\|website\\=www.army\\-armee.forces.gc.ca}} reinstated insignia included traditional gorget patches for colonels and general officers. For combat branches these are in scarlet with gold embroidery for generals. However the gorget patches worn by senior officers of the Medical Branch are dull cherry, the Dental Branch emerald green and the Chaplain Branch purple.",
"### China",
"In [People's Liberation Army](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") of [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China \"People's Republic of China\") gorget patches are used to denote a military rank.",
"### Egypt",
"In Egypt red collar patches symbolize the highest ranks of officers.",
"### Finland",
"Finnish Army and Air Force use collar patches in dress uniforms. They are used to display [rank](/wiki/Finnish_military_ranks \"Finnish military ranks\") and corps colours. Not in use on field uniform.",
"### France",
"[thumb\\|180px\\|left\\|France artilleryman's uniform, 1916](/wiki/File:France_artilleryman%27s_uniform%2C_1916_-_National_World_War_I_Museum_-_Kansas_City%2C_MO_-_DSC07511.JPG \"France artilleryman's uniform, 1916 - National World War I Museum - Kansas City, MO - DSC07511.JPG\")\nIn the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\") collar patches were used on tunics and greatcoats from the early nineteenth century onwards. Usually in contrasting collars to the collar itself, they came to carry a regimental number or specialist insignia. With the adoption of a new light\\-beige dress uniform for all ranks in the 1980s, the practice of wearing coloured collar patches was discontinued.",
"{{clear}}",
"### Germany",
"[thumb\\|160px\\|Arabesques of a German [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") Generals](/wiki/File:WMacht_arabesques_OF10toOF6-hor_1945.jpg \"WMacht arabesques OF10toOF6-hor 1945.jpg\")\nCollar patches, or gorget patches ({{lang\\-de\\|Kragenspiegel}}, also {{lang\\|de\\|Kragenpatten}} or {{lang\\|de\\|Arabesquen}}), are to be worn on the gorget (on both collar points) of military uniform in German speaking armed forces.",
"However, collar patch insignia for [general officers](/wiki/General_%28Germany%29 \"General (Germany)\") of the *[Heer](/wiki/German_Army \"German Army\")* (Army) are traditionally called *Arabesque collar patch*, also *Larish embroidery*, *Old Prussian embroidery*, or *Arabesquen embroidery* ({{lang\\-de\\|Arabesken\\-Kragenspiegel}}, also {{lang\\|de\\|Larisch\\-Stickerei}}, {{lang\\|de\\|Altpreußische Stickerei}} or {{lang\\|de\\|Arabeskenstickerei}}).Dictionary to the German military history, 1st edition (Liz.5, P189/84, LSV:0547, B\\-Nr. 746 635 0\\), military publishing house of the GDR (VEB) – Berlin, 1985, Volume 1, page 396, definition: \"Versions of collar patches\".",
"In the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\"), generals, some officers, guardsmen and seamen wore Kragenspiegel, but these were not part of the service\\-wide uniform.",
"In the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\") such patches (or [*Litzen*](/wiki/World_War_II_German_Army_ranks_and_insignia%23Collar_patches_%28Kragenpatten%29_.5B4.5D \"World War II German Army ranks and insignia#Collar patches (Kragenpatten) .5B4.5D\")) were introduced throughout the [army](/wiki/Reichswehr \"Reichswehr\") in 1921, where they indicated the rank and the arm of service, but were not used in the navy.",
"The *[Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\")* continued this. Some Nazi\\-era civil services (e.g., police and railways) wore uniforms with collar tabs, similar to the [armed forces' tabs](/wiki/Comparative_ranks_of_Nazi_Germany \"Comparative ranks of Nazi Germany\"). New tabs were also introduced for the political leaders of the [NSDAP](/wiki/NSDAP \"NSDAP\") as well as new Nazi organisations like the *[Sturmabteilung](/wiki/Sturmabteilung \"Sturmabteilung\")* (SA) or the *[Schutzstaffel](/wiki/Schutzstaffel \"Schutzstaffel\")* (SS).",
"[East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\") used similar collar tabs to those of the *Wehrmacht* for its [army](/wiki/Land_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army \"Land Forces of the National People's Army\") and [air force](/wiki/Air_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army \"Air Forces of the National People's Army\"). Collar tabs were also worn by some personnel of the [navy](/wiki/Volksmarine \"Volksmarine\").",
"The [armed forces](/wiki/Bundeswehr \"Bundeswehr\") of the [Federal Republic of Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") also maintained the use of collar tabs in the [army](/wiki/German_Army \"German Army\") and the [air force](/wiki/German_Air_Force \"German Air Force\"), where they indicate to which branch (or *Truppengattung*) an individual soldier belongs. Members of the [German Navy](/wiki/German_Navy \"German Navy\") do not wear collar tabs.",
"### Greece",
"In the [Hellenic Army](/wiki/Hellenic_Army \"Hellenic Army\"), the use of gorget/collar patches (επιρράμματα) was introduced for the undress and field uniforms, via Austrian and French influences, at the turn of the 20th century. They consist of a distinctive background colour or combination of colours, that denote a specific arm of service or corps; officers also feature a metal device with the arms/corps emblem, while other ranks and non\\-professional NCOs do not. General officers use a British\\-style general officer' patch.",
"Collar patches are also used by the [Hellenic Police](/wiki/Hellenic_Police \"Hellenic Police\") (and formerly by the [Greek Gendarmerie](/wiki/Greek_Gendarmerie \"Greek Gendarmerie\") and the [Cities Police](/wiki/Cities_Police \"Cities Police\")) and the [Hellenic Fire Service](/wiki/Hellenic_Fire_Service \"Hellenic Fire Service\").",
"### Hong Kong",
"Senior officers, especially the commanding officer of each disciplinary unit in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") use gorget patches in their formal uniforms:",
"* [Hong Kong Police](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police \"Hong Kong Police\")\n* [Hong Kong Fire Services](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services \"Hong Kong Fire Services\")\n* [Hong Kong Correctional Services](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Correctional_Services \"Hong Kong Correctional Services\")\n* [Customs and Excise](/wiki/Customs_and_Excise_Department_%28Hong_Kong%29 \"Customs and Excise Department (Hong Kong)\")\n* [Hong Kong Immigration](/wiki/Immigration_Department_%28Hong_Kong%29 \"Immigration Department (Hong Kong)\")\n* [Government Flying Service (Hong Kong)](/wiki/Government_Flying_Service_%28Hong_Kong%29 \"Government Flying Service (Hong Kong)\")",
"The various services inherited their used as Hong Kong was a former [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") colony.",
"### Indonesia",
"Gorget patches, officially, called \"monograms\", are worn by members of the [Indonesian National Police](/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police \"Indonesian National Police\"). Most patches consist of cotton and rice embroidery (or sometimes metal made) on a dark brown background, with a red background for general officers and cadets of the [National Police Academy](/wiki/Police_academy \"Police academy\").{{cite web \\| title\\=Monogram image \\| website\\=Blog Abufariq \\| url\\=https://abufariq.wordpress.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2014/02/b2277\\-monogram\\-padi\\-kapas2\\.jpg \\| access\\-date\\=7 June 2024}} Examples of the Indonesian monogram.",
"Gorget patches have been worn by police since their separation from the [Indonesian National Armed Forces](/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces \"Indonesian National Armed Forces\") in 1999\\.",
"### India",
"In India, coloured gorget patches are used by senior\\-ranking [Armed Forces](/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces \"Indian Armed Forces\") officers of selection\\-grade rank (colonels, naval captains and group captains) and above: scarlet for [Indian Army](/wiki/Indian_Army \"Indian Army\") officers, gold in the [Indian Navy](/wiki/Indian_Navy \"Indian Navy\") and navy blue in the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force \"Indian Air Force\"). The [Chief of Defence Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29 \"Chief of Defence Staff (India)\") wears maroon patches.{{cite news \\|author\\=Bhalla, Abhishek \\|title\\=Here is what CDS Gen Bipin Rawat's new uniform will look like \\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/here\\-is\\-what\\-cds\\-gen\\-bipin\\-rawat\\-s\\-new\\-uniform\\-will\\-look\\-like\\-1632869\\-2019\\-12\\-31 \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2021 \\|work\\=India Today \\|date\\=31 December 2019}} Full [colonels](/wiki/Colonel \"Colonel\") in the army wear golden braid on their patches to signify their [commanding officer](/wiki/Commanding_officer \"Commanding officer\") rank, while Navy captains and Air Force group captains wear twin silver oakleaves on theirs, set perpendicular to each other.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://metrovaartha.com/en/2015/01/06/captain\\-varghese\\-mathew\\-assumes\\-office\\-as\\-naval\\-officer\\-in\\-charge\\-of\\-kerala/\\|title\\=Captain Varghese Mathew assumes office as Naval officer in charge of Kerala \\|publisher\\=Metro Vaartha \\|date\\=6 January 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2016}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.indianairforce.nic.in/pdf/IAF\\_Uniform\\_Reference\\_Book.pdf \\|title\\=IAF Uniform Reference Book \\|publisher\\=Indian Air Force \\|date\\=2013 \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002516/http://www.indianairforce.nic.in/pdf/IAF\\_Uniform\\_Reference\\_Book.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2 February 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"[Flag officers](/wiki/Flag_officers \"Flag officers\") of one\\-star through five\\-star rank wear a corresponding number of stars in gold (Indian Army) or silver (Indian Navy and Indian Air Force) on their collar patches. Flag officers of three\\-star rank and above who hold command positions wear an oak leaf wreath on each gorget patch, gold in the Army and silver in the Navy and Air Force. Only the [Chief of Defence Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29 \"Chief of Defence Staff (India)\") and the three armed force chiefs hold four\\-star rank and only a [field marshal](/wiki/Field_marshal_%28India%29 \"Field marshal (India)\") or a [marshal of the air force](/wiki/Marshal_of_the_air_force \"Marshal of the air force\") wears five stars. Till date, [Sam Manekshaw](/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw \"Sam Manekshaw\") and [Kodandera Madappa Cariappa](/wiki/Kodandera_Madappa_Cariappa \"Kodandera Madappa Cariappa\") are the only two officers who have been appointed to the rank of Field Marshal, while [Arjan Singh](/wiki/Arjan_Singh \"Arjan Singh\") has been appointed to the rank of [Marshal of the Indian Air Force](/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Indian_Air_Force \"Marshal of the Indian Air Force\"). If the Indian Navy rank of Admiral of the Fleet is ever created, the holder would presumably wear five silver stars on a gold patch.",
"Commandants and deputy inspector\\-generals (below four years service) in the [Indian Coast Guard](/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard \"Indian Coast Guard\"), who rank with Indian Navy captains, wear a similar insignia of twin golden oakleaves set perpendicularly to each other and mounted on [black\\-coloured patches](/wiki/Black-coloured_patches \"Black-coloured patches\"). Coast Guard officers of one\\-star through three\\-star rank wear a corresponding number of gold stars on their patches.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/cgpersonnel/ICG%20Uniform.pdf \\|title\\=Indian Coast Guard Uniforms \\|publisher\\=Indian Coast Guard \\|date\\=2013 \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414061724/http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/cgpersonnel/ICG%20Uniform.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2016 }} All senior ranking police officers of the Rank of [Senior Superintendent of Police](/wiki/Superintendent_of_Police_%28India%29 \"Superintendent of Police (India)\") (SSP) or Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) (both ranks being equivalent with Deputy Commissioner's are only in towns which has moved over to a commissioner system of policing this rank being equivalent to a full colonel in the Army) get a dark blue patch with a silver lining. This remains the same for the next higher rank of [Deputy Inspector General](/wiki/Deputy_inspector_general_of_police \"Deputy inspector general of police\") (DIG) or Additional Commissioner of Police (Addl. CP). However, the next senior officer, [The Inspector General](/wiki/Inspector-general_of_police%23India \"Inspector-general of police#India\") (IG) or Joint Commissioner of Police (JCP) has a silver design of a long leaf rather than a simple silver lining on their patch. This remains the same for the ranks of [Commissioner of Police](/wiki/Police_commissioner%23India \"Police commissioner#India\") and the [Director General of Police](/wiki/Director_General_of_Police \"Director General of Police\") (DGP).",
"### Iran",
"In Iran black collar patches identify the highest ranks of officers.",
"### Ireland",
"In the [Irish Defence Forces](/wiki/Defence_Forces_%28Ireland%29 \"Defence Forces (Ireland)\"), officers of Brigadier\\-general rank and above wear red and gold gorget patches.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.military.ie/press\\-office/multimedia\\-hub/downloads/rank\\-markings/\\|title\\=Rank Markings \\- Downloads \\- Multimedia Hub \\- Press Office \\- Defence Forces\\|website\\=www.military.ie}}",
"### Italy",
"{{Main\\|Italian Army gorget patches}}\nSince the late nineteenth century the [Italian Army](/wiki/Italian_Army \"Italian Army\") has made extensive use of coloured collar patches to distinguish branches of service such as the artillery, infantry brigades and individual cavalry regiments. In 1902 each [line infantry](/wiki/Line_infantry \"Line infantry\") brigade (comprising two regiments) was distinguished by large collar patches of a distinctive colour or combination of colours. The universal silver \"active service\" star was attached at the front of each patch.{{cite book\\|first\\=R. Spencer\\|last\\=Kidd\\|page\\=99\\|title\\=Military Uniforms in Europe Volume 1\\|ISBN\\=978\\-1\\-18744\\-1}}",
"There are also distinctive collar patches for the [San Marco Regiment](/wiki/San_Marco_Regiment \"San Marco Regiment\") (Navy), the [Guardia di Finanza](/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza \"Guardia di Finanza\"), the [Carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri \"Carabinieri\") and the civilian [police](/wiki/Italian_police \"Italian police\") corps.",
"### Jordan",
"In Jordan red collar patches symbolize the highest ranks of officers.",
"### Nepal",
"Gorget patches are worn by senior officers of the [Nepalese Army](/wiki/Nepalese_Army \"Nepalese Army\"), [Nepal Police](/wiki/Nepal_Police \"Nepal Police\") and [Armed Police Force Nepal](/wiki/Armed_Police_Force_Nepal \"Armed Police Force Nepal\"). Gorget patches are called \"Collar Docks\" in the Nepal Police.",
"### New Zealand",
"The [New Zealand Defence Force](/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force \"New Zealand Defence Force\") has collar patches for senior officers on the [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations \"Commonwealth of Nations\") model.",
"* [New Zealand Governor General](/wiki/New_Zealand_Governor_General \"New Zealand Governor General\") (if a civilian)\\-Jet Black with gold oak leaves\n* All other Corps\\-Post Office Red\n* [Royal New Zealand Army Chaplains Department](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Army_Chaplains_Department \"Royal New Zealand Army Chaplains Department\")\\-Purple\n* [Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Army_Medical_Corps \"Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps\")\\-Ruby\n* [Royal New Zealand Dental Corps](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Dental_Corps \"Royal New Zealand Dental Corps\")\\-Emerald Green\n* [New Zealand Army Legal Services](/wiki/New_Zealand_Army_Legal_Services \"New Zealand Army Legal Services\")\\-Maroon\n* [New Zealand Army Pay Corps](/wiki/New_Zealand_Army_Pay_Corps \"New Zealand Army Pay Corps\")\\-Indian Yellow",
"### North Korea",
"In [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\") gorget patches are used to denote a military rank.",
"### Oman",
"In Oman black collar patches distinguish the most senior ranks of officers.",
"### Pakistan",
"In Pakistan, collar patches are worn by senior officers and staff officers on the basis of their rank. A collar patch signifies that an officer is either a staff officer ([Colonel](/wiki/Colonel \"Colonel\")) or a [General Officer](/wiki/General_officer \"General officer\") ([Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_General \"Brigadier General\") or above).",
"When wearing non\\-combat [standard uniform](/wiki/Khaki \"Khaki\") or [service dress](/wiki/Service_dress \"Service dress\"), Staff Officers ([Colonel](/wiki/Colonel \"Colonel\")) in the [Pakistan Army](/wiki/Pakistani_Army \"Pakistani Army\") wear collar patches of crimson color with straight golden stripes and [General officers](/wiki/General_officer \"General officer\") wear collar patches of crimson color with golden braid.",
"When wearing [combat uniform](/wiki/Battledress \"Battledress\") (CCD), the collar patches of junior officers ([Lieutenant Colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel \"Lieutenant Colonel\") and below) carry the insignia of serving arms. Staff officers ([Colonel](/wiki/Colonel \"Colonel\")) have no collar patch and [General officers](/wiki/General_officer \"General officer\") ([Brigadier General](/wiki/Brigadier_General \"Brigadier General\") and above) wear the corresponding number of stars that their [rank](/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_Pakistan \"Army ranks and insignia of Pakistan\") carries on the collar.",
"### Romania",
"Historically coloured gorget patches of a distinctive \"arrow head\" pattern were used in the [Romanian army](/wiki/Romanian_army \"Romanian army\") to distinguish regiments and branches. They survive to a limited extent in the collar braiding of modern ceremonial uniforms.",
"### Russia",
"In the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") collar patches of red, blue, white and green distinguished each infantry regiment within a given division. Cavalry and other branches had a variety of collar patches.",
"In the [USSR](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\") in 1924\\-1943 they served as the primary insignia of military ranks. The rank system changed several times, and collar patches were different in [1924–1935](/wiki/Ranks_and_rank_insignia_of_the_Red_Army_1918%E2%80%931935 \"Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1918–1935\"), [1935–1940](/wiki/Ranks_and_rank_insignia_of_the_Red_Army_1935%E2%80%931940 \"Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940\") and [1940–1943 systems](/wiki/Ranks_and_rank_insignia_of_the_Red_Army_1940%E2%80%931943 \"Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940–1943\"). When the [shoulder straps](/wiki/Shoulder_strap \"Shoulder strap\") were restored in 1943, collar tabs remained as an insignia of the branch and the arm of service. Since 1932 they were also used as an insignia in some civil services.",
"The state of affairs is the same in the modern [Russian Federation](/wiki/Russian_Federation \"Russian Federation\").",
"### Somalia",
"In Somalia, only officers above the rank of Second Lieutenant (or Ensign) wear gorget patches, the Army wears red patches, the Navy wear black patches, the Air Force wear navy blue patches, the Police wear royal blue patches and the Custodial Corps wear green patches. Upon reaching the rank of Brigadier General or Commodore Admiral, the patches then will have a golden ornate pattern on them.",
"### Sri Lanka",
"[General officers](/wiki/General_officer \"General officer\") and [senior officers](/wiki/Military_rank%23Field_or_senior_officers \"Military rank#Field or senior officers\") of the ranks of brigadier and colonel in the [Sri Lanka Army](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army \"Sri Lanka Army\") wear gold\\-on\\-red gorget patches according to their rank; air force officers of similar rank wear white\\-on\\-blue gorget patches. Senior gazetted officers in the [Sri Lanka Police](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police \"Sri Lanka Police\") ranks wear gorget patches of gold\\-on\\-black and silver\\-on\\-black. [Officer cadets](/wiki/Officer_cadet \"Officer cadet\") in the Army, Navy and the Air Force also wear patches.\nThe Sri Lanka Army followed the British Army pattern for the gorget patches of its general officer and senior officers of the ranks of brigadier and colonel. In the late 2000s, the practice was changed by [Field Marshal](/wiki/Field_Marshal \"Field Marshal\") [Sarath Fonseka](/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka \"Sarath Fonseka\"), who adopted the Indian Army pattern, with gold/silver stars (number of stars denoting the rank) on scarlet background; worn on Dress No 2A, 4, 5, 5A, 6, 6A, 6B, 7 and 8\\. Officers of the rank of field marshal, general and the commander of the army would have an oak leaf chain of two oak leaves in gold colour. The traditional British pattern was retained for Dress No1, No 3 and 3A. For the officers of the [Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_Medical_Corps \"Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps\") the background will be in maroon.{{cite web \\|title\\=Dress Regulation PDF \\- Part I \\|url\\=https://www.army.lk/sites/all/themes/bootstrap/common/images/images2/downloads/Dress\\-regulation\\-2019\\-PART\\-I.pdf \\|website\\=army.lk \\|publisher\\=Sri Lanka Army \\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2021}}",
"### Sweden",
"In [Swedish Army](/wiki/Swedish_Army \"Swedish Army\") gorget patches on the combat uniform denote a branch of service and rank.",
"### Switzerland",
"In the [Swiss army](/wiki/Swiss_army \"Swiss army\") collar patches denote the rank and the arm of service.",
"### Syria",
"In Syria red collar patches symbolize the highest ranks of officers.",
"### Ukraine",
"In the [Soviet Ukraine](/wiki/Soviet_Ukraine \"Soviet Ukraine\") colored collar patches (though without gorgets) were used, as in other parts of the [USSR](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\").",
"Historically Ukrainian national units during the period 1918\\-1920 and again 1941\\-45 wore collar patches resembling the gorget patches of other armies.{{cite book\\|first\\=P.\\|last\\=Abbott\\|pages\\=44–47\\|title\\=Ukrainian Armies 1914\\-55\\|ISBN\\=1\\-84176\\-668\\-2}} These included the [Ukrainian Sich Riflemen](/wiki/Ukrainian_Sich_Riflemen \"Ukrainian Sich Riflemen\"), the [Ukrainian People's Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army \"Ukrainian People's Army\"), the [Sich Riflemen](/wiki/Sich_Riflemen \"Sich Riflemen\"), and the [Ukrainian Galician Army](/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army \"Ukrainian Galician Army\").",
"### United Kingdom",
"[100px\\|thumb\\|General Sir [Bernard Montgomery](/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery%2C_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein \"Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein\") wearing scarlet collar patches on his battledress tunic](/wiki/File:General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England%2C_1943.jpg \"General Sir Bernard Montgomery in England, 1943.jpg\")",
"[General officers](/wiki/General_officer \"General officer\") and [senior staff officers](/wiki/Military_rank%23Field_or_senior_officers \"Military rank#Field or senior officers\") of the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") wear gorget patches according to their branch or arm of service; their counterpart police ranks wear similar gorget patches of silver\\-on\\-black (gold\\-on\\-black in the [City of London Police](/wiki/City_of_London_Police \"City of London Police\")). [Officer cadets](/wiki/Officer_cadet \"Officer cadet\") in the [Merchant Navy](/wiki/Merchant_Navy \"Merchant Navy\"), Army and the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") also wear patches.",
"Introduced for British Army staff officers in India in 1887, the patches subsequently proliferated. Different colours were introduced to indicate the branch of service and by 1940 one finds:",
"* bright blue (engineers)\n* dark blue (ordnance)\n* pale blue (education)\n* scarlet (general staff duties)\n* cherry (medical)\n* maroon (veterinary)\n* purple (chaplains)\n* green (dental)\n* yellow (accountants)",
"During World War I all staff officers from second lieutenants upwards wore gorget patches and hatbands of these colours, making them conspicuous in the trenches and leading to the nickname of \"the gilded staff\".Major R. M. Barnes, page 278 \"A History of the Regiments \\& Uniforms of the British Army\", Sphere Books 1972 From 1921 coloured collar patches were restricted to full colonels on the staff and above.In more recent times senior chaplains, dental and medical officers wear gorget patches of the colours described above, while all other colonels and above wear gold on scarlet (as they as are described as being on the General Staff).\n[Gorget Patches at Mike Comerford Ordnance Insignia of the British Army](http://homepage.ntlworld.com/mike.comerford/ORDNANCE/47.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106183405/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/mike.comerford/ORDNANCE/47\\.htm \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-06 }}. Retrieved 21 June 2013",
""
] |
### Germany
[thumb\|160px\|Arabesques of a German [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") Generals](/wiki/File:WMacht_arabesques_OF10toOF6-hor_1945.jpg "WMacht arabesques OF10toOF6-hor 1945.jpg")
Collar patches, or gorget patches ({{lang\-de\|Kragenspiegel}}, also {{lang\|de\|Kragenpatten}} or {{lang\|de\|Arabesquen}}), are to be worn on the gorget (on both collar points) of military uniform in German speaking armed forces.
However, collar patch insignia for [general officers](/wiki/General_%28Germany%29 "General (Germany)") of the *[Heer](/wiki/German_Army "German Army")* (Army) are traditionally called *Arabesque collar patch*, also *Larish embroidery*, *Old Prussian embroidery*, or *Arabesquen embroidery* ({{lang\-de\|Arabesken\-Kragenspiegel}}, also {{lang\|de\|Larisch\-Stickerei}}, {{lang\|de\|Altpreußische Stickerei}} or {{lang\|de\|Arabeskenstickerei}}).Dictionary to the German military history, 1st edition (Liz.5, P189/84, LSV:0547, B\-Nr. 746 635 0\), military publishing house of the GDR (VEB) – Berlin, 1985, Volume 1, page 396, definition: "Versions of collar patches".
In the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire"), generals, some officers, guardsmen and seamen wore Kragenspiegel, but these were not part of the service\-wide uniform.
In the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") such patches (or [*Litzen*](/wiki/World_War_II_German_Army_ranks_and_insignia%23Collar_patches_%28Kragenpatten%29_.5B4.5D "World War II German Army ranks and insignia#Collar patches (Kragenpatten) .5B4.5D")) were introduced throughout the [army](/wiki/Reichswehr "Reichswehr") in 1921, where they indicated the rank and the arm of service, but were not used in the navy.
The *[Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht")* continued this. Some Nazi\-era civil services (e.g., police and railways) wore uniforms with collar tabs, similar to the [armed forces' tabs](/wiki/Comparative_ranks_of_Nazi_Germany "Comparative ranks of Nazi Germany"). New tabs were also introduced for the political leaders of the [NSDAP](/wiki/NSDAP "NSDAP") as well as new Nazi organisations like the *[Sturmabteilung](/wiki/Sturmabteilung "Sturmabteilung")* (SA) or the *[Schutzstaffel](/wiki/Schutzstaffel "Schutzstaffel")* (SS).
[East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") used similar collar tabs to those of the *Wehrmacht* for its [army](/wiki/Land_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army "Land Forces of the National People's Army") and [air force](/wiki/Air_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army "Air Forces of the National People's Army"). Collar tabs were also worn by some personnel of the [navy](/wiki/Volksmarine "Volksmarine").
The [armed forces](/wiki/Bundeswehr "Bundeswehr") of the [Federal Republic of Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") also maintained the use of collar tabs in the [army](/wiki/German_Army "German Army") and the [air force](/wiki/German_Air_Force "German Air Force"), where they indicate to which branch (or *Truppengattung*) an individual soldier belongs. Members of the [German Navy](/wiki/German_Navy "German Navy") do not wear collar tabs.
|
[
"### Germany",
"[thumb\\|160px\\|Arabesques of a German [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") Generals](/wiki/File:WMacht_arabesques_OF10toOF6-hor_1945.jpg \"WMacht arabesques OF10toOF6-hor 1945.jpg\")\nCollar patches, or gorget patches ({{lang\\-de\\|Kragenspiegel}}, also {{lang\\|de\\|Kragenpatten}} or {{lang\\|de\\|Arabesquen}}), are to be worn on the gorget (on both collar points) of military uniform in German speaking armed forces.",
"However, collar patch insignia for [general officers](/wiki/General_%28Germany%29 \"General (Germany)\") of the *[Heer](/wiki/German_Army \"German Army\")* (Army) are traditionally called *Arabesque collar patch*, also *Larish embroidery*, *Old Prussian embroidery*, or *Arabesquen embroidery* ({{lang\\-de\\|Arabesken\\-Kragenspiegel}}, also {{lang\\|de\\|Larisch\\-Stickerei}}, {{lang\\|de\\|Altpreußische Stickerei}} or {{lang\\|de\\|Arabeskenstickerei}}).Dictionary to the German military history, 1st edition (Liz.5, P189/84, LSV:0547, B\\-Nr. 746 635 0\\), military publishing house of the GDR (VEB) – Berlin, 1985, Volume 1, page 396, definition: \"Versions of collar patches\".",
"In the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\"), generals, some officers, guardsmen and seamen wore Kragenspiegel, but these were not part of the service\\-wide uniform.",
"In the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\") such patches (or [*Litzen*](/wiki/World_War_II_German_Army_ranks_and_insignia%23Collar_patches_%28Kragenpatten%29_.5B4.5D \"World War II German Army ranks and insignia#Collar patches (Kragenpatten) .5B4.5D\")) were introduced throughout the [army](/wiki/Reichswehr \"Reichswehr\") in 1921, where they indicated the rank and the arm of service, but were not used in the navy.",
"The *[Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\")* continued this. Some Nazi\\-era civil services (e.g., police and railways) wore uniforms with collar tabs, similar to the [armed forces' tabs](/wiki/Comparative_ranks_of_Nazi_Germany \"Comparative ranks of Nazi Germany\"). New tabs were also introduced for the political leaders of the [NSDAP](/wiki/NSDAP \"NSDAP\") as well as new Nazi organisations like the *[Sturmabteilung](/wiki/Sturmabteilung \"Sturmabteilung\")* (SA) or the *[Schutzstaffel](/wiki/Schutzstaffel \"Schutzstaffel\")* (SS).",
"[East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\") used similar collar tabs to those of the *Wehrmacht* for its [army](/wiki/Land_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army \"Land Forces of the National People's Army\") and [air force](/wiki/Air_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army \"Air Forces of the National People's Army\"). Collar tabs were also worn by some personnel of the [navy](/wiki/Volksmarine \"Volksmarine\").",
"The [armed forces](/wiki/Bundeswehr \"Bundeswehr\") of the [Federal Republic of Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") also maintained the use of collar tabs in the [army](/wiki/German_Army \"German Army\") and the [air force](/wiki/German_Air_Force \"German Air Force\"), where they indicate to which branch (or *Truppengattung*) an individual soldier belongs. Members of the [German Navy](/wiki/German_Navy \"German Navy\") do not wear collar tabs.",
""
] |
General theory
--------------
An MWC generator is a special form of [Lehmer random number generator](/wiki/Lehmer_random_number_generator "Lehmer random number generator") x\_n \= bx\_{n\-1} \\bmod p which allows efficient implementation of a prime modulus p much larger than the machine word size.
Normal Lehmer generator implementations choose a modulus close to the machine word size. An MWC generator instead maintains its state in base b, so multiplying by b is done implicitly by shifting one word. The base b is typically chosen to equal the computer's word size, as this makes arithmetic modulo b trivial. This may vary from b \= 2^8 for a [microcontroller](/wiki/Microcontroller "Microcontroller") to b \= 2^{64}. (This article uses b \= 2^{32} for examples.)
The initial state ("seed") values are arbitrary, except that they must not be all zero, nor all at the maximum permitted values (x\_0 \= b\-1 and c\_0 \= a\-1 ). (This is commonly done by choosing c\_0 between 1 and a\-2.). The MWC sequence is then a sequence of pairs x\_n, c\_n determined by
x\_n\=(ax\_{n\-1}\+c\_{n\-1})\\,\\bmod\\,b,\\ c\_n\=\\left\\lfloor\\frac{ax\_{n\-1}\+c\_{n\-1}}{b}\\right\\rfloor
This is called a lag\-1 MWC sequence. Sometimes an odd base is preferred, in which case b \= 2^k\-1 can be used, which is almost as simple to implement. A lag\-r sequence is a generalization of the lag\-1 sequence allowing longer periods{{r\|Marsaglia03}}. The lag\-r MWC sequence is then a sequence of pairs
x\_n, c\_n (for n \> r) determined by
x\_n\=(ax\_{n\-r}\+c\_{n\-1})\\,\\bmod\\,b,\\ c\_n\=\\left\\lfloor\\frac{ax\_{n\-r}\+c\_{n\-1}}{b}\\right\\rfloor
and the MWC generator output is the sequence of x's,
x\_r, x\_{r\+1}, x\_{r\+2}, ...
In this case, the initial state ("seed") values must not be all zero nor x\_0 \= b\-1 and c\_{r\-1} \= a\-1.
The MWC multiplier a and lag r determine the modulus p \= ab^r\-1. In practice, a is chosen so the modulus is prime and the sequence has long period. If the modulus is prime, the period of a lag\-r MWC generator is the order of b in the multiplicative group of numbers modulo p. While it is theoretically possible to choose a non\-prime modulus, a prime modulus eliminates the possibility of the initial seed sharing a common divisor with the modulus, which would reduce the generator's period.
Because 2 is a [quadratic residue](/wiki/Quadratic_residue "Quadratic residue") of numbers of the form 8k \\pm 1, b \= 2^k cannot be a primitive root of p \= ab^r\-1. Therefore, MWC generators with base 2^k have their parameters chosen so their period is (*abr*−1\)/2\. This is one of the difficulties that use of *b* \= 2*k* − 1 overcomes.
The basic form of an MWC generator has parameters *a*, *b* and *r*, and *r*\+1 words of state. The state consists of *r* residues modulo *b*
0 ≤ *x*0, *x*1, *x*2,..., *x**r*−1 \< b,
and a carry *c**r*−1 \< *a*.
Although the theory of MWC generators permits *a* \> *b*, *a* is almost always chosen smaller for convenience of implementation.
The state transformation function of an MWC generator is one step of [Montgomery reduction](/wiki/Montgomery_reduction "Montgomery reduction") modulo *p*. The state is a large integer with most significant word *c**n*−1 and least significant word *x**n*−*r*. Each step, *x**n*−*r*·(*abr*−1\) is added to this integer. This is done in two parts: −1·*x**n*−*r* is added to *x**n*−*r*, resulting in a least significant word of zero. And second, *a*·*x**n*−*r* is added to the carry. This makes the integer one word longer, producing two new most significant words *xn* and *cn*.
So far, this has simply added a multiple of *p* to the state, resulting in a different representative of the same [residue class](/wiki/Residue_class "Residue class") modulo *p*. But finally, the state is shifted down one word, dividing by *b*. This discards the least significant word of zero (which, in practice, is never computed at all) and effectively multiplies the state by *b*−1 (mod *p*).
Thus, a multiply\-with\-carry generator *is* a Lehmer generator with modulus *p* and multiplier *b*−1 (mod *p*). This is the same as a generator with multiplier *b*, but producing output in reverse order, which does not affect the quality of the resultant pseudorandom numbers.
Couture and L'Ecuyer{{r\|Couture97}} have proved the surprising result that the lattice associated with a multiply\-with\-carry generator is very close to the lattice associated with the Lehmer generator it simulates. Thus, the mathematical techniques developed for Lehmer generators (such as the [spectral test](/wiki/Spectral_test "Spectral test")) can be applied to multiply\-with\-carry generators.
|
[
"General theory\n--------------",
"An MWC generator is a special form of [Lehmer random number generator](/wiki/Lehmer_random_number_generator \"Lehmer random number generator\") x\\_n \\= bx\\_{n\\-1} \\\\bmod p which allows efficient implementation of a prime modulus p much larger than the machine word size.",
"Normal Lehmer generator implementations choose a modulus close to the machine word size. An MWC generator instead maintains its state in base b, so multiplying by b is done implicitly by shifting one word. The base b is typically chosen to equal the computer's word size, as this makes arithmetic modulo b trivial. This may vary from b \\= 2^8 for a [microcontroller](/wiki/Microcontroller \"Microcontroller\") to b \\= 2^{64}. (This article uses b \\= 2^{32} for examples.)",
"The initial state (\"seed\") values are arbitrary, except that they must not be all zero, nor all at the maximum permitted values (x\\_0 \\= b\\-1 and c\\_0 \\= a\\-1 ). (This is commonly done by choosing c\\_0 between 1 and a\\-2.). The MWC sequence is then a sequence of pairs x\\_n, c\\_n determined by",
"x\\_n\\=(ax\\_{n\\-1}\\+c\\_{n\\-1})\\\\,\\\\bmod\\\\,b,\\\\ c\\_n\\=\\\\left\\\\lfloor\\\\frac{ax\\_{n\\-1}\\+c\\_{n\\-1}}{b}\\\\right\\\\rfloor\nThis is called a lag\\-1 MWC sequence. Sometimes an odd base is preferred, in which case b \\= 2^k\\-1 can be used, which is almost as simple to implement. A lag\\-r sequence is a generalization of the lag\\-1 sequence allowing longer periods{{r\\|Marsaglia03}}. The lag\\-r MWC sequence is then a sequence of pairs\nx\\_n, c\\_n (for n \\> r) determined by",
"x\\_n\\=(ax\\_{n\\-r}\\+c\\_{n\\-1})\\\\,\\\\bmod\\\\,b,\\\\ c\\_n\\=\\\\left\\\\lfloor\\\\frac{ax\\_{n\\-r}\\+c\\_{n\\-1}}{b}\\\\right\\\\rfloor\nand the MWC generator output is the sequence of x's,\n x\\_r, x\\_{r\\+1}, x\\_{r\\+2}, ...",
"In this case, the initial state (\"seed\") values must not be all zero nor x\\_0 \\= b\\-1 and c\\_{r\\-1} \\= a\\-1.",
"The MWC multiplier a and lag r determine the modulus p \\= ab^r\\-1. In practice, a is chosen so the modulus is prime and the sequence has long period. If the modulus is prime, the period of a lag\\-r MWC generator is the order of b in the multiplicative group of numbers modulo p. While it is theoretically possible to choose a non\\-prime modulus, a prime modulus eliminates the possibility of the initial seed sharing a common divisor with the modulus, which would reduce the generator's period.",
"Because 2 is a [quadratic residue](/wiki/Quadratic_residue \"Quadratic residue\") of numbers of the form 8k \\\\pm 1, b \\= 2^k cannot be a primitive root of p \\= ab^r\\-1. Therefore, MWC generators with base 2^k have their parameters chosen so their period is (*abr*−1\\)/2\\. This is one of the difficulties that use of *b* \\= 2*k* − 1 overcomes.",
"The basic form of an MWC generator has parameters *a*, *b* and *r*, and *r*\\+1 words of state. The state consists of *r* residues modulo *b*\n 0 ≤ *x*0, *x*1, *x*2,..., *x**r*−1 \\< b,\nand a carry *c**r*−1 \\< *a*.",
"Although the theory of MWC generators permits *a* \\> *b*, *a* is almost always chosen smaller for convenience of implementation.",
"The state transformation function of an MWC generator is one step of [Montgomery reduction](/wiki/Montgomery_reduction \"Montgomery reduction\") modulo *p*. The state is a large integer with most significant word *c**n*−1 and least significant word *x**n*−*r*. Each step, *x**n*−*r*·(*abr*−1\\) is added to this integer. This is done in two parts: −1·*x**n*−*r* is added to *x**n*−*r*, resulting in a least significant word of zero. And second, *a*·*x**n*−*r* is added to the carry. This makes the integer one word longer, producing two new most significant words *xn* and *cn*.",
"So far, this has simply added a multiple of *p* to the state, resulting in a different representative of the same [residue class](/wiki/Residue_class \"Residue class\") modulo *p*. But finally, the state is shifted down one word, dividing by *b*. This discards the least significant word of zero (which, in practice, is never computed at all) and effectively multiplies the state by *b*−1 (mod *p*).",
"Thus, a multiply\\-with\\-carry generator *is* a Lehmer generator with modulus *p* and multiplier *b*−1 (mod *p*). This is the same as a generator with multiplier *b*, but producing output in reverse order, which does not affect the quality of the resultant pseudorandom numbers.",
"Couture and L'Ecuyer{{r\\|Couture97}} have proved the surprising result that the lattice associated with a multiply\\-with\\-carry generator is very close to the lattice associated with the Lehmer generator it simulates. Thus, the mathematical techniques developed for Lehmer generators (such as the [spectral test](/wiki/Spectral_test \"Spectral test\")) can be applied to multiply\\-with\\-carry generators.",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1949 Bretton Hall College, a teacher training college founded by [Alec Clegg](/wiki/Alec_Clegg "Alec Clegg") specialising in innovative courses in design, music and the visual and performance arts, opened in the historic [Bretton Hall](/wiki/Bretton_Hall%2C_West_Yorkshire "Bretton Hall, West Yorkshire") in West Bretton, Yorkshire. It became an affiliated college of the [University of Leeds](/wiki/University_of_Leeds "University of Leeds"), which validated its degrees.
The college had financial difficulties, and, with the support of the [Higher Education Funding Council for England](/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England "Higher Education Funding Council for England") (HEFCE), merged with the University of Leeds in August 2001\. Most of the music, fine art and teacher training courses were moved to the [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds "Leeds") campus, but visual and performing arts education and creative writing remained at the Bretton site, which became home to the University's School of Performance and Cultural Industries.
In December 2004 the university's governing body reversed an earlier decision and decided that the Bretton Hall site was not financially viable, and the School of Performance and Cultural Industries should move to the main university campus in summer 2007, allowing all existing Bretton\-based students to complete their studies there. The closure was documented on the BBC website by student Clair Parker.Parker, Clair.["Bye\-bye Bretton Hall"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2004/11/02/student_diary_clair_200411_feature.shtml), *[bbc.co.uk](/wiki/Bbc.co.uk "Bbc.co.uk")*, 2 November 2005\. Retrieved on 25 February 2008\.
In June 2006 it was announced that Bretton Hall was to be sold to Wakefield Council. On 3 May 2007 John Godber presented *Final Curtain*, a documentary on Bretton Hall, broadcast on [BBC Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 "BBC Radio 4"). On 5 and 6 May 2007, a reunion was organised for the [alumni](/wiki/Alumni "Alumni") and students of Bretton Hall between 1947 and 2007 as a celebration of the school's contribution to the arts industry and also the academic excellence it produced over sixty years. On the Saturday, Mike Levon staged a concert in the Music Salon. In November 2007 it was announced that Bretton Hall would be developed as a luxury hotel and spa.
The [Yorkshire Sculpture Park](/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park "Yorkshire Sculpture Park") (YSP) was founded in the college parkland by Bretton Hall lecturer Peter Murray CBE. YSP has become a leading international art centre renowned for art and performance in the landscape. When the college closed, Yorkshire Sculpture Park took over the estate grounds and lakes.[Announcement from Wakefield Council about the future use of Bretton Hall, November 2007](http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/News/PressReleases/news/pr1579.htm) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721105020/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/News/PressReleases/news/pr1579\.htm \|date\=July 21, 2008 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/ParksAndOpenSpaces/BrettonCountryPark/BrettonHall.htm\|title\=Bretton Hall\|work\=Wakefield.gov.uk\|accessdate\=9 October 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127183224/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/ParksAndOpenSpaces/BrettonCountryPark/BrettonHall.htm\|archivedate\=27 January 2010}}
In May 2013 a series of special visits to the former hostels (halls of residence) was co\-organised by Wakefield Council, YSP, the developer [Rushbond](/wiki/Rushbond "Rushbond") and Bretton Hall alumni. Photographs were taken of every hostel room.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bretton\-hall.com/hostel\-images\-2013/\|title\=Hostel images 2013\|work\=Bretton Hall 1947\-2007\|accessdate\=2 October 2013}} A further event was organised in September 2013 to visit the mansion. Rushbond will ensure that a complete photographic record will be taken of the building before refurbishment.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1949 Bretton Hall College, a teacher training college founded by [Alec Clegg](/wiki/Alec_Clegg \"Alec Clegg\") specialising in innovative courses in design, music and the visual and performance arts, opened in the historic [Bretton Hall](/wiki/Bretton_Hall%2C_West_Yorkshire \"Bretton Hall, West Yorkshire\") in West Bretton, Yorkshire. It became an affiliated college of the [University of Leeds](/wiki/University_of_Leeds \"University of Leeds\"), which validated its degrees.",
"The college had financial difficulties, and, with the support of the [Higher Education Funding Council for England](/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England \"Higher Education Funding Council for England\") (HEFCE), merged with the University of Leeds in August 2001\\. Most of the music, fine art and teacher training courses were moved to the [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds \"Leeds\") campus, but visual and performing arts education and creative writing remained at the Bretton site, which became home to the University's School of Performance and Cultural Industries.",
"In December 2004 the university's governing body reversed an earlier decision and decided that the Bretton Hall site was not financially viable, and the School of Performance and Cultural Industries should move to the main university campus in summer 2007, allowing all existing Bretton\\-based students to complete their studies there. The closure was documented on the BBC website by student Clair Parker.Parker, Clair.[\"Bye\\-bye Bretton Hall\"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2004/11/02/student_diary_clair_200411_feature.shtml), *[bbc.co.uk](/wiki/Bbc.co.uk \"Bbc.co.uk\")*, 2 November 2005\\. Retrieved on 25 February 2008\\.",
"In June 2006 it was announced that Bretton Hall was to be sold to Wakefield Council. On 3 May 2007 John Godber presented *Final Curtain*, a documentary on Bretton Hall, broadcast on [BBC Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 \"BBC Radio 4\"). On 5 and 6 May 2007, a reunion was organised for the [alumni](/wiki/Alumni \"Alumni\") and students of Bretton Hall between 1947 and 2007 as a celebration of the school's contribution to the arts industry and also the academic excellence it produced over sixty years. On the Saturday, Mike Levon staged a concert in the Music Salon. In November 2007 it was announced that Bretton Hall would be developed as a luxury hotel and spa.",
"The [Yorkshire Sculpture Park](/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park \"Yorkshire Sculpture Park\") (YSP) was founded in the college parkland by Bretton Hall lecturer Peter Murray CBE. YSP has become a leading international art centre renowned for art and performance in the landscape. When the college closed, Yorkshire Sculpture Park took over the estate grounds and lakes.[Announcement from Wakefield Council about the future use of Bretton Hall, November 2007](http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/News/PressReleases/news/pr1579.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721105020/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/News/PressReleases/news/pr1579\\.htm \\|date\\=July 21, 2008 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/ParksAndOpenSpaces/BrettonCountryPark/BrettonHall.htm\\|title\\=Bretton Hall\\|work\\=Wakefield.gov.uk\\|accessdate\\=9 October 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127183224/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/ParksAndOpenSpaces/BrettonCountryPark/BrettonHall.htm\\|archivedate\\=27 January 2010}}",
"In May 2013 a series of special visits to the former hostels (halls of residence) was co\\-organised by Wakefield Council, YSP, the developer [Rushbond](/wiki/Rushbond \"Rushbond\") and Bretton Hall alumni. Photographs were taken of every hostel room.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bretton\\-hall.com/hostel\\-images\\-2013/\\|title\\=Hostel images 2013\\|work\\=Bretton Hall 1947\\-2007\\|accessdate\\=2 October 2013}} A further event was organised in September 2013 to visit the mansion. Rushbond will ensure that a complete photographic record will be taken of the building before refurbishment.",
""
] |
NCAA Division I\-AA Playoffs
----------------------------
### \#11 Hampton (first round)
{{Linescore Amfootball\|
\|Road\=Hampton
\|R1\=13 \|\|R2\=0 \|\|R3\=8 \|\|R4\=14
\|Home\='''William \& Mary'''
\|H1\=0 \|\|H2\=7 \|\|H3\=14 \|\|H4\=21
}}
As the 6th\-ranked team nationally, William \& Mary was able to host all of their playoff games (unless a higher\-ranked team were to play them). In the opening round, the Tribe hosted the \#11 [Hampton Pirates](/wiki/Hampton_Pirates_football "Hampton Pirates football").
Hampton was able to jump on William \& Mary early. Running back Ardell Daniels punched in a 1\-yard touchdown score 4:01 into the first quarter to cap a four\-play, 51\-yard scoring drive. Several series by both teams followed, none of which resulted in any points. The Pirates would score their second touchdown with 3:31 left in the first quarter, but the PAT was blocked and the score remained 13–0\. Both teams were evenly matched in the deeply contested match. The second quarter offered little offense. The only points came from the Tribe's 8\-yard touchdown pass to Bratton. William \& Mary was losing 13–7, in their home stadium, at the half.
The second half was a much more offensively\-oriented game. The Tribe received the opening kickoff, and less than two minutes later, Campbell found Thompson on a 27\-yard touchdown pass. Greg Kuehn made the extra point, and William \& Mary was now ahead 14–13\. Hampton, however, quickly responded. Jerome Mathis returned the ensuing kickoff 93 yards for the Pirates' third score of the day. They completed a two\-point conversion to take a 21–14 lead. There was one more score of the third quarter – a 4\-yard run by William \& Mary's Jon Smith. The teams headed into the final 15 minutes tied at 21\.
Hampton once again scored first. Jerome Mathis caught his second touchdown pass when Pirates quarterback Prince Shepherd connected with him for a 43\-yard score. Like Hampton had done to them earlier, the Tribe responded by returning the ensuing kickoff 92 yards for a quick score. The game was now knotted at 28 points with fewer than twelve minutes remaining. William \& Mary was able to stop Hampton on the next series for a timely defensive effort. The high\-scoring Tribe offense then took the field and, like many times before over the course of the season, Lang Campbell found [Dominique Thompson](/wiki/Dominique_Thompson "Dominique Thompson") for a touchdown pass. This time it came as the first play of scrimmage in a one\-play, 45\-yard pass that encompassed nine seconds. For the first time all game, William \& Mary held a lead of seven points. Hampton was unable to respond. Their next offensive series produced zero points, giving possession back to William \& Mary. The Tribe then took advantage of their opportunity. Smith ran in his second touchdown of the contest when he punched in a 4\-yard run with only 1:58 remaining.
Hampton had no choice but to use a no\-huddle, [hurry\-up offense](/wiki/Hurry-up_offense "Hurry-up offense"). They managed to complete an eight\-play, 56\-yard drive to score on Prince's 7\-yard quarterback scurry with 32 seconds remaining. After a successful PAT, the Pirates attempted an [onside kick](/wiki/Onside_kick "Onside kick") but could not recover it. The Tribe burned the rest of the game clock and walked away with a 42–35 opening round victory—their first playoff win since 1996 when they beat [Jacksonville State](/wiki/Jacksonville_State_Gamecocks_football "Jacksonville State Gamecocks football").
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\|VisitorName\=HAM\|HomeName\=W\&M\|state\=collapsed}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=1
\| Time\=10:59
\| Team\=HAM
\| DriveLength\=51
\| DriveTime\=1:35
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Ardell Daniels'''
\| yards\=1
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Andrew Paterini''
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=0
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=1
\| Time\=3:31
\| Team\=HAM
\| DriveLength\=80
\| DriveTime\=0:14
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Jerome Mathis'''
\| yards\=80
\| QB\='''Prince Shepherd'''
\| kickresult\=no good (blocked)
\| Kicker\=''Andrew Paterini''
\| Visitor\=13
\| Home\=0
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=9:23
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=80
\| DriveTime\=3:06
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Adam Bratton'''
\| QB\='''\[\[Lang Campbell]]'''
\| yards\=8
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=13
\| Home\=7
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=13:08
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=74
\| DriveTime\=1:52
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''\[\[Dominique Thompson]]'''
\| yards\=27
\| kickresult\=good
\| QB\='''Lang Campbell'''
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=13
\| Home\=14
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=12:55
\| Team\=HAM
\| DriveLength\=—
\| DriveTime\=—
\| Type\=Other
\| Other\='''Jerome Mathis''' 93\-yard kickoff return touchdown, '''Jason Morgan''' pass from '''Prince Shepherd''' good
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=14
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=5:33
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=56
\| DriveTime\=1:27
\| Type\=RushTD
\| yards\=4
\| Runner\='''Jon Smith'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=21
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=12:01
\| Team\=HAM
\| DriveLength\=78
\| DriveTime\=2:59
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Jerome Mathis'''
\| yards\=43
\| QB\='''Prince Shepherd'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Andrew Paterini''
\| Visitor\=28
\| Home\=21
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=11:47
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=—
\| DriveTime\=—
\| Type\=Other
\| Other\='''Dominique Thompson''' 92\-yard kickoff return touchdown, ''Greg Kuehn'' kick good
\| Visitor\=28
\| Home\=28
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=9:58
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=45
\| DriveTime\=0:09
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Dominique Thompson'''
\| yards\=45
\| QB\='''Lang Campbell'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=28
\| Home\=35
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=1:56
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=60
\| DriveTime\=1:53
\| Type\=RushTD
\| yards\=4
\| Runner\='''Jon Smith'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=28
\| Home\=42
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=0:32
\| Team\=HAM
\| DriveLength\=56
\| DriveTime\=1:24
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Prince Shepherd'''
\| yards\=7
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Andrew Paterini''
\| Visitor\=35
\| Home\=42
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\|Visitor\=35\|Home\=42}}
### \#10 Delaware (Quarterfinals)
{{Linescore Amfootball\|
\|Road\=Delaware
\|R1\=14 \|\|R2\=17 \|\|R3\=0 \|\|R4\=0 \|\|R5\=7 \|\|R6\=0
\|Home\='''William \& Mary'''
\|H1\=7 \|\|H2\=3 \|\|H3\=0 \|\|H4\=21 \|\|H5\=7 \|\|H6\=6
}}
The 2004 Division I\-AA Quarterfinal match\-up against the defending national champion [University of Delaware](/wiki/University_of_Delaware "University of Delaware") [Fightin' Blue Hens](/wiki/Delaware_Fightin%27_Blue_Hens_football "Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football") was one of the most prolific football games in a long William \& Mary history. The Tribe hosted the Blue Hens at [Zable Stadium](/wiki/Zable_Stadium "Zable Stadium") on a cold December 4 afternoon. When the double\-overtime game finally ended, the Tribe had accumulated 500 yards of offense while Delaware accounted for 491 of their own. The match was also the largest come\-from\-behind win in Tribe history after they erased a Blue Hen 21\-point fourth\-quarter lead to send the game into extra sessions.
Delaware opened the contest's scoring with an [Omar Cuff](/wiki/Omar_Cuff "Omar Cuff") 37\-yard touchdown run 3:32 into the first quarter. A little over one minute later, Tribe quarterback [Lang Campbell](/wiki/Lang_Campbell "Lang Campbell") (30\-of\-53, 342 yards, three touchdowns, no interceptions) would find receiver John Pitts for an 11\-yard passing score to even the game at seven apiece. Cuff would score during the first quarter once more, however, as the Blue Hens took a 14–7 lead. In the second quarter, Delaware added to their lead and seemingly put the game out of reach by halftime. Blue Hens quarterback Sonny Riccio (24\-of\-41, 262 yards, three touchdowns, 2 INTs) connected two times for scores with David Boler in addition to a Brad Shushman field goal. William \& Mary's only points came from a Greg Kuehn field goal. Delaware outscored William \& Mary 17–3 during the period and took a 31–10 lead into halftime.
The third quarter was a defensive battle as neither team was able to put any points on the board. The score remained a 21\-point deficit for the Tribe at the start of the fourth quarter. William \& Mary exploded offensively in the quarter, however, and (with a staunch defensive effort) came back to force overtime at 31–31 by putting up 21 straight points in the frame. Stephen Cason ran back an interception 62 yards for a touchdown 10 seconds into the quarter, Jon Smith scored on a two\-yard touchdown run, and Campbell threw a 15\-yard scoring pass to Joe Nicholas with just under two minutes to play. The miraculous comeback was not complete as the game headed into overtime. Delaware struck first when Justin Long caught a seven\-yard touchdown pass from Riccio for a 38–31 Delaware advantage. The Tribe countered with a two\-yard touchdown pass from Nicholas, which knotted the score at 38 apiece and set the stage for Smith's heroics in the second overtime session. Kuehn missed his first extra point of the season after Smith scored, opening the door for a Delaware victory on the ensuing possession. However, William \& Mary stopped the Blue Hens on the next possession to steal the six\-point win.
William \& Mary fans stormed Zable Stadium and celebrated on the middle of the field after the game concluded. The win also thrust the Tribe into their first\-ever national semifinal playoff game, which was to be against their biggest rival, [James Madison University](/wiki/James_Madison_University "James Madison University").
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\|VisitorName\=DEL\|HomeName\=W\&M\|state\=collapsed}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=1
\| Time\=11:28
\| Team\=DEL
\| DriveLength\=52
\| DriveTime\=0:19
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''\[\[Omar Cuff]]'''
\| yards\=37
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Brad Shushman''
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=0
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=1
\| Time\=10:14
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=72
\| DriveTime\=1:14
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''John Pitts'''
\| yards\=11
\| QB\='''\[\[Lang Campbell]]'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=7
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=1
\| Time\=3:57
\| Team\=DEL
\| DriveLength\=77
\| DriveTime\=6:17
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Omar Cuff'''
\| yards\=5
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Brad Shushman''
\| Visitor\=14
\| Home\=7
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=14:30
\| Team\=DEL
\| DriveLength\=83
\| DriveTime\=2:07
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''David Boler'''
\| yards\=58
\| kickresult\=good
\| QB\='''Sonny Riccio'''
\| Kicker\=''Brad Shushman''
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=7
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=11:07
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=52
\| DriveTime\=3:23
\| Type\=FG
\| yards\=37
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=10
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=7:51
\| Team\=DEL
\| DriveLength\=32
\| DriveTime\=3:16
\| Type\=FG
\| yards\=31
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Brad Shushman''
\| Visitor\=24
\| Home\=10
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=1:02
\| Team\=DEL
\| DriveLength\=74
\| DriveTime\=2:48
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''David Boler'''
\| yards\=15
\| QB\='''Sonny Riccio'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Brad Shushman''
\| Visitor\=31
\| Home\=10
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=14:50
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=—
\| DriveTime\=—
\| Type\=IntTD
\| Def\='''Stephen Cason'''
\| yards\=62
\| QB\='''Sonny Riccio'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=31
\| Home\=17
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=9:56
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=57
\| DriveTime\=3:04
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Jon Smith'''
\| yards\=2
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=31
\| Home\=24
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=1:56
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=68
\| DriveTime\=6:24
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Joe Nicholas'''
\| yards\=15
\| QB\='''Lang Campbell'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=31
\| Home\=31
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=OT
\| Time\=15:00
\| Team\=DEL
\| DriveLength\=25
\| DriveTime\=—
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Justin Long'''
\| yards\=7
\| QB\='''Sonny Riccio'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Brad Shushman''
\| Visitor\=38
\| Home\=31
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=OT
\| Time\=15:00
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=25
\| DriveTime\=—
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Joe Nicholas'''
\| yards\=2
\| QB\='''Lang Campbell'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=38
\| Home\=38
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2OT
\| Time\=15:00
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=25
\| DriveTime\=—
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Jon Smith'''
\| yards\=7
\| kickresult\=no good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=38
\| Home\=44
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\|Visitor\=38\|Home\=44}}
### \#8 James Madison (Semifinals)
{{Linescore Amfootball\|
\|Road\='''James Madison'''
\|R1\=21 \|\|R2\=0 \|\|R3\=20 \|\|R4\=7
\|Home\=William \& Mary
\|H1\=0 \|\|H2\=20 \|\|H3\=6 \|\|H4\=8
}}
For the first time since the 1930s, William \& Mary hosted a night\-time football game. Using temporary stadium lights to illuminate the field and stands, the sold\-out Division I\-AA semifinal against James Madison was broadcast live on the [ESPN2](/wiki/ESPN2 "ESPN2") television network. The Tribe had a six\-game winning streak heading into the contest, and the [Dukes](/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes_football "James Madison Dukes football") had only two losses all season—one early season loss to Division I\-A power [West Virginia](/wiki/2004_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team "2004 West Virginia Mountaineers football team"), and the other to William \& Mary on a last second field goal. Whereas the Tribe won their first two playoff games at home, James Madison was forced to win both of theirs on the road.
In the game's early going, all momentum and big plays were going Madison's way. They trounced William \& Mary in the first quarter and went up 21–0 by virtue of rushing, passing and interception touchdowns. The game seemed out of reach for the Tribe before a blink of an eye. However, as quickly as the Dukes gained a lead, they gave it right back. In the second quarter, Greg Kuehn got the Tribe's scoring started 1:22 in with a 27\-yard field goal. After a defensive stop forced Madison to punt, William \& Mary went on a 68\-yard, 4:41 drive to score their first touchdown (a two\-yard Lang Campbell run). Another empty possession for the Dukes gave the Tribe new life as they took advantage and scored another touchdown with 2:14 remaining in the half to cut the deficit to four. After forcing a third straight punt, William \& Mary capitalized for a fourth time in the second quarter as Kuehn made a 42\-yard field goal as time expired in the first half. After being down 21–0 after one quarter, William \& Mary crawled back to nearly even the score at 21–20\.
The Tribe continued their scoring in the third quarter when Campbell found Dominique Thompson for a seven\-yard touchdown pass 3:23 into the half. They took their first lead of the game, 27–21\. Less than one minute later, however, the Dukes responded with a two\-play, 63\-yard drive capped by a touchdown pass to D. D. Boxley from quarterback Justin Rascati. On William \& Mary's next three possessions, they lost two fumbles and were forced to punt, giving the ball back to JMU each time. The Dukes took advantage of two of those possessions by scoring one rushing and one passing touchdown to take a 41–26 lead into the final frame. In the fourth quarter, Madison scored an insurance touchdown with 8:01 remaining when Alvin Banks punched in a one\-yard run. The Tribe would not score again until a four\-yard Campbell hook\-up with John Pitts with 1:21 remaining in the game. In a game of runs, James Madison University would prevail to move on to the 2004 Division I\-AA National Championship that they would later win, becoming the first time in history to win a national championship by defeating every team on the road. With the loss, William \& Mary's record\-breaking season ended, but myriad [individual and team accolades](/wiki/2004_William_%26_Mary_Tribe_football_team%23Awards_and_accomplishments "2004 William & Mary Tribe football team#Awards and accomplishments") were still to come.
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\|VisitorName\=JMU\|HomeName\=W\&M\|state\=collapsed}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=1
\| Time\=12:32
\| Team\=JMU
\| DriveLength\=73
\| DriveTime\=2:28
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Raymond Hines'''
\| yards\=27
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''David Rabil''
\| Visitor\=7
\| Home\=0
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=1
\| Time\=6:08
\| Team\=JMU
\| DriveLength\=25
\| DriveTime\=1:01
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Casime Harris'''
\| yards\=19
\| QB\='''Justin Rascati'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''David Rabil''
\| Visitor\=14
\| Home\=0
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=1
\| Time\=4:02
\| Team\=JMU
\| DriveLength\=—
\| DriveTime\=—
\| Type\=IntTD
\| Def\='''Clint Kent'''
\| yards\=69
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''David Rabil''
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=0
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=13:38
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=65
\| DriveTime\=5:24
\| Type\=FG
\| yards\=27
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=3
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=6:20
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=68
\| DriveTime\=4:41
\| Type\=RushTD
\| yards\=2
\| Runner\='''\[\[Lang Campbell]]'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=10
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=2:14
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=60
\| DriveTime\=2:18
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Joe Nicholas'''
\| QB\='''Lang Campbell'''
\| yards\=9
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=17
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=2
\| Time\=0:00
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=34
\| DriveTime\=0:40
\| Type\=FG
\| yards\=42
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''Greg Kuehn''
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=20
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=11:37
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=73
\| DriveTime\=3:23
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''\[\[Dominique Thompson]]'''
\| yards\=7
\| QB\='''Lang Campbell'''
\| 2pt type\=pass
\| 2pt result\=failed
\| Visitor\=21
\| Home\=26
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=11:00
\| Team\=JMU
\| DriveLength\=63
\| DriveTime\=0:37
\| Type\=RecTD
\| QB\='''Justin Rascati'''
\| Receiver\='''D. D. Boxley'''
\| yards\=34
\| 2pt type\=pass
\| 2pt result\=failed
\| Visitor\=27
\| Home\=26
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=4:24
\| Team\=JMU
\| DriveLength\=48
\| DriveTime\=5:09
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Chris Iorio'''
\| yards\=4
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''David Rabil''
\| Visitor\=34
\| Home\=26
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=3
\| Time\=2:45
\| Team\=JMU
\| DriveLength\=18
\| DriveTime\=1:22
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''Antoinne Bolton'''
\| yards\=13
\| QB\='''Justin Rascati'''
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''David Rabil''
\| Visitor\=41
\| Home\=26
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=8:01
\| Team\=JMU
\| DriveLength\=58
\| DriveTime\=8:36
\| Type\=RushTD
\| Runner\='''Alvin Banks'''
\| yards\=1
\| kickresult\=good
\| Kicker\=''David Rabil''
\| Visitor\=48
\| Home\=26
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry
\| Quarter\=4
\| Time\=1:21
\| Team\=W\&M
\| DriveLength\=70
\| DriveTime\=1:19
\| Type\=RecTD
\| Receiver\='''John Pitts'''
\| QB\='''Lang Campbell'''
\| yards\=4
\| 2pt type\=run
\| 2pt result\=good
\| Visitor\=48
\| Home\=34
}}
{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\|Visitor\=48\|Home\=34}}
|
[
"NCAA Division I\\-AA Playoffs\n----------------------------",
"### \\#11 Hampton (first round)",
"{{Linescore Amfootball\\|\n\\|Road\\=Hampton\n\\|R1\\=13 \\|\\|R2\\=0 \\|\\|R3\\=8 \\|\\|R4\\=14 \n\\|Home\\='''William \\& Mary'''\n\\|H1\\=0 \\|\\|H2\\=7 \\|\\|H3\\=14 \\|\\|H4\\=21\n}}\nAs the 6th\\-ranked team nationally, William \\& Mary was able to host all of their playoff games (unless a higher\\-ranked team were to play them). In the opening round, the Tribe hosted the \\#11 [Hampton Pirates](/wiki/Hampton_Pirates_football \"Hampton Pirates football\").",
"Hampton was able to jump on William \\& Mary early. Running back Ardell Daniels punched in a 1\\-yard touchdown score 4:01 into the first quarter to cap a four\\-play, 51\\-yard scoring drive. Several series by both teams followed, none of which resulted in any points. The Pirates would score their second touchdown with 3:31 left in the first quarter, but the PAT was blocked and the score remained 13–0\\. Both teams were evenly matched in the deeply contested match. The second quarter offered little offense. The only points came from the Tribe's 8\\-yard touchdown pass to Bratton. William \\& Mary was losing 13–7, in their home stadium, at the half.",
"The second half was a much more offensively\\-oriented game. The Tribe received the opening kickoff, and less than two minutes later, Campbell found Thompson on a 27\\-yard touchdown pass. Greg Kuehn made the extra point, and William \\& Mary was now ahead 14–13\\. Hampton, however, quickly responded. Jerome Mathis returned the ensuing kickoff 93 yards for the Pirates' third score of the day. They completed a two\\-point conversion to take a 21–14 lead. There was one more score of the third quarter – a 4\\-yard run by William \\& Mary's Jon Smith. The teams headed into the final 15 minutes tied at 21\\.",
"Hampton once again scored first. Jerome Mathis caught his second touchdown pass when Pirates quarterback Prince Shepherd connected with him for a 43\\-yard score. Like Hampton had done to them earlier, the Tribe responded by returning the ensuing kickoff 92 yards for a quick score. The game was now knotted at 28 points with fewer than twelve minutes remaining. William \\& Mary was able to stop Hampton on the next series for a timely defensive effort. The high\\-scoring Tribe offense then took the field and, like many times before over the course of the season, Lang Campbell found [Dominique Thompson](/wiki/Dominique_Thompson \"Dominique Thompson\") for a touchdown pass. This time it came as the first play of scrimmage in a one\\-play, 45\\-yard pass that encompassed nine seconds. For the first time all game, William \\& Mary held a lead of seven points. Hampton was unable to respond. Their next offensive series produced zero points, giving possession back to William \\& Mary. The Tribe then took advantage of their opportunity. Smith ran in his second touchdown of the contest when he punched in a 4\\-yard run with only 1:58 remaining.",
"Hampton had no choice but to use a no\\-huddle, [hurry\\-up offense](/wiki/Hurry-up_offense \"Hurry-up offense\"). They managed to complete an eight\\-play, 56\\-yard drive to score on Prince's 7\\-yard quarterback scurry with 32 seconds remaining. After a successful PAT, the Pirates attempted an [onside kick](/wiki/Onside_kick \"Onside kick\") but could not recover it. The Tribe burned the rest of the game clock and walked away with a 42–35 opening round victory—their first playoff win since 1996 when they beat [Jacksonville State](/wiki/Jacksonville_State_Gamecocks_football \"Jacksonville State Gamecocks football\").\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\\|VisitorName\\=HAM\\|HomeName\\=W\\&M\\|state\\=collapsed}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\| Time\\=10:59\n\\| Team\\=HAM\n\\| DriveLength\\=51\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:35\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Ardell Daniels'''\n\\| yards\\=1\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Andrew Paterini''\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=0\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\| Time\\=3:31\n\\| Team\\=HAM\n\\| DriveLength\\=80\n\\| DriveTime\\=0:14\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Jerome Mathis'''\n\\| yards\\=80\n\\| QB\\='''Prince Shepherd'''\n\\| kickresult\\=no good (blocked)\n\\| Kicker\\=''Andrew Paterini''\n\\| Visitor\\=13\n\\| Home\\=0\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=9:23\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=80\n\\| DriveTime\\=3:06\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Adam Bratton'''\n\\| QB\\='''\\[\\[Lang Campbell]]'''\n\\| yards\\=8\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=13\n\\| Home\\=7\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=13:08\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=74\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:52\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''\\[\\[Dominique Thompson]]'''\n\\| yards\\=27\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| QB\\='''Lang Campbell'''\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=13\n\\| Home\\=14\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=12:55\n\\| Team\\=HAM\n\\| DriveLength\\=—\n\\| DriveTime\\=—\n\\| Type\\=Other\n\\| Other\\='''Jerome Mathis''' 93\\-yard kickoff return touchdown, '''Jason Morgan''' pass from '''Prince Shepherd''' good\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=14\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=5:33\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=56\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:27\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| yards\\=4\n\\| Runner\\='''Jon Smith'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=21\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=12:01\n\\| Team\\=HAM\n\\| DriveLength\\=78\n\\| DriveTime\\=2:59\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Jerome Mathis'''\n\\| yards\\=43\n\\| QB\\='''Prince Shepherd'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Andrew Paterini''\n\\| Visitor\\=28\n\\| Home\\=21\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=11:47\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=—\n\\| DriveTime\\=—\n\\| Type\\=Other\n\\| Other\\='''Dominique Thompson''' 92\\-yard kickoff return touchdown, ''Greg Kuehn'' kick good\n\\| Visitor\\=28\n\\| Home\\=28\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=9:58\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=45\n\\| DriveTime\\=0:09\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Dominique Thompson'''\n\\| yards\\=45\n\\| QB\\='''Lang Campbell'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=28\n\\| Home\\=35\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=1:56\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=60\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:53\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| yards\\=4\n\\| Runner\\='''Jon Smith'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=28\n\\| Home\\=42\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=0:32\n\\| Team\\=HAM\n\\| DriveLength\\=56\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:24\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Prince Shepherd'''\n\\| yards\\=7\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Andrew Paterini''\n\\| Visitor\\=35\n\\| Home\\=42\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\\|Visitor\\=35\\|Home\\=42}}",
"### \\#10 Delaware (Quarterfinals)",
"{{Linescore Amfootball\\|\n\\|Road\\=Delaware\n\\|R1\\=14 \\|\\|R2\\=17 \\|\\|R3\\=0 \\|\\|R4\\=0 \\|\\|R5\\=7 \\|\\|R6\\=0\n\\|Home\\='''William \\& Mary'''\n\\|H1\\=7 \\|\\|H2\\=3 \\|\\|H3\\=0 \\|\\|H4\\=21 \\|\\|H5\\=7 \\|\\|H6\\=6\n}}\nThe 2004 Division I\\-AA Quarterfinal match\\-up against the defending national champion [University of Delaware](/wiki/University_of_Delaware \"University of Delaware\") [Fightin' Blue Hens](/wiki/Delaware_Fightin%27_Blue_Hens_football \"Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football\") was one of the most prolific football games in a long William \\& Mary history. The Tribe hosted the Blue Hens at [Zable Stadium](/wiki/Zable_Stadium \"Zable Stadium\") on a cold December 4 afternoon. When the double\\-overtime game finally ended, the Tribe had accumulated 500 yards of offense while Delaware accounted for 491 of their own. The match was also the largest come\\-from\\-behind win in Tribe history after they erased a Blue Hen 21\\-point fourth\\-quarter lead to send the game into extra sessions.",
"Delaware opened the contest's scoring with an [Omar Cuff](/wiki/Omar_Cuff \"Omar Cuff\") 37\\-yard touchdown run 3:32 into the first quarter. A little over one minute later, Tribe quarterback [Lang Campbell](/wiki/Lang_Campbell \"Lang Campbell\") (30\\-of\\-53, 342 yards, three touchdowns, no interceptions) would find receiver John Pitts for an 11\\-yard passing score to even the game at seven apiece. Cuff would score during the first quarter once more, however, as the Blue Hens took a 14–7 lead. In the second quarter, Delaware added to their lead and seemingly put the game out of reach by halftime. Blue Hens quarterback Sonny Riccio (24\\-of\\-41, 262 yards, three touchdowns, 2 INTs) connected two times for scores with David Boler in addition to a Brad Shushman field goal. William \\& Mary's only points came from a Greg Kuehn field goal. Delaware outscored William \\& Mary 17–3 during the period and took a 31–10 lead into halftime.",
"The third quarter was a defensive battle as neither team was able to put any points on the board. The score remained a 21\\-point deficit for the Tribe at the start of the fourth quarter. William \\& Mary exploded offensively in the quarter, however, and (with a staunch defensive effort) came back to force overtime at 31–31 by putting up 21 straight points in the frame. Stephen Cason ran back an interception 62 yards for a touchdown 10 seconds into the quarter, Jon Smith scored on a two\\-yard touchdown run, and Campbell threw a 15\\-yard scoring pass to Joe Nicholas with just under two minutes to play. The miraculous comeback was not complete as the game headed into overtime. Delaware struck first when Justin Long caught a seven\\-yard touchdown pass from Riccio for a 38–31 Delaware advantage. The Tribe countered with a two\\-yard touchdown pass from Nicholas, which knotted the score at 38 apiece and set the stage for Smith's heroics in the second overtime session. Kuehn missed his first extra point of the season after Smith scored, opening the door for a Delaware victory on the ensuing possession. However, William \\& Mary stopped the Blue Hens on the next possession to steal the six\\-point win.",
"William \\& Mary fans stormed Zable Stadium and celebrated on the middle of the field after the game concluded. The win also thrust the Tribe into their first\\-ever national semifinal playoff game, which was to be against their biggest rival, [James Madison University](/wiki/James_Madison_University \"James Madison University\").",
"{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\\|VisitorName\\=DEL\\|HomeName\\=W\\&M\\|state\\=collapsed}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\| Time\\=11:28\n\\| Team\\=DEL\n\\| DriveLength\\=52\n\\| DriveTime\\=0:19\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''\\[\\[Omar Cuff]]'''\n\\| yards\\=37\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Brad Shushman''\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=0\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\| Time\\=10:14\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=72\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:14\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''John Pitts'''\n\\| yards\\=11\n\\| QB\\='''\\[\\[Lang Campbell]]'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=7\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\| Time\\=3:57\n\\| Team\\=DEL\n\\| DriveLength\\=77\n\\| DriveTime\\=6:17\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Omar Cuff'''\n\\| yards\\=5\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Brad Shushman''\n\\| Visitor\\=14\n\\| Home\\=7\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=14:30\n\\| Team\\=DEL\n\\| DriveLength\\=83\n\\| DriveTime\\=2:07\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''David Boler'''\n\\| yards\\=58\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| QB\\='''Sonny Riccio'''\n\\| Kicker\\=''Brad Shushman''\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=7\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=11:07\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=52\n\\| DriveTime\\=3:23\n\\| Type\\=FG\n\\| yards\\=37\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=10\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=7:51\n\\| Team\\=DEL\n\\| DriveLength\\=32\n\\| DriveTime\\=3:16\n\\| Type\\=FG\n\\| yards\\=31\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Brad Shushman''\n\\| Visitor\\=24\n\\| Home\\=10\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=1:02\n\\| Team\\=DEL\n\\| DriveLength\\=74\n\\| DriveTime\\=2:48\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''David Boler'''\n\\| yards\\=15\n\\| QB\\='''Sonny Riccio'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Brad Shushman''\n\\| Visitor\\=31\n\\| Home\\=10\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=14:50\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=—\n\\| DriveTime\\=—\n\\| Type\\=IntTD\n\\| Def\\='''Stephen Cason'''\n\\| yards\\=62\n\\| QB\\='''Sonny Riccio'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=31\n\\| Home\\=17\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=9:56\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=57\n\\| DriveTime\\=3:04\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Jon Smith'''\n\\| yards\\=2\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=31\n\\| Home\\=24\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=1:56\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=68\n\\| DriveTime\\=6:24\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Joe Nicholas'''\n\\| yards\\=15\n\\| QB\\='''Lang Campbell'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=31\n\\| Home\\=31\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=OT\n\\| Time\\=15:00\n\\| Team\\=DEL\n\\| DriveLength\\=25\n\\| DriveTime\\=—\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Justin Long'''\n\\| yards\\=7\n\\| QB\\='''Sonny Riccio'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Brad Shushman''\n\\| Visitor\\=38\n\\| Home\\=31\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=OT\n\\| Time\\=15:00\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=25\n\\| DriveTime\\=—\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Joe Nicholas'''\n\\| yards\\=2\n\\| QB\\='''Lang Campbell'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=38\n\\| Home\\=38\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2OT\n\\| Time\\=15:00\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=25\n\\| DriveTime\\=—\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Jon Smith'''\n\\| yards\\=7\n\\| kickresult\\=no good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=38\n\\| Home\\=44\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\\|Visitor\\=38\\|Home\\=44}}",
"### \\#8 James Madison (Semifinals)",
"{{Linescore Amfootball\\|\n\\|Road\\='''James Madison'''\n\\|R1\\=21 \\|\\|R2\\=0 \\|\\|R3\\=20 \\|\\|R4\\=7 \n\\|Home\\=William \\& Mary\n\\|H1\\=0 \\|\\|H2\\=20 \\|\\|H3\\=6 \\|\\|H4\\=8\n}}\nFor the first time since the 1930s, William \\& Mary hosted a night\\-time football game. Using temporary stadium lights to illuminate the field and stands, the sold\\-out Division I\\-AA semifinal against James Madison was broadcast live on the [ESPN2](/wiki/ESPN2 \"ESPN2\") television network. The Tribe had a six\\-game winning streak heading into the contest, and the [Dukes](/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes_football \"James Madison Dukes football\") had only two losses all season—one early season loss to Division I\\-A power [West Virginia](/wiki/2004_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team \"2004 West Virginia Mountaineers football team\"), and the other to William \\& Mary on a last second field goal. Whereas the Tribe won their first two playoff games at home, James Madison was forced to win both of theirs on the road.",
"In the game's early going, all momentum and big plays were going Madison's way. They trounced William \\& Mary in the first quarter and went up 21–0 by virtue of rushing, passing and interception touchdowns. The game seemed out of reach for the Tribe before a blink of an eye. However, as quickly as the Dukes gained a lead, they gave it right back. In the second quarter, Greg Kuehn got the Tribe's scoring started 1:22 in with a 27\\-yard field goal. After a defensive stop forced Madison to punt, William \\& Mary went on a 68\\-yard, 4:41 drive to score their first touchdown (a two\\-yard Lang Campbell run). Another empty possession for the Dukes gave the Tribe new life as they took advantage and scored another touchdown with 2:14 remaining in the half to cut the deficit to four. After forcing a third straight punt, William \\& Mary capitalized for a fourth time in the second quarter as Kuehn made a 42\\-yard field goal as time expired in the first half. After being down 21–0 after one quarter, William \\& Mary crawled back to nearly even the score at 21–20\\.",
"The Tribe continued their scoring in the third quarter when Campbell found Dominique Thompson for a seven\\-yard touchdown pass 3:23 into the half. They took their first lead of the game, 27–21\\. Less than one minute later, however, the Dukes responded with a two\\-play, 63\\-yard drive capped by a touchdown pass to D. D. Boxley from quarterback Justin Rascati. On William \\& Mary's next three possessions, they lost two fumbles and were forced to punt, giving the ball back to JMU each time. The Dukes took advantage of two of those possessions by scoring one rushing and one passing touchdown to take a 41–26 lead into the final frame. In the fourth quarter, Madison scored an insurance touchdown with 8:01 remaining when Alvin Banks punched in a one\\-yard run. The Tribe would not score again until a four\\-yard Campbell hook\\-up with John Pitts with 1:21 remaining in the game. In a game of runs, James Madison University would prevail to move on to the 2004 Division I\\-AA National Championship that they would later win, becoming the first time in history to win a national championship by defeating every team on the road. With the loss, William \\& Mary's record\\-breaking season ended, but myriad [individual and team accolades](/wiki/2004_William_%26_Mary_Tribe_football_team%23Awards_and_accomplishments \"2004 William & Mary Tribe football team#Awards and accomplishments\") were still to come.\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryStart\\|VisitorName\\=JMU\\|HomeName\\=W\\&M\\|state\\=collapsed}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\| Time\\=12:32\n\\| Team\\=JMU\n\\| DriveLength\\=73\n\\| DriveTime\\=2:28\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Raymond Hines'''\n\\| yards\\=27\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''David Rabil''\n\\| Visitor\\=7\n\\| Home\\=0\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\| Time\\=6:08\n\\| Team\\=JMU\n\\| DriveLength\\=25\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:01\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Casime Harris'''\n\\| yards\\=19\n\\| QB\\='''Justin Rascati'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''David Rabil''\n\\| Visitor\\=14\n\\| Home\\=0\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=1\n\\| Time\\=4:02\n\\| Team\\=JMU\n\\| DriveLength\\=—\n\\| DriveTime\\=—\n\\| Type\\=IntTD\n\\| Def\\='''Clint Kent'''\n\\| yards\\=69\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''David Rabil''\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=0\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=13:38\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=65\n\\| DriveTime\\=5:24\n\\| Type\\=FG\n\\| yards\\=27\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=3\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=6:20\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=68\n\\| DriveTime\\=4:41\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| yards\\=2\n\\| Runner\\='''\\[\\[Lang Campbell]]'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=10\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=2:14\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=60\n\\| DriveTime\\=2:18\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Joe Nicholas'''\n\\| QB\\='''Lang Campbell'''\n\\| yards\\=9\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=17\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=2\n\\| Time\\=0:00\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=34\n\\| DriveTime\\=0:40\n\\| Type\\=FG\n\\| yards\\=42\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''Greg Kuehn''\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=20\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=11:37\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=73\n\\| DriveTime\\=3:23\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''\\[\\[Dominique Thompson]]'''\n\\| yards\\=7\n\\| QB\\='''Lang Campbell'''\n\\| 2pt type\\=pass\n\\| 2pt result\\=failed\n\\| Visitor\\=21\n\\| Home\\=26\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=11:00\n\\| Team\\=JMU\n\\| DriveLength\\=63\n\\| DriveTime\\=0:37\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| QB\\='''Justin Rascati'''\n\\| Receiver\\='''D. D. Boxley'''\n\\| yards\\=34\n\\| 2pt type\\=pass\n\\| 2pt result\\=failed\n\\| Visitor\\=27\n\\| Home\\=26\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=4:24\n\\| Team\\=JMU\n\\| DriveLength\\=48\n\\| DriveTime\\=5:09\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Chris Iorio'''\n\\| yards\\=4\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''David Rabil''\n\\| Visitor\\=34\n\\| Home\\=26\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=3\n\\| Time\\=2:45\n\\| Team\\=JMU\n\\| DriveLength\\=18\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:22\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''Antoinne Bolton'''\n\\| yards\\=13\n\\| QB\\='''Justin Rascati'''\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''David Rabil''\n\\| Visitor\\=41\n\\| Home\\=26\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=8:01\n\\| Team\\=JMU\n\\| DriveLength\\=58\n\\| DriveTime\\=8:36\n\\| Type\\=RushTD\n\\| Runner\\='''Alvin Banks'''\n\\| yards\\=1\n\\| kickresult\\=good\n\\| Kicker\\=''David Rabil''\n\\| Visitor\\=48\n\\| Home\\=26\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEntry\n\\| Quarter\\=4\n\\| Time\\=1:21\n\\| Team\\=W\\&M\n\\| DriveLength\\=70\n\\| DriveTime\\=1:19\n\\| Type\\=RecTD\n\\| Receiver\\='''John Pitts'''\n\\| QB\\='''Lang Campbell'''\n\\| yards\\=4\n\\| 2pt type\\=run\n\\| 2pt result\\=good\n\\| Visitor\\=48\n\\| Home\\=34\n}}\n{{AmFootballScoreSummaryEnd\\|Visitor\\=48\\|Home\\=34}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The site is part of original [grants](/wiki/Land_grant "Land grant") to John Laurie in October 1816 and [Robert Campbell](/wiki/Robert_Campbell_%28Australian_politician%2C_born_1769%29 "Robert Campbell (Australian politician, born 1769)") in October 1834\.
Approval for the seven\-storey Harrington's Building was sought from Sydney City Council on 17 May 1923 by the contractors, [Concrete Constructions Pty Ltd](/wiki/Walter_Construction_Group "Walter Construction Group"). The building of reinforced concrete frame and brick cladding was completed in 1926\.
The site had formerly been occupied by several buildings:
* In 1848 George Atherden, Robert Campbell's overseer, built three three\-storey houses and shops at 53 \- 55 George Street. They were constructed with brick walls and shingled roofs with a semi detached kitchen to the rear and were demolished between 1914 and 1916\.
* The land at 2–8 Playfair Street was part of lots 8–13 of William Whaley Billyard's subdivision and in 1875 the lots were conveyed to [Thomas Playfair](/wiki/Thomas_Playfair "Thomas Playfair"), James Rogers and Alfred Augustus. These lots were resumed by the [Government](/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales "Government of New South Wales") in March 1901 under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act of 1900\. In 1914 the tenements and stables were demolished the continuation of Playfair Street to George Street.
The owner of the new building were Harrington Ltd, [metallurgists](/wiki/Metallurgist "Metallurgist"). Founded in 1906 by John and Thomas Harrington, the company was first involved in gold in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia "Western Australia") then in silver residue technology connected with the photographic industry. The company was operating from 525 Kent Street in 1906 and by 1909 had moved to 386 George Street. In 1919 it was operating from main office and laboratory at 386 George Street with stores at 57–59 George Street North, adjacent to the site of the 1923 building. Photos of the interior of the laboratories are in the possession of John Cooke Jnr whose father took over the running of the company in 1945, a few years before the death of the last Harrington brother. Harringtons Ltd merged in the 1990s with another company and is now known as Golden West.
To the north was a stone store, built in 1844 by Martyn and Coombes later used as the Catholic Mission for seamen and demolished in 1920 to make way for the widened Playfair Street to connect to George Street.
To the south a series of three stores were built between 1895 and 1918\. At least one of these was occupied by Harringtons Ltd (from 1914\). The words "Harringtons Buildings" were prominently displayed. The store at 63–65 George Street and a large part of 57–59 George Street were demolished in 1952–53 after damage by fire. The remainder of these buildings were demolished to make way for extensions to the Old Sydney Inn (now the Park Royal) in 1980 into which the Harringtons Building at 53 \- 55 George Street was incorporated.Duyker, S., 1999SCRA, 1979: KL/14
Work on the conversion of the L\-shaped Harrington's Buildings and its incorporation into a 180\-room hotel, with the whole enclosing a roofed court of atrium, started in 1981\. The work involved major internal structural changes, and was completed and opened in 1984\.SCRA, *Annual Reports*, 1981\-84
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The site is part of original [grants](/wiki/Land_grant \"Land grant\") to John Laurie in October 1816 and [Robert Campbell](/wiki/Robert_Campbell_%28Australian_politician%2C_born_1769%29 \"Robert Campbell (Australian politician, born 1769)\") in October 1834\\.",
"Approval for the seven\\-storey Harrington's Building was sought from Sydney City Council on 17 May 1923 by the contractors, [Concrete Constructions Pty Ltd](/wiki/Walter_Construction_Group \"Walter Construction Group\"). The building of reinforced concrete frame and brick cladding was completed in 1926\\.",
"The site had formerly been occupied by several buildings:\n* In 1848 George Atherden, Robert Campbell's overseer, built three three\\-storey houses and shops at 53 \\- 55 George Street. They were constructed with brick walls and shingled roofs with a semi detached kitchen to the rear and were demolished between 1914 and 1916\\.\n* The land at 2–8 Playfair Street was part of lots 8–13 of William Whaley Billyard's subdivision and in 1875 the lots were conveyed to [Thomas Playfair](/wiki/Thomas_Playfair \"Thomas Playfair\"), James Rogers and Alfred Augustus. These lots were resumed by the [Government](/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales \"Government of New South Wales\") in March 1901 under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act of 1900\\. In 1914 the tenements and stables were demolished the continuation of Playfair Street to George Street.",
"The owner of the new building were Harrington Ltd, [metallurgists](/wiki/Metallurgist \"Metallurgist\"). Founded in 1906 by John and Thomas Harrington, the company was first involved in gold in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\") then in silver residue technology connected with the photographic industry. The company was operating from 525 Kent Street in 1906 and by 1909 had moved to 386 George Street. In 1919 it was operating from main office and laboratory at 386 George Street with stores at 57–59 George Street North, adjacent to the site of the 1923 building. Photos of the interior of the laboratories are in the possession of John Cooke Jnr whose father took over the running of the company in 1945, a few years before the death of the last Harrington brother. Harringtons Ltd merged in the 1990s with another company and is now known as Golden West.",
"To the north was a stone store, built in 1844 by Martyn and Coombes later used as the Catholic Mission for seamen and demolished in 1920 to make way for the widened Playfair Street to connect to George Street.",
"To the south a series of three stores were built between 1895 and 1918\\. At least one of these was occupied by Harringtons Ltd (from 1914\\). The words \"Harringtons Buildings\" were prominently displayed. The store at 63–65 George Street and a large part of 57–59 George Street were demolished in 1952–53 after damage by fire. The remainder of these buildings were demolished to make way for extensions to the Old Sydney Inn (now the Park Royal) in 1980 into which the Harringtons Building at 53 \\- 55 George Street was incorporated.Duyker, S., 1999SCRA, 1979: KL/14",
"Work on the conversion of the L\\-shaped Harrington's Buildings and its incorporation into a 180\\-room hotel, with the whole enclosing a roofed court of atrium, started in 1981\\. The work involved major internal structural changes, and was completed and opened in 1984\\.SCRA, *Annual Reports*, 1981\\-84",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
As at 30 March 2011, the Harrington's Buildings site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.
Harrington's Buildings, now the northern part of the Old Sydney Park Royal Hotel, is significant as one of a large number of warehouses built in The Rocks close to wharf facilities. The site is part of an 1816 land grant and has association with Robert Campbell and George Atherden, major players in the early development of The Rocks, and with the Harringtons, Sydney industrialists in the early 20th century. The building has landmark significance being on a prominent corner, and as part of a group of early 20th century buildings in George Street North, relating well in scale, materials, façade treatment and fenestration to the Metcalfe Bond stores, the ASN Co Building and No 88 George Street.
Harrington's Buildings was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**
The Harrington's Buildings site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.
Harrington's Buildings, now the northern part of the Old Sydney Park Royal Hotel, is significant as one of a large number of warehouses built in The Rocks close to wharf facilities.
**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**
The site is part of an 1816 land grant and has association with Robert Campbell and George Atherden, major players in the early development of The Rocks, and with the Harringtons, Sydney industrialists in the early 20th century.
**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**
The building has landmark significance being on a prominent corner, and as part of a group of early 20th century buildings in George Street North, relating well in scale, materials, façade treatment and fenestration to the [Metcalfe Bond Stores](/wiki/Metcalfe_Bond_Stores "Metcalfe Bond Stores"), the [ASN Co building](/wiki/ASN_Co_building "ASN Co building") and the [Old Bushells Factory](/wiki/Old_Bushells_Factory "Old Bushells Factory") at 88 George Street.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"As at 30 March 2011, the Harrington's Buildings site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.",
"Harrington's Buildings, now the northern part of the Old Sydney Park Royal Hotel, is significant as one of a large number of warehouses built in The Rocks close to wharf facilities. The site is part of an 1816 land grant and has association with Robert Campbell and George Atherden, major players in the early development of The Rocks, and with the Harringtons, Sydney industrialists in the early 20th century. The building has landmark significance being on a prominent corner, and as part of a group of early 20th century buildings in George Street North, relating well in scale, materials, façade treatment and fenestration to the Metcalfe Bond stores, the ASN Co Building and No 88 George Street.",
"Harrington's Buildings was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**",
"The Harrington's Buildings site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.",
"Harrington's Buildings, now the northern part of the Old Sydney Park Royal Hotel, is significant as one of a large number of warehouses built in The Rocks close to wharf facilities.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**",
"The site is part of an 1816 land grant and has association with Robert Campbell and George Atherden, major players in the early development of The Rocks, and with the Harringtons, Sydney industrialists in the early 20th century.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**",
"The building has landmark significance being on a prominent corner, and as part of a group of early 20th century buildings in George Street North, relating well in scale, materials, façade treatment and fenestration to the [Metcalfe Bond Stores](/wiki/Metcalfe_Bond_Stores \"Metcalfe Bond Stores\"), the [ASN Co building](/wiki/ASN_Co_building \"ASN Co building\") and the [Old Bushells Factory](/wiki/Old_Bushells_Factory \"Old Bushells Factory\") at 88 George Street.",
""
] |
Solution techniques
-------------------
{{multiple issues\|section\=yes\|
{{howto\|section\|date\=January 2014}}
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=January 2018}}
}}
[thumb\|Example of a nonogram puzzle being solved using crosses to mark logically\-confirmed spaces. Some of the steps of the process are grouped together.](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_Animation.gif "Paint by numbers Animation.gif")
To solve a puzzle, one needs to determine which cells will be boxes and which will be empty. Solvers often use a dot or a cross to mark cells they are certain are spaces. Cells that can be determined by logic should be filled. If guessing is used, a single error can spread over the entire field and completely ruin the solution. An error sometimes comes to the surface only after a while, when it is very difficult to correct the puzzle. The hidden picture may help locate and eliminate an error, but otherwise it plays little part in the solving process, as it may mislead.
Many puzzles can be solved by reasoning on a single row or column at a time only, then trying another row or column, and repeating until the puzzle is complete. More difficult puzzles may also require several types of "what if?" reasoning that include more than one row (or column). This works on searching for contradictions, e.g., when a cell cannot be a box because some other cell would produce an error, it must be a space.
### Simple boxes
At the beginning of the solution, a simple method can be used to determine as many boxes as possible. This method uses conjunctions of possible places for each block of boxes. For example, in a row of ten cells with only one clue of *8*, the bound block consisting of 8 boxes could spread from
[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example1.png "Paint by numbers - Solving - Example1.png")
* the right border, leaving two spaces to the left;
* the left border, leaving two spaces to the right;
* or somewhere in between.
As a result, the block **must** spread through the six centermost cells in the row.
The same applies when there are more clues in the row. For example, in a row of ten cells with clues of *4* and *3*, the bound blocks of boxes could be
[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example2.png "Paint by numbers - Solving - Example2.png")
* crowded to the left, one next to the other, leaving two spaces to the right;
* crowded to the right, one just next to the other, leaving two spaces to the left;
* or somewhere between.
Consequently, the first block of four boxes definitely includes the third and fourth cells, while the second block of three boxes definitely includes the eighth cell. Boxes can therefore be placed in the third, fourth and eighth cells. When determining boxes in this way, boxes can be placed in cells only when the *same block* overlaps; in this example, there is overlap in the sixth cell, but it is from different blocks, and so it cannot yet be said whether or not the sixth cell will contain a box.
### Simple spaces
This method consists of determining spaces by searching for cells that are out of range of any possible blocks of boxes. For example, considering a row of ten cells with boxes in the fourth and ninth cell and with clues of *3* and *1*, the block bound to the clue *3* will spread through the fourth cell and clue *1* will be at the ninth cell.
[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example3.png "Paint by numbers - Solving - Example3.png")
First, the clue *1* is complete and there will be a space at each side of the bound block.
Second, the clue *3* can only spread somewhere between the second cell and the sixth cell, because it always has to include the fourth cell; however, this may leave cells that may not be boxes in any case, i.e. the first and the seventh.
Note: In this example all blocks are accounted for; this is not always the case. The player must be careful for there may be clues or blocks that are not bound to each other yet.
### Forcing
In this method, the significance of the spaces will be shown. A space placed somewhere in the middle of an uncompleted row may force a large block to one side or the other. Also, a gap that is too small for any possible block may be filled with spaces.
[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example4.png "Paint by numbers - Solving - Example4.png")
For example, considering a row of ten cells with spaces in the fifth and seventh cells and with clues of *3* and *2*:
* the clue of *3* would be forced to the left, because it could not fit anywhere else.
* the empty gap on the sixth cell is too small to accommodate clues like *2* or *3* and may be filled with spaces.
* finally, the clue of *2* will spread through the ninth cell according to method *Simple Boxes* above.
### Glue
Sometimes, there is a box near the border that is not farther from the border than the length of the first clue. In this case, the first clue will spread through that box and will be forced outward from the border. In the simplest case, whenever a box is present in the first or last cells of a row or column, the first or last clue must be aligned to the edge of that row or column.
[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example5.png "Paint by numbers - Solving - Example5.png")
Considering a row of ten cells with a box in the third cell and with a clue of *5*, the clue of *5* will always span from the third to the fifth cell (but not necessarily to the second or the sixth). It is therefore possible to mark the third, fourth and fifth cell as belonging to the *5*.
Note: This method may also work in the middle of a row, farther away from the borders.
[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example6.png "Paint by numbers - Solving - Example6.png")
* A space may act as a border, if the first clue is forced to the right of that space.
* The *first* clue may also be preceded by some other clues, if all the clues are already bound to the left of the forcing space.
### Joining and splitting
Boxes closer to each other may be sometimes joined together into one block or split by a space into several blocks. When there are two blocks with an empty cell between, this cell will be:
* A space if joining the two blocks by a box would produce a too large block
* A box if splitting the two blocks by a space would produce a too small block that does not have enough free cells remaining
For example, considering a row of fifteen cells with boxes in the third, fourth, sixth, seventh, eleventh and thirteenth cell and with clues of *5*, *2* and *2*:
[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example7.png "Paint by numbers - Solving - Example7.png")
* The clue of *5* will join the first two blocks by a box into one large block, because a space would produce a block of only 4 boxes that is not enough there.
* The clues of *2* will split the last two blocks by a space, because a box would produce a block of 3 continuous boxes, which is not allowed there.
*Note:* The illustration picture also shows how the clues of *2* are further completed. This is, however, not part of the *Joining and splitting* technique, but the *Glue* technique described above.
### Punctuating
To solve the puzzle, it is usually also very important to enclose each bound or completed block of boxes immediately by separating spaces as described in *Simple spaces* method. Precise punctuating usually leads to more *Forcing* and may be vital for finishing the puzzle. *Note: The examples above did not do that only to remain simple.*
### Mercury
*Mercury* is a special case of *Simple spaces* technique. Its name comes from the way [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 "Mercury (element)") pulls back from the sides of a container.
[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example8.png "Paint by numbers - Solving - Example8.png")
If there is a box in a row that is in the same distance from the border as the length of the first clue, the first cell will be a space. This is because the first clue would not fit to the left of the box. It will have to spread through that box, leaving the first cell behind. Furthermore, when the box is actually a block of more boxes to the right, there will be more spaces at the beginning of the row, determined by using this method several times.
### Contradictions
Some more difficult puzzles may also require advanced reasoning. When all simple methods above are exhausted, searching for [contradictions](/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum "Reductio ad absurdum") may help. It is wise to use a pencil (or other color) for that to facilitate corrections. The procedure includes:
1. Trying an empty cell to be a box (or then a space).
2. Using all available methods to solve as much as possible.
3. If an error is found, the tried cell will not be a box for sure. It will be a space (or a box, if space was tried).
[File:Paint by numbers \- Solving \- Example9\.png](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example9.png "Paint by numbers - Solving - Example9.png")
In this example a box is tried in the first row, which leads to a space at the beginning of that row. The space then *forces* a box in the first column, which *glues* to a block of three boxes in the fourth row. However, that is wrong because the third column does not allow any boxes there, which leads to a conclusion that the tried cell must not be a box, so it must be a space.
The problem of this method is that there is no quick way to tell which empty cell to try first. Usually only a few cells lead to any progress, and the other cells lead to dead ends. Most worthy cells to start with may be:
* cells that have many non\-empty neighbors;
* cells that are close to the borders or close to the blocks of spaces;
* cells that are within rows that consist of more non\-empty cells.
### Mathematical approach
It is possible to get a start to a puzzle using a mathematical technique to fill in blocks for rows/columns independent of other rows/columns. This is a good "first step" and is a mathematical shortcut to techniques described above. The process is as follows:
[right](/wiki/File:Mathematical_approach.png "Mathematical approach.png")
1. Add the clues together, plus 1 for each "space" in between. For example, if the clue is 6 2 3, this step produces the sum 6 \+ 1 \+ 2 \+ 1 \+ 3 \= 13\.
2. Subtract this number from the total available in the row (usually the width or height of the puzzle). For example, if the clue in step 1 is in a row 15 cells wide, the difference is 15 \- 13 \= 2\. Note: If spaces can be used on the left or right (top or bottom) borders, this "shrinks" the available area. If it is known that the rightmost cell is a space, the difference is 14 \- 13 \= 1\.
3. Any clues that are greater than the number in step 2 will have some blocks filled in. In the example, this applies to the clues 6 and 3, but not 2\.
4. For each clue in step 3, subtract the number in step 2 to determine the number of blocks that can be filled in. For example, the 6 clue will have (6 \- 2 \=) 4 blocks filled in and the 3 clue will have (3 \- 2 \=) 1\. Note: Applying the same procedure to a clue that "failed" step 3 will produce a non\-positive number, indicating that no blocks will be filled in for this clue. The clue 2 produces the number (2 \- 2 \=) 0; if there were a 1 clue, it would produce the number (1 \- 2 \=) \-1\.
5. To fill in the blocks, assume the blocks are all pushed to one side, count from that side "through" the blocks, and backfill the appropriate number of blocks. This can be done from either direction. For example, the 6 clue can be done either of two ways as follows:
1. From the left: Since the 6 is the first number, count 6 blocks from the left edge, ending in the 6th block. Now "backfill" 4 blocks (the number obtained in step 4\), so that cells 3 through 6 are filled.
2. From the right: Starting from the right, the clues that are to the right of the 6 clue must be accounted for. Starting from cell 15, count 3 cells for the 3 clue (to cell 13\), then a space (12\), then the 2 clue (10\), then a space (9\), then the 6 clue (3\). From the 3rd cell, "backfill" 4 blocks, filling cells 3 through 6\. The results are the same as doing it from the left in the step above.
6. Repeat step 5 for all clues identified in step 3\.
In the illustration, row 1 shows the cells that are filled under this procedure, rows 2 and 4 show how the blocks are pushed to one side in step 5, and rows 3 and 5 show the cells backfilled in step 5\.
Using this technique for all rows and columns at the start of the puzzle produces a good head start into completing it. Note: Some rows/columns won't yield any results initially. For example, a row of 20 cells with a clue of 1 4 2 5 will yield 1 \+ 1 \+ 4 \+ 1 \+ 2 \+ 1 \+ 5 \= 15\. 20 \- 15 \= 5\. None of the clues are greater than 5\. Also, this technique can be used on a smaller scale. If there are available spaces in the center or either side, even if certain clues are already discovered, this method can be used with the remaining clues and available spaces.
### Deeper recursion
Some puzzles may require to go deeper with searching for the contradictions. This is, however, not possible simply by a pen and pencil, because of the many possibilities that must be searched. This method is practical for a computer to use.
### Multiple rows
In some cases, reasoning over a set of rows may also lead to the next step of the solution even without contradictions and deeper recursion. However, finding such sets is usually as difficult as finding contradictions.
|
[
"Solution techniques\n-------------------",
"{{multiple issues\\|section\\=yes\\|\n{{howto\\|section\\|date\\=January 2014}}\n{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=January 2018}}\n}}",
"[thumb\\|Example of a nonogram puzzle being solved using crosses to mark logically\\-confirmed spaces. Some of the steps of the process are grouped together.](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_Animation.gif \"Paint by numbers Animation.gif\")",
"To solve a puzzle, one needs to determine which cells will be boxes and which will be empty. Solvers often use a dot or a cross to mark cells they are certain are spaces. Cells that can be determined by logic should be filled. If guessing is used, a single error can spread over the entire field and completely ruin the solution. An error sometimes comes to the surface only after a while, when it is very difficult to correct the puzzle. The hidden picture may help locate and eliminate an error, but otherwise it plays little part in the solving process, as it may mislead.",
"Many puzzles can be solved by reasoning on a single row or column at a time only, then trying another row or column, and repeating until the puzzle is complete. More difficult puzzles may also require several types of \"what if?\" reasoning that include more than one row (or column). This works on searching for contradictions, e.g., when a cell cannot be a box because some other cell would produce an error, it must be a space.",
"### Simple boxes",
"At the beginning of the solution, a simple method can be used to determine as many boxes as possible. This method uses conjunctions of possible places for each block of boxes. For example, in a row of ten cells with only one clue of *8*, the bound block consisting of 8 boxes could spread from\n[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example1.png \"Paint by numbers - Solving - Example1.png\")\n* the right border, leaving two spaces to the left;\n* the left border, leaving two spaces to the right;\n* or somewhere in between.\nAs a result, the block **must** spread through the six centermost cells in the row.",
"The same applies when there are more clues in the row. For example, in a row of ten cells with clues of *4* and *3*, the bound blocks of boxes could be\n[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example2.png \"Paint by numbers - Solving - Example2.png\")\n* crowded to the left, one next to the other, leaving two spaces to the right;\n* crowded to the right, one just next to the other, leaving two spaces to the left;\n* or somewhere between.\nConsequently, the first block of four boxes definitely includes the third and fourth cells, while the second block of three boxes definitely includes the eighth cell. Boxes can therefore be placed in the third, fourth and eighth cells. When determining boxes in this way, boxes can be placed in cells only when the *same block* overlaps; in this example, there is overlap in the sixth cell, but it is from different blocks, and so it cannot yet be said whether or not the sixth cell will contain a box.",
"### Simple spaces",
"This method consists of determining spaces by searching for cells that are out of range of any possible blocks of boxes. For example, considering a row of ten cells with boxes in the fourth and ninth cell and with clues of *3* and *1*, the block bound to the clue *3* will spread through the fourth cell and clue *1* will be at the ninth cell.\n[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example3.png \"Paint by numbers - Solving - Example3.png\")\nFirst, the clue *1* is complete and there will be a space at each side of the bound block.",
"Second, the clue *3* can only spread somewhere between the second cell and the sixth cell, because it always has to include the fourth cell; however, this may leave cells that may not be boxes in any case, i.e. the first and the seventh.",
"Note: In this example all blocks are accounted for; this is not always the case. The player must be careful for there may be clues or blocks that are not bound to each other yet.",
"### Forcing",
"In this method, the significance of the spaces will be shown. A space placed somewhere in the middle of an uncompleted row may force a large block to one side or the other. Also, a gap that is too small for any possible block may be filled with spaces.\n[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example4.png \"Paint by numbers - Solving - Example4.png\")\nFor example, considering a row of ten cells with spaces in the fifth and seventh cells and with clues of *3* and *2*:\n* the clue of *3* would be forced to the left, because it could not fit anywhere else.\n* the empty gap on the sixth cell is too small to accommodate clues like *2* or *3* and may be filled with spaces.\n* finally, the clue of *2* will spread through the ninth cell according to method *Simple Boxes* above.",
"### Glue",
"Sometimes, there is a box near the border that is not farther from the border than the length of the first clue. In this case, the first clue will spread through that box and will be forced outward from the border. In the simplest case, whenever a box is present in the first or last cells of a row or column, the first or last clue must be aligned to the edge of that row or column.",
"[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example5.png \"Paint by numbers - Solving - Example5.png\")\nConsidering a row of ten cells with a box in the third cell and with a clue of *5*, the clue of *5* will always span from the third to the fifth cell (but not necessarily to the second or the sixth). It is therefore possible to mark the third, fourth and fifth cell as belonging to the *5*.",
"Note: This method may also work in the middle of a row, farther away from the borders.\n[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example6.png \"Paint by numbers - Solving - Example6.png\")\n* A space may act as a border, if the first clue is forced to the right of that space.\n* The *first* clue may also be preceded by some other clues, if all the clues are already bound to the left of the forcing space.",
"### Joining and splitting",
"Boxes closer to each other may be sometimes joined together into one block or split by a space into several blocks. When there are two blocks with an empty cell between, this cell will be:\n* A space if joining the two blocks by a box would produce a too large block\n* A box if splitting the two blocks by a space would produce a too small block that does not have enough free cells remaining",
"For example, considering a row of fifteen cells with boxes in the third, fourth, sixth, seventh, eleventh and thirteenth cell and with clues of *5*, *2* and *2*:\n[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example7.png \"Paint by numbers - Solving - Example7.png\")\n* The clue of *5* will join the first two blocks by a box into one large block, because a space would produce a block of only 4 boxes that is not enough there.\n* The clues of *2* will split the last two blocks by a space, because a box would produce a block of 3 continuous boxes, which is not allowed there.\n*Note:* The illustration picture also shows how the clues of *2* are further completed. This is, however, not part of the *Joining and splitting* technique, but the *Glue* technique described above.",
"### Punctuating",
"To solve the puzzle, it is usually also very important to enclose each bound or completed block of boxes immediately by separating spaces as described in *Simple spaces* method. Precise punctuating usually leads to more *Forcing* and may be vital for finishing the puzzle. *Note: The examples above did not do that only to remain simple.*",
"### Mercury",
"*Mercury* is a special case of *Simple spaces* technique. Its name comes from the way [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 \"Mercury (element)\") pulls back from the sides of a container.\n[right](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example8.png \"Paint by numbers - Solving - Example8.png\")\nIf there is a box in a row that is in the same distance from the border as the length of the first clue, the first cell will be a space. This is because the first clue would not fit to the left of the box. It will have to spread through that box, leaving the first cell behind. Furthermore, when the box is actually a block of more boxes to the right, there will be more spaces at the beginning of the row, determined by using this method several times.",
"### Contradictions",
"Some more difficult puzzles may also require advanced reasoning. When all simple methods above are exhausted, searching for [contradictions](/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum \"Reductio ad absurdum\") may help. It is wise to use a pencil (or other color) for that to facilitate corrections. The procedure includes:\n1. Trying an empty cell to be a box (or then a space).\n2. Using all available methods to solve as much as possible.\n3. If an error is found, the tried cell will not be a box for sure. It will be a space (or a box, if space was tried).",
"[File:Paint by numbers \\- Solving \\- Example9\\.png](/wiki/File:Paint_by_numbers_-_Solving_-_Example9.png \"Paint by numbers - Solving - Example9.png\")",
"In this example a box is tried in the first row, which leads to a space at the beginning of that row. The space then *forces* a box in the first column, which *glues* to a block of three boxes in the fourth row. However, that is wrong because the third column does not allow any boxes there, which leads to a conclusion that the tried cell must not be a box, so it must be a space.",
"The problem of this method is that there is no quick way to tell which empty cell to try first. Usually only a few cells lead to any progress, and the other cells lead to dead ends. Most worthy cells to start with may be:\n* cells that have many non\\-empty neighbors;\n* cells that are close to the borders or close to the blocks of spaces;\n* cells that are within rows that consist of more non\\-empty cells.",
"### Mathematical approach",
"It is possible to get a start to a puzzle using a mathematical technique to fill in blocks for rows/columns independent of other rows/columns. This is a good \"first step\" and is a mathematical shortcut to techniques described above. The process is as follows:\n[right](/wiki/File:Mathematical_approach.png \"Mathematical approach.png\")\n1. Add the clues together, plus 1 for each \"space\" in between. For example, if the clue is 6 2 3, this step produces the sum 6 \\+ 1 \\+ 2 \\+ 1 \\+ 3 \\= 13\\.\n2. Subtract this number from the total available in the row (usually the width or height of the puzzle). For example, if the clue in step 1 is in a row 15 cells wide, the difference is 15 \\- 13 \\= 2\\. Note: If spaces can be used on the left or right (top or bottom) borders, this \"shrinks\" the available area. If it is known that the rightmost cell is a space, the difference is 14 \\- 13 \\= 1\\.\n3. Any clues that are greater than the number in step 2 will have some blocks filled in. In the example, this applies to the clues 6 and 3, but not 2\\.\n4. For each clue in step 3, subtract the number in step 2 to determine the number of blocks that can be filled in. For example, the 6 clue will have (6 \\- 2 \\=) 4 blocks filled in and the 3 clue will have (3 \\- 2 \\=) 1\\. Note: Applying the same procedure to a clue that \"failed\" step 3 will produce a non\\-positive number, indicating that no blocks will be filled in for this clue. The clue 2 produces the number (2 \\- 2 \\=) 0; if there were a 1 clue, it would produce the number (1 \\- 2 \\=) \\-1\\.\n5. To fill in the blocks, assume the blocks are all pushed to one side, count from that side \"through\" the blocks, and backfill the appropriate number of blocks. This can be done from either direction. For example, the 6 clue can be done either of two ways as follows:\n\t1. From the left: Since the 6 is the first number, count 6 blocks from the left edge, ending in the 6th block. Now \"backfill\" 4 blocks (the number obtained in step 4\\), so that cells 3 through 6 are filled.\n\t2. From the right: Starting from the right, the clues that are to the right of the 6 clue must be accounted for. Starting from cell 15, count 3 cells for the 3 clue (to cell 13\\), then a space (12\\), then the 2 clue (10\\), then a space (9\\), then the 6 clue (3\\). From the 3rd cell, \"backfill\" 4 blocks, filling cells 3 through 6\\. The results are the same as doing it from the left in the step above.\n6. Repeat step 5 for all clues identified in step 3\\.",
"In the illustration, row 1 shows the cells that are filled under this procedure, rows 2 and 4 show how the blocks are pushed to one side in step 5, and rows 3 and 5 show the cells backfilled in step 5\\.",
"Using this technique for all rows and columns at the start of the puzzle produces a good head start into completing it. Note: Some rows/columns won't yield any results initially. For example, a row of 20 cells with a clue of 1 4 2 5 will yield 1 \\+ 1 \\+ 4 \\+ 1 \\+ 2 \\+ 1 \\+ 5 \\= 15\\. 20 \\- 15 \\= 5\\. None of the clues are greater than 5\\. Also, this technique can be used on a smaller scale. If there are available spaces in the center or either side, even if certain clues are already discovered, this method can be used with the remaining clues and available spaces.",
"### Deeper recursion",
"Some puzzles may require to go deeper with searching for the contradictions. This is, however, not possible simply by a pen and pencil, because of the many possibilities that must be searched. This method is practical for a computer to use.",
"### Multiple rows",
"In some cases, reasoning over a set of rows may also lead to the next step of the solution even without contradictions and deeper recursion. However, finding such sets is usually as difficult as finding contradictions.",
""
] |
Teaching of Welsh history
-------------------------
{{History of Wales}}
### Before 1939
As a result of the Welsh Intermediate Education Act of 1889, secondary provision in Wales far outstripped that in England before the Second World War. The legislation enacted several of the proposals made by the 1881 Aberdare Committee, appointed to enquire into ‘the state of intermediate and higher education in Wales’, and was one of the first pieces to apply to Wales alone. The Committee recommended the founding of two university colleges in Wales (University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire in Cardiff, 1883 and University College of North Wales in Bangor, 1884\), and stressed the general dissatisfaction with secondary level provision in Wales. In response, the Act created a system of publicly funded intermediate (selective secondary) schools in Wales along with a new system of local administration, and, in so doing, established a firm precedent for ongoing claims over the next century that Wales had distinct educational needs from those across the border.{{Cite journal \|last\=Mytum \|first\=Harold \|date\=March 2000 \|title\=Archaeology and history for Welsh primary classes \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1017/S0003598X00066308 \|journal\=Antiquity \|type\= \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] (online) \|volume\=74 \|issue\=283\|pages\=165–171 \|doi\=10\.1017/S0003598X00066308 \|s2cid\=162739723 }}
### 20th century
#### "For Wales, see England"
Professor Robert Philips states that, given the significance of historical context in shaping [national identity](/wiki/Welsh_national_identity "Welsh national identity"), Welsh students in the 20th century were largely unaware of their nation's distinct past. This assertion is supported by literary evidence, which indicates a prevailing focus on "English" and "British" history, as well as the application of the English curriculum in Wales.{{Cite journal \|last\=PHILLIPS \|first\=ROBERT \|date\=September 1999 \|title\=History teaching, nationhood and politics in England and Wales in the late twentieth century: a historical comparison \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1080/004676099284672 \|journal\=History of Education \|volume\=28 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=351–363 \|doi\=10\.1080/004676099284672 \|issn\=0046\-760X}}
Jeremy Slater says that history education in Wales was "mostly a jumble of Acts of Parliament, of kings and battles in English history, leavened in the latter decades by forays in social and local history." History of the English curriculum was "largely British, or rather Southern English; Celts looked in to starve, emigrate or rebel; the North to invent looms or work in mills; abroad was of interest once it was part of the Empire; foreigners were either, sensibly allies, or, rightly, defeated. Skills \- did we even use the word?\- were mainly those of recalling accepted facts about famous dead Englishmen, and communicated in a very eccentric literary form, the examination length essay. It was an inherited consensus, based largely on hidden assumptions.
In the 20th century, there were multiple reports concluding that Welsh history was taught inadequately and a recommendation from 1931 that at least one question was asked on Welsh history, which had not been taken on by the [WJEC (exam board)](/wiki/WJEC_%28exam_board%29 "WJEC (exam board)") after the second world war. this continued until 1967, when the Gittins report called for Welsh students to be taught more Welsh history. This was then blamed on the lack of curriculum direction following the [Education Act 1944](/wiki/Education_Act_1944 "Education Act 1944") and lack of [Welsh devolved institutions](/wiki/Welsh_devolution "Welsh devolution"). The Butler Education Act of 1944 implemented three stages of education, primary, secondary, and further, which finally replaced the old parallel system whereby the only education open to the majority was an elementary one. After this, in Industrial Wales, particularly, the primary schools were little different from those of England as in 1961, only 17\.6 per cent of Welsh children between the ages of five and fifteen could speak or understand Welsh.Jones, Gareth Elwyn. Modern Wales: a concise history. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 1994\. The only inclusion of Welsh history was a ration of Welsh history and occasional local or Welsh mention, with no nationalized policy. Proposed reasons include English control in Wales, lack of Welsh devolved institutions and suspicions in the South Wales industrialized areas of Welsh nationalism.
#### Improvement
In the 60s and 70s the quality and quantity of resources with an emphasis on Wales improved including works sponsored by the [University of Wales Press](/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press "University of Wales Press") and the Board of Celtic Studies. This also led to an improvement in school resources. In the late 70s and 80s, [Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Education "Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education") and the [Welsh Office](/wiki/Welsh_Office "Welsh Office") sponsored heritage and culture initiatives which also improved school resources. In the early 1980s, education of Welsh history was still inconsistent and inadequate. The [GCSE](/wiki/GCSE "GCSE") was introduced in 1986 and led to some development of Wales specific resources but Welsh history teaching was still not mandatory. The [Education Reform Act 1988](/wiki/Education_Reform_Act_1988 "Education Reform Act 1988") then legislated for a national curriculum in England and Wales.{{Cite journal \|last\=Jones \|first\=Gareth Elwyn \|date\=September 2000 \|title\=The debate over the National Curriculum for history in England and Wales, 1989–90: the role of the press \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1080/09585170050200549 \|journal\=The Curriculum Journal \|volume\=11 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=299–322 \|doi\=10\.1080/09585170050200549 \|s2cid\=145333811 \|issn\=0958\-5176}}
#### Welsh History Committee
In 1982, the Association of History Teachers of Wales (AHTW) formed which led to the establishment of a committee on history curriculum in Wales. In 1989, the AHTW appointed the National Curriculum History Committee for Wales (HCW) under the chairmanship of [Rees Davies](/wiki/Rees_Davies "Rees Davies"). They advised the [Secretary of State for Wales](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales "Secretary of State for Wales") on "the content of Welsh history which should be incorporated into the history curriculum in Wales’ through a report which set out and justified a balanced and complete curriculum for history in Wales".
In 1990, the HCW produced a final report that said, "The history of Wales is the history of a distinct people and nation. That is how it has been and is perceived by Welsh men and women. It is true that since the thirteenth century Wales has not had a separate machinery of government, or the other organs of statehood. She has, however, retained her own language and culture and a strong awareness of a separate identity."
An English equivalent was also produced and the production of two reports showed that there existed a unique cultural, temporal and national Welsh existence, which was of interest to historians. The two reports, one by the Welsh committee and one by the English committee, led to the 1991 history statutory orders. Since 1995, the Curriculum Cymreig became a statutory common requirement in every National Curriculum subject in Wales meaning that, "In Wales, pupils should be given opportunities, where appropriate, in their studies to develop and apply knowledge and understanding of cultural, economic, historical and linguistic characteristics of Wales (Welsh Office, 1995\).{{Cite thesis \|title\=The implementation of the National Curriculum in Wales. \|url\=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did\=1\&uin\=uk.bl.ethos.241850 \|publisher\=Institute of Education, University of London \|date\=1996 \|degree\=Doctoral \|first\=Prydwen \|last\=Elfed\-Owens}} By the 1990s a distinct curriculum in Wales had become established. Welsh history had become compulsory within British, European and World contexts between the ages of 5 and 14\.{{Cite book \|last1\=Arthur \|first1\=James \|url\= \|title\=Issues in History Teaching \|last2\=PHILLIPS \|first2\=UNIVERSITY OF WALES SWANSEA ROBERT \|date\=2012\-10\-02 \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-1\-134\-62429\-4 \|pages\=19 \|language\=en}}
### Devolved era
#### Criticism of lack of Welsh history
In 2015, Welsh historian Elin Jones said that Welsh pupils were "deprived" of not being taught history from a Welsh perspective, and that there should be a far bigger emphasis on Welsh history, with there being "very little evidence" of this. She added that nothing had improved since her 2013 report for the Welsh government. Dr Jones added, "I did a soft consultation by going to public libraries and talking to the public when I was preparing my report and very many people said to me that their education had robbed them of the opportunity to learn about their own country. And that's a sad thing to learn."{{Cite news \|date\=2015\-09\-09 \|title\=Concerns pupils 'deprived' of Welsh history teaching \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-wales\-34175956 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-26}}
In 2015, 10\-15% of History GCSE was about Wales and [WJEC](/wiki/WJEC_%28exam_board%29 "WJEC (exam board)") CEO Gareth Pierce added that there is a lack of Welsh history teaching but that the WJEC was moving towards GCSE history where of the three units taught, two of these will include a fundamental Welsh perspective.
In 2020, on the national curriculum in Wales [UCAC](/wiki/Undeb_Cenedlaethol_Athrawon_Cymru "Undeb Cenedlaethol Athrawon Cymru"), were concerned about "ability and willingness" to teach Welsh history as not all history teachers are Welsh. Swansea University historian Martin Johnes added that "There is no guarantee that any pupil will learn about medieval conquest, the flooding of Tryweryn, the Second World War, the struggles for civil rights, or the rise of democracy." he added that there is a danger of discrepancy based on which school pupils attend.{{Cite web \|last\=Cooper \|first\=John \|date\=2020\-01\-16 \|title\=Are there parts of Wales' history all children should be taught about? \|url\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales\-news/history\-politics\-wales\-school\-education\-17572684 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-26 \|website\=WalesOnline \|language\=en}}
A 2021 Estyn report found that Welsh students had "little knowledge" of Welsh history.{{Cite web \|title\=Pupils in Wales have 'little knowledge' of diverse and Welsh history, Estyn report finds \|url\=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2021\-10\-07/estyn\-pupils\-have\-little\-knowledge\-of\-diverse\-and\-welsh\-history}}
In 2022, Plaid Cymru Member of Senedd, [Heledd Fychan](/wiki/Heledd_Fychan "Heledd Fychan") criticised the lack of Welsh history teaching in Wales, adding that Welsh children know more about England under the Tudors than about the history of Wales. She also criticised Labour politician Neil Kinnock who said that Wales had practically no history between the 16th and 18th centuries.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-11\-20 \|title\=We're proud to be Yma o Hyd – now it's time to learn what that means. \|url\=https://nation.cymru/opinion/were\-proud\-to\-be\-yma\-o\-hyd\-now\-its\-time\-to\-learn\-what\-that\-means/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-26 \|website\=Nation.Cymru \|language\=en\-GB}}
In the same year, Dr Stephen Thompson of Aberystwyth University has said tat children in Wales in both Welsh and English medium schools are growing up "without any real sense of the history of their own communities and are far more conversant with the history of other countries”.
Teacher, Iwan Jones said "Welsh history has been neglected over the past 30 or 40 years." Jones says that the main area to improve is to provide modern resources for teachers to better teach Welsh history.{{Cite news \|date\=2022\-12\-03 \|title\=Welsh curriculum: Wales history teaching skills gap , says adviser \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-wales\-63838713 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-26}}
Gaynor Legall, of the history group The Heritage \& Cultural Exchange had previously said to a Senedd Committee, “I want the kids who live in the docks…to know about north Wales…as much as I want the people in Harlech…to know about the docks and about the coal industry…because it’s about Wales.”
#### *History Grounded*
Elin Jones' book *[History Grounded](/wiki/History_Grounded "History Grounded")* was provided to all schools in Wales by the [Welsh Government](/wiki/Welsh_Government "Welsh Government") in early 2022 in time for the 2022/2023 academic year.{{Cite web \|title\=Book for all schools will help teachers and pupils unearth the "diversity and complexity" of Wales's history \|url\=https://www.gov.wales/book\-all\-schools\-will\-help\-teachers\-and\-pupils\-unearth\-diversity\-and\-complexity\-waless\-history \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-25 \|website\=GOV.WALES \|date\=21 December 2021 \|language\=en}} [Sian Gwenllian](/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_Gwenllian "Siân Gwenllian"), the designated member from Plaid Cymru for the cooperation agreement, noted that Jones' book adds a "positive development" and will help to support teachers in teaching Welsh history. Gwenllian added that a proper understanding of Welsh history is an "integral part of ensuring that young people in Wales understand their nation’s past, present and future."
#### Lack of teaching skills
According to some, there is a lack of investment and a skills gap when it comes to teaching Welsh history in both primary and secondary schools. Education adviser Dr. Huw Griffiths has said that making Welsh history compulsory is a "game changer" but that there is insufficient resources for teachers in Wales. He says that teachers have had far more exposure to the history of the US and the Nazi's than Welsh history and don't have the expertise to teach Welsh history, adding that this is "a vicious circle that we need to break".
Elin Jones has said about the state of Welsh history teaching that she is concerned that the state of delivery of Welsh history could be in the "same position as we were 20 years ago". Jones said that she wants to see "more than legislating" and that teachers need to shown how to deliver the history which includes ethnic minority history and incorporating Welsh history teaching with a wider context. She said that there is no guidance for teachers to deliver this.{{Cite news \|date\=2022\-12\-03 \|title\='Diffyg gwybodaeth' i ddysgu hanes Cymru mewn ysgolion \|language\=cy \|work\=BBC Cymru Fyw \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/cymrufyw/63841342 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-25}}
#### Lack of teaching resources
In 2019, it was reported that due to budget cuts in education since 2010, each student lost over £500 towards their education. This has resulted in teachers feeling pressured to teach students more topics while also having less resources.{{Cite journal \|last\=Jones \|first\=Calvin \|date\=October 2019 \|title\=Fit for the Future Education in Wales \- White Paper for Discussion \|url\=https://www.futuregenerations.wales/wp\-content/uploads/2019/10/2019\-10\-16\-Fit\-for\-the\-Future\-Education\-in\-Wales\-1\-1\.pdf \|journal\=Office of the Future Generations Commissioner for Wales \|type\=\[\[White Paper]] \|pages\=7 \|access\-date\=3 April 2023}}
According to the [UCAC](/wiki/Undeb_Cenedlaethol_Athrawon_Cymru "Undeb Cenedlaethol Athrawon Cymru"), a teachers' trade union in Wales, there is a lack of resources to teach Welsh History.{{Cite web \|date\=November 2019 \|title\=Teaching of Welsh History, Culture and Heritage \|url\=https://senedd.wales/laid%20documents/cr\-ld12870/cr\-ld12870%20\-e.pdf \|access\-date\=March 30, 2023 \|website\=Senedd Wales}} The UCAC states that teachers should be guided to proper resources so they can plan their curriculums appropriately. Otherwise, even with the new [Curriculum for Wales](/wiki/Curriculum_for_Wales_%282022%E2%80%93present%29 "Curriculum for Wales (2022–present)") 2020, teachers may simply revert to their old lesson plans. The union also believes that the available resources they do have to teach Welsh history are not from a Welsh perspective. This lack of proper teaching resources has resulted in tokenistic education of Welsh history. To quote them directly,
> “If resources are readily available from the Welsh dimension, showing the Welsh dimension, then they will be used more, but in the past a lot of the resources were, I wouldn’t say Anglo\-centric, but they were British\-viewing rather than specifically Welsh\-viewed. I think the biggest thing that’s needed is some exemplar materials to show what is it people need to deliver the new curriculum properly.”
Prominent Welsh historian Dr. Elin Jones stated that local resources, such as history societies, had a lot to offer regarding Welsh History. However, a conflict of interest may arise when sourcing from local resources due to the want to standardize Welsh history. For example, the Owain Glyndwr Society stated that, “Pupils living in the valleys of South Wales may well end up with an in depth knowledge of the coal industry, but will probably have very little knowledge of the slate industry in Gwynedd."
Furthermore, the Welsh government has stated that they will hold National Network conversations to aid the development of common techniques for teaching Welsh history. They've also stated that they will continue to work with historians and academics to support teachers with developing curriculums.{{Cite web \|title\=Written Statement: Welsh history in the Curriculum for Wales (15 November 2022\) \|url\=https://www.gov.wales/written\-statement\-welsh\-history\-curriculum\-wales \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-03 \|website\=GOV.WALES \|date\=15 November 2022 \|language\=en}}
#### Teaching of ethnic minority history
A 2021 Estyn report showed that Welsh students have little knowledge of diverse history. Wales was set to become the first country in the UK to make ethnic minority history a mandatory part of the school curriculum, set to be implemented in September 2022\.
Jones said that she wants to see "more than legislating" and that teachers need to shown how to deliver the history which includes ethnic minority history and incorporating Welsh history teaching with a wider context. She said that there is no guidance for teachers to deliver this.
The Welsh education minister, [Kirsty Williams](/wiki/Kirsty_Williams "Kirsty Williams") said in March 2021, that under new changes to the school, from September 2022, BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) history would be taught in schools.{{Cite news \|date\=2021\-03\-18 \|title\=Black history lessons to be made mandatory in Welsh schools \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-wales\-56447682 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-26}}
|
[
"Teaching of Welsh history\n-------------------------",
"{{History of Wales}}",
"### Before 1939",
"As a result of the Welsh Intermediate Education Act of 1889, secondary provision in Wales far outstripped that in England before the Second World War. The legislation enacted several of the proposals made by the 1881 Aberdare Committee, appointed to enquire into ‘the state of intermediate and higher education in Wales’, and was one of the first pieces to apply to Wales alone. The Committee recommended the founding of two university colleges in Wales (University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire in Cardiff, 1883 and University College of North Wales in Bangor, 1884\\), and stressed the general dissatisfaction with secondary level provision in Wales. In response, the Act created a system of publicly funded intermediate (selective secondary) schools in Wales along with a new system of local administration, and, in so doing, established a firm precedent for ongoing claims over the next century that Wales had distinct educational needs from those across the border.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mytum \\|first\\=Harold \\|date\\=March 2000 \\|title\\=Archaeology and history for Welsh primary classes \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1017/S0003598X00066308 \\|journal\\=Antiquity \\|type\\= \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] (online) \\|volume\\=74 \\|issue\\=283\\|pages\\=165–171 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S0003598X00066308 \\|s2cid\\=162739723 }}",
"### 20th century",
"#### \"For Wales, see England\"",
"Professor Robert Philips states that, given the significance of historical context in shaping [national identity](/wiki/Welsh_national_identity \"Welsh national identity\"), Welsh students in the 20th century were largely unaware of their nation's distinct past. This assertion is supported by literary evidence, which indicates a prevailing focus on \"English\" and \"British\" history, as well as the application of the English curriculum in Wales.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=PHILLIPS \\|first\\=ROBERT \\|date\\=September 1999 \\|title\\=History teaching, nationhood and politics in England and Wales in the late twentieth century: a historical comparison \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1080/004676099284672 \\|journal\\=History of Education \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=351–363 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/004676099284672 \\|issn\\=0046\\-760X}}",
"Jeremy Slater says that history education in Wales was \"mostly a jumble of Acts of Parliament, of kings and battles in English history, leavened in the latter decades by forays in social and local history.\" History of the English curriculum was \"largely British, or rather Southern English; Celts looked in to starve, emigrate or rebel; the North to invent looms or work in mills; abroad was of interest once it was part of the Empire; foreigners were either, sensibly allies, or, rightly, defeated. Skills \\- did we even use the word?\\- were mainly those of recalling accepted facts about famous dead Englishmen, and communicated in a very eccentric literary form, the examination length essay. It was an inherited consensus, based largely on hidden assumptions.",
"In the 20th century, there were multiple reports concluding that Welsh history was taught inadequately and a recommendation from 1931 that at least one question was asked on Welsh history, which had not been taken on by the [WJEC (exam board)](/wiki/WJEC_%28exam_board%29 \"WJEC (exam board)\") after the second world war. this continued until 1967, when the Gittins report called for Welsh students to be taught more Welsh history. This was then blamed on the lack of curriculum direction following the [Education Act 1944](/wiki/Education_Act_1944 \"Education Act 1944\") and lack of [Welsh devolved institutions](/wiki/Welsh_devolution \"Welsh devolution\"). The Butler Education Act of 1944 implemented three stages of education, primary, secondary, and further, which finally replaced the old parallel system whereby the only education open to the majority was an elementary one. After this, in Industrial Wales, particularly, the primary schools were little different from those of England as in 1961, only 17\\.6 per cent of Welsh children between the ages of five and fifteen could speak or understand Welsh.Jones, Gareth Elwyn. Modern Wales: a concise history. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 1994\\. The only inclusion of Welsh history was a ration of Welsh history and occasional local or Welsh mention, with no nationalized policy. Proposed reasons include English control in Wales, lack of Welsh devolved institutions and suspicions in the South Wales industrialized areas of Welsh nationalism.",
"#### Improvement",
"In the 60s and 70s the quality and quantity of resources with an emphasis on Wales improved including works sponsored by the [University of Wales Press](/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press \"University of Wales Press\") and the Board of Celtic Studies. This also led to an improvement in school resources. In the late 70s and 80s, [Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education](/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Education \"Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education\") and the [Welsh Office](/wiki/Welsh_Office \"Welsh Office\") sponsored heritage and culture initiatives which also improved school resources. In the early 1980s, education of Welsh history was still inconsistent and inadequate. The [GCSE](/wiki/GCSE \"GCSE\") was introduced in 1986 and led to some development of Wales specific resources but Welsh history teaching was still not mandatory. The [Education Reform Act 1988](/wiki/Education_Reform_Act_1988 \"Education Reform Act 1988\") then legislated for a national curriculum in England and Wales.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Jones \\|first\\=Gareth Elwyn \\|date\\=September 2000 \\|title\\=The debate over the National Curriculum for history in England and Wales, 1989–90: the role of the press \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1080/09585170050200549 \\|journal\\=The Curriculum Journal \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=299–322 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/09585170050200549 \\|s2cid\\=145333811 \\|issn\\=0958\\-5176}}",
"#### Welsh History Committee",
"In 1982, the Association of History Teachers of Wales (AHTW) formed which led to the establishment of a committee on history curriculum in Wales. In 1989, the AHTW appointed the National Curriculum History Committee for Wales (HCW) under the chairmanship of [Rees Davies](/wiki/Rees_Davies \"Rees Davies\"). They advised the [Secretary of State for Wales](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales \"Secretary of State for Wales\") on \"the content of Welsh history which should be incorporated into the history curriculum in Wales’ through a report which set out and justified a balanced and complete curriculum for history in Wales\".",
"In 1990, the HCW produced a final report that said, \"The history of Wales is the history of a distinct people and nation. That is how it has been and is perceived by Welsh men and women. It is true that since the thirteenth century Wales has not had a separate machinery of government, or the other organs of statehood. She has, however, retained her own language and culture and a strong awareness of a separate identity.\"",
"An English equivalent was also produced and the production of two reports showed that there existed a unique cultural, temporal and national Welsh existence, which was of interest to historians. The two reports, one by the Welsh committee and one by the English committee, led to the 1991 history statutory orders. Since 1995, the Curriculum Cymreig became a statutory common requirement in every National Curriculum subject in Wales meaning that, \"In Wales, pupils should be given opportunities, where appropriate, in their studies to develop and apply knowledge and understanding of cultural, economic, historical and linguistic characteristics of Wales (Welsh Office, 1995\\).{{Cite thesis \\|title\\=The implementation of the National Curriculum in Wales. \\|url\\=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did\\=1\\&uin\\=uk.bl.ethos.241850 \\|publisher\\=Institute of Education, University of London \\|date\\=1996 \\|degree\\=Doctoral \\|first\\=Prydwen \\|last\\=Elfed\\-Owens}} By the 1990s a distinct curriculum in Wales had become established. Welsh history had become compulsory within British, European and World contexts between the ages of 5 and 14\\.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Arthur \\|first1\\=James \\|url\\= \\|title\\=Issues in History Teaching \\|last2\\=PHILLIPS \\|first2\\=UNIVERSITY OF WALES SWANSEA ROBERT \\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-02 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-134\\-62429\\-4 \\|pages\\=19 \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Devolved era",
"#### Criticism of lack of Welsh history",
"In 2015, Welsh historian Elin Jones said that Welsh pupils were \"deprived\" of not being taught history from a Welsh perspective, and that there should be a far bigger emphasis on Welsh history, with there being \"very little evidence\" of this. She added that nothing had improved since her 2013 report for the Welsh government. Dr Jones added, \"I did a soft consultation by going to public libraries and talking to the public when I was preparing my report and very many people said to me that their education had robbed them of the opportunity to learn about their own country. And that's a sad thing to learn.\"{{Cite news \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-09 \\|title\\=Concerns pupils 'deprived' of Welsh history teaching \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-wales\\-34175956 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-26}}",
"In 2015, 10\\-15% of History GCSE was about Wales and [WJEC](/wiki/WJEC_%28exam_board%29 \"WJEC (exam board)\") CEO Gareth Pierce added that there is a lack of Welsh history teaching but that the WJEC was moving towards GCSE history where of the three units taught, two of these will include a fundamental Welsh perspective.",
"In 2020, on the national curriculum in Wales [UCAC](/wiki/Undeb_Cenedlaethol_Athrawon_Cymru \"Undeb Cenedlaethol Athrawon Cymru\"), were concerned about \"ability and willingness\" to teach Welsh history as not all history teachers are Welsh. Swansea University historian Martin Johnes added that \"There is no guarantee that any pupil will learn about medieval conquest, the flooding of Tryweryn, the Second World War, the struggles for civil rights, or the rise of democracy.\" he added that there is a danger of discrepancy based on which school pupils attend.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cooper \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-16 \\|title\\=Are there parts of Wales' history all children should be taught about? \\|url\\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales\\-news/history\\-politics\\-wales\\-school\\-education\\-17572684 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-26 \\|website\\=WalesOnline \\|language\\=en}}",
"A 2021 Estyn report found that Welsh students had \"little knowledge\" of Welsh history.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pupils in Wales have 'little knowledge' of diverse and Welsh history, Estyn report finds \\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2021\\-10\\-07/estyn\\-pupils\\-have\\-little\\-knowledge\\-of\\-diverse\\-and\\-welsh\\-history}}",
"In 2022, Plaid Cymru Member of Senedd, [Heledd Fychan](/wiki/Heledd_Fychan \"Heledd Fychan\") criticised the lack of Welsh history teaching in Wales, adding that Welsh children know more about England under the Tudors than about the history of Wales. She also criticised Labour politician Neil Kinnock who said that Wales had practically no history between the 16th and 18th centuries.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-20 \\|title\\=We're proud to be Yma o Hyd – now it's time to learn what that means. \\|url\\=https://nation.cymru/opinion/were\\-proud\\-to\\-be\\-yma\\-o\\-hyd\\-now\\-its\\-time\\-to\\-learn\\-what\\-that\\-means/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-26 \\|website\\=Nation.Cymru \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"In the same year, Dr Stephen Thompson of Aberystwyth University has said tat children in Wales in both Welsh and English medium schools are growing up \"without any real sense of the history of their own communities and are far more conversant with the history of other countries”.",
"Teacher, Iwan Jones said \"Welsh history has been neglected over the past 30 or 40 years.\" Jones says that the main area to improve is to provide modern resources for teachers to better teach Welsh history.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2022\\-12\\-03 \\|title\\=Welsh curriculum: Wales history teaching skills gap , says adviser \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-wales\\-63838713 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-26}}",
"Gaynor Legall, of the history group The Heritage \\& Cultural Exchange had previously said to a Senedd Committee, “I want the kids who live in the docks…to know about north Wales…as much as I want the people in Harlech…to know about the docks and about the coal industry…because it’s about Wales.”",
"#### *History Grounded*",
"Elin Jones' book *[History Grounded](/wiki/History_Grounded \"History Grounded\")* was provided to all schools in Wales by the [Welsh Government](/wiki/Welsh_Government \"Welsh Government\") in early 2022 in time for the 2022/2023 academic year.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Book for all schools will help teachers and pupils unearth the \"diversity and complexity\" of Wales's history \\|url\\=https://www.gov.wales/book\\-all\\-schools\\-will\\-help\\-teachers\\-and\\-pupils\\-unearth\\-diversity\\-and\\-complexity\\-waless\\-history \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-25 \\|website\\=GOV.WALES \\|date\\=21 December 2021 \\|language\\=en}} [Sian Gwenllian](/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_Gwenllian \"Siân Gwenllian\"), the designated member from Plaid Cymru for the cooperation agreement, noted that Jones' book adds a \"positive development\" and will help to support teachers in teaching Welsh history. Gwenllian added that a proper understanding of Welsh history is an \"integral part of ensuring that young people in Wales understand their nation’s past, present and future.\"",
"#### Lack of teaching skills",
"According to some, there is a lack of investment and a skills gap when it comes to teaching Welsh history in both primary and secondary schools. Education adviser Dr. Huw Griffiths has said that making Welsh history compulsory is a \"game changer\" but that there is insufficient resources for teachers in Wales. He says that teachers have had far more exposure to the history of the US and the Nazi's than Welsh history and don't have the expertise to teach Welsh history, adding that this is \"a vicious circle that we need to break\".",
"Elin Jones has said about the state of Welsh history teaching that she is concerned that the state of delivery of Welsh history could be in the \"same position as we were 20 years ago\". Jones said that she wants to see \"more than legislating\" and that teachers need to shown how to deliver the history which includes ethnic minority history and incorporating Welsh history teaching with a wider context. She said that there is no guidance for teachers to deliver this.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2022\\-12\\-03 \\|title\\='Diffyg gwybodaeth' i ddysgu hanes Cymru mewn ysgolion \\|language\\=cy \\|work\\=BBC Cymru Fyw \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/cymrufyw/63841342 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-25}}",
"#### Lack of teaching resources",
"In 2019, it was reported that due to budget cuts in education since 2010, each student lost over £500 towards their education. This has resulted in teachers feeling pressured to teach students more topics while also having less resources.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Jones \\|first\\=Calvin \\|date\\=October 2019 \\|title\\=Fit for the Future Education in Wales \\- White Paper for Discussion \\|url\\=https://www.futuregenerations.wales/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/10/2019\\-10\\-16\\-Fit\\-for\\-the\\-Future\\-Education\\-in\\-Wales\\-1\\-1\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Office of the Future Generations Commissioner for Wales \\|type\\=\\[\\[White Paper]] \\|pages\\=7 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2023}}\nAccording to the [UCAC](/wiki/Undeb_Cenedlaethol_Athrawon_Cymru \"Undeb Cenedlaethol Athrawon Cymru\"), a teachers' trade union in Wales, there is a lack of resources to teach Welsh History.{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 2019 \\|title\\=Teaching of Welsh History, Culture and Heritage \\|url\\=https://senedd.wales/laid%20documents/cr\\-ld12870/cr\\-ld12870%20\\-e.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=March 30, 2023 \\|website\\=Senedd Wales}} The UCAC states that teachers should be guided to proper resources so they can plan their curriculums appropriately. Otherwise, even with the new [Curriculum for Wales](/wiki/Curriculum_for_Wales_%282022%E2%80%93present%29 \"Curriculum for Wales (2022–present)\") 2020, teachers may simply revert to their old lesson plans. The union also believes that the available resources they do have to teach Welsh history are not from a Welsh perspective. This lack of proper teaching resources has resulted in tokenistic education of Welsh history. To quote them directly,\n> “If resources are readily available from the Welsh dimension, showing the Welsh dimension, then they will be used more, but in the past a lot of the resources were, I wouldn’t say Anglo\\-centric, but they were British\\-viewing rather than specifically Welsh\\-viewed. I think the biggest thing that’s needed is some exemplar materials to show what is it people need to deliver the new curriculum properly.”",
"Prominent Welsh historian Dr. Elin Jones stated that local resources, such as history societies, had a lot to offer regarding Welsh History. However, a conflict of interest may arise when sourcing from local resources due to the want to standardize Welsh history. For example, the Owain Glyndwr Society stated that, “Pupils living in the valleys of South Wales may well end up with an in depth knowledge of the coal industry, but will probably have very little knowledge of the slate industry in Gwynedd.\"",
"Furthermore, the Welsh government has stated that they will hold National Network conversations to aid the development of common techniques for teaching Welsh history. They've also stated that they will continue to work with historians and academics to support teachers with developing curriculums.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Written Statement: Welsh history in the Curriculum for Wales (15 November 2022\\) \\|url\\=https://www.gov.wales/written\\-statement\\-welsh\\-history\\-curriculum\\-wales \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-03 \\|website\\=GOV.WALES \\|date\\=15 November 2022 \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Teaching of ethnic minority history",
"A 2021 Estyn report showed that Welsh students have little knowledge of diverse history. Wales was set to become the first country in the UK to make ethnic minority history a mandatory part of the school curriculum, set to be implemented in September 2022\\.",
"Jones said that she wants to see \"more than legislating\" and that teachers need to shown how to deliver the history which includes ethnic minority history and incorporating Welsh history teaching with a wider context. She said that there is no guidance for teachers to deliver this.",
"The Welsh education minister, [Kirsty Williams](/wiki/Kirsty_Williams \"Kirsty Williams\") said in March 2021, that under new changes to the school, from September 2022, BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) history would be taught in schools.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2021\\-03\\-18 \\|title\\=Black history lessons to be made mandatory in Welsh schools \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-wales\\-56447682 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-26}}",
""
] |
### Devolved era
#### Criticism of lack of Welsh history
In 2015, Welsh historian Elin Jones said that Welsh pupils were "deprived" of not being taught history from a Welsh perspective, and that there should be a far bigger emphasis on Welsh history, with there being "very little evidence" of this. She added that nothing had improved since her 2013 report for the Welsh government. Dr Jones added, "I did a soft consultation by going to public libraries and talking to the public when I was preparing my report and very many people said to me that their education had robbed them of the opportunity to learn about their own country. And that's a sad thing to learn."{{Cite news \|date\=2015\-09\-09 \|title\=Concerns pupils 'deprived' of Welsh history teaching \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-wales\-34175956 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-26}}
In 2015, 10\-15% of History GCSE was about Wales and [WJEC](/wiki/WJEC_%28exam_board%29 "WJEC (exam board)") CEO Gareth Pierce added that there is a lack of Welsh history teaching but that the WJEC was moving towards GCSE history where of the three units taught, two of these will include a fundamental Welsh perspective.
In 2020, on the national curriculum in Wales [UCAC](/wiki/Undeb_Cenedlaethol_Athrawon_Cymru "Undeb Cenedlaethol Athrawon Cymru"), were concerned about "ability and willingness" to teach Welsh history as not all history teachers are Welsh. Swansea University historian Martin Johnes added that "There is no guarantee that any pupil will learn about medieval conquest, the flooding of Tryweryn, the Second World War, the struggles for civil rights, or the rise of democracy." he added that there is a danger of discrepancy based on which school pupils attend.{{Cite web \|last\=Cooper \|first\=John \|date\=2020\-01\-16 \|title\=Are there parts of Wales' history all children should be taught about? \|url\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales\-news/history\-politics\-wales\-school\-education\-17572684 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-26 \|website\=WalesOnline \|language\=en}}
A 2021 Estyn report found that Welsh students had "little knowledge" of Welsh history.{{Cite web \|title\=Pupils in Wales have 'little knowledge' of diverse and Welsh history, Estyn report finds \|url\=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2021\-10\-07/estyn\-pupils\-have\-little\-knowledge\-of\-diverse\-and\-welsh\-history}}
In 2022, Plaid Cymru Member of Senedd, [Heledd Fychan](/wiki/Heledd_Fychan "Heledd Fychan") criticised the lack of Welsh history teaching in Wales, adding that Welsh children know more about England under the Tudors than about the history of Wales. She also criticised Labour politician Neil Kinnock who said that Wales had practically no history between the 16th and 18th centuries.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-11\-20 \|title\=We're proud to be Yma o Hyd – now it's time to learn what that means. \|url\=https://nation.cymru/opinion/were\-proud\-to\-be\-yma\-o\-hyd\-now\-its\-time\-to\-learn\-what\-that\-means/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-26 \|website\=Nation.Cymru \|language\=en\-GB}}
In the same year, Dr Stephen Thompson of Aberystwyth University has said tat children in Wales in both Welsh and English medium schools are growing up "without any real sense of the history of their own communities and are far more conversant with the history of other countries”.
Teacher, Iwan Jones said "Welsh history has been neglected over the past 30 or 40 years." Jones says that the main area to improve is to provide modern resources for teachers to better teach Welsh history.{{Cite news \|date\=2022\-12\-03 \|title\=Welsh curriculum: Wales history teaching skills gap , says adviser \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-wales\-63838713 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-26}}
Gaynor Legall, of the history group The Heritage \& Cultural Exchange had previously said to a Senedd Committee, “I want the kids who live in the docks…to know about north Wales…as much as I want the people in Harlech…to know about the docks and about the coal industry…because it’s about Wales.”
#### *History Grounded*
Elin Jones' book *[History Grounded](/wiki/History_Grounded "History Grounded")* was provided to all schools in Wales by the [Welsh Government](/wiki/Welsh_Government "Welsh Government") in early 2022 in time for the 2022/2023 academic year.{{Cite web \|title\=Book for all schools will help teachers and pupils unearth the "diversity and complexity" of Wales's history \|url\=https://www.gov.wales/book\-all\-schools\-will\-help\-teachers\-and\-pupils\-unearth\-diversity\-and\-complexity\-waless\-history \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-25 \|website\=GOV.WALES \|date\=21 December 2021 \|language\=en}} [Sian Gwenllian](/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_Gwenllian "Siân Gwenllian"), the designated member from Plaid Cymru for the cooperation agreement, noted that Jones' book adds a "positive development" and will help to support teachers in teaching Welsh history. Gwenllian added that a proper understanding of Welsh history is an "integral part of ensuring that young people in Wales understand their nation’s past, present and future."
#### Lack of teaching skills
According to some, there is a lack of investment and a skills gap when it comes to teaching Welsh history in both primary and secondary schools. Education adviser Dr. Huw Griffiths has said that making Welsh history compulsory is a "game changer" but that there is insufficient resources for teachers in Wales. He says that teachers have had far more exposure to the history of the US and the Nazi's than Welsh history and don't have the expertise to teach Welsh history, adding that this is "a vicious circle that we need to break".
Elin Jones has said about the state of Welsh history teaching that she is concerned that the state of delivery of Welsh history could be in the "same position as we were 20 years ago". Jones said that she wants to see "more than legislating" and that teachers need to shown how to deliver the history which includes ethnic minority history and incorporating Welsh history teaching with a wider context. She said that there is no guidance for teachers to deliver this.{{Cite news \|date\=2022\-12\-03 \|title\='Diffyg gwybodaeth' i ddysgu hanes Cymru mewn ysgolion \|language\=cy \|work\=BBC Cymru Fyw \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/cymrufyw/63841342 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-25}}
#### Lack of teaching resources
In 2019, it was reported that due to budget cuts in education since 2010, each student lost over £500 towards their education. This has resulted in teachers feeling pressured to teach students more topics while also having less resources.{{Cite journal \|last\=Jones \|first\=Calvin \|date\=October 2019 \|title\=Fit for the Future Education in Wales \- White Paper for Discussion \|url\=https://www.futuregenerations.wales/wp\-content/uploads/2019/10/2019\-10\-16\-Fit\-for\-the\-Future\-Education\-in\-Wales\-1\-1\.pdf \|journal\=Office of the Future Generations Commissioner for Wales \|type\=\[\[White Paper]] \|pages\=7 \|access\-date\=3 April 2023}}
According to the [UCAC](/wiki/Undeb_Cenedlaethol_Athrawon_Cymru "Undeb Cenedlaethol Athrawon Cymru"), a teachers' trade union in Wales, there is a lack of resources to teach Welsh History.{{Cite web \|date\=November 2019 \|title\=Teaching of Welsh History, Culture and Heritage \|url\=https://senedd.wales/laid%20documents/cr\-ld12870/cr\-ld12870%20\-e.pdf \|access\-date\=March 30, 2023 \|website\=Senedd Wales}} The UCAC states that teachers should be guided to proper resources so they can plan their curriculums appropriately. Otherwise, even with the new [Curriculum for Wales](/wiki/Curriculum_for_Wales_%282022%E2%80%93present%29 "Curriculum for Wales (2022–present)") 2020, teachers may simply revert to their old lesson plans. The union also believes that the available resources they do have to teach Welsh history are not from a Welsh perspective. This lack of proper teaching resources has resulted in tokenistic education of Welsh history. To quote them directly,
> “If resources are readily available from the Welsh dimension, showing the Welsh dimension, then they will be used more, but in the past a lot of the resources were, I wouldn’t say Anglo\-centric, but they were British\-viewing rather than specifically Welsh\-viewed. I think the biggest thing that’s needed is some exemplar materials to show what is it people need to deliver the new curriculum properly.”
Prominent Welsh historian Dr. Elin Jones stated that local resources, such as history societies, had a lot to offer regarding Welsh History. However, a conflict of interest may arise when sourcing from local resources due to the want to standardize Welsh history. For example, the Owain Glyndwr Society stated that, “Pupils living in the valleys of South Wales may well end up with an in depth knowledge of the coal industry, but will probably have very little knowledge of the slate industry in Gwynedd."
Furthermore, the Welsh government has stated that they will hold National Network conversations to aid the development of common techniques for teaching Welsh history. They've also stated that they will continue to work with historians and academics to support teachers with developing curriculums.{{Cite web \|title\=Written Statement: Welsh history in the Curriculum for Wales (15 November 2022\) \|url\=https://www.gov.wales/written\-statement\-welsh\-history\-curriculum\-wales \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-03 \|website\=GOV.WALES \|date\=15 November 2022 \|language\=en}}
#### Teaching of ethnic minority history
A 2021 Estyn report showed that Welsh students have little knowledge of diverse history. Wales was set to become the first country in the UK to make ethnic minority history a mandatory part of the school curriculum, set to be implemented in September 2022\.
Jones said that she wants to see "more than legislating" and that teachers need to shown how to deliver the history which includes ethnic minority history and incorporating Welsh history teaching with a wider context. She said that there is no guidance for teachers to deliver this.
The Welsh education minister, [Kirsty Williams](/wiki/Kirsty_Williams "Kirsty Williams") said in March 2021, that under new changes to the school, from September 2022, BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) history would be taught in schools.{{Cite news \|date\=2021\-03\-18 \|title\=Black history lessons to be made mandatory in Welsh schools \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-wales\-56447682 \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-26}}
|
[
"### Devolved era",
"#### Criticism of lack of Welsh history",
"In 2015, Welsh historian Elin Jones said that Welsh pupils were \"deprived\" of not being taught history from a Welsh perspective, and that there should be a far bigger emphasis on Welsh history, with there being \"very little evidence\" of this. She added that nothing had improved since her 2013 report for the Welsh government. Dr Jones added, \"I did a soft consultation by going to public libraries and talking to the public when I was preparing my report and very many people said to me that their education had robbed them of the opportunity to learn about their own country. And that's a sad thing to learn.\"{{Cite news \\|date\\=2015\\-09\\-09 \\|title\\=Concerns pupils 'deprived' of Welsh history teaching \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-wales\\-34175956 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-26}}",
"In 2015, 10\\-15% of History GCSE was about Wales and [WJEC](/wiki/WJEC_%28exam_board%29 \"WJEC (exam board)\") CEO Gareth Pierce added that there is a lack of Welsh history teaching but that the WJEC was moving towards GCSE history where of the three units taught, two of these will include a fundamental Welsh perspective.",
"In 2020, on the national curriculum in Wales [UCAC](/wiki/Undeb_Cenedlaethol_Athrawon_Cymru \"Undeb Cenedlaethol Athrawon Cymru\"), were concerned about \"ability and willingness\" to teach Welsh history as not all history teachers are Welsh. Swansea University historian Martin Johnes added that \"There is no guarantee that any pupil will learn about medieval conquest, the flooding of Tryweryn, the Second World War, the struggles for civil rights, or the rise of democracy.\" he added that there is a danger of discrepancy based on which school pupils attend.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cooper \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-16 \\|title\\=Are there parts of Wales' history all children should be taught about? \\|url\\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales\\-news/history\\-politics\\-wales\\-school\\-education\\-17572684 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-26 \\|website\\=WalesOnline \\|language\\=en}}",
"A 2021 Estyn report found that Welsh students had \"little knowledge\" of Welsh history.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pupils in Wales have 'little knowledge' of diverse and Welsh history, Estyn report finds \\|url\\=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2021\\-10\\-07/estyn\\-pupils\\-have\\-little\\-knowledge\\-of\\-diverse\\-and\\-welsh\\-history}}",
"In 2022, Plaid Cymru Member of Senedd, [Heledd Fychan](/wiki/Heledd_Fychan \"Heledd Fychan\") criticised the lack of Welsh history teaching in Wales, adding that Welsh children know more about England under the Tudors than about the history of Wales. She also criticised Labour politician Neil Kinnock who said that Wales had practically no history between the 16th and 18th centuries.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-20 \\|title\\=We're proud to be Yma o Hyd – now it's time to learn what that means. \\|url\\=https://nation.cymru/opinion/were\\-proud\\-to\\-be\\-yma\\-o\\-hyd\\-now\\-its\\-time\\-to\\-learn\\-what\\-that\\-means/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-26 \\|website\\=Nation.Cymru \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"In the same year, Dr Stephen Thompson of Aberystwyth University has said tat children in Wales in both Welsh and English medium schools are growing up \"without any real sense of the history of their own communities and are far more conversant with the history of other countries”.",
"Teacher, Iwan Jones said \"Welsh history has been neglected over the past 30 or 40 years.\" Jones says that the main area to improve is to provide modern resources for teachers to better teach Welsh history.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2022\\-12\\-03 \\|title\\=Welsh curriculum: Wales history teaching skills gap , says adviser \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-wales\\-63838713 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-26}}",
"Gaynor Legall, of the history group The Heritage \\& Cultural Exchange had previously said to a Senedd Committee, “I want the kids who live in the docks…to know about north Wales…as much as I want the people in Harlech…to know about the docks and about the coal industry…because it’s about Wales.”",
"#### *History Grounded*",
"Elin Jones' book *[History Grounded](/wiki/History_Grounded \"History Grounded\")* was provided to all schools in Wales by the [Welsh Government](/wiki/Welsh_Government \"Welsh Government\") in early 2022 in time for the 2022/2023 academic year.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Book for all schools will help teachers and pupils unearth the \"diversity and complexity\" of Wales's history \\|url\\=https://www.gov.wales/book\\-all\\-schools\\-will\\-help\\-teachers\\-and\\-pupils\\-unearth\\-diversity\\-and\\-complexity\\-waless\\-history \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-25 \\|website\\=GOV.WALES \\|date\\=21 December 2021 \\|language\\=en}} [Sian Gwenllian](/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_Gwenllian \"Siân Gwenllian\"), the designated member from Plaid Cymru for the cooperation agreement, noted that Jones' book adds a \"positive development\" and will help to support teachers in teaching Welsh history. Gwenllian added that a proper understanding of Welsh history is an \"integral part of ensuring that young people in Wales understand their nation’s past, present and future.\"",
"#### Lack of teaching skills",
"According to some, there is a lack of investment and a skills gap when it comes to teaching Welsh history in both primary and secondary schools. Education adviser Dr. Huw Griffiths has said that making Welsh history compulsory is a \"game changer\" but that there is insufficient resources for teachers in Wales. He says that teachers have had far more exposure to the history of the US and the Nazi's than Welsh history and don't have the expertise to teach Welsh history, adding that this is \"a vicious circle that we need to break\".",
"Elin Jones has said about the state of Welsh history teaching that she is concerned that the state of delivery of Welsh history could be in the \"same position as we were 20 years ago\". Jones said that she wants to see \"more than legislating\" and that teachers need to shown how to deliver the history which includes ethnic minority history and incorporating Welsh history teaching with a wider context. She said that there is no guidance for teachers to deliver this.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2022\\-12\\-03 \\|title\\='Diffyg gwybodaeth' i ddysgu hanes Cymru mewn ysgolion \\|language\\=cy \\|work\\=BBC Cymru Fyw \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/cymrufyw/63841342 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-25}}",
"#### Lack of teaching resources",
"In 2019, it was reported that due to budget cuts in education since 2010, each student lost over £500 towards their education. This has resulted in teachers feeling pressured to teach students more topics while also having less resources.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Jones \\|first\\=Calvin \\|date\\=October 2019 \\|title\\=Fit for the Future Education in Wales \\- White Paper for Discussion \\|url\\=https://www.futuregenerations.wales/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/10/2019\\-10\\-16\\-Fit\\-for\\-the\\-Future\\-Education\\-in\\-Wales\\-1\\-1\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Office of the Future Generations Commissioner for Wales \\|type\\=\\[\\[White Paper]] \\|pages\\=7 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2023}}\nAccording to the [UCAC](/wiki/Undeb_Cenedlaethol_Athrawon_Cymru \"Undeb Cenedlaethol Athrawon Cymru\"), a teachers' trade union in Wales, there is a lack of resources to teach Welsh History.{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 2019 \\|title\\=Teaching of Welsh History, Culture and Heritage \\|url\\=https://senedd.wales/laid%20documents/cr\\-ld12870/cr\\-ld12870%20\\-e.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=March 30, 2023 \\|website\\=Senedd Wales}} The UCAC states that teachers should be guided to proper resources so they can plan their curriculums appropriately. Otherwise, even with the new [Curriculum for Wales](/wiki/Curriculum_for_Wales_%282022%E2%80%93present%29 \"Curriculum for Wales (2022–present)\") 2020, teachers may simply revert to their old lesson plans. The union also believes that the available resources they do have to teach Welsh history are not from a Welsh perspective. This lack of proper teaching resources has resulted in tokenistic education of Welsh history. To quote them directly,\n> “If resources are readily available from the Welsh dimension, showing the Welsh dimension, then they will be used more, but in the past a lot of the resources were, I wouldn’t say Anglo\\-centric, but they were British\\-viewing rather than specifically Welsh\\-viewed. I think the biggest thing that’s needed is some exemplar materials to show what is it people need to deliver the new curriculum properly.”",
"Prominent Welsh historian Dr. Elin Jones stated that local resources, such as history societies, had a lot to offer regarding Welsh History. However, a conflict of interest may arise when sourcing from local resources due to the want to standardize Welsh history. For example, the Owain Glyndwr Society stated that, “Pupils living in the valleys of South Wales may well end up with an in depth knowledge of the coal industry, but will probably have very little knowledge of the slate industry in Gwynedd.\"",
"Furthermore, the Welsh government has stated that they will hold National Network conversations to aid the development of common techniques for teaching Welsh history. They've also stated that they will continue to work with historians and academics to support teachers with developing curriculums.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Written Statement: Welsh history in the Curriculum for Wales (15 November 2022\\) \\|url\\=https://www.gov.wales/written\\-statement\\-welsh\\-history\\-curriculum\\-wales \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-03 \\|website\\=GOV.WALES \\|date\\=15 November 2022 \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### Teaching of ethnic minority history",
"A 2021 Estyn report showed that Welsh students have little knowledge of diverse history. Wales was set to become the first country in the UK to make ethnic minority history a mandatory part of the school curriculum, set to be implemented in September 2022\\.",
"Jones said that she wants to see \"more than legislating\" and that teachers need to shown how to deliver the history which includes ethnic minority history and incorporating Welsh history teaching with a wider context. She said that there is no guidance for teachers to deliver this.",
"The Welsh education minister, [Kirsty Williams](/wiki/Kirsty_Williams \"Kirsty Williams\") said in March 2021, that under new changes to the school, from September 2022, BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) history would be taught in schools.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2021\\-03\\-18 \\|title\\=Black history lessons to be made mandatory in Welsh schools \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-wales\\-56447682 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-26}}",
""
] |
Organization
------------
### Geodetic Institute
The Geodetic institute is the national authority for geodesy, determining the geodetic reference frame and other geodetic products such as the geoid and height reference. The institute operates a service for accurate [GNSS\-positioning](/wiki/GNSS "GNSS").
### Mapping and Cadastre
The Mapping and Cadastre establish and manage spatial data covering Norwegian land areas, in cooperation with municipalities and different public agencies. The division produce national map data series in different scales and the national printed map series Norway 1:50 000\. Mapping and Cadastre operate The National Place Name Register and The New Cadastre (matrikkelen) with physical and ownership information including digital cadastre maps about properties.
### Land Registry
The Land Registry is responsible for and manages The National Land Registry, which includes a registry of leasing rights to flats in housing co\-operatives.
### Hydrographic Service
The Hydrographic Service is responsible for surveying the Norwegian coast, including polar waters and for preparing and updating nautical charts and descriptions of these waters. The activities also include studies of tides and currents and publishing tide tables.
The Hydrographic Service has the operational responsibility for the international electronic navigational chart centre [Primar](http://www.primar.no), based in Stavanger.
### Distribution Service
The Distribution Service is responsible for publishing analog and digital maps, and to provide mapping services to the public and partners of the [Norway Digital](/wiki/Norway_Digital "Norway Digital") consortium. In 2004 some commercial activity of the Authority was divested to the then Ugland IT group, later renamed [Nordeca](/wiki/Nordeca "Nordeca").
|
[
"Organization\n------------",
"### Geodetic Institute",
"The Geodetic institute is the national authority for geodesy, determining the geodetic reference frame and other geodetic products such as the geoid and height reference. The institute operates a service for accurate [GNSS\\-positioning](/wiki/GNSS \"GNSS\").",
"### Mapping and Cadastre",
"The Mapping and Cadastre establish and manage spatial data covering Norwegian land areas, in cooperation with municipalities and different public agencies. The division produce national map data series in different scales and the national printed map series Norway 1:50 000\\. Mapping and Cadastre operate The National Place Name Register and The New Cadastre (matrikkelen) with physical and ownership information including digital cadastre maps about properties.",
"### Land Registry",
"The Land Registry is responsible for and manages The National Land Registry, which includes a registry of leasing rights to flats in housing co\\-operatives.",
"### Hydrographic Service",
"The Hydrographic Service is responsible for surveying the Norwegian coast, including polar waters and for preparing and updating nautical charts and descriptions of these waters. The activities also include studies of tides and currents and publishing tide tables. \nThe Hydrographic Service has the operational responsibility for the international electronic navigational chart centre [Primar](http://www.primar.no), based in Stavanger.",
"### Distribution Service",
"The Distribution Service is responsible for publishing analog and digital maps, and to provide mapping services to the public and partners of the [Norway Digital](/wiki/Norway_Digital \"Norway Digital\") consortium. In 2004 some commercial activity of the Authority was divested to the then Ugland IT group, later renamed [Nordeca](/wiki/Nordeca \"Nordeca\").",
""
] |
History
-------
The union was organized around 1848, and incorporated in Massachusetts in 1850\. The board included Everett, Dexter, and Longfellow, and a mix of prominent Bostonian businessmen, artists, and other notables: Joseph Andrews; Thomas G. Appleton; Edward C. Cabot; Alvan Fisher; [Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham](/wiki/Nathaniel_Langdon_Frothingham "Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham"); James B. Gregerson; Chester Harding; Joshua H. Hayward; [George S. Hilliard](/wiki/George_S._Hilliard "George S. Hilliard"); Albert G. Hoit; Jonathan Mason; Benjamin S. Rotch; G. G. Smith; [Charles Sumner](/wiki/Charles_Sumner "Charles Sumner"); C. G. Thompson; and [Ammi B. Young](/wiki/Ammi_B._Young "Ammi B. Young").R.C. Waterston. "American Art and Art Unions." Christian Examiner, March 1850; p.14\.Leah Lipton. "The Boston Artists' Association, 1841\-1851\." American Art Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Autumn, 1983\) Others associated with union administration included James Lawrence and Thomas T. Spear.
The union aimed to promote excellence in art, to single out top performing American artists, and to educate the public eye. To this end, the board thought of increasing the breadth of distributed art in circulation amongst the American public by producing fine art prints. In particular, in 1851 the union offered to its subscribers a copy of an engraving by C.E. Wagstaff and Joseph Andrews of [Washington Allston](/wiki/Washington_Allston "Washington Allston")'s painting "Saul and the Witch of Endor."Joseph Andrews. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Volume 31, 1907; p.222\. The original painting (owned by [Thomas Handasyd Perkins](/wiki/Thomas_Handasyd_Perkins "Thomas Handasyd Perkins")) was also exhibited in the union's gallery.Boston Daily Atlas, 04\-25\-1851; p.1\.
The board considered their purpose as part of a national effort to raise the quality of American visual art, ideally on par with the greats of Europe and the ancient world. "In empires and monarchies every protection is afforded to institutions of arts. Regarded as the harbingers of refinement, and the heralds of prosperity, they diffuse a radiance around thrones, and a lustre on the rulers that cherish them. In our republican land, genius cannot receive this munificent patronage, but, by the establishment of art unions, the sovereign people can stimulate and educe merit under the combined influence of those urgent springs of action \-\- emulation and recompense. The divines, statesmen, soldiers and writers of New England, fostered by public applause and patronage, have given high proof of their merit, and we regard the Art Union as destined to elevate the character of our artists. Its fostering patronage will prove that, by affording adequate opportunity, New England is as congenial to the arts of design, as the lands which have produced a [Michael Angelo](/wiki/Michelangelo "Michelangelo"), a [Praxiteles](/wiki/Praxiteles "Praxiteles"), a [Wilkie](/wiki/David_Wilkie_%28artist%29 "David Wilkie (artist)"), or the Vernsets (i.e. [Claude Joseph Vernet](/wiki/Claude_Joseph_Vernet "Claude Joseph Vernet"), [Carle Vernet](/wiki/Carle_Vernet "Carle Vernet"), [Horace Vernet](/wiki/Horace_Vernet "Horace Vernet")).""From the American Sentinel. Art in New England." New Hampshire Sentinel, 03\-13\-1851\.
In the mid\-19th century, a number of art unions were organized in the U.S., some more respectable than others. The New England Art Union enjoyed a solid reputation. As one observer commented:
> "If I have of late been more solicitous for the N.E. Art\-Union, it is because it is new, and because I know that the men who direct it are gentlemen, in the true sense of the word; and am fully confident that they will not domineer, and dictate, and calumniate, and make false pretences about the value of their prints and paintings, and puff the servile daubers who submit to them, and declare that the country produces no better works than theirs, and that all who are not their loyal subjects are of no account at tall, and that they have 'declined' their works. Such a line of argument, affecting to despise their opponents, yet covertly stinging them with envenomed sneers and lies \-\- such blackguardism the Managers of the New England Art Union cannot possibly commit, because they are gentlemen. Edward Everett, Henry W. Longfellow, Franklin Dexter; has anybody heard of them? does anybody want a better guarantee?"J.K. Fisher. "The American Art\-Union \- Its Bulletin." [Photographic Art\-Journal](https://books.google.com/books?id=LrYaAAAAYAAJ), May 1851; p.284\.
### Gallery
Around 1850, local directories and art publications reported that "the gallery of the institution, no.38 [Tremont Row](/wiki/Tremont_Row "Tremont Row"), Boston, is open to the public""Fine Arts." To\-day: a Boston Literary Journal. No.1, Jan. 3, 1852Boston Directory 1851\. and "their collection already embraces a number of meritorious works."The Literary World, Jan. 4, 1851; p.11\. Visitors to the gallery included Adin Augustus Ballou (son of Socialist [Adin Ballou](/wiki/Adin_Ballou "Adin Ballou")).Adin Ballou, ed. [Memoir of Adin Augustus Ballou](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kZIZAAAAYAAJ). Hopedale, Mass.: Community Press, 1853; p.130\.
The gallery exhibited works by:[Smithsonian](http://siris-artexhibition.si.edu) [Joseph Ames](/wiki/Joseph_Alexander_Ames "Joseph Alexander Ames"), William Babcock,William Perkins Babcock, 1826–1899 [Thomas Ball](/wiki/Thomas_Ball_%28artist%29 "Thomas Ball (artist)"), Charles A. Barry,Charles A. Barry, 1830–1892 [Albert Fitch Bellows](/wiki/Albert_Fitch_Bellows "Albert Fitch Bellows"), [A. Bierstadt](/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt "Albert Bierstadt"), William T. Carlton,William Tolman Carlton, 1816–1888 [Benjamin Champney](/wiki/Benjamin_Champney "Benjamin Champney"), [J.A. Codman](/wiki/John_Amory_Codman "John Amory Codman"), C.P. Cranch,Christopher Pearse Cranch, 1813–1892 Mrs. H. Dassell, [Thomas Edwards](/wiki/Thomas_Edwards_%28artist%29 "Thomas Edwards (artist)"), Alvan Fisher, W.A. Gay,Winckworth Allan Gay, 1821–1910 [Samuel L. Gerry](/wiki/Samuel_Lancaster_Gerry "Samuel Lancaster Gerry"), George H. Hall,[George Henry Hall](/wiki/George_Henry_Hall_%28artist%29 "George Henry Hall (artist)"), 1823–1913 W.H. Hanley, [Albert Gallatin Hoit](/wiki/Albert_Gallatin_Hoit "Albert Gallatin Hoit"), H.P. Hunt, [D.C. Johnston](/wiki/David_Claypoole_Johnston "David Claypoole Johnston"), [J.F. Kensett](/wiki/John_Frederick_Kensett "John Frederick Kensett"), John A. Knight, Kurtz, [Fitz Henry Lane](/wiki/Fitz_Henry_Lane "Fitz Henry Lane"), W. Morrison, [B.F. Nutting](/wiki/Benjamin_F._Nutting "Benjamin F. Nutting"), Mrs. Oakes, [John Pope](/wiki/John_Pope_%28artist%29 "John Pope (artist)"), A. Ransom, [John W. A. Scott](/wiki/John_W._A._Scott "John W. A. Scott"), Thomas T. Spear, P. Stephenson,Peter Stephenson, about 1823–1860 H.G. Wilde, and [Moses Wight](/wiki/Moses_Wight "Moses Wight"). Some of the artists affiliated with the union kept studios in Boston's [Tremont Temple](/wiki/Tremont_Temple "Tremont Temple"), which burned in 1852\. Fellow artists took up a collection on behalf of those afflicted by the fire.Boston Daily Atlas, 04\-03\-1852; p.2\.
### Journal
In 1852 the union issued its *Bulletin*, "embellished with a well executed sketch of the engraving \[of [Washington Allston](/wiki/Washington_Allston "Washington Allston")'s painting of Saul and the Witch of Endor], and a woodcut, spiritedly designed by [Hammatt Billings](/wiki/Hammatt_Billings "Hammatt Billings"), in illustration of Mr. Longfellow's ballad, 'The Skeleton in Armor.'"
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The union was organized around 1848, and incorporated in Massachusetts in 1850\\. The board included Everett, Dexter, and Longfellow, and a mix of prominent Bostonian businessmen, artists, and other notables: Joseph Andrews; Thomas G. Appleton; Edward C. Cabot; Alvan Fisher; [Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham](/wiki/Nathaniel_Langdon_Frothingham \"Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham\"); James B. Gregerson; Chester Harding; Joshua H. Hayward; [George S. Hilliard](/wiki/George_S._Hilliard \"George S. Hilliard\"); Albert G. Hoit; Jonathan Mason; Benjamin S. Rotch; G. G. Smith; [Charles Sumner](/wiki/Charles_Sumner \"Charles Sumner\"); C. G. Thompson; and [Ammi B. Young](/wiki/Ammi_B._Young \"Ammi B. Young\").R.C. Waterston. \"American Art and Art Unions.\" Christian Examiner, March 1850; p.14\\.Leah Lipton. \"The Boston Artists' Association, 1841\\-1851\\.\" American Art Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Autumn, 1983\\) Others associated with union administration included James Lawrence and Thomas T. Spear.",
"The union aimed to promote excellence in art, to single out top performing American artists, and to educate the public eye. To this end, the board thought of increasing the breadth of distributed art in circulation amongst the American public by producing fine art prints. In particular, in 1851 the union offered to its subscribers a copy of an engraving by C.E. Wagstaff and Joseph Andrews of [Washington Allston](/wiki/Washington_Allston \"Washington Allston\")'s painting \"Saul and the Witch of Endor.\"Joseph Andrews. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Volume 31, 1907; p.222\\. The original painting (owned by [Thomas Handasyd Perkins](/wiki/Thomas_Handasyd_Perkins \"Thomas Handasyd Perkins\")) was also exhibited in the union's gallery.Boston Daily Atlas, 04\\-25\\-1851; p.1\\.",
"The board considered their purpose as part of a national effort to raise the quality of American visual art, ideally on par with the greats of Europe and the ancient world. \"In empires and monarchies every protection is afforded to institutions of arts. Regarded as the harbingers of refinement, and the heralds of prosperity, they diffuse a radiance around thrones, and a lustre on the rulers that cherish them. In our republican land, genius cannot receive this munificent patronage, but, by the establishment of art unions, the sovereign people can stimulate and educe merit under the combined influence of those urgent springs of action \\-\\- emulation and recompense. The divines, statesmen, soldiers and writers of New England, fostered by public applause and patronage, have given high proof of their merit, and we regard the Art Union as destined to elevate the character of our artists. Its fostering patronage will prove that, by affording adequate opportunity, New England is as congenial to the arts of design, as the lands which have produced a [Michael Angelo](/wiki/Michelangelo \"Michelangelo\"), a [Praxiteles](/wiki/Praxiteles \"Praxiteles\"), a [Wilkie](/wiki/David_Wilkie_%28artist%29 \"David Wilkie (artist)\"), or the Vernsets (i.e. [Claude Joseph Vernet](/wiki/Claude_Joseph_Vernet \"Claude Joseph Vernet\"), [Carle Vernet](/wiki/Carle_Vernet \"Carle Vernet\"), [Horace Vernet](/wiki/Horace_Vernet \"Horace Vernet\")).\"\"From the American Sentinel. Art in New England.\" New Hampshire Sentinel, 03\\-13\\-1851\\.",
"In the mid\\-19th century, a number of art unions were organized in the U.S., some more respectable than others. The New England Art Union enjoyed a solid reputation. As one observer commented:\n> \"If I have of late been more solicitous for the N.E. Art\\-Union, it is because it is new, and because I know that the men who direct it are gentlemen, in the true sense of the word; and am fully confident that they will not domineer, and dictate, and calumniate, and make false pretences about the value of their prints and paintings, and puff the servile daubers who submit to them, and declare that the country produces no better works than theirs, and that all who are not their loyal subjects are of no account at tall, and that they have 'declined' their works. Such a line of argument, affecting to despise their opponents, yet covertly stinging them with envenomed sneers and lies \\-\\- such blackguardism the Managers of the New England Art Union cannot possibly commit, because they are gentlemen. Edward Everett, Henry W. Longfellow, Franklin Dexter; has anybody heard of them? does anybody want a better guarantee?\"J.K. Fisher. \"The American Art\\-Union \\- Its Bulletin.\" [Photographic Art\\-Journal](https://books.google.com/books?id=LrYaAAAAYAAJ), May 1851; p.284\\.",
"",
"### Gallery",
"Around 1850, local directories and art publications reported that \"the gallery of the institution, no.38 [Tremont Row](/wiki/Tremont_Row \"Tremont Row\"), Boston, is open to the public\"\"Fine Arts.\" To\\-day: a Boston Literary Journal. No.1, Jan. 3, 1852Boston Directory 1851\\. and \"their collection already embraces a number of meritorious works.\"The Literary World, Jan. 4, 1851; p.11\\. Visitors to the gallery included Adin Augustus Ballou (son of Socialist [Adin Ballou](/wiki/Adin_Ballou \"Adin Ballou\")).Adin Ballou, ed. [Memoir of Adin Augustus Ballou](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kZIZAAAAYAAJ). Hopedale, Mass.: Community Press, 1853; p.130\\.",
"The gallery exhibited works by:[Smithsonian](http://siris-artexhibition.si.edu) [Joseph Ames](/wiki/Joseph_Alexander_Ames \"Joseph Alexander Ames\"), William Babcock,William Perkins Babcock, 1826–1899 [Thomas Ball](/wiki/Thomas_Ball_%28artist%29 \"Thomas Ball (artist)\"), Charles A. Barry,Charles A. Barry, 1830–1892 [Albert Fitch Bellows](/wiki/Albert_Fitch_Bellows \"Albert Fitch Bellows\"), [A. Bierstadt](/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt \"Albert Bierstadt\"), William T. Carlton,William Tolman Carlton, 1816–1888 [Benjamin Champney](/wiki/Benjamin_Champney \"Benjamin Champney\"), [J.A. Codman](/wiki/John_Amory_Codman \"John Amory Codman\"), C.P. Cranch,Christopher Pearse Cranch, 1813–1892 Mrs. H. Dassell, [Thomas Edwards](/wiki/Thomas_Edwards_%28artist%29 \"Thomas Edwards (artist)\"), Alvan Fisher, W.A. Gay,Winckworth Allan Gay, 1821–1910 [Samuel L. Gerry](/wiki/Samuel_Lancaster_Gerry \"Samuel Lancaster Gerry\"), George H. Hall,[George Henry Hall](/wiki/George_Henry_Hall_%28artist%29 \"George Henry Hall (artist)\"), 1823–1913 W.H. Hanley, [Albert Gallatin Hoit](/wiki/Albert_Gallatin_Hoit \"Albert Gallatin Hoit\"), H.P. Hunt, [D.C. Johnston](/wiki/David_Claypoole_Johnston \"David Claypoole Johnston\"), [J.F. Kensett](/wiki/John_Frederick_Kensett \"John Frederick Kensett\"), John A. Knight, Kurtz, [Fitz Henry Lane](/wiki/Fitz_Henry_Lane \"Fitz Henry Lane\"), W. Morrison, [B.F. Nutting](/wiki/Benjamin_F._Nutting \"Benjamin F. Nutting\"), Mrs. Oakes, [John Pope](/wiki/John_Pope_%28artist%29 \"John Pope (artist)\"), A. Ransom, [John W. A. Scott](/wiki/John_W._A._Scott \"John W. A. Scott\"), Thomas T. Spear, P. Stephenson,Peter Stephenson, about 1823–1860 H.G. Wilde, and [Moses Wight](/wiki/Moses_Wight \"Moses Wight\"). Some of the artists affiliated with the union kept studios in Boston's [Tremont Temple](/wiki/Tremont_Temple \"Tremont Temple\"), which burned in 1852\\. Fellow artists took up a collection on behalf of those afflicted by the fire.Boston Daily Atlas, 04\\-03\\-1852; p.2\\.",
"### Journal",
"In 1852 the union issued its *Bulletin*, \"embellished with a well executed sketch of the engraving \\[of [Washington Allston](/wiki/Washington_Allston \"Washington Allston\")'s painting of Saul and the Witch of Endor], and a woodcut, spiritedly designed by [Hammatt Billings](/wiki/Hammatt_Billings \"Hammatt Billings\"), in illustration of Mr. Longfellow's ballad, 'The Skeleton in Armor.'\"",
""
] |
History
-------
[300px\|thumb\|*Hunter Mountain, Twilight* (1866\) by [Hudson River School](/wiki/Hudson_River_School "Hudson River School") artist [Sanford Robinson Gifford](/wiki/Sanford_Robinson_Gifford "Sanford Robinson Gifford"), showing the devastation wrought by years of tanbarking and logging.](/wiki/File:Sanford_Robinson_Gifford_-_Cr%C3%A9puscule_sur_le_mont_Hunter.jpg "Sanford Robinson Gifford - Crépuscule sur le mont Hunter.jpg")
### Early years
Originally named **Greenland Mountain**, in the mid\-19th century the mountain was renamed. Like the town and the village, Hunter takes its name from John Hunter, a somewhat despised local landlord. It is not known when the mountain was first climbed, or by whom. A popular local legend has it that Hunter, or some other later landowner, went to the summit with a [hand level](/wiki/Spirit_level "Spirit level") in order to be sure they had indeed purchased the Catskills' highest peak, and were satisfied until an "unknown" peak appeared on the southern horizon — [Slide Mountain](/wiki/Slide_Mountain_%28Ulster_County%2C_New_York%29 "Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)"), the range's true highest peak but not identified as such until 1886 (which makes this legend unlikely to have any basis in fact, as the necessary clearing at the summit for the fire tower was made well afterwards). For a time before [Arnold Henry Guyot](/wiki/Arnold_Henry_Guyot "Arnold Henry Guyot") identified Slide, either Hunter or nearby [Black Dome](/wiki/Black_Dome_%28New_York%29 "Black Dome (New York)"), central peak of the [Blackhead Mountains](/wiki/Blackhead_Mountains "Blackhead Mountains"), was thought to be the range's highest, in contrast to the claims of nearby hoteliers for [Kaaterskill High Peak](/wiki/Kaaterskill_High_Peak "Kaaterskill High Peak").
Hunter, unlike Slide, was located close to settlements and saw considerable exploitation of its forest resources. Retired [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 "Colonel (United States)") William Edwards was so successful harvesting [hemlock](/wiki/Eastern_Hemlock "Eastern Hemlock") [bark](/wiki/Bark_%28botany%29 "Bark (botany)") for [tanning](/wiki/Tanning_%28leather%29 "Tanning (leather)") during the mid\-19th century in what is now the ski area that not only was the ridge named the Colonel's Chair in his honor, the village of Hunter was briefly renamed Edwardsville. On the other side of the mountain, the [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia")\-based Fenwick Lumber Company [logged](/wiki/Logging "Logging") Hunter and Southwest Hunter so thoroughly between 1903 and 1917 that it is hard to find [virgin forest](/wiki/Old_growth_forest "Old growth forest") anywhere in the lands they once owned. Some of the roads and railroads they built on the mountains still serve as trails today, and other remnants of their operations are in the nearby woods.
[Gifford Pinchot](/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot "Gifford Pinchot"), first chief of the [USFS](/wiki/USFS "USFS") under [Teddy Roosevelt](/wiki/Teddy_Roosevelt "Teddy Roosevelt"), was named for Hudson River School painter, [Sanford Robinson Gifford](/wiki/Sanford_Robinson_Gifford "Sanford Robinson Gifford"), after the Pinchot family purchased his famous painting "Hunter Mountain, Twilight."{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/07/nyregion/woodland\-elegy\-rhapsody\-green\-hunter\-mountain\-paintings\-spurred\-recovery.html?scp\=1\&sq\=sanford\+gifford\+hunter\+mountain\&st\=nyt\|title \= From a Woodland Elegy, A Rhapsody in Green; Hunter Mountain Paintings Spurred Recovery\|newspaper \= The New York Times\|date \= 7 June 2001\|last1 \= Johnson\|first1 \= Kirk}}
### Forest Preserve
The establishment of New York's [Forest Preserve](/wiki/Forest_Preserve_%28New_York%29 "Forest Preserve (New York)") made it possible for the mountain's forests to renew themselves after years of harvesting by humans. Four years after Fenwick cut down its last tree on Hunter, the state began buying the abandoned tracts, rendering them "forever wild" under the state constitution. By 1929, most of the mountain had been acquired and trails began to be cut, although it would be 1935 before most were finished.
The construction of the ski area put renewed development pressure on the mountain, especially as its owners [dynamited](/wiki/Dynamite "Dynamite") areas to create steeper trails. A proposal to amend the state constitution and trade land closer to the summit ridge to the ski area for holdings elsewhere was vigorously opposed by [environmentalists](/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States "Environmental movement in the United States") and failed to pass the legislature in the early 1990s. [Governor](/wiki/Governor "Governor") [George Pataki](/wiki/George_Pataki "George Pataki")'s 1999 designation of most Catskill High Peaks as a state Bird Conservation Area, to protect [Bicknell's thrush](/wiki/Bicknell%27s_thrush "Bicknell's thrush") and other threatened montane bird species, finally put the idea to rest.
### Site of key conversation in Clinton impeachment
According to the [Starr Report](/wiki/Starr_Report "Starr Report"), on [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day") weekend in 1996, [Monica Lewinsky](/wiki/Monica_Lewinsky "Monica Lewinsky") told a family friend, Dale Young, about her affair with President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton"), during a vacation at a [weight\-loss](/wiki/Weight_loss "Weight loss") [spa](/wiki/Destination_spa "Destination spa") in the Catskills. This event was later described as the first time she had confided in anyone about the affair. The spa was later identified as Vatra, located near the Becker Hollow trailhead north of [Stony Clove Notch](/wiki/Stony_Clove_Notch "Stony Clove Notch"). The two were described as being in the middle of a {{convert\|7\.5\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} hike up Hunter at the time, although it is unknown where they were on the mountain when Lewinsky made her disclosure.
### Today
Currently, Hunter, Rusk and Southwest Hunter mountains are grouped by DEC into the [Hunter Mountain Wild Forest](/wiki/Hunter_Mountain_Wild_Forest "Hunter Mountain Wild Forest"), reflecting the extensive past disturbances to the forest. A change proposed in the pending update to the Catskill Park State Land Master Plan (CPSLMP) would combine almost all of that land with the neighboring [West Kill Wilderness Area](/wiki/West_Kill_Wilderness_Area "West Kill Wilderness Area") to create a large Hunter\-West Kill Wilderness Area. Ironically, the summit of Hunter itself would remain in a thin corridor known as the Rusk Mountain Wild Forest, to accommodate uses of the Spruceton Trail that would not be permitted in a [wilderness area](/wiki/Wilderness_area "Wilderness area").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[300px\\|thumb\\|*Hunter Mountain, Twilight* (1866\\) by [Hudson River School](/wiki/Hudson_River_School \"Hudson River School\") artist [Sanford Robinson Gifford](/wiki/Sanford_Robinson_Gifford \"Sanford Robinson Gifford\"), showing the devastation wrought by years of tanbarking and logging.](/wiki/File:Sanford_Robinson_Gifford_-_Cr%C3%A9puscule_sur_le_mont_Hunter.jpg \"Sanford Robinson Gifford - Crépuscule sur le mont Hunter.jpg\")",
"### Early years",
"Originally named **Greenland Mountain**, in the mid\\-19th century the mountain was renamed. Like the town and the village, Hunter takes its name from John Hunter, a somewhat despised local landlord. It is not known when the mountain was first climbed, or by whom. A popular local legend has it that Hunter, or some other later landowner, went to the summit with a [hand level](/wiki/Spirit_level \"Spirit level\") in order to be sure they had indeed purchased the Catskills' highest peak, and were satisfied until an \"unknown\" peak appeared on the southern horizon — [Slide Mountain](/wiki/Slide_Mountain_%28Ulster_County%2C_New_York%29 \"Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)\"), the range's true highest peak but not identified as such until 1886 (which makes this legend unlikely to have any basis in fact, as the necessary clearing at the summit for the fire tower was made well afterwards). For a time before [Arnold Henry Guyot](/wiki/Arnold_Henry_Guyot \"Arnold Henry Guyot\") identified Slide, either Hunter or nearby [Black Dome](/wiki/Black_Dome_%28New_York%29 \"Black Dome (New York)\"), central peak of the [Blackhead Mountains](/wiki/Blackhead_Mountains \"Blackhead Mountains\"), was thought to be the range's highest, in contrast to the claims of nearby hoteliers for [Kaaterskill High Peak](/wiki/Kaaterskill_High_Peak \"Kaaterskill High Peak\").",
"Hunter, unlike Slide, was located close to settlements and saw considerable exploitation of its forest resources. Retired [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Colonel (United States)\") William Edwards was so successful harvesting [hemlock](/wiki/Eastern_Hemlock \"Eastern Hemlock\") [bark](/wiki/Bark_%28botany%29 \"Bark (botany)\") for [tanning](/wiki/Tanning_%28leather%29 \"Tanning (leather)\") during the mid\\-19th century in what is now the ski area that not only was the ridge named the Colonel's Chair in his honor, the village of Hunter was briefly renamed Edwardsville. On the other side of the mountain, the [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\")\\-based Fenwick Lumber Company [logged](/wiki/Logging \"Logging\") Hunter and Southwest Hunter so thoroughly between 1903 and 1917 that it is hard to find [virgin forest](/wiki/Old_growth_forest \"Old growth forest\") anywhere in the lands they once owned. Some of the roads and railroads they built on the mountains still serve as trails today, and other remnants of their operations are in the nearby woods.",
"[Gifford Pinchot](/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot \"Gifford Pinchot\"), first chief of the [USFS](/wiki/USFS \"USFS\") under [Teddy Roosevelt](/wiki/Teddy_Roosevelt \"Teddy Roosevelt\"), was named for Hudson River School painter, [Sanford Robinson Gifford](/wiki/Sanford_Robinson_Gifford \"Sanford Robinson Gifford\"), after the Pinchot family purchased his famous painting \"Hunter Mountain, Twilight.\"{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/07/nyregion/woodland\\-elegy\\-rhapsody\\-green\\-hunter\\-mountain\\-paintings\\-spurred\\-recovery.html?scp\\=1\\&sq\\=sanford\\+gifford\\+hunter\\+mountain\\&st\\=nyt\\|title \\= From a Woodland Elegy, A Rhapsody in Green; Hunter Mountain Paintings Spurred Recovery\\|newspaper \\= The New York Times\\|date \\= 7 June 2001\\|last1 \\= Johnson\\|first1 \\= Kirk}}",
"### Forest Preserve",
"The establishment of New York's [Forest Preserve](/wiki/Forest_Preserve_%28New_York%29 \"Forest Preserve (New York)\") made it possible for the mountain's forests to renew themselves after years of harvesting by humans. Four years after Fenwick cut down its last tree on Hunter, the state began buying the abandoned tracts, rendering them \"forever wild\" under the state constitution. By 1929, most of the mountain had been acquired and trails began to be cut, although it would be 1935 before most were finished.",
"The construction of the ski area put renewed development pressure on the mountain, especially as its owners [dynamited](/wiki/Dynamite \"Dynamite\") areas to create steeper trails. A proposal to amend the state constitution and trade land closer to the summit ridge to the ski area for holdings elsewhere was vigorously opposed by [environmentalists](/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States \"Environmental movement in the United States\") and failed to pass the legislature in the early 1990s. [Governor](/wiki/Governor \"Governor\") [George Pataki](/wiki/George_Pataki \"George Pataki\")'s 1999 designation of most Catskill High Peaks as a state Bird Conservation Area, to protect [Bicknell's thrush](/wiki/Bicknell%27s_thrush \"Bicknell's thrush\") and other threatened montane bird species, finally put the idea to rest.",
"### Site of key conversation in Clinton impeachment",
"According to the [Starr Report](/wiki/Starr_Report \"Starr Report\"), on [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\") weekend in 1996, [Monica Lewinsky](/wiki/Monica_Lewinsky \"Monica Lewinsky\") told a family friend, Dale Young, about her affair with President [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"), during a vacation at a [weight\\-loss](/wiki/Weight_loss \"Weight loss\") [spa](/wiki/Destination_spa \"Destination spa\") in the Catskills. This event was later described as the first time she had confided in anyone about the affair. The spa was later identified as Vatra, located near the Becker Hollow trailhead north of [Stony Clove Notch](/wiki/Stony_Clove_Notch \"Stony Clove Notch\"). The two were described as being in the middle of a {{convert\\|7\\.5\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} hike up Hunter at the time, although it is unknown where they were on the mountain when Lewinsky made her disclosure.",
"### Today",
"Currently, Hunter, Rusk and Southwest Hunter mountains are grouped by DEC into the [Hunter Mountain Wild Forest](/wiki/Hunter_Mountain_Wild_Forest \"Hunter Mountain Wild Forest\"), reflecting the extensive past disturbances to the forest. A change proposed in the pending update to the Catskill Park State Land Master Plan (CPSLMP) would combine almost all of that land with the neighboring [West Kill Wilderness Area](/wiki/West_Kill_Wilderness_Area \"West Kill Wilderness Area\") to create a large Hunter\\-West Kill Wilderness Area. Ironically, the summit of Hunter itself would remain in a thin corridor known as the Rusk Mountain Wild Forest, to accommodate uses of the Spruceton Trail that would not be permitted in a [wilderness area](/wiki/Wilderness_area \"Wilderness area\").",
""
] |
Approaches
----------
There are four available routes up Hunter. An unlimited number of trailless routes also, of course, exist but the mountain is rarely [bushwhacked](/wiki/wikt:Bushwhacker "Bushwhacker"). Two offer the possibility of climbing Southwest Hunter on the same trip as well, an option frequently taken by [peakbaggers](/wiki/Peak_bagging "Peak bagging") aspiring to join the [Catskill Mountain 3500 Club](/wiki/Catskill_Mountain_3500_Club "Catskill Mountain 3500 Club").
### Spruceton Trail
The blue\-blazed old road to the fire tower from the southwest is the most commonly used route to the summit. While most who take it do so on foot, it is also blazed for horses and has recently been renovated and slightly rerouted for them. [Cross\-country skiers](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing "Cross-country skiing") also use it in the winter as well.
It begins at a parking area near the end of Spruceton Road (Greene County Route 6\), past the point where [pavement](/wiki/Pavement_%28material%29 "Pavement (material)") ends, {{convert\|7\|mi\|km\|spell\=in}} from [NY 42](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_42 "New York State Route 42") at [West Kill](/wiki/West_Kill%2C_New_York "West Kill, New York"). From the [trailhead](/wiki/Trailhead "Trailhead"), {{convert\|2083\|ft\|m\|0}} above sea level it is {{convert\|3\.4\|mi\|km}} and vertically {{convert\|1,957\|ft\|m\|0}} to the summit. Facilities for riders to easily mount horses have recently been added to the parking lot.
The road heads north, following Hunter Brook for a short distance, climbing very gently on a somewhat rocky stretch of road until it crosses the brook on a wooden plank bridge. Eventually, {{convert\|0\.5\|mi\|km\|1}} from the trailhead, it reaches a [hairpin turn](/wiki/Hairpin_turn "Hairpin turn") commonly used as a jumping\-off point by hikers beginning the bushwhack up Rusk.
[thumb\|right\| Hunter Mountain chairlift](/wiki/File:Hunter4.jpg "Hunter4.jpg")
After these turns, it begins a more pronounced climb up the side of the brook valley, heading more to the northeast. This levels out at about {{convert\|2,920\|ft\|m\|0}} when the road reaches Taylor Hollow, the low point between Hunter and East Rusk. An abandoned road continues north down the hollow to private property in the Schoharie Valley below. It is a wide, [grassy](/wiki/Grass "Grass") clearing, and [hitching posts](/wiki/wikt:Hitching_post "Hitching post") are available for horses that wish to take a break.
The Spruceton Trail begins its toughest section next with a steady climb to the east. This used to be made more difficult by severe [erosion](/wiki/Erosion "Erosion") and rutting of the trail, but in the early 2000s DEC did extensive trail work that leveled many turns into gentler [switchbacks](/wiki/Hairpin_turn "Hairpin turn"), making it much more accessible for horses.
In the next {{convert\|1/2\|mi\|km\|1\|adj\=on\|spell\=in}} it will climb {{convert\|600\|ft\|m\|0}} to a [spring](/wiki/Spring_%28water%29 "Spring (water)") where a [barrel](/wiki/Barrel "Barrel") and a [hitching post](/wiki/wikt:Hitching_post "Hitching post") has been installed (again for the benefit of horses) and the site of the John Robb [Lean\-to](/wiki/Lean-to "Lean-to"), a popular log shelter that burned from causes still unknown in late 2005\. Camping is forbidden here until the new lean\-to is built (note \- a new lean\-to has been constructed as of Dec 2009 with a fireplace, extensive views into the Spruceton valley, and additional designated camping spots). The spring also makes it possible for hikers to only bring one bottle of [water](/wiki/Water "Water") and refill at the spring. From the rock outcrops opposite the trail from the lean\-to site, there are excellent views to the west of Rusk, West Kill and the Spruceton Valley.
After the lean\-to fir and spruce become more pronounced in the surrounding woods, and at about the Colonel's Chair Trail junction the {{convert\|3500\|ft\|m\|0\|adj\=on}} line is crossed and the forest becomes boreal. The trail climbs a bit more, then begins long level stretches through the boreal forest with only occasional uphill portions. Drainage is poor in this area, and many hikers are reminded of the [Adirondacks](/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains "Adirondack Mountains") by the [muddy](/wiki/Mud "Mud") patches and deep [puddles](/wiki/Puddle "Puddle") that develop during periods of heavy [rainfall](/wiki/Rainfall "Rainfall"). But there are occasional views to the north from outcrops near the trail, and as the summit approaches two short spur trails lead to the north and good\-quality reliable [springs](/wiki/Spring_%28hydrosphere%29 "Spring (hydrosphere)"). The road gets noticeably more winding and steeper as it makes its last climb to the summit.
A loop route can be, and frequently is, made by following the Spruceton Trail to the junction with the yellow\-blazed Hunter Mountain Trail, descending to Devil's Acre for the bushwhack to Southwest Hunter, then returning to the Spruceton trailhead via a combination of the western portion of the Devil's Path to West Kill Falls and then the Diamond Notch Trail.
### Devil's Path and Hunter Mountain Trail
The next most popular route starts from the southeast, via the [Devil's Path](/wiki/Devil%27s_Path_%28hiking_trail%29 "Devil's Path (hiking trail)") at Stony Clove Notch. The red\-blazed trail begins steeply, switching back past some impressive [shale](/wiki/Shale "Shale") cliffs known as the Devil's Portal, then following an old barkpeeler's road through an area where the hemlock are beginning to regenerate and red spruce have sprung up as associates. It returns to a more standard trail at the upper limit of the hemlocks and levels out just under {{convert\|3500\|ft\|m\|0}}, a vertical ascent of about {{convert\|1,500\|ft\|m\|0}} in its first {{convert\|1\|mi\|km\|spell\=in}}.
The next {{convert\|1\.15\|mi\|km}} is a pleasant, level stroll through the heavily logged areas now dominated by paper birch and red spruce. Just before the Devil's Acre Lean\-to, the yellow\-blazed Hunter Mountain Trail departs to the north. It reaches the trail junction at the site of the old fire tower after {{convert\|1\.35\|mi\|km}}. From there it is {{convert\|0\.2\|mi\|km}} to the summit on a level but often wet extension of the Spruceton Trail, for a total hike of {{convert\|3\.7\|mi\|km\|0}} and vertical ascent of {{convert\|2,060\|ft\|m\|0}}.
This approach also offers the possibility of visiting Southwest Hunter as well as a detour on the return trip.
The summit can also be reached by accessing Devil's Path from the West via either trailhead of the Diamond Notch Trail. This route allows hikers to view the scenic Buttermilk Falls at the junction of Devil's Path \& the Diamond Notch Trail.
### Colonel's Chair Trail from ski area
The yellow\-blazed Colonel's Chair Trail begins at the ski area's "summit" lodge at the end of the [promontory](/wiki/Promontory "Promontory") on the eponymous ridge, about {{convert\|3,300\|ft\|m\|0}} in elevation. It follows some of the ski area's [snowshoe](/wiki/Snowshoe "Snowshoe") trails, and a short remainder of the former Mossy Brook Trail through this area (eliminated by the ski area's construction) for about {{convert\|0\.75\|mi\|km}} to the beginning of state land. From there it is a gentle {{convert\|0\.45\|mi\|km}} walk through boreal forest to the junction with the Spruceton Trail, and {{convert\|1\.2\|mi\|km}} to the summit.
This route, at {{convert\|2\.3\|mi\|km}} and {{convert\|700\|ft\|m\|0}} of ascent, is probably the easiest way up Hunter, since the resort runs at least one [chairlift](/wiki/Chairlift "Chairlift") to the summit year\-round. However, most hikers and [peak baggers](/wiki/Peak_bagging "Peak bagging") frown upon claiming the summit this way unless the ski trails are followed from the base, without use of the chairlift. Most of those who use this route to the summit are patrons of the ski area who have rented snowshoes.
### Becker Hollow Trail
The least popular route up Hunter is also the shortest: the Becker Hollow Trail, which begins along Route 214 north of Stony Clove Notch. It is only {{convert\|2\.05\|mi\|km\|1}} to the summit from here, but the vertical ascent of {{convert\|2,270\|ft\|m\|0}} is the greatest of any approach and as a consequence the trail is infamous for being a continuous upward slope with no level stretches. It can be followed either to the trail junction at the old fire tower site, but a short connector leads past a spring and directly to the summit.
|
[
"Approaches\n----------",
"There are four available routes up Hunter. An unlimited number of trailless routes also, of course, exist but the mountain is rarely [bushwhacked](/wiki/wikt:Bushwhacker \"Bushwhacker\"). Two offer the possibility of climbing Southwest Hunter on the same trip as well, an option frequently taken by [peakbaggers](/wiki/Peak_bagging \"Peak bagging\") aspiring to join the [Catskill Mountain 3500 Club](/wiki/Catskill_Mountain_3500_Club \"Catskill Mountain 3500 Club\").",
"### Spruceton Trail",
"The blue\\-blazed old road to the fire tower from the southwest is the most commonly used route to the summit. While most who take it do so on foot, it is also blazed for horses and has recently been renovated and slightly rerouted for them. [Cross\\-country skiers](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing \"Cross-country skiing\") also use it in the winter as well.",
"It begins at a parking area near the end of Spruceton Road (Greene County Route 6\\), past the point where [pavement](/wiki/Pavement_%28material%29 \"Pavement (material)\") ends, {{convert\\|7\\|mi\\|km\\|spell\\=in}} from [NY 42](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_42 \"New York State Route 42\") at [West Kill](/wiki/West_Kill%2C_New_York \"West Kill, New York\"). From the [trailhead](/wiki/Trailhead \"Trailhead\"), {{convert\\|2083\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} above sea level it is {{convert\\|3\\.4\\|mi\\|km}} and vertically {{convert\\|1,957\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} to the summit. Facilities for riders to easily mount horses have recently been added to the parking lot.",
"The road heads north, following Hunter Brook for a short distance, climbing very gently on a somewhat rocky stretch of road until it crosses the brook on a wooden plank bridge. Eventually, {{convert\\|0\\.5\\|mi\\|km\\|1}} from the trailhead, it reaches a [hairpin turn](/wiki/Hairpin_turn \"Hairpin turn\") commonly used as a jumping\\-off point by hikers beginning the bushwhack up Rusk.\n[thumb\\|right\\| Hunter Mountain chairlift](/wiki/File:Hunter4.jpg \"Hunter4.jpg\")",
"After these turns, it begins a more pronounced climb up the side of the brook valley, heading more to the northeast. This levels out at about {{convert\\|2,920\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} when the road reaches Taylor Hollow, the low point between Hunter and East Rusk. An abandoned road continues north down the hollow to private property in the Schoharie Valley below. It is a wide, [grassy](/wiki/Grass \"Grass\") clearing, and [hitching posts](/wiki/wikt:Hitching_post \"Hitching post\") are available for horses that wish to take a break.",
"The Spruceton Trail begins its toughest section next with a steady climb to the east. This used to be made more difficult by severe [erosion](/wiki/Erosion \"Erosion\") and rutting of the trail, but in the early 2000s DEC did extensive trail work that leveled many turns into gentler [switchbacks](/wiki/Hairpin_turn \"Hairpin turn\"), making it much more accessible for horses.",
"In the next {{convert\\|1/2\\|mi\\|km\\|1\\|adj\\=on\\|spell\\=in}} it will climb {{convert\\|600\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} to a [spring](/wiki/Spring_%28water%29 \"Spring (water)\") where a [barrel](/wiki/Barrel \"Barrel\") and a [hitching post](/wiki/wikt:Hitching_post \"Hitching post\") has been installed (again for the benefit of horses) and the site of the John Robb [Lean\\-to](/wiki/Lean-to \"Lean-to\"), a popular log shelter that burned from causes still unknown in late 2005\\. Camping is forbidden here until the new lean\\-to is built (note \\- a new lean\\-to has been constructed as of Dec 2009 with a fireplace, extensive views into the Spruceton valley, and additional designated camping spots). The spring also makes it possible for hikers to only bring one bottle of [water](/wiki/Water \"Water\") and refill at the spring. From the rock outcrops opposite the trail from the lean\\-to site, there are excellent views to the west of Rusk, West Kill and the Spruceton Valley.",
"After the lean\\-to fir and spruce become more pronounced in the surrounding woods, and at about the Colonel's Chair Trail junction the {{convert\\|3500\\|ft\\|m\\|0\\|adj\\=on}} line is crossed and the forest becomes boreal. The trail climbs a bit more, then begins long level stretches through the boreal forest with only occasional uphill portions. Drainage is poor in this area, and many hikers are reminded of the [Adirondacks](/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains \"Adirondack Mountains\") by the [muddy](/wiki/Mud \"Mud\") patches and deep [puddles](/wiki/Puddle \"Puddle\") that develop during periods of heavy [rainfall](/wiki/Rainfall \"Rainfall\"). But there are occasional views to the north from outcrops near the trail, and as the summit approaches two short spur trails lead to the north and good\\-quality reliable [springs](/wiki/Spring_%28hydrosphere%29 \"Spring (hydrosphere)\"). The road gets noticeably more winding and steeper as it makes its last climb to the summit.",
"A loop route can be, and frequently is, made by following the Spruceton Trail to the junction with the yellow\\-blazed Hunter Mountain Trail, descending to Devil's Acre for the bushwhack to Southwest Hunter, then returning to the Spruceton trailhead via a combination of the western portion of the Devil's Path to West Kill Falls and then the Diamond Notch Trail.",
"### Devil's Path and Hunter Mountain Trail",
"The next most popular route starts from the southeast, via the [Devil's Path](/wiki/Devil%27s_Path_%28hiking_trail%29 \"Devil's Path (hiking trail)\") at Stony Clove Notch. The red\\-blazed trail begins steeply, switching back past some impressive [shale](/wiki/Shale \"Shale\") cliffs known as the Devil's Portal, then following an old barkpeeler's road through an area where the hemlock are beginning to regenerate and red spruce have sprung up as associates. It returns to a more standard trail at the upper limit of the hemlocks and levels out just under {{convert\\|3500\\|ft\\|m\\|0}}, a vertical ascent of about {{convert\\|1,500\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} in its first {{convert\\|1\\|mi\\|km\\|spell\\=in}}.",
"The next {{convert\\|1\\.15\\|mi\\|km}} is a pleasant, level stroll through the heavily logged areas now dominated by paper birch and red spruce. Just before the Devil's Acre Lean\\-to, the yellow\\-blazed Hunter Mountain Trail departs to the north. It reaches the trail junction at the site of the old fire tower after {{convert\\|1\\.35\\|mi\\|km}}. From there it is {{convert\\|0\\.2\\|mi\\|km}} to the summit on a level but often wet extension of the Spruceton Trail, for a total hike of {{convert\\|3\\.7\\|mi\\|km\\|0}} and vertical ascent of {{convert\\|2,060\\|ft\\|m\\|0}}.",
"This approach also offers the possibility of visiting Southwest Hunter as well as a detour on the return trip.",
"The summit can also be reached by accessing Devil's Path from the West via either trailhead of the Diamond Notch Trail. This route allows hikers to view the scenic Buttermilk Falls at the junction of Devil's Path \\& the Diamond Notch Trail.",
"### Colonel's Chair Trail from ski area",
"The yellow\\-blazed Colonel's Chair Trail begins at the ski area's \"summit\" lodge at the end of the [promontory](/wiki/Promontory \"Promontory\") on the eponymous ridge, about {{convert\\|3,300\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} in elevation. It follows some of the ski area's [snowshoe](/wiki/Snowshoe \"Snowshoe\") trails, and a short remainder of the former Mossy Brook Trail through this area (eliminated by the ski area's construction) for about {{convert\\|0\\.75\\|mi\\|km}} to the beginning of state land. From there it is a gentle {{convert\\|0\\.45\\|mi\\|km}} walk through boreal forest to the junction with the Spruceton Trail, and {{convert\\|1\\.2\\|mi\\|km}} to the summit.",
"This route, at {{convert\\|2\\.3\\|mi\\|km}} and {{convert\\|700\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} of ascent, is probably the easiest way up Hunter, since the resort runs at least one [chairlift](/wiki/Chairlift \"Chairlift\") to the summit year\\-round. However, most hikers and [peak baggers](/wiki/Peak_bagging \"Peak bagging\") frown upon claiming the summit this way unless the ski trails are followed from the base, without use of the chairlift. Most of those who use this route to the summit are patrons of the ski area who have rented snowshoes.",
"### Becker Hollow Trail",
"The least popular route up Hunter is also the shortest: the Becker Hollow Trail, which begins along Route 214 north of Stony Clove Notch. It is only {{convert\\|2\\.05\\|mi\\|km\\|1}} to the summit from here, but the vertical ascent of {{convert\\|2,270\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} is the greatest of any approach and as a consequence the trail is infamous for being a continuous upward slope with no level stretches. It can be followed either to the trail junction at the old fire tower site, but a short connector leads past a spring and directly to the summit.",
""
] |
### Spruceton Trail
The blue\-blazed old road to the fire tower from the southwest is the most commonly used route to the summit. While most who take it do so on foot, it is also blazed for horses and has recently been renovated and slightly rerouted for them. [Cross\-country skiers](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing "Cross-country skiing") also use it in the winter as well.
It begins at a parking area near the end of Spruceton Road (Greene County Route 6\), past the point where [pavement](/wiki/Pavement_%28material%29 "Pavement (material)") ends, {{convert\|7\|mi\|km\|spell\=in}} from [NY 42](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_42 "New York State Route 42") at [West Kill](/wiki/West_Kill%2C_New_York "West Kill, New York"). From the [trailhead](/wiki/Trailhead "Trailhead"), {{convert\|2083\|ft\|m\|0}} above sea level it is {{convert\|3\.4\|mi\|km}} and vertically {{convert\|1,957\|ft\|m\|0}} to the summit. Facilities for riders to easily mount horses have recently been added to the parking lot.
The road heads north, following Hunter Brook for a short distance, climbing very gently on a somewhat rocky stretch of road until it crosses the brook on a wooden plank bridge. Eventually, {{convert\|0\.5\|mi\|km\|1}} from the trailhead, it reaches a [hairpin turn](/wiki/Hairpin_turn "Hairpin turn") commonly used as a jumping\-off point by hikers beginning the bushwhack up Rusk.
[thumb\|right\| Hunter Mountain chairlift](/wiki/File:Hunter4.jpg "Hunter4.jpg")
After these turns, it begins a more pronounced climb up the side of the brook valley, heading more to the northeast. This levels out at about {{convert\|2,920\|ft\|m\|0}} when the road reaches Taylor Hollow, the low point between Hunter and East Rusk. An abandoned road continues north down the hollow to private property in the Schoharie Valley below. It is a wide, [grassy](/wiki/Grass "Grass") clearing, and [hitching posts](/wiki/wikt:Hitching_post "Hitching post") are available for horses that wish to take a break.
The Spruceton Trail begins its toughest section next with a steady climb to the east. This used to be made more difficult by severe [erosion](/wiki/Erosion "Erosion") and rutting of the trail, but in the early 2000s DEC did extensive trail work that leveled many turns into gentler [switchbacks](/wiki/Hairpin_turn "Hairpin turn"), making it much more accessible for horses.
In the next {{convert\|1/2\|mi\|km\|1\|adj\=on\|spell\=in}} it will climb {{convert\|600\|ft\|m\|0}} to a [spring](/wiki/Spring_%28water%29 "Spring (water)") where a [barrel](/wiki/Barrel "Barrel") and a [hitching post](/wiki/wikt:Hitching_post "Hitching post") has been installed (again for the benefit of horses) and the site of the John Robb [Lean\-to](/wiki/Lean-to "Lean-to"), a popular log shelter that burned from causes still unknown in late 2005\. Camping is forbidden here until the new lean\-to is built (note \- a new lean\-to has been constructed as of Dec 2009 with a fireplace, extensive views into the Spruceton valley, and additional designated camping spots). The spring also makes it possible for hikers to only bring one bottle of [water](/wiki/Water "Water") and refill at the spring. From the rock outcrops opposite the trail from the lean\-to site, there are excellent views to the west of Rusk, West Kill and the Spruceton Valley.
After the lean\-to fir and spruce become more pronounced in the surrounding woods, and at about the Colonel's Chair Trail junction the {{convert\|3500\|ft\|m\|0\|adj\=on}} line is crossed and the forest becomes boreal. The trail climbs a bit more, then begins long level stretches through the boreal forest with only occasional uphill portions. Drainage is poor in this area, and many hikers are reminded of the [Adirondacks](/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains "Adirondack Mountains") by the [muddy](/wiki/Mud "Mud") patches and deep [puddles](/wiki/Puddle "Puddle") that develop during periods of heavy [rainfall](/wiki/Rainfall "Rainfall"). But there are occasional views to the north from outcrops near the trail, and as the summit approaches two short spur trails lead to the north and good\-quality reliable [springs](/wiki/Spring_%28hydrosphere%29 "Spring (hydrosphere)"). The road gets noticeably more winding and steeper as it makes its last climb to the summit.
A loop route can be, and frequently is, made by following the Spruceton Trail to the junction with the yellow\-blazed Hunter Mountain Trail, descending to Devil's Acre for the bushwhack to Southwest Hunter, then returning to the Spruceton trailhead via a combination of the western portion of the Devil's Path to West Kill Falls and then the Diamond Notch Trail.
|
[
"### Spruceton Trail",
"The blue\\-blazed old road to the fire tower from the southwest is the most commonly used route to the summit. While most who take it do so on foot, it is also blazed for horses and has recently been renovated and slightly rerouted for them. [Cross\\-country skiers](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing \"Cross-country skiing\") also use it in the winter as well.",
"It begins at a parking area near the end of Spruceton Road (Greene County Route 6\\), past the point where [pavement](/wiki/Pavement_%28material%29 \"Pavement (material)\") ends, {{convert\\|7\\|mi\\|km\\|spell\\=in}} from [NY 42](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_42 \"New York State Route 42\") at [West Kill](/wiki/West_Kill%2C_New_York \"West Kill, New York\"). From the [trailhead](/wiki/Trailhead \"Trailhead\"), {{convert\\|2083\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} above sea level it is {{convert\\|3\\.4\\|mi\\|km}} and vertically {{convert\\|1,957\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} to the summit. Facilities for riders to easily mount horses have recently been added to the parking lot.",
"The road heads north, following Hunter Brook for a short distance, climbing very gently on a somewhat rocky stretch of road until it crosses the brook on a wooden plank bridge. Eventually, {{convert\\|0\\.5\\|mi\\|km\\|1}} from the trailhead, it reaches a [hairpin turn](/wiki/Hairpin_turn \"Hairpin turn\") commonly used as a jumping\\-off point by hikers beginning the bushwhack up Rusk.\n[thumb\\|right\\| Hunter Mountain chairlift](/wiki/File:Hunter4.jpg \"Hunter4.jpg\")",
"After these turns, it begins a more pronounced climb up the side of the brook valley, heading more to the northeast. This levels out at about {{convert\\|2,920\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} when the road reaches Taylor Hollow, the low point between Hunter and East Rusk. An abandoned road continues north down the hollow to private property in the Schoharie Valley below. It is a wide, [grassy](/wiki/Grass \"Grass\") clearing, and [hitching posts](/wiki/wikt:Hitching_post \"Hitching post\") are available for horses that wish to take a break.",
"The Spruceton Trail begins its toughest section next with a steady climb to the east. This used to be made more difficult by severe [erosion](/wiki/Erosion \"Erosion\") and rutting of the trail, but in the early 2000s DEC did extensive trail work that leveled many turns into gentler [switchbacks](/wiki/Hairpin_turn \"Hairpin turn\"), making it much more accessible for horses.",
"In the next {{convert\\|1/2\\|mi\\|km\\|1\\|adj\\=on\\|spell\\=in}} it will climb {{convert\\|600\\|ft\\|m\\|0}} to a [spring](/wiki/Spring_%28water%29 \"Spring (water)\") where a [barrel](/wiki/Barrel \"Barrel\") and a [hitching post](/wiki/wikt:Hitching_post \"Hitching post\") has been installed (again for the benefit of horses) and the site of the John Robb [Lean\\-to](/wiki/Lean-to \"Lean-to\"), a popular log shelter that burned from causes still unknown in late 2005\\. Camping is forbidden here until the new lean\\-to is built (note \\- a new lean\\-to has been constructed as of Dec 2009 with a fireplace, extensive views into the Spruceton valley, and additional designated camping spots). The spring also makes it possible for hikers to only bring one bottle of [water](/wiki/Water \"Water\") and refill at the spring. From the rock outcrops opposite the trail from the lean\\-to site, there are excellent views to the west of Rusk, West Kill and the Spruceton Valley.",
"After the lean\\-to fir and spruce become more pronounced in the surrounding woods, and at about the Colonel's Chair Trail junction the {{convert\\|3500\\|ft\\|m\\|0\\|adj\\=on}} line is crossed and the forest becomes boreal. The trail climbs a bit more, then begins long level stretches through the boreal forest with only occasional uphill portions. Drainage is poor in this area, and many hikers are reminded of the [Adirondacks](/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains \"Adirondack Mountains\") by the [muddy](/wiki/Mud \"Mud\") patches and deep [puddles](/wiki/Puddle \"Puddle\") that develop during periods of heavy [rainfall](/wiki/Rainfall \"Rainfall\"). But there are occasional views to the north from outcrops near the trail, and as the summit approaches two short spur trails lead to the north and good\\-quality reliable [springs](/wiki/Spring_%28hydrosphere%29 \"Spring (hydrosphere)\"). The road gets noticeably more winding and steeper as it makes its last climb to the summit.",
"A loop route can be, and frequently is, made by following the Spruceton Trail to the junction with the yellow\\-blazed Hunter Mountain Trail, descending to Devil's Acre for the bushwhack to Southwest Hunter, then returning to the Spruceton trailhead via a combination of the western portion of the Devil's Path to West Kill Falls and then the Diamond Notch Trail.",
""
] |
Summit
------
Hunter's summit is a large clearing dominated by the fire tower and observer's cabin. The former may once again be climbed although the cab at the top is locked save for days when volunteer interpreters go up to help; the latter is locked but may eventually be turned into a small [museum](/wiki/Museum "Museum") as has already happened with nearby [Overlook Mountain](/wiki/Overlook_Mountain "Overlook Mountain") and [Balsam Lake Mountain](/wiki/Balsam_Lake_Mountain "Balsam Lake Mountain").
Some hikers have believed the site of the former fire tower to be the actual summit, as the land at that area seems to be higher when viewed from the fire tower. However, this is an [optical illusion](/wiki/Optical_illusion "Optical illusion") similar to that experienced at the top of [Mount Davis](/wiki/Mount_Davis_%28Pennsylvania%29 "Mount Davis (Pennsylvania)"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania")'s highest peak, where lower bumps on the same ridge appear higher since there is nothing nearby for the eye to establish perspective with.
A flat rock near the fire tower (and visible when looking down from it) indicates north, with the words "4040 FT" on it. It may be the actual high point, but it is hard to tell since like so many other Catskill summits Hunter is wide and flat.
Hitching racks, and a mounting platform similar to the one at the Spruceton trailhead, have been built and/or renovated recently.
### Fire tower
{{Main\|Hunter Mountain Fire Observation Station}}
[200px\|right\|thumb\|Actual summit of Hunter Mountain, with fire tower, in 1999, before renovations. The cab is currently boarded up.](/wiki/File:Hunter_Mountain_fire_tower.jpg "Hunter Mountain fire tower.jpg")
A wooden fire tower had been in existence at the summit since the state's Forest, Fish and Game Commission built it in 1909, during Fenwick's logging operations, but once those ended it was replaced by a steel one in 1917, then the current one in 1953\. At that time, the location of the tower was changed from a smaller clearing {{convert\|0\.2\|mi\|km}} east of the summit to its current location. The [footings](/wiki/Foundation_%28architecture%29 "Foundation (architecture)") at this location, a trail junction, are still visible and sometimes cause confusion as to whether this is, in fact, the mountain's actual summit.
Despite being closed after fire lookouts were no longer needed in 1990, its staircase and cab remained easily accessible to visitors and it was frequently climbed to provide a 360\-degree view not normally found in the Catskills. Later, the [New York State Department of Environmental Conservation](/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation "New York State Department of Environmental Conservation") (DEC), which administers the Forest Preserve, decided that instead of tearing it down [matching funds](/wiki/Matching_funds "Matching funds") should be raised from the nearby communities to renovate and reopen it, along with the other four remaining towers in the Catskills, to educate the public and enhance its understanding of the Forest Preserve. In 1997 it was further protected when it was added to the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places"), and after renovations it was reopened to the public in 2000\. The box used by rangers at the top of the tower has since been padlocked and boarded up.
|
[
"Summit\n------",
"Hunter's summit is a large clearing dominated by the fire tower and observer's cabin. The former may once again be climbed although the cab at the top is locked save for days when volunteer interpreters go up to help; the latter is locked but may eventually be turned into a small [museum](/wiki/Museum \"Museum\") as has already happened with nearby [Overlook Mountain](/wiki/Overlook_Mountain \"Overlook Mountain\") and [Balsam Lake Mountain](/wiki/Balsam_Lake_Mountain \"Balsam Lake Mountain\").",
"Some hikers have believed the site of the former fire tower to be the actual summit, as the land at that area seems to be higher when viewed from the fire tower. However, this is an [optical illusion](/wiki/Optical_illusion \"Optical illusion\") similar to that experienced at the top of [Mount Davis](/wiki/Mount_Davis_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"Mount Davis (Pennsylvania)\"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\")'s highest peak, where lower bumps on the same ridge appear higher since there is nothing nearby for the eye to establish perspective with.",
"A flat rock near the fire tower (and visible when looking down from it) indicates north, with the words \"4040 FT\" on it. It may be the actual high point, but it is hard to tell since like so many other Catskill summits Hunter is wide and flat.",
"Hitching racks, and a mounting platform similar to the one at the Spruceton trailhead, have been built and/or renovated recently.",
"### Fire tower",
"{{Main\\|Hunter Mountain Fire Observation Station}}\n[200px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Actual summit of Hunter Mountain, with fire tower, in 1999, before renovations. The cab is currently boarded up.](/wiki/File:Hunter_Mountain_fire_tower.jpg \"Hunter Mountain fire tower.jpg\")\nA wooden fire tower had been in existence at the summit since the state's Forest, Fish and Game Commission built it in 1909, during Fenwick's logging operations, but once those ended it was replaced by a steel one in 1917, then the current one in 1953\\. At that time, the location of the tower was changed from a smaller clearing {{convert\\|0\\.2\\|mi\\|km}} east of the summit to its current location. The [footings](/wiki/Foundation_%28architecture%29 \"Foundation (architecture)\") at this location, a trail junction, are still visible and sometimes cause confusion as to whether this is, in fact, the mountain's actual summit.",
"Despite being closed after fire lookouts were no longer needed in 1990, its staircase and cab remained easily accessible to visitors and it was frequently climbed to provide a 360\\-degree view not normally found in the Catskills. Later, the [New York State Department of Environmental Conservation](/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation \"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation\") (DEC), which administers the Forest Preserve, decided that instead of tearing it down [matching funds](/wiki/Matching_funds \"Matching funds\") should be raised from the nearby communities to renovate and reopen it, along with the other four remaining towers in the Catskills, to educate the public and enhance its understanding of the Forest Preserve. In 1997 it was further protected when it was added to the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\"), and after renovations it was reopened to the public in 2000\\. The box used by rangers at the top of the tower has since been padlocked and boarded up.",
""
] |
India
-----
In 1830, he was appointed as *Civil Assistant Surgeon* to the [East India Company](/wiki/British_East_India_Company "British East India Company"), and arrived in [Calcutta](/wiki/Kolkata "Kolkata"), [Bengal](/wiki/Bengal_Presidency "Bengal Presidency") (which was, then, the capital of [Company government](/wiki/Company_rule_in_India "Company rule in India")), in 1831\.He was appointed on 10 February 1831 (see ["1193\. Esdaile, James", p. 103, in Crawford, D.G., *Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615–1930, Volume 1*, London), 1930](https://books.google.com/books?id=DlK-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103)), and was taken on strength as an Assistant Surgeon on 20 July 1831 (see [*The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia*, Vol. 6, No. 24, (December 1831\), p. 189](https://books.google.com/books?id=z8NGAAAAcAAJ&q=RA1-PA189&pg=RA1-PA189)).
Having suffered from chronic [bronchitis](/wiki/Bronchitis "Bronchitis") and [asthma](/wiki/Asthma "Asthma") since his adolescence, Esdaile thought that India's different climate would be of benefit. Five years later, he suffered a total breakdown while working at [Azamgarh, in Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/Azamgarh "Azamgarh"),[27 May (1835\), *The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia*, Vol. 18, No. 72, (December 1835\), p. 241](https://books.google.com/books?id=GMtGAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA241). and, later, was given an extended [furlough](/wiki/Furlough "Furlough") from 1836 to 1838\.2 January 1836: "Assist. Surg. James Edaile, M.D., for health" ([Furloughs: To Europe, *The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia*, Vol. 20, No. 78, (June 1836\), p. 105](https://books.google.com/books?id=I7RAAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA105)). During this time he travelled extensively; and his 1839 work, *Letters from the Red Sea, Egypt, and the Continent*,Described as "a very entertaining, graphic and lively volume of letters" ([Miscellaneous Critical Notices, *The Calcutta Review*, Vol. 6, No. 12, (1846\), p. viii](https://books.google.com/books?id=V6ceAXAEDLsC&pg=PR8)). was written as a result of these travels.
He returned from his furlough to Calcutta, and was soon appointed as *Civil Surgeon* to the small Hooghli Imambara Hospital;["Military: By the President in Council", Calcutta Monthly Journal and General Register, (November 1839\), p. 26: No. 16 of 1839](https://books.google.com/books?id=xRcYAAAAYAAJ&dq=esdaile%2C%20egerton%2C%20littler&pg=RA5-PA26)."The Hooghly Imambara Hospital … first established as an experimental measure in 1836 … derives its name from the fact that it originally formed a part of the [Hooghly Imambara](/wiki/Hooghly_Imambara "Hooghly Imambara") created out of the Trust Fund left by Haji Muhammad Mohsin": Banerji (1972\), p. 610\. and, through this appointment, he was also responsible for the hospital at Hooghly Jail. From November 1839 to December 1841 Esdaile also served as the Principal of the prestigious [Hooghly College](/wiki/Hooghly_Mohsin_College "Hooghly Mohsin College"),Although he was unable to establish whether (or not) "the lectures were actually given", Zachariah (1936, p. 25\) noted that, "in 1842, Dr. Esdaile, although no longer Principal, proposed to give some lectures on Chemistry and Physiology" — Zachariah was citing (see pp. 1 33, fn.85\) "Extract from *Proceedings of the Honorable the Vice President in Council in the Revenue Department* under the date of 20th September 1831". located in the [palladian mansion](/wiki/Palladian_architecture "Palladian architecture") in Chinsurah that had been originally designed and built for ["General Perron"](/wiki/Pierre_Cuillier-Perron "Pierre Cuillier-Perron").[Zachariah, K., *History of Hooghly College, 1836–1936*, Bengal Government Press, (Alipore), 1936](http://www.dli.ernet.in/bitstream/handle/2015/43687/History-Of-Hooghly-College-1836-1936.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412143108/http://www.dli.ernet.in/bitstream/handle/2015/43687/History\-Of\-Hooghly\-College\-1836\-1936\.pdf?sequence\=1\&isAllowed\=y \|date\=12 April 2017 }}, p. 14; [*Annual Report of the College of Hadji Mohammud Moshin with its Subordinate Schools; and of the Colleges of Dacca and Kishnaghur, for 1850–51*, F. Carbery, Military Orphan Press, (Calcutta), 1851](https://books.google.com/books?id=m7cEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA42), p. 42\. The College had been founded in August 1836 by the Bengali philanthropist [Haji Muhammad Mohsin](/wiki/Muhammad_Mohsin "Muhammad Mohsin"),See Dey (1893: 96/192\) pp. 286–287, and (1893: 97/194\), pp. 354–366; also Chaudhury (2012\), pp. 55–59 and Esdaile replaced the College's original principal — another surgeon, Thomas Alexander Wise, M.D. (1802–1889\) — who had been promoted to the position of Principal at [the Dacca College](/wiki/Dhaka_Collegiate_School "Dhaka Collegiate School").In the (30 June 1853\) evidence that Wise provided to the House of Lords' Select Committee inquiry into "the Government of the Indian Territories", he provided extensive details of the structure, function, and operation of the Hooghly College (see [Sessional Papers, (1852–3\), pp. 221–234](https://books.google.com/books?id=TRlcAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA221)). He was serving as the *Registrar of Deeds* for Hooghly in 1843,Crawford (1914\), pp. 137, 153–156\. and as Secretary of the Hooghly Branch of the [Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India](/wiki/Agri_Horticultural_Society_of_India "Agri Horticultural Society of India") in 1843\.[Horticultural Exhibition at Hooghly, *Journal of the Agricultural \& Horticultural Society of India*, Vol. 2, Part 1, No. 8, (August 1843\), p. 191](https://books.google.com/books?id=4W9AAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA191).
In 1846, Esdaile's work with pain\-free surgery at Hoogly had come to the attention of the Deputy Governor of Bengal, Sir Herbert Maddocks. Maddocks appointed a committee of seven reputable (medical and non\-medical) officials to investigate Esdaile's claims. They submitted a positive report (on 9 October 1846\), and a small hospital in Calcutta was put at his disposal in November 1846\.
By 1848, a mesmeric hospital supported entirely by public subscription was opened in Calcutta especially for Esdaile's work.
It was closed 18 months later by the Deputy Governor of Bengal, Sir John Littler:Gauld (1992\), p.223\. according to Cotton (1931, p. 170\), although the Mott's Lane Mesmeric Hospital, which opened in 1846 and permanently closed in 1848, Elliotson "continued to practise mesmerism at the Sukeas' Street Dispensary until he left India in 1851".See also [Webb (1850\), pp. 26–28](https://archive.org/stream/b21909635#page/26/mode/2up).
In 1848, [Lord Dalhousie](/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie "James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie"), the [Governor\-General of India](/wiki/Governor-General_of_India "Governor-General of India"), appointed Esdaile to the position of **Presidency Surgeon**;[Medical: Appointments, *Allen's Indian Mail, and Register of Intelligence for British and Foreign India, China, and All Parts of the East*, Volume 6, No. 103, (22 June 1848\), p. 361](https://books.google.com/books?id=WhcYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA361); [Letter from the Marquis of Dalhousie to The Poor Law Guardians of Exeter, 27 June 1856 (Esdaile, 1856, p. 4\).](https://archive.org/stream/39002011123081.med.yale.edu#page/4/mode/1up)A *Presidency Surgeon* "under\[took] the duty of attending all sick officers, military or civil, stationed at or on leave at the Presidency (viz., the administrative compound of the [Bengal Presidency](/wiki/Bengal_Presidency "Bengal Presidency"))" (Crawford, 1914, p. 10\). and, in 1849 \-\- whilst not supporting the continuation of the mesmeric hospital in Calcutta \-\- Dalhousie had so much respect for Esdaile and his work, that he appointed him to the position of **Marine Surgeon** (serving the [Indian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_%281612%E2%80%931950%29 "Royal Indian Navy (1612–1950)")) on 29 May 1849\.[Government Notifications: Civil and Eccesiastical: Appointments—Permanent, *The Indian News*, No. 167, (31 July 1849\), p. 226](https://books.google.com/books?id=KHhNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA226).
Esdaile retired from the British East India Company in 1853, on the expiration of his 20 years' contract.
|
[
"India\n-----",
"In 1830, he was appointed as *Civil Assistant Surgeon* to the [East India Company](/wiki/British_East_India_Company \"British East India Company\"), and arrived in [Calcutta](/wiki/Kolkata \"Kolkata\"), [Bengal](/wiki/Bengal_Presidency \"Bengal Presidency\") (which was, then, the capital of [Company government](/wiki/Company_rule_in_India \"Company rule in India\")), in 1831\\.He was appointed on 10 February 1831 (see [\"1193\\. Esdaile, James\", p. 103, in Crawford, D.G., *Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615–1930, Volume 1*, London), 1930](https://books.google.com/books?id=DlK-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103)), and was taken on strength as an Assistant Surgeon on 20 July 1831 (see [*The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia*, Vol. 6, No. 24, (December 1831\\), p. 189](https://books.google.com/books?id=z8NGAAAAcAAJ&q=RA1-PA189&pg=RA1-PA189)).",
"Having suffered from chronic [bronchitis](/wiki/Bronchitis \"Bronchitis\") and [asthma](/wiki/Asthma \"Asthma\") since his adolescence, Esdaile thought that India's different climate would be of benefit. Five years later, he suffered a total breakdown while working at [Azamgarh, in Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/Azamgarh \"Azamgarh\"),[27 May (1835\\), *The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia*, Vol. 18, No. 72, (December 1835\\), p. 241](https://books.google.com/books?id=GMtGAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA241). and, later, was given an extended [furlough](/wiki/Furlough \"Furlough\") from 1836 to 1838\\.2 January 1836: \"Assist. Surg. James Edaile, M.D., for health\" ([Furloughs: To Europe, *The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia*, Vol. 20, No. 78, (June 1836\\), p. 105](https://books.google.com/books?id=I7RAAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA105)). During this time he travelled extensively; and his 1839 work, *Letters from the Red Sea, Egypt, and the Continent*,Described as \"a very entertaining, graphic and lively volume of letters\" ([Miscellaneous Critical Notices, *The Calcutta Review*, Vol. 6, No. 12, (1846\\), p. viii](https://books.google.com/books?id=V6ceAXAEDLsC&pg=PR8)). was written as a result of these travels.",
"He returned from his furlough to Calcutta, and was soon appointed as *Civil Surgeon* to the small Hooghli Imambara Hospital;[\"Military: By the President in Council\", Calcutta Monthly Journal and General Register, (November 1839\\), p. 26: No. 16 of 1839](https://books.google.com/books?id=xRcYAAAAYAAJ&dq=esdaile%2C%20egerton%2C%20littler&pg=RA5-PA26).\"The Hooghly Imambara Hospital … first established as an experimental measure in 1836 … derives its name from the fact that it originally formed a part of the [Hooghly Imambara](/wiki/Hooghly_Imambara \"Hooghly Imambara\") created out of the Trust Fund left by Haji Muhammad Mohsin\": Banerji (1972\\), p. 610\\. and, through this appointment, he was also responsible for the hospital at Hooghly Jail. From November 1839 to December 1841 Esdaile also served as the Principal of the prestigious [Hooghly College](/wiki/Hooghly_Mohsin_College \"Hooghly Mohsin College\"),Although he was unable to establish whether (or not) \"the lectures were actually given\", Zachariah (1936, p. 25\\) noted that, \"in 1842, Dr. Esdaile, although no longer Principal, proposed to give some lectures on Chemistry and Physiology\" — Zachariah was citing (see pp. 1 33, fn.85\\) \"Extract from *Proceedings of the Honorable the Vice President in Council in the Revenue Department* under the date of 20th September 1831\". located in the [palladian mansion](/wiki/Palladian_architecture \"Palladian architecture\") in Chinsurah that had been originally designed and built for [\"General Perron\"](/wiki/Pierre_Cuillier-Perron \"Pierre Cuillier-Perron\").[Zachariah, K., *History of Hooghly College, 1836–1936*, Bengal Government Press, (Alipore), 1936](http://www.dli.ernet.in/bitstream/handle/2015/43687/History-Of-Hooghly-College-1836-1936.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412143108/http://www.dli.ernet.in/bitstream/handle/2015/43687/History\\-Of\\-Hooghly\\-College\\-1836\\-1936\\.pdf?sequence\\=1\\&isAllowed\\=y \\|date\\=12 April 2017 }}, p. 14; [*Annual Report of the College of Hadji Mohammud Moshin with its Subordinate Schools; and of the Colleges of Dacca and Kishnaghur, for 1850–51*, F. Carbery, Military Orphan Press, (Calcutta), 1851](https://books.google.com/books?id=m7cEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA42), p. 42\\. The College had been founded in August 1836 by the Bengali philanthropist [Haji Muhammad Mohsin](/wiki/Muhammad_Mohsin \"Muhammad Mohsin\"),See Dey (1893: 96/192\\) pp. 286–287, and (1893: 97/194\\), pp. 354–366; also Chaudhury (2012\\), pp. 55–59 and Esdaile replaced the College's original principal — another surgeon, Thomas Alexander Wise, M.D. (1802–1889\\) — who had been promoted to the position of Principal at [the Dacca College](/wiki/Dhaka_Collegiate_School \"Dhaka Collegiate School\").In the (30 June 1853\\) evidence that Wise provided to the House of Lords' Select Committee inquiry into \"the Government of the Indian Territories\", he provided extensive details of the structure, function, and operation of the Hooghly College (see [Sessional Papers, (1852–3\\), pp. 221–234](https://books.google.com/books?id=TRlcAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA221)). He was serving as the *Registrar of Deeds* for Hooghly in 1843,Crawford (1914\\), pp. 137, 153–156\\. and as Secretary of the Hooghly Branch of the [Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India](/wiki/Agri_Horticultural_Society_of_India \"Agri Horticultural Society of India\") in 1843\\.[Horticultural Exhibition at Hooghly, *Journal of the Agricultural \\& Horticultural Society of India*, Vol. 2, Part 1, No. 8, (August 1843\\), p. 191](https://books.google.com/books?id=4W9AAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA191).",
"In 1846, Esdaile's work with pain\\-free surgery at Hoogly had come to the attention of the Deputy Governor of Bengal, Sir Herbert Maddocks. Maddocks appointed a committee of seven reputable (medical and non\\-medical) officials to investigate Esdaile's claims. They submitted a positive report (on 9 October 1846\\), and a small hospital in Calcutta was put at his disposal in November 1846\\.",
"By 1848, a mesmeric hospital supported entirely by public subscription was opened in Calcutta especially for Esdaile's work.",
"It was closed 18 months later by the Deputy Governor of Bengal, Sir John Littler:Gauld (1992\\), p.223\\. according to Cotton (1931, p. 170\\), although the Mott's Lane Mesmeric Hospital, which opened in 1846 and permanently closed in 1848, Elliotson \"continued to practise mesmerism at the Sukeas' Street Dispensary until he left India in 1851\".See also [Webb (1850\\), pp. 26–28](https://archive.org/stream/b21909635#page/26/mode/2up).",
"In 1848, [Lord Dalhousie](/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie \"James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie\"), the [Governor\\-General of India](/wiki/Governor-General_of_India \"Governor-General of India\"), appointed Esdaile to the position of **Presidency Surgeon**;[Medical: Appointments, *Allen's Indian Mail, and Register of Intelligence for British and Foreign India, China, and All Parts of the East*, Volume 6, No. 103, (22 June 1848\\), p. 361](https://books.google.com/books?id=WhcYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA361); [Letter from the Marquis of Dalhousie to The Poor Law Guardians of Exeter, 27 June 1856 (Esdaile, 1856, p. 4\\).](https://archive.org/stream/39002011123081.med.yale.edu#page/4/mode/1up)A *Presidency Surgeon* \"under\\[took] the duty of attending all sick officers, military or civil, stationed at or on leave at the Presidency (viz., the administrative compound of the [Bengal Presidency](/wiki/Bengal_Presidency \"Bengal Presidency\"))\" (Crawford, 1914, p. 10\\). and, in 1849 \\-\\- whilst not supporting the continuation of the mesmeric hospital in Calcutta \\-\\- Dalhousie had so much respect for Esdaile and his work, that he appointed him to the position of **Marine Surgeon** (serving the [Indian Navy](/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_%281612%E2%80%931950%29 \"Royal Indian Navy (1612–1950)\")) on 29 May 1849\\.[Government Notifications: Civil and Eccesiastical: Appointments—Permanent, *The Indian News*, No. 167, (31 July 1849\\), p. 226](https://books.google.com/books?id=KHhNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA226).",
"Esdaile retired from the British East India Company in 1853, on the expiration of his 20 years' contract.",
""
] |
Disaster
--------
[thumb\|left\|The Balvano station master points out the direction by which the train left. The tunnel shown is not the Armi tunnel, which is two kilometers further.](/wiki/File:Balvano-Ricigliano_railway_station_%281944%29.jpg "Balvano-Ricigliano railway station (1944).jpg")
In the evening of 2 March 1944 the freight train 8017 started from [Naples](/wiki/Naples "Naples") heading to [Potenza](/wiki/Potenza "Potenza"). It consisted of 47 freight wagons{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/rubriche/speciali/2014/01/05/\-Treno\-8017\-fermo\-galleria\-70\-anni\-fa\-520\-morti\_9853550\.html\|title\=Treno 8017 in galleria, 70 anni fa 520 morti \- Speciali \- ANSA.it}} and had a remarkable mass of 520 tonnes; it also carried many illegal passengers.
The first part of the journey took place on flat railway, and the train was pulled by an [E.626](/wiki/FS_Class_E.626 "FS Class E.626") electric engine. At 19:00 the train left [Battipaglia](/wiki/Battipaglia "Battipaglia") and entered the steeper, non\-electrified [Battipaglia–Metaponto railway](/wiki/Battipaglia%E2%80%93Metaponto_railway "Battipaglia–Metaponto railway"); the electric engine had been replaced by two steam engines (the [480\.016](/wiki/FS_Class_480 "FS Class 480") followed by the [476\.058](/wiki/KkStB_Class_80 "KkStB Class 80")).
In [Eboli](/wiki/Eboli_railway_station "Eboli railway station") some [stowaways](/wiki/Stowaway "Stowaway") were forced off, but more boarded on following stops until they numbered about 600, making the train grossly overloaded. At midnight, the train arrived in the [Balvano\-Ricigliano station](/wiki/Balvano-Ricigliano_railway_station "Balvano-Ricigliano railway station"), making it the last before the disaster, where it stopped for maintenance on the engines.
At 00:50 the train restarted towards the adjoining [Bella\-Muro station](/wiki/Bella-Muro_railway_station "Bella-Muro railway station"), and reached a speed of about {{convert\|15\|km/h\|mph}}. After {{convert\|1\.8\|km\|mi}} of travel, it approached the narrow and poorly ventilated Armi tunnel, which is {{convert\|1968\|m\|yd}} long with a 1\.3% incline. As the engines entered the tunnel, the wheels started to slide on the rails (which were wet due to humidity), despite the use of [sand boxes](/wiki/Sandbox_%28locomotive%29 "Sandbox (locomotive)"), and the train lost speed until it stopped, with almost all the cars inside the tunnel.
The air was already filled with smoke since another train had passed shortly before, and the drivers' effort to restart the train caused the locomotives to produce even more [carbon monoxide](/wiki/Carbon_monoxide "Carbon monoxide"){{ndash}}laden smoke. As a result, the crew and stowaways were asphyxiated, so slowly that they failed to realize what was happening to them. Most died in their sleep. Of the few survivors most were in the last few wagons, which were still in the open air.
At some point, the driver of the 476 locomotive tried to engage the reverse gear in an attempt to exit the tunnel, but he fainted before succeeding. Moreover, he could not communicate with the driver of the other engine (which in fact continued to push in the forward direction) because the 476 was an Austrian\-built engine with right\-hand drive, while the 480 had left\-hand drive as usual in Italian railways.
At 05:10 the Balvano station master learned of the disaster from last car's brakeman, who had walked back to the station. At 05:25 a locomotive reached the site but the many corpses on the track prevented it from removing the train from the tunnel; only some forty survivors in the last wagons could be assisted. At 08:40 a second rescue team arrived which hauled the train back to the station. Among the crew, only the one brakeman, and the second locomotive's fireman, survived.
Due to the large number of corpses, the wartime lack of resources, and the poverty of many of the victims, only the train staff received a proper burial; stowaways were buried without a religious service in four common graves at the [Balvano](/wiki/Balvano "Balvano") cemetery.
|
[
"Disaster\n--------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The Balvano station master points out the direction by which the train left. The tunnel shown is not the Armi tunnel, which is two kilometers further.](/wiki/File:Balvano-Ricigliano_railway_station_%281944%29.jpg \"Balvano-Ricigliano railway station (1944).jpg\")",
"In the evening of 2 March 1944 the freight train 8017 started from [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\") heading to [Potenza](/wiki/Potenza \"Potenza\"). It consisted of 47 freight wagons{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/rubriche/speciali/2014/01/05/\\-Treno\\-8017\\-fermo\\-galleria\\-70\\-anni\\-fa\\-520\\-morti\\_9853550\\.html\\|title\\=Treno 8017 in galleria, 70 anni fa 520 morti \\- Speciali \\- ANSA.it}} and had a remarkable mass of 520 tonnes; it also carried many illegal passengers.",
"The first part of the journey took place on flat railway, and the train was pulled by an [E.626](/wiki/FS_Class_E.626 \"FS Class E.626\") electric engine. At 19:00 the train left [Battipaglia](/wiki/Battipaglia \"Battipaglia\") and entered the steeper, non\\-electrified [Battipaglia–Metaponto railway](/wiki/Battipaglia%E2%80%93Metaponto_railway \"Battipaglia–Metaponto railway\"); the electric engine had been replaced by two steam engines (the [480\\.016](/wiki/FS_Class_480 \"FS Class 480\") followed by the [476\\.058](/wiki/KkStB_Class_80 \"KkStB Class 80\")).",
"In [Eboli](/wiki/Eboli_railway_station \"Eboli railway station\") some [stowaways](/wiki/Stowaway \"Stowaway\") were forced off, but more boarded on following stops until they numbered about 600, making the train grossly overloaded. At midnight, the train arrived in the [Balvano\\-Ricigliano station](/wiki/Balvano-Ricigliano_railway_station \"Balvano-Ricigliano railway station\"), making it the last before the disaster, where it stopped for maintenance on the engines.",
"At 00:50 the train restarted towards the adjoining [Bella\\-Muro station](/wiki/Bella-Muro_railway_station \"Bella-Muro railway station\"), and reached a speed of about {{convert\\|15\\|km/h\\|mph}}. After {{convert\\|1\\.8\\|km\\|mi}} of travel, it approached the narrow and poorly ventilated Armi tunnel, which is {{convert\\|1968\\|m\\|yd}} long with a 1\\.3% incline. As the engines entered the tunnel, the wheels started to slide on the rails (which were wet due to humidity), despite the use of [sand boxes](/wiki/Sandbox_%28locomotive%29 \"Sandbox (locomotive)\"), and the train lost speed until it stopped, with almost all the cars inside the tunnel.",
"The air was already filled with smoke since another train had passed shortly before, and the drivers' effort to restart the train caused the locomotives to produce even more [carbon monoxide](/wiki/Carbon_monoxide \"Carbon monoxide\"){{ndash}}laden smoke. As a result, the crew and stowaways were asphyxiated, so slowly that they failed to realize what was happening to them. Most died in their sleep. Of the few survivors most were in the last few wagons, which were still in the open air.",
"At some point, the driver of the 476 locomotive tried to engage the reverse gear in an attempt to exit the tunnel, but he fainted before succeeding. Moreover, he could not communicate with the driver of the other engine (which in fact continued to push in the forward direction) because the 476 was an Austrian\\-built engine with right\\-hand drive, while the 480 had left\\-hand drive as usual in Italian railways.",
"At 05:10 the Balvano station master learned of the disaster from last car's brakeman, who had walked back to the station. At 05:25 a locomotive reached the site but the many corpses on the track prevented it from removing the train from the tunnel; only some forty survivors in the last wagons could be assisted. At 08:40 a second rescue team arrived which hauled the train back to the station. Among the crew, only the one brakeman, and the second locomotive's fireman, survived.",
"Due to the large number of corpses, the wartime lack of resources, and the poverty of many of the victims, only the train staff received a proper burial; stowaways were buried without a religious service in four common graves at the [Balvano](/wiki/Balvano \"Balvano\") cemetery.",
""
] |
History
-------
Established in 1982 to provide counselling, psychotherapy and healing to people with long term illness and those suffering discrimination, particularly those with [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT "LGBT") issues resulting in psychological stress and trauma.
Helios was quick to respond to the AIDS crisis and, in 1987, started to run support groups for those affected. In 1992, they moved into their Kings Cross premises and began to provide a wide range of complementary therapy options alongside the psychotherapy needed to deal with the trauma of having this condition when there was no effective drug therapy available.
Therapies included: psychodynamic \& person centred counselling, [psychotherapy](/wiki/Psychotherapy "Psychotherapy"), life coaching, couple counselling and [hypnotherapy](/wiki/Hypnotherapy "Hypnotherapy") alongside 28 different complementary therapies including [acupuncture](/wiki/Acupuncture "Acupuncture"), [osteopathy](/wiki/Osteopathy "Osteopathy"), [ayurveda](/wiki/Ayurveda "Ayurveda"), [reflexology](/wiki/Reflexology "Reflexology"), and nutrition.
In 1998, the Helios all\-embracing approach to health was studied by Professor Colin Francome of the Middlesex University and he concluded that: “the results of this survey show very clearly that the HIV programmes provided by the Helios Foundation do bring considerable benefit to the participants. The medical results were impressive and markedly superior to outcomes and trends reported elsewhere, particularly with regard to mortality.” Only 5 Helios clients died over this period, an exceptional result. A further study, in 2007, confirmed and updated these results.
In 2008, the charity’s founder and director, Greg Branson, received the Exceptional Carer award from the London Borough of Camden.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.camden.gov.uk/ccm/content/community\-and\-living/twocolumn/epics\-\-\-exceptional\-people\-in\-camden\-awards\-2008\.en?page\=all \|title\=Camden Council: EPICs \- Exceptional People in Camden Awards 2008 \|website\=Camden.gov.uk \|date\= \|accessdate\=2017\-04\-10}}
In 2010, the charity received a 5\-year Big Lottery ‘Reaching Communities’ grant for counselling and support services to BME [HIV](/wiki/HIV "HIV")\+ women, LGBT seniors and HIV\+ people returning to work.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Established in 1982 to provide counselling, psychotherapy and healing to people with long term illness and those suffering discrimination, particularly those with [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT \"LGBT\") issues resulting in psychological stress and trauma.",
"Helios was quick to respond to the AIDS crisis and, in 1987, started to run support groups for those affected. In 1992, they moved into their Kings Cross premises and began to provide a wide range of complementary therapy options alongside the psychotherapy needed to deal with the trauma of having this condition when there was no effective drug therapy available.",
"Therapies included: psychodynamic \\& person centred counselling, [psychotherapy](/wiki/Psychotherapy \"Psychotherapy\"), life coaching, couple counselling and [hypnotherapy](/wiki/Hypnotherapy \"Hypnotherapy\") alongside 28 different complementary therapies including [acupuncture](/wiki/Acupuncture \"Acupuncture\"), [osteopathy](/wiki/Osteopathy \"Osteopathy\"), [ayurveda](/wiki/Ayurveda \"Ayurveda\"), [reflexology](/wiki/Reflexology \"Reflexology\"), and nutrition.",
"In 1998, the Helios all\\-embracing approach to health was studied by Professor Colin Francome of the Middlesex University and he concluded that: “the results of this survey show very clearly that the HIV programmes provided by the Helios Foundation do bring considerable benefit to the participants. The medical results were impressive and markedly superior to outcomes and trends reported elsewhere, particularly with regard to mortality.” Only 5 Helios clients died over this period, an exceptional result. A further study, in 2007, confirmed and updated these results.",
"In 2008, the charity’s founder and director, Greg Branson, received the Exceptional Carer award from the London Borough of Camden.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.camden.gov.uk/ccm/content/community\\-and\\-living/twocolumn/epics\\-\\-\\-exceptional\\-people\\-in\\-camden\\-awards\\-2008\\.en?page\\=all \\|title\\=Camden Council: EPICs \\- Exceptional People in Camden Awards 2008 \\|website\\=Camden.gov.uk \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2017\\-04\\-10}}",
"In 2010, the charity received a 5\\-year Big Lottery ‘Reaching Communities’ grant for counselling and support services to BME [HIV](/wiki/HIV \"HIV\")\\+ women, LGBT seniors and HIV\\+ people returning to work.",
""
] |
History
-------
The company started its operation in 1995 as joint venture between ITI Cinema and [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") UCI. In 2003 ITI bought the UCI shares and owned the company until 2013\.
As Multikino was the first company to run multiplex cinemas in [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"), the term *multikino* is often used as a description of multiplex cinema. The situation resembles the one with [Sony](/wiki/Sony "Sony")'s *[Walkman](/wiki/Walkman "Walkman")*, when it is used as a description for portable [CC](/wiki/Compact_Cassette "Compact Cassette") player, despite it being a registered trademark.
In February 2008 it was announced that Multikino would merge with its second largest rival, [Silver Screen](/wiki/Silver_Screen_%28Poland%29 "Silver Screen (Poland)"). Once the transaction was complete, Multikino operated 19 cinemas with 174 screens in 13 Polish cities.[Film New Europe – Multikino to merge with Silver Screen in Poland](http://www.filmneweurope.com/content/view/624/1/) There were also plans to enter the Ukrainian market, but due to global crisis it has never happened.
In August 2008, Multikino have installed digital projectors in each cinema. That allows viewing of 3D movies in [Dolby 3D Digital Cinema](/wiki/Dolby_3D_Digital_Cinema "Dolby 3D Digital Cinema").
In 2010, Multikino opened the first cinema network outside Polish borders in [Riga](/wiki/Riga "Riga") \- [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia "Latvia") (August 2010\) and in [Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius") \- [Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania") (September 2010\).
In May 2013, [Vue Entertainment](/wiki/Vue_International "Vue International") acquired Polish Multikino.[Vue Entertainment buys Polish Multikino](http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/uks-vue-entertainment-buys-polish-152510033.html#ahflkasjhdflakd) The acquisition was completed in October 2013\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The company started its operation in 1995 as joint venture between ITI Cinema and [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") UCI. In 2003 ITI bought the UCI shares and owned the company until 2013\\.",
"As Multikino was the first company to run multiplex cinemas in [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\"), the term *multikino* is often used as a description of multiplex cinema. The situation resembles the one with [Sony](/wiki/Sony \"Sony\")'s *[Walkman](/wiki/Walkman \"Walkman\")*, when it is used as a description for portable [CC](/wiki/Compact_Cassette \"Compact Cassette\") player, despite it being a registered trademark.",
"In February 2008 it was announced that Multikino would merge with its second largest rival, [Silver Screen](/wiki/Silver_Screen_%28Poland%29 \"Silver Screen (Poland)\"). Once the transaction was complete, Multikino operated 19 cinemas with 174 screens in 13 Polish cities.[Film New Europe – Multikino to merge with Silver Screen in Poland](http://www.filmneweurope.com/content/view/624/1/) There were also plans to enter the Ukrainian market, but due to global crisis it has never happened.",
"In August 2008, Multikino have installed digital projectors in each cinema. That allows viewing of 3D movies in [Dolby 3D Digital Cinema](/wiki/Dolby_3D_Digital_Cinema \"Dolby 3D Digital Cinema\").",
"In 2010, Multikino opened the first cinema network outside Polish borders in [Riga](/wiki/Riga \"Riga\") \\- [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia \"Latvia\") (August 2010\\) and in [Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius \"Vilnius\") \\- [Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania \"Lithuania\") (September 2010\\).",
"In May 2013, [Vue Entertainment](/wiki/Vue_International \"Vue International\") acquired Polish Multikino.[Vue Entertainment buys Polish Multikino](http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/uks-vue-entertainment-buys-polish-152510033.html#ahflkasjhdflakd) The acquisition was completed in October 2013\\.",
""
] |
Coaching career
---------------
After his retirement as a player, Wallace became a pitching coach in the Dodgers' organization for [Class A](/wiki/Class_A_%28baseball%29 "Class A (baseball)") [Vero Beach](/wiki/Vero_Beach_Dodgers "Vero Beach Dodgers") (1981–82\), [Double\-A](/wiki/Double-A_%28baseball%29 "Double-A (baseball)") [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio_Dodgers "San Antonio Dodgers") (1983\) and Triple\-A [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque_Dukes "Albuquerque Dukes") (1984–86\). He also managed San Antonio for part of the 1983 season and put himself into four games as a pitcher in both 1984 and 1986 with the Dukes. He was then the Dodgers' minor league pitching coordinator from 1987 to 1994 until he replaced [Ron Perranoski](/wiki/Ron_Perranoski "Ron Perranoski") as the Dodgers' Major League pitching coach in 1995\.
As a coach, Wallace is credited with helping develop the talents of pitchers [Pedro Martínez](/wiki/Pedro_Mart%C3%ADnez "Pedro Martínez"), [Ramón Martínez](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mart%C3%ADnez_%28pitcher%29 "Ramón Martínez (pitcher)"), [Pedro Astacio](/wiki/Pedro_Astacio "Pedro Astacio"), [Darren Dreifort](/wiki/Darren_Dreifort "Darren Dreifort"), [Hideo Nomo](/wiki/Hideo_Nomo "Hideo Nomo"), [Chan Ho Park](/wiki/Chan_Ho_Park "Chan Ho Park"), [Ismael Valdéz](/wiki/Ismael_Vald%C3%A9z "Ismael Valdéz") and [John Wetteland](/wiki/John_Wetteland "John Wetteland"). He was also credited by [Orel Hershiser](/wiki/Orel_Hershiser "Orel Hershiser") for his early success with the Dodgers in a *Sports Illustrated* article.
Wallace left the Dodgers after the 1998 season and became the pitching coach of the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets "New York Mets") from 1999 to 2000, under [Bobby Valentine](/wiki/Bobby_Valentine "Bobby Valentine"), including New York's [2000 National League championship club](/wiki/2000_New_York_Mets_season "2000 New York Mets season"). But he and Valentine did not have a close working relationship,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/04/sports/baseball\-yankees\-fire\-chambliss\-rojas\-leaves\-the\-mets.html \|title\=BASEBALL; Yankees Fire Chambliss; Rojas Leaves the Mets \|first\=Buster \|last\=Olney \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=October 6, 2016 \|date\=November 4, 2000}}[ESPN](https://www.espn.com/boston/mlb/story/_/id/8287661/bob-mcclure-bobby-valentine-just-last-together) and Wallace resigned after the [2000 World Series](/wiki/2000_World_Series "2000 World Series") to rejoin the Dodgers as senior vice president, baseball operations.[Los Angeles Times](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jun-08-sp-wallace8-story.html) He then served as an interim [general manager](/wiki/General_manager_%28baseball%29 "General manager (baseball)") of the Dodgers in 2001 after [Kevin Malone](/wiki/Kevin_Malone_%28baseball%29 "Kevin Malone (baseball)") was forced to resign at midseason.
Wallace left the Dodger front office to become the pitching coach for the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox "Boston Red Sox") on June 10, 2003, replacing [Tony Cloninger](/wiki/Tony_Cloninger "Tony Cloninger"), who at the time was (successfully) battling bladder cancer.[Cape Cod Times](http://www.capecodtimes.com/article/20030610/SPORTS/306109957&cid=sitesearch?template=printart). Wallace then won a [World Series ring](/wiki/World_Series_ring "World Series ring") with the Red Sox in [2004](/wiki/2004_World_Series "2004 World Series").
In February 2006, while driving to [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training "Spring training"), Wallace was hospitalized in [Spartanburg, South Carolina](/wiki/Spartanburg%2C_South_Carolina "Spartanburg, South Carolina"), with intense pain in his right hip.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2006/02/09/wallace\_sidelined\_with\_hip\_infection\| work\=The Boston Globe\|title\=Wallace sidelined with hip infection\|author\-link1\=Nick Cafardo\|first1\=Nick\|last1\=Cafardo\|date\=February 9, 2006}} Twelve years after having [hip replacement surgery](/wiki/Hip_replacement_surgery "Hip replacement surgery"), Wallace discovered he was suffering from a severe infection in the replaced joint.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2006/09/03/toll\_is\_painfully\_obvious \| work\=The Boston Globe \| title\=Toll is painfully obvious \| first1\=Nick \| last1\=Cafardo \| date\=September 3, 2006}} He nearly died from the infection, and underwent immediate surgery. He had a second replacement surgery in June[Maine Today](http://sports.mainetoday.com/pro/redsox/060809sox1.shtml){{dead link\|date\=January 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} and was able to resume his duties with the Red Sox on August 8, 2006, through the end of the season, when he resigned.
Wallace was hired as the new pitching coach by the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros") in 2007, but left that job in October 2007 when he was hired by the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners") organization as a special assistant to the general manager. On January 13, 2009, he was named the Mariners minor league pitching coordinator.{{cite web \|url\=http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20090113\&content\_id\=3742870\&vkey\=news\_sea\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=sea \|title\=Mariners announce Minors coaches \|access\-date\=January 14, 2009 \|author\=Jim Street \|author\-link\=MLB.com \|date\=January 12, 2009 \|work\=MLB.com \|archive\-date\=January 24, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124175234/http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20090113\&content\_id\=3742870\&vkey\=news\_sea\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=sea \|url\-status\=dead }} After completing the 2009 season in this position, Wallace was hired by the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves "Atlanta Braves") to serve in the same capacity for them.{{cite web \|url\=http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20091110\&content\_id\=7648428\&vkey\=news\_atl\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=atl \|title\=Braves add Wallace to Minor League Staff \|access\-date\=November 11, 2009 \|author\=Mark Bowman \|author\-link\=MLB.com \|date\=November 10, 2009 \|work\=MLB.com \|archive\-date\=March 6, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306015800/http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20091110\&content\_id\=7648428\&vkey\=news\_atl\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=atl \|url\-status\=dead }} He briefly filled in as the Braves pitching coach in 2011 while [Roger McDowell](/wiki/Roger_McDowell "Roger McDowell") was on suspension.
In November 2013, he was named as the Baltimore Orioles pitching coach replacing interim coach [Bill Castro](/wiki/Bill_Castro "Bill Castro"). Wallace's retirement from the Orioles was announced at a press conference on October 6, 2016,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/baseball/mlb/orioles\-pitching\-coach\-dave\-wallace\-retires/ \|title\=Orioles' pitching coach Dave Wallace retires \|date\=October 6, 2016 \|access\-date\=October 6, 2016 \|agency\=Associated Press}} however, Wallace immediately rejoined the Braves as a pitching consultant.[Bowman, Mark (2 November 2016\), "Chiti, Wallace to Return to Organization." MLB.com](https://www.mlb.com/news/dom-chiti-dave-wallace-to-return-to-braves/c-207934756)
In April 2021, Wallace was named as a coach for the [United States national baseball team](/wiki/United_States_national_baseball_team "United States national baseball team"), for the team's final efforts to qualify for [baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Baseball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics") in Tokyo in 2021\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.usabaseball.com/news/topic/professional/usa\-baseball\-finalizes\-2021\-professional\-national\-team\-staff \| title\=USA Baseball Finalizes 2021 Professional National Team Staff \| work\=USA Baseball \| date\=April 22, 2021}} The team qualified, with Wallace serving as the team's pitching coach for the Olympics.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.boston.com/sports/boston\-red\-sox/2021/07/02/triston\-casas\-jack\-lopez\-us\-olympic\-team/ \|title\=Red Sox minor\-leaguers Triston Casas, Jack Lopez named to US baseball team for Olympics \|first1\=Kris \|last1\=Rhim \|first2\=Alex \|last2\=Speier \|website\=\[\[Boston.com]] \|date\=July 2, 2021 \|accessdate\=July 3, 2021}} The team went on to win silver, falling to Japan in the gold\-medal game.{{cite web \|url\=https://olympics.com/tokyo\-2020/olympic\-games/en/results/baseball\-softball/results\-baseball\-fnl\-000100\-.htm \|title\=Baseball/Softball \- United States vs Japan \- Gold Medal Game Results \|website\=olympics.com \|date\=August 7, 2021 \|accessdate\=August 8, 2021 \|archive\-date\=August 16, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816171932/https://olympics.com/tokyo\-2020/olympic\-games/en/results/baseball\-softball/results\-baseball\-fnl\-000100\-.htm \|url\-status\=dead }}
|
[
"Coaching career\n---------------",
"After his retirement as a player, Wallace became a pitching coach in the Dodgers' organization for [Class A](/wiki/Class_A_%28baseball%29 \"Class A (baseball)\") [Vero Beach](/wiki/Vero_Beach_Dodgers \"Vero Beach Dodgers\") (1981–82\\), [Double\\-A](/wiki/Double-A_%28baseball%29 \"Double-A (baseball)\") [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio_Dodgers \"San Antonio Dodgers\") (1983\\) and Triple\\-A [Albuquerque](/wiki/Albuquerque_Dukes \"Albuquerque Dukes\") (1984–86\\). He also managed San Antonio for part of the 1983 season and put himself into four games as a pitcher in both 1984 and 1986 with the Dukes. He was then the Dodgers' minor league pitching coordinator from 1987 to 1994 until he replaced [Ron Perranoski](/wiki/Ron_Perranoski \"Ron Perranoski\") as the Dodgers' Major League pitching coach in 1995\\.",
"As a coach, Wallace is credited with helping develop the talents of pitchers [Pedro Martínez](/wiki/Pedro_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Pedro Martínez\"), [Ramón Martínez](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mart%C3%ADnez_%28pitcher%29 \"Ramón Martínez (pitcher)\"), [Pedro Astacio](/wiki/Pedro_Astacio \"Pedro Astacio\"), [Darren Dreifort](/wiki/Darren_Dreifort \"Darren Dreifort\"), [Hideo Nomo](/wiki/Hideo_Nomo \"Hideo Nomo\"), [Chan Ho Park](/wiki/Chan_Ho_Park \"Chan Ho Park\"), [Ismael Valdéz](/wiki/Ismael_Vald%C3%A9z \"Ismael Valdéz\") and [John Wetteland](/wiki/John_Wetteland \"John Wetteland\"). He was also credited by [Orel Hershiser](/wiki/Orel_Hershiser \"Orel Hershiser\") for his early success with the Dodgers in a *Sports Illustrated* article.",
"Wallace left the Dodgers after the 1998 season and became the pitching coach of the [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\") from 1999 to 2000, under [Bobby Valentine](/wiki/Bobby_Valentine \"Bobby Valentine\"), including New York's [2000 National League championship club](/wiki/2000_New_York_Mets_season \"2000 New York Mets season\"). But he and Valentine did not have a close working relationship,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/04/sports/baseball\\-yankees\\-fire\\-chambliss\\-rojas\\-leaves\\-the\\-mets.html \\|title\\=BASEBALL; Yankees Fire Chambliss; Rojas Leaves the Mets \\|first\\=Buster \\|last\\=Olney \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2016 \\|date\\=November 4, 2000}}[ESPN](https://www.espn.com/boston/mlb/story/_/id/8287661/bob-mcclure-bobby-valentine-just-last-together) and Wallace resigned after the [2000 World Series](/wiki/2000_World_Series \"2000 World Series\") to rejoin the Dodgers as senior vice president, baseball operations.[Los Angeles Times](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jun-08-sp-wallace8-story.html) He then served as an interim [general manager](/wiki/General_manager_%28baseball%29 \"General manager (baseball)\") of the Dodgers in 2001 after [Kevin Malone](/wiki/Kevin_Malone_%28baseball%29 \"Kevin Malone (baseball)\") was forced to resign at midseason.",
"Wallace left the Dodger front office to become the pitching coach for the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\") on June 10, 2003, replacing [Tony Cloninger](/wiki/Tony_Cloninger \"Tony Cloninger\"), who at the time was (successfully) battling bladder cancer.[Cape Cod Times](http://www.capecodtimes.com/article/20030610/SPORTS/306109957&cid=sitesearch?template=printart). Wallace then won a [World Series ring](/wiki/World_Series_ring \"World Series ring\") with the Red Sox in [2004](/wiki/2004_World_Series \"2004 World Series\").",
"In February 2006, while driving to [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\"), Wallace was hospitalized in [Spartanburg, South Carolina](/wiki/Spartanburg%2C_South_Carolina \"Spartanburg, South Carolina\"), with intense pain in his right hip.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2006/02/09/wallace\\_sidelined\\_with\\_hip\\_infection\\| work\\=The Boston Globe\\|title\\=Wallace sidelined with hip infection\\|author\\-link1\\=Nick Cafardo\\|first1\\=Nick\\|last1\\=Cafardo\\|date\\=February 9, 2006}} Twelve years after having [hip replacement surgery](/wiki/Hip_replacement_surgery \"Hip replacement surgery\"), Wallace discovered he was suffering from a severe infection in the replaced joint.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2006/09/03/toll\\_is\\_painfully\\_obvious \\| work\\=The Boston Globe \\| title\\=Toll is painfully obvious \\| first1\\=Nick \\| last1\\=Cafardo \\| date\\=September 3, 2006}} He nearly died from the infection, and underwent immediate surgery. He had a second replacement surgery in June[Maine Today](http://sports.mainetoday.com/pro/redsox/060809sox1.shtml){{dead link\\|date\\=January 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} and was able to resume his duties with the Red Sox on August 8, 2006, through the end of the season, when he resigned.",
"Wallace was hired as the new pitching coach by the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\") in 2007, but left that job in October 2007 when he was hired by the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\") organization as a special assistant to the general manager. On January 13, 2009, he was named the Mariners minor league pitching coordinator.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20090113\\&content\\_id\\=3742870\\&vkey\\=news\\_sea\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=sea \\|title\\=Mariners announce Minors coaches \\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2009 \\|author\\=Jim Street \\|author\\-link\\=MLB.com \\|date\\=January 12, 2009 \\|work\\=MLB.com \\|archive\\-date\\=January 24, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124175234/http://seattle.mariners.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20090113\\&content\\_id\\=3742870\\&vkey\\=news\\_sea\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=sea \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} After completing the 2009 season in this position, Wallace was hired by the [Atlanta Braves](/wiki/Atlanta_Braves \"Atlanta Braves\") to serve in the same capacity for them.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20091110\\&content\\_id\\=7648428\\&vkey\\=news\\_atl\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=atl \\|title\\=Braves add Wallace to Minor League Staff \\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2009 \\|author\\=Mark Bowman \\|author\\-link\\=MLB.com \\|date\\=November 10, 2009 \\|work\\=MLB.com \\|archive\\-date\\=March 6, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306015800/http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20091110\\&content\\_id\\=7648428\\&vkey\\=news\\_atl\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=atl \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He briefly filled in as the Braves pitching coach in 2011 while [Roger McDowell](/wiki/Roger_McDowell \"Roger McDowell\") was on suspension.",
"In November 2013, he was named as the Baltimore Orioles pitching coach replacing interim coach [Bill Castro](/wiki/Bill_Castro \"Bill Castro\"). Wallace's retirement from the Orioles was announced at a press conference on October 6, 2016,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sportsnet.ca/baseball/mlb/orioles\\-pitching\\-coach\\-dave\\-wallace\\-retires/ \\|title\\=Orioles' pitching coach Dave Wallace retires \\|date\\=October 6, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2016 \\|agency\\=Associated Press}} however, Wallace immediately rejoined the Braves as a pitching consultant.[Bowman, Mark (2 November 2016\\), \"Chiti, Wallace to Return to Organization.\" MLB.com](https://www.mlb.com/news/dom-chiti-dave-wallace-to-return-to-braves/c-207934756)",
"In April 2021, Wallace was named as a coach for the [United States national baseball team](/wiki/United_States_national_baseball_team \"United States national baseball team\"), for the team's final efforts to qualify for [baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Baseball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics \"Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics\") in Tokyo in 2021\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.usabaseball.com/news/topic/professional/usa\\-baseball\\-finalizes\\-2021\\-professional\\-national\\-team\\-staff \\| title\\=USA Baseball Finalizes 2021 Professional National Team Staff \\| work\\=USA Baseball \\| date\\=April 22, 2021}} The team qualified, with Wallace serving as the team's pitching coach for the Olympics.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.boston.com/sports/boston\\-red\\-sox/2021/07/02/triston\\-casas\\-jack\\-lopez\\-us\\-olympic\\-team/ \\|title\\=Red Sox minor\\-leaguers Triston Casas, Jack Lopez named to US baseball team for Olympics \\|first1\\=Kris \\|last1\\=Rhim \\|first2\\=Alex \\|last2\\=Speier \\|website\\=\\[\\[Boston.com]] \\|date\\=July 2, 2021 \\|accessdate\\=July 3, 2021}} The team went on to win silver, falling to Japan in the gold\\-medal game.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://olympics.com/tokyo\\-2020/olympic\\-games/en/results/baseball\\-softball/results\\-baseball\\-fnl\\-000100\\-.htm \\|title\\=Baseball/Softball \\- United States vs Japan \\- Gold Medal Game Results \\|website\\=olympics.com \\|date\\=August 7, 2021 \\|accessdate\\=August 8, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 16, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816171932/https://olympics.com/tokyo\\-2020/olympic\\-games/en/results/baseball\\-softball/results\\-baseball\\-fnl\\-000100\\-.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
""
] |
Radio career
------------
### Local radio
Roberts took up a broadcast journalist position with Radio Tees (renamed TFM) paired with his existing football commentary role covering Middlesbrough FC. This further expanded to presenting the Late Night Phone\-In from 10 pm until 2 am. Roberts then left the newsroom to take on a role as Sponsorship \& Promotions Manager for TFM's owners, Metro Radio Group, also retaining his late night presenters role.
In 1993 he rejoined the BBC to cover [Durham County Cricket Club](/wiki/Durham_County_Cricket_Club "Durham County Cricket Club") for both radio and TV. At the same time he presented both the *Late Night Phone\-In* and the *Late Night Love Affair* for [Hallam FM](/wiki/Hallam_FM "Hallam FM") in [Sheffield](/wiki/Sheffield "Sheffield"). It was during his BBC cricket reporting that he grabbed his personal place in sport's broadcasting history, **commentating live on West Indian cricketer [Brian Lara](/wiki/Brian_Lara "Brian Lara")'s world record innings of 501 not out**. Roberts has stated he was only presented the chance of commentating fame due to an England v New Zealand test match taking place in Nottingham the same day resulting in him being the only TV or radio broadcaster at [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground "Edgbaston Cricket Ground") in Birmingham as the [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club "Warwickshire County Cricket Club") batsman took Durham apart. His moment 'in the spotlight' was heard on BBC Radios 1, 2, 4 and World Service as the runs mounted.
### Century Radio
Roberts moved back to commercial radio to present the *Big Mal Football Phone\-In* on Century with legendary coach [Malcolm Allison](/wiki/Malcolm_Allison "Malcolm Allison"). He also took on the role of Sports Editor once the station bought exclusive rights for [Middlesbrough FC](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.") (Boro) commentaries. Roberts hired Boro commentator Alistair Brownlee from [BBC Radio Cleveland](/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cleveland "BBC Radio Cleveland"). 'Roberts \& Brownlee' became the staple diet for all Middlesbrough fans on a Saturday afternoon along with 'Big Mal'. He later presented *Supermac at 6* a phone\-in show with [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team "England national football team") and [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United "Newcastle United") legend [Malcolm Macdonald](/wiki/Malcolm_Macdonald "Malcolm Macdonald"), as well as his regular commentaries and overseeing role for sport.
In 1997 Roberts shocked Boro fans by resigning after a postponed game at Stockport. It was later revealed in regional newspaper the [Sunday Sun](/wiki/Sunday_Sun "Sunday Sun") that he had been asked by senior management at the station to curb the on\-air use of his insider knowledge of Boro.
### Talk Radio
Six months later Roberts returned to the airwaves reporting and commentating for UK national radio station TalkRadio, now [Talksport](/wiki/Talksport "Talksport") where he followed England national team games in the buildup to the [France World Cup](/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup "1998 FIFA World Cup"). Roberts became part of the TalkRadio France 98 World Cup team, working alongside his [Sky Sports](/wiki/Sky_Sports "Sky Sports") colleagues [Alan Parry](/wiki/Alan_Parry "Alan Parry") and [Andy Gray](/wiki/Andy_Gray_%28footballer_born_1955%29 "Andy Gray (footballer born 1955)"). Gray mentions in his autobiography 'Gray Matters' how Roberts was charged with the task of overcoming strict accreditation criteria in France to enable the TalkRadio team to carry out their commentaries – as the station did not have the necessary credentials. Immediately after the France World Cup, and after 3 years freelancing for Sky Sports, Roberts joined Sky full\-time establishing the North East Bureau for the soon\-to\-be\-launched 24/7 sports news TV channel – SKY Sports News. He then became the sports face of the region as North East Reporter.
Despite his now full\-time TV career, Roberts continued his association with TalkRadio for another 18 months – presenting regular programmes *Weekend Sports Breakfast* and *Friday Football First* as well as his reporting and commentaries. Roberts was last heard on TalkRadio as pitchside reporter at [Wembley](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29 "Wembley Stadium (1923)") and [Hampden Park](/wiki/Hampden_Park "Hampden Park") for both legs of the [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team "England national football team") v [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team "Scotland national football team") [Euro 2000](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000_qualifying "UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying") clashes.
|
[
"Radio career\n------------",
"### Local radio",
"Roberts took up a broadcast journalist position with Radio Tees (renamed TFM) paired with his existing football commentary role covering Middlesbrough FC. This further expanded to presenting the Late Night Phone\\-In from 10 pm until 2 am. Roberts then left the newsroom to take on a role as Sponsorship \\& Promotions Manager for TFM's owners, Metro Radio Group, also retaining his late night presenters role.",
"In 1993 he rejoined the BBC to cover [Durham County Cricket Club](/wiki/Durham_County_Cricket_Club \"Durham County Cricket Club\") for both radio and TV. At the same time he presented both the *Late Night Phone\\-In* and the *Late Night Love Affair* for [Hallam FM](/wiki/Hallam_FM \"Hallam FM\") in [Sheffield](/wiki/Sheffield \"Sheffield\"). It was during his BBC cricket reporting that he grabbed his personal place in sport's broadcasting history, **commentating live on West Indian cricketer [Brian Lara](/wiki/Brian_Lara \"Brian Lara\")'s world record innings of 501 not out**. Roberts has stated he was only presented the chance of commentating fame due to an England v New Zealand test match taking place in Nottingham the same day resulting in him being the only TV or radio broadcaster at [Edgbaston](/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground \"Edgbaston Cricket Ground\") in Birmingham as the [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Warwickshire County Cricket Club\") batsman took Durham apart. His moment 'in the spotlight' was heard on BBC Radios 1, 2, 4 and World Service as the runs mounted.",
"### Century Radio",
"Roberts moved back to commercial radio to present the *Big Mal Football Phone\\-In* on Century with legendary coach [Malcolm Allison](/wiki/Malcolm_Allison \"Malcolm Allison\"). He also took on the role of Sports Editor once the station bought exclusive rights for [Middlesbrough FC](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\") (Boro) commentaries. Roberts hired Boro commentator Alistair Brownlee from [BBC Radio Cleveland](/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cleveland \"BBC Radio Cleveland\"). 'Roberts \\& Brownlee' became the staple diet for all Middlesbrough fans on a Saturday afternoon along with 'Big Mal'. He later presented *Supermac at 6* a phone\\-in show with [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team \"England national football team\") and [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United \"Newcastle United\") legend [Malcolm Macdonald](/wiki/Malcolm_Macdonald \"Malcolm Macdonald\"), as well as his regular commentaries and overseeing role for sport.",
"In 1997 Roberts shocked Boro fans by resigning after a postponed game at Stockport. It was later revealed in regional newspaper the [Sunday Sun](/wiki/Sunday_Sun \"Sunday Sun\") that he had been asked by senior management at the station to curb the on\\-air use of his insider knowledge of Boro.",
"### Talk Radio",
"Six months later Roberts returned to the airwaves reporting and commentating for UK national radio station TalkRadio, now [Talksport](/wiki/Talksport \"Talksport\") where he followed England national team games in the buildup to the [France World Cup](/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup \"1998 FIFA World Cup\"). Roberts became part of the TalkRadio France 98 World Cup team, working alongside his [Sky Sports](/wiki/Sky_Sports \"Sky Sports\") colleagues [Alan Parry](/wiki/Alan_Parry \"Alan Parry\") and [Andy Gray](/wiki/Andy_Gray_%28footballer_born_1955%29 \"Andy Gray (footballer born 1955)\"). Gray mentions in his autobiography 'Gray Matters' how Roberts was charged with the task of overcoming strict accreditation criteria in France to enable the TalkRadio team to carry out their commentaries – as the station did not have the necessary credentials. Immediately after the France World Cup, and after 3 years freelancing for Sky Sports, Roberts joined Sky full\\-time establishing the North East Bureau for the soon\\-to\\-be\\-launched 24/7 sports news TV channel – SKY Sports News. He then became the sports face of the region as North East Reporter.",
"Despite his now full\\-time TV career, Roberts continued his association with TalkRadio for another 18 months – presenting regular programmes *Weekend Sports Breakfast* and *Friday Football First* as well as his reporting and commentaries. Roberts was last heard on TalkRadio as pitchside reporter at [Wembley](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29 \"Wembley Stadium (1923)\") and [Hampden Park](/wiki/Hampden_Park \"Hampden Park\") for both legs of the [England](/wiki/England_national_football_team \"England national football team\") v [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team \"Scotland national football team\") [Euro 2000](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000_qualifying \"UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying\") clashes.",
""
] |
TV career
---------
### Early TV career
Roberts began 'freelancing' for several TV companies in the early 1990s as a sport reporter. He regularly appeared on [ITV Sport](/wiki/ITV_Sport "ITV Sport") providing live reports at football matches throughout England. Following the birth of the [Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League "FA Premier League"), he also conducted after\-match interviews for BBC *[Match of the Day](/wiki/Match_of_the_Day "Match of the Day")*. But Roberts' TV career began in earnest when he joined [BBC North](/wiki/BBC_North "BBC North") to cover [Durham County Cricket Club](/wiki/Durham_County_Cricket_Club "Durham County Cricket Club"), where he became known as the commentator for Brian Lara's world record breaking cricket innings of 501 not out. He later joined GSKYB's channel UK Talk to present the daily sports show *Sportstalk* and Channel 5's *Live and Dangerous*. Roberts confided in colleagues that he was offered a presenter role for a new BBC TV show, Row Z, but was unable to accept due to his full\-time commitments with SKY.
### Sky Sports
Roberts had begun freelancing frequently with Sky Sports as a reporter, so it was no surprise that in August 1998, when Sky launched their 24/7 [Sky Sports News](/wiki/Sky_Sports_News "Sky Sports News") channel, Roberts joined full\-time. He established SKY's North East Bureau and operated as Bureau Chief and reporter and was seen on a daily basis reporting from the region's training grounds, press conferences and live at matches of English Premier League clubs.
### ESPN Star Sports
In 2003, after 5 years full\-time with Sky, Roberts left the UK to take up a Presenter/Commentator role with Singapore\-based [ESPN Star Sports](/wiki/ESPN_Star_Sports "ESPN Star Sports"). Here he anchored ESPN Star Sports [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") output as well as English Premier League, Spain's [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga "La Liga") programming, as well as the daily sports news show *[SportsCenter](/wiki/SportsCenter "SportsCenter")*. Whilst with ESPN Star, Roberts covered [Euro 2004](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004 "UEFA Euro 2004") from Portugal, [2005 UEFA Champions League Final](/wiki/2005_UEFA_Champions_League_Final "2005 UEFA Champions League Final") and [World Cup Germany 2006](/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_2006 "FIFA World Cup 2006") – anchoring and reporting ESS' output from site. One story he tells is of travelling to Damascus, Syria to cover [AFC Cup](/wiki/AFC_Cup "AFC Cup") Finals where he was arrested by Syrian secret police. This was not his only brush with trouble, in 2005 a Singapore newspaper claimed he was 'roughed up' by Thai Prime Minister's secret police at Government House after asking the then PM questions in a press conference on his attempt's to buy Liverpool FC. The report says he had been instructed not to ask questions after being identified as not one of the regular press corp members.
### ESPN
After leaving South East Asia Roberts next appeared on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") as a Presenter/Commentator for [ESPN International](/wiki/ESPN_International "ESPN International"). He immediately began presenting the internationally networked football program [ESPN Soccernet Press Pass](/wiki/PressPass "PressPass") as well as 2 new international *SportsCenter* programmes (Australia/Africa) Roberts became a regular face of the daily sports news shows, usually sitting alongside [Georgie Bingham](/wiki/Georgie_Bingham "Georgie Bingham"). It was not unusual to see Bingham in fits of tears at the end of the show after Roberts signed off with a witty one\-liner. The same year Roberts was seen broadcasting from the West Indies at the [Cricket World Cup](/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup "2007 Cricket World Cup").
In 2008 he was in Ghana covering the [Africa Cup of Nations](/wiki/2008_Africa_Cup_of_Nations "2008 Africa Cup of Nations"). In May that year he was pitchside reporter for ESPN in Moscow at the [final of the Champions League](/wiki/2008_UEFA_Champions_League_Final "2008 UEFA Champions League Final") between [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United "Manchester United") and [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C."). Something he repeated a year later in Rome in the [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") v Manchester United final, where after 6 minutes he reported that new technology on the final ball was resulting in goalkeepers having problems when it was in flight. Roberts was again reunited in the studio[Roberts ESPN studio report on Euro 2008](http://sports.espn.go.com/broadband/video/videopage%3FvideoId%3D3436532){{dead link\|date\=July 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} with his former Sky Sports colleague [Andy Gray](/wiki/Andy_Gray_%28footballer_born_1955%29 "Andy Gray (footballer born 1955)") during ESPN USA's coverage of [Euro 2008](/wiki/UEFA_EURO_2008 "UEFA EURO 2008").
Roberts' employment with [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") appeared to end after the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa as he was next seen fronting the 2011 FA Cup Final, Community Shield and the Champions League Final (Barcelona 3–1 Manchester United) from London's Wembley Stadium for his former employer [ESPN Star Sports](/wiki/ESPN_Star_Sports "ESPN Star Sports") – where he sat alongside the likes of former England manager Steve McClaren and pundit Gerry Armstrong. In 2011\. This was the last time Roberts was seen on TV as he took up a role of Vice President of Fox's business development unit.
### XCEL
Roberts now runs his own media production company [XCel](http://www.xcelworld.com). XCel specialises in live TV and digital broadcasts, particularly in live motor racing from F1 circuits. He also owns Fan media operation [RedArmy](http://RedArmy.TV) which includes the TV channel RedArmyTV and 24/7 radio station RedArmy Radio, operations that are staffed by Middlesbrough fan volunteers with Roberts providing technical infrastructure and professional development to enable volunteers to develop skills in order to enter the media job market or improve personal skills. RedArmyTV can be seen on [Teesside TV](/wiki/Teesside_TV "Teesside TV") as well as on digital platforms. RedArmy Radio can be heard online at [http://streamingv2\.shoutcast.com/redarmy\-radio](https://streamingv2.shoutcast.com/redarmy-radio)
|
[
"TV career\n---------",
"### Early TV career",
"Roberts began 'freelancing' for several TV companies in the early 1990s as a sport reporter. He regularly appeared on [ITV Sport](/wiki/ITV_Sport \"ITV Sport\") providing live reports at football matches throughout England. Following the birth of the [Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League \"FA Premier League\"), he also conducted after\\-match interviews for BBC *[Match of the Day](/wiki/Match_of_the_Day \"Match of the Day\")*. But Roberts' TV career began in earnest when he joined [BBC North](/wiki/BBC_North \"BBC North\") to cover [Durham County Cricket Club](/wiki/Durham_County_Cricket_Club \"Durham County Cricket Club\"), where he became known as the commentator for Brian Lara's world record breaking cricket innings of 501 not out. He later joined GSKYB's channel UK Talk to present the daily sports show *Sportstalk* and Channel 5's *Live and Dangerous*. Roberts confided in colleagues that he was offered a presenter role for a new BBC TV show, Row Z, but was unable to accept due to his full\\-time commitments with SKY.",
"### Sky Sports",
"Roberts had begun freelancing frequently with Sky Sports as a reporter, so it was no surprise that in August 1998, when Sky launched their 24/7 [Sky Sports News](/wiki/Sky_Sports_News \"Sky Sports News\") channel, Roberts joined full\\-time. He established SKY's North East Bureau and operated as Bureau Chief and reporter and was seen on a daily basis reporting from the region's training grounds, press conferences and live at matches of English Premier League clubs.",
"### ESPN Star Sports",
"In 2003, after 5 years full\\-time with Sky, Roberts left the UK to take up a Presenter/Commentator role with Singapore\\-based [ESPN Star Sports](/wiki/ESPN_Star_Sports \"ESPN Star Sports\"). Here he anchored ESPN Star Sports [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") output as well as English Premier League, Spain's [La Liga](/wiki/La_Liga \"La Liga\") programming, as well as the daily sports news show *[SportsCenter](/wiki/SportsCenter \"SportsCenter\")*. Whilst with ESPN Star, Roberts covered [Euro 2004](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004 \"UEFA Euro 2004\") from Portugal, [2005 UEFA Champions League Final](/wiki/2005_UEFA_Champions_League_Final \"2005 UEFA Champions League Final\") and [World Cup Germany 2006](/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_2006 \"FIFA World Cup 2006\") – anchoring and reporting ESS' output from site. One story he tells is of travelling to Damascus, Syria to cover [AFC Cup](/wiki/AFC_Cup \"AFC Cup\") Finals where he was arrested by Syrian secret police. This was not his only brush with trouble, in 2005 a Singapore newspaper claimed he was 'roughed up' by Thai Prime Minister's secret police at Government House after asking the then PM questions in a press conference on his attempt's to buy Liverpool FC. The report says he had been instructed not to ask questions after being identified as not one of the regular press corp members.",
"### ESPN",
"After leaving South East Asia Roberts next appeared on [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") as a Presenter/Commentator for [ESPN International](/wiki/ESPN_International \"ESPN International\"). He immediately began presenting the internationally networked football program [ESPN Soccernet Press Pass](/wiki/PressPass \"PressPass\") as well as 2 new international *SportsCenter* programmes (Australia/Africa) Roberts became a regular face of the daily sports news shows, usually sitting alongside [Georgie Bingham](/wiki/Georgie_Bingham \"Georgie Bingham\"). It was not unusual to see Bingham in fits of tears at the end of the show after Roberts signed off with a witty one\\-liner. The same year Roberts was seen broadcasting from the West Indies at the [Cricket World Cup](/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup \"2007 Cricket World Cup\").",
"In 2008 he was in Ghana covering the [Africa Cup of Nations](/wiki/2008_Africa_Cup_of_Nations \"2008 Africa Cup of Nations\"). In May that year he was pitchside reporter for ESPN in Moscow at the [final of the Champions League](/wiki/2008_UEFA_Champions_League_Final \"2008 UEFA Champions League Final\") between [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United \"Manchester United\") and [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\"). Something he repeated a year later in Rome in the [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") v Manchester United final, where after 6 minutes he reported that new technology on the final ball was resulting in goalkeepers having problems when it was in flight. Roberts was again reunited in the studio[Roberts ESPN studio report on Euro 2008](http://sports.espn.go.com/broadband/video/videopage%3FvideoId%3D3436532){{dead link\\|date\\=July 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} with his former Sky Sports colleague [Andy Gray](/wiki/Andy_Gray_%28footballer_born_1955%29 \"Andy Gray (footballer born 1955)\") during ESPN USA's coverage of [Euro 2008](/wiki/UEFA_EURO_2008 \"UEFA EURO 2008\").",
"Roberts' employment with [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") appeared to end after the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa as he was next seen fronting the 2011 FA Cup Final, Community Shield and the Champions League Final (Barcelona 3–1 Manchester United) from London's Wembley Stadium for his former employer [ESPN Star Sports](/wiki/ESPN_Star_Sports \"ESPN Star Sports\") – where he sat alongside the likes of former England manager Steve McClaren and pundit Gerry Armstrong. In 2011\\. This was the last time Roberts was seen on TV as he took up a role of Vice President of Fox's business development unit.",
"### XCEL",
"Roberts now runs his own media production company [XCel](http://www.xcelworld.com). XCel specialises in live TV and digital broadcasts, particularly in live motor racing from F1 circuits. He also owns Fan media operation [RedArmy](http://RedArmy.TV) which includes the TV channel RedArmyTV and 24/7 radio station RedArmy Radio, operations that are staffed by Middlesbrough fan volunteers with Roberts providing technical infrastructure and professional development to enable volunteers to develop skills in order to enter the media job market or improve personal skills. RedArmyTV can be seen on [Teesside TV](/wiki/Teesside_TV \"Teesside TV\") as well as on digital platforms. RedArmy Radio can be heard online at [http://streamingv2\\.shoutcast.com/redarmy\\-radio](https://streamingv2.shoutcast.com/redarmy-radio)",
""
] |
Provisions
----------
Pakistan was named the **Republic of Pakistan**. The constitution provided for a federal system with the principle of parity between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Both provinces would run their separate provincial governments. The responsibilities and authority of the centre and the provinces were listed in the constitution. The central legislature had one house known as the National Assembly. There were 157 members of the National Assembly. The equality between the two wings was maintained in it.
The constitution provided for a [presidential form of government](/wiki/Presidential_system "Presidential system"), as opposed to the parliamentary form of government under the 1956 Constitution. The president, who had to be a Muslim not less than 35 years of age and qualified for election as a member of the National Assembly, was to be elected indirectly by an [electoral college](/wiki/Electoral_college "Electoral college") following the provisions outlined in the Constitution. The Electoral College was formed by not less than 80,000 Basic Democrats, equally distributed between the two provinces. Under the Constitution of 1962, if the number of candidates for election to the office of President exceeded three, the [Speaker of the National Assembly](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan") was to convene a joint session of the members of the National and Provincial Assemblies to select only three candidates for election, the remaining candidates then would not be eligible. This screening did not apply to a person who was holding the office of the president, so if the sitting president was also a candidate the number of candidates would be four.
The term of the president was five years to act as head of state as well as chief executive, solely responsible for the country's administration. Governors and ministers were appointed and removed by him. He was eligible to promulgate ordinances and [veto](/wiki/Veto "Veto") against legislated laws only overridable by two\-thirds of the National Assembly. However, the president was not empowered to dissolve the Assembly except at the cost of his office also. On a charge of violating the Constitution or gross misconduct, the president might be impeached by the National Assembly for which one\-third of the total members of the National Assembly must give written notice to the speaker for the removal of the president. The president was to be removed from office if the resolution for [impeachment](/wiki/Impeachment "Impeachment") was passed by votes of not less than three\-fourths of the total members of the Assembly. A significant feature of the impeachment procedure was that if the resolution for the removal of the president failed to obtain one\-half of the total number of members of the National Assembly, the movers of the resolution would cease to be members of the Assembly.
There was no restriction on religion for a person holding the office of the speaker of the National Assembly. Also, if the president resigned from his office or [vote of no\-confidence](/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence "Motion of no confidence") passes against him, according to the Constitution, the speaker would act as the president of the state till the election of the new president. Under these special circumstances, a non\-Muslim might get the chance to be an acting president of Pakistan.
The Constitution of 1962 provided for elections of the central and provincial legislatures for a term of five years. The members of the assemblies were elected by the Basic Democrats. The National Assembly was exclusively empowered to legislate for the central subjects. However, it could legislate on matters falling under provincial jurisdiction. The power to impose taxes was laid with the central legislature. The Assembly had to serve as a court in cases of impeachment or conviction or declare the president incapacitated. It could amend the Constitution with a two\-thirds majority. However, if the president's veto was overridden, he had the right to ask for the assent of the Electoral College. The provincial assemblies' procedure was identical to that of the National Assembly.
Urdu and Bengali were recognised as national languages.
### Salient features of 1962 Constitution
**1\. Federal System:**
Under the constitution of 1962 federal system was adopted. The powers of the central government were enumerated in the Federal List while all the residuary powers were given to the provinces to meet the demand of provincial autonomy. However, within this federal structure, the central government was made domineering even at the cost of provincial autonomy. Besides administrative matters, centralism was reflected. The provincial governors were the appointees of the President and were accountable to him: Hence the provincial executive was under the control of the centre. This centralism bore more disastrous results in respect of provincial autonomy. Consequently, the federal structure practically seemed unitary due to which the demand of provincial autonomy became more popular and widespread which threatened our solidarity in the later stage.
**2\. A Written and Detailed Document:**
The 1962 constitution was written in nature and character. It consisted of 250 Articles and 3 Schedules. Thus, it was a comparatively detailed document. Keeping in view the lack of democratic values and established norms it was thought expedient to give a detailed code of constitutional law as could regulate the conduct of different political institutions.
**3\. Islamic Provisions:**
Like the previous constitution of 1956, the Objective Resolution was included in the Constitution's Preamble. The teachings of the Quran and Islamiyat were to be made compulsory. The President was to be Muslim. Pakistan was declared an Islamic republic through the first amendment. No un\-Islamic law would be enacted, and all the existing laws would be Islamized etc.
**4\. Position of the President:**
Under the Constitution of 1962 US\-type presidential system was enforced to overcome political instability and establish a firm socio\-economic and political order. All the executive authority was vested in the President who was unanimously responsible for the business of the central government. All the ministers were appointed by him, and they were accountable to him alone. They could participate in the deliberations of the legislature, but they were not responsible for it. Along with the provincial governors, all the top\-ranking officials were appointed by him. The president also enjoyed certain legislative, military and judicial powers. The provincial setup also followed the central structure. In short, it was the President who was all in all.
**5\. Unicameral Legislature:**
The 1962 Constitution like the previous constitution provided for a unicameral legislature called National Assembly. Its total strength was 156 (later 218 and then 313, who were elected by the electoral college of Basic Democrats. Besides, certain seats were also reserved for women. Its term was 5 years, which was fixed. The members were elected based on parity of representation between the East and West wings. The proceedings of the Assembly might not be challenged in any court of law. Unlike the previous practices, the members of the cabinet were not members of the legislature. The ministers could attend its meetings but like the US system, neither the president nor his cabinet colleagues were responsible.
**6\. Indirect Election:**
It was an innovation in the 1962 Constitution. It was a general impression that one of the causes of the failure of the constitutional machinery was the direct and adult suffrage and without proper and necessary political education and training. Hence this constitution provided an indirect method of election for President and the legislative assemblies was envisaged. Accordingly, the primary voters would elect the Basic Democrats who had then to elect the representatives to higher positions.
**7\. Independence of Judiciary:**
Proper safeguards were introduced in the 1962 Constitution to ensure the independence of the judiciary. Judges of the superior courts were appointed by the President and were ensured the security of service. They could be removed from the inquiry report submitted by the Supreme Judicial Council on the ground of misbehaviour or physical or mental inability to perform their duties. By induction of the first amendment, the judiciary had full, power to pass judgment over the views of the legislature. Moreover, the court also enjoyed the power of judicial review of executive actions.
**8\. Fundamental Rights add Principles of Policy:**
In the original constitution, there was no list of fundamental rights. It was due to the first amendment in the constitution in 1963 that these were included and made their part, before that these were laid down in the directive principles of policy. The list of fundamental rights contained almost all the rights secured to its citizens by a modern state. The Principles of Policy were also incorporated into the Constitution. Most of the Islamic provisions were made a part thereof. These principles of policy dealt with such matters as the Islamic way of life, national integration and solidarity, social welfare, protection of the rights of minorities, development of backward areas etc.
**9\. Provincial Governments:**
Each province had a provincial assembly organized on the lines of the National Assembly. The relationship of the provincial governors with their assemblies was the same as that of the President with the National Assembly. The East and West Pakistan assemblies used to meet at Dacca and Lahore respectively. Each had 155 members, at least of who were women. The governors appointed by the President, had a Council of Ministers in the same manner, as the President, who belonged to their respective provinces.
Although the 1962 constitution of Pakistan had transferred several responsibilities to the provincial governments but in actual practice the central government or its representatives used to exercise these powers.
### Islamic provisions
* The preamble of the Constitution of 1962 was based on the Objectives Resolution.
* The Constitution laid down simply that the state of Pakistan shall be an Islamic republic under the name of the Republic of Pakistan.
* According to the principles of policy, steps were to be taken to enable the Muslims of Pakistan individually and collectively, to order their lives following the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam, and should be provided with facilities whereby they may be enabled to understand the meaning of life according to those principles and concepts.
* No law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Qur'an and Sunnah and all existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the Qur'an and Sunnah.
* Only a Muslim could be qualified for the election as president.
* Teaching of the Quran and Islamiyah to the Muslims of Pakistan was made compulsory.
* Proper organization of [Zakat](/wiki/Zakat "Zakat"), [waqf](/wiki/Waqf "Waqf"), and [mosques](/wiki/Mosque "Mosque") was ensured.
* Practical steps were to be taken to eradicate what was seen as social evils by Islam, such as the use of alcohol, gambling, etc.
* A novel Islamic provision in the 1962 Constitution had introduced an Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology to be appointed by the president. The functions of the council were to make recommendations to the government as to means which would enable and encourage the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives by the principles and concepts of Islam and to examine all laws in force to bring them into conformity with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Qur'an and Sunnah.
* There shall be an organization to be known as Islamic Research Institute, which shall be established by the president. The institute's function was to undertake Islamic research and Instruction in Islam to assist in the reconstruction of Muslim society on a truly Islamic basis.
* The state should endeavour to strengthen the bonds of unity among Muslim countries.
|
[
"Provisions\n----------",
"Pakistan was named the **Republic of Pakistan**. The constitution provided for a federal system with the principle of parity between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Both provinces would run their separate provincial governments. The responsibilities and authority of the centre and the provinces were listed in the constitution. The central legislature had one house known as the National Assembly. There were 157 members of the National Assembly. The equality between the two wings was maintained in it.",
"The constitution provided for a [presidential form of government](/wiki/Presidential_system \"Presidential system\"), as opposed to the parliamentary form of government under the 1956 Constitution. The president, who had to be a Muslim not less than 35 years of age and qualified for election as a member of the National Assembly, was to be elected indirectly by an [electoral college](/wiki/Electoral_college \"Electoral college\") following the provisions outlined in the Constitution. The Electoral College was formed by not less than 80,000 Basic Democrats, equally distributed between the two provinces. Under the Constitution of 1962, if the number of candidates for election to the office of President exceeded three, the [Speaker of the National Assembly](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan \"Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan\") was to convene a joint session of the members of the National and Provincial Assemblies to select only three candidates for election, the remaining candidates then would not be eligible. This screening did not apply to a person who was holding the office of the president, so if the sitting president was also a candidate the number of candidates would be four.",
"The term of the president was five years to act as head of state as well as chief executive, solely responsible for the country's administration. Governors and ministers were appointed and removed by him. He was eligible to promulgate ordinances and [veto](/wiki/Veto \"Veto\") against legislated laws only overridable by two\\-thirds of the National Assembly. However, the president was not empowered to dissolve the Assembly except at the cost of his office also. On a charge of violating the Constitution or gross misconduct, the president might be impeached by the National Assembly for which one\\-third of the total members of the National Assembly must give written notice to the speaker for the removal of the president. The president was to be removed from office if the resolution for [impeachment](/wiki/Impeachment \"Impeachment\") was passed by votes of not less than three\\-fourths of the total members of the Assembly. A significant feature of the impeachment procedure was that if the resolution for the removal of the president failed to obtain one\\-half of the total number of members of the National Assembly, the movers of the resolution would cease to be members of the Assembly.",
"There was no restriction on religion for a person holding the office of the speaker of the National Assembly. Also, if the president resigned from his office or [vote of no\\-confidence](/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence \"Motion of no confidence\") passes against him, according to the Constitution, the speaker would act as the president of the state till the election of the new president. Under these special circumstances, a non\\-Muslim might get the chance to be an acting president of Pakistan.",
"The Constitution of 1962 provided for elections of the central and provincial legislatures for a term of five years. The members of the assemblies were elected by the Basic Democrats. The National Assembly was exclusively empowered to legislate for the central subjects. However, it could legislate on matters falling under provincial jurisdiction. The power to impose taxes was laid with the central legislature. The Assembly had to serve as a court in cases of impeachment or conviction or declare the president incapacitated. It could amend the Constitution with a two\\-thirds majority. However, if the president's veto was overridden, he had the right to ask for the assent of the Electoral College. The provincial assemblies' procedure was identical to that of the National Assembly.",
"Urdu and Bengali were recognised as national languages.",
"### Salient features of 1962 Constitution",
"**1\\. Federal System:**\nUnder the constitution of 1962 federal system was adopted. The powers of the central government were enumerated in the Federal List while all the residuary powers were given to the provinces to meet the demand of provincial autonomy. However, within this federal structure, the central government was made domineering even at the cost of provincial autonomy. Besides administrative matters, centralism was reflected. The provincial governors were the appointees of the President and were accountable to him: Hence the provincial executive was under the control of the centre. This centralism bore more disastrous results in respect of provincial autonomy. Consequently, the federal structure practically seemed unitary due to which the demand of provincial autonomy became more popular and widespread which threatened our solidarity in the later stage.",
"**2\\. A Written and Detailed Document:**\nThe 1962 constitution was written in nature and character. It consisted of 250 Articles and 3 Schedules. Thus, it was a comparatively detailed document. Keeping in view the lack of democratic values and established norms it was thought expedient to give a detailed code of constitutional law as could regulate the conduct of different political institutions.",
"**3\\. Islamic Provisions:**\nLike the previous constitution of 1956, the Objective Resolution was included in the Constitution's Preamble. The teachings of the Quran and Islamiyat were to be made compulsory. The President was to be Muslim. Pakistan was declared an Islamic republic through the first amendment. No un\\-Islamic law would be enacted, and all the existing laws would be Islamized etc.",
"**4\\. Position of the President:**\nUnder the Constitution of 1962 US\\-type presidential system was enforced to overcome political instability and establish a firm socio\\-economic and political order. All the executive authority was vested in the President who was unanimously responsible for the business of the central government. All the ministers were appointed by him, and they were accountable to him alone. They could participate in the deliberations of the legislature, but they were not responsible for it. Along with the provincial governors, all the top\\-ranking officials were appointed by him. The president also enjoyed certain legislative, military and judicial powers. The provincial setup also followed the central structure. In short, it was the President who was all in all.",
"**5\\. Unicameral Legislature:**\nThe 1962 Constitution like the previous constitution provided for a unicameral legislature called National Assembly. Its total strength was 156 (later 218 and then 313, who were elected by the electoral college of Basic Democrats. Besides, certain seats were also reserved for women. Its term was 5 years, which was fixed. The members were elected based on parity of representation between the East and West wings. The proceedings of the Assembly might not be challenged in any court of law. Unlike the previous practices, the members of the cabinet were not members of the legislature. The ministers could attend its meetings but like the US system, neither the president nor his cabinet colleagues were responsible.",
"**6\\. Indirect Election:**\nIt was an innovation in the 1962 Constitution. It was a general impression that one of the causes of the failure of the constitutional machinery was the direct and adult suffrage and without proper and necessary political education and training. Hence this constitution provided an indirect method of election for President and the legislative assemblies was envisaged. Accordingly, the primary voters would elect the Basic Democrats who had then to elect the representatives to higher positions.",
"**7\\. Independence of Judiciary:**\nProper safeguards were introduced in the 1962 Constitution to ensure the independence of the judiciary. Judges of the superior courts were appointed by the President and were ensured the security of service. They could be removed from the inquiry report submitted by the Supreme Judicial Council on the ground of misbehaviour or physical or mental inability to perform their duties. By induction of the first amendment, the judiciary had full, power to pass judgment over the views of the legislature. Moreover, the court also enjoyed the power of judicial review of executive actions.",
"**8\\. Fundamental Rights add Principles of Policy:**\nIn the original constitution, there was no list of fundamental rights. It was due to the first amendment in the constitution in 1963 that these were included and made their part, before that these were laid down in the directive principles of policy. The list of fundamental rights contained almost all the rights secured to its citizens by a modern state. The Principles of Policy were also incorporated into the Constitution. Most of the Islamic provisions were made a part thereof. These principles of policy dealt with such matters as the Islamic way of life, national integration and solidarity, social welfare, protection of the rights of minorities, development of backward areas etc.",
"**9\\. Provincial Governments:**\nEach province had a provincial assembly organized on the lines of the National Assembly. The relationship of the provincial governors with their assemblies was the same as that of the President with the National Assembly. The East and West Pakistan assemblies used to meet at Dacca and Lahore respectively. Each had 155 members, at least of who were women. The governors appointed by the President, had a Council of Ministers in the same manner, as the President, who belonged to their respective provinces.",
"Although the 1962 constitution of Pakistan had transferred several responsibilities to the provincial governments but in actual practice the central government or its representatives used to exercise these powers.",
"### Islamic provisions",
"* The preamble of the Constitution of 1962 was based on the Objectives Resolution.\n* The Constitution laid down simply that the state of Pakistan shall be an Islamic republic under the name of the Republic of Pakistan.\n* According to the principles of policy, steps were to be taken to enable the Muslims of Pakistan individually and collectively, to order their lives following the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam, and should be provided with facilities whereby they may be enabled to understand the meaning of life according to those principles and concepts.\n* No law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Qur'an and Sunnah and all existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the Qur'an and Sunnah.\n* Only a Muslim could be qualified for the election as president.\n* Teaching of the Quran and Islamiyah to the Muslims of Pakistan was made compulsory.\n* Proper organization of [Zakat](/wiki/Zakat \"Zakat\"), [waqf](/wiki/Waqf \"Waqf\"), and [mosques](/wiki/Mosque \"Mosque\") was ensured.\n* Practical steps were to be taken to eradicate what was seen as social evils by Islam, such as the use of alcohol, gambling, etc.\n* A novel Islamic provision in the 1962 Constitution had introduced an Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology to be appointed by the president. The functions of the council were to make recommendations to the government as to means which would enable and encourage the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives by the principles and concepts of Islam and to examine all laws in force to bring them into conformity with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Qur'an and Sunnah.\n* There shall be an organization to be known as Islamic Research Institute, which shall be established by the president. The institute's function was to undertake Islamic research and Instruction in Islam to assist in the reconstruction of Muslim society on a truly Islamic basis.\n* The state should endeavour to strengthen the bonds of unity among Muslim countries."
] |
Violations of the lepton number conservation laws
-------------------------------------------------
Lepton flavor is only approximately conserved, and is notably not conserved in [neutrino oscillation](/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation "Neutrino oscillation").
However, both the total lepton number and lepton flavor are still conserved in the Standard Model.
Numerous searches for [physics beyond the Standard Model](/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model "Physics beyond the Standard Model") incorporate searches for lepton number or lepton flavor violation, such as the hypothetical decay
{{math\| {{subatomic particle\|link\=y\|muon}} → {{subatomic particle\|link\=y\|electron}} \+ {{subatomic particle\|photon\|link\=y}} }}.
Experiments such as MEGA and SINDRUM have searched for lepton number violation in muon decays to electrons; [MEG](/wiki/Mu_to_E_Gamma "Mu to E Gamma") set the current branching limit of order {{10^\|−13}} and plans to lower to limit to {{10^\|−14}} after 2016\.
Some theories beyond the Standard Model, such as [supersymmetry](/wiki/Supersymmetry "Supersymmetry"), predict branching ratios of order {{10^\|−12}} to {{10^\|−14}}. The [Mu2e](/wiki/Mu2e "Mu2e") experiment, in construction as of 2017, has a planned sensitivity of order {{10^\|−17}}.
Because the lepton number conservation law in fact is violated by [chiral anomalies](/wiki/Chiral_anomaly "Chiral anomaly"), there are problems applying this symmetry universally over all energy scales. However, the quantum number [{{mvar\|B − L}}](/wiki/B_%E2%88%92_L "B − L") is commonly conserved in [Grand Unified Theory](/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory "Grand Unified Theory") models.
If neutrinos turn out to be [Majorana fermions](/wiki/Majorana_fermions "Majorana fermions"), neither individual lepton numbers, nor the total lepton number
L \\equiv L\_\\mathrm{e} \+ L\_\\mathrm{\\mu} \+ L\_\\mathrm{\\tau},
nor
[{{math\|''B'' − ''L''}}](/wiki/B_%E2%88%92_L "B − L")
would be conserved, e.g. in neutrinoless [double beta decay](/wiki/Double_beta_decay "Double beta decay"), where two neutrinos colliding head\-on might actually annihilate, similar to the (never observed) collision of a neutrino and antineutrino.
|
[
"Violations of the lepton number conservation laws\n-------------------------------------------------",
"Lepton flavor is only approximately conserved, and is notably not conserved in [neutrino oscillation](/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation \"Neutrino oscillation\").\nHowever, both the total lepton number and lepton flavor are still conserved in the Standard Model.",
"Numerous searches for [physics beyond the Standard Model](/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model \"Physics beyond the Standard Model\") incorporate searches for lepton number or lepton flavor violation, such as the hypothetical decay\n {{math\\| {{subatomic particle\\|link\\=y\\|muon}} → {{subatomic particle\\|link\\=y\\|electron}} \\+ {{subatomic particle\\|photon\\|link\\=y}} }}.",
"Experiments such as MEGA and SINDRUM have searched for lepton number violation in muon decays to electrons; [MEG](/wiki/Mu_to_E_Gamma \"Mu to E Gamma\") set the current branching limit of order {{10^\\|−13}} and plans to lower to limit to {{10^\\|−14}} after 2016\\.\nSome theories beyond the Standard Model, such as [supersymmetry](/wiki/Supersymmetry \"Supersymmetry\"), predict branching ratios of order {{10^\\|−12}} to {{10^\\|−14}}. The [Mu2e](/wiki/Mu2e \"Mu2e\") experiment, in construction as of 2017, has a planned sensitivity of order {{10^\\|−17}}.",
"Because the lepton number conservation law in fact is violated by [chiral anomalies](/wiki/Chiral_anomaly \"Chiral anomaly\"), there are problems applying this symmetry universally over all energy scales. However, the quantum number [{{mvar\\|B − L}}](/wiki/B_%E2%88%92_L \"B − L\") is commonly conserved in [Grand Unified Theory](/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory \"Grand Unified Theory\") models.",
"If neutrinos turn out to be [Majorana fermions](/wiki/Majorana_fermions \"Majorana fermions\"), neither individual lepton numbers, nor the total lepton number\nL \\\\equiv L\\_\\\\mathrm{e} \\+ L\\_\\\\mathrm{\\\\mu} \\+ L\\_\\\\mathrm{\\\\tau},\nnor\n [{{math\\|''B'' − ''L''}}](/wiki/B_%E2%88%92_L \"B − L\")\nwould be conserved, e.g. in neutrinoless [double beta decay](/wiki/Double_beta_decay \"Double beta decay\"), where two neutrinos colliding head\\-on might actually annihilate, similar to the (never observed) collision of a neutrino and antineutrino.",
""
] |
Functions
---------
### Configuration
[alt\=Screenshot of the System Preferences application of OS X Yosemite, showing the three Gatekeeper options as radio buttons.\|frame\|Gatekeeper options in the [System Preferences](/wiki/System_Preferences "System Preferences") application. Since [macOS Sierra](/wiki/MacOS_Sierra "MacOS Sierra"), the "Anywhere" option is hidden by default.](/wiki/File:Gatekeeper.png "Gatekeeper.png")
In the security \& privacy panel of [System Preferences](/wiki/System_Preferences "System Preferences"), the user has three options, allowing apps downloaded from:
{{Glossary}}
{{Term\|Mac App Store}}
{{Defn\|Allows only applications downloaded from the \[\[Mac App Store]] to be launched.}}
{{Term\|Mac App Store and identified developers}}
{{Defn\|Allows applications downloaded from the Mac App Store and applications signed by \[\[Apple Developer\|certified Apple developers]] to be launched. This is the default setting since Mountain Lion.}}
{{Term\|Anywhere}}
{{Defn\|Allows all applications to be launched. This effectively turns Gatekeeper off. This is the default setting in Lion. Since \[\[macOS Sierra]] (10\.12\) this option is hidden by default.{{Cite web\|url\=https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2016/706/\|title\=What's New in Security\|date\=June 15, 2016\|website\=\[\[Apple Developer]]\|at\=At 21:45\|type\=Video\|access\-date\=June 17, 2016}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://arstechnica.co.uk/apple/2016/06/ios\-10\-macos\-sierra\-changes\-raw\-shooting\-gatekeeper/\|title\=Some nerdy changes in macOS and iOS 10: RAW shooting, a harsher Gatekeeper, more\|last\=Cunningham\|first\=Andrew\|date\=June 15, 2016\|website\=\[\[Ars Technica\|Ars Technica UK]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616184734/http://arstechnica.co.uk/apple/2016/06/ios\-10\-macos\-sierra\-changes\-raw\-shooting\-gatekeeper/\|archive\-date\=June 16, 2016\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=June 17, 2016}}}}
{{Defn\|However, this option can be re\-enabled by using the 'sudo spctl \-\-master\-disable' command from the Terminal and authenticating with an admin password.}}
{{Glossary end}}
The command\-line utility {{mono\|spctl}} provides granular controls, such as custom rules and individual or blanket permissions, as well as an option to turn Gatekeeper off.
### Quarantine
Upon download of an application, a particular [extended file attribute](/wiki/Extended_file_attributes "Extended file attributes") ("quarantine flag") can be added to the downloaded file.{{Cite web\|url\=https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2015/10/bypassing\-apples\-gatekeeper/\|title\=Bypassing Apple's Gatekeeper\|last\=Reed\|first\=Thomas\|date\=October 6, 2015\|website\=\[\[Malwarebytes\|Malwarebytes Labs]]\|access\-date\=June 17, 2016}} This attribute is added by the application that downloads the file, such as a [web browser](/wiki/Web_browser "Web browser") or [email client](/wiki/Email_client "Email client"), but is not usually added by common [BitTorrent](/wiki/BitTorrent "BitTorrent") client software, such as [Transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28BitTorrent_client%29 "Transmission (BitTorrent client)"), and application developers will need to implement this feature into their applications and is not implemented by the system. The system can also force this behavior upon individual applications using a signature\-based system named Xprotect.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.macworld.com/article/1142457/snowleopard\_malware.html\|title\=Inside Snow Leopard's hidden malware protection\|last\=Moren\|first\=Dan\|date\=August 26, 2009\|website\=\[\[Macworld]]\|access\-date\=September 30, 2016}}
### Execution
[alt\=Screenshot of a system alert, informing the user that the application cannot be opened, because it was not signed by a registered developer.\|frame\|Screenshot of a system [alert](/wiki/Alert_dialog_box "Alert dialog box") that appears when Gatekeeper prevents an application from running, because it was not signed by an Apple certified developer](/wiki/File:Gatekeeper_alert.png "Gatekeeper alert.png")
When the user attempts to open an application with such an attribute, the system will postpone the execution and verify whether it:
* is blacklisted,
* is code\-signed by Apple or a certified developer, or
* has code\-signed contents that still match the signature.
Since {{Nowrap\|Mac OS X}} Snow Leopard, the system keeps two blacklists to identify known malware or insecure software. The blacklists are updated periodically. If the application is blacklisted, then File Quarantine will refuse to open it and recommend to users that they drag it to [Trash](/wiki/Trash_%28computing%29 "Trash (computing)").{{Cite web\|url\=https://support.apple.com/HT201940\|title\=About the 'Are you sure you want to open it?' alert (File Quarantine / Known Malware Detection) in OS X\|date\=March 22, 2016\|website\=Apple Support\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617155624/https://support.apple.com/en\-us/HT201940\|archive\-date\=June 17, 2016\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=September 30, 2016}}
Gatekeeper will refuse to open the application if the code\-signing requirements are not met. Apple can revoke the developer's certificate with which the application was signed and prevent further distribution.
Once an application has passed File Quarantine or Gatekeeper, it will be allowed to run normally and will not be verified again.
### Override
To override Gatekeeper, the user (acting as an administrator) either has to switch to a more lenient policy from the security \& privacy panel of System Preferences or authorize a manual override for a particular application, either by opening the application from the [context menu](/wiki/Context_menu "Context menu") or by adding it with {{mono\|spctl}}.
### Path randomization
Developers can sign [disk images](/wiki/Disk_image "Disk image") that can be verified as a unit by the system. In macOS Sierra, this allows developers to guarantee the integrity of all bundled files and prevent attackers from infecting and subsequently redistributing them. In addition, "path randomization" executes [application bundles](/wiki/Bundle_%28OS_X%29 "Bundle (OS X)") from a random, hidden path and prevents them from accessing external files relative to their location. This feature is turned off if the application bundle originated from a signed [installer package](/wiki/Package_%28OS_X%29 "Package (OS X)") or disk image or if the user manually moved the application without any other files to another directory.
|
[
"Functions\n---------",
"### Configuration",
"[alt\\=Screenshot of the System Preferences application of OS X Yosemite, showing the three Gatekeeper options as radio buttons.\\|frame\\|Gatekeeper options in the [System Preferences](/wiki/System_Preferences \"System Preferences\") application. Since [macOS Sierra](/wiki/MacOS_Sierra \"MacOS Sierra\"), the \"Anywhere\" option is hidden by default.](/wiki/File:Gatekeeper.png \"Gatekeeper.png\")\nIn the security \\& privacy panel of [System Preferences](/wiki/System_Preferences \"System Preferences\"), the user has three options, allowing apps downloaded from:\n{{Glossary}}\n{{Term\\|Mac App Store}}\n{{Defn\\|Allows only applications downloaded from the \\[\\[Mac App Store]] to be launched.}}\n{{Term\\|Mac App Store and identified developers}}\n{{Defn\\|Allows applications downloaded from the Mac App Store and applications signed by \\[\\[Apple Developer\\|certified Apple developers]] to be launched. This is the default setting since Mountain Lion.}}\n{{Term\\|Anywhere}}\n{{Defn\\|Allows all applications to be launched. This effectively turns Gatekeeper off. This is the default setting in Lion. Since \\[\\[macOS Sierra]] (10\\.12\\) this option is hidden by default.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2016/706/\\|title\\=What's New in Security\\|date\\=June 15, 2016\\|website\\=\\[\\[Apple Developer]]\\|at\\=At 21:45\\|type\\=Video\\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2016}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://arstechnica.co.uk/apple/2016/06/ios\\-10\\-macos\\-sierra\\-changes\\-raw\\-shooting\\-gatekeeper/\\|title\\=Some nerdy changes in macOS and iOS 10: RAW shooting, a harsher Gatekeeper, more\\|last\\=Cunningham\\|first\\=Andrew\\|date\\=June 15, 2016\\|website\\=\\[\\[Ars Technica\\|Ars Technica UK]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616184734/http://arstechnica.co.uk/apple/2016/06/ios\\-10\\-macos\\-sierra\\-changes\\-raw\\-shooting\\-gatekeeper/\\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2016}}}}\n{{Defn\\|However, this option can be re\\-enabled by using the 'sudo spctl \\-\\-master\\-disable' command from the Terminal and authenticating with an admin password.}}\n{{Glossary end}}",
"The command\\-line utility {{mono\\|spctl}} provides granular controls, such as custom rules and individual or blanket permissions, as well as an option to turn Gatekeeper off.",
"### Quarantine",
"Upon download of an application, a particular [extended file attribute](/wiki/Extended_file_attributes \"Extended file attributes\") (\"quarantine flag\") can be added to the downloaded file.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2015/10/bypassing\\-apples\\-gatekeeper/\\|title\\=Bypassing Apple's Gatekeeper\\|last\\=Reed\\|first\\=Thomas\\|date\\=October 6, 2015\\|website\\=\\[\\[Malwarebytes\\|Malwarebytes Labs]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 17, 2016}} This attribute is added by the application that downloads the file, such as a [web browser](/wiki/Web_browser \"Web browser\") or [email client](/wiki/Email_client \"Email client\"), but is not usually added by common [BitTorrent](/wiki/BitTorrent \"BitTorrent\") client software, such as [Transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28BitTorrent_client%29 \"Transmission (BitTorrent client)\"), and application developers will need to implement this feature into their applications and is not implemented by the system. The system can also force this behavior upon individual applications using a signature\\-based system named Xprotect.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.macworld.com/article/1142457/snowleopard\\_malware.html\\|title\\=Inside Snow Leopard's hidden malware protection\\|last\\=Moren\\|first\\=Dan\\|date\\=August 26, 2009\\|website\\=\\[\\[Macworld]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2016}}",
"### Execution",
"[alt\\=Screenshot of a system alert, informing the user that the application cannot be opened, because it was not signed by a registered developer.\\|frame\\|Screenshot of a system [alert](/wiki/Alert_dialog_box \"Alert dialog box\") that appears when Gatekeeper prevents an application from running, because it was not signed by an Apple certified developer](/wiki/File:Gatekeeper_alert.png \"Gatekeeper alert.png\")\nWhen the user attempts to open an application with such an attribute, the system will postpone the execution and verify whether it:\n* is blacklisted,\n* is code\\-signed by Apple or a certified developer, or\n* has code\\-signed contents that still match the signature.",
"Since {{Nowrap\\|Mac OS X}} Snow Leopard, the system keeps two blacklists to identify known malware or insecure software. The blacklists are updated periodically. If the application is blacklisted, then File Quarantine will refuse to open it and recommend to users that they drag it to [Trash](/wiki/Trash_%28computing%29 \"Trash (computing)\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://support.apple.com/HT201940\\|title\\=About the 'Are you sure you want to open it?' alert (File Quarantine / Known Malware Detection) in OS X\\|date\\=March 22, 2016\\|website\\=Apple Support\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617155624/https://support.apple.com/en\\-us/HT201940\\|archive\\-date\\=June 17, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=September 30, 2016}}",
"Gatekeeper will refuse to open the application if the code\\-signing requirements are not met. Apple can revoke the developer's certificate with which the application was signed and prevent further distribution.",
"Once an application has passed File Quarantine or Gatekeeper, it will be allowed to run normally and will not be verified again.",
"### Override",
"To override Gatekeeper, the user (acting as an administrator) either has to switch to a more lenient policy from the security \\& privacy panel of System Preferences or authorize a manual override for a particular application, either by opening the application from the [context menu](/wiki/Context_menu \"Context menu\") or by adding it with {{mono\\|spctl}}.",
"### Path randomization",
"Developers can sign [disk images](/wiki/Disk_image \"Disk image\") that can be verified as a unit by the system. In macOS Sierra, this allows developers to guarantee the integrity of all bundled files and prevent attackers from infecting and subsequently redistributing them. In addition, \"path randomization\" executes [application bundles](/wiki/Bundle_%28OS_X%29 \"Bundle (OS X)\") from a random, hidden path and prevents them from accessing external files relative to their location. This feature is turned off if the application bundle originated from a signed [installer package](/wiki/Package_%28OS_X%29 \"Package (OS X)\") or disk image or if the user manually moved the application without any other files to another directory.",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
Born in [Dormagen](/wiki/Dormagen "Dormagen"), studied school Music at the [Berlin University of the Arts](/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts "Berlin University of the Arts"), majoring in [clarinet](/wiki/Clarinet "Clarinet"). During his studies, he began playing the bandoneon. In 1990, he went to Buenos Aires to perfect his playing with teachers Arturo Penón and Nestor Marconi.{{cite web \| title\=Lothar Hensel \| website\=Stadttheater Bremerhaven \| url\=https://stadttheaterbremerhaven.de/ensemble\-alt/gaeste/lothar\-hensel/ \| language\=de \| access\-date\=30 March 2021}} In Paris, he also had lessons with [Juan José Mosalini](/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Mosalini "Juan José Mosalini"),[http://www.literaturfestival](https://web.archive.org/web/20100115124734/http://www.literaturfestival.com/front_content.php?idcatart=4709){{cite web \| title\=Die Klage des Bandoneons \| website\=Kulturkalender Treptow \| date\=14 August 2008 \| url\=https://maulbeerblatt.com/portrait/die\-klage\-des\-bandoneons/ \| language\=de \| access\-date\=30 March 2021}} one of the most famous tango soloists of [tango nuevo](/wiki/Tango_nuevo "Tango nuevo").
As a bandoneonist, Hensel has worked with renowned orchestras, such as the [Berlin Philharmonic](/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic "Berlin Philharmonic"){{cite web \| title\=Archive: Lothar Hensel \- Die Klage des Bandoneons \| website\=ufaFabrik \| date\=26 March 2014 \| url\=https://www.ufafabrik.de/fr/13690/lothar\-hensel\-die\-klage\-des\-bandoneons.html \| language\=lb \| access\-date\=30 March 2021}} and the [Deutsches Symphonie\-Orchester Berlin](/wiki/Deutsches_Symphonie-Orchester_Berlin "Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin"), and renowned soloists, such as guitarist [Quique Sinesi](/wiki/Quique_Sinesi "Quique Sinesi"). His musical interest is particularly in the compositions of [Astor Piazzolla](/wiki/Astor_Piazzolla "Astor Piazzolla"),{{cite web \| title\=Die Leidenschaften des Lothar Hensel \| website\=nnz\-online \| date\=17 January 2010 \| url\=https://www.nnz\-online.de/news/news\_lang.php?ArtNr\=70213 \| language\=de \| access\-date\=30 March 2021}} which he has recorded in original versions and also in his own arrangements on [CD](/wiki/Compact_Disc "Compact Disc").
As a composer, he wrote operas, chamber and orchestral music. In it, he tries to combine mainly South American tango elements with classical European chamber music. As a commissioned work for the {{Ill\|Mecklenburgisches Staatstheater Schwerin\|de}}, Hensel wrote the chamber opera *Ein letzter Tango für Margot H.* in 2001\.
In 2007, his opera *Pamina lebt* was premiered at the {{Ill\|Mittelsächsisches Theater\|de}}. He also wrote the libretto for this work. In the same year, his 2nd concerto for [bandoneon](/wiki/Bandoneon "Bandoneon") and large orchestra was premiered with the [Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland\-Pfalz](/wiki/Staatsphilharmonie_Rheinland-Pfalz "Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz"), which was broadcast live by [Deutschlandradio](/wiki/Deutschlandradio "Deutschlandradio").
Hensel performs chamber music and as a soloist with his quartet *tango fusión*, which consists of [bandoneon](/wiki/Bandoneon "Bandoneon"), violin, cello and double bass. He also gives concerts with his tango orchestra *Septísimo Tango*. Since the 2000s, he has lived with his wife and daughter in [Friedrichshagen](/wiki/Friedrichshagen "Friedrichshagen").[*The Lament of the Bandoneon*](http://www.maulbeerblatt.com/?p=536) He was also a teacher for the school subject music and German at the Gebrüder\-Montgolfier Gymnasium in the [Treptow\-Köpenick](/wiki/Treptow-K%C3%B6penick "Treptow-Köpenick") district of Berlin until the end of the 2019/20 school year.
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"Born in [Dormagen](/wiki/Dormagen \"Dormagen\"), studied school Music at the [Berlin University of the Arts](/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts \"Berlin University of the Arts\"), majoring in [clarinet](/wiki/Clarinet \"Clarinet\"). During his studies, he began playing the bandoneon. In 1990, he went to Buenos Aires to perfect his playing with teachers Arturo Penón and Nestor Marconi.{{cite web \\| title\\=Lothar Hensel \\| website\\=Stadttheater Bremerhaven \\| url\\=https://stadttheaterbremerhaven.de/ensemble\\-alt/gaeste/lothar\\-hensel/ \\| language\\=de \\| access\\-date\\=30 March 2021}} In Paris, he also had lessons with [Juan José Mosalini](/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Mosalini \"Juan José Mosalini\"),[http://www.literaturfestival](https://web.archive.org/web/20100115124734/http://www.literaturfestival.com/front_content.php?idcatart=4709){{cite web \\| title\\=Die Klage des Bandoneons \\| website\\=Kulturkalender Treptow \\| date\\=14 August 2008 \\| url\\=https://maulbeerblatt.com/portrait/die\\-klage\\-des\\-bandoneons/ \\| language\\=de \\| access\\-date\\=30 March 2021}} one of the most famous tango soloists of [tango nuevo](/wiki/Tango_nuevo \"Tango nuevo\").",
"As a bandoneonist, Hensel has worked with renowned orchestras, such as the [Berlin Philharmonic](/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic \"Berlin Philharmonic\"){{cite web \\| title\\=Archive: Lothar Hensel \\- Die Klage des Bandoneons \\| website\\=ufaFabrik \\| date\\=26 March 2014 \\| url\\=https://www.ufafabrik.de/fr/13690/lothar\\-hensel\\-die\\-klage\\-des\\-bandoneons.html \\| language\\=lb \\| access\\-date\\=30 March 2021}} and the [Deutsches Symphonie\\-Orchester Berlin](/wiki/Deutsches_Symphonie-Orchester_Berlin \"Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin\"), and renowned soloists, such as guitarist [Quique Sinesi](/wiki/Quique_Sinesi \"Quique Sinesi\"). His musical interest is particularly in the compositions of [Astor Piazzolla](/wiki/Astor_Piazzolla \"Astor Piazzolla\"),{{cite web \\| title\\=Die Leidenschaften des Lothar Hensel \\| website\\=nnz\\-online \\| date\\=17 January 2010 \\| url\\=https://www.nnz\\-online.de/news/news\\_lang.php?ArtNr\\=70213 \\| language\\=de \\| access\\-date\\=30 March 2021}} which he has recorded in original versions and also in his own arrangements on [CD](/wiki/Compact_Disc \"Compact Disc\").",
"As a composer, he wrote operas, chamber and orchestral music. In it, he tries to combine mainly South American tango elements with classical European chamber music. As a commissioned work for the {{Ill\\|Mecklenburgisches Staatstheater Schwerin\\|de}}, Hensel wrote the chamber opera *Ein letzter Tango für Margot H.* in 2001\\.",
"In 2007, his opera *Pamina lebt* was premiered at the {{Ill\\|Mittelsächsisches Theater\\|de}}. He also wrote the libretto for this work. In the same year, his 2nd concerto for [bandoneon](/wiki/Bandoneon \"Bandoneon\") and large orchestra was premiered with the [Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland\\-Pfalz](/wiki/Staatsphilharmonie_Rheinland-Pfalz \"Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz\"), which was broadcast live by [Deutschlandradio](/wiki/Deutschlandradio \"Deutschlandradio\").",
"Hensel performs chamber music and as a soloist with his quartet *tango fusión*, which consists of [bandoneon](/wiki/Bandoneon \"Bandoneon\"), violin, cello and double bass. He also gives concerts with his tango orchestra *Septísimo Tango*. Since the 2000s, he has lived with his wife and daughter in [Friedrichshagen](/wiki/Friedrichshagen \"Friedrichshagen\").[*The Lament of the Bandoneon*](http://www.maulbeerblatt.com/?p=536) He was also a teacher for the school subject music and German at the Gebrüder\\-Montgolfier Gymnasium in the [Treptow\\-Köpenick](/wiki/Treptow-K%C3%B6penick \"Treptow-Köpenick\") district of Berlin until the end of the 2019/20 school year.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
Hollingwood and Barrow Hill were built in c.1900 when the [Staveley Coal and Iron Company](/wiki/Staveley_Coal_and_Iron_Company "Staveley Coal and Iron Company") was formed and built homes there for the workers. It is alleged that Hollingwood was the first village in the country to have hot running water via a [ring main](/wiki/Ring_main "Ring main") from a central boiler house in the village.{{Citation needed\|date\=November 2008}} This boiler house was shut down in the very early 1980s when gas and electric boilers became readily available.
It is surrounded by [Brimington](/wiki/Brimington "Brimington") (where the population is included), [Barrow Hill](/wiki/Barrow_Hill%2C_Derbyshire "Barrow Hill, Derbyshire"), and [Inkersall](/wiki/Inkersall "Inkersall"). Between Barrow Hill and Hollingwood runs the [Chesterfield Canal](/wiki/Chesterfield_Canal "Chesterfield Canal") which is currently being regenerated by the [Chesterfield Canal Trust](/wiki/Chesterfield_Canal_Trust "Chesterfield Canal Trust"). The canal house at Hollingwood has been renovated as a visitor centre and a very popular cafe, as well as being the headquarters of the Trust.Richardson, Christine, Lower John (2010\). *Chesterfield Canal – A Richlow Guide*. Richlow. {{ISBN\|978\-0\-9552609\-4\-0}}. The remains of the entrance to the [Hollingwood Common Canal](/wiki/Hollingwood_Common_Canal "Hollingwood Common Canal"), originally a navigable adit, can still be seen close to the village.
Between Hollingwood and Inkersall is Ringwood Park, this houses a fishing lake, BMX bike track and a small play park. At the top of the park is Ringwood Hall, which was built by the Markham family for the management of Staveley Works. During the early eighties when the works started declining and management numbers fell it was opened up to lesser ranked workers to keep money coming in. However membership was strictly by committee only and members had to be approved. It is now open for wedding functions and has a number of rooms for rent. It also has a gym and pool which can be used by the public.
It has a [pub](/wiki/Pub "Pub") called the Hollingwood, formerly known as the Hollingwood Hotel, this has a bowling green located at the rear of the pub. The BRSA club on Station Road is now in a state of ruin, more commonly known as the 'Railway Club' this closed in 2015, as of 14th June 2024, demolition is planned. The football fields at the rear have been purchased by North Derbyshire Youth Football League. Progress on sorting out the mess has been very slow.
It did have another club called the 'Trough Lees', formerly known as the Lees Buildings, but this has now been demolished and houses have now been built upon the land. On the same road as the 'Trough Lees' is a working farm currently still in operation. It also houses a 'tack' shop which sells horse, dog, cat and [bird food](/wiki/Bird_food "Bird food") and supplies. Farm produce can be bought from the farm as well such as eggs, potatoes and other produce. Also local residents who have horses keep them there.
The day centre on Station Road, where people with learning disabilities could attend on a daily basis, has now closed (2016\) and has been demolished; a new housing estate has been built on the site.
It used to have a [church](/wiki/Church_%28building%29 "Church (building)") called St. Francis Church on Cedar Street, but this is now a set of flats. There is also a local shop there called Cedar Stores, a well stocked shop with good opening times.
It has a primary school called Hollingwood Primary School.[Hollingwood Primary School](http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/112794/), Ofsted. accessed August 2012 The original primary school has now been demolished. The village did have a secondary school, which was called Westwood Lower School (previously Hollingwood Senior Girls School); it used to school ages 11–14\. Westwood Upper School was located in nearby [Brimington](/wiki/Brimington "Brimington") and used to school ages 14–16\. The school was closed in 1992 and the land was sold off for housing to Barratts the housebuilders. The school's football field remained untouched and is now used for Sunday League football and events that are hosted by the Hollingwood public house. As of 14/06/24 the football field is still used for sporting activities.
The local post office closed in November 2008 and an Indian takeaway opened in its place. This closed around 2020 and has yet to reopen despite undergoing extensive refurbishment. The general stores on the same row, once 'Timmy Downes' is now closed. It is currently used as a storage for the previous occupant. It is neighboured by a Pizza Shop (Hollingwood Express) and a Chinese takeaway (Happiness House).
Opposite these shops is the [Jehovah's Witnesses](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses "Jehovah's Witnesses") Hall and alongside it is a small play park with 4 swings, a slide and a climbing frame alongside a grassed area.
In 2009, resident Colette Daffin was murdered by husband Christopher Daffin via hit and run; Daffin was later arrested sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment after it was discovered he had taken out a life insurance policy and had been having an [affair](/wiki/Affair "Affair") with another woman.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/7564585/Cheating\-husband\-jailed\-for\-murdering\-wife\-in\-hit\-and\-run\-after\-taking\-out\-life\-insurance.html\|title \= Cheating husband jailed for murdering wife in 'hit and run' after taking out life insurance\| date\=8 April 2010 }}
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"Hollingwood and Barrow Hill were built in c.1900 when the [Staveley Coal and Iron Company](/wiki/Staveley_Coal_and_Iron_Company \"Staveley Coal and Iron Company\") was formed and built homes there for the workers. It is alleged that Hollingwood was the first village in the country to have hot running water via a [ring main](/wiki/Ring_main \"Ring main\") from a central boiler house in the village.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=November 2008}} This boiler house was shut down in the very early 1980s when gas and electric boilers became readily available.",
"It is surrounded by [Brimington](/wiki/Brimington \"Brimington\") (where the population is included), [Barrow Hill](/wiki/Barrow_Hill%2C_Derbyshire \"Barrow Hill, Derbyshire\"), and [Inkersall](/wiki/Inkersall \"Inkersall\"). Between Barrow Hill and Hollingwood runs the [Chesterfield Canal](/wiki/Chesterfield_Canal \"Chesterfield Canal\") which is currently being regenerated by the [Chesterfield Canal Trust](/wiki/Chesterfield_Canal_Trust \"Chesterfield Canal Trust\"). The canal house at Hollingwood has been renovated as a visitor centre and a very popular cafe, as well as being the headquarters of the Trust.Richardson, Christine, Lower John (2010\\). *Chesterfield Canal – A Richlow Guide*. Richlow. {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-9552609\\-4\\-0}}. The remains of the entrance to the [Hollingwood Common Canal](/wiki/Hollingwood_Common_Canal \"Hollingwood Common Canal\"), originally a navigable adit, can still be seen close to the village.",
"Between Hollingwood and Inkersall is Ringwood Park, this houses a fishing lake, BMX bike track and a small play park. At the top of the park is Ringwood Hall, which was built by the Markham family for the management of Staveley Works. During the early eighties when the works started declining and management numbers fell it was opened up to lesser ranked workers to keep money coming in. However membership was strictly by committee only and members had to be approved. It is now open for wedding functions and has a number of rooms for rent. It also has a gym and pool which can be used by the public.",
"It has a [pub](/wiki/Pub \"Pub\") called the Hollingwood, formerly known as the Hollingwood Hotel, this has a bowling green located at the rear of the pub. The BRSA club on Station Road is now in a state of ruin, more commonly known as the 'Railway Club' this closed in 2015, as of 14th June 2024, demolition is planned. The football fields at the rear have been purchased by North Derbyshire Youth Football League. Progress on sorting out the mess has been very slow.",
"It did have another club called the 'Trough Lees', formerly known as the Lees Buildings, but this has now been demolished and houses have now been built upon the land. On the same road as the 'Trough Lees' is a working farm currently still in operation. It also houses a 'tack' shop which sells horse, dog, cat and [bird food](/wiki/Bird_food \"Bird food\") and supplies. Farm produce can be bought from the farm as well such as eggs, potatoes and other produce. Also local residents who have horses keep them there.",
"The day centre on Station Road, where people with learning disabilities could attend on a daily basis, has now closed (2016\\) and has been demolished; a new housing estate has been built on the site.",
"It used to have a [church](/wiki/Church_%28building%29 \"Church (building)\") called St. Francis Church on Cedar Street, but this is now a set of flats. There is also a local shop there called Cedar Stores, a well stocked shop with good opening times.",
"It has a primary school called Hollingwood Primary School.[Hollingwood Primary School](http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/112794/), Ofsted. accessed August 2012 The original primary school has now been demolished. The village did have a secondary school, which was called Westwood Lower School (previously Hollingwood Senior Girls School); it used to school ages 11–14\\. Westwood Upper School was located in nearby [Brimington](/wiki/Brimington \"Brimington\") and used to school ages 14–16\\. The school was closed in 1992 and the land was sold off for housing to Barratts the housebuilders. The school's football field remained untouched and is now used for Sunday League football and events that are hosted by the Hollingwood public house. As of 14/06/24 the football field is still used for sporting activities.",
"The local post office closed in November 2008 and an Indian takeaway opened in its place. This closed around 2020 and has yet to reopen despite undergoing extensive refurbishment. The general stores on the same row, once 'Timmy Downes' is now closed. It is currently used as a storage for the previous occupant. It is neighboured by a Pizza Shop (Hollingwood Express) and a Chinese takeaway (Happiness House).\nOpposite these shops is the [Jehovah's Witnesses](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses \"Jehovah's Witnesses\") Hall and alongside it is a small play park with 4 swings, a slide and a climbing frame alongside a grassed area.",
"In 2009, resident Colette Daffin was murdered by husband Christopher Daffin via hit and run; Daffin was later arrested sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment after it was discovered he had taken out a life insurance policy and had been having an [affair](/wiki/Affair \"Affair\") with another woman.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/7564585/Cheating\\-husband\\-jailed\\-for\\-murdering\\-wife\\-in\\-hit\\-and\\-run\\-after\\-taking\\-out\\-life\\-insurance.html\\|title \\= Cheating husband jailed for murdering wife in 'hit and run' after taking out life insurance\\| date\\=8 April 2010 }}",
""
] |
Cynegeticon
-----------
541 [hexameter](/wiki/Hexameter "Hexameter") lines of Grattius's poem about hunting are preserved in a manuscript of c. 800 AD.H. J. Rose, *A Handbook of Latin Literature* (1966\) p. 339 The work describes various kinds of [game](/wiki/Game_%28food%29 "Game (food)"), methods of hunting, and the best breeds of horses and dogs, using a fairly regular hexameter to do so.H. J. Rose, *A Handbook of Latin Literature* (1966\) p. 340 Grattius stresses the role of *ratio* ([reason](/wiki/Reason "Reason")) in hunting, seeing it as a civilising endeavour in the tradition of [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules "Hercules"), as opposed to indulgence in [luxuria](/wiki/Seven_Deadly_Sins "Seven Deadly Sins").P. Tooley, *Melancholy, Love and Time* (2004\) p. 242\-3
### Contents
The poem, entitled *Cynegeticon Liber*, professes to set forth the apparatus (*arma*) necessary for the sportsman, and the manner in which the various requisites for the pursuit of game are to be procured, prepared, and preserved (*artes armorum*). Among the *arma* of the hunter are included not only nets, gins, snares (*retia, pedicae, laquei*), darts and spears (*jacula, venabula*), but also horses and dogs, and a large portion of the undertaking (verses 150–430\) is devoted to a systematic account of the different kinds of hounds and horses.
The matter and arrangement of the treatise are derived in a great measure from [Xenophon](/wiki/Xenophon "Xenophon"), although information was drawn from other ancient sources, such as Dercylus the Arcadian, and [Hagnon](/wiki/Hagnon_of_Tarsus "Hagnon of Tarsus") of [Boeotia](/wiki/Boeotia "Boeotia").
### Appraisal
According to Ramsay, the language of the *Cynegetica* is pure, and not unworthy of the age to which it belongs, but there is frequently a harshness in the structure of the periods, a strange and unauthorised use of particular words, and a general want of distinctness, which, in addition to a very corrupt text, render it a task of great difficulty to determine the exact meaning of many passages. Although considerable skill is manifested in the combination of the parts – Ramsay continues – the author did not possess sufficient power to overcome the obstacles which were triumphantly combated by Virgil.
It is remarkable that both the second\-century poets [Oppianus](/wiki/Oppianus "Oppianus") and [Nemesianus](/wiki/Nemesianus "Nemesianus") arrogate to themselves the honour of having entered upon a path altogether untrodden. Whether we believe them to be sincere and ignorant, or suspect them of deliberate dishonesty, their bold assertion is sufficient to prove that the poem of Grattius had in their day become almost totally unknown.
### Editions
The Cynegetica has been transmitted to modern times through the medium of a single manuscript, which was brought from Gaul to Italy by Actius Sannazarius about the beginning of the sixteenth century, and contained also the *[Cynegetica](/wiki/Cynegetica_%28Nemesianus%29 "Cynegetica (Nemesianus)")* of Nemesianus, and the *Halieutica* ascribed to Ovid. A second copy of the first 159 lines was found by [Jan van Vliet](/wiki/Jan_van_Vliet "Jan van Vliet") appended to another manuscript of the Halieutics.
The *[editio princeps](/wiki/Editio_princeps "Editio princeps")* was [printed at Venice in February 1534](/wiki/List_of_editiones_principes_in_Latin "List of editiones principes in Latin"), by [Aldus Manutius](/wiki/Aldus_Manutius "Aldus Manutius"), in a volume that included the *Halieutica* of [Ovid](/wiki/Ovid "Ovid"), the *Cynegetica* and *Carmen Bucolicum* of [Nemesianus](/wiki/Nemesianus "Nemesianus"), the [Buolica](/wiki/Eclogues_of_Calpurnius_Siculus "Eclogues of Calpurnius Siculus") of [Calpurnius Siculus](/wiki/Titus_Calpurnius_Siculus "Titus Calpurnius Siculus"), and the *Venatio* of Hadrianus. This edition was reprinted at Augsburg in July of the same year. The best editions are those contained in the *Poetae Latini Minores* of [Pieter Burmann the Elder](/wiki/Pieter_Burmann_the_Elder "Pieter Burmann the Elder") (vol. i. Lug. Bat. 1731\), and of Wernsdorf (vol. i. p. 6, 293, ii. p. 34, iv. pt. ii. p. 790, 806, v. pt. iii. p. 1445\), whose introductions provide all the requisite preliminary information.
### Translations
A translation into English verse with notes, and the Latin text, by [Christopher Wase](/wiki/Christopher_Wase "Christopher Wase"), was published at London in 1654, and a translation into German, also metrical, by S. E. G. Perlet, at Leipzig, in 1826\.
|
[
"Cynegeticon\n-----------",
"541 [hexameter](/wiki/Hexameter \"Hexameter\") lines of Grattius's poem about hunting are preserved in a manuscript of c. 800 AD.H. J. Rose, *A Handbook of Latin Literature* (1966\\) p. 339 The work describes various kinds of [game](/wiki/Game_%28food%29 \"Game (food)\"), methods of hunting, and the best breeds of horses and dogs, using a fairly regular hexameter to do so.H. J. Rose, *A Handbook of Latin Literature* (1966\\) p. 340 Grattius stresses the role of *ratio* ([reason](/wiki/Reason \"Reason\")) in hunting, seeing it as a civilising endeavour in the tradition of [Hercules](/wiki/Hercules \"Hercules\"), as opposed to indulgence in [luxuria](/wiki/Seven_Deadly_Sins \"Seven Deadly Sins\").P. Tooley, *Melancholy, Love and Time* (2004\\) p. 242\\-3",
"### Contents",
"The poem, entitled *Cynegeticon Liber*, professes to set forth the apparatus (*arma*) necessary for the sportsman, and the manner in which the various requisites for the pursuit of game are to be procured, prepared, and preserved (*artes armorum*). Among the *arma* of the hunter are included not only nets, gins, snares (*retia, pedicae, laquei*), darts and spears (*jacula, venabula*), but also horses and dogs, and a large portion of the undertaking (verses 150–430\\) is devoted to a systematic account of the different kinds of hounds and horses.",
"The matter and arrangement of the treatise are derived in a great measure from [Xenophon](/wiki/Xenophon \"Xenophon\"), although information was drawn from other ancient sources, such as Dercylus the Arcadian, and [Hagnon](/wiki/Hagnon_of_Tarsus \"Hagnon of Tarsus\") of [Boeotia](/wiki/Boeotia \"Boeotia\").",
"### Appraisal",
"According to Ramsay, the language of the *Cynegetica* is pure, and not unworthy of the age to which it belongs, but there is frequently a harshness in the structure of the periods, a strange and unauthorised use of particular words, and a general want of distinctness, which, in addition to a very corrupt text, render it a task of great difficulty to determine the exact meaning of many passages. Although considerable skill is manifested in the combination of the parts – Ramsay continues – the author did not possess sufficient power to overcome the obstacles which were triumphantly combated by Virgil.",
"It is remarkable that both the second\\-century poets [Oppianus](/wiki/Oppianus \"Oppianus\") and [Nemesianus](/wiki/Nemesianus \"Nemesianus\") arrogate to themselves the honour of having entered upon a path altogether untrodden. Whether we believe them to be sincere and ignorant, or suspect them of deliberate dishonesty, their bold assertion is sufficient to prove that the poem of Grattius had in their day become almost totally unknown.",
"### Editions",
"The Cynegetica has been transmitted to modern times through the medium of a single manuscript, which was brought from Gaul to Italy by Actius Sannazarius about the beginning of the sixteenth century, and contained also the *[Cynegetica](/wiki/Cynegetica_%28Nemesianus%29 \"Cynegetica (Nemesianus)\")* of Nemesianus, and the *Halieutica* ascribed to Ovid. A second copy of the first 159 lines was found by [Jan van Vliet](/wiki/Jan_van_Vliet \"Jan van Vliet\") appended to another manuscript of the Halieutics.",
"The *[editio princeps](/wiki/Editio_princeps \"Editio princeps\")* was [printed at Venice in February 1534](/wiki/List_of_editiones_principes_in_Latin \"List of editiones principes in Latin\"), by [Aldus Manutius](/wiki/Aldus_Manutius \"Aldus Manutius\"), in a volume that included the *Halieutica* of [Ovid](/wiki/Ovid \"Ovid\"), the *Cynegetica* and *Carmen Bucolicum* of [Nemesianus](/wiki/Nemesianus \"Nemesianus\"), the [Buolica](/wiki/Eclogues_of_Calpurnius_Siculus \"Eclogues of Calpurnius Siculus\") of [Calpurnius Siculus](/wiki/Titus_Calpurnius_Siculus \"Titus Calpurnius Siculus\"), and the *Venatio* of Hadrianus. This edition was reprinted at Augsburg in July of the same year. The best editions are those contained in the *Poetae Latini Minores* of [Pieter Burmann the Elder](/wiki/Pieter_Burmann_the_Elder \"Pieter Burmann the Elder\") (vol. i. Lug. Bat. 1731\\), and of Wernsdorf (vol. i. p. 6, 293, ii. p. 34, iv. pt. ii. p. 790, 806, v. pt. iii. p. 1445\\), whose introductions provide all the requisite preliminary information.",
"### Translations",
"A translation into English verse with notes, and the Latin text, by [Christopher Wase](/wiki/Christopher_Wase \"Christopher Wase\"), was published at London in 1654, and a translation into German, also metrical, by S. E. G. Perlet, at Leipzig, in 1826\\.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
*Nepenthes eymae* is a climbing plant growing to a height of up to 8 m. The stem, which may be branched, is two\-ridged and up to 8 mm in diameter. [Internodes](/wiki/Internode_%28botany%29 "Internode (botany)") are up to 6 cm long. [Axillary buds](/wiki/Axillary_bud "Axillary bud"), which are found 3–10 mm above the [leaf axils](/wiki/Leaf_axil "Leaf axil") in climbing stems, are spike\-like and measure up to 10 mm (rarely 20 mm) in length by 1\.5 mm in width.
[thumb\|left\|270px\|A young [rosette](/wiki/Rosette_%28botany%29 "Rosette (botany)") plant bearing lower pitchers](/wiki/File:Nepenthes_eymae2.jpg "Nepenthes eymae2.jpg")
Leaves are [coriaceous](/wiki/wikt:Coriaceous "Coriaceous") and [petiolate](/wiki/wikt:Petiolate "Petiolate"). The [lamina](/wiki/Leaf%23Large-scale_features_%28leaf_morphology%29 "Leaf#Large-scale features (leaf morphology)") (leaf blade) is oblong or oblong\-elliptic and reaches up to 35 cm in length by 12 cm in width. The laminar apex is rounded or acute to obtuse and is not [peltate](/wiki/wikt:Peltate "Peltate"). The base is obtuse and [attenuate](/wiki/wikt:Attenuate "Attenuate"), narrowing to form a [petiole](/wiki/Petiole_%28botany%29 "Petiole (botany)"). The petiole is [canaliculate](/wiki/wikt:Canaliculate "Canaliculate") and occasionally winged, the wings being around 4 mm wide. The petiole may be up to 18 cm long in [etiolated](/wiki/Etiolation "Etiolation") plants, but is more typically up to 10 cm long. It clasps the stem for around half of its circumference and is abruptly [decurrent](/wiki/wikt:Decurrent "Decurrent"), sending off a pair of low ridges to the node below. Longitudinal and [pinnate](/wiki/wikt:Pinnate "Pinnate") veins are inconspicuous.
Rosette and lower pitchers are generally ovate throughout, but may also be cylindrical. They are often slightly constricted below the pitcher orifice. Mature lower pitchers are the largest traps produced by the plant, growing to 24 cm in height by 16 cm in width. A pair of wings (≤2 cm wide) is present on the [ventral](/wiki/Ventral "Ventral") surface of the pitcher cup; the fringe elements are up to 8 mm long. The rear of the pitcher is elongated into a pronounced neck. The waxy zone of the inner surface is reduced. The pitcher mouth is ovate and concave, and has an oblique insertion. The [peristome](/wiki/Peristome "Peristome") is glossy and more\-or\-less cylindrical in cross section. It is up to 2 cm wide at the front, becoming expanded at the sides and rear, where it reaches a maximum width of over 5 cm. The outer margin of the peristome may be [sinuate](/wiki/wikt:Sinuate "Sinuate"), whereas the inner margin is deeply incurved, especially towards the back of the pitcher. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 34% of its total cross\-sectional surface length.Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner \& W. Federle 2012\. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous *Nepenthes* pitcher plants. *Journal of Evolutionary Biology* **25**(1\): 90–102\. {{doi\|10\.1111/j.1420\-9101\.2011\.02406\.x}} The two lobes of the peristome are typically separated by a gap of several millimetres under the lid. The peristome ribs are well developed, being up to 2 mm high. The pitcher lid or [operculum](/wiki/Operculum_%28botany%29 "Operculum (botany)") is ovate to triangular, growing to 5 cm in length by 3 cm in width. It has an [acuminate](/wiki/wikt:Acuminate "Acuminate") apex and a [truncate](/wiki/wikt:Truncate "Truncate") to [auriculate](/wiki/wikt:Auriculate "Auriculate") base. The lid is noted for commonly exhibiting irregular, highly crenellated margins. Two prominent appendages are often found on the lid's lower surface. The first, a triangular basal crest, is up to 12 mm long. The second, a [filiform](/wiki/wikt:Filiform "Filiform") or triangular apical appendage, is up to 18 mm long. Both the appendages and the lid's midline bear elliptic, bordered glands measuring up to 2 mm by 1 mm. The remainder of the lid's lower surface bears many smaller glands. An unbranched [spur](/wiki/Spur_%28botany%29 "Spur (botany)") up to 10 mm long is inserted near the base of the lid.
{{multiple image
\| align \= right
\| footer \= A lower pitcher (left), intermediate pitcher (centre), and upper pitcher (right)
\| width \= 180
\| image1 \= Nepenthes eymae lower.jpg
\| image2 \= Nepenthes eymae7\.jpg
\| image3 \= Nepenthes eymae8\.jpg
}}
Upper pitchers are narrowly [infundibular](/wiki/wikt:Infundibular "Infundibular") in the basal half to three\-quarters, rapidly expanding to become broadly infundibular in the upper portion.Wistuba, A. 2001\. [*Nepenthes* photographs.](http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv30n2p63.pdf) *[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter](/wiki/Carnivorous_Plant_Newsletter "Carnivorous Plant Newsletter")* **30**(2\): 63\. They may be shortly contracted directly below the orifice. Upper pitchers are significantly smaller than their terrestrial counterparts, reaching only 15 cm in height by 8 cm in width. Characteristically, the hollow pitcher tube continues past the curved basal portion of the trap and for a few centimetres up the tendril. This is also commonly seen in *[N. flava](/wiki/Nepenthes_flava "Nepenthes flava")*, *[N. fusca](/wiki/Nepenthes_fusca "Nepenthes fusca")*, *[N. jamban](/wiki/Nepenthes_jamban "Nepenthes jamban")*, *[N. ovata](/wiki/Nepenthes_ovata "Nepenthes ovata")*, and *[N. vogelii](/wiki/Nepenthes_vogelii "Nepenthes vogelii")*. The wings are often reduced to ridges, although no vestige of the wings may be apparent in some specimens. These ridges typically run parallel in the lower part of the pitcher, becoming divergent above. The pitcher mouth is horizontal and straight. The peristome is flattened, glossy and up to 1\.5 cm wide, being of approximately equal width across its span or broader towards the rear. The peristome ribs are highly reduced but conspicuous, being only up to 0\.5 mm high and spaced up to 0\.5 mm apart. The rear of the pitcher is elongated into an [acuminate](/wiki/wikt:Acuminate "Acuminate") neck (≤3 cm long) that may be vertical or inclined forwards at a considerable angle relative to the pitcher orifice. The peristome's inner margin lacks teeth, while the outer margin is often [sinuate](/wiki/wikt:Sinuate "Sinuate") at the base of the neck. The lid is typically [hastate](/wiki/wikt:Hastate "Hastate") and very narrow, measuring up to 8 cm in length, with basal and middle widths of up to 2\.5 and 1 cm, respectively. It bears rounded basal lobes and an obtuse to abruptly rounded apex. It is often curled upwards and may be crenellated at the margins. The presence of appendages is variable in upper pitchers: the lid may possess a pair of appendages as in terrestrial pitchers or may lack them completely. Where these appendages are present, the basal one is hook\-shaped and up to 8 mm long and the apical one filiform and up to 12 mm long. The glands of the lower lid surface are similar to those found in lower pitchers. The spur is inserted 10 mm below the lid. It may be simple or [bifid](/wiki/wikt:Bifid "Bifid") at its apex, and measures up to 10 mm in length. Developing pitchers have laterally appressed walls and a pronounced bulge at the rear, which holds the spur upright. The spur has a closed bifurcation at this point.
*Nepenthes eymae* has a [racemose](/wiki/Raceme "Raceme") [inflorescence](/wiki/Inflorescence "Inflorescence"). The male inflorescence measures up to 30 cm in length by 2\.5 cm in width (flowers included), of which the [peduncle](/wiki/Peduncle_%28botany%29 "Peduncle (botany)") (≤3 mm wide at its base) constitutes up to 11 cm and the [rachis](/wiki/Rachis "Rachis") up to 20 cm. Flowers are borne singly or in pairs, the two\-flowered partial peduncles being located towards the base of the inflorescence. The partial peduncles are [ebracteate](/wiki/wikt:Ebracteate "Ebracteate") and number 30–40\. They are approximately 4 mm long, being formed from a pair of basally\-united [pedicels](/wiki/Pedicel_%28botany%29 "Pedicel (botany)") around 10 mm long. [Tepals](/wiki/Tepal "Tepal") are elliptic and around 4 mm long by 2 mm wide. The [androphore](/wiki/Androphore "Androphore") is around 4 mm long and bears an [anther](/wiki/Anther "Anther") head measuring 1 mm by 1\.5 mm.
An [indumentum](/wiki/Indumentum "Indumentum") of soft, orange to reddish\-brown hairs is often present on all mature vegetative parts, including the stem, lower lid surface, and laminar surfaces. This covering consists of tufted hairs up to 0\.05 mm long and simple hairs typically up to 0\.8 mm long (those of the tendril, midrib, lid and spur are denser and longer, reaching 2 mm). However, the indumentum is variable and may be reduced to the point of being completely inconspicuous in some populations.
The stem and midribs are yellowish green, and the laminae dark green. The tendrils may be yellow to green or tinged red. In terrestrial traps, the pitcher cups may be white, green, yellow, brown, or red, and are often red speckled. Traps bearing a conspicuous indumentum may have a maroon sheen under certain light conditions. The inner surface ranges from yellow or olive green to almost brown, and commonly has darker blotches of red, brown, or purple. The peristome is usually dark, from reddish brown to black throughout in older specimens. It frequently bears stripes ranging from yellow to black. The operculum is green to brown and often mottled with red to black markings on its lower surface. Upper pitcher are predominantly yellow, sometimes bearing red to purple flecks on the inner surface and lid underside. The appearance of the peristome is variable: it may be a solid orange to red (in which case it is often darker towards the inner edge), or it may be narrowly streaked with red, brown, purple, or black. [Tepals](/wiki/Tepal "Tepal") are red.
No [infraspecific taxa](/wiki/Infraspecific_taxon "Infraspecific taxon") of *N. eymae* have been described.
[thumb\|left\|An epiphytic specimen with red\-mottled lower pitchers](/wiki/File:Nepenthes_eymae9.jpg "Nepenthes eymae9.jpg")
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"*Nepenthes eymae* is a climbing plant growing to a height of up to 8 m. The stem, which may be branched, is two\\-ridged and up to 8 mm in diameter. [Internodes](/wiki/Internode_%28botany%29 \"Internode (botany)\") are up to 6 cm long. [Axillary buds](/wiki/Axillary_bud \"Axillary bud\"), which are found 3–10 mm above the [leaf axils](/wiki/Leaf_axil \"Leaf axil\") in climbing stems, are spike\\-like and measure up to 10 mm (rarely 20 mm) in length by 1\\.5 mm in width.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|270px\\|A young [rosette](/wiki/Rosette_%28botany%29 \"Rosette (botany)\") plant bearing lower pitchers](/wiki/File:Nepenthes_eymae2.jpg \"Nepenthes eymae2.jpg\")",
"Leaves are [coriaceous](/wiki/wikt:Coriaceous \"Coriaceous\") and [petiolate](/wiki/wikt:Petiolate \"Petiolate\"). The [lamina](/wiki/Leaf%23Large-scale_features_%28leaf_morphology%29 \"Leaf#Large-scale features (leaf morphology)\") (leaf blade) is oblong or oblong\\-elliptic and reaches up to 35 cm in length by 12 cm in width. The laminar apex is rounded or acute to obtuse and is not [peltate](/wiki/wikt:Peltate \"Peltate\"). The base is obtuse and [attenuate](/wiki/wikt:Attenuate \"Attenuate\"), narrowing to form a [petiole](/wiki/Petiole_%28botany%29 \"Petiole (botany)\"). The petiole is [canaliculate](/wiki/wikt:Canaliculate \"Canaliculate\") and occasionally winged, the wings being around 4 mm wide. The petiole may be up to 18 cm long in [etiolated](/wiki/Etiolation \"Etiolation\") plants, but is more typically up to 10 cm long. It clasps the stem for around half of its circumference and is abruptly [decurrent](/wiki/wikt:Decurrent \"Decurrent\"), sending off a pair of low ridges to the node below. Longitudinal and [pinnate](/wiki/wikt:Pinnate \"Pinnate\") veins are inconspicuous.",
"Rosette and lower pitchers are generally ovate throughout, but may also be cylindrical. They are often slightly constricted below the pitcher orifice. Mature lower pitchers are the largest traps produced by the plant, growing to 24 cm in height by 16 cm in width. A pair of wings (≤2 cm wide) is present on the [ventral](/wiki/Ventral \"Ventral\") surface of the pitcher cup; the fringe elements are up to 8 mm long. The rear of the pitcher is elongated into a pronounced neck. The waxy zone of the inner surface is reduced. The pitcher mouth is ovate and concave, and has an oblique insertion. The [peristome](/wiki/Peristome \"Peristome\") is glossy and more\\-or\\-less cylindrical in cross section. It is up to 2 cm wide at the front, becoming expanded at the sides and rear, where it reaches a maximum width of over 5 cm. The outer margin of the peristome may be [sinuate](/wiki/wikt:Sinuate \"Sinuate\"), whereas the inner margin is deeply incurved, especially towards the back of the pitcher. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 34% of its total cross\\-sectional surface length.Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner \\& W. Federle 2012\\. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous *Nepenthes* pitcher plants. *Journal of Evolutionary Biology* **25**(1\\): 90–102\\. {{doi\\|10\\.1111/j.1420\\-9101\\.2011\\.02406\\.x}} The two lobes of the peristome are typically separated by a gap of several millimetres under the lid. The peristome ribs are well developed, being up to 2 mm high. The pitcher lid or [operculum](/wiki/Operculum_%28botany%29 \"Operculum (botany)\") is ovate to triangular, growing to 5 cm in length by 3 cm in width. It has an [acuminate](/wiki/wikt:Acuminate \"Acuminate\") apex and a [truncate](/wiki/wikt:Truncate \"Truncate\") to [auriculate](/wiki/wikt:Auriculate \"Auriculate\") base. The lid is noted for commonly exhibiting irregular, highly crenellated margins. Two prominent appendages are often found on the lid's lower surface. The first, a triangular basal crest, is up to 12 mm long. The second, a [filiform](/wiki/wikt:Filiform \"Filiform\") or triangular apical appendage, is up to 18 mm long. Both the appendages and the lid's midline bear elliptic, bordered glands measuring up to 2 mm by 1 mm. The remainder of the lid's lower surface bears many smaller glands. An unbranched [spur](/wiki/Spur_%28botany%29 \"Spur (botany)\") up to 10 mm long is inserted near the base of the lid.",
"{{multiple image\n \\| align \\= right\n \\| footer \\= A lower pitcher (left), intermediate pitcher (centre), and upper pitcher (right)\n \\| width \\= 180\n \\| image1 \\= Nepenthes eymae lower.jpg\n \\| image2 \\= Nepenthes eymae7\\.jpg\n \\| image3 \\= Nepenthes eymae8\\.jpg\n}}",
"Upper pitchers are narrowly [infundibular](/wiki/wikt:Infundibular \"Infundibular\") in the basal half to three\\-quarters, rapidly expanding to become broadly infundibular in the upper portion.Wistuba, A. 2001\\. [*Nepenthes* photographs.](http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv30n2p63.pdf) *[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter](/wiki/Carnivorous_Plant_Newsletter \"Carnivorous Plant Newsletter\")* **30**(2\\): 63\\. They may be shortly contracted directly below the orifice. Upper pitchers are significantly smaller than their terrestrial counterparts, reaching only 15 cm in height by 8 cm in width. Characteristically, the hollow pitcher tube continues past the curved basal portion of the trap and for a few centimetres up the tendril. This is also commonly seen in *[N. flava](/wiki/Nepenthes_flava \"Nepenthes flava\")*, *[N. fusca](/wiki/Nepenthes_fusca \"Nepenthes fusca\")*, *[N. jamban](/wiki/Nepenthes_jamban \"Nepenthes jamban\")*, *[N. ovata](/wiki/Nepenthes_ovata \"Nepenthes ovata\")*, and *[N. vogelii](/wiki/Nepenthes_vogelii \"Nepenthes vogelii\")*. The wings are often reduced to ridges, although no vestige of the wings may be apparent in some specimens. These ridges typically run parallel in the lower part of the pitcher, becoming divergent above. The pitcher mouth is horizontal and straight. The peristome is flattened, glossy and up to 1\\.5 cm wide, being of approximately equal width across its span or broader towards the rear. The peristome ribs are highly reduced but conspicuous, being only up to 0\\.5 mm high and spaced up to 0\\.5 mm apart. The rear of the pitcher is elongated into an [acuminate](/wiki/wikt:Acuminate \"Acuminate\") neck (≤3 cm long) that may be vertical or inclined forwards at a considerable angle relative to the pitcher orifice. The peristome's inner margin lacks teeth, while the outer margin is often [sinuate](/wiki/wikt:Sinuate \"Sinuate\") at the base of the neck. The lid is typically [hastate](/wiki/wikt:Hastate \"Hastate\") and very narrow, measuring up to 8 cm in length, with basal and middle widths of up to 2\\.5 and 1 cm, respectively. It bears rounded basal lobes and an obtuse to abruptly rounded apex. It is often curled upwards and may be crenellated at the margins. The presence of appendages is variable in upper pitchers: the lid may possess a pair of appendages as in terrestrial pitchers or may lack them completely. Where these appendages are present, the basal one is hook\\-shaped and up to 8 mm long and the apical one filiform and up to 12 mm long. The glands of the lower lid surface are similar to those found in lower pitchers. The spur is inserted 10 mm below the lid. It may be simple or [bifid](/wiki/wikt:Bifid \"Bifid\") at its apex, and measures up to 10 mm in length. Developing pitchers have laterally appressed walls and a pronounced bulge at the rear, which holds the spur upright. The spur has a closed bifurcation at this point.",
"*Nepenthes eymae* has a [racemose](/wiki/Raceme \"Raceme\") [inflorescence](/wiki/Inflorescence \"Inflorescence\"). The male inflorescence measures up to 30 cm in length by 2\\.5 cm in width (flowers included), of which the [peduncle](/wiki/Peduncle_%28botany%29 \"Peduncle (botany)\") (≤3 mm wide at its base) constitutes up to 11 cm and the [rachis](/wiki/Rachis \"Rachis\") up to 20 cm. Flowers are borne singly or in pairs, the two\\-flowered partial peduncles being located towards the base of the inflorescence. The partial peduncles are [ebracteate](/wiki/wikt:Ebracteate \"Ebracteate\") and number 30–40\\. They are approximately 4 mm long, being formed from a pair of basally\\-united [pedicels](/wiki/Pedicel_%28botany%29 \"Pedicel (botany)\") around 10 mm long. [Tepals](/wiki/Tepal \"Tepal\") are elliptic and around 4 mm long by 2 mm wide. The [androphore](/wiki/Androphore \"Androphore\") is around 4 mm long and bears an [anther](/wiki/Anther \"Anther\") head measuring 1 mm by 1\\.5 mm.",
"An [indumentum](/wiki/Indumentum \"Indumentum\") of soft, orange to reddish\\-brown hairs is often present on all mature vegetative parts, including the stem, lower lid surface, and laminar surfaces. This covering consists of tufted hairs up to 0\\.05 mm long and simple hairs typically up to 0\\.8 mm long (those of the tendril, midrib, lid and spur are denser and longer, reaching 2 mm). However, the indumentum is variable and may be reduced to the point of being completely inconspicuous in some populations.",
"The stem and midribs are yellowish green, and the laminae dark green. The tendrils may be yellow to green or tinged red. In terrestrial traps, the pitcher cups may be white, green, yellow, brown, or red, and are often red speckled. Traps bearing a conspicuous indumentum may have a maroon sheen under certain light conditions. The inner surface ranges from yellow or olive green to almost brown, and commonly has darker blotches of red, brown, or purple. The peristome is usually dark, from reddish brown to black throughout in older specimens. It frequently bears stripes ranging from yellow to black. The operculum is green to brown and often mottled with red to black markings on its lower surface. Upper pitcher are predominantly yellow, sometimes bearing red to purple flecks on the inner surface and lid underside. The appearance of the peristome is variable: it may be a solid orange to red (in which case it is often darker towards the inner edge), or it may be narrowly streaked with red, brown, purple, or black. [Tepals](/wiki/Tepal \"Tepal\") are red.",
"No [infraspecific taxa](/wiki/Infraspecific_taxon \"Infraspecific taxon\") of *N. eymae* have been described.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|An epiphytic specimen with red\\-mottled lower pitchers](/wiki/File:Nepenthes_eymae9.jpg \"Nepenthes eymae9.jpg\")",
""
] |
Text
----
{{Copy section to Wikisource}}{{cquote\|'''Manifesto
of the South Russian People's Council'''
The State of Ukraine, after the overthrow of the legitimately elected president in 2014, repeated violation of the popularly adopted Constitution, after linguistic discrimination of citizens, freedom of speech and freedom of conscience, after unleashing a war against its fellow citizens and acts of genocide of the Crimea, lost its legitimacy within the borders of the Ukrainian SSR.
In response to the terror and totalitarian imposition of the ideology of Nazism and \[\[Stepan Bandera\|Bandera]] by the former State of Ukraine, we, in form of the South Russian People's Council, take power into our own hands and establish a new state of Southern Rus.
Southern Rus recognizes itself as the heiress of the united ancient Kyivan\-Novgorodian Rus with Ilya Muromets and Alexander Nevsky. The heiress of the \[\[Zaporozhian Sich]] of \[\[Taras Bulba]] and \[\[Bohdan Khmelnitsky]]. The heiress of \[\[Novorossiya]], which was created by Catherine the Great, thereby ending centuries\-old wars, robberies, and the slave trade by Russian people. The legal successors of the Ukrainian SSR, in which, together with all the peoples of the Soviet Union, we defeated fascism, created industrial centers and science on our land.
We building our state on the basis of understanding the historical and genetic kinship and unity of the \[\[triune Russian people]] of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians, fraternal friendship and mutual assistance.
We recognize Orthodoxy as the foundation of our culture and identity, with equality and freedom of all religions and nationalities, we recognize the Russian language, as well as the Ukrainian dialect, as the mother tongue and language of interethnic communication, with equality of all languages and nationalities.
The main goals of the independent state of Southern Rus are the achievement and protection of peace on our land, the complete eradication of Nazism of Bandera. To guarantee in everyday life the protection of the rights and freedoms of each of our citizens, the return of the subsoil, land, and production to the people and the state. To ensure a decent standard of living, education, and medicine for everyone.
We recognize the freedom and the right of expression of the will of the Crimeans, we recognize the choice of the Donbas. The state of Southern Rus will also exist and operate after the transition period on the basis of a universal, open to observers of all countries, expression of the will of the people through a national referendum.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/04/28/7342741/\|title\=Оккупанты планируют создание "Южной Руси" на территории Украины – СМИ\|website\=Украинская правда}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://ru.krymr.com/a/yuzhnaya\-rus\-ukraina\-rossiya\-okkupatsiya\-voyna/31825817\.html\|title\="Южная Русь". Перехвачен российский сценарий о планах оккупации Украины – "Схемы"\|website\=Крым.Реалии\|date\=28 April 2022 }}
}}
|
[
"Text\n----",
"{{Copy section to Wikisource}}{{cquote\\|'''Manifesto \n of the South Russian People's Council'''",
"The State of Ukraine, after the overthrow of the legitimately elected president in 2014, repeated violation of the popularly adopted Constitution, after linguistic discrimination of citizens, freedom of speech and freedom of conscience, after unleashing a war against its fellow citizens and acts of genocide of the Crimea, lost its legitimacy within the borders of the Ukrainian SSR.",
"In response to the terror and totalitarian imposition of the ideology of Nazism and \\[\\[Stepan Bandera\\|Bandera]] by the former State of Ukraine, we, in form of the South Russian People's Council, take power into our own hands and establish a new state of Southern Rus.",
"Southern Rus recognizes itself as the heiress of the united ancient Kyivan\\-Novgorodian Rus with Ilya Muromets and Alexander Nevsky. The heiress of the \\[\\[Zaporozhian Sich]] of \\[\\[Taras Bulba]] and \\[\\[Bohdan Khmelnitsky]]. The heiress of \\[\\[Novorossiya]], which was created by Catherine the Great, thereby ending centuries\\-old wars, robberies, and the slave trade by Russian people. The legal successors of the Ukrainian SSR, in which, together with all the peoples of the Soviet Union, we defeated fascism, created industrial centers and science on our land.",
"We building our state on the basis of understanding the historical and genetic kinship and unity of the \\[\\[triune Russian people]] of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians, fraternal friendship and mutual assistance.",
"We recognize Orthodoxy as the foundation of our culture and identity, with equality and freedom of all religions and nationalities, we recognize the Russian language, as well as the Ukrainian dialect, as the mother tongue and language of interethnic communication, with equality of all languages and nationalities.",
"The main goals of the independent state of Southern Rus are the achievement and protection of peace on our land, the complete eradication of Nazism of Bandera. To guarantee in everyday life the protection of the rights and freedoms of each of our citizens, the return of the subsoil, land, and production to the people and the state. To ensure a decent standard of living, education, and medicine for everyone.",
"We recognize the freedom and the right of expression of the will of the Crimeans, we recognize the choice of the Donbas. The state of Southern Rus will also exist and operate after the transition period on the basis of a universal, open to observers of all countries, expression of the will of the people through a national referendum.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/04/28/7342741/\\|title\\=Оккупанты планируют создание \"Южной Руси\" на территории Украины – СМИ\\|website\\=Украинская правда}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://ru.krymr.com/a/yuzhnaya\\-rus\\-ukraina\\-rossiya\\-okkupatsiya\\-voyna/31825817\\.html\\|title\\=\"Южная Русь\". Перехвачен российский сценарий о планах оккупации Украины – \"Схемы\"\\|website\\=Крым.Реалии\\|date\\=28 April 2022 }}\n}}",
"",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|align\=
\|1870\= 285
\|1880\= 380
\|1890\= 1101
\|1900\= 1043
\|1910\= 981
\|1920\= 1104
\|1930\= 1063
\|1940\= 1091
\|1950\= 1195
\|1960\= 1478
\|1970\= 1577
\|1980\= 1853
\|1990\= 1885
\|2000\= 2135
\|2010\= 2336
\|2020\= 2230
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=\[https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html U.S. Decennial Census]
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-07\-08}} of 2010, there were 2,336 people, 877 households, and 612 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|912\.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 962 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|375\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 85\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 8\.0% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), 0\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 5\.5% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.2% of the population.
There were 877 households, of which 40\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 16\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30\.2% were non\-families. 26\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.60 and the average family size was 3\.13\.
The median age in the city was 35\.3 years. 28\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 21\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 17\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\.9% male and 52\.1% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 2,135 people, 820 households, and 575 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|1,231\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 876 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|505\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 88\.99% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.09% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 6\.56% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.23% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.09% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 0\.33% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 3\.70% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.12% of the population.
There were 820 households, out of which 35\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 13\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29\.8% were non\-families. 27\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.49 and the average family size was 3\.00\.
In the city the population was spread out, with 26\.9% under the age of 18, 8\.0% from 18 to 24, 25\.3% from 25 to 44, 19\.8% from 45 to 64, and 20\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 81\.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75\.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,441, and the median income for a family was $37,566\. Males had a median income of $28,264 versus $19,662 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $14,525\. About 8\.8% of families and 14\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 15\.4% of those under age 18 and 15\.8% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|align\\=\n\\|1870\\= 285\n\\|1880\\= 380\n\\|1890\\= 1101\n\\|1900\\= 1043\n\\|1910\\= 981\n\\|1920\\= 1104\n\\|1930\\= 1063\n\\|1940\\= 1091\n\\|1950\\= 1195\n\\|1960\\= 1478\n\\|1970\\= 1577\n\\|1980\\= 1853\n\\|1990\\= 1885\n\\|2000\\= 2135\n\\|2010\\= 2336\n\\|2020\\= 2230\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=\\[https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html U.S. Decennial Census]\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-07\\-08}} of 2010, there were 2,336 people, 877 households, and 612 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|912\\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 962 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|375\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 85\\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 8\\.0% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 5\\.5% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.2% of the population.",
"There were 877 households, of which 40\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 16\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30\\.2% were non\\-families. 26\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.60 and the average family size was 3\\.13\\.",
"The median age in the city was 35\\.3 years. 28\\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 21\\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 17\\.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\\.9% male and 52\\.1% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 2,135 people, 820 households, and 575 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|1,231\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 876 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|505\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 88\\.99% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.09% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 6\\.56% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.23% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.09% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.33% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 3\\.70% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.12% of the population.",
"There were 820 households, out of which 35\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 13\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29\\.8% were non\\-families. 27\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.49 and the average family size was 3\\.00\\.",
"In the city the population was spread out, with 26\\.9% under the age of 18, 8\\.0% from 18 to 24, 25\\.3% from 25 to 44, 19\\.8% from 45 to 64, and 20\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 81\\.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75\\.4 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $29,441, and the median income for a family was $37,566\\. Males had a median income of $28,264 versus $19,662 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $14,525\\. About 8\\.8% of families and 14\\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 15\\.4% of those under age 18 and 15\\.8% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early history
The present city of [Augsburg](/wiki/Augsburg "Augsburg") appears in [Strabo](/wiki/Strabo "Strabo") as *Damasia*, a stronghold of the Licatii; in 14 BC, it became a [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") colony known as *Augusta Vindelicorum*, received the rights of a city from [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian "Hadrian") and soon became of great importance as an arsenal and the point of junction of several important trade routes.[Lins, Joseph. "Augsburg." The Catholic Encyclopedia](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02073b.htm) Vol. 2\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907\. 22 August 2021 {{PD\-notice}}
Though the beginnings of [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") within the limits of the present [diocese](/wiki/Diocese "Diocese") are shrouded in obscurity, its teachings were probably brought there by soldiers or merchants. According to the acts of the martyrdom of [St. Afra](/wiki/St._Afra "St. Afra"), who with her handmaids [suffered at the stake](/wiki/Burn_at_the_stake "Burn at the stake") for Christ, there existed in Augsburg early in the fourth century a Christian community under Bishop Narcissus. Dionysius, uncle of St. Afra, is mentioned as his Successor.
Nothing authentic is known about the history of the Augsburg Church during the centuries immediately succeeding, but it survived the collapse of Roman power in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") and the turbulence of the great migrations. It is true that two catalogues of the Bishops of Augsburg, dating from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, mention several bishops of this primitive period, but the first whose record has received indubitable historical corroboration is Wikterp (or Wicbpert), who was bishop about 739 or 768\. He took part in several [synods](/wiki/Synod "Synod") convened by [Saint Boniface](/wiki/Saint_Boniface "Saint Boniface") in Germany; in company with [Magnus of Füssen](/wiki/Magnus_of_F%C3%BCssen "Magnus of Füssen"), founded the monastery of [Füssen](/wiki/F%C3%BCssen_Abbey "Füssen Abbey"); and with Saint Boniface, dedicated the monastery at [Benediktbeuern](/wiki/Benediktbeuern_Abbey "Benediktbeuern Abbey").
Under either Saint Wikterp or his successor, Tazzo (or Tozzo), about whom little is known, many monasteries were established, e.g. the abbeys of [Wessobrunn](/wiki/Wessobrunn_Abbey "Wessobrunn Abbey"), [Ellwangen](/wiki/Ellwangen_Abbey "Ellwangen Abbey"), [Polling](/wiki/Polling_Abbey "Polling Abbey") and [Ottobeuren](/wiki/Ottobeuren_Abbey "Ottobeuren Abbey"). At this time, also, the see, hitherto [suffragan to the Patriarchate of Aquileia](/wiki/Suffragan_to_the_Patriarchate_of_Aquileia "Suffragan to the Patriarchate of Aquileia"), was placed among the suffragan sees of the newly founded [Archdiocese of Mainz](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Mainz "Archdiocese of Mainz") (746\). [Saint Simpert](/wiki/Simpert "Simpert") (c. 810\), hitherto abbot of [Murbach](/wiki/Murbach_Abbey "Murbach Abbey"), and a relative of [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne "Charlemagne"), renovated many churches and monasteries laid waste in the wars of the [Franks](/wiki/Franks "Franks") and [Bavarians](/wiki/Bavarians "Bavarians"), and during the incursions of the [Avari](/wiki/Pannonian_Avars "Pannonian Avars"); he built the first cathedral of Augsburg in honour of the Virgin Mary; and obtained from the Emperor Charlemagne an exact definition of his diocesan limits. His jurisdiction extended at that time from the [Iller](/wiki/Iller "Iller") eastward over the [Lech](/wiki/Lech_%28river%29 "Lech (river)"), north of the [Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube") to the [Alb](/wiki/Alb "Alb"), and south to the spurs of the Alps. Moreover, various estates and villages in the valley of the Danube, and in [Tyrol](/wiki/County_of_Tyrol "County of Tyrol"), belonged to the diocese.
### Prince\-Bishopric
{{Main\|Prince\-Bishopric of Augsburg}}
### Restoration
After the Congress of Vienna, where the diocese was restored, [Franz Karl von Hohenlohe\-Schillingsfürst](/wiki/Franz_Karl_von_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst "Franz Karl von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst") (d. 1819\) was appointed bishop and [Joseph Maria von Fraunberg](/wiki/Joseph_Maria_von_Fraunberg "Joseph Maria von Fraunberg") was soon called to the archdiocese of [Bamberg](/wiki/Bamberg "Bamberg"). There, they devolved upon their successors the important task of rearranging the external conditions and reanimating religious life, which had suffered sorely. [Ignatius Albert von Riegg](/wiki/Ignatius_Albert_von_Riegg "Ignatius Albert von Riegg") (1824–36\) was successful in his endeavors to raise the standard of popular education through the medium of numerous ordinances and frequent visitations. He assigned the administration and direction of studies in the Lyceum to the monks of the Benedictine Abbey of St. Stephen in Augsburg, founded by King [Ludwig I of Bavaria](/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria "Ludwig I of Bavaria") (1834\).
Petrus von Richarz (1837–55\) displayed energy and persistent zeal in promoting the interests of his diocese and the Catholic Church in general, and encouraged the giving of missions to the people, the establishment of many religious institutions for the care of the sick and for educational purposes, and carefully superintended the training of the clergy. The same spirit characterized the labours of the succeeding bishops: [Michael von Deinlein](/wiki/Michael_von_Deinlein "Michael von Deinlein") (1856–58\), who after a short episcopate was raised to the [Archbishopric of Bamberg](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Bamberg "Archbishopric of Bamberg"); Pankratius von Dinkel (1858–94\), under whom both seminaries and the deaf and dumb asylum were established in Dillingen, and many monastic institutions were founded; Petrus von Hotzl (1895\-1902\) whose episcopate was marked by the attention paid to social and intellectual pursuits, and the number of missions given among the people as well as by the solemn celebration of the beatification of the pious [Franciscan sister](/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis "Third Order of Saint Francis"), [Crescentia Hoss](/wiki/Maria_Crescentia_H%C3%B6ss "Maria Crescentia Höss"). He was succeeded by [Maximilian von Lingg](/wiki/Maximilian_von_Lingg "Maximilian von Lingg").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early history",
"The present city of [Augsburg](/wiki/Augsburg \"Augsburg\") appears in [Strabo](/wiki/Strabo \"Strabo\") as *Damasia*, a stronghold of the Licatii; in 14 BC, it became a [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") colony known as *Augusta Vindelicorum*, received the rights of a city from [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian \"Hadrian\") and soon became of great importance as an arsenal and the point of junction of several important trade routes.[Lins, Joseph. \"Augsburg.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02073b.htm) Vol. 2\\. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907\\. 22 August 2021 {{PD\\-notice}}",
"Though the beginnings of [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") within the limits of the present [diocese](/wiki/Diocese \"Diocese\") are shrouded in obscurity, its teachings were probably brought there by soldiers or merchants. According to the acts of the martyrdom of [St. Afra](/wiki/St._Afra \"St. Afra\"), who with her handmaids [suffered at the stake](/wiki/Burn_at_the_stake \"Burn at the stake\") for Christ, there existed in Augsburg early in the fourth century a Christian community under Bishop Narcissus. Dionysius, uncle of St. Afra, is mentioned as his Successor.",
"Nothing authentic is known about the history of the Augsburg Church during the centuries immediately succeeding, but it survived the collapse of Roman power in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") and the turbulence of the great migrations. It is true that two catalogues of the Bishops of Augsburg, dating from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, mention several bishops of this primitive period, but the first whose record has received indubitable historical corroboration is Wikterp (or Wicbpert), who was bishop about 739 or 768\\. He took part in several [synods](/wiki/Synod \"Synod\") convened by [Saint Boniface](/wiki/Saint_Boniface \"Saint Boniface\") in Germany; in company with [Magnus of Füssen](/wiki/Magnus_of_F%C3%BCssen \"Magnus of Füssen\"), founded the monastery of [Füssen](/wiki/F%C3%BCssen_Abbey \"Füssen Abbey\"); and with Saint Boniface, dedicated the monastery at [Benediktbeuern](/wiki/Benediktbeuern_Abbey \"Benediktbeuern Abbey\").",
"Under either Saint Wikterp or his successor, Tazzo (or Tozzo), about whom little is known, many monasteries were established, e.g. the abbeys of [Wessobrunn](/wiki/Wessobrunn_Abbey \"Wessobrunn Abbey\"), [Ellwangen](/wiki/Ellwangen_Abbey \"Ellwangen Abbey\"), [Polling](/wiki/Polling_Abbey \"Polling Abbey\") and [Ottobeuren](/wiki/Ottobeuren_Abbey \"Ottobeuren Abbey\"). At this time, also, the see, hitherto [suffragan to the Patriarchate of Aquileia](/wiki/Suffragan_to_the_Patriarchate_of_Aquileia \"Suffragan to the Patriarchate of Aquileia\"), was placed among the suffragan sees of the newly founded [Archdiocese of Mainz](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Mainz \"Archdiocese of Mainz\") (746\\). [Saint Simpert](/wiki/Simpert \"Simpert\") (c. 810\\), hitherto abbot of [Murbach](/wiki/Murbach_Abbey \"Murbach Abbey\"), and a relative of [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne \"Charlemagne\"), renovated many churches and monasteries laid waste in the wars of the [Franks](/wiki/Franks \"Franks\") and [Bavarians](/wiki/Bavarians \"Bavarians\"), and during the incursions of the [Avari](/wiki/Pannonian_Avars \"Pannonian Avars\"); he built the first cathedral of Augsburg in honour of the Virgin Mary; and obtained from the Emperor Charlemagne an exact definition of his diocesan limits. His jurisdiction extended at that time from the [Iller](/wiki/Iller \"Iller\") eastward over the [Lech](/wiki/Lech_%28river%29 \"Lech (river)\"), north of the [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\") to the [Alb](/wiki/Alb \"Alb\"), and south to the spurs of the Alps. Moreover, various estates and villages in the valley of the Danube, and in [Tyrol](/wiki/County_of_Tyrol \"County of Tyrol\"), belonged to the diocese.",
"### Prince\\-Bishopric",
"{{Main\\|Prince\\-Bishopric of Augsburg}}",
"### Restoration",
"After the Congress of Vienna, where the diocese was restored, [Franz Karl von Hohenlohe\\-Schillingsfürst](/wiki/Franz_Karl_von_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst \"Franz Karl von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst\") (d. 1819\\) was appointed bishop and [Joseph Maria von Fraunberg](/wiki/Joseph_Maria_von_Fraunberg \"Joseph Maria von Fraunberg\") was soon called to the archdiocese of [Bamberg](/wiki/Bamberg \"Bamberg\"). There, they devolved upon their successors the important task of rearranging the external conditions and reanimating religious life, which had suffered sorely. [Ignatius Albert von Riegg](/wiki/Ignatius_Albert_von_Riegg \"Ignatius Albert von Riegg\") (1824–36\\) was successful in his endeavors to raise the standard of popular education through the medium of numerous ordinances and frequent visitations. He assigned the administration and direction of studies in the Lyceum to the monks of the Benedictine Abbey of St. Stephen in Augsburg, founded by King [Ludwig I of Bavaria](/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria \"Ludwig I of Bavaria\") (1834\\).",
"Petrus von Richarz (1837–55\\) displayed energy and persistent zeal in promoting the interests of his diocese and the Catholic Church in general, and encouraged the giving of missions to the people, the establishment of many religious institutions for the care of the sick and for educational purposes, and carefully superintended the training of the clergy. The same spirit characterized the labours of the succeeding bishops: [Michael von Deinlein](/wiki/Michael_von_Deinlein \"Michael von Deinlein\") (1856–58\\), who after a short episcopate was raised to the [Archbishopric of Bamberg](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Bamberg \"Archbishopric of Bamberg\"); Pankratius von Dinkel (1858–94\\), under whom both seminaries and the deaf and dumb asylum were established in Dillingen, and many monastic institutions were founded; Petrus von Hotzl (1895\\-1902\\) whose episcopate was marked by the attention paid to social and intellectual pursuits, and the number of missions given among the people as well as by the solemn celebration of the beatification of the pious [Franciscan sister](/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis \"Third Order of Saint Francis\"), [Crescentia Hoss](/wiki/Maria_Crescentia_H%C3%B6ss \"Maria Crescentia Höss\"). He was succeeded by [Maximilian von Lingg](/wiki/Maximilian_von_Lingg \"Maximilian von Lingg\").",
""
] |
Marriage
--------
Euphemia and her siblings married well. Her brother [Przemysł I of Greater Poland](/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_I_of_Greater_Poland "Przemysł I of Greater Poland") married Elisabeth, daughter of [Henry II the Pious](/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious "Henry II the Pious"). Another brother [Bolesław the Pious](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_the_Pious "Bolesław the Pious") married [Helen](/wiki/Jolenta_of_Poland "Jolenta of Poland"), daughter of [Béla IV of Hungary](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary "Béla IV of Hungary"). Euphemia's only sister, [Salome of Greater Poland](/wiki/Salome_of_Greater_Poland "Salome of Greater Poland") married [Konrad I, Duke of Silesia\-Glogau](/wiki/Konrad_I%2C_Duke_of_Silesia-Glogau "Konrad I, Duke of Silesia-Glogau").
Euphemia married in 1251 [Władysław Opolski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Opolski "Władysław Opolski"), son of [Casimir I of Opole](/wiki/Casimir_I_of_Opole "Casimir I of Opole") and [Viola, Duchess of Opole](/wiki/Viola%2C_Duchess_of_Opole "Viola, Duchess of Opole"). The couple were related in the fourth degree, so they needed a papal dispensation in order for the marriage to be considered valid. It is unknown whether the couple got a papal dispensation.
The marriage was to help bring closer ties between the two Piast branches and for political reasons to do with Euphemia's brother Przemysł.
Władysław and Euphemia had five children:
1. [Mieszko I](/wiki/Mieszko_I%2C_Duke_of_Cieszyn "Mieszko I, Duke of Cieszyn") (b. 1252/56 – d. by 27 June 1315\).
2. [Casimir](/wiki/Casimir_of_Bytom "Casimir of Bytom") (b. 1253/57 – d. 10 March 1312\).
3. [Bolko I](/wiki/Bolko_I_of_Opole "Bolko I of Opole") (b. bef. 21 October 1258 – d. 14 May 1313\).
4. [Constance](/wiki/Constance_of_Opole "Constance of Opole") (b. 1256/65 – d. by 1351\), married by 1280 to [Henry IV Probus](/wiki/Henry_IV_Probus "Henry IV Probus"), Duke of [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw "Wrocław"); they were divorced in 1286\.
5. [Przemysław](/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_of_Racib%C3%B3rz "Przemysław of Racibórz") (b. ca. 12 June 1268 – d. 7 May 1306\).
In 1258, Euphemia and her husband funded a [Cistercian](/wiki/Cistercians "Cistercians") in [Rudy](/wiki/Rudy%2C_Silesian_Voivodeship "Rudy, Silesian Voivodeship"). In 1281 they gave money to [Premonstratensians](/wiki/Premonstratensian "Premonstratensian").
Euphemia died 15 February during a year after 1281, apparently in 1287\.[Translation from Polish Wikipedia, with further references and sources](/wiki/Eufemia_Odonic%C3%B3wna "Eufemia Odonicówna") She is buried in [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia "Silesia")
|
[
"Marriage\n--------",
"Euphemia and her siblings married well. Her brother [Przemysł I of Greater Poland](/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_I_of_Greater_Poland \"Przemysł I of Greater Poland\") married Elisabeth, daughter of [Henry II the Pious](/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious \"Henry II the Pious\"). Another brother [Bolesław the Pious](/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_the_Pious \"Bolesław the Pious\") married [Helen](/wiki/Jolenta_of_Poland \"Jolenta of Poland\"), daughter of [Béla IV of Hungary](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary \"Béla IV of Hungary\"). Euphemia's only sister, [Salome of Greater Poland](/wiki/Salome_of_Greater_Poland \"Salome of Greater Poland\") married [Konrad I, Duke of Silesia\\-Glogau](/wiki/Konrad_I%2C_Duke_of_Silesia-Glogau \"Konrad I, Duke of Silesia-Glogau\").",
"Euphemia married in 1251 [Władysław Opolski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Opolski \"Władysław Opolski\"), son of [Casimir I of Opole](/wiki/Casimir_I_of_Opole \"Casimir I of Opole\") and [Viola, Duchess of Opole](/wiki/Viola%2C_Duchess_of_Opole \"Viola, Duchess of Opole\"). The couple were related in the fourth degree, so they needed a papal dispensation in order for the marriage to be considered valid. It is unknown whether the couple got a papal dispensation.",
"The marriage was to help bring closer ties between the two Piast branches and for political reasons to do with Euphemia's brother Przemysł.",
"Władysław and Euphemia had five children:\n1. [Mieszko I](/wiki/Mieszko_I%2C_Duke_of_Cieszyn \"Mieszko I, Duke of Cieszyn\") (b. 1252/56 – d. by 27 June 1315\\).\n2. [Casimir](/wiki/Casimir_of_Bytom \"Casimir of Bytom\") (b. 1253/57 – d. 10 March 1312\\).\n3. [Bolko I](/wiki/Bolko_I_of_Opole \"Bolko I of Opole\") (b. bef. 21 October 1258 – d. 14 May 1313\\).\n4. [Constance](/wiki/Constance_of_Opole \"Constance of Opole\") (b. 1256/65 – d. by 1351\\), married by 1280 to [Henry IV Probus](/wiki/Henry_IV_Probus \"Henry IV Probus\"), Duke of [Wrocław](/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw \"Wrocław\"); they were divorced in 1286\\.\n5. [Przemysław](/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_of_Racib%C3%B3rz \"Przemysław of Racibórz\") (b. ca. 12 June 1268 – d. 7 May 1306\\).",
"In 1258, Euphemia and her husband funded a [Cistercian](/wiki/Cistercians \"Cistercians\") in [Rudy](/wiki/Rudy%2C_Silesian_Voivodeship \"Rudy, Silesian Voivodeship\"). In 1281 they gave money to [Premonstratensians](/wiki/Premonstratensian \"Premonstratensian\").",
"Euphemia died 15 February during a year after 1281, apparently in 1287\\.[Translation from Polish Wikipedia, with further references and sources](/wiki/Eufemia_Odonic%C3%B3wna \"Eufemia Odonicówna\") She is buried in [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia \"Silesia\")",
""
] |
History
-------
In 589 AD, *Linxiang County* was renamed to [Changsha County](/wiki/Changsha_County "Changsha County"), today's Hanpu Subdistrict was part of Changsha County. From the year 1098 AD, *Shanhua County* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|善化县}}) was established from Changsha County, by 1912, Shanhua was incorporated into Changsha County, it belonged to Shanhua County. Hanpu was the former *Fulong Town* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|伏龙镇}}) of Changsha County in 1912 and it was part of the 10th District of Changsha County in 1930\.
Through the *Revocation of Districts and Amalgamation of Townships* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|撤区并乡}}) in 1938, it was relocated to the place as the townships of *Hanpu* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|含浦乡}}) and *Cahngle* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|长乐乡}}). In March 1950, the *township of Jiujiang* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|九江乡}}) was reformed in the 13th District of Changsha County. In May 1951, Wangcheng County was established from part of Changsha County and Jiujiang Township belonged to the 4th District of Wangcheng County. In May 1953, the size of the townships were reduced, the subdistrict of Jiujiang was historically the territories of townships of *Jiujiang* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|九江乡}}), *Yunpan* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|云盘乡}}), *Fengtian* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|丰田乡}}), *Jianzi* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|鉴子乡}}) and *Dapo* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|大坡乡}}) in the 8th District (Pingguan District) of Wangcheng County. As the *Revocation of Districts and Amalgamation of Townships* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|撤区并乡}}) in June 1956, the former *Pingguan District* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|坪观区}}) was divided into four townships as Jiujiang Township.
As the *Revocation of Townships and Establishment of Communes* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|撤乡建社}}) in October 1958, Jiujiang Township was merged into the *Pingtang People's Commune* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|坪塘人民公社}}), Wangcheng County was formally merged to Changsha County in March 1959 and Pingtang was a district of Changsha County. As administrative divisions of a county, county controlled districts were reorganized in July 1961 and the *Pingtang District* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|坪塘区}}) of Changsha County was established, meanwhile the size of the communes was reduced and *Jiujiang Commune* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|九江公社}}) was formed from Pingtang Commune. In December 1962, *Lianhua District* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|莲花区}}) was created from part of Pingtang District, the Jiujiang Commune still belonged to Pingtang District. In January 1978, Wangcheng County was rebuilt and Jiujiang was in the territory of Wangcheng County.
In March 1984, the commune of Jiujiang was reorganized to a township, the township of Jiujiang governed 13 villages of *Jiujiang* ({{lang\|zh\|九江}}), *Jianzi* ({{lang\|zh\|鉴子}}), *Yunpan* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|云盘}}), *Zhizi* ({{lang\|zh\|之字}}), *Dongtinggou* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|洞庭沟}}), *Guanbukou* ({{lang\|zh\|官埠口}}), *Hanpu* ({{lang\|zh\|含浦}}), *Dapo* ({{lang\|zh\|大坡}}), *Liqiao* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|栗桥}}), *Lishushan* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|栗树山}}), *Qujiang* ({{lang\|zh\|曲江}}), *Fengtian* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|丰田}}) and *Huatang* ({{lang\|zh\|花塘}}).
As the *Revocation of Districts and Amalgamation of Townships* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|撤区并乡}}) in June 1995, the *township of Xueshi* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|学士乡}}) was merged into Jiujiang Township, the township of Jiujiang had 23 villages with a total area of 91\.8 square kilometers, its seat was in *Liqiao Village* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|栗桥村}}).
In February 1998, the township of Jiujiang was reorganized into the town of Hanpu. Hanpu Town governed a community and 23 villages with a total area of 91\.8 square kilometers. As the *Amalgamation of Village\-level Divisions* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|村级合并}}) of Wangcheng County in 2004, the divisions of Hanpu was reduced to 12 (2 communities and 10 villages) from 24 (a community and 23 villages).Historical Review of Hanpu Subdistrict / {{lang\|zh\-Hans\|含浦街道历史回眸}} see [changsha.gov (2013\-07\-17\)](http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xxgk/qsxxxgkml/ylq/gzdt_5237/201307/t20130718_471463.html) or [(2014\-12\-27\)](http://hn.rednet.cn/c/2014/12/27/3560717.htm)
On June 15, 2008, the town of Hanpu was transferred from Wangcheng County to [Yuelu District](/wiki/Yuelu_District "Yuelu District"). On August 3, 2012, the town of Hanpu was officially reorganized to a subdistrict. On January 18, 2013, the former Hanpu Subdistrict was converted to the two subdistricts of Hanpu and Xueshi. The newly established Hanpu Subdistrict had a community (Hanpu Community), six villages of Guanbukou, Xintian, Jiujiang, Dapo, Zhizigang and Ganzi with an area of 49\.6 square kilometers, *Hanpu Community* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|含浦社区}}) was its seat. As a new round of the *Amalgamation of Village\-level Divisions* ({{lang\|zh\-Hans\|村级合并}}) in 2016, the former *Hanpu community* and the *Guanbukou Village* were merged to form *Hantai Community*, the two villages of Xintian and Jiujiang were merged to form *Jiufeng Village*, its divisions were reduced to five from seven, it has a community and four villages under its jurisdiction, its seat is *Hantai Community*.{{Citation needed\|date\=October 2020}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 589 AD, *Linxiang County* was renamed to [Changsha County](/wiki/Changsha_County \"Changsha County\"), today's Hanpu Subdistrict was part of Changsha County. From the year 1098 AD, *Shanhua County* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|善化县}}) was established from Changsha County, by 1912, Shanhua was incorporated into Changsha County, it belonged to Shanhua County. Hanpu was the former *Fulong Town* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|伏龙镇}}) of Changsha County in 1912 and it was part of the 10th District of Changsha County in 1930\\.",
"Through the *Revocation of Districts and Amalgamation of Townships* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|撤区并乡}}) in 1938, it was relocated to the place as the townships of *Hanpu* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|含浦乡}}) and *Cahngle* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|长乐乡}}). In March 1950, the *township of Jiujiang* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|九江乡}}) was reformed in the 13th District of Changsha County. In May 1951, Wangcheng County was established from part of Changsha County and Jiujiang Township belonged to the 4th District of Wangcheng County. In May 1953, the size of the townships were reduced, the subdistrict of Jiujiang was historically the territories of townships of *Jiujiang* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|九江乡}}), *Yunpan* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|云盘乡}}), *Fengtian* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|丰田乡}}), *Jianzi* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|鉴子乡}}) and *Dapo* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|大坡乡}}) in the 8th District (Pingguan District) of Wangcheng County. As the *Revocation of Districts and Amalgamation of Townships* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|撤区并乡}}) in June 1956, the former *Pingguan District* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|坪观区}}) was divided into four townships as Jiujiang Township.",
"As the *Revocation of Townships and Establishment of Communes* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|撤乡建社}}) in October 1958, Jiujiang Township was merged into the *Pingtang People's Commune* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|坪塘人民公社}}), Wangcheng County was formally merged to Changsha County in March 1959 and Pingtang was a district of Changsha County. As administrative divisions of a county, county controlled districts were reorganized in July 1961 and the *Pingtang District* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|坪塘区}}) of Changsha County was established, meanwhile the size of the communes was reduced and *Jiujiang Commune* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|九江公社}}) was formed from Pingtang Commune. In December 1962, *Lianhua District* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|莲花区}}) was created from part of Pingtang District, the Jiujiang Commune still belonged to Pingtang District. In January 1978, Wangcheng County was rebuilt and Jiujiang was in the territory of Wangcheng County.",
"In March 1984, the commune of Jiujiang was reorganized to a township, the township of Jiujiang governed 13 villages of *Jiujiang* ({{lang\\|zh\\|九江}}), *Jianzi* ({{lang\\|zh\\|鉴子}}), *Yunpan* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|云盘}}), *Zhizi* ({{lang\\|zh\\|之字}}), *Dongtinggou* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|洞庭沟}}), *Guanbukou* ({{lang\\|zh\\|官埠口}}), *Hanpu* ({{lang\\|zh\\|含浦}}), *Dapo* ({{lang\\|zh\\|大坡}}), *Liqiao* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|栗桥}}), *Lishushan* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|栗树山}}), *Qujiang* ({{lang\\|zh\\|曲江}}), *Fengtian* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|丰田}}) and *Huatang* ({{lang\\|zh\\|花塘}}).",
"As the *Revocation of Districts and Amalgamation of Townships* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|撤区并乡}}) in June 1995, the *township of Xueshi* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|学士乡}}) was merged into Jiujiang Township, the township of Jiujiang had 23 villages with a total area of 91\\.8 square kilometers, its seat was in *Liqiao Village* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|栗桥村}}).",
"In February 1998, the township of Jiujiang was reorganized into the town of Hanpu. Hanpu Town governed a community and 23 villages with a total area of 91\\.8 square kilometers. As the *Amalgamation of Village\\-level Divisions* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|村级合并}}) of Wangcheng County in 2004, the divisions of Hanpu was reduced to 12 (2 communities and 10 villages) from 24 (a community and 23 villages).Historical Review of Hanpu Subdistrict / {{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|含浦街道历史回眸}} see [changsha.gov (2013\\-07\\-17\\)](http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xxgk/qsxxxgkml/ylq/gzdt_5237/201307/t20130718_471463.html) or [(2014\\-12\\-27\\)](http://hn.rednet.cn/c/2014/12/27/3560717.htm)",
"On June 15, 2008, the town of Hanpu was transferred from Wangcheng County to [Yuelu District](/wiki/Yuelu_District \"Yuelu District\"). On August 3, 2012, the town of Hanpu was officially reorganized to a subdistrict. On January 18, 2013, the former Hanpu Subdistrict was converted to the two subdistricts of Hanpu and Xueshi. The newly established Hanpu Subdistrict had a community (Hanpu Community), six villages of Guanbukou, Xintian, Jiujiang, Dapo, Zhizigang and Ganzi with an area of 49\\.6 square kilometers, *Hanpu Community* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|含浦社区}}) was its seat. As a new round of the *Amalgamation of Village\\-level Divisions* ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hans\\|村级合并}}) in 2016, the former *Hanpu community* and the *Guanbukou Village* were merged to form *Hantai Community*, the two villages of Xintian and Jiujiang were merged to form *Jiufeng Village*, its divisions were reduced to five from seven, it has a community and four villages under its jurisdiction, its seat is *Hantai Community*.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=October 2020}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Suffolk Life was established in 1971 by a group of solicitors, with the aim of allowing commercial property to be purchased using [pension](/wiki/Pension "Pension") funds. The business was founded by Alan Catchpole, and then taken over by his son, Henry Catchpole, who held the role of managing director from 1997 until 2010\.[Henry Catchpole steps down](http://citywire.co.uk/new-model-adviser/suffolk-life-chief-executive-catchpole-steps-down/a391060)
One of the company's early focuses was SSAS ([Small Self Administered Scheme](/wiki/Small_Self_Administered_Scheme "Small Self Administered Scheme")) administration, however in 2006 Suffolk Life sold this book of business to Mattioli Woods,[Suffolk Life sells SSAS business](http://www.ftadviser.com/FTAdviser/Pensions/News/article/20060206/578c7a6a-ea32-11dc-ab39-0015171400aa/Suffolk-shifts-SSASs-to-serve-SIPPs.jsp) a specialist pensions consultancy, to focus on the administration of [self\-invested personal pensions](/wiki/Self-invested_personal_pension "Self-invested personal pension") (SIPPs). Suffolk Life's first SIPP product (The Suffolk Life SIPP), launched in 1996, was written as an insurance contract by Suffolk Life Annuities Limited, an insurance company within the Suffolk Life group.
In 2007 The Suffolk Life SIPP closed to new business. Suffolk Life launched a new product, the MasterSIPP[Suffolk Life launches the MasterSIPP](http://www.ftadviser.com/FTAdviser/Pensions/News/article/20071005/7bdfd5b6-ea63-11dc-abcd-0015171400aa/Suffolk-Life-launches-MasterSipp-preceding-roll-out-of-new-portfolio.jsp) \- a [self\-invested personal pension](/wiki/Self-invested_personal_pension "Self-invested personal pension") allowing more flexibility concerning the self\-investment of protected rights.
2010 saw the introduction of the SimSIPP \- a product aimed at those investors and advisers who would deal solely with one investment manager. They currently have partnerships with several investment managers.
Suffolk Life introduced the SmartSIPP[Suffolk Life launches SmartSIPP product](http://www.ftadviser.com/FinancialAdviser/Pensions/Personal/SIPPs/News/article/20110707/496a1f84-a648-11e0-bff1-00144f2af8e8/Suffolk-Life-takes-on-midsector-with-SmartSipp.jsp) in 2011 \- a platform\-based [self\-invested personal pension](/wiki/Self-invested_personal_pension "Self-invested personal pension") (SIPP) allowing access to funds within selected platforms and a [stockbroker](/wiki/Stockbroker "Stockbroker").
Suffolk Life provides third\-party administration services for self\-invested pensions for the following:
* [Aviva](/wiki/Aviva "Aviva")[Aviva/Norwich Union with Suffolk Life](http://www.aviva.co.uk/media-centre/story/2475/new-self-invested-personal-pension-from-norwich-un/)
* [Clerical Medical](/wiki/Clerical_Medical "Clerical Medical")[Clerical Medical with Suffolk Life](http://www.clericalmedical.co.uk/Business/Media/MZDisplayRelease.asp?id=MZ2005_081)
* [Prudential plc](/wiki/Prudential_plc "Prudential plc")
Suffolk Life and Cofunds launched the Cofunds Pension Account[Cofunds Pension Account with Suffolk Life](http://www.ifaonline.co.uk/ifaonline/news/1592373/cofunds-unveil-personal-pension-suffolk-life) in March 2010, a [pension plan](/wiki/Pension_plan "Pension plan") provided by Suffolk Life offering [advisers](/wiki/Financial_advisor "Financial advisor") and [investors](/wiki/Investor "Investor") access to investments on the Cofunds platform.
In 2008, Suffolk Life came under ownership of the [Legal \& General](/wiki/Legal_%26_General "Legal & General") Group.[Legal \& General to buy Suffolk Life](http://www.citywire.co.uk/money/legal-and-general-snaps-up-suffolk-life/a299236.aspx)
On 21 November 2012, Suffolk Life announced they were acquiring a book of business from Pointon York,[Suffolk Life acquiring Pointon York business](http://citywire.co.uk/new-model-adviser/suffolk-life-acquires-pointon-york-sipp/a636073) following a closure of one of Pointon York's schemes. This brought 1,700 investors to Suffolk Life's existing business. Following this in May 2013, Suffolk Life acquired Origen Investment Services and Pearson Jones Plc's SIPP books, bringing over 700 new SIPPs to Suffolk Life.
On 15 January 2016 it was announced{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.moneymarketing.co.uk/curtis\-banks\-to\-acquire\-suffolk\-life\-in\-45m\-deal/\|title\=Curtis Banks to acquire Suffolk Life in £45m deal {{!}} Money Marketing\|website\=www.moneymarketing.co.uk\|date\=15 January 2016\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-26}} that Curtis Banks Group plc \- another SIPP provider \- was to acquire Suffolk Life from Legal \& General for £45 million. The acquisition completed on 25 May 2016\.
Subsequently, Suffolk Life acquired SIPP provider EPML{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.fca.org.uk/news/statements/european\-pensions\-management\-ltd\-enters\-administration\|title\=European Pensions Management Ltd enters administration\|date\=22 June 2016}} (European Pensions Management Limited) from special administration on 15 July 2016\.
Suffolk Life ceased as an active brand at the beginning of 2019, rebranded as Curtis Banks Pensions.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Suffolk Life was established in 1971 by a group of solicitors, with the aim of allowing commercial property to be purchased using [pension](/wiki/Pension \"Pension\") funds. The business was founded by Alan Catchpole, and then taken over by his son, Henry Catchpole, who held the role of managing director from 1997 until 2010\\.[Henry Catchpole steps down](http://citywire.co.uk/new-model-adviser/suffolk-life-chief-executive-catchpole-steps-down/a391060)",
"One of the company's early focuses was SSAS ([Small Self Administered Scheme](/wiki/Small_Self_Administered_Scheme \"Small Self Administered Scheme\")) administration, however in 2006 Suffolk Life sold this book of business to Mattioli Woods,[Suffolk Life sells SSAS business](http://www.ftadviser.com/FTAdviser/Pensions/News/article/20060206/578c7a6a-ea32-11dc-ab39-0015171400aa/Suffolk-shifts-SSASs-to-serve-SIPPs.jsp) a specialist pensions consultancy, to focus on the administration of [self\\-invested personal pensions](/wiki/Self-invested_personal_pension \"Self-invested personal pension\") (SIPPs). Suffolk Life's first SIPP product (The Suffolk Life SIPP), launched in 1996, was written as an insurance contract by Suffolk Life Annuities Limited, an insurance company within the Suffolk Life group.",
"In 2007 The Suffolk Life SIPP closed to new business. Suffolk Life launched a new product, the MasterSIPP[Suffolk Life launches the MasterSIPP](http://www.ftadviser.com/FTAdviser/Pensions/News/article/20071005/7bdfd5b6-ea63-11dc-abcd-0015171400aa/Suffolk-Life-launches-MasterSipp-preceding-roll-out-of-new-portfolio.jsp) \\- a [self\\-invested personal pension](/wiki/Self-invested_personal_pension \"Self-invested personal pension\") allowing more flexibility concerning the self\\-investment of protected rights.",
"2010 saw the introduction of the SimSIPP \\- a product aimed at those investors and advisers who would deal solely with one investment manager. They currently have partnerships with several investment managers.",
"Suffolk Life introduced the SmartSIPP[Suffolk Life launches SmartSIPP product](http://www.ftadviser.com/FinancialAdviser/Pensions/Personal/SIPPs/News/article/20110707/496a1f84-a648-11e0-bff1-00144f2af8e8/Suffolk-Life-takes-on-midsector-with-SmartSipp.jsp) in 2011 \\- a platform\\-based [self\\-invested personal pension](/wiki/Self-invested_personal_pension \"Self-invested personal pension\") (SIPP) allowing access to funds within selected platforms and a [stockbroker](/wiki/Stockbroker \"Stockbroker\").",
"Suffolk Life provides third\\-party administration services for self\\-invested pensions for the following:\n* [Aviva](/wiki/Aviva \"Aviva\")[Aviva/Norwich Union with Suffolk Life](http://www.aviva.co.uk/media-centre/story/2475/new-self-invested-personal-pension-from-norwich-un/)\n* [Clerical Medical](/wiki/Clerical_Medical \"Clerical Medical\")[Clerical Medical with Suffolk Life](http://www.clericalmedical.co.uk/Business/Media/MZDisplayRelease.asp?id=MZ2005_081)\n* [Prudential plc](/wiki/Prudential_plc \"Prudential plc\")",
"Suffolk Life and Cofunds launched the Cofunds Pension Account[Cofunds Pension Account with Suffolk Life](http://www.ifaonline.co.uk/ifaonline/news/1592373/cofunds-unveil-personal-pension-suffolk-life) in March 2010, a [pension plan](/wiki/Pension_plan \"Pension plan\") provided by Suffolk Life offering [advisers](/wiki/Financial_advisor \"Financial advisor\") and [investors](/wiki/Investor \"Investor\") access to investments on the Cofunds platform.",
"In 2008, Suffolk Life came under ownership of the [Legal \\& General](/wiki/Legal_%26_General \"Legal & General\") Group.[Legal \\& General to buy Suffolk Life](http://www.citywire.co.uk/money/legal-and-general-snaps-up-suffolk-life/a299236.aspx)",
"On 21 November 2012, Suffolk Life announced they were acquiring a book of business from Pointon York,[Suffolk Life acquiring Pointon York business](http://citywire.co.uk/new-model-adviser/suffolk-life-acquires-pointon-york-sipp/a636073) following a closure of one of Pointon York's schemes. This brought 1,700 investors to Suffolk Life's existing business. Following this in May 2013, Suffolk Life acquired Origen Investment Services and Pearson Jones Plc's SIPP books, bringing over 700 new SIPPs to Suffolk Life.",
"On 15 January 2016 it was announced{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.moneymarketing.co.uk/curtis\\-banks\\-to\\-acquire\\-suffolk\\-life\\-in\\-45m\\-deal/\\|title\\=Curtis Banks to acquire Suffolk Life in £45m deal {{!}} Money Marketing\\|website\\=www.moneymarketing.co.uk\\|date\\=15 January 2016\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-26}} that Curtis Banks Group plc \\- another SIPP provider \\- was to acquire Suffolk Life from Legal \\& General for £45 million. The acquisition completed on 25 May 2016\\.",
"Subsequently, Suffolk Life acquired SIPP provider EPML{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fca.org.uk/news/statements/european\\-pensions\\-management\\-ltd\\-enters\\-administration\\|title\\=European Pensions Management Ltd enters administration\\|date\\=22 June 2016}} (European Pensions Management Limited) from special administration on 15 July 2016\\.",
"Suffolk Life ceased as an active brand at the beginning of 2019, rebranded as Curtis Banks Pensions.",
""
] |
Overview
--------
[thumb\|Prime Minister [Milton Obote](/wiki/Milton_Obote "Milton Obote") in the [Oval Office](/wiki/Oval_Office "Oval Office") With President [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") during Obote's visit to the [US](/wiki/United_States "United States") shortly after [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda "Uganda") gained Independence (October 22, 1962\)](/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Prime_Minister_Milton_Obote.jpg "President John F. Kennedy with Prime Minister Milton Obote.jpg")
Although U.S.–Ugandan relations were strained during the rule of [Idi Amin](/wiki/Idi_Amin "Idi Amin") in the 1970s, relations improved after Amin's fall. In mid\-1979, the United States reopened its [embassy](/wiki/Embassy "Embassy") in [Kampala](/wiki/Kampala "Kampala"). Relations with successor governments were cordial, although [Milton Obote](/wiki/Milton_Obote "Milton Obote") and his administration rejected strong U.S. criticism of [Uganda's human rights situation](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uganda "Human rights in Uganda").
Bilateral relations between the United States and Uganda have been good since [Museveni](/wiki/Museveni "Museveni") assumed power, and the United States has welcomed his efforts to end human rights abuses and to pursue economic reform. Uganda is a strong supporter of the Global [War on Terror](/wiki/War_on_Terror "War on Terror"). The United States is helping Uganda achieve export\-led economic growth through the [African Growth and Opportunity Act](/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act "African Growth and Opportunity Act") and provides a significant amount of development assistance. At the same time, the United States is concerned about continuing human rights problems and the pace of progress toward the establishment of genuine political pluralism.
[thumb\|President [Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") meeting with President [Museveni](/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni "Yoweri Museveni") in 1987](/wiki/File:ReaganMuseveni.jpg "ReaganMuseveni.jpg")
U.S. development assistance in Uganda has the overall goal of reducing mass [poverty](/wiki/Poverty "Poverty"). Most U.S. program assistance is focused in the areas of health, education, and agriculture. Both the [U.S. Agency for International Development](/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Development "U.S. Agency for International Development") (USAID) and the [Centers for Disease Control](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control "Centers for Disease Control") (CDC) have major programs to fight the [HIV/AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS "HIV/AIDS") [pandemic](/wiki/Pandemic "Pandemic"). Other programs promote trade and investment, curb [environmental degradation](/wiki/Environmental_degradation "Environmental degradation"), encourage the peaceful resolution of local and international conflicts, and promote honest and open government. The United States also provides large amounts of [humanitarian](/wiki/Humanitarian "Humanitarian") assistance to populations without access to adequate food supplies because of conflict, [drought](/wiki/Drought "Drought") and other factors.
U.S. [Peace Corps](/wiki/Peace_Corps "Peace Corps") Volunteers are active in primary teacher training and HIV/AIDS programs. The [Department of State](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State "U.S. Department of State") carries out cultural exchange programs, brings [Fulbright](/wiki/Fulbright "Fulbright") lecturers and researchers to Uganda, and sponsors U.S. study and tour programs for a wide variety of officials from government, non\-governmental organizations and the private sector. Through Ambassador's Self\-Help Fund, local groups in poor areas receive assistance for small projects with a high level of community involvement.
U.S.\-Ugandan relations also benefit from significant contributions to health care, [nutrition](/wiki/Nutrition "Nutrition"), education, and park systems from U.S. [missionaries](/wiki/Missionaries "Missionaries"), non\-governmental organizations, private universities, HIV/AIDS researchers, and wildlife organizations. Expatriate Ugandans living in the U.S. also promote stronger links between the two countries. Relations have since improved under the [Donald Trump administration](/wiki/Donald_Trump_administration "Donald Trump administration").
Principal U.S. Officials include [Ambassador](/wiki/Ambassador "Ambassador") [William W. Popp](/wiki/William_W._Popp "William W. Popp").{{cite web\| url \= http://kampala.usembassy.gov/key\_officers4\.html\| url\-status \= dead\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140307011206/http://kampala.usembassy.gov/key\_officers4\.html\| archive\-date \= 2014\-03\-07\| title \= Key Officers (copy) {{!}} Embassy of the United States}}
The U.S. maintains an embassy in [Kampala](/wiki/Kampala "Kampala"), Uganda.
[thumb\|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni with the Obamas in 2009](/wiki/File:Yoweri_Kaguta_Museveni_with_Obamas.jpg "Yoweri Kaguta Museveni with Obamas.jpg")
Relations between the two countries have recently been shaken when, on June 19, 2014, the [Obama administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama "Presidency of Barack Obama") cut funding to Uganda in addition to canceling a planned military exercise with their armed forces in response to Uganda's outlawing of [homosexuality](/wiki/Homosexuality "Homosexuality") that February, which had already been met with worldwide condemnation, especially from the Western world. On June 20, the Ugandan government accused the U.S. of "blackmail".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.voanews.com/content/uganda\-says\-us\-gay\-penalties\-are\-blackmail/1941213\.html\|access\-date\=20 June 2014\|date\=20 June 2014\|title\=Uganda Says US Gay Penalties are 'Blackmail'\|work\=Voice of America}}
Relations were similarly shaken in May 2023 after the [Anti\-Homosexuality Act of 2023](/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act_of_2023 "Anti-Homosexuality Act of 2023") was passed.
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"[thumb\\|Prime Minister [Milton Obote](/wiki/Milton_Obote \"Milton Obote\") in the [Oval Office](/wiki/Oval_Office \"Oval Office\") With President [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\") during Obote's visit to the [US](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") shortly after [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda \"Uganda\") gained Independence (October 22, 1962\\)](/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Prime_Minister_Milton_Obote.jpg \"President John F. Kennedy with Prime Minister Milton Obote.jpg\")",
"Although U.S.–Ugandan relations were strained during the rule of [Idi Amin](/wiki/Idi_Amin \"Idi Amin\") in the 1970s, relations improved after Amin's fall. In mid\\-1979, the United States reopened its [embassy](/wiki/Embassy \"Embassy\") in [Kampala](/wiki/Kampala \"Kampala\"). Relations with successor governments were cordial, although [Milton Obote](/wiki/Milton_Obote \"Milton Obote\") and his administration rejected strong U.S. criticism of [Uganda's human rights situation](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uganda \"Human rights in Uganda\").",
"Bilateral relations between the United States and Uganda have been good since [Museveni](/wiki/Museveni \"Museveni\") assumed power, and the United States has welcomed his efforts to end human rights abuses and to pursue economic reform. Uganda is a strong supporter of the Global [War on Terror](/wiki/War_on_Terror \"War on Terror\"). The United States is helping Uganda achieve export\\-led economic growth through the [African Growth and Opportunity Act](/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act \"African Growth and Opportunity Act\") and provides a significant amount of development assistance. At the same time, the United States is concerned about continuing human rights problems and the pace of progress toward the establishment of genuine political pluralism.\n[thumb\\|President [Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") meeting with President [Museveni](/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni \"Yoweri Museveni\") in 1987](/wiki/File:ReaganMuseveni.jpg \"ReaganMuseveni.jpg\")\nU.S. development assistance in Uganda has the overall goal of reducing mass [poverty](/wiki/Poverty \"Poverty\"). Most U.S. program assistance is focused in the areas of health, education, and agriculture. Both the [U.S. Agency for International Development](/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Development \"U.S. Agency for International Development\") (USAID) and the [Centers for Disease Control](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control \"Centers for Disease Control\") (CDC) have major programs to fight the [HIV/AIDS](/wiki/HIV/AIDS \"HIV/AIDS\") [pandemic](/wiki/Pandemic \"Pandemic\"). Other programs promote trade and investment, curb [environmental degradation](/wiki/Environmental_degradation \"Environmental degradation\"), encourage the peaceful resolution of local and international conflicts, and promote honest and open government. The United States also provides large amounts of [humanitarian](/wiki/Humanitarian \"Humanitarian\") assistance to populations without access to adequate food supplies because of conflict, [drought](/wiki/Drought \"Drought\") and other factors.",
"U.S. [Peace Corps](/wiki/Peace_Corps \"Peace Corps\") Volunteers are active in primary teacher training and HIV/AIDS programs. The [Department of State](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State \"U.S. Department of State\") carries out cultural exchange programs, brings [Fulbright](/wiki/Fulbright \"Fulbright\") lecturers and researchers to Uganda, and sponsors U.S. study and tour programs for a wide variety of officials from government, non\\-governmental organizations and the private sector. Through Ambassador's Self\\-Help Fund, local groups in poor areas receive assistance for small projects with a high level of community involvement.",
"U.S.\\-Ugandan relations also benefit from significant contributions to health care, [nutrition](/wiki/Nutrition \"Nutrition\"), education, and park systems from U.S. [missionaries](/wiki/Missionaries \"Missionaries\"), non\\-governmental organizations, private universities, HIV/AIDS researchers, and wildlife organizations. Expatriate Ugandans living in the U.S. also promote stronger links between the two countries. Relations have since improved under the [Donald Trump administration](/wiki/Donald_Trump_administration \"Donald Trump administration\").",
"Principal U.S. Officials include [Ambassador](/wiki/Ambassador \"Ambassador\") [William W. Popp](/wiki/William_W._Popp \"William W. Popp\").{{cite web\\| url \\= http://kampala.usembassy.gov/key\\_officers4\\.html\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140307011206/http://kampala.usembassy.gov/key\\_officers4\\.html\\| archive\\-date \\= 2014\\-03\\-07\\| title \\= Key Officers (copy) {{!}} Embassy of the United States}}",
"The U.S. maintains an embassy in [Kampala](/wiki/Kampala \"Kampala\"), Uganda.\n[thumb\\|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni with the Obamas in 2009](/wiki/File:Yoweri_Kaguta_Museveni_with_Obamas.jpg \"Yoweri Kaguta Museveni with Obamas.jpg\")\nRelations between the two countries have recently been shaken when, on June 19, 2014, the [Obama administration](/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama \"Presidency of Barack Obama\") cut funding to Uganda in addition to canceling a planned military exercise with their armed forces in response to Uganda's outlawing of [homosexuality](/wiki/Homosexuality \"Homosexuality\") that February, which had already been met with worldwide condemnation, especially from the Western world. On June 20, the Ugandan government accused the U.S. of \"blackmail\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.voanews.com/content/uganda\\-says\\-us\\-gay\\-penalties\\-are\\-blackmail/1941213\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2014\\|date\\=20 June 2014\\|title\\=Uganda Says US Gay Penalties are 'Blackmail'\\|work\\=Voice of America}}",
"Relations were similarly shaken in May 2023 after the [Anti\\-Homosexuality Act of 2023](/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act_of_2023 \"Anti-Homosexuality Act of 2023\") was passed.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Intending to be a manga artist from his childhood days, Boichi majored in physics in college as preparation to draw science fiction works, and also to learn the technology of performance and imaging. He went on to graduate school to major in image technology. In 1993, while still enrolled, Boichi debuted in a Korean girls manhwa magazine. Since then, he gained popularity releasing a number of works and publishing books on how to draw manga targeting a wide range of readers.
### Manga career
In 2004 he transitioned into the world of Japanese [manga](/wiki/Manga "Manga"). His "Ultimate Space Emperor Caesar", serialized in Monthly *Comic Gum*, was his first [tankōbon](/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon "Tankōbon") in Japan. In 2005, 9 out of 11 of Boichi's hentai one\-shot serialized in the Comic Aun were reunited under the volume titled *Lovers in Winter*. In 2006, he released two science fiction one\-shot, "Hotel" and "Present" which, in 2008, were compiled in a volume titled *Hotel* along the other one\-shots "It was all for the tuna", "Stephanos" and "Diadem".
In 2006, Boichi's first serialized manga, *[Sun\-Ken Rock](/wiki/Sun-Ken_Rock "Sun-Ken Rock")*, was published in the bi\-weekly magazine *[Young King](/wiki/Young_King_%28magazine%29 "Young King (magazine)")*. The manga spawned a side\-story based on the character Yumin in 2011 and another based on Pickaxe in 2012\. Another spin\-off based on Yumin was released in 2012, entitled *I want to feed Yumin* and serialized in *Monthly Young King*. *I want to feed Yumin* is about the main character of Sun\-Ken Rock, treating Yumin to traditional [Korean food](/wiki/Korean_food "Korean food").
Boichi also worked as the artist of a five\-volume manga titled *Raqiya*, written by Masao Yajima and published in 2009\. He also served as the artist of the *Brutality* one\-shot by Takeda Yuusuke in 2007\.
In later 2011, he started the serialization of another manga titled "H.E the hunt for energy" in a new monthly magazine: *Jump X*. In this year, he won the [Gran Guinigi](/wiki/Lucca_Comics_%26_Games "Lucca Comics & Games") prize for "It was all for the Tuna", about a scientist doing anything to revive the extinct tuna, experimenting on everything tuna\-related and sacrificing his own happiness.
To express his sentiment towards the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") and apologize for Korea’s actions during the war, *Sun\-Ken Rock* volume 2′s royalties were donated to the Humanitarian Services for Children of Vietnam (HSCV). He asked Korean manga artists to contribute towards drawing a support page for the [2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami](/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami"), giving the royalties from the proceeding to the [Red Cross](/wiki/Red_Cross "Red Cross"). He also donated the money he planned to use to buy a new car towards helping tsunami victims.
In 2019, Boichi received two awards for *[Dr. Stone](/wiki/Dr._Stone "Dr. Stone")* for the Shōnen category, respectively, *[Origin](/wiki/Origin_%28manga%29 "Origin (manga)")* for the Best Manga category.
Since 2020, Boichi has been doing the artwork for manga adaptation of *[One Piece novel A](/wiki/List_of_One_Piece_media "List of One Piece media")* titled *One Piece episode A*.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020\-04\-24/dr\-stone\-boichi\-to\-draw\-manga\-adaptation\-of\-one\-piece\-ace\-story\-novels/.158916 \| title \= Dr. Stone's Boichi to Draw Manga Adaptation of One Piece: Ace's Story Novels \| publisher \= Anime News Network \| date \= April 24, 2020 \| access\-date \= February 5, 2021}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Intending to be a manga artist from his childhood days, Boichi majored in physics in college as preparation to draw science fiction works, and also to learn the technology of performance and imaging. He went on to graduate school to major in image technology. In 1993, while still enrolled, Boichi debuted in a Korean girls manhwa magazine. Since then, he gained popularity releasing a number of works and publishing books on how to draw manga targeting a wide range of readers.",
"### Manga career",
"In 2004 he transitioned into the world of Japanese [manga](/wiki/Manga \"Manga\"). His \"Ultimate Space Emperor Caesar\", serialized in Monthly *Comic Gum*, was his first [tankōbon](/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon \"Tankōbon\") in Japan. In 2005, 9 out of 11 of Boichi's hentai one\\-shot serialized in the Comic Aun were reunited under the volume titled *Lovers in Winter*. In 2006, he released two science fiction one\\-shot, \"Hotel\" and \"Present\" which, in 2008, were compiled in a volume titled *Hotel* along the other one\\-shots \"It was all for the tuna\", \"Stephanos\" and \"Diadem\".",
"In 2006, Boichi's first serialized manga, *[Sun\\-Ken Rock](/wiki/Sun-Ken_Rock \"Sun-Ken Rock\")*, was published in the bi\\-weekly magazine *[Young King](/wiki/Young_King_%28magazine%29 \"Young King (magazine)\")*. The manga spawned a side\\-story based on the character Yumin in 2011 and another based on Pickaxe in 2012\\. Another spin\\-off based on Yumin was released in 2012, entitled *I want to feed Yumin* and serialized in *Monthly Young King*. *I want to feed Yumin* is about the main character of Sun\\-Ken Rock, treating Yumin to traditional [Korean food](/wiki/Korean_food \"Korean food\").",
"Boichi also worked as the artist of a five\\-volume manga titled *Raqiya*, written by Masao Yajima and published in 2009\\. He also served as the artist of the *Brutality* one\\-shot by Takeda Yuusuke in 2007\\.",
"In later 2011, he started the serialization of another manga titled \"H.E the hunt for energy\" in a new monthly magazine: *Jump X*. In this year, he won the [Gran Guinigi](/wiki/Lucca_Comics_%26_Games \"Lucca Comics & Games\") prize for \"It was all for the Tuna\", about a scientist doing anything to revive the extinct tuna, experimenting on everything tuna\\-related and sacrificing his own happiness.",
"To express his sentiment towards the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") and apologize for Korea’s actions during the war, *Sun\\-Ken Rock* volume 2′s royalties were donated to the Humanitarian Services for Children of Vietnam (HSCV). He asked Korean manga artists to contribute towards drawing a support page for the [2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami](/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami \"2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami\"), giving the royalties from the proceeding to the [Red Cross](/wiki/Red_Cross \"Red Cross\"). He also donated the money he planned to use to buy a new car towards helping tsunami victims.",
"In 2019, Boichi received two awards for *[Dr. Stone](/wiki/Dr._Stone \"Dr. Stone\")* for the Shōnen category, respectively, *[Origin](/wiki/Origin_%28manga%29 \"Origin (manga)\")* for the Best Manga category.",
"Since 2020, Boichi has been doing the artwork for manga adaptation of *[One Piece novel A](/wiki/List_of_One_Piece_media \"List of One Piece media\")* titled *One Piece episode A*.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020\\-04\\-24/dr\\-stone\\-boichi\\-to\\-draw\\-manga\\-adaptation\\-of\\-one\\-piece\\-ace\\-story\\-novels/.158916 \\| title \\= Dr. Stone's Boichi to Draw Manga Adaptation of One Piece: Ace's Story Novels \\| publisher \\= Anime News Network \\| date \\= April 24, 2020 \\| access\\-date \\= February 5, 2021}}",
""
] |
### Manga career
In 2004 he transitioned into the world of Japanese [manga](/wiki/Manga "Manga"). His "Ultimate Space Emperor Caesar", serialized in Monthly *Comic Gum*, was his first [tankōbon](/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon "Tankōbon") in Japan. In 2005, 9 out of 11 of Boichi's hentai one\-shot serialized in the Comic Aun were reunited under the volume titled *Lovers in Winter*. In 2006, he released two science fiction one\-shot, "Hotel" and "Present" which, in 2008, were compiled in a volume titled *Hotel* along the other one\-shots "It was all for the tuna", "Stephanos" and "Diadem".
In 2006, Boichi's first serialized manga, *[Sun\-Ken Rock](/wiki/Sun-Ken_Rock "Sun-Ken Rock")*, was published in the bi\-weekly magazine *[Young King](/wiki/Young_King_%28magazine%29 "Young King (magazine)")*. The manga spawned a side\-story based on the character Yumin in 2011 and another based on Pickaxe in 2012\. Another spin\-off based on Yumin was released in 2012, entitled *I want to feed Yumin* and serialized in *Monthly Young King*. *I want to feed Yumin* is about the main character of Sun\-Ken Rock, treating Yumin to traditional [Korean food](/wiki/Korean_food "Korean food").
Boichi also worked as the artist of a five\-volume manga titled *Raqiya*, written by Masao Yajima and published in 2009\. He also served as the artist of the *Brutality* one\-shot by Takeda Yuusuke in 2007\.
In later 2011, he started the serialization of another manga titled "H.E the hunt for energy" in a new monthly magazine: *Jump X*. In this year, he won the [Gran Guinigi](/wiki/Lucca_Comics_%26_Games "Lucca Comics & Games") prize for "It was all for the Tuna", about a scientist doing anything to revive the extinct tuna, experimenting on everything tuna\-related and sacrificing his own happiness.
To express his sentiment towards the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") and apologize for Korea’s actions during the war, *Sun\-Ken Rock* volume 2′s royalties were donated to the Humanitarian Services for Children of Vietnam (HSCV). He asked Korean manga artists to contribute towards drawing a support page for the [2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami](/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami"), giving the royalties from the proceeding to the [Red Cross](/wiki/Red_Cross "Red Cross"). He also donated the money he planned to use to buy a new car towards helping tsunami victims.
In 2019, Boichi received two awards for *[Dr. Stone](/wiki/Dr._Stone "Dr. Stone")* for the Shōnen category, respectively, *[Origin](/wiki/Origin_%28manga%29 "Origin (manga)")* for the Best Manga category.
Since 2020, Boichi has been doing the artwork for manga adaptation of *[One Piece novel A](/wiki/List_of_One_Piece_media "List of One Piece media")* titled *One Piece episode A*.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020\-04\-24/dr\-stone\-boichi\-to\-draw\-manga\-adaptation\-of\-one\-piece\-ace\-story\-novels/.158916 \| title \= Dr. Stone's Boichi to Draw Manga Adaptation of One Piece: Ace's Story Novels \| publisher \= Anime News Network \| date \= April 24, 2020 \| access\-date \= February 5, 2021}}
|
[
"### Manga career",
"In 2004 he transitioned into the world of Japanese [manga](/wiki/Manga \"Manga\"). His \"Ultimate Space Emperor Caesar\", serialized in Monthly *Comic Gum*, was his first [tankōbon](/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon \"Tankōbon\") in Japan. In 2005, 9 out of 11 of Boichi's hentai one\\-shot serialized in the Comic Aun were reunited under the volume titled *Lovers in Winter*. In 2006, he released two science fiction one\\-shot, \"Hotel\" and \"Present\" which, in 2008, were compiled in a volume titled *Hotel* along the other one\\-shots \"It was all for the tuna\", \"Stephanos\" and \"Diadem\".",
"In 2006, Boichi's first serialized manga, *[Sun\\-Ken Rock](/wiki/Sun-Ken_Rock \"Sun-Ken Rock\")*, was published in the bi\\-weekly magazine *[Young King](/wiki/Young_King_%28magazine%29 \"Young King (magazine)\")*. The manga spawned a side\\-story based on the character Yumin in 2011 and another based on Pickaxe in 2012\\. Another spin\\-off based on Yumin was released in 2012, entitled *I want to feed Yumin* and serialized in *Monthly Young King*. *I want to feed Yumin* is about the main character of Sun\\-Ken Rock, treating Yumin to traditional [Korean food](/wiki/Korean_food \"Korean food\").",
"Boichi also worked as the artist of a five\\-volume manga titled *Raqiya*, written by Masao Yajima and published in 2009\\. He also served as the artist of the *Brutality* one\\-shot by Takeda Yuusuke in 2007\\.",
"In later 2011, he started the serialization of another manga titled \"H.E the hunt for energy\" in a new monthly magazine: *Jump X*. In this year, he won the [Gran Guinigi](/wiki/Lucca_Comics_%26_Games \"Lucca Comics & Games\") prize for \"It was all for the Tuna\", about a scientist doing anything to revive the extinct tuna, experimenting on everything tuna\\-related and sacrificing his own happiness.",
"To express his sentiment towards the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") and apologize for Korea’s actions during the war, *Sun\\-Ken Rock* volume 2′s royalties were donated to the Humanitarian Services for Children of Vietnam (HSCV). He asked Korean manga artists to contribute towards drawing a support page for the [2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami](/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami \"2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami\"), giving the royalties from the proceeding to the [Red Cross](/wiki/Red_Cross \"Red Cross\"). He also donated the money he planned to use to buy a new car towards helping tsunami victims.",
"In 2019, Boichi received two awards for *[Dr. Stone](/wiki/Dr._Stone \"Dr. Stone\")* for the Shōnen category, respectively, *[Origin](/wiki/Origin_%28manga%29 \"Origin (manga)\")* for the Best Manga category.",
"Since 2020, Boichi has been doing the artwork for manga adaptation of *[One Piece novel A](/wiki/List_of_One_Piece_media \"List of One Piece media\")* titled *One Piece episode A*.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020\\-04\\-24/dr\\-stone\\-boichi\\-to\\-draw\\-manga\\-adaptation\\-of\\-one\\-piece\\-ace\\-story\\-novels/.158916 \\| title \\= Dr. Stone's Boichi to Draw Manga Adaptation of One Piece: Ace's Story Novels \\| publisher \\= Anime News Network \\| date \\= April 24, 2020 \\| access\\-date \\= February 5, 2021}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The land where the later Cleland Bond and [Argyle Stores](/wiki/Argyle_Stores "Argyle Stores") would stand became part of the garden for the first hospital, set up in 1788\. In 1800 the land where the future Cleland Bond store would stand was leased to William Balmain, assistant surgeon to New South Wales from the [First Fleet](/wiki/First_Fleet "First Fleet"). After Balmain's death in 1803 the lease was granted to William Gaudry in January 1810\. Gaudry arrived as a free settler in 1807 and became [Henry Kable](/wiki/Henry_Kable "Henry Kable")'s son\-in\-law and partner in some of Kable's business enterprises. In 1838, site was listed as Lot 2, Section 85 and granted to William Carr and George Rogers solicitors, as trustees for James Shepherd, Richard Wood, Nathaniel Dermot, James Webber and Edmund Pontifex, assignees of estate of John Plummer and William Wilson, formerly merchants of Fenchurch Street, London. William Carr was one of the first members of the Sydney District Council when it formed in 1843\.
In 1874 Patrick Freehill erected stables on the site. In November 1877 stables were demolished and a 12 foot wide roadway was dedicated for a Public Thoroughfare along the southern boundary of the allotment, and the remaining portion of the allotment was considered for Public Auction. The land remained unoccupied until 1891 when Allen \& Co. owned the land and in 1897, D Wheeler made use of the vacant land. In December 1900 the Observatory Hill Resumption Act was gazetted and the store passed into [Government](/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales "Government of New South Wales") ownership. During or shortly after 1905 Dingle \& Co. Ltd Bonded and Free Store became the tenant. In 1912 Dingle \& Co. applied for a lease of the vacant land to the north of the stores. In 1914 a new warehouse of four floors, brick walls and iron roof was built there for them. This store which was erected over the previously dedicated thoroughfare extended from the Argyle Bond to the terrace house at 31 Playfair Street. This subsequently became known as the Cleland Bond. In 1933 Dingle and Co. went into liquidation. Thomas McMahon took over the lease and remained as an exclusive lessee until the function of the building began to change in the 1960s.Orwell \& Peter Phillips, 1990: Appendix A: Thorp, W., *Historical Development Argyle and Cleland Bond Stores*, Argyle Street, [The Rocks](/wiki/The_Rocks%2C_Sydney "The Rocks, Sydney").
During Clelands' ownership, few renovations or improvements were made to the building, with the exception of some limewashing, the installation of electric lights and power points in 1935 and a stacking machine in 1951, and apparently constant repairs and renovations to the electric goods lifts. In November 1946, the Argyle Stores and the Cleland Bond Store jointly suffered "the biggest bond store robbery for years". A variety of goods were stolen from Argyle Stores, while Cleland Bond Store was robbed of 400 torch globes. Clelands retained the lease on the building until 1965, when it was transferred to Brambles Bonded and Free Stores, a company with which Cleland had merged. In 1969 Brambles requested approval to sub\-let the two top floors to John Anderson and Associates, and Jarvis Coates Furniture. In 1970 their tenancy expired and the building was vacated.
The establishment of the [Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority](/wiki/Sydney_Cove_Redevelopment_Authority "Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority") (SCRA) in 1968 ushered in a new period of planning and development in The Rocks. Initially, the SCRA intended to redevelop the area with high\-rise residential and office buildings, and to retain only a handful of historic buildings. However, by the early 1970s, a growing public awareness of the cultural value of historic places and a series of highly visible protests against the Government's proposed scheme forced a shift in the SCRA's approach, towards adaptive reuse, rather than demolition and replacement, of old buildings. This, in combination with the SCRA's imperative to turn The Rocks into a tourist destination, saw a number of old warehouses converted to accommodate specialty shops and restaurants. In 1971 the SCRA invited proposals from interested parties for the conservation and conversion of the Cleland Bond Store and the adjoining row of terrace houses, subsequently named the [Argyle Terrace](/wiki/Argyle_Terrace "Argyle Terrace") (distinguished from the [Playfair Street Terraces](/wiki/Playfair_Street_Terraces "Playfair Street Terraces")), for use as commercial premises. The successful proposal came from architects Fisher, Jackson and Hudson, and was to be one of the first conservation jobs undertaken by the SCRA. Builders Peter Kilmore and Co were engaged for the work, which began in December 1971 and was completed in February 1973\. Work included removing existing partitions and replacing sanitary fittings; removing a hoist from the northeast corner of the building and infilling the resultant hole; constructing new stairs from the ground to the third floor, as well as new external stairs; removing existing roller shutters from the Playfair Street entrance and replacing them with heavy Oregon doors; and installing new gutters, downpipes and roofing. Additional work was undertaken between 1975 and 1980, including the construction of ramps between the north wing of the Argyle Stores and the Cleland Bond Store, and the installation of a new timber floor and skirtings to the ground and first floors of the building. A concrete entry ramp from Playfair Street was built and a new entrance was cut from the Cleland Bond Store to the east wing of the Argyle Stores. In the 1990s the building was renovated for use as a department store. Existing shop partitions were removed and masonry walls and the timber structure of the building were exposed to display something of the building's original construction. New stairs and a lift were installed, and the ground floor level was given a new floor once again.
The Cleland Bond Store was again refurbished in 2006\-7 as part of the upgrading works to the Argyle Stores. These works were awarded "Excellence in Construction of Adaptive Re\-Use of a Historic Building up to $5 Million" at the 2007 NSW Master Builders Awards.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The land where the later Cleland Bond and [Argyle Stores](/wiki/Argyle_Stores \"Argyle Stores\") would stand became part of the garden for the first hospital, set up in 1788\\. In 1800 the land where the future Cleland Bond store would stand was leased to William Balmain, assistant surgeon to New South Wales from the [First Fleet](/wiki/First_Fleet \"First Fleet\"). After Balmain's death in 1803 the lease was granted to William Gaudry in January 1810\\. Gaudry arrived as a free settler in 1807 and became [Henry Kable](/wiki/Henry_Kable \"Henry Kable\")'s son\\-in\\-law and partner in some of Kable's business enterprises. In 1838, site was listed as Lot 2, Section 85 and granted to William Carr and George Rogers solicitors, as trustees for James Shepherd, Richard Wood, Nathaniel Dermot, James Webber and Edmund Pontifex, assignees of estate of John Plummer and William Wilson, formerly merchants of Fenchurch Street, London. William Carr was one of the first members of the Sydney District Council when it formed in 1843\\.",
"In 1874 Patrick Freehill erected stables on the site. In November 1877 stables were demolished and a 12 foot wide roadway was dedicated for a Public Thoroughfare along the southern boundary of the allotment, and the remaining portion of the allotment was considered for Public Auction. The land remained unoccupied until 1891 when Allen \\& Co. owned the land and in 1897, D Wheeler made use of the vacant land. In December 1900 the Observatory Hill Resumption Act was gazetted and the store passed into [Government](/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales \"Government of New South Wales\") ownership. During or shortly after 1905 Dingle \\& Co. Ltd Bonded and Free Store became the tenant. In 1912 Dingle \\& Co. applied for a lease of the vacant land to the north of the stores. In 1914 a new warehouse of four floors, brick walls and iron roof was built there for them. This store which was erected over the previously dedicated thoroughfare extended from the Argyle Bond to the terrace house at 31 Playfair Street. This subsequently became known as the Cleland Bond. In 1933 Dingle and Co. went into liquidation. Thomas McMahon took over the lease and remained as an exclusive lessee until the function of the building began to change in the 1960s.Orwell \\& Peter Phillips, 1990: Appendix A: Thorp, W., *Historical Development Argyle and Cleland Bond Stores*, Argyle Street, [The Rocks](/wiki/The_Rocks%2C_Sydney \"The Rocks, Sydney\").",
"During Clelands' ownership, few renovations or improvements were made to the building, with the exception of some limewashing, the installation of electric lights and power points in 1935 and a stacking machine in 1951, and apparently constant repairs and renovations to the electric goods lifts. In November 1946, the Argyle Stores and the Cleland Bond Store jointly suffered \"the biggest bond store robbery for years\". A variety of goods were stolen from Argyle Stores, while Cleland Bond Store was robbed of 400 torch globes. Clelands retained the lease on the building until 1965, when it was transferred to Brambles Bonded and Free Stores, a company with which Cleland had merged. In 1969 Brambles requested approval to sub\\-let the two top floors to John Anderson and Associates, and Jarvis Coates Furniture. In 1970 their tenancy expired and the building was vacated.",
"The establishment of the [Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority](/wiki/Sydney_Cove_Redevelopment_Authority \"Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority\") (SCRA) in 1968 ushered in a new period of planning and development in The Rocks. Initially, the SCRA intended to redevelop the area with high\\-rise residential and office buildings, and to retain only a handful of historic buildings. However, by the early 1970s, a growing public awareness of the cultural value of historic places and a series of highly visible protests against the Government's proposed scheme forced a shift in the SCRA's approach, towards adaptive reuse, rather than demolition and replacement, of old buildings. This, in combination with the SCRA's imperative to turn The Rocks into a tourist destination, saw a number of old warehouses converted to accommodate specialty shops and restaurants. In 1971 the SCRA invited proposals from interested parties for the conservation and conversion of the Cleland Bond Store and the adjoining row of terrace houses, subsequently named the [Argyle Terrace](/wiki/Argyle_Terrace \"Argyle Terrace\") (distinguished from the [Playfair Street Terraces](/wiki/Playfair_Street_Terraces \"Playfair Street Terraces\")), for use as commercial premises. The successful proposal came from architects Fisher, Jackson and Hudson, and was to be one of the first conservation jobs undertaken by the SCRA. Builders Peter Kilmore and Co were engaged for the work, which began in December 1971 and was completed in February 1973\\. Work included removing existing partitions and replacing sanitary fittings; removing a hoist from the northeast corner of the building and infilling the resultant hole; constructing new stairs from the ground to the third floor, as well as new external stairs; removing existing roller shutters from the Playfair Street entrance and replacing them with heavy Oregon doors; and installing new gutters, downpipes and roofing. Additional work was undertaken between 1975 and 1980, including the construction of ramps between the north wing of the Argyle Stores and the Cleland Bond Store, and the installation of a new timber floor and skirtings to the ground and first floors of the building. A concrete entry ramp from Playfair Street was built and a new entrance was cut from the Cleland Bond Store to the east wing of the Argyle Stores. In the 1990s the building was renovated for use as a department store. Existing shop partitions were removed and masonry walls and the timber structure of the building were exposed to display something of the building's original construction. New stairs and a lift were installed, and the ground floor level was given a new floor once again.",
"The Cleland Bond Store was again refurbished in 2006\\-7 as part of the upgrading works to the Argyle Stores. These works were awarded \"Excellence in Construction of Adaptive Re\\-Use of a Historic Building up to $5 Million\" at the 2007 NSW Master Builders Awards.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
As at 30 March 2011, Cleland Bond Store and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.
The Cleland Bond Store is part of the larger Argyle Stores which include substantial remains of one the earliest surviving commercial buildings in Sydney, dating from {{circa\|1826}}. The Argyle Stores also contain the earliest surviving building occupied for use as a [Customs House](/wiki/Customs_House%2C_Sydney "Customs House, Sydney") from 1830 until 1850\. The group of buildings is probably unique in Sydney in its ability to demonstrate changing warehouse design and construction from the early 19th to the early 20th century. Despite numerous alterations, the buildings retain much of the fabric of their major phases of development and use as commercial stores. The buildings also demonstrate, through design, space and materials, retail practices which are changing or have changed.
The Argyle Stores group of buildings and site are physical reminders of the early [history of Sydney](/wiki/History_of_Sydney "History of Sydney"), occupying a section of the city which was the focus of commercial maritime activity in the first half of the 19th century. They also provide the focus of present activity in The Rocks. The courtyard is particularly evocative in this respect. The buildings have historical associations with significant figures in Australian retail and social history including John Piper, Mary Reiby, Frederick Unwin, [Samuel Terry](/wiki/Samuel_Terry_%28politician%29 "Samuel Terry (politician)") and the Tooth brothers. Unwin is also significant in the development of The Rocks area. The Argyle Centre historic precinct makes an important contribution to the quality of the streetscape of The Rocks. The building fabric constitutes the major potential source of additional information about the history of the complex, because of the paucity of documentary evidence. These buildings are believed to be among the first historic buildings in NSW to be recycled for new uses in a way designed to respect the earlier historical significance of the site, and therefore represent and important landmark in the history of conservation. The buildings provide clear evidence of early conservation practice and philosophy.
Cleland Bond Store was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**
Cleland Bond Store and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right (see item no. 4500458\).
The Cleland Bond Store has historical significance as the last component built as part of the Argyle Stores, a complex that includes substantial remains of one of Sydney's earliest surviving commercial buildings (built {{circa\|1826}}) and the earliest surviving Customs House building (occupied as such from 1830 to 1850\). The Argyle Stores group, including the Cleland Bond Store, constitutes important material evidence of changing warehouse design and construction in Sydney from the early 19th to the early 20th century.
The Cleland Bond Store, in conjunction with the Argyle Stores, is a physical reminder of the commercial maritime history of The Rocks, which was the centre of maritime activity and trade in Sydney from the earliest days of European settlement. As one of the later bond store buildings built in The Rocks and occupied for the purpose of bonded storage for some 60 years, the Cleland Bond Store represents the continuing importance of maritime commerce in The Rocks area throughout the 20th century.
The building is also historically significant as one of the first historic buildings in NSW to be conserved and adapted for commercial retail and office use by the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority, newly constituted in the early 1970s. As such, the Cleland Bond Store is a material record of early conservation practice and philosophy in New South Wales.
The Cleland Bond Store meets this criterion on a State and local level.Clive Lucas, Stapleton \& Partners Pty Ltd, 2008
**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**
The buildings have historical associations with significant figures in Australian retail and social history including John Piper, Mary Reiby, Frederick Unwin, Samuel Terry and the Tooth brothers. Unwin is also significant in the development of the Rocks area.
**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**
The Cleland Bond Store is a substantial and well\-built example of an Edwardian warehouse. As part of the historic Argyle Precinct, and as one of the primary "background" buildings in the precinct, the intact external shell of the Cleland Bond Store makes an important contribution to the streetscape quality of the Rocks.
The Cleland Bond Store meets this criterion on a State and local level.
**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
The Cleland Bond Store, as part of the Argyle Stores group, has social significance for its place in the history of the Argyle Stores, an important warehousing complex in The Rocks, and for its contribution to The Rocks area, one of Australia's premier heritage precincts. This is demonstrated by its inclusion on several lists of buildings of heritage significance formulated by community groups such as the [National Trust of Australia](/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia "National Trust of Australia") (NSW) and the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, and representative bodies such as the Heritage Council of NSW. As part of The Rocks area, the place is likely to be held in some esteem by individuals and groups who are interested in Sydney's history and heritage.
The Cleland Bond Store, as part of The Rocks precinct, meets this criterion on a State and local level.
**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
The Argyle Centre historic precinct makes an important contribution to the quality of the streetscape of the Rocks. The building fabric constitutes the major potential source of additional information about the history of the complex, because of the paucity of documentary evidence. These buildings are believed to be among the first historic buildings in NSW to be recycled for new uses in a way designed to respect the earlier historical significance of the site, and therefore represent and important landmark in the history of conservation. The buildings provide clear evidence of early conservation practice and philosophy.
Archaeology: Partly disturbed. Limited excavation carried out on in 1996\. Subfloor excavation was necessary for the installation of power, water, sewerage and drainage services and also for the construction of a lift well. During this excavation the remains of a box drain ({{circa\|1839}}) were encountered. The majority of the subfloor area remains undisturbed and a potential archaeological resource.
**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
The Cleland Bond Store, as a component of the Argyle Stores, is rare in its ability to contribute to an understanding of changing warehouse design and construction from the early 19th to early 20th century. Warehouse complexes of this longevity are rare in Sydney. The Cleland Bond Store meets this criterion on a local level.
**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**
The Cleland Bond Store is a representative example of an early 20th century warehouse. The Cleland Bond Store meets this criterion on a local level.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"As at 30 March 2011, Cleland Bond Store and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.",
"The Cleland Bond Store is part of the larger Argyle Stores which include substantial remains of one the earliest surviving commercial buildings in Sydney, dating from {{circa\\|1826}}. The Argyle Stores also contain the earliest surviving building occupied for use as a [Customs House](/wiki/Customs_House%2C_Sydney \"Customs House, Sydney\") from 1830 until 1850\\. The group of buildings is probably unique in Sydney in its ability to demonstrate changing warehouse design and construction from the early 19th to the early 20th century. Despite numerous alterations, the buildings retain much of the fabric of their major phases of development and use as commercial stores. The buildings also demonstrate, through design, space and materials, retail practices which are changing or have changed.",
"The Argyle Stores group of buildings and site are physical reminders of the early [history of Sydney](/wiki/History_of_Sydney \"History of Sydney\"), occupying a section of the city which was the focus of commercial maritime activity in the first half of the 19th century. They also provide the focus of present activity in The Rocks. The courtyard is particularly evocative in this respect. The buildings have historical associations with significant figures in Australian retail and social history including John Piper, Mary Reiby, Frederick Unwin, [Samuel Terry](/wiki/Samuel_Terry_%28politician%29 \"Samuel Terry (politician)\") and the Tooth brothers. Unwin is also significant in the development of The Rocks area. The Argyle Centre historic precinct makes an important contribution to the quality of the streetscape of The Rocks. The building fabric constitutes the major potential source of additional information about the history of the complex, because of the paucity of documentary evidence. These buildings are believed to be among the first historic buildings in NSW to be recycled for new uses in a way designed to respect the earlier historical significance of the site, and therefore represent and important landmark in the history of conservation. The buildings provide clear evidence of early conservation practice and philosophy.",
"Cleland Bond Store was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**",
"Cleland Bond Store and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right (see item no. 4500458\\).",
"The Cleland Bond Store has historical significance as the last component built as part of the Argyle Stores, a complex that includes substantial remains of one of Sydney's earliest surviving commercial buildings (built {{circa\\|1826}}) and the earliest surviving Customs House building (occupied as such from 1830 to 1850\\). The Argyle Stores group, including the Cleland Bond Store, constitutes important material evidence of changing warehouse design and construction in Sydney from the early 19th to the early 20th century.",
"The Cleland Bond Store, in conjunction with the Argyle Stores, is a physical reminder of the commercial maritime history of The Rocks, which was the centre of maritime activity and trade in Sydney from the earliest days of European settlement. As one of the later bond store buildings built in The Rocks and occupied for the purpose of bonded storage for some 60 years, the Cleland Bond Store represents the continuing importance of maritime commerce in The Rocks area throughout the 20th century.",
"The building is also historically significant as one of the first historic buildings in NSW to be conserved and adapted for commercial retail and office use by the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority, newly constituted in the early 1970s. As such, the Cleland Bond Store is a material record of early conservation practice and philosophy in New South Wales.",
"The Cleland Bond Store meets this criterion on a State and local level.Clive Lucas, Stapleton \\& Partners Pty Ltd, 2008",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**",
"The buildings have historical associations with significant figures in Australian retail and social history including John Piper, Mary Reiby, Frederick Unwin, Samuel Terry and the Tooth brothers. Unwin is also significant in the development of the Rocks area.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**",
"The Cleland Bond Store is a substantial and well\\-built example of an Edwardian warehouse. As part of the historic Argyle Precinct, and as one of the primary \"background\" buildings in the precinct, the intact external shell of the Cleland Bond Store makes an important contribution to the streetscape quality of the Rocks.",
"The Cleland Bond Store meets this criterion on a State and local level.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"The Cleland Bond Store, as part of the Argyle Stores group, has social significance for its place in the history of the Argyle Stores, an important warehousing complex in The Rocks, and for its contribution to The Rocks area, one of Australia's premier heritage precincts. This is demonstrated by its inclusion on several lists of buildings of heritage significance formulated by community groups such as the [National Trust of Australia](/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia \"National Trust of Australia\") (NSW) and the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, and representative bodies such as the Heritage Council of NSW. As part of The Rocks area, the place is likely to be held in some esteem by individuals and groups who are interested in Sydney's history and heritage.",
"The Cleland Bond Store, as part of The Rocks precinct, meets this criterion on a State and local level.",
"",
"**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"The Argyle Centre historic precinct makes an important contribution to the quality of the streetscape of the Rocks. The building fabric constitutes the major potential source of additional information about the history of the complex, because of the paucity of documentary evidence. These buildings are believed to be among the first historic buildings in NSW to be recycled for new uses in a way designed to respect the earlier historical significance of the site, and therefore represent and important landmark in the history of conservation. The buildings provide clear evidence of early conservation practice and philosophy.",
"Archaeology: Partly disturbed. Limited excavation carried out on in 1996\\. Subfloor excavation was necessary for the installation of power, water, sewerage and drainage services and also for the construction of a lift well. During this excavation the remains of a box drain ({{circa\\|1839}}) were encountered. The majority of the subfloor area remains undisturbed and a potential archaeological resource.",
"**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"The Cleland Bond Store, as a component of the Argyle Stores, is rare in its ability to contribute to an understanding of changing warehouse design and construction from the early 19th to early 20th century. Warehouse complexes of this longevity are rare in Sydney. The Cleland Bond Store meets this criterion on a local level.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**",
"The Cleland Bond Store is a representative example of an early 20th century warehouse. The Cleland Bond Store meets this criterion on a local level.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Jack Dundee is a banker obsessed with what he considers the most shameful moment in his life: dropping a perfectly thrown pass in the final seconds of the 1972 high school football game between [Taft](/wiki/Taft_Union_High_School "Taft Union High School") and their arch rivals, [Bakersfield](/wiki/Bakersfield_High_School "Bakersfield High School"), that ended in a scoreless tie.
Since that game, Jack has found it impossible to forget what happened. He works for his father\-in\-law, the Colonel, Bakersfield's biggest supporter, and who reminds him of it almost daily.
Thirteen years later, Reno Hightower, quarterback of the fateful game, is a financially struggling van specialist in debt to Jack's bank. His wife, Gigi, leaves him yet again, citing their rut as the reason. She dreams of going to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") to get discovered.
Using an odd\-sounding engine as an excuse to visit Reno's garage so that he can give it a temporary fix, Jack borrows an old car to visit a "massage expert" on the edge of town. Darla listens while he laments that game, which he is convinced hangs over him like a dark cloud. She suggests that he replay the game.
Jack approaches the Colonel to propose the rematch, and he accepts on Bakersfield's behalf. At home, his wife, Elly, tries to use emotional blackmail by depriving him of sex to persuade him to give up his plan to redo the game. It does not work, so he moves into a motel.
Because Reno is the greatest [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback "Quarterback") in the history of South Kern County, and the only one to wear white shoes, Jack tries to get him on board. At first, resistant, Jack convinces him by helping him to reorganize his late mortgages. Reno and Jack approach the local Caribou Lodge, who initially resist the idea, too.
Disguised as the Bakersfield mascot tiger, Jack goes through town defacing property and landmarks with tiger orange, writing taunting messages. At the lodge, they incite and convince supporters to restage the game.
Jack's and Reno's wives invite them to dinner Monday night at Jack's, under the condition that neither sex nor football comes up. They struggle to find things to talk about, but are managing, until Jack gets caught watching the game on TV and the men are kicked out.
The Taft Rockets are losing, 0\-26, by the end of the first half of the Taft\-Bakersfield rematch game, so Jack enrages Reno by "accidentally" letting him know that it was him who incited the town dressed as the other team's mascot. His meanness returns, spurring the team to catch up, little by little. Reno returns Jack to the game at the last minute.
In the last play of the game, with five seconds left, Reno throws the ball long to Jack for the winning touchdown. In the process, it revitalizes Taft, as well as his and Reno's marriages.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Jack Dundee is a banker obsessed with what he considers the most shameful moment in his life: dropping a perfectly thrown pass in the final seconds of the 1972 high school football game between [Taft](/wiki/Taft_Union_High_School \"Taft Union High School\") and their arch rivals, [Bakersfield](/wiki/Bakersfield_High_School \"Bakersfield High School\"), that ended in a scoreless tie.",
"Since that game, Jack has found it impossible to forget what happened. He works for his father\\-in\\-law, the Colonel, Bakersfield's biggest supporter, and who reminds him of it almost daily.",
"Thirteen years later, Reno Hightower, quarterback of the fateful game, is a financially struggling van specialist in debt to Jack's bank. His wife, Gigi, leaves him yet again, citing their rut as the reason. She dreams of going to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") to get discovered.",
"Using an odd\\-sounding engine as an excuse to visit Reno's garage so that he can give it a temporary fix, Jack borrows an old car to visit a \"massage expert\" on the edge of town. Darla listens while he laments that game, which he is convinced hangs over him like a dark cloud. She suggests that he replay the game.",
"Jack approaches the Colonel to propose the rematch, and he accepts on Bakersfield's behalf. At home, his wife, Elly, tries to use emotional blackmail by depriving him of sex to persuade him to give up his plan to redo the game. It does not work, so he moves into a motel.",
"Because Reno is the greatest [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback \"Quarterback\") in the history of South Kern County, and the only one to wear white shoes, Jack tries to get him on board. At first, resistant, Jack convinces him by helping him to reorganize his late mortgages. Reno and Jack approach the local Caribou Lodge, who initially resist the idea, too.",
"Disguised as the Bakersfield mascot tiger, Jack goes through town defacing property and landmarks with tiger orange, writing taunting messages. At the lodge, they incite and convince supporters to restage the game.",
"Jack's and Reno's wives invite them to dinner Monday night at Jack's, under the condition that neither sex nor football comes up. They struggle to find things to talk about, but are managing, until Jack gets caught watching the game on TV and the men are kicked out.",
"The Taft Rockets are losing, 0\\-26, by the end of the first half of the Taft\\-Bakersfield rematch game, so Jack enrages Reno by \"accidentally\" letting him know that it was him who incited the town dressed as the other team's mascot. His meanness returns, spurring the team to catch up, little by little. Reno returns Jack to the game at the last minute.",
"In the last play of the game, with five seconds left, Reno throws the ball long to Jack for the winning touchdown. In the process, it revitalizes Taft, as well as his and Reno's marriages.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In 2013, [Edward Snowden](/wiki/Edward_Snowden "Edward Snowden") arranges a clandestine meeting in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") with [documentarian](/wiki/Documentary_film "Documentary film") [Laura Poitras](/wiki/Laura_Poitras "Laura Poitras") and [journalist](/wiki/Journalist "Journalist") [Glenn Greenwald](/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald "Glenn Greenwald"). They discuss releasing the classified information in the former's possession regarding illegal [mass surveillance](/wiki/Mass_surveillance "Mass surveillance") conducted by the [National Security Agency](/wiki/National_Security_Agency "National Security Agency") (NSA). Poitras later released a documentary about this meeting titled *[Citizenfour](/wiki/Citizenfour "Citizenfour")*, which was used in a scene within the film.
In 2004, Snowden is undergoing basic training, having enlisted in the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") with intentions of matriculating to the [Special Forces](/wiki/Special_Forces_%28United_States_Army%29 "Special Forces (United States Army)"). He eventually fractures his [tibia](/wiki/Tibia "Tibia") and is informed that he will be receiving an [administrative discharge](/wiki/Military_discharge "Military discharge") in the process but is encouraged to serve his country in other ways.
Snowden applies for a position at the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") (CIA) and subsequently undergoes the screening process. Initially, his answers to the screening questions are insufficient, but [Deputy Director](/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency "Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency") Corbin O'Brian decides to take a chance on him, in the wake of extraordinary times. Snowden is then brought to "The Hill" where he is educated and tested on [cyberwarfare](/wiki/Cyberwarfare "Cyberwarfare"). He learns about the [Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act](/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act "Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act"), which circumvents the [Fourth Amendment](/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution") rights of U.S. citizens by allowing warrant requests to be approved by a panel of judges that were appointed by the [Chief Justice](/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States "Chief Justice of the United States"). Snowden and his peers are each tasked with building a covert communications network in their hometown, deleting it, and then rebuilding it in eight hours or less, with five hours being the average time taken. Snowden impresses O'Brian when he completes the exercise in 38 minutes.
Meanwhile, Snowden meets [Lindsay Mills](/wiki/Lindsay_Mills "Lindsay Mills") via a dating website. The two bond, despite sharply contrasting political ideologies. Snowden acquires his first post abroad working with diplomatic cover in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva") in 2007, taking Mills with him. He meets Gabriel Sol, who has ample experience in electronic surveillance. Snowden begins questioning the ethical implications of their assignment. After his superior decides to set up their target on a [DUI](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence "Driving under the influence") charge in order to coerce information from him, Snowden resigns from the CIA.
Snowden later takes a position with the NSA in [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), initially under the pretense of building a program that would allow the government to back up all critical data from the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") in an emergency, a program which he names "Epic Shelter". Snowden learns of the practices the NSA and other U.S. government agencies are using not just in Japan, but in most countries which the U.S. is currently allied with. These plans include planting [malware](/wiki/Malware "Malware") in different computers that manage government, infrastructure and financial sectors so that, in the event that any allies turn against the US, that country can effectively be shut down in retaliation. The stress associated with the job results in the end of his relationship with Mills, who moves back with her family in [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland").
Three months later, Snowden has left his post with the NSA and returned to Maryland where he and Mills resume their relationship and he takes a position consulting for the CIA. During a hunting trip, O'Brian reveals an operation in [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu "Oahu") that revolves around counterattacking [Chinese](/wiki/China "China") hackers. After Snowden is diagnosed with [epilepsy](/wiki/Epilepsy "Epilepsy"), Mills agrees that he should join the operation, believing the environment in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii") may be beneficial for his health. Upon beginning his new job in "[The Tunnel](/wiki/Hawaii_Cryptologic_Center "Hawaii Cryptologic Center")", Snowden learns that Epic Shelter is actually providing real\-time data that assists U.S. [drone](/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle "Unmanned combat aerial vehicle") pilots in launching lethal strikes against terror suspects in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan").
Snowden ultimately becomes disillusioned with what he is a part of. It culminates in Snowden smuggling a [microSD](/wiki/Secure_Digital "Secure Digital") card into his office by way of a [Rubik's Cube](/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube "Rubik's Cube"), and loading all relevant data. He then tells his colleagues he is feeling ill and departs. He advises Mills to fly home to Maryland, after which he contacts Poitras and Greenwald to schedule the meeting.
With the help of journalist [Ewen MacAskill](/wiki/Ewen_MacAskill "Ewen MacAskill"), the information is disseminated to the press on June 5, 2013, with additional leaks published in the following days. In the aftermath, with the help of MacAskill, Greenwald and Poitras, Snowden is smuggled out of Hong Kong on a flight bound for [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America") via [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"). However, the U.S. government revokes his [passport](/wiki/US_Passport "US Passport"), forcing him to remain in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") indefinitely. He is eventually granted [asylum](/wiki/Right_of_asylum "Right of asylum") for three years, with Mills joining him at a later date. In a remote interview expressing his [activism](/wiki/Activism "Activism"), Snowden states that he is willing to face a court in the US if he is guaranteed a fair trial. Credit sequences showcase news headlines and interviews detailing the consequences of Snowden's actions in Congress, leading to broad reform in the NSA.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In 2013, [Edward Snowden](/wiki/Edward_Snowden \"Edward Snowden\") arranges a clandestine meeting in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") with [documentarian](/wiki/Documentary_film \"Documentary film\") [Laura Poitras](/wiki/Laura_Poitras \"Laura Poitras\") and [journalist](/wiki/Journalist \"Journalist\") [Glenn Greenwald](/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald \"Glenn Greenwald\"). They discuss releasing the classified information in the former's possession regarding illegal [mass surveillance](/wiki/Mass_surveillance \"Mass surveillance\") conducted by the [National Security Agency](/wiki/National_Security_Agency \"National Security Agency\") (NSA). Poitras later released a documentary about this meeting titled *[Citizenfour](/wiki/Citizenfour \"Citizenfour\")*, which was used in a scene within the film.",
"In 2004, Snowden is undergoing basic training, having enlisted in the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") with intentions of matriculating to the [Special Forces](/wiki/Special_Forces_%28United_States_Army%29 \"Special Forces (United States Army)\"). He eventually fractures his [tibia](/wiki/Tibia \"Tibia\") and is informed that he will be receiving an [administrative discharge](/wiki/Military_discharge \"Military discharge\") in the process but is encouraged to serve his country in other ways.",
"Snowden applies for a position at the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\") (CIA) and subsequently undergoes the screening process. Initially, his answers to the screening questions are insufficient, but [Deputy Director](/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency\") Corbin O'Brian decides to take a chance on him, in the wake of extraordinary times. Snowden is then brought to \"The Hill\" where he is educated and tested on [cyberwarfare](/wiki/Cyberwarfare \"Cyberwarfare\"). He learns about the [Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act](/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act \"Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act\"), which circumvents the [Fourth Amendment](/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\") rights of U.S. citizens by allowing warrant requests to be approved by a panel of judges that were appointed by the [Chief Justice](/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States \"Chief Justice of the United States\"). Snowden and his peers are each tasked with building a covert communications network in their hometown, deleting it, and then rebuilding it in eight hours or less, with five hours being the average time taken. Snowden impresses O'Brian when he completes the exercise in 38 minutes.",
"Meanwhile, Snowden meets [Lindsay Mills](/wiki/Lindsay_Mills \"Lindsay Mills\") via a dating website. The two bond, despite sharply contrasting political ideologies. Snowden acquires his first post abroad working with diplomatic cover in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\") in 2007, taking Mills with him. He meets Gabriel Sol, who has ample experience in electronic surveillance. Snowden begins questioning the ethical implications of their assignment. After his superior decides to set up their target on a [DUI](/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence \"Driving under the influence\") charge in order to coerce information from him, Snowden resigns from the CIA.",
"Snowden later takes a position with the NSA in [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), initially under the pretense of building a program that would allow the government to back up all critical data from the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\") in an emergency, a program which he names \"Epic Shelter\". Snowden learns of the practices the NSA and other U.S. government agencies are using not just in Japan, but in most countries which the U.S. is currently allied with. These plans include planting [malware](/wiki/Malware \"Malware\") in different computers that manage government, infrastructure and financial sectors so that, in the event that any allies turn against the US, that country can effectively be shut down in retaliation. The stress associated with the job results in the end of his relationship with Mills, who moves back with her family in [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\").",
"Three months later, Snowden has left his post with the NSA and returned to Maryland where he and Mills resume their relationship and he takes a position consulting for the CIA. During a hunting trip, O'Brian reveals an operation in [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu \"Oahu\") that revolves around counterattacking [Chinese](/wiki/China \"China\") hackers. After Snowden is diagnosed with [epilepsy](/wiki/Epilepsy \"Epilepsy\"), Mills agrees that he should join the operation, believing the environment in [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\") may be beneficial for his health. Upon beginning his new job in \"[The Tunnel](/wiki/Hawaii_Cryptologic_Center \"Hawaii Cryptologic Center\")\", Snowden learns that Epic Shelter is actually providing real\\-time data that assists U.S. [drone](/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle \"Unmanned combat aerial vehicle\") pilots in launching lethal strikes against terror suspects in [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\").",
"Snowden ultimately becomes disillusioned with what he is a part of. It culminates in Snowden smuggling a [microSD](/wiki/Secure_Digital \"Secure Digital\") card into his office by way of a [Rubik's Cube](/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube \"Rubik's Cube\"), and loading all relevant data. He then tells his colleagues he is feeling ill and departs. He advises Mills to fly home to Maryland, after which he contacts Poitras and Greenwald to schedule the meeting.",
"With the help of journalist [Ewen MacAskill](/wiki/Ewen_MacAskill \"Ewen MacAskill\"), the information is disseminated to the press on June 5, 2013, with additional leaks published in the following days. In the aftermath, with the help of MacAskill, Greenwald and Poitras, Snowden is smuggled out of Hong Kong on a flight bound for [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America \"Latin America\") via [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"). However, the U.S. government revokes his [passport](/wiki/US_Passport \"US Passport\"), forcing him to remain in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") indefinitely. He is eventually granted [asylum](/wiki/Right_of_asylum \"Right of asylum\") for three years, with Mills joining him at a later date. In a remote interview expressing his [activism](/wiki/Activism \"Activism\"), Snowden states that he is willing to face a court in the US if he is guaranteed a fair trial. Credit sequences showcase news headlines and interviews detailing the consequences of Snowden's actions in Congress, leading to broad reform in the NSA.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|300px\|right\|Aerial photograph of the Old Royal Palace from the [Hotel Grande Bretagne](/wiki/Hotel_Grande_Bretagne "Hotel Grande Bretagne")](/wiki/Image:Hellenic_Parliament_from_high_above.jpg "Hellenic Parliament from high above.jpg")
### King Otto: A New Palace for a New Kingdom
The building was constructed between 1836 and 1847, intended to become the palace of King Otto, following the transfer of the state’s capital from [Nafplio](/wiki/Nafplio "Nafplio") to Athens in 1834\. It was erected at the expense of King [Ludwig I of Bavaria](/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria "Ludwig I of Bavaria"), as a personal loan to Otto. The final selection of the site for the construction of the old palace was made by Gärtner himself at the end of 1835, after rejecting the proposals of [Kleanthis](/wiki/Stamatios_Kleanthis "Stamatios Kleanthis"), [Schaubert](/wiki/Eduard_Schaubert "Eduard Schaubert"), [Klenze](/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze "Leo von Klenze"), and [Schinkel](/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel "Karl Friedrich Schinkel"), who had suggested locations in [Omonoia](/wiki/Omonoia_Square "Omonoia Square"), [Kerameikos](/wiki/Kerameikos "Kerameikos"), and the [Acropolis](/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens "Acropolis of Athens"), respectively. Ludwig, Otto’s father, had also objected to the latter.
Specifically, the area proposed by Gärtner for the construction was at the junction of [Stadiou Street](/wiki/Stadiou_Street "Stadiou Street") (then a peripheral road) and [Ermou Street](/wiki/Ermou_Street "Ermou Street"), on a small and gentle hill. In addition to its healthy climate, the location overlooked Athens from its easternmost edge. Thus, Gärtner was instructed to draft the building’s plans, a task he accomplished in a short time during his brief stay in Athens (from December 1835 to March 1836\), a feat made possible only by his considerable expertise.
The foundation of the building was laid on January 25 (Old Style) / February 6 (New Style), 1836, in the presence of Ludwig I and the ambassadors of the Great Powers.{{cite news\|title\=Old Palace (today the Greek Parliament)\|url\=http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/arxeio\_more.aspx?id\=5\|access\-date\=10 September 2014\|work\=Contemporary Monuments Database\|publisher\=National Hellenic Research Foundation}} In March, Gärtner returned to Munich, leaving the supervision of the construction to Bavarian lieutenants Sloter and Hoss. From his office in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"), Gärtner completed the detailed studies, producing a total of 247 designs related solely to the Athens palace building. These designs are now part of Munich’s large Moniger collection, while a small number have been donated to the Parliament Museum, demonstrating the care put into every detail.
The primary materials used in the building’s construction were stone, marble, and wood. The stone mainly came from [Hymettus](/wiki/Hymettus "Hymettus"), [Lycabettus](/wiki/Mount_Lycabettus "Mount Lycabettus"), and the "Pinakota" area near [Strefi Hill](/wiki/Strefi_Hill "Strefi Hill") in Athens, while the marble came primarily from [Penteli](/wiki/Penteli%2C_Greece "Penteli, Greece"), with smaller quantities from Hymettus, [Tinos](/wiki/Tinos "Tinos"), [Paros](/wiki/Paros "Paros"), [Naxos](/wiki/Naxos "Naxos"), and a few from [Carrara](/wiki/Carrara "Carrara") and [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa "Genoa") in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). Lastly, the wood was sourced from Evia. Notably, many locals, especially islanders such as those from Tinos, [Sifnos](/wiki/Sifnos "Sifnos"), Paros, and Naxos]], volunteered to work on the palace’s construction without pay. Once the walls were completed in November 1840, Gärtner returned to Athens to oversee the continuation of the construction and the interior decoration, bringing with him renowned historical painters of the time, Johann Schraudolph, Ulrich Halbreiter, and Josef Kranzburger. These artists were responsible for the large murals depicting scenes from Greek mythology and the Greek Revolution of 1821, especially in the Trophy Hall. After a three\-month stay, Gärtner returned to Munich, leaving the engineer Riedel in charge, who successfully completed the building in 1847\.
King Otto and Queen Amélie moved into the royal palace in 1843\. On 3 September of the same year, General [Dimitrios Kallergis](/wiki/Dimitrios_Kallergis "Dimitrios Kallergis"), with his men and a large part of the population, presented themselves at the windows of the sovereign to compel him to grant a [constitution](/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844 "Greek Constitution of 1844") to the Kingdom. This peaceful revolution made the building a symbol of Greece’s political power. The square to the west of the palace was named "Constitution Square" (Πλατεία Συντάγματος, [Syntagma Square](/wiki/Syntagma_Square "Syntagma Square")) in honor of this event.
### King George I and his successors
After Otto’s abrupt departure and abdication, [George I](/wiki/George_I_of_Greece "George I of Greece") became the new King of Greece in 1864\. He moved into the palace with his family but decided in 1868 to relocate the heir apparent, known as the [Diadoch](/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Greece "Crown Prince of Greece"), to another building. For this purpose, he had the [Crown Prince's Palace](/wiki/Presidential_Mansion%2C_Athens "Presidential Mansion, Athens") constructed. At the same time, George I had two summer residences built: the [Tatoi Palace](/wiki/Tatoi_Palace "Tatoi Palace"), about twenty kilometers north of Athens, and the [Mon Repos](/wiki/Mon_Repos%2C_Corfu "Mon Repos, Corfu") villa on the island of [Corfu](/wiki/Corfu "Corfu").
[right\|thumb\|300px\|The Royal Palace the year of the 1909 fire](/wiki/File:Greek_Old_Royal_Palace_on_fire_crop.JPG "Greek Old Royal Palace on fire crop.JPG")
The royal palace was devastated by a terrible fire in 1909\. The king and his family then moved to Crown's Prince palace, from then on known as the "New Palace". Even after the reconstruction, George did not immediately return to the palace, unlike his wife, [Queen Olga](/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia "Olga Constantinovna of Russia"), who remained there after her husband’s assassination in 1913\. [Constantine I](/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece "Constantine I of Greece") neglected the palace, and his successor, [Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_of_Greece "Alexander of Greece"), chose to reside at Tatoi.
In 1924, [a referendum](/wiki/Greek_republic_referendum%2C_1924 "Greek republic referendum, 1924") abolished the monarchy, and the Second Hellenic Republic was proclaimed. The royal family was forced into exile. The palace was then used for many different purposes: housing a variety of government and public services in the 1920s, functioning as a makeshift [hospital](/wiki/Hospital "Hospital") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), a refugee shelter for [Greek refugees](/wiki/Greek_refugees "Greek refugees") from the [Greco\-Turkish War (1919–1922\)](/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_%281919%E2%80%931922%29 "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)") in 1922, a [museum](/wiki/Museum "Museum") with the personal effects of [King George I](/wiki/George_I_of_Greece "George I of Greece") (now part of the collection of the [National Historical Museum](/wiki/National_Historical_Museum%2C_Athens "National Historical Museum, Athens")), and other uses.
### The Hellenic Parliament
In November 1929, the government decided to relocate the Parliament to the royal palace from its previous location in a neoclassical building on Stadiou Street, the [Old Parliament House](/wiki/Old_Parliament_House%2C_Athens "Old Parliament House, Athens"), now the National Historical Museum. This move marked a significant transformation of the building’s role, with the republic overshadowing the former monarchy. After more extensive renovations, the [Senate](/wiki/Senate_of_Greece "Senate of Greece") convened in the "Old Palace" on 2 August 1934, followed by the Fifth National Assembly on 1 July 1935\. Although the monarchy was restored that same year, the building has housed Parliament ever since. The transformation of the building into the Parliament was carried out by architect Andreas Kriezis.
On 25 March 1932, the unveiling of the [Tomb of the Unknown Soldier](/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_%28Athens%29 "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)"), which had begun construction in 1929, took place.
Today, the building serves as the headquarters of the [Hellenic Parliament](/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament "Hellenic Parliament"). Other buildings associated with the Parliament include the Tobacco Factory (housing the Parliament’s Library and Archives), the building on [Vasilissis Amalias Avenue](/wiki/Vasilissis_Amalias_Avenue "Vasilissis Amalias Avenue") (for administrative services), the buildings at 4 Voulis Street and 2 Mitropoleos Street (offices for regional Members of Parliament), the Exhibition Hall of the Parliament Foundation, part of the Arvanitis Mansion (for administrative services), and the building at 1A Sekeri Street (for administrative services).
In 2003, new statues were unveiled to honor two prominent Prime Ministers of the country, Charilaos Trikoupis and Eleftherios Venizelos, further enhancing the republican image of the Palace. An exhibition tracing the building’s history from its origins was held in 2009\.
[thumb\|300px\|right\|Evzones guarding the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier](/wiki/Image:EVZONES_GROUP.JPG "EVZONES GROUP.JPG")
In front of the Parliament, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is guarded by a unit of the Greek army known as the [Evzones](/wiki/Evzones "Evzones"). The Evzones wear traditional Greek uniforms, with the most distinctive feature being the fustanella. The changing of the guard occurs every hour.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Aerial photograph of the Old Royal Palace from the [Hotel Grande Bretagne](/wiki/Hotel_Grande_Bretagne \"Hotel Grande Bretagne\")](/wiki/Image:Hellenic_Parliament_from_high_above.jpg \"Hellenic Parliament from high above.jpg\")\n### King Otto: A New Palace for a New Kingdom",
"The building was constructed between 1836 and 1847, intended to become the palace of King Otto, following the transfer of the state’s capital from [Nafplio](/wiki/Nafplio \"Nafplio\") to Athens in 1834\\. It was erected at the expense of King [Ludwig I of Bavaria](/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria \"Ludwig I of Bavaria\"), as a personal loan to Otto. The final selection of the site for the construction of the old palace was made by Gärtner himself at the end of 1835, after rejecting the proposals of [Kleanthis](/wiki/Stamatios_Kleanthis \"Stamatios Kleanthis\"), [Schaubert](/wiki/Eduard_Schaubert \"Eduard Schaubert\"), [Klenze](/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze \"Leo von Klenze\"), and [Schinkel](/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel \"Karl Friedrich Schinkel\"), who had suggested locations in [Omonoia](/wiki/Omonoia_Square \"Omonoia Square\"), [Kerameikos](/wiki/Kerameikos \"Kerameikos\"), and the [Acropolis](/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens \"Acropolis of Athens\"), respectively. Ludwig, Otto’s father, had also objected to the latter.",
"Specifically, the area proposed by Gärtner for the construction was at the junction of [Stadiou Street](/wiki/Stadiou_Street \"Stadiou Street\") (then a peripheral road) and [Ermou Street](/wiki/Ermou_Street \"Ermou Street\"), on a small and gentle hill. In addition to its healthy climate, the location overlooked Athens from its easternmost edge. Thus, Gärtner was instructed to draft the building’s plans, a task he accomplished in a short time during his brief stay in Athens (from December 1835 to March 1836\\), a feat made possible only by his considerable expertise.",
"The foundation of the building was laid on January 25 (Old Style) / February 6 (New Style), 1836, in the presence of Ludwig I and the ambassadors of the Great Powers.{{cite news\\|title\\=Old Palace (today the Greek Parliament)\\|url\\=http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/arxeio\\_more.aspx?id\\=5\\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2014\\|work\\=Contemporary Monuments Database\\|publisher\\=National Hellenic Research Foundation}} In March, Gärtner returned to Munich, leaving the supervision of the construction to Bavarian lieutenants Sloter and Hoss. From his office in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"), Gärtner completed the detailed studies, producing a total of 247 designs related solely to the Athens palace building. These designs are now part of Munich’s large Moniger collection, while a small number have been donated to the Parliament Museum, demonstrating the care put into every detail.",
"The primary materials used in the building’s construction were stone, marble, and wood. The stone mainly came from [Hymettus](/wiki/Hymettus \"Hymettus\"), [Lycabettus](/wiki/Mount_Lycabettus \"Mount Lycabettus\"), and the \"Pinakota\" area near [Strefi Hill](/wiki/Strefi_Hill \"Strefi Hill\") in Athens, while the marble came primarily from [Penteli](/wiki/Penteli%2C_Greece \"Penteli, Greece\"), with smaller quantities from Hymettus, [Tinos](/wiki/Tinos \"Tinos\"), [Paros](/wiki/Paros \"Paros\"), [Naxos](/wiki/Naxos \"Naxos\"), and a few from [Carrara](/wiki/Carrara \"Carrara\") and [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\") in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). Lastly, the wood was sourced from Evia. Notably, many locals, especially islanders such as those from Tinos, [Sifnos](/wiki/Sifnos \"Sifnos\"), Paros, and Naxos]], volunteered to work on the palace’s construction without pay. Once the walls were completed in November 1840, Gärtner returned to Athens to oversee the continuation of the construction and the interior decoration, bringing with him renowned historical painters of the time, Johann Schraudolph, Ulrich Halbreiter, and Josef Kranzburger. These artists were responsible for the large murals depicting scenes from Greek mythology and the Greek Revolution of 1821, especially in the Trophy Hall. After a three\\-month stay, Gärtner returned to Munich, leaving the engineer Riedel in charge, who successfully completed the building in 1847\\.",
"King Otto and Queen Amélie moved into the royal palace in 1843\\. On 3 September of the same year, General [Dimitrios Kallergis](/wiki/Dimitrios_Kallergis \"Dimitrios Kallergis\"), with his men and a large part of the population, presented themselves at the windows of the sovereign to compel him to grant a [constitution](/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844 \"Greek Constitution of 1844\") to the Kingdom. This peaceful revolution made the building a symbol of Greece’s political power. The square to the west of the palace was named \"Constitution Square\" (Πλατεία Συντάγματος, [Syntagma Square](/wiki/Syntagma_Square \"Syntagma Square\")) in honor of this event.",
"### King George I and his successors",
"After Otto’s abrupt departure and abdication, [George I](/wiki/George_I_of_Greece \"George I of Greece\") became the new King of Greece in 1864\\. He moved into the palace with his family but decided in 1868 to relocate the heir apparent, known as the [Diadoch](/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Greece \"Crown Prince of Greece\"), to another building. For this purpose, he had the [Crown Prince's Palace](/wiki/Presidential_Mansion%2C_Athens \"Presidential Mansion, Athens\") constructed. At the same time, George I had two summer residences built: the [Tatoi Palace](/wiki/Tatoi_Palace \"Tatoi Palace\"), about twenty kilometers north of Athens, and the [Mon Repos](/wiki/Mon_Repos%2C_Corfu \"Mon Repos, Corfu\") villa on the island of [Corfu](/wiki/Corfu \"Corfu\").",
"[right\\|thumb\\|300px\\|The Royal Palace the year of the 1909 fire](/wiki/File:Greek_Old_Royal_Palace_on_fire_crop.JPG \"Greek Old Royal Palace on fire crop.JPG\")",
"The royal palace was devastated by a terrible fire in 1909\\. The king and his family then moved to Crown's Prince palace, from then on known as the \"New Palace\". Even after the reconstruction, George did not immediately return to the palace, unlike his wife, [Queen Olga](/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia \"Olga Constantinovna of Russia\"), who remained there after her husband’s assassination in 1913\\. [Constantine I](/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece \"Constantine I of Greece\") neglected the palace, and his successor, [Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_of_Greece \"Alexander of Greece\"), chose to reside at Tatoi.",
"In 1924, [a referendum](/wiki/Greek_republic_referendum%2C_1924 \"Greek republic referendum, 1924\") abolished the monarchy, and the Second Hellenic Republic was proclaimed. The royal family was forced into exile. The palace was then used for many different purposes: housing a variety of government and public services in the 1920s, functioning as a makeshift [hospital](/wiki/Hospital \"Hospital\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), a refugee shelter for [Greek refugees](/wiki/Greek_refugees \"Greek refugees\") from the [Greco\\-Turkish War (1919–1922\\)](/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_%281919%E2%80%931922%29 \"Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)\") in 1922, a [museum](/wiki/Museum \"Museum\") with the personal effects of [King George I](/wiki/George_I_of_Greece \"George I of Greece\") (now part of the collection of the [National Historical Museum](/wiki/National_Historical_Museum%2C_Athens \"National Historical Museum, Athens\")), and other uses.",
"### The Hellenic Parliament",
"In November 1929, the government decided to relocate the Parliament to the royal palace from its previous location in a neoclassical building on Stadiou Street, the [Old Parliament House](/wiki/Old_Parliament_House%2C_Athens \"Old Parliament House, Athens\"), now the National Historical Museum. This move marked a significant transformation of the building’s role, with the republic overshadowing the former monarchy. After more extensive renovations, the [Senate](/wiki/Senate_of_Greece \"Senate of Greece\") convened in the \"Old Palace\" on 2 August 1934, followed by the Fifth National Assembly on 1 July 1935\\. Although the monarchy was restored that same year, the building has housed Parliament ever since. The transformation of the building into the Parliament was carried out by architect Andreas Kriezis.",
"On 25 March 1932, the unveiling of the [Tomb of the Unknown Soldier](/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_%28Athens%29 \"Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)\"), which had begun construction in 1929, took place.",
"Today, the building serves as the headquarters of the [Hellenic Parliament](/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament \"Hellenic Parliament\"). Other buildings associated with the Parliament include the Tobacco Factory (housing the Parliament’s Library and Archives), the building on [Vasilissis Amalias Avenue](/wiki/Vasilissis_Amalias_Avenue \"Vasilissis Amalias Avenue\") (for administrative services), the buildings at 4 Voulis Street and 2 Mitropoleos Street (offices for regional Members of Parliament), the Exhibition Hall of the Parliament Foundation, part of the Arvanitis Mansion (for administrative services), and the building at 1A Sekeri Street (for administrative services).",
"In 2003, new statues were unveiled to honor two prominent Prime Ministers of the country, Charilaos Trikoupis and Eleftherios Venizelos, further enhancing the republican image of the Palace. An exhibition tracing the building’s history from its origins was held in 2009\\.",
"[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Evzones guarding the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier](/wiki/Image:EVZONES_GROUP.JPG \"EVZONES GROUP.JPG\")\nIn front of the Parliament, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is guarded by a unit of the Greek army known as the [Evzones](/wiki/Evzones \"Evzones\"). The Evzones wear traditional Greek uniforms, with the most distinctive feature being the fustanella. The changing of the guard occurs every hour.",
""
] |
### King Otto: A New Palace for a New Kingdom
The building was constructed between 1836 and 1847, intended to become the palace of King Otto, following the transfer of the state’s capital from [Nafplio](/wiki/Nafplio "Nafplio") to Athens in 1834\. It was erected at the expense of King [Ludwig I of Bavaria](/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria "Ludwig I of Bavaria"), as a personal loan to Otto. The final selection of the site for the construction of the old palace was made by Gärtner himself at the end of 1835, after rejecting the proposals of [Kleanthis](/wiki/Stamatios_Kleanthis "Stamatios Kleanthis"), [Schaubert](/wiki/Eduard_Schaubert "Eduard Schaubert"), [Klenze](/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze "Leo von Klenze"), and [Schinkel](/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel "Karl Friedrich Schinkel"), who had suggested locations in [Omonoia](/wiki/Omonoia_Square "Omonoia Square"), [Kerameikos](/wiki/Kerameikos "Kerameikos"), and the [Acropolis](/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens "Acropolis of Athens"), respectively. Ludwig, Otto’s father, had also objected to the latter.
Specifically, the area proposed by Gärtner for the construction was at the junction of [Stadiou Street](/wiki/Stadiou_Street "Stadiou Street") (then a peripheral road) and [Ermou Street](/wiki/Ermou_Street "Ermou Street"), on a small and gentle hill. In addition to its healthy climate, the location overlooked Athens from its easternmost edge. Thus, Gärtner was instructed to draft the building’s plans, a task he accomplished in a short time during his brief stay in Athens (from December 1835 to March 1836\), a feat made possible only by his considerable expertise.
The foundation of the building was laid on January 25 (Old Style) / February 6 (New Style), 1836, in the presence of Ludwig I and the ambassadors of the Great Powers.{{cite news\|title\=Old Palace (today the Greek Parliament)\|url\=http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/arxeio\_more.aspx?id\=5\|access\-date\=10 September 2014\|work\=Contemporary Monuments Database\|publisher\=National Hellenic Research Foundation}} In March, Gärtner returned to Munich, leaving the supervision of the construction to Bavarian lieutenants Sloter and Hoss. From his office in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"), Gärtner completed the detailed studies, producing a total of 247 designs related solely to the Athens palace building. These designs are now part of Munich’s large Moniger collection, while a small number have been donated to the Parliament Museum, demonstrating the care put into every detail.
The primary materials used in the building’s construction were stone, marble, and wood. The stone mainly came from [Hymettus](/wiki/Hymettus "Hymettus"), [Lycabettus](/wiki/Mount_Lycabettus "Mount Lycabettus"), and the "Pinakota" area near [Strefi Hill](/wiki/Strefi_Hill "Strefi Hill") in Athens, while the marble came primarily from [Penteli](/wiki/Penteli%2C_Greece "Penteli, Greece"), with smaller quantities from Hymettus, [Tinos](/wiki/Tinos "Tinos"), [Paros](/wiki/Paros "Paros"), [Naxos](/wiki/Naxos "Naxos"), and a few from [Carrara](/wiki/Carrara "Carrara") and [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa "Genoa") in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). Lastly, the wood was sourced from Evia. Notably, many locals, especially islanders such as those from Tinos, [Sifnos](/wiki/Sifnos "Sifnos"), Paros, and Naxos]], volunteered to work on the palace’s construction without pay. Once the walls were completed in November 1840, Gärtner returned to Athens to oversee the continuation of the construction and the interior decoration, bringing with him renowned historical painters of the time, Johann Schraudolph, Ulrich Halbreiter, and Josef Kranzburger. These artists were responsible for the large murals depicting scenes from Greek mythology and the Greek Revolution of 1821, especially in the Trophy Hall. After a three\-month stay, Gärtner returned to Munich, leaving the engineer Riedel in charge, who successfully completed the building in 1847\.
King Otto and Queen Amélie moved into the royal palace in 1843\. On 3 September of the same year, General [Dimitrios Kallergis](/wiki/Dimitrios_Kallergis "Dimitrios Kallergis"), with his men and a large part of the population, presented themselves at the windows of the sovereign to compel him to grant a [constitution](/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844 "Greek Constitution of 1844") to the Kingdom. This peaceful revolution made the building a symbol of Greece’s political power. The square to the west of the palace was named "Constitution Square" (Πλατεία Συντάγματος, [Syntagma Square](/wiki/Syntagma_Square "Syntagma Square")) in honor of this event.
|
[
"### King Otto: A New Palace for a New Kingdom",
"The building was constructed between 1836 and 1847, intended to become the palace of King Otto, following the transfer of the state’s capital from [Nafplio](/wiki/Nafplio \"Nafplio\") to Athens in 1834\\. It was erected at the expense of King [Ludwig I of Bavaria](/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria \"Ludwig I of Bavaria\"), as a personal loan to Otto. The final selection of the site for the construction of the old palace was made by Gärtner himself at the end of 1835, after rejecting the proposals of [Kleanthis](/wiki/Stamatios_Kleanthis \"Stamatios Kleanthis\"), [Schaubert](/wiki/Eduard_Schaubert \"Eduard Schaubert\"), [Klenze](/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze \"Leo von Klenze\"), and [Schinkel](/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel \"Karl Friedrich Schinkel\"), who had suggested locations in [Omonoia](/wiki/Omonoia_Square \"Omonoia Square\"), [Kerameikos](/wiki/Kerameikos \"Kerameikos\"), and the [Acropolis](/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens \"Acropolis of Athens\"), respectively. Ludwig, Otto’s father, had also objected to the latter.",
"Specifically, the area proposed by Gärtner for the construction was at the junction of [Stadiou Street](/wiki/Stadiou_Street \"Stadiou Street\") (then a peripheral road) and [Ermou Street](/wiki/Ermou_Street \"Ermou Street\"), on a small and gentle hill. In addition to its healthy climate, the location overlooked Athens from its easternmost edge. Thus, Gärtner was instructed to draft the building’s plans, a task he accomplished in a short time during his brief stay in Athens (from December 1835 to March 1836\\), a feat made possible only by his considerable expertise.",
"The foundation of the building was laid on January 25 (Old Style) / February 6 (New Style), 1836, in the presence of Ludwig I and the ambassadors of the Great Powers.{{cite news\\|title\\=Old Palace (today the Greek Parliament)\\|url\\=http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/arxeio\\_more.aspx?id\\=5\\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2014\\|work\\=Contemporary Monuments Database\\|publisher\\=National Hellenic Research Foundation}} In March, Gärtner returned to Munich, leaving the supervision of the construction to Bavarian lieutenants Sloter and Hoss. From his office in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"), Gärtner completed the detailed studies, producing a total of 247 designs related solely to the Athens palace building. These designs are now part of Munich’s large Moniger collection, while a small number have been donated to the Parliament Museum, demonstrating the care put into every detail.",
"The primary materials used in the building’s construction were stone, marble, and wood. The stone mainly came from [Hymettus](/wiki/Hymettus \"Hymettus\"), [Lycabettus](/wiki/Mount_Lycabettus \"Mount Lycabettus\"), and the \"Pinakota\" area near [Strefi Hill](/wiki/Strefi_Hill \"Strefi Hill\") in Athens, while the marble came primarily from [Penteli](/wiki/Penteli%2C_Greece \"Penteli, Greece\"), with smaller quantities from Hymettus, [Tinos](/wiki/Tinos \"Tinos\"), [Paros](/wiki/Paros \"Paros\"), [Naxos](/wiki/Naxos \"Naxos\"), and a few from [Carrara](/wiki/Carrara \"Carrara\") and [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\") in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). Lastly, the wood was sourced from Evia. Notably, many locals, especially islanders such as those from Tinos, [Sifnos](/wiki/Sifnos \"Sifnos\"), Paros, and Naxos]], volunteered to work on the palace’s construction without pay. Once the walls were completed in November 1840, Gärtner returned to Athens to oversee the continuation of the construction and the interior decoration, bringing with him renowned historical painters of the time, Johann Schraudolph, Ulrich Halbreiter, and Josef Kranzburger. These artists were responsible for the large murals depicting scenes from Greek mythology and the Greek Revolution of 1821, especially in the Trophy Hall. After a three\\-month stay, Gärtner returned to Munich, leaving the engineer Riedel in charge, who successfully completed the building in 1847\\.",
"King Otto and Queen Amélie moved into the royal palace in 1843\\. On 3 September of the same year, General [Dimitrios Kallergis](/wiki/Dimitrios_Kallergis \"Dimitrios Kallergis\"), with his men and a large part of the population, presented themselves at the windows of the sovereign to compel him to grant a [constitution](/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844 \"Greek Constitution of 1844\") to the Kingdom. This peaceful revolution made the building a symbol of Greece’s political power. The square to the west of the palace was named \"Constitution Square\" (Πλατεία Συντάγματος, [Syntagma Square](/wiki/Syntagma_Square \"Syntagma Square\")) in honor of this event.",
""
] |
Work as enforcer
----------------
In the early 1970s, Aleman decided to force independent bookmakers in Chicago to pay extortion payments, or "street tax", to the Outfit. If the bookmakers refused, Aleman was willing to use force on them.
According to law enforcement and the [Chicago Crime Commission](/wiki/Chicago_Crime_Commission "Chicago Crime Commission"), Aleman committed 13 murders in Chicago between 1971 and 1976\. His alleged victims included [Richard Cain](/wiki/Richard_Cain "Richard Cain"), a top aide to boss [Sam Giancana](/wiki/Sam_Giancana "Sam Giancana"), along with counterfeiters, mob informants, a security guard from a Miami museum that failed to pay his gambling debts, a former police officer, and another mob enforcer. Aleman was prosecuted for only one murder: the 1972 Logan killing. FBI agents were reported to have said that Aleman "oozed menace" and his mere presence was usually enough to enforce the Outfit's will.[Lives Remembered](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7737789/Lives-Remembered.html). Telegraph (2010\-05\-18\). Retrieved on 2010\-12\-19\.
### Logan murder
On September 27, 1972, Aleman fatally shot [Teamsters](/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters "International Brotherhood of Teamsters") official William Logan in his Chicago neighborhood. Two witnesses watched Aleman commit the murder and prosecutors thought they had a strong case. According to prosecutors, the reason for Logan's murder was that the union man was obstructing Aleman's crew from hijacking trucks.
However, shortly before Aleman's trial started, Chicago attorney [Robert Cooley](/wiki/Robert_Cooley_%28lawyer%29 "Robert Cooley (lawyer)") was approached by First Ward [political boss](/wiki/Political_boss "Political boss") [Pat Marcy](/wiki/Pat_Marcy "Pat Marcy") and asked to take over as Aleman's lawyer. Although Cooley suggested that he could easily win an acquittal by discrediting the witnesses during [cross\-examination](/wiki/Cross-examination "Cross-examination"), Marcy insisted that the Chicago Outfit preferred a [bench trial](/wiki/Bench_trial "Bench trial") with a judge who could be bribed to acquit. Marcy warned Cooley that, if he accepted the job and failed to deliver, the Outfit would murder him. Thinking instantly of a close friend, [Cook County](/wiki/Cook_County%2C_Illinois "Cook County, Illinois") [Circuit Court](/wiki/Circuit_Court "Circuit Court") Judge [Frank J. Wilson](/wiki/Frank_J._Wilson_%28judge%29 "Frank J. Wilson (judge)"), Cooley said he knew a judge whom no one would ever suspect.
After taking the case, Cooley "picked up information that was total dynamite. The hit, I learned, had nothing to do with unions and all the other crap in the indictment. It was strictly personal. Billy Logan, the victim, had been married to Harry's cousin. They had a bitter [divorce](/wiki/Divorce "Divorce") and argued constantly over custody of their son. Logan used to beat her up big time. The final straw came after one of the fights when she said, *You better be careful, cause Harry won't be happy about it.* And Logan replied, *Fuck that [guinea](/wiki/Anti-Italianism "Anti-Italianism").* He probably could have beaten her up a few more times and it wouldn't have mattered. But Harry wasn't going to let some Irish goon get away with calling him a guinea."Robert Cooley, *When Corruption Was King: How I Helped the Mob Rule Chicago and Then Brought the Outfit Down*, Carroll \& Graf Publishers, 2004\. Pages 19\-20\.
Meanwhile, Cooley approached Judge Wilson and offered him $10,000 to take over the case and acquit Harry Aleman. Wilson agreed, but later requested more money to compensate for the risk. As a result, Aleman was acquitted in a [bench trial](/wiki/Bench_trial "Bench trial").[Aleman Finally Convicted (IPSN 97\-10\-12\)](http://www.ipsn.org/aleman3.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000128231504/http://ipsn.org/aleman3\.html \|date\=2000\-01\-28 }}. Ipsn.org. Retrieved on 2010\-12\-19\.
### RICO
In 1978, Aleman was convicted under the [Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act](/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act") of organizing a series of [home invasion](/wiki/Home_invasion "Home invasion") robberies. Sentenced to thirty years' imprisonment, Aleman spent time at federal correctional facilities in [Marion, Illinois](/wiki/Marion%2C_Illinois "Marion, Illinois"); [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 "Georgia (U.S. state)"); [Oxford, Wisconsin](/wiki/Oxford%2C_Wisconsin "Oxford, Wisconsin"); and [Milan, Michigan](/wiki/Milan%2C_Michigan "Milan, Michigan"). During this time in federal prison, Aleman took some college courses and started painting as a hobby. On April 28, 1989, after serving 11 years in prison, Aleman was released on [parole](/wiki/Parole "Parole").[Harry Aleman Profile](http://www.ipsn.org/aleman2.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228010220/http://www.ipsn.org/aleman2\.html \|date\=2005\-12\-28 }}. Ipsn.org. Retrieved on 2010\-12\-19\.
|
[
"Work as enforcer\n----------------",
"In the early 1970s, Aleman decided to force independent bookmakers in Chicago to pay extortion payments, or \"street tax\", to the Outfit. If the bookmakers refused, Aleman was willing to use force on them.",
"According to law enforcement and the [Chicago Crime Commission](/wiki/Chicago_Crime_Commission \"Chicago Crime Commission\"), Aleman committed 13 murders in Chicago between 1971 and 1976\\. His alleged victims included [Richard Cain](/wiki/Richard_Cain \"Richard Cain\"), a top aide to boss [Sam Giancana](/wiki/Sam_Giancana \"Sam Giancana\"), along with counterfeiters, mob informants, a security guard from a Miami museum that failed to pay his gambling debts, a former police officer, and another mob enforcer. Aleman was prosecuted for only one murder: the 1972 Logan killing. FBI agents were reported to have said that Aleman \"oozed menace\" and his mere presence was usually enough to enforce the Outfit's will.[Lives Remembered](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7737789/Lives-Remembered.html). Telegraph (2010\\-05\\-18\\). Retrieved on 2010\\-12\\-19\\.",
"### Logan murder",
"On September 27, 1972, Aleman fatally shot [Teamsters](/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters \"International Brotherhood of Teamsters\") official William Logan in his Chicago neighborhood. Two witnesses watched Aleman commit the murder and prosecutors thought they had a strong case. According to prosecutors, the reason for Logan's murder was that the union man was obstructing Aleman's crew from hijacking trucks.",
"However, shortly before Aleman's trial started, Chicago attorney [Robert Cooley](/wiki/Robert_Cooley_%28lawyer%29 \"Robert Cooley (lawyer)\") was approached by First Ward [political boss](/wiki/Political_boss \"Political boss\") [Pat Marcy](/wiki/Pat_Marcy \"Pat Marcy\") and asked to take over as Aleman's lawyer. Although Cooley suggested that he could easily win an acquittal by discrediting the witnesses during [cross\\-examination](/wiki/Cross-examination \"Cross-examination\"), Marcy insisted that the Chicago Outfit preferred a [bench trial](/wiki/Bench_trial \"Bench trial\") with a judge who could be bribed to acquit. Marcy warned Cooley that, if he accepted the job and failed to deliver, the Outfit would murder him. Thinking instantly of a close friend, [Cook County](/wiki/Cook_County%2C_Illinois \"Cook County, Illinois\") [Circuit Court](/wiki/Circuit_Court \"Circuit Court\") Judge [Frank J. Wilson](/wiki/Frank_J._Wilson_%28judge%29 \"Frank J. Wilson (judge)\"), Cooley said he knew a judge whom no one would ever suspect.",
"After taking the case, Cooley \"picked up information that was total dynamite. The hit, I learned, had nothing to do with unions and all the other crap in the indictment. It was strictly personal. Billy Logan, the victim, had been married to Harry's cousin. They had a bitter [divorce](/wiki/Divorce \"Divorce\") and argued constantly over custody of their son. Logan used to beat her up big time. The final straw came after one of the fights when she said, *You better be careful, cause Harry won't be happy about it.* And Logan replied, *Fuck that [guinea](/wiki/Anti-Italianism \"Anti-Italianism\").* He probably could have beaten her up a few more times and it wouldn't have mattered. But Harry wasn't going to let some Irish goon get away with calling him a guinea.\"Robert Cooley, *When Corruption Was King: How I Helped the Mob Rule Chicago and Then Brought the Outfit Down*, Carroll \\& Graf Publishers, 2004\\. Pages 19\\-20\\.",
"Meanwhile, Cooley approached Judge Wilson and offered him $10,000 to take over the case and acquit Harry Aleman. Wilson agreed, but later requested more money to compensate for the risk. As a result, Aleman was acquitted in a [bench trial](/wiki/Bench_trial \"Bench trial\").[Aleman Finally Convicted (IPSN 97\\-10\\-12\\)](http://www.ipsn.org/aleman3.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000128231504/http://ipsn.org/aleman3\\.html \\|date\\=2000\\-01\\-28 }}. Ipsn.org. Retrieved on 2010\\-12\\-19\\.",
"### RICO",
"In 1978, Aleman was convicted under the [Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act](/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act \"Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act\") of organizing a series of [home invasion](/wiki/Home_invasion \"Home invasion\") robberies. Sentenced to thirty years' imprisonment, Aleman spent time at federal correctional facilities in [Marion, Illinois](/wiki/Marion%2C_Illinois \"Marion, Illinois\"); [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\"); [Oxford, Wisconsin](/wiki/Oxford%2C_Wisconsin \"Oxford, Wisconsin\"); and [Milan, Michigan](/wiki/Milan%2C_Michigan \"Milan, Michigan\"). During this time in federal prison, Aleman took some college courses and started painting as a hobby. On April 28, 1989, after serving 11 years in prison, Aleman was released on [parole](/wiki/Parole \"Parole\").[Harry Aleman Profile](http://www.ipsn.org/aleman2.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228010220/http://www.ipsn.org/aleman2\\.html \\|date\\=2005\\-12\\-28 }}. Ipsn.org. Retrieved on 2010\\-12\\-19\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
Russell started his career in finance through a series of articles in [*Barrons* newspaper](/wiki/Barron%27s_%28newspaper%29 "Barron's (newspaper)"){{Citation needed\|date\=February 2011}}. He published a book named *The Dow Theory Today* in 1958, summing up his view of the [Dow Theory](/wiki/Dow_Theory "Dow Theory").
He began publishing a newsletter called the *[Dow Theory Letters](/wiki/Dow_Theory_Letters "Dow Theory Letters")* in 1958\.{{cite web\|url\=http://ww1\.dowtheoryletters.com/\|title\=Welcome to Dow Theory Letters\|work\=Dow Theory Letters\|accessdate\=27 November 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715131724/http://ww1\.dowtheoryletters.com/\|archive\-date\=2014\-07\-15\|url\-status\=dead}} The *Letters* covered his views on the [stock market](/wiki/Stock_market "Stock market") and the [precious metal](/wiki/Precious_metal "Precious metal") markets. In addition he frequently shared episodes in his life and thoughts about the world as he saw it, following the stock market since the 1950s.
In 1969 Russell devised the Primary Trend Index, composed of eight market indicators that he never publicly divulged as his own secret recipe. When his index outperformed an 89\-day moving average, it was time to buy. When it underperformed the 89\-day moving average, a bear market was at hand.
The Letters which were published every three weeks (www.dowtheoryletters.com), covered the US stock market, foreign markets, bonds, precious metals, commodities, and economics. During Russell's lifetime, the letters also contained comments and observations and his stock market philosophy.
Russell wrote daily entries (Richard's Remarks) about 4 times a week on his website. Russell also produced chart books showing technical analysis and important events which occur each year.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Russell started his career in finance through a series of articles in [*Barrons* newspaper](/wiki/Barron%27s_%28newspaper%29 \"Barron's (newspaper)\"){{Citation needed\\|date\\=February 2011}}. He published a book named *The Dow Theory Today* in 1958, summing up his view of the [Dow Theory](/wiki/Dow_Theory \"Dow Theory\").",
"He began publishing a newsletter called the *[Dow Theory Letters](/wiki/Dow_Theory_Letters \"Dow Theory Letters\")* in 1958\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ww1\\.dowtheoryletters.com/\\|title\\=Welcome to Dow Theory Letters\\|work\\=Dow Theory Letters\\|accessdate\\=27 November 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715131724/http://ww1\\.dowtheoryletters.com/\\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The *Letters* covered his views on the [stock market](/wiki/Stock_market \"Stock market\") and the [precious metal](/wiki/Precious_metal \"Precious metal\") markets. In addition he frequently shared episodes in his life and thoughts about the world as he saw it, following the stock market since the 1950s.",
"In 1969 Russell devised the Primary Trend Index, composed of eight market indicators that he never publicly divulged as his own secret recipe. When his index outperformed an 89\\-day moving average, it was time to buy. When it underperformed the 89\\-day moving average, a bear market was at hand.",
"The Letters which were published every three weeks (www.dowtheoryletters.com), covered the US stock market, foreign markets, bonds, precious metals, commodities, and economics. During Russell's lifetime, the letters also contained comments and observations and his stock market philosophy.",
"Russell wrote daily entries (Richard's Remarks) about 4 times a week on his website. Russell also produced chart books showing technical analysis and important events which occur each year.",
""
] |
History
-------
[Central Batesville Historic District](/wiki/Central_Batesville_Historic_District "Central Batesville Historic District") was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places") in 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20110923\.htm\|title\=National Register of Historic Places Listings\|date\=2011\-09\-23\|work\=Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 9/12/11 through 9/16/11\|publisher\=National Park Service}}
[thumb\|Batesville from the air, looking southwest](/wiki/File:Batesville-indiana-from-above.jpg "Batesville-indiana-from-above.jpg")
### Beginning
Batesville was founded by [George H. Dunn](/wiki/George_H._Dunn "George H. Dunn"), owner of the John Callahan Trust Company. The company bought land and created new towns along rail lines that it began since Dunn was president of the Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railroad. Joshua Bates, who [platted](/wiki/Plat "Plat") the town of Batesville, is thought to be the source of the name.{{Cite web\|url\=https://batesvilleindiana.us/about\-batesville/\#:\~:text\=It%20is%20from%20Joshua%20Bates,to%20be%20the%20area's%20wealth.\|title\=About Batesville\|publisher\=City of Batesville, Indiana\|accessdate\=2 June 2023}} On November 1, 1853, the first train from Cincinnati to Indianapolis passed through Batesville.
### Development
Once the railway opened, Dunn and Bates constructed more buildings. George Sims laid out Batesville's first addition in 1858\. The following year, German immigrant Henry Boehringer became Batesville's first major builder. A three\-story building with a basement on East Pearl Street (formerly known as Broadway Street) became known as the Boehringer Hall because of the dance floor on the third story. The Catholic congregation used the basement before they had built their church.
Louis Walter established Batesville's first [gristmill](/wiki/Gristmill "Gristmill") in 1858\. Between 1860 and 1870, Boehringer built a row of apartments and homes on the north side of Batesville on Boehringer Street. Along with building the apartments and housing, Boehringer owned the [lot](/wiki/Land_lot "Land lot") where the Ward School now stands. In 1863 Conrad Rapp purchased numerous lots on East Broadway and bought Walter's gristmill. In 1865, John Brinkman built a hotel and restaurant called the [Sherman House](/wiki/Sherman_House_%28Batesville%2C_Indiana%29 "Sherman House (Batesville, Indiana)"), named after [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman "William Tecumseh Sherman"), a [major general](/wiki/Major_general "Major general") that led the [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army "Union Army") to its final victory of the [Civil War](/wiki/U.S._Civil_War "U.S. Civil War") in a campaign that became known as "[Sherman's March to the Sea](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea "Sherman's March to the Sea")".
Sebastian Messersmith built Union Hall in 1865\. It was a two\-story building on the west side of Main Street (Batesville, Indiana)\|Main Street and just north of South Street (Batesville, Indiana)\|South Street. Union Hall was used by the fire department for meetings and it was used by the public school while the school building was being rebuilt. It was also used as a boarding house for mill workers and visiting lumber salesman. This was an important building to the citizens of Batesville. Batesville has been known for its many factories built between the 1870s and the present.
In 1873 the Greeman Bracket Company began manufacturing under the Greeman family name, which was one of the leading businesses for 30 years. The Schrader Furniture Factory was built in 1873, but had to be rebuilt in 1875 after the factory was destroyed by a fire. When the founder Herman Schrader died, the business was bought by John Hillenbrand\|John and William Hillenbrand. In 1874, the Union Furniture Factory also burned down and the Blank Bros. Furniture Manufacturing Company was erected the following year. Also, in 1879, Batesville published its first newspaper, *The Prairie Farmer*.
During the 1880s the town of Batesville started its first form of government appointed by the community. The first mayor was [George M. Hillenbrand](/wiki/George_M._Hillenbrand "George M. Hillenbrand"). The first town board served without pay. The board consisted of five officers: Jacob Blank Jr., John Lehmkuehler, John Hillenbrand, William Hillenbrand, and Christian Schwieler. Much of the money that was put toward the town came directly out of the officers' pockets. For example, in February 1883, they donated $153\.06 to go toward paying for the town's bills. By September, when the financial report was reviewed, Batesville only had $1\.82 in its account. Also during 1883, Batesville began major road construction.
In 1884 Batesville organized the [Batesville Casket Company](/wiki/Batesville_Casket_Company "Batesville Casket Company"). It was managed by J. Spiegel and later purchased by George M. Hillenbrand in February 1906\. Also in 1884, the town jail was completed at a cost of $211\.55\. The inmates were forced to break stone to pay for their stay in the prison.
Several developments took place in 1887, including new additions to the town and telephone connections to the town of Oldenburg. These developments were funded by a grant applied for by Mr. Haverkos. Also in 1887, John Hillenbrand and Victor Oberting opened a stone quarry on some of Mr. Hillenbrand's land near Batesville. In December 1887, the town hall was completed. The town hall was separated into two parts: one for the town board and the other for the fire company. The town hall was also rented out for public gatherings.
In March 1888, the school board made a decision to construct an addition onto the schoolhouse. This proposal estimated that the total cost of the addition would be $1,500\. Also in 1888, the first city attorney (James H. Connelly) was appointed at a salary of $35 per year, and many new businesses were added. In this year, Henry F. E. Schrader moved to Batesville and opened a tin shop and built homes. Also, Henry H. Kramer started a grocery store on the corner of Walnut and Boehringer. As well as new stores, a covered bridge was built over the Laughery Creek, making travel much easier.
In 1889, Batesville finally paved its roads with stone that came from the Hillenbrand and Oberting Stone Quarry. As well as the paving of the roads, Batesville opened the Batesville State Bank. In February 1890, Batesville had built its first sidewalks. Also in the 1890s, street lamps were introduced to Batesville. Originally, these lamps were oil lamps. However, in October, a proposal was written to turn them all into electric lamps, but the proposal was denied. On January 29, 1894, the first electric lamp was placed in front of Town Hall.
In 1895 a petition was written and accepted to build another school. The total estimated cost would be $5,700\. The land would cost $700 and the school building would cost $5,000\. In 1897 Batesville decided to stop the use of the electric lamps because of the rates that people had to pay to keep them going, but then in 1898 Batesville decided that they would reduce the rates and only use the lamps when needed.Wonning, Paul, Batesville Area Historical Society. Retrieved November 22, 2008, from History of Batesville\-Chronology Web site: {{cite web\|url\=http://www.batesvilleareahistoricalsociety.org/03histories/01batesvillehistory.html \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2008\-12\-01 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515091734/http://www.batesvilleareahistoricalsociety.org/03histories/01batesvillehistory.html \|archive\-date\=2008\-05\-15 }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[Central Batesville Historic District](/wiki/Central_Batesville_Historic_District \"Central Batesville Historic District\") was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20110923\\.htm\\|title\\=National Register of Historic Places Listings\\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-23\\|work\\=Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 9/12/11 through 9/16/11\\|publisher\\=National Park Service}}",
"[thumb\\|Batesville from the air, looking southwest](/wiki/File:Batesville-indiana-from-above.jpg \"Batesville-indiana-from-above.jpg\")",
"### Beginning",
"Batesville was founded by [George H. Dunn](/wiki/George_H._Dunn \"George H. Dunn\"), owner of the John Callahan Trust Company. The company bought land and created new towns along rail lines that it began since Dunn was president of the Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railroad. Joshua Bates, who [platted](/wiki/Plat \"Plat\") the town of Batesville, is thought to be the source of the name.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://batesvilleindiana.us/about\\-batesville/\\#:\\~:text\\=It%20is%20from%20Joshua%20Bates,to%20be%20the%20area's%20wealth.\\|title\\=About Batesville\\|publisher\\=City of Batesville, Indiana\\|accessdate\\=2 June 2023}} On November 1, 1853, the first train from Cincinnati to Indianapolis passed through Batesville.",
"### Development",
"Once the railway opened, Dunn and Bates constructed more buildings. George Sims laid out Batesville's first addition in 1858\\. The following year, German immigrant Henry Boehringer became Batesville's first major builder. A three\\-story building with a basement on East Pearl Street (formerly known as Broadway Street) became known as the Boehringer Hall because of the dance floor on the third story. The Catholic congregation used the basement before they had built their church.",
"Louis Walter established Batesville's first [gristmill](/wiki/Gristmill \"Gristmill\") in 1858\\. Between 1860 and 1870, Boehringer built a row of apartments and homes on the north side of Batesville on Boehringer Street. Along with building the apartments and housing, Boehringer owned the [lot](/wiki/Land_lot \"Land lot\") where the Ward School now stands. In 1863 Conrad Rapp purchased numerous lots on East Broadway and bought Walter's gristmill. In 1865, John Brinkman built a hotel and restaurant called the [Sherman House](/wiki/Sherman_House_%28Batesville%2C_Indiana%29 \"Sherman House (Batesville, Indiana)\"), named after [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman \"William Tecumseh Sherman\"), a [major general](/wiki/Major_general \"Major general\") that led the [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army \"Union Army\") to its final victory of the [Civil War](/wiki/U.S._Civil_War \"U.S. Civil War\") in a campaign that became known as \"[Sherman's March to the Sea](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea \"Sherman's March to the Sea\")\".",
"Sebastian Messersmith built Union Hall in 1865\\. It was a two\\-story building on the west side of Main Street (Batesville, Indiana)\\|Main Street and just north of South Street (Batesville, Indiana)\\|South Street. Union Hall was used by the fire department for meetings and it was used by the public school while the school building was being rebuilt. It was also used as a boarding house for mill workers and visiting lumber salesman. This was an important building to the citizens of Batesville. Batesville has been known for its many factories built between the 1870s and the present.",
"In 1873 the Greeman Bracket Company began manufacturing under the Greeman family name, which was one of the leading businesses for 30 years. The Schrader Furniture Factory was built in 1873, but had to be rebuilt in 1875 after the factory was destroyed by a fire. When the founder Herman Schrader died, the business was bought by John Hillenbrand\\|John and William Hillenbrand. In 1874, the Union Furniture Factory also burned down and the Blank Bros. Furniture Manufacturing Company was erected the following year. Also, in 1879, Batesville published its first newspaper, *The Prairie Farmer*.",
"During the 1880s the town of Batesville started its first form of government appointed by the community. The first mayor was [George M. Hillenbrand](/wiki/George_M._Hillenbrand \"George M. Hillenbrand\"). The first town board served without pay. The board consisted of five officers: Jacob Blank Jr., John Lehmkuehler, John Hillenbrand, William Hillenbrand, and Christian Schwieler. Much of the money that was put toward the town came directly out of the officers' pockets. For example, in February 1883, they donated $153\\.06 to go toward paying for the town's bills. By September, when the financial report was reviewed, Batesville only had $1\\.82 in its account. Also during 1883, Batesville began major road construction.",
"In 1884 Batesville organized the [Batesville Casket Company](/wiki/Batesville_Casket_Company \"Batesville Casket Company\"). It was managed by J. Spiegel and later purchased by George M. Hillenbrand in February 1906\\. Also in 1884, the town jail was completed at a cost of $211\\.55\\. The inmates were forced to break stone to pay for their stay in the prison.",
"Several developments took place in 1887, including new additions to the town and telephone connections to the town of Oldenburg. These developments were funded by a grant applied for by Mr. Haverkos. Also in 1887, John Hillenbrand and Victor Oberting opened a stone quarry on some of Mr. Hillenbrand's land near Batesville. In December 1887, the town hall was completed. The town hall was separated into two parts: one for the town board and the other for the fire company. The town hall was also rented out for public gatherings.",
"In March 1888, the school board made a decision to construct an addition onto the schoolhouse. This proposal estimated that the total cost of the addition would be $1,500\\. Also in 1888, the first city attorney (James H. Connelly) was appointed at a salary of $35 per year, and many new businesses were added. In this year, Henry F. E. Schrader moved to Batesville and opened a tin shop and built homes. Also, Henry H. Kramer started a grocery store on the corner of Walnut and Boehringer. As well as new stores, a covered bridge was built over the Laughery Creek, making travel much easier.",
"In 1889, Batesville finally paved its roads with stone that came from the Hillenbrand and Oberting Stone Quarry. As well as the paving of the roads, Batesville opened the Batesville State Bank. In February 1890, Batesville had built its first sidewalks. Also in the 1890s, street lamps were introduced to Batesville. Originally, these lamps were oil lamps. However, in October, a proposal was written to turn them all into electric lamps, but the proposal was denied. On January 29, 1894, the first electric lamp was placed in front of Town Hall.",
"In 1895 a petition was written and accepted to build another school. The total estimated cost would be $5,700\\. The land would cost $700 and the school building would cost $5,000\\. In 1897 Batesville decided to stop the use of the electric lamps because of the rates that people had to pay to keep them going, but then in 1898 Batesville decided that they would reduce the rates and only use the lamps when needed.Wonning, Paul, Batesville Area Historical Society. Retrieved November 22, 2008, from History of Batesville\\-Chronology Web site: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.batesvilleareahistoricalsociety.org/03histories/01batesvillehistory.html \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-01 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515091734/http://www.batesvilleareahistoricalsociety.org/03histories/01batesvillehistory.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-05\\-15 }}",
""
] |
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