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### Development Once the railway opened, Dunn and Bates constructed more buildings. George Sims laid out Batesville's first addition in 1858\. The following year, German immigrant Henry Boehringer became Batesville's first major builder. A three\-story building with a basement on East Pearl Street (formerly known as Broadway Street) became known as the Boehringer Hall because of the dance floor on the third story. The Catholic congregation used the basement before they had built their church. Louis Walter established Batesville's first [gristmill](/wiki/Gristmill "Gristmill") in 1858\. Between 1860 and 1870, Boehringer built a row of apartments and homes on the north side of Batesville on Boehringer Street. Along with building the apartments and housing, Boehringer owned the [lot](/wiki/Land_lot "Land lot") where the Ward School now stands. In 1863 Conrad Rapp purchased numerous lots on East Broadway and bought Walter's gristmill. In 1865, John Brinkman built a hotel and restaurant called the [Sherman House](/wiki/Sherman_House_%28Batesville%2C_Indiana%29 "Sherman House (Batesville, Indiana)"), named after [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman "William Tecumseh Sherman"), a [major general](/wiki/Major_general "Major general") that led the [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army "Union Army") to its final victory of the [Civil War](/wiki/U.S._Civil_War "U.S. Civil War") in a campaign that became known as "[Sherman's March to the Sea](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea "Sherman's March to the Sea")". Sebastian Messersmith built Union Hall in 1865\. It was a two\-story building on the west side of Main Street (Batesville, Indiana)\|Main Street and just north of South Street (Batesville, Indiana)\|South Street. Union Hall was used by the fire department for meetings and it was used by the public school while the school building was being rebuilt. It was also used as a boarding house for mill workers and visiting lumber salesman. This was an important building to the citizens of Batesville. Batesville has been known for its many factories built between the 1870s and the present. In 1873 the Greeman Bracket Company began manufacturing under the Greeman family name, which was one of the leading businesses for 30 years. The Schrader Furniture Factory was built in 1873, but had to be rebuilt in 1875 after the factory was destroyed by a fire. When the founder Herman Schrader died, the business was bought by John Hillenbrand\|John and William Hillenbrand. In 1874, the Union Furniture Factory also burned down and the Blank Bros. Furniture Manufacturing Company was erected the following year. Also, in 1879, Batesville published its first newspaper, *The Prairie Farmer*. During the 1880s the town of Batesville started its first form of government appointed by the community. The first mayor was [George M. Hillenbrand](/wiki/George_M._Hillenbrand "George M. Hillenbrand"). The first town board served without pay. The board consisted of five officers: Jacob Blank Jr., John Lehmkuehler, John Hillenbrand, William Hillenbrand, and Christian Schwieler. Much of the money that was put toward the town came directly out of the officers' pockets. For example, in February 1883, they donated $153\.06 to go toward paying for the town's bills. By September, when the financial report was reviewed, Batesville only had $1\.82 in its account. Also during 1883, Batesville began major road construction. In 1884 Batesville organized the [Batesville Casket Company](/wiki/Batesville_Casket_Company "Batesville Casket Company"). It was managed by J. Spiegel and later purchased by George M. Hillenbrand in February 1906\. Also in 1884, the town jail was completed at a cost of $211\.55\. The inmates were forced to break stone to pay for their stay in the prison. Several developments took place in 1887, including new additions to the town and telephone connections to the town of Oldenburg. These developments were funded by a grant applied for by Mr. Haverkos. Also in 1887, John Hillenbrand and Victor Oberting opened a stone quarry on some of Mr. Hillenbrand's land near Batesville. In December 1887, the town hall was completed. The town hall was separated into two parts: one for the town board and the other for the fire company. The town hall was also rented out for public gatherings. In March 1888, the school board made a decision to construct an addition onto the schoolhouse. This proposal estimated that the total cost of the addition would be $1,500\. Also in 1888, the first city attorney (James H. Connelly) was appointed at a salary of $35 per year, and many new businesses were added. In this year, Henry F. E. Schrader moved to Batesville and opened a tin shop and built homes. Also, Henry H. Kramer started a grocery store on the corner of Walnut and Boehringer. As well as new stores, a covered bridge was built over the Laughery Creek, making travel much easier. In 1889, Batesville finally paved its roads with stone that came from the Hillenbrand and Oberting Stone Quarry. As well as the paving of the roads, Batesville opened the Batesville State Bank. In February 1890, Batesville had built its first sidewalks. Also in the 1890s, street lamps were introduced to Batesville. Originally, these lamps were oil lamps. However, in October, a proposal was written to turn them all into electric lamps, but the proposal was denied. On January 29, 1894, the first electric lamp was placed in front of Town Hall. In 1895 a petition was written and accepted to build another school. The total estimated cost would be $5,700\. The land would cost $700 and the school building would cost $5,000\. In 1897 Batesville decided to stop the use of the electric lamps because of the rates that people had to pay to keep them going, but then in 1898 Batesville decided that they would reduce the rates and only use the lamps when needed.Wonning, Paul, Batesville Area Historical Society. Retrieved November 22, 2008, from History of Batesville\-Chronology Web site: {{cite web\|url\=http://www.batesvilleareahistoricalsociety.org/03histories/01batesvillehistory.html \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2008\-12\-01 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515091734/http://www.batesvilleareahistoricalsociety.org/03histories/01batesvillehistory.html \|archive\-date\=2008\-05\-15 }}
[ "### Development", "Once the railway opened, Dunn and Bates constructed more buildings. George Sims laid out Batesville's first addition in 1858\\. The following year, German immigrant Henry Boehringer became Batesville's first major builder. A three\\-story building with a basement on East Pearl Street (formerly known as Broadway Street) became known as the Boehringer Hall because of the dance floor on the third story. The Catholic congregation used the basement before they had built their church.", "Louis Walter established Batesville's first [gristmill](/wiki/Gristmill \"Gristmill\") in 1858\\. Between 1860 and 1870, Boehringer built a row of apartments and homes on the north side of Batesville on Boehringer Street. Along with building the apartments and housing, Boehringer owned the [lot](/wiki/Land_lot \"Land lot\") where the Ward School now stands. In 1863 Conrad Rapp purchased numerous lots on East Broadway and bought Walter's gristmill. In 1865, John Brinkman built a hotel and restaurant called the [Sherman House](/wiki/Sherman_House_%28Batesville%2C_Indiana%29 \"Sherman House (Batesville, Indiana)\"), named after [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman \"William Tecumseh Sherman\"), a [major general](/wiki/Major_general \"Major general\") that led the [Union Army](/wiki/Union_Army \"Union Army\") to its final victory of the [Civil War](/wiki/U.S._Civil_War \"U.S. Civil War\") in a campaign that became known as \"[Sherman's March to the Sea](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea \"Sherman's March to the Sea\")\".", "Sebastian Messersmith built Union Hall in 1865\\. It was a two\\-story building on the west side of Main Street (Batesville, Indiana)\\|Main Street and just north of South Street (Batesville, Indiana)\\|South Street. Union Hall was used by the fire department for meetings and it was used by the public school while the school building was being rebuilt. It was also used as a boarding house for mill workers and visiting lumber salesman. This was an important building to the citizens of Batesville. Batesville has been known for its many factories built between the 1870s and the present.", "In 1873 the Greeman Bracket Company began manufacturing under the Greeman family name, which was one of the leading businesses for 30 years. The Schrader Furniture Factory was built in 1873, but had to be rebuilt in 1875 after the factory was destroyed by a fire. When the founder Herman Schrader died, the business was bought by John Hillenbrand\\|John and William Hillenbrand. In 1874, the Union Furniture Factory also burned down and the Blank Bros. Furniture Manufacturing Company was erected the following year. Also, in 1879, Batesville published its first newspaper, *The Prairie Farmer*.", "During the 1880s the town of Batesville started its first form of government appointed by the community. The first mayor was [George M. Hillenbrand](/wiki/George_M._Hillenbrand \"George M. Hillenbrand\"). The first town board served without pay. The board consisted of five officers: Jacob Blank Jr., John Lehmkuehler, John Hillenbrand, William Hillenbrand, and Christian Schwieler. Much of the money that was put toward the town came directly out of the officers' pockets. For example, in February 1883, they donated $153\\.06 to go toward paying for the town's bills. By September, when the financial report was reviewed, Batesville only had $1\\.82 in its account. Also during 1883, Batesville began major road construction.", "In 1884 Batesville organized the [Batesville Casket Company](/wiki/Batesville_Casket_Company \"Batesville Casket Company\"). It was managed by J. Spiegel and later purchased by George M. Hillenbrand in February 1906\\. Also in 1884, the town jail was completed at a cost of $211\\.55\\. The inmates were forced to break stone to pay for their stay in the prison.", "Several developments took place in 1887, including new additions to the town and telephone connections to the town of Oldenburg. These developments were funded by a grant applied for by Mr. Haverkos. Also in 1887, John Hillenbrand and Victor Oberting opened a stone quarry on some of Mr. Hillenbrand's land near Batesville. In December 1887, the town hall was completed. The town hall was separated into two parts: one for the town board and the other for the fire company. The town hall was also rented out for public gatherings.", "In March 1888, the school board made a decision to construct an addition onto the schoolhouse. This proposal estimated that the total cost of the addition would be $1,500\\. Also in 1888, the first city attorney (James H. Connelly) was appointed at a salary of $35 per year, and many new businesses were added. In this year, Henry F. E. Schrader moved to Batesville and opened a tin shop and built homes. Also, Henry H. Kramer started a grocery store on the corner of Walnut and Boehringer. As well as new stores, a covered bridge was built over the Laughery Creek, making travel much easier.", "In 1889, Batesville finally paved its roads with stone that came from the Hillenbrand and Oberting Stone Quarry. As well as the paving of the roads, Batesville opened the Batesville State Bank. In February 1890, Batesville had built its first sidewalks. Also in the 1890s, street lamps were introduced to Batesville. Originally, these lamps were oil lamps. However, in October, a proposal was written to turn them all into electric lamps, but the proposal was denied. On January 29, 1894, the first electric lamp was placed in front of Town Hall.", "In 1895 a petition was written and accepted to build another school. The total estimated cost would be $5,700\\. The land would cost $700 and the school building would cost $5,000\\. In 1897 Batesville decided to stop the use of the electric lamps because of the rates that people had to pay to keep them going, but then in 1898 Batesville decided that they would reduce the rates and only use the lamps when needed.Wonning, Paul, Batesville Area Historical Society. Retrieved November 22, 2008, from History of Batesville\\-Chronology Web site: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.batesvilleareahistoricalsociety.org/03histories/01batesvillehistory.html \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-01 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515091734/http://www.batesvilleareahistoricalsociety.org/03histories/01batesvillehistory.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-05\\-15 }}", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1890\= 1169 \|1900\= 1384 \|1910\= 2151 \|1920\= 2361 \|1930\= 2838 \|1940\= 3065 \|1950\= 3194 \|1960\= 3349 \|1970\= 3799 \|1980\= 4152 \|1990\= 4720 \|2000\= 6033 \|2010\= 6520 \|2020\= 7202 \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [2010 U.S. Census](/wiki/2010_U.S._Census "2010 U.S. Census"),{{citation\|title\=QT\-P11 \- Households and Families: 2010\|work\=2010 Census\|version\=Summary File 1\|url\=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src\=CF\|via\=American FactFinder\|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau\|year\=2010\|access\-date\=June 12, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529192346/https://census.gov/programs\-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016\.html\|archive\-date\=May 29, 2017\|url\-status\=dead}} there were 6,520 people, 2,492 households, and 1,678 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1070\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 2,712 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|445\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 95\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.7% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), 1\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.3% of the population. There were 2,492 households, of which 38\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 10\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32\.7% were non\-families. 28\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.55 and the average family size was 3\.16\. The median age in the city was 38\.2 years. 28\.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\.7% were from 25 to 44; 24\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 15\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\.7% male and 52\.3% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 6,033 people, 2,240 households, and 1,581 families residing in Batesville. The population density was {{convert\|1,036\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 2,335 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|401\.0\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 97% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.02% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.2% of the population. There were 2,240 households, out of which 38% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29\.4% were non\-families. 25\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.6 and the average family size was 3\.. The population age is spread out, with 28\.5% under the age of 18, 6\.4% from 18 to 24, 30\.4% from 25 to 44, 20\.9% from 45 to 64, and 13\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88\.5 males. The median income for a household in the town was $50,115, and the median income for a family was $58,590\. Males had a median income of $38,862 versus $29,127 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the town was $21,892\. About 2\.4% of families and 3\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 1\.1% of those under age 18 and 6\.9% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1890\\= 1169\n\\|1900\\= 1384\n\\|1910\\= 2151\n\\|1920\\= 2361\n\\|1930\\= 2838\n\\|1940\\= 3065\n\\|1950\\= 3194\n\\|1960\\= 3349\n\\|1970\\= 3799\n\\|1980\\= 4152\n\\|1990\\= 4720\n\\|2000\\= 6033\n\\|2010\\= 6520\n\\|2020\\= 7202\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [2010 U.S. Census](/wiki/2010_U.S._Census \"2010 U.S. Census\"),{{citation\\|title\\=QT\\-P11 \\- Households and Families: 2010\\|work\\=2010 Census\\|version\\=Summary File 1\\|url\\=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src\\=CF\\|via\\=American FactFinder\\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau\\|year\\=2010\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529192346/https://census.gov/programs\\-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} there were 6,520 people, 2,492 households, and 1,678 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1070\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 2,712 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|445\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 95\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.7% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.6% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.3% of the population.", "There were 2,492 households, of which 38\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 10\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\\.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32\\.7% were non\\-families. 28\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.55 and the average family size was 3\\.16\\.", "The median age in the city was 38\\.2 years. 28\\.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24\\.7% were from 25 to 44; 24\\.5% were from 45 to 64; and 15\\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\\.7% male and 52\\.3% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 6,033 people, 2,240 households, and 1,581 families residing in Batesville. The population density was {{convert\\|1,036\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 2,335 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|401\\.0\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 97% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.02% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.1% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.9% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.2% of the population.", "There were 2,240 households, out of which 38% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29\\.4% were non\\-families. 25\\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.6 and the average family size was 3\\..", "The population age is spread out, with 28\\.5% under the age of 18, 6\\.4% from 18 to 24, 30\\.4% from 25 to 44, 20\\.9% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88\\.5 males.", "The median income for a household in the town was $50,115, and the median income for a family was $58,590\\. Males had a median income of $38,862 versus $29,127 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $21,892\\. About 2\\.4% of families and 3\\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 1\\.1% of those under age 18 and 6\\.9% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Civil rights leader and union organizer --------------------------------------- As an activist Fisher headed a cell with the [Fellowship of Reconciliation](/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation "Fellowship of Reconciliation") (FOR) in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") to concentrate on race relations. This small cell provided the people for the beginnings of the Committee on Racial Equality which they soon renamed the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)."Brooklyn Amsterdam News" Saturday, May 7, 1966\-B. James Farmer was among the co\-founders.*Fellowship of Reconciliation* 1992, Spring, Summer and Winter issues and Farmer's autobiography The founding members of CORE were [James Farmer](/wiki/James_Farmer "James Farmer"), Bernice Fisher, [George Houser](/wiki/George_Houser "George Houser"), [Homer A. Jack](/wiki/Homer_A._Jack "Homer A. Jack"), [James Russell Robinson](/wiki/James_Russell_Robinson "James Russell Robinson"), and [Joe Guinn](/wiki/Joe_Guinn "Joe Guinn").{{Cite book\|title\=Harambee City : the Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the rise of Black Power populism\|last\=Nishani\|first\=Frazier\|date\=2017\|publisher\=University of Arkansas Press\|isbn\=9781610756013\|location\=Fayetteville\|pages\=3–26\|oclc\=973832475}} [Bayard Rustin](/wiki/Bayard_Rustin "Bayard Rustin"), while not a founder of CORE, was a campus traveler for the [Fellowship of Reconciliation](/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation "Fellowship of Reconciliation"); he worked with and advised the founders. Houser reported that James Farmer, in addition to his Chicago activities, traveled the country with FOR and spoke about his national vision for CORE. He said that Fisher was the nuts and bolts person for CORE in Chicago and later [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis"). Houser mentioned pre\-CORE and initial activities in Chicago of Jim Farmer, Jim Robinson, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack and Joe Guinn that included the Fellowship house (an early effort at desegregating housing), Jack Spratt restaurant sit\-in, and White City roller\-rink among others. He spoke highly of Bernice Fisher and of her importance to the development of CORE.*Oral Histories,* "The Reminiscences of James R. Robinson" (January, February, March 1999\) in the Oral History Collection of Columbia University in New York City.*Oral Histories:* "The Reminiscences of George Houser" (April 1999\) in the Oral History Collection of Columbia University in New York City. Fisher has been called the "godmother of the restaurant 'sit\-in' technique" by fellow activist and union organizer [Ernest Calloway](/wiki/Ernest_Calloway "Ernest Calloway"), who worked closely with Fisher in St. Louis and admired her."OF TIME AND SOUND, Requiem For A Free, Compassionate Spirit," by Ernest Galloway, published in *Missouri Teamster*, May 12, 1966, p. 7\.Fellowship magazine of the Fellowship of Reconciliation 1992, Spring, Summer and Winter issues.Farmer, James, *[Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement](/wiki/Lay_Bare_the_Heart:An_Autobiography_of_the_Civil_Rights_Movement "An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement")*, A Plume Book, New American Library, 1985\. Fisher worked tirelessly to establish the Committee On Racial Equality. Soon the founders, including Fisher, changed the name to Congress of Racial Equality [CORE](/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality "Congress of Racial Equality"). This group introduced the [sit\-in](/wiki/Sit-in "Sit-in") as a tactic in challenging racial segregation in public accommodations. Fisher was instrumental in establishing the sit\-in as a nonviolent technique in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1942 CORE's six founders followed the nonviolent organizing techniques outlined in [Krishnalal Shridharani](/wiki/Krishnalal_Shridharani "Krishnalal Shridharani")'s *War Without Violence*. This was Shridharani's doctoral thesis at Columbia, and within the year had become a national bestseller. Shridharani, an intimate of [Gandhi](/wiki/Gandhi "Gandhi"), who had been jailed in the [Salt March](/wiki/Salt_March "Salt March"), had codified Gandhi's techniques. Gandhi had not wanted his followers to codify his teachings, as he had wanted people to come to India, study intensively and experience the movement first\-hand. However, the [British Indian authorities](/wiki/British_Raj "British Raj") were restricting Gandhi's non\-Indian followers from coming into India, and travelling outside of the subcontinent was beyond the means of most of his followers. Fisher made a list of rules to follow at demonstrations, based on Gandhi's teachings, that was distributed as a handbill at some demonstrations. Following Gandhi's first rule of involving the community and finding out its priorities, this first group of Fisher's concentrated on integrating housing, repealing laws against integrating neighborhoods in Chicago, and integrating restaurants and amusement venues in Chicago. News of CORE's work spread and others followed their lead. In 1943, shortly after the first CORE sit\-ins, a group of seventeen young women at [Howard University](/wiki/Howard_University "Howard University") in Washington DC began an unpublicized sit\-in at a luncheonette in the Howard neighborhood. They had become acquainted with CORE through [Fellowship of Reconciliation](/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation "Fellowship of Reconciliation") Campus Travelers [Bayard Rustin](/wiki/Bayard_Rustin "Bayard Rustin") and [James Farmer](/wiki/James_Farmer "James Farmer"). The group at Howard included [Ruth Powell](/wiki/Ruth_Powell "Ruth Powell"), [Marianne Musgrave](/wiki/Marianne_Musgrave "Marianne Musgrave"), [Patricia Roberts](/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris "Patricia Roberts Harris"), \& [Juanita Morrow Nelson](/wiki/Juanita_Morrow_Nelson "Juanita Morrow Nelson"), and they were represented by [Pauli Murray](/wiki/Pauli_Murray "Pauli Murray"), who was then in Howard Law School.Murray, Pauli, *Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage*. Harper \& Row, New York City, 1987, pp. 201–209\. Fisher became an organizer of department store workers in Chicago. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), wages were frozen by government order, but despite a freeze on prices, inflation was rampant. Working conditions for department store employees were onerous: women were not allowed to sit at work, they had no regular breaks, wages were low, and the stores were understaffed. Better pay for women was available in industry, for those who were free to take advantage of the opportunity. Fisher was brought to St. Louis by [Harold Gibbons](/wiki/Harold_J._Gibbons "Harold J. Gibbons") of [the Teamsters](/wiki/Teamsters "Teamsters"), one of the most progressive labor leaders in America at the time. Gibbons had hired [Ernest Calloway](/wiki/Ernest_Calloway "Ernest Calloway"), an African\-American organizer, who would work in the segregated mid\-South for the Teamsters. He hired Fisher on the recommendation of Calloway, who had been impressed by her work in Chicago. During her years in St. Louis, Fisher organized that city's chapter of CORE, which produced many of the organization's national leaders. St. Louis CORE kept the national organization going in the late 1940s and the 1950s. They refined many of the techniques promoted by the Chicago group. Others associated with the St. Louis chapter were [Marian O'Fallon Oldham](/wiki/Marian_O%27Fallon_Oldham "Marian O'Fallon Oldham"), Charles Oldham, [Irving \& Margaret Dagen](/wiki/Irving_%26_Margaret_Dagen "Irving & Margaret Dagen"), [Joe \& Billie Ames](/wiki/Joe_%26_Billie_Ames "Joe & Billie Ames"), [Marvin Rich](/wiki/Marvin_Rich "Marvin Rich"), [Norman Seay](/wiki/Norman_Seay "Norman Seay") and [Wanda Penny](/wiki/Wanda_Penny "Wanda Penny"). St. Louis CORE became a leading exponent of the [nonviolent](/wiki/Nonviolent "Nonviolent") [direct action](/wiki/Direct_action "Direct action") as applied to race relations.Kimbrough, Mary, and Margaret W. Dagen, *Victory without Violence, The First Ten Years of the St. Louis Committee Of Racial Equality (CORE), 1947\-1957*, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2000\."Congress of Racial Equality", *St. Louis Post Dispatch*, January 13, 2004, by Sylvester Brown Jr., online.[STLtoday \- 27\. CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY](http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/special/pd125.nsf/0/109D448E1223EE4B86256E040060EB84?OpenDocument) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112002841/http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/special/pd125\.nsf/0/109D448E1223EE4B86256E040060EB84?OpenDocument \|date\=November 12, 2006 }} During the last ten years of her life, Fisher was active with the Concord Baptist Church of Christ in Brooklyn, New York. She was Co\-Chairman with Cyprian Belle Concord of the Social Action Committee created by the Concord Baptist Church.*Concord Handbook of Community Resources*, Concord Baptist Church of Christ, 833 Marcy Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, undated, published between Dec 1964 and May 1966\. Fisher lived most of her adult life in New York, St. Louis, and Chicago. She participated in many civil\-rights nonviolent direct\-action activities and labor union anti\-discrimination efforts in those cities. She was long associated with the labor movement and served as an official with several unions, including the United Federation of Teachers, Retail Wholesale and Department Stores Union, CIO; the Government and Civic Organizing Committee in Chicago; the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Workers in New York, and others. She had also been active with the Housing Conference of Chicago. She was also serving on the executive board of Brooklyn NAACP and on the National Board of the Workers Defense League. She is buried at The Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn, N.Y.\<ref\>BROOKLYN EDITION, *Amsterdam News;* CORE Founder Dies *Saturday, May 7, 1966\-B.\</ref\>*The New York Times;* BERNICE FISHER, 49, A FOUNDER OF CORE, May 3, 1966\.THE CONCORD BAPTIST CHURCH OF CHRIST; Services of Homegoing, Brooklyn, New York, May 4, 1966\.* Education --------- Fisher graduated from the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago") on June 18, 1943, with a major area of Divinity. She previously studied at [Colgate Rochester Divinity School](/wiki/Colgate_Rochester_Divinity_School "Colgate Rochester Divinity School"), Rochester, N.Y., which she attended from 1939 to 1941, and studied at the [Rochester Collegiate Center](/wiki/Rochester_Collegiate_Center "Rochester Collegiate Center"), 1935 to 1936\. She graduated from Monroe High School in Rochester in 1934\.Transcript of (Elsie) Bernice Fisher, The [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago"), Office of the Register, May 11, 1956\. Family ------ Fisher's father was Jay Merritt Fisher, born August 21, 1877, [Syracuse, New York](/wiki/Syracuse%2C_New_York "Syracuse, New York"), to Charles Gold Fisher, M.D., and Annie (Schutt) Fisher.Obituary of Dr. C. G. Fisher in February 12, 1925, ERA, Bradford, McKean County, Pennsylvania. Death Certificate, 1925 File No. 13093, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, for Dr. Charles Fisher at Bradford, McKean County, Pennsylvania. He moved with his family to Pennsylvania about 1880\. Her mother was Annie Rosetta (Morrison) Fisher, born April 17, 1881, Ambrose, [Indiana County, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Indiana_County%2C_Pennsylvania "Indiana County, Pennsylvania"),Marriage Certificate No. 8897, Jay M. Fisher and Annie Rosetta Morrison, 15 May 1909, Justice of the Peace, County of Jefferson, Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. daughter of George Morrison and Emma (Goodwin) Morrison. Her brother was Donald Morrison Fisher, born March 10, 1911, Punxsutawney, Pa., and died on March 21, 1983, in Syracuse, New York. Donald with E. Ruth (Loke) had five children, Thomas G. Fisher, Dennis G. Fisher, Frank W. Fisher, Craig W. Fisher and Christine E. Fisher.Obituary of Donald M. Fisher in March 26, 1983, *The Post Standard*, Syracuse, New York. See also -------- [Civil Rights Movement](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement "Civil Rights Movement") [Timeline of the civil rights movement](/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement "Timeline of the civil rights movement") [Greensboro sit\-ins](/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins "Greensboro sit-ins") Books ----- Kimbrough, Mary, and Margaret W. Dagen, * + - * Victory without Violence, The First Ten Years of the St. Louis Committee of Racial Equality (CORE), 1947\-1957 *by Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2000\. The dedication page to Victory Without Violence reads: "To Bernice Fisher, whose voice sounded the call to action. And to the memory of the members of the St. Louis Committee of Racial Equality who pursued a quiet but determined crusade for human rights." Farmer, James,* * Lay Bare The Heart: An Autobiography of The Civil Rights Movement*, 1985, Plume Book, New American Library. Frazier, Nishani (2017\).* * Harambee City: Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the Rise of Black Power Populism*. University of Arkansas Press. {{ISBN\|1682260186}}.* Miscellaneous sources --------------------- * PERSONAL HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE, The City of New York, Department of Personnel*, 4 pages, completed by Bernice Fisher; undated but contains these years and cities of residence: 1931 Jamestown, N.Y.; 1931–1941 Rochester, N.Y.; 1941–1945 Chicago, Ill; 1945–1946 Chicago and Detroit; 1946–1949 St. Louis, Mo.; 1953–1956 Chicago, Ill.; 1956–present Brooklyn, N.Y. (Note: Fisher was still living in Brooklyn, New York, when she died in May 1966\.* * Ledger No. 5281 Union Card expires December 31, 1942, Sister Bernice Fisher, Warehousemen, Loaders, Stackers and Graders, Local 688\...of the I.B. of T.C.W. and H. of A. affiliated with the A. F. of L. *and* Honorable Withdrawal Card of Bernice Fisher, Local No. 688, is dated 9 May 1949 *are in the possession of Frank W. Fisher.* * Unacknowledged Leaders: Sarah Lawrence Conference, Sisters in Struggle*, Sheila Shiki y Michaels, New York, NY, March 8, 2003; Sheila Shiki y Michaels, New York, NY, November 11, 2002\.* * Oral Histories, The Reminiscences of *George Houser, James R. Robinson and Marvin Rich in the Sheila Michaels Oral History Collection of Columbia University in New York City.*Oral Histories* The Reminiscences of James R. Robinson (January, February, March 1999\), George Houser (April 1999\) and Marvin Rich (1999\) in the Sheila Michaels Oral History Collection at Columbia University in New York City.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.crmvet.org/nars/orallist.htm\|title\=Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement \-\- List of Oral Histories}}* * United Federation of Teachers newspaper, UFT Expands Union Organizing Staff *page 5; my copy has only pages 5 through 8 and doesn't give the date of publication, but it contains the page 5 story, and board meeting minutes of Nov. 4 and 16, 1964 on page 8\.* There is much discussion by Farmer and Houser on the founding of CORE in several issues of Fellowship magazine of the Fellowship of Reconciliation in 1992 (Spring, Summer and Winter issues). Participants in a conference on October 22, 1992, "Erasing the Color Line in the North", attended by both Houser and Farmer, agreed that the founders of CORE were Jim Farmer, George Houser and Bernice Fisher.*Erasing the Color Line in the North*, a conference, October 22, 1992, on CORE and the origins of the Civil Rights Movement at Bluffton College in Bluffton, Ohio. The conference has been preserved on videotape available from Bluffton College. James Farmer, in his book Lay Bare The Heart'', discusses "CORE IS BORN" (Chapter 10\). He mentions Bob "Chino" (the Hispanic nickname for a Chinese man, by which he was widely known), and Hugo Victoreen as well as George Houser, Bernice Fisher, Jimmy Robinson, Joe Guinn, Homer Jack and himself as participants when the organization CORE was formed. Bernice became secretary and Jimmy became treasurer. The Wisconsin Historical Society is home to a large collection of the papers of the Congress of Racial Equality, [Wisconsin Historical Society](http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/libraryarchives/reference_form.asp?program=ar), 816 State St., [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin") 53706\. An extensive oral history collection related to the Congress of Racial Equality is kept at Howard University, Washington, DC 20059\. Interviews can be found online [here](https://web.archive.org/web/20080916105230/http://www.founders.howard.edu/moorland-spingarn/). The University of Texas at Austin retains the papers of James and Lula Farmer. These contain material related to Bernice Fisher. The inventory of the archive is available online [here](http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00004/cah-00004.html).
[ "Civil rights leader and union organizer\n---------------------------------------", "As an activist Fisher headed a cell with the [Fellowship of Reconciliation](/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation \"Fellowship of Reconciliation\") (FOR) in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") to concentrate on race relations. This small cell provided the people for the beginnings of the Committee on Racial Equality which they soon renamed the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).\"Brooklyn Amsterdam News\" Saturday, May 7, 1966\\-B. James Farmer was among the co\\-founders.*Fellowship of Reconciliation* 1992, Spring, Summer and Winter issues and Farmer's autobiography The founding members of CORE were [James Farmer](/wiki/James_Farmer \"James Farmer\"), Bernice Fisher, [George Houser](/wiki/George_Houser \"George Houser\"), [Homer A. Jack](/wiki/Homer_A._Jack \"Homer A. Jack\"), [James Russell Robinson](/wiki/James_Russell_Robinson \"James Russell Robinson\"), and [Joe Guinn](/wiki/Joe_Guinn \"Joe Guinn\").{{Cite book\\|title\\=Harambee City : the Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the rise of Black Power populism\\|last\\=Nishani\\|first\\=Frazier\\|date\\=2017\\|publisher\\=University of Arkansas Press\\|isbn\\=9781610756013\\|location\\=Fayetteville\\|pages\\=3–26\\|oclc\\=973832475}}", "[Bayard Rustin](/wiki/Bayard_Rustin \"Bayard Rustin\"), while not a founder of CORE, was a campus traveler for the [Fellowship of Reconciliation](/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation \"Fellowship of Reconciliation\"); he worked with and advised the founders. Houser reported that James Farmer, in addition to his Chicago activities, traveled the country with FOR and spoke about his national vision for CORE. He said that Fisher was the nuts and bolts person for CORE in Chicago and later [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\"). Houser mentioned pre\\-CORE and initial activities in Chicago of Jim Farmer, Jim Robinson, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack and Joe Guinn that included the Fellowship house (an early effort at desegregating housing), Jack Spratt restaurant sit\\-in, and White City roller\\-rink among others. He spoke highly of Bernice Fisher and of her importance to the development of CORE.*Oral Histories,* \"The Reminiscences of James R. Robinson\" (January, February, March 1999\\) in the Oral History Collection of Columbia University in New York City.*Oral Histories:* \"The Reminiscences of George Houser\" (April 1999\\) in the Oral History Collection of Columbia University in New York City.", "Fisher has been called the \"godmother of the restaurant 'sit\\-in' technique\" by fellow activist and union organizer [Ernest Calloway](/wiki/Ernest_Calloway \"Ernest Calloway\"), who worked closely with Fisher in St. Louis and admired her.\"OF TIME AND SOUND, Requiem For A Free, Compassionate Spirit,\" by Ernest Galloway, published in *Missouri Teamster*, May 12, 1966, p. 7\\.Fellowship magazine of the Fellowship of Reconciliation 1992, Spring, Summer and Winter issues.Farmer, James, *[Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement](/wiki/Lay_Bare_the_Heart:An_Autobiography_of_the_Civil_Rights_Movement \"An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement\")*, A Plume Book, New American Library, 1985\\.", "Fisher worked tirelessly to establish the Committee On Racial Equality. Soon the founders, including Fisher, changed the name to Congress of Racial Equality [CORE](/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality \"Congress of Racial Equality\"). This group introduced the [sit\\-in](/wiki/Sit-in \"Sit-in\") as a tactic in challenging racial segregation in public accommodations. Fisher was instrumental in establishing the sit\\-in as a nonviolent technique in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1942 CORE's six founders followed the nonviolent organizing techniques outlined in [Krishnalal Shridharani](/wiki/Krishnalal_Shridharani \"Krishnalal Shridharani\")'s *War Without Violence*. This was Shridharani's doctoral thesis at Columbia, and within the year had become a national bestseller. Shridharani, an intimate of [Gandhi](/wiki/Gandhi \"Gandhi\"), who had been jailed in the [Salt March](/wiki/Salt_March \"Salt March\"), had codified Gandhi's techniques. Gandhi had not wanted his followers to codify his teachings, as he had wanted people to come to India, study intensively and experience the movement first\\-hand. However, the [British Indian authorities](/wiki/British_Raj \"British Raj\") were restricting Gandhi's non\\-Indian followers from coming into India, and travelling outside of the subcontinent was beyond the means of most of his followers. Fisher made a list of rules to follow at demonstrations, based on Gandhi's teachings, that was distributed as a handbill at some demonstrations.", "Following Gandhi's first rule of involving the community and finding out its priorities, this first group of Fisher's concentrated on integrating housing, repealing laws against integrating neighborhoods in Chicago, and integrating restaurants and amusement venues in Chicago.", "News of CORE's work spread and others followed their lead. In 1943, shortly after the first CORE sit\\-ins, a group of seventeen young women at [Howard University](/wiki/Howard_University \"Howard University\") in Washington DC began an unpublicized sit\\-in at a luncheonette in the Howard neighborhood. They had become acquainted with CORE through [Fellowship of Reconciliation](/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation \"Fellowship of Reconciliation\") Campus Travelers [Bayard Rustin](/wiki/Bayard_Rustin \"Bayard Rustin\") and [James Farmer](/wiki/James_Farmer \"James Farmer\"). The group at Howard included [Ruth Powell](/wiki/Ruth_Powell \"Ruth Powell\"), [Marianne Musgrave](/wiki/Marianne_Musgrave \"Marianne Musgrave\"), [Patricia Roberts](/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris \"Patricia Roberts Harris\"), \\& [Juanita Morrow Nelson](/wiki/Juanita_Morrow_Nelson \"Juanita Morrow Nelson\"), and they were represented by [Pauli Murray](/wiki/Pauli_Murray \"Pauli Murray\"), who was then in Howard Law School.Murray, Pauli, *Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage*. Harper \\& Row, New York City, 1987, pp. 201–209\\.", "Fisher became an organizer of department store workers in Chicago. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), wages were frozen by government order, but despite a freeze on prices, inflation was rampant. Working conditions for department store employees were onerous: women were not allowed to sit at work, they had no regular breaks, wages were low, and the stores were understaffed. Better pay for women was available in industry, for those who were free to take advantage of the opportunity.", "Fisher was brought to St. Louis by [Harold Gibbons](/wiki/Harold_J._Gibbons \"Harold J. Gibbons\") of [the Teamsters](/wiki/Teamsters \"Teamsters\"), one of the most progressive labor leaders in America at the time. Gibbons had hired [Ernest Calloway](/wiki/Ernest_Calloway \"Ernest Calloway\"), an African\\-American organizer, who would work in the segregated mid\\-South for the Teamsters. He hired Fisher on the recommendation of Calloway, who had been impressed by her work in Chicago.", "During her years in St. Louis, Fisher organized that city's chapter of CORE, which produced many of the organization's national leaders. St. Louis CORE kept the national organization going in the late 1940s and the 1950s. They refined many of the techniques promoted by the Chicago group. Others associated with the St. Louis chapter were [Marian O'Fallon Oldham](/wiki/Marian_O%27Fallon_Oldham \"Marian O'Fallon Oldham\"), Charles Oldham, [Irving \\& Margaret Dagen](/wiki/Irving_%26_Margaret_Dagen \"Irving & Margaret Dagen\"), [Joe \\& Billie Ames](/wiki/Joe_%26_Billie_Ames \"Joe & Billie Ames\"), [Marvin Rich](/wiki/Marvin_Rich \"Marvin Rich\"), [Norman Seay](/wiki/Norman_Seay \"Norman Seay\") and [Wanda Penny](/wiki/Wanda_Penny \"Wanda Penny\"). St. Louis CORE became a leading exponent of the [nonviolent](/wiki/Nonviolent \"Nonviolent\") [direct action](/wiki/Direct_action \"Direct action\") as applied to race relations.Kimbrough, Mary, and Margaret W. Dagen, *Victory without Violence, The First Ten Years of the St. Louis Committee Of Racial Equality (CORE), 1947\\-1957*, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2000\\.\"Congress of Racial Equality\", *St. Louis Post Dispatch*, January 13, 2004, by Sylvester Brown Jr., online.[STLtoday \\- 27\\. CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY](http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/special/pd125.nsf/0/109D448E1223EE4B86256E040060EB84?OpenDocument) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112002841/http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/special/pd125\\.nsf/0/109D448E1223EE4B86256E040060EB84?OpenDocument \\|date\\=November 12, 2006 }}", "During the last ten years of her life, Fisher was active with the Concord Baptist Church of Christ in Brooklyn, New York. She was Co\\-Chairman with Cyprian Belle Concord of the Social Action Committee created by the Concord Baptist Church.*Concord Handbook of Community Resources*, Concord Baptist Church of Christ, 833 Marcy Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, undated, published between Dec 1964 and May 1966\\.", "Fisher lived most of her adult life in New York, St. Louis, and Chicago. She participated in many civil\\-rights nonviolent direct\\-action activities and labor union anti\\-discrimination efforts in those cities. She was long associated with the labor movement and served as an official with several unions, including the United Federation of Teachers, Retail Wholesale and Department Stores Union, CIO; the Government and Civic Organizing Committee in Chicago; the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Workers in New York, and others. She had also been active with the Housing Conference of Chicago. She was also serving on the executive board of Brooklyn NAACP and on the National Board of the Workers Defense League. She is buried at The Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn, N.Y.\\<ref\\>BROOKLYN EDITION, *Amsterdam News;* CORE Founder Dies *Saturday, May 7, 1966\\-B.\\</ref\\>*The New York Times;* BERNICE FISHER, 49, A FOUNDER OF CORE, May 3, 1966\\.THE CONCORD BAPTIST CHURCH OF CHRIST; Services of Homegoing, Brooklyn, New York, May 4, 1966\\.*", "Education\n---------", "Fisher graduated from the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\") on June 18, 1943, with a major area of Divinity. She previously studied at [Colgate Rochester Divinity School](/wiki/Colgate_Rochester_Divinity_School \"Colgate Rochester Divinity School\"), Rochester, N.Y., which she attended from 1939 to 1941, and studied at the [Rochester Collegiate Center](/wiki/Rochester_Collegiate_Center \"Rochester Collegiate Center\"), 1935 to 1936\\. She graduated from Monroe High School in Rochester in 1934\\.Transcript of (Elsie) Bernice Fisher, The [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\"), Office of the Register, May 11, 1956\\.\nFamily\n------", "Fisher's father was Jay Merritt Fisher, born August 21, 1877, [Syracuse, New York](/wiki/Syracuse%2C_New_York \"Syracuse, New York\"), to Charles Gold Fisher, M.D., and Annie (Schutt) Fisher.Obituary of Dr. C. G. Fisher in February 12, 1925, ERA, Bradford, McKean County, Pennsylvania.\nDeath Certificate, 1925 File No. 13093, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, for Dr. Charles Fisher at Bradford, McKean County, Pennsylvania. He moved with his family to Pennsylvania about 1880\\. Her mother was Annie Rosetta (Morrison) Fisher, born April 17, 1881, Ambrose, [Indiana County, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Indiana_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Indiana County, Pennsylvania\"),Marriage Certificate No. 8897, Jay M. Fisher and Annie Rosetta Morrison, 15 May 1909, Justice of the Peace, County of Jefferson, Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. daughter of George Morrison and Emma (Goodwin) Morrison. Her brother was Donald Morrison Fisher, born March 10, 1911, Punxsutawney, Pa., and died on March 21, 1983, in Syracuse, New York. Donald with E. Ruth (Loke) had five children, Thomas G. Fisher, Dennis G. Fisher, Frank W. Fisher, Craig W. Fisher and Christine E. Fisher.Obituary of Donald M. Fisher in March 26, 1983, *The Post Standard*, Syracuse, New York.\nSee also\n--------", "[Civil Rights Movement](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement \"Civil Rights Movement\")\n[Timeline of the civil rights movement](/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement \"Timeline of the civil rights movement\")\n[Greensboro sit\\-ins](/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins \"Greensboro sit-ins\")\nBooks\n-----", "Kimbrough, Mary, and Margaret W. Dagen, * + - * Victory without Violence, The First Ten Years of the St. Louis Committee of Racial Equality (CORE), 1947\\-1957 *by Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2000\\. The dedication page to Victory Without Violence reads: \"To Bernice Fisher, whose voice sounded the call to action. And to the memory of the members of the St. Louis Committee of Racial Equality who pursued a quiet but determined crusade for human rights.\"\n\t\t\tFarmer, James,*\n* Lay Bare The Heart: An Autobiography of The Civil Rights Movement*, 1985, Plume Book, New American Library.\nFrazier, Nishani (2017\\).*\n* Harambee City: Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the Rise of Black Power Populism*. University of Arkansas Press. {{ISBN\\|1682260186}}.*", "Miscellaneous sources\n---------------------", "* PERSONAL HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE, The City of New York, Department of Personnel*, 4 pages, completed by Bernice Fisher; undated but contains these years and cities of residence: 1931 Jamestown, N.Y.; 1931–1941 Rochester, N.Y.; 1941–1945 Chicago, Ill; 1945–1946 Chicago and Detroit; 1946–1949 St. Louis, Mo.; 1953–1956 Chicago, Ill.; 1956–present Brooklyn, N.Y. (Note: Fisher was still living in Brooklyn, New York, when she died in May 1966\\.*\n* Ledger No. 5281 Union Card expires December 31, 1942, Sister Bernice Fisher, Warehousemen, Loaders, Stackers and Graders, Local 688\\...of the I.B. of T.C.W. and H. of A. affiliated with the A. F. of L. *and* Honorable Withdrawal Card of Bernice Fisher, Local No. 688, is dated 9 May 1949 *are in the possession of Frank W. Fisher.*\n* Unacknowledged Leaders: Sarah Lawrence Conference, Sisters in Struggle*, Sheila Shiki y Michaels, New York, NY, March 8, 2003; Sheila Shiki y Michaels, New York, NY, November 11, 2002\\.*\n* Oral Histories, The Reminiscences of *George Houser, James R. Robinson and Marvin Rich in the Sheila Michaels Oral History Collection of Columbia University in New York City.*Oral Histories* The Reminiscences of James R. Robinson (January, February, March 1999\\), George Houser (April 1999\\) and Marvin Rich (1999\\) in the Sheila Michaels Oral History Collection at Columbia University in New York City.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.crmvet.org/nars/orallist.htm\\|title\\=Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement \\-\\- List of Oral Histories}}*\n* United Federation of Teachers newspaper, UFT Expands Union Organizing Staff *page 5; my copy has only pages 5 through 8 and doesn't give the date of publication, but it contains the page 5 story, and board meeting minutes of Nov. 4 and 16, 1964 on page 8\\.*", "There is much discussion by Farmer and Houser on the founding of CORE in several issues of Fellowship\nmagazine of the Fellowship of Reconciliation in 1992 (Spring, Summer and Winter issues). Participants in a conference on October 22, 1992, \"Erasing the Color Line in the North\", attended by both Houser and Farmer, agreed that the founders of CORE were Jim Farmer, George Houser and Bernice Fisher.*Erasing the Color Line in the North*, a conference, October 22, 1992, on CORE and the origins of the Civil Rights Movement at Bluffton College in Bluffton, Ohio. The conference has been preserved on videotape available from Bluffton College.\nJames Farmer, in his book Lay Bare The Heart'', discusses \"CORE IS BORN\" (Chapter 10\\). He mentions Bob \"Chino\" (the Hispanic nickname for a Chinese man, by which he was widely known), and Hugo Victoreen as well as George Houser, Bernice Fisher, Jimmy Robinson, Joe Guinn, Homer Jack and himself as participants when the organization CORE was formed. Bernice became secretary and Jimmy became treasurer.", "The Wisconsin Historical Society is home to a large collection of the papers of the Congress of Racial Equality, [Wisconsin Historical Society](http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/libraryarchives/reference_form.asp?program=ar), 816 State St., [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin \"Madison, Wisconsin\") 53706\\.", "An extensive oral history collection related to the Congress of Racial Equality is kept at Howard University, Washington, DC 20059\\. Interviews can be found online [here](https://web.archive.org/web/20080916105230/http://www.founders.howard.edu/moorland-spingarn/).", "The University of Texas at Austin retains the papers of James and Lula Farmer. These contain material related to Bernice Fisher. The inventory of the archive is available online [here](http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00004/cah-00004.html).", "" ]
History ------- Concerned about school violence and increasing stress and problems for students,Springen, Karen, 26 April 2005, "The Magic of Meditation", *Newsweek*.Pierce, Elise, March 2006, "Are the Kids All Right?”, *United Hemispheres*. David Lynch founded the DLF in July 2005 "to provide the \[TM] program to schools".Larsen, Peter (10 August 2005\) *Orange County Register*, "Tapping into TM". That year, Lynch, DLF president John Hagelin, and [Maharishi University of Management](/wiki/Maharishi_University_of_Management "Maharishi University of Management") researcher Fred Travis went on a lecture tour titled "Consciousness, Creativity, and the Brain". Tour dates included the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California "University of Southern California"),{{cite news\|title\=Yogi Bearer; Dark Films Aside, David Lynch Brims With the Light of Transcendental Meditation\|first\=William \|last\=Booth\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|date\=2 December 2005\|page\=C.01}} [UC Berkeley](/wiki/UC_Berkeley "UC Berkeley"),{{cite news\|title\=FIVE QUESTIONS FOR: David Lynch / Bliss and world peace, one campus at a time\|first\=Reyhan \|last\=Harmanci\|work\=San Francisco Chronicle\|date\=6 November 2005\|page\=D.4}} the [University of Oregon](/wiki/University_of_Oregon "University of Oregon") in Eugene,{{cite news\|title\=Movie director takes cues from Transcendental Meditation\|first\=Bob \|last\=Keefer \|work\=The Register\-Guard\|location\=Eugene, Or.\|date\=6 November 2005\|page\=G.1}} the [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington"),{{cite news\|title\=DAVID LYNCH IS SPREADING THE GOSPEL OF MEDITATION\|first\=CECELIA \|last\=GOODNOW\|work\=Seattle Post\-Intelligencer\|date\=5 November 2005\|page\=D.1}} [Emerson College](/wiki/Emerson_College "Emerson College"),{{cite news\|url\=https://www.google.com/search?q\=david\+Lynch\+emerson\+college\#es\_sm\=122\&espv\=210\&q\=david\+Lynch\+emerson\+college\&start\=50\|title\=Transcending it all: David Lynch is happy, and wants you to know it \|last\=Morrow \|first\=Jennifer \|date\=11 October 2005 \|quote\=updated 31 May 2011 \|work\=The Justice.org \|access\-date\=11 November 2013}} [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University "Yale University"), and [Brown University](/wiki/Brown_University "Brown University").{{cite news\|title\=From Twin Peaks to inner peace\|first\=Simon \|last\=Houpt\|work\=The Globe and Mail\|location\=Toronto, Ont.\|date\=10 October 2005\|page\=R.1}} In 2005, Lynch offered to fund (for\-credit) peace studies courses at several universities with TM instruction being included in each course.Wilson, Charles, 11 December 2005, "Accredited Bliss", *New York Times Magazine*. By 2006, six public schools in the U.S. had been awarded $25,000 by the David Lynch Foundation.(May 2066\) *NEA Today*, [National Education Association](/wiki/National_Education_Association "National Education Association"), "Clear Your Mind" *[NEA Today](/wiki/National_Education_Association "National Education Association")* described the DLF as an organization "which provides funding for students in grades 4 to 12 to learn Transcendental Meditation" and reported that DLF had "helped approximately 500 students and 50 teachers learn how to meditate and "about 1,500 more" were scheduled to learn in the fall.Kirsten Wells, Denise (Sept 1 2006\) Teacher Magazine, Take Your Meditation. In October the Foundation withdrew a $175,000 pledge to a [San Rafael](/wiki/San_Rafael%2C_California "San Rafael, California"), California, high school after the anti\-separation [Pacific Justice Institute](/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute "Pacific Justice Institute") threatened to sue for violating the [First Amendment](/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "First Amendment to the United States Constitution")'s [Establishment Clause](/wiki/Establishment_Clause "Establishment Clause").[Californian Catholics against teaching of meditation in public schools](http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=65,4611,0,0,1,0), The Buddhist Channel, 6 August 2007\. That year Lynch assigned all of his proceeds from the sale of his book *[Catching the Big Fish](/wiki/Catching_the_Big_Fish "Catching the Big Fish")* to the DLFLynch, David, (2006\) [The Penguin Group](/wiki/The_Penguin_Group "The Penguin Group")) About the Author (last page of the book). and the Foundation sponsored a presentation on the benefits of TM in education at the [Harvard Club of Boston](/wiki/Harvard_Club_of_Boston "Harvard Club of Boston").{{cite journal\|url\=http://www.pulsarnet.com/IdealAcademyArticle.pdf \|author1\=Cynthia E. Johnson \|author2\=Lisa Lindberg \|date\=Winter 2009\|title\=Taking Care of The Student – The Forgotten Element in Education\|journal\=Pathways Magazine \|via\=pulsarnet.com}} *Natural Health* magazine reported in 2007 that the DLF had given $3 million in sponsorship to 20 U.S. schools located in the city of Washington, D.C., and various states including Arizona, New York, California, Colorado, Connecticut, and Michigan.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub\_releases/2010\-12/muom\-eal120810\.php \|last\=Linda \|first\=Marsa \|title\=Eastwood and Lynch launch Operation Warrior Wellness to teach 10,000\... Save Export Email Print Cite TM makes the grade: a Hollywood director is bringing Transcendental Meditation to kids, but they're not the only ones who can benefit from it \|newspaper\=Natural Health \|date\=1 July 2007 \|access\-date\=6 September 2013 \|archive\-date\=18 January 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118085815/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub\_releases/2010\-12/muom\-eal120810\.php \|url\-status\=dead }} By 2008, the Foundation had funded TM courses for more than 2,000 students, faculty and parents at 21 universities and schools in the U.S., in addition to substantially higher numbers at schools overseas.{{cite news\|work\=Newsweek\|title\=Much dispute about Nothing\|first\=Eve \|last\=Conant\|date\=29 May 2008}} That year DLF funded the TM program at two schools in Steamboat Springs, Colorado.Fridell, Zach (14 December 2008\) Steamboat Springs Pilot, Meditation Soothes Lowell Whitman students. A 2010 *Wall Street Journal* article reported that since 2005, Lynch had personally "donated half a million dollars to help finance scholarships for 150,000 students who are interested in learning transcendental meditation".["Filmmaker David Lynch Introduces Meditation to Veterans"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704638304575636911988306800?mod=googlenews_wsj) *[Wall Street Journal](/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal "Wall Street Journal")*, 26 November 2010\. Retrieved 22 February 2012\. *[The Jerusalem Post](/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post "The Jerusalem Post")* reported in 2009 that the DLF had "provided scholarships to more than 60,000 people interested in practicing Transcendental Meditation throughout the United States, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa."{{cite news \|url\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\-161812020\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143731/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\-161812020\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=29 March 2015 \|last\=Cashman \|first\=Greer Fay \|title\=Day Tripper Across the Universe. Ex\-Beatles to unite to promote TM in schools around the world, including in Israel \|newspaper\=The Jerusalem Post\|date\=11 March 2009 \|access\-date\=6 September 2013}}{{cite journal \|last\=Yellin \|first\=Steven \|date\=March 2009 \|journal\=Elevated Existence \|title\=Meditation in the Classroom \|url\=http://www.elevatedexistence.com/march\-2009\-issue}} In 2011 the press reported that DLF had "raised millions of dollars" to finance the teaching of the TM technique to "150,000 people, mostly students, worldwide",Strauss, Bob (3 June 2011\) [Children of the Night](http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_18203684) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225033723/http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci\_18203684 \|date\=25 February 2012 }} Daily News. Retrieved 22 February 2012\. including a "handful" of San Francisco's public schools{{cite web \|last1\=Schreiber \|first1\=Dan \|date\=8 May 2011 \|website\=San Francisco Examiner \|url\=http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/2011/05/meditation\-program\-mends\-troubled\-visitacion\-valley\-middle\-school\#ixzz1n8tV3xtI \|title\=Meditation program mends troubled Visitacion Valley Middle School \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025849/https://www.sfexaminer.com/local/2011/05/meditation\-program\-mends\-troubled\-visitacion\-valley\-middle\-school/ \|archive\-date\= May 10, 2021 }} while an [ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 "ABC News (United States)") article reported the Foundation had sponsored "70,000 students for free in 350 schools around the world; 15 of them are in the United States."James, Susan Donaldson (29 November 2011\) [Comic Russell Brand does stand up for Transcendental Meditation](https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/health/2011/11/29/comic-russell-brand-does-stand-up-for-transcendental-meditation/) ABC News. Retrieved 5 December 2011\. In 2012, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* and other press reported that the DLF had expanded its programs to include other at\-risk populations such as "veterans with post\-traumatic stress disorder and their families, homeless people and incarcerated juveniles and adults".Pember, Mary Annette (1 February 2012\) [http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/02/01/transcendental\-meditation\-combating\-diabetes\-in\-indian\-country\-95133\#ixzz1pVM3w4vp TM combating diabetes in Indian country](http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/02/01/transcendental-meditation-combating-diabetes-in-indian-country-95133) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002307/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/02/01/transcendental\-meditation\-combating\-diabetes\-in\-indian\-country\-95133 \|date\=5 February 2012 }} Indian Country Today. Retrieved 18 March 2012\.{{cite news\|title\=Look Who's Meditating Now\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/fashion/20TM.html?pagewanted\=all\|access\-date\=22 November 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323130824/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/fashion/20TM.html?\_r\=1\&pagewanted\=all\|archive\-date\=23 March 2011\|quote\=Mr. Brand was the M.C. at a benefit for the David Lynch Foundation, an organization that offers TM at no cost to troubled students, veterans, homeless people, prisoners and others.\|work\=The New York Times\|first\=Irina\|last\=Aleksander\|date\=18 March 2011\|url\-status\=dead}}Hooper, Joseph (September 2011\) Details, [Meditation Nation](http://www.details.com/culture-trends/critical-eye/201109/transcendental-meditation-pure-consciousness). Retrieved 22 February 2012\. In April 2013, Lynch released the film *[Meditation, Creativity, Peace](/wiki/Meditation%2C_Creativity%2C_Peace "Meditation, Creativity, Peace")* which documents his 2007 speaking engagements at European and Middle Eastern film schools in 16 countries. According to Lynch, profits from the distribution of the film would benefit DLF's meditation instruction for students around the world.”Russell Brand and David Lynch Bring Meditation to At\-Risk Youth". Look to the Stars/The World of Celebrity Giving. ([http://www.looktothestars.org/news/9969\-russell\-brand\-and\-david\-lynch\-bring\-meditation\-to\-at\-risk\-youth](http://www.looktothestars.org/news/9969-russell-brand-and-david-lynch-bring-meditation-to-at-risk-youth)). 4 April 2013\. Retrieved 7 April 2013\. The film was described by one reviewer as a "fragmented, self\-important [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir "Film noir")".{{cite web \| url\=http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com/cultist/2013/10/iii\_points\_review\_borscht\_stun.php \| title\=Borscht Stunds, David Lynch Gets Lost in Transcendental Translation \| work\=Miami New Times\| date\=7 October 2013 \| access\-date\=13 December 2013 \| author\=Golumbuk, Morgan}} In recent years, the David Lynch Foundation has opened branches in a number of other countries including The UK, France, Georgia and Australia. In April 2022, Lynch announced an initiative to fund training in transcendental meditation for 30,000 international university students to "become advanced peace\-creating meditation experts and build a legacy of lasting global peace." The initiative was created in partnership with the Global Union of Scientists for Peace and [Maharishi International University](/wiki/Maharishi_International_University "Maharishi International University"). It will invest approximately $500 million in its first year. It will fund meditation training for 10,000 students at Maharishi International University, 10,000 students at its sister school in India, and 10,000 students at partner universities in 10 locations across the globe.{{Cite web\|last\=Juneau\|first\=Jen\|date\=14 April 2022\|title\=David Lynch Launches $500 Million World Peace Initiative: 'Things Are Very Precarious'\|url\=https://people.com/movies/david\-lynch\-launches\-500\-million\-world\-peace\-initiative\-exclusive/\|access\-date\=14 April 2022\|website\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]}} ### Fundraising events #### 2009–2011 With the goal of teaching TM to 1 million high risk youth,Donaldson, Susan James, "Stars Mantra: Get 1M Kids to Meditate", ABC News, 4\-6\-09\. the Foundation sponsored the 2009 "Change Begins Within" [benefit concert](/wiki/Benefit_concert "Benefit concert"), held at [Radio City Music Hall](/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall "Radio City Music Hall") and hosted by Lynch and [Laura Dern](/wiki/Laura_Dern "Laura Dern"). Guest speakers and performers included [Paul McCartney](/wiki/Paul_McCartney "Paul McCartney"), [Ringo Starr](/wiki/Ringo_Starr "Ringo Starr"), [Donovan](/wiki/Donovan "Donovan"), [Moby](/wiki/Moby "Moby"), [Eddie Vedder](/wiki/Eddie_Vedder "Eddie Vedder"), [Ben Harper](/wiki/Ben_Harper "Ben Harper"), [Paul Horn](/wiki/Paul_Horn_%28musician%29 "Paul Horn (musician)"), [Jim James](/wiki/Jim_James "Jim James"), [Bettye LaVette](/wiki/Bettye_LaVette "Bettye LaVette"), [Sheryl Crow](/wiki/Sheryl_Crow "Sheryl Crow"), [Angelo Badalamenti](/wiki/Angelo_Badalamenti "Angelo Badalamenti"), [Russell Simmons](/wiki/Russell_Simmons "Russell Simmons"), [Mike Love](/wiki/Mike_Love "Mike Love"), [Jerry Seinfeld](/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld "Jerry Seinfeld") and [Howard Stern](/wiki/Howard_Stern "Howard Stern").*[The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter "The Hollywood Reporter")* ["Change Begins Within at Radio City Music Hall – Concert Review"](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/music-reviews/concert-review-change-begins-within-1003959022.story). Retrieved 18 July 2009\. The Foundation held its second "Change Begins Within" benefit event, titled "Operation Warrior Wellness", at the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art "Metropolitan Museum of Art") in New York in December 2010\. Participants included Lynch, actor [Clint Eastwood](/wiki/Clint_Eastwood "Clint Eastwood"), designer [Donna Karan](/wiki/Donna_Karan "Donna Karan"), comedian [Russell Brand](/wiki/Russell_Brand "Russell Brand") and several war veterans.15 December 2010, "Eastwood meditates to battle stress", *The Gold Coast Bulletin* (Australia).13 December 2010, "Celebs, war vets promote meditation" *Agence France Presse*. In April 2011, the Foundation launched David Lynch Foundation Music with their "Download for Good" campaign through [PledgeMusic](/wiki/PledgeMusic "PledgeMusic").{{cite web\|last1\=Michele\|first1\=Rita Di\|title\=Introducing David Lynch Foundation's New Venture \|url\=http://www.musicmedianetwork.com/david\_lynch\_music.html\|website\=Music Media Network\|access\-date\=9 September 2014}} Items available for pledges included collector's items from [Shepard Fairey](/wiki/Shepard_Fairey "Shepard Fairey") and original vinyl art created by [Daniel Edlen](/wiki/Daniel_Edlen "Daniel Edlen") which was signed by the donating musicians.{{cite web\|title\=Iggy Pop Autographed Vinyl Artwork at David Lynch Foundation Music\|url\=http://www.iggyandthestoogesmusic.com/us/news/iggy\-pop\-autographed\-vinyl\-artwork\-david\-lynch\-foundation\-music\|website\=Iggy and the Stooges Raw Power\|date\=March 2011 \|access\-date\=9 September 2014 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200249/http://www.iggyandthestoogesmusic.com/us/news/iggy\-pop\-autographed\-vinyl\-artwork\-david\-lynch\-foundation\-music \|archive\-date\= Sep 10, 2014 }} In July 2011 the DLF released a fund raising boxed set of music and film. The compilation featured 34 artists, including [Ben Folds](/wiki/Ben_Folds "Ben Folds"), Donovan, Moby, [Iggy Pop](/wiki/Iggy_Pop "Iggy Pop"), [Peter Gabriel](/wiki/Peter_Gabriel "Peter Gabriel"), [Tom Waits](/wiki/Tom_Waits "Tom Waits"), [Maroon 5](/wiki/Maroon_5 "Maroon 5") and [Alanis Morissette](/wiki/Alanis_Morissette "Alanis Morissette") with bonus tracks by [Sean Lennon](/wiki/Sean_Lennon "Sean Lennon") and [Julio Iglesias Jr.](/wiki/Julio_Iglesias_Jr. "Julio Iglesias Jr.") and included the documentary film, *Meditation, Creativity, Peace*.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3\-2623033291\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512030810/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3\-2623033291\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=12 May 2014 \|title\=Foundation to Release Box Set for Record Store Day \|via\=HighBeam Research \|newspaper\=Goldmine \|date\=1 April 2012 \|access\-date\=6 September 2013}} #### 2012 and 2013 In June 2012 Jerry Seinfeld hosted a DLF fundraiser called "A Night of Comedy" honoring [George Shapiro](/wiki/George_Shapiro "George Shapiro") which was held in [Beverly Hills](/wiki/Beverly_Hills "Beverly Hills"), California, US.{{cite news\|last\=Criblez\|first\=David J.\|title\=Seinfeld does two shows for Sandy victims\|url\=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/seinfeld\-does\-two\-shows\-for\-sandy\-victims\-1\.4356134\|access\-date\=22 February 2013\|newspaper\=Newsday\|date\=19 December 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204011800/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/seinfeld\-does\-two\-shows\-for\-sandy\-victims\-1\.4356134 \|archive\-date\= Feb 4, 2014 }} Performers and guests included Russell Brand, [Sarah Silverman](/wiki/Sarah_Silverman "Sarah Silverman"), [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling "Garry Shandling"), [Jason Alexander](/wiki/Jason_Alexander "Jason Alexander"), [Julia Louis\-Dreyfus](/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus "Julia Louis-Dreyfus"), [Chris Rock](/wiki/Chris_Rock "Chris Rock"), and [Danny DeVito](/wiki/Danny_DeVito "Danny DeVito").{{cite web\|title\=Comedy benefit to honor legendary Seinfeld producer George Shapiro\|url\=http://www.davidlynchfoundation.org/blog/comedy\-benefit\-to\-honor\-legendary\-seinfeld\-producer\-george\-shapiro.html\|date\=23 May 2012\|publisher\=David Lynch Foundation\|access\-date\=22 February 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301043524/http://www.davidlynchfoundation.org/blog/comedy\-benefit\-to\-honor\-legendary\-seinfeld\-producer\-george\-shapiro.html\|archive\-date\=1 March 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} In January 2013 DLF sponsored a benefit jazz concert in New York City. The program featured comments by TV hosts [Mehmet Oz](/wiki/Mehmet_Oz "Mehmet Oz") and [George Stephanopoulos](/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos "George Stephanopoulos"), and actress [Liv Tyler](/wiki/Liv_Tyler "Liv Tyler"). Musical performances included [Herbie Hancock](/wiki/Herbie_Hancock "Herbie Hancock"), [Corrine Bailey Rae](/wiki/Corrine_Bailey_Rae "Corrine Bailey Rae") and [Wynton Marsalis](/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis "Wynton Marsalis").{{cite news\|last\=Vilensky\|first\=Mike\|title\=Meditating on Contrasts\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324481204578179731665966630\|access\-date\=20 January 2013 \|newspaper\=The Wall Street Journal\|date\=14 December 2012}} In February, it sponsored another Operation Warrior Wellness fund raiser at the [New York Athletic Club](/wiki/New_York_Athletic_Club "New York Athletic Club") in New York City. In 2013 the DLF founded a "charity based music label" called Transcendental Music, to raise funds and awareness for its programs.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/352587 \|title\=David Lynch's Transcendental Music label inspires new talent \|publisher\=Digital Journal \|date\=18 June 2013 \|author\=Peterman, Mindy \|access\-date\=6 September 2013}} In August, 2013 *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")* announced Russell Brand would raise funds for the David Lynch Foundation while on his "Messiah Complex" tour.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/comedy/features/heads\-up\-russell\-brands\-messiah\-complex\-8792852\.html\|title\=Heads Up: Russell Brand's Messiah Complex\|last\=Williams\|first\=Holly\|date\=31 August 2013\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]\|access\-date\=2 November 2013\|location\=London}} In the fall, there were two fundraising events for New York City's [first responders](/wiki/First_responders "First responders") with post\-traumatic stress disorder that featured celebrities [Liv Tyler](/wiki/Liv_Tyler "Liv Tyler"), [Royston Langdon](/wiki/Royston_Langdon "Royston Langdon"), [Sean Lennon](/wiki/Sean_Lennon "Sean Lennon"),{{cite news \| url\=http://blog.seattlepi.com/people/2013/10/16/liv\-tyler\-to\-team\-up\-with\-ex\-for\-rooftop\-charity\-gig/ \| title\=Liv Tyler to team up with ex for rooftop charity gig \| publisher\=Seattlepi.com \| date\=16 October 2013 \| access\-date\=13 December 2013 \| author\=Staff writer}}{{cite web \| url\=http://www.contactmusic.com/story/liv\-tyler\-to\-team\-up\-with\-rocker\-ex\-for\-rooftop\-charity\-gig\_3909120 \| title\=Spacehog \- Liv Tyler To Team Up With Rocker Ex For Rooftop Charity Gig \| publisher\=Contact Music \| date\=16 October 2013 \| access\-date\=13 December 2013 \| author\=WENN}} and [Hugh Jackman](/wiki/Hugh_Jackman "Hugh Jackman").{{cite news \| url\=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303997604579240480637732804 \| title\=Ohm For All \| work\=The Wall Street Journal\| date\=5 December 2013 \| access\-date\=13 December 2013 \| author\=Cohen, Stephanie}} Later that month, [Jack White](/wiki/Jack_White "Jack White") and [Brendan Benson](/wiki/Brendan_Benson "Brendan Benson") performed a charity concert for DLF at the [Ryman Auditorium](/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium "Ryman Auditorium") in Nashville, Tennessee.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/jack\-white\-and\-brendan\-benson\-revisit\-the\-raconteurs\-20131219 \| title\=Jack White and Brendan Benson Revisit the Raconteurs \|publisher\=Rolling Stone \| date\=19 December 2013 \| access\-date\=19 December 2013 \| author\=Gold, Adam}}{{cite web \| url\=http://www.rttnews.com/2199751/jack\-white\-and\-brendan\-benson\-to\-perform\-at\-benefit\-concert.aspx?type\=all \| title\=Jack White And Brendan Benson To Perform at Benefit Concert \| publisher\=RTT News \| date\=8 October 2013 \| access\-date\=13 December 2013 \| author\=Staff Writer}} #### 2015 In an event described by *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")* as "otherworldly" artists supporting the work of the Foundation appeared at the Theatre at Ace Hotel in Los Angeles on 1 April 2015\. The evening, entitled "The Music of David Lynch", launched the DLF's tenth anniversary celebrations, and helped to raise funds to teach Transcendental Meditation to 1,000 at\-risk youth in Los Angeles. Performers included [Angelo Badalamenti](/wiki/Angelo_Badalamenti "Angelo Badalamenti"), [Chrysta Bell](/wiki/Chrysta_Bell "Chrysta Bell"), [Donovan](/wiki/Donovan "Donovan"), [Duran Duran](/wiki/Duran_Duran "Duran Duran"), [Jim James](/wiki/Jim_James "Jim James"), [Julee Cruise](/wiki/Julee_Cruise "Julee Cruise"), [Karen O](/wiki/Karen_O "Karen O"), [Tennis](/wiki/Tennis_%28band%29 "Tennis (band)"), [Twin Peaks](/wiki/Twin_Peaks_%28band%29 "Twin Peaks (band)"), [Kinny Landrum](/wiki/Kinny_Landrum "Kinny Landrum"), [Lykke Li](/wiki/Lykke_Li "Lykke Li"), [Moby](/wiki/Moby "Moby"), [Rebekah Del Rio](/wiki/Rebekah_Del_Rio "Rebekah Del Rio"), [Rob Mathes](/wiki/Rob_Mathes "Rob Mathes"), [Sky Ferreira](/wiki/Sky_Ferreira "Sky Ferreira"), [Wayne Coyne](/wiki/Wayne_Coyne "Wayne Coyne") and [Steven Drozd](/wiki/Steven_Drozd "Steven Drozd") of the [Flaming Lips](/wiki/Flaming_Lips "Flaming Lips"), and [Zola Jesus](/wiki/Zola_Jesus "Zola Jesus").{{cite magazine \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/live\-reviews/duran\-duran\-flaming\-lips\-play\-surreal\-music\-of\-david\-lynch\-tribute\-20150402 \|title\=Duran Duran, Flaming Lips Play Surreal 'Music of David Lynch' Tribute – Artists from Sky Ferreira to Moby offer electric interpretations of the director's soundtracks \|magazine\=Rolling Stone \|date\=2 April 2015 \|access\-date\=9 April 2015 \|author\=Tim Grierson}} On 4 November 2015, the Foundation organised a benefit concert at New York City's [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall "Carnegie Hall"), "Change Begins Within", "to provide Transcendental Meditation instruction to 10,000 at\-risk New Yorkers at no cost". Performers included [Katy Perry](/wiki/Katy_Perry "Katy Perry"), [Sting](/wiki/Sting_%28musician%29 "Sting (musician)"), Jerry Seinfeld, [Angelique Kidjo](/wiki/Angelique_Kidjo "Angelique Kidjo"), Jim James, and [Sharon Isbin](/wiki/Sharon_Isbin "Sharon Isbin").{{cite web\|title\=Change Begins Within 2015\|url\=https://www.davidlynchfoundation.org/featured\-past\-events.html\|website\=Davidlynchfoundation.org\|access\-date\=15 November 2015}} *Rolling Stone* quoted Perry as telling the audience, "I started TMing about five years ago, and it's changed my life."{{cite news \|last\=Grow \|first\=Kory \|date\=5 November 2015 \|title\=Katy Perry, Sting Stun at David Lynch's Meditation Benefit Concert – Jerry Seinfeld, Angelique Kidjo, Jim James and others also perform and explain relaxation technique's importance to them at New York's Carnegie Hall \|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/katy\-perry\-sting\-stun\-at\-david\-lynchs\-meditation\-benefit\-concert\-20151105 \|newspaper\=Rolling Stone \|access\-date\=14 November 2015 \|archive\-date\=20 November 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120012743/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/katy\-perry\-sting\-stun\-at\-david\-lynchs\-meditation\-benefit\-concert\-20151105 \|url\-status\=dead }}
[ "History\n-------", "Concerned about school violence and increasing stress and problems for students,Springen, Karen, 26 April 2005, \"The Magic of Meditation\", *Newsweek*.Pierce, Elise, March 2006, \"Are the Kids All Right?”, *United Hemispheres*. David Lynch founded the DLF in July 2005 \"to provide the \\[TM] program to schools\".Larsen, Peter (10 August 2005\\) *Orange County Register*, \"Tapping into TM\". That year, Lynch, DLF president John Hagelin, and [Maharishi University of Management](/wiki/Maharishi_University_of_Management \"Maharishi University of Management\") researcher Fred Travis went on a lecture tour titled \"Consciousness, Creativity, and the Brain\". Tour dates included the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=Yogi Bearer; Dark Films Aside, David Lynch Brims With the Light of Transcendental Meditation\\|first\\=William \\|last\\=Booth\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|date\\=2 December 2005\\|page\\=C.01}} [UC Berkeley](/wiki/UC_Berkeley \"UC Berkeley\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=FIVE QUESTIONS FOR: David Lynch / Bliss and world peace, one campus at a time\\|first\\=Reyhan \\|last\\=Harmanci\\|work\\=San Francisco Chronicle\\|date\\=6 November 2005\\|page\\=D.4}} the [University of Oregon](/wiki/University_of_Oregon \"University of Oregon\") in Eugene,{{cite news\\|title\\=Movie director takes cues from Transcendental Meditation\\|first\\=Bob \\|last\\=Keefer \\|work\\=The Register\\-Guard\\|location\\=Eugene, Or.\\|date\\=6 November 2005\\|page\\=G.1}} the [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington \"University of Washington\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=DAVID LYNCH IS SPREADING THE GOSPEL OF MEDITATION\\|first\\=CECELIA \\|last\\=GOODNOW\\|work\\=Seattle Post\\-Intelligencer\\|date\\=5 November 2005\\|page\\=D.1}} [Emerson College](/wiki/Emerson_College \"Emerson College\"),{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/search?q\\=david\\+Lynch\\+emerson\\+college\\#es\\_sm\\=122\\&espv\\=210\\&q\\=david\\+Lynch\\+emerson\\+college\\&start\\=50\\|title\\=Transcending it all: David Lynch is happy, and wants you to know it \\|last\\=Morrow \\|first\\=Jennifer \\|date\\=11 October 2005 \\|quote\\=updated 31 May 2011 \\|work\\=The Justice.org \\|access\\-date\\=11 November 2013}} [Yale University](/wiki/Yale_University \"Yale University\"), and [Brown University](/wiki/Brown_University \"Brown University\").{{cite news\\|title\\=From Twin Peaks to inner peace\\|first\\=Simon \\|last\\=Houpt\\|work\\=The Globe and Mail\\|location\\=Toronto, Ont.\\|date\\=10 October 2005\\|page\\=R.1}} In 2005, Lynch offered to fund (for\\-credit) peace studies courses at several universities with TM instruction being included in each course.Wilson, Charles, 11 December 2005, \"Accredited Bliss\", *New York Times Magazine*.", "By 2006, six public schools in the U.S. had been awarded $25,000 by the David Lynch Foundation.(May 2066\\) *NEA Today*, [National Education Association](/wiki/National_Education_Association \"National Education Association\"), \"Clear Your Mind\" *[NEA Today](/wiki/National_Education_Association \"National Education Association\")* described the DLF as an organization \"which provides funding for students in grades 4 to 12 to learn Transcendental Meditation\" and reported that DLF had \"helped approximately 500 students and 50 teachers learn how to meditate and \"about 1,500 more\" were scheduled to learn in the fall.Kirsten Wells, Denise (Sept 1 2006\\) Teacher Magazine, Take Your Meditation. In October the Foundation withdrew a $175,000 pledge to a [San Rafael](/wiki/San_Rafael%2C_California \"San Rafael, California\"), California, high school after the anti\\-separation [Pacific Justice Institute](/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute \"Pacific Justice Institute\") threatened to sue for violating the [First Amendment](/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"First Amendment to the United States Constitution\")'s [Establishment Clause](/wiki/Establishment_Clause \"Establishment Clause\").[Californian Catholics against teaching of meditation in public schools](http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=65,4611,0,0,1,0), The Buddhist Channel, 6 August 2007\\. That year Lynch assigned all of his proceeds from the sale of his book *[Catching the Big Fish](/wiki/Catching_the_Big_Fish \"Catching the Big Fish\")* to the DLFLynch, David, (2006\\) [The Penguin Group](/wiki/The_Penguin_Group \"The Penguin Group\")) About the Author (last page of the book). and the Foundation sponsored a presentation on the benefits of TM in education at the [Harvard Club of Boston](/wiki/Harvard_Club_of_Boston \"Harvard Club of Boston\").{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://www.pulsarnet.com/IdealAcademyArticle.pdf \\|author1\\=Cynthia E. Johnson \\|author2\\=Lisa Lindberg \\|date\\=Winter 2009\\|title\\=Taking Care of The Student – The Forgotten Element in Education\\|journal\\=Pathways Magazine \\|via\\=pulsarnet.com}}", "*Natural Health* magazine reported in 2007 that the DLF had given $3 million in sponsorship to 20 U.S. schools located in the city of Washington, D.C., and various states including Arizona, New York, California, Colorado, Connecticut, and Michigan.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub\\_releases/2010\\-12/muom\\-eal120810\\.php \\|last\\=Linda \\|first\\=Marsa \\|title\\=Eastwood and Lynch launch Operation Warrior Wellness to teach 10,000\\... Save Export Email Print Cite TM makes the grade: a Hollywood director is bringing Transcendental Meditation to kids, but they're not the only ones who can benefit from it \\|newspaper\\=Natural Health \\|date\\=1 July 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118085815/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub\\_releases/2010\\-12/muom\\-eal120810\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} \nBy 2008, the Foundation had funded TM courses for more than 2,000 students, faculty and parents at 21 universities and schools in the U.S., in addition to substantially higher numbers at schools overseas.{{cite news\\|work\\=Newsweek\\|title\\=Much dispute about Nothing\\|first\\=Eve \\|last\\=Conant\\|date\\=29 May 2008}} That year DLF funded the TM program at two schools in Steamboat Springs, Colorado.Fridell, Zach (14 December 2008\\) Steamboat Springs Pilot, Meditation Soothes Lowell Whitman students. A 2010 *Wall Street Journal* article reported that since 2005, Lynch had personally \"donated half a million dollars to help finance scholarships for 150,000 students who are interested in learning transcendental meditation\".[\"Filmmaker David Lynch Introduces Meditation to Veterans\"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704638304575636911988306800?mod=googlenews_wsj) *[Wall Street Journal](/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal \"Wall Street Journal\")*, 26 November 2010\\. Retrieved 22 February 2012\\.\n*[The Jerusalem Post](/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post \"The Jerusalem Post\")* reported in 2009 that the DLF had \"provided scholarships to more than 60,000 people interested in practicing Transcendental Meditation throughout the United States, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\\-161812020\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329143731/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1\\-161812020\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2015 \\|last\\=Cashman \\|first\\=Greer Fay \\|title\\=Day Tripper Across the Universe. Ex\\-Beatles to unite to promote TM in schools around the world, including in Israel \\|newspaper\\=The Jerusalem Post\\|date\\=11 March 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2013}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Yellin \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=March 2009 \\|journal\\=Elevated Existence \\|title\\=Meditation in the Classroom \\|url\\=http://www.elevatedexistence.com/march\\-2009\\-issue}}", "In 2011 the press reported that DLF had \"raised millions of dollars\" to finance the teaching of the TM technique to \"150,000 people, mostly students, worldwide\",Strauss, Bob (3 June 2011\\) [Children of the Night](http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_18203684) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225033723/http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci\\_18203684 \\|date\\=25 February 2012 }} Daily News. Retrieved 22 February 2012\\. including a \"handful\" of San Francisco's public schools{{cite web \\|last1\\=Schreiber \\|first1\\=Dan \\|date\\=8 May 2011 \\|website\\=San Francisco Examiner \\|url\\=http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/2011/05/meditation\\-program\\-mends\\-troubled\\-visitacion\\-valley\\-middle\\-school\\#ixzz1n8tV3xtI \\|title\\=Meditation program mends troubled Visitacion Valley Middle School \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025849/https://www.sfexaminer.com/local/2011/05/meditation\\-program\\-mends\\-troubled\\-visitacion\\-valley\\-middle\\-school/ \\|archive\\-date\\= May 10, 2021 }} while an [ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 \"ABC News (United States)\") article reported the Foundation had sponsored \"70,000 students for free in 350 schools around the world; 15 of them are in the United States.\"James, Susan Donaldson (29 November 2011\\) [Comic Russell Brand does stand up for Transcendental Meditation](https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/health/2011/11/29/comic-russell-brand-does-stand-up-for-transcendental-meditation/) ABC News. Retrieved 5 December 2011\\.", "In 2012, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* and other press reported that the DLF had expanded its programs to include other at\\-risk populations such as \"veterans with post\\-traumatic stress disorder and their families, homeless people and incarcerated juveniles and adults\".Pember, Mary Annette (1 February 2012\\) [http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/02/01/transcendental\\-meditation\\-combating\\-diabetes\\-in\\-indian\\-country\\-95133\\#ixzz1pVM3w4vp TM combating diabetes in Indian country](http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/02/01/transcendental-meditation-combating-diabetes-in-indian-country-95133) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002307/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/02/01/transcendental\\-meditation\\-combating\\-diabetes\\-in\\-indian\\-country\\-95133 \\|date\\=5 February 2012 }} Indian Country Today. Retrieved 18 March 2012\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Look Who's Meditating Now\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/fashion/20TM.html?pagewanted\\=all\\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323130824/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/fashion/20TM.html?\\_r\\=1\\&pagewanted\\=all\\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2011\\|quote\\=Mr. Brand was the M.C. at a benefit for the David Lynch Foundation, an organization that offers TM at no cost to troubled students, veterans, homeless people, prisoners and others.\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|first\\=Irina\\|last\\=Aleksander\\|date\\=18 March 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}Hooper, Joseph (September 2011\\) Details, [Meditation Nation](http://www.details.com/culture-trends/critical-eye/201109/transcendental-meditation-pure-consciousness). Retrieved 22 February 2012\\.", "In April 2013, Lynch released the film *[Meditation, Creativity, Peace](/wiki/Meditation%2C_Creativity%2C_Peace \"Meditation, Creativity, Peace\")* which documents his 2007 speaking engagements at European and Middle Eastern film schools in 16 countries. According to Lynch, profits from the distribution of the film would benefit DLF's meditation instruction for students around the world.”Russell Brand and David Lynch Bring Meditation to At\\-Risk Youth\". Look to the Stars/The World of Celebrity Giving. ([http://www.looktothestars.org/news/9969\\-russell\\-brand\\-and\\-david\\-lynch\\-bring\\-meditation\\-to\\-at\\-risk\\-youth](http://www.looktothestars.org/news/9969-russell-brand-and-david-lynch-bring-meditation-to-at-risk-youth)). 4 April 2013\\. Retrieved 7 April 2013\\. The film was described by one reviewer as a \"fragmented, self\\-important [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir \"Film noir\")\".{{cite web \\| url\\=http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com/cultist/2013/10/iii\\_points\\_review\\_borscht\\_stun.php \\| title\\=Borscht Stunds, David Lynch Gets Lost in Transcendental Translation \\| work\\=Miami New Times\\| date\\=7 October 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=13 December 2013 \\| author\\=Golumbuk, Morgan}}", "In recent years, the David Lynch Foundation has opened branches in a number of other countries including The UK, France, Georgia and Australia.", "In April 2022, Lynch announced an initiative to fund training in transcendental meditation for 30,000 international university students to \"become advanced peace\\-creating meditation experts and build a legacy of lasting global peace.\" The initiative was created in partnership with the Global Union of Scientists for Peace and [Maharishi International University](/wiki/Maharishi_International_University \"Maharishi International University\"). It will invest approximately $500 million in its first year. It will fund meditation training for 10,000 students at Maharishi International University, 10,000 students at its sister school in India, and 10,000 students at partner universities in 10 locations across the globe.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Juneau\\|first\\=Jen\\|date\\=14 April 2022\\|title\\=David Lynch Launches $500 Million World Peace Initiative: 'Things Are Very Precarious'\\|url\\=https://people.com/movies/david\\-lynch\\-launches\\-500\\-million\\-world\\-peace\\-initiative\\-exclusive/\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2022\\|website\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]}}", "### Fundraising events", "#### 2009–2011", "With the goal of teaching TM to 1 million high risk youth,Donaldson, Susan James, \"Stars Mantra: Get 1M Kids to Meditate\", ABC News, 4\\-6\\-09\\. the Foundation sponsored the 2009 \"Change Begins Within\" [benefit concert](/wiki/Benefit_concert \"Benefit concert\"), held at [Radio City Music Hall](/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall \"Radio City Music Hall\") and hosted by Lynch and [Laura Dern](/wiki/Laura_Dern \"Laura Dern\"). Guest speakers and performers included [Paul McCartney](/wiki/Paul_McCartney \"Paul McCartney\"), [Ringo Starr](/wiki/Ringo_Starr \"Ringo Starr\"), [Donovan](/wiki/Donovan \"Donovan\"), [Moby](/wiki/Moby \"Moby\"), [Eddie Vedder](/wiki/Eddie_Vedder \"Eddie Vedder\"), [Ben Harper](/wiki/Ben_Harper \"Ben Harper\"), [Paul Horn](/wiki/Paul_Horn_%28musician%29 \"Paul Horn (musician)\"), [Jim James](/wiki/Jim_James \"Jim James\"), [Bettye LaVette](/wiki/Bettye_LaVette \"Bettye LaVette\"), [Sheryl Crow](/wiki/Sheryl_Crow \"Sheryl Crow\"), [Angelo Badalamenti](/wiki/Angelo_Badalamenti \"Angelo Badalamenti\"), [Russell Simmons](/wiki/Russell_Simmons \"Russell Simmons\"), [Mike Love](/wiki/Mike_Love \"Mike Love\"), [Jerry Seinfeld](/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld \"Jerry Seinfeld\") and [Howard Stern](/wiki/Howard_Stern \"Howard Stern\").*[The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter \"The Hollywood Reporter\")* [\"Change Begins Within at Radio City Music Hall – Concert Review\"](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/music-reviews/concert-review-change-begins-within-1003959022.story). Retrieved 18 July 2009\\.", "The Foundation held its second \"Change Begins Within\" benefit event, titled \"Operation Warrior Wellness\", at the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art \"Metropolitan Museum of Art\") in New York in December 2010\\. Participants included Lynch, actor [Clint Eastwood](/wiki/Clint_Eastwood \"Clint Eastwood\"), designer [Donna Karan](/wiki/Donna_Karan \"Donna Karan\"), comedian [Russell Brand](/wiki/Russell_Brand \"Russell Brand\") and several war veterans.15 December 2010, \"Eastwood meditates to battle stress\", *The Gold Coast Bulletin* (Australia).13 December 2010, \"Celebs, war vets promote meditation\" *Agence France Presse*. In April 2011, the Foundation launched David Lynch Foundation Music with their \"Download for Good\" campaign through [PledgeMusic](/wiki/PledgeMusic \"PledgeMusic\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Michele\\|first1\\=Rita Di\\|title\\=Introducing David Lynch Foundation's New Venture \\|url\\=http://www.musicmedianetwork.com/david\\_lynch\\_music.html\\|website\\=Music Media Network\\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2014}} Items available for pledges included collector's items from [Shepard Fairey](/wiki/Shepard_Fairey \"Shepard Fairey\") and original vinyl art created by [Daniel Edlen](/wiki/Daniel_Edlen \"Daniel Edlen\") which was signed by the donating musicians.{{cite web\\|title\\=Iggy Pop Autographed Vinyl Artwork at David Lynch Foundation Music\\|url\\=http://www.iggyandthestoogesmusic.com/us/news/iggy\\-pop\\-autographed\\-vinyl\\-artwork\\-david\\-lynch\\-foundation\\-music\\|website\\=Iggy and the Stooges Raw Power\\|date\\=March 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200249/http://www.iggyandthestoogesmusic.com/us/news/iggy\\-pop\\-autographed\\-vinyl\\-artwork\\-david\\-lynch\\-foundation\\-music \\|archive\\-date\\= Sep 10, 2014 }} In July 2011 the DLF released a fund raising boxed set of music and film. The compilation featured 34 artists, including [Ben Folds](/wiki/Ben_Folds \"Ben Folds\"), Donovan, Moby, [Iggy Pop](/wiki/Iggy_Pop \"Iggy Pop\"), [Peter Gabriel](/wiki/Peter_Gabriel \"Peter Gabriel\"), [Tom Waits](/wiki/Tom_Waits \"Tom Waits\"), [Maroon 5](/wiki/Maroon_5 \"Maroon 5\") and [Alanis Morissette](/wiki/Alanis_Morissette \"Alanis Morissette\") with bonus tracks by [Sean Lennon](/wiki/Sean_Lennon \"Sean Lennon\") and [Julio Iglesias Jr.](/wiki/Julio_Iglesias_Jr. \"Julio Iglesias Jr.\") and included the documentary film, *Meditation, Creativity, Peace*.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3\\-2623033291\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512030810/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3\\-2623033291\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2014 \\|title\\=Foundation to Release Box Set for Record Store Day \\|via\\=HighBeam Research \\|newspaper\\=Goldmine \\|date\\=1 April 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2013}}", "#### 2012 and 2013", "In June 2012 Jerry Seinfeld hosted a DLF fundraiser called \"A Night of Comedy\" honoring [George Shapiro](/wiki/George_Shapiro \"George Shapiro\") which was held in [Beverly Hills](/wiki/Beverly_Hills \"Beverly Hills\"), California, US.{{cite news\\|last\\=Criblez\\|first\\=David J.\\|title\\=Seinfeld does two shows for Sandy victims\\|url\\=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/seinfeld\\-does\\-two\\-shows\\-for\\-sandy\\-victims\\-1\\.4356134\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2013\\|newspaper\\=Newsday\\|date\\=19 December 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204011800/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/seinfeld\\-does\\-two\\-shows\\-for\\-sandy\\-victims\\-1\\.4356134 \\|archive\\-date\\= Feb 4, 2014 }} Performers and guests included Russell Brand, [Sarah Silverman](/wiki/Sarah_Silverman \"Sarah Silverman\"), [Garry Shandling](/wiki/Garry_Shandling \"Garry Shandling\"), [Jason Alexander](/wiki/Jason_Alexander \"Jason Alexander\"), [Julia Louis\\-Dreyfus](/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus \"Julia Louis-Dreyfus\"), [Chris Rock](/wiki/Chris_Rock \"Chris Rock\"), and [Danny DeVito](/wiki/Danny_DeVito \"Danny DeVito\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Comedy benefit to honor legendary Seinfeld producer George Shapiro\\|url\\=http://www.davidlynchfoundation.org/blog/comedy\\-benefit\\-to\\-honor\\-legendary\\-seinfeld\\-producer\\-george\\-shapiro.html\\|date\\=23 May 2012\\|publisher\\=David Lynch Foundation\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301043524/http://www.davidlynchfoundation.org/blog/comedy\\-benefit\\-to\\-honor\\-legendary\\-seinfeld\\-producer\\-george\\-shapiro.html\\|archive\\-date\\=1 March 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In January 2013 DLF sponsored a benefit jazz concert in New York City. The program featured comments by TV hosts [Mehmet Oz](/wiki/Mehmet_Oz \"Mehmet Oz\") and [George Stephanopoulos](/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos \"George Stephanopoulos\"), and actress [Liv Tyler](/wiki/Liv_Tyler \"Liv Tyler\"). Musical performances included [Herbie Hancock](/wiki/Herbie_Hancock \"Herbie Hancock\"), [Corrine Bailey Rae](/wiki/Corrine_Bailey_Rae \"Corrine Bailey Rae\") and [Wynton Marsalis](/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis \"Wynton Marsalis\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Vilensky\\|first\\=Mike\\|title\\=Meditating on Contrasts\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324481204578179731665966630\\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2013 \\|newspaper\\=The Wall Street Journal\\|date\\=14 December 2012}} In February, it sponsored another Operation Warrior Wellness fund raiser at the [New York Athletic Club](/wiki/New_York_Athletic_Club \"New York Athletic Club\") in New York City.", "In 2013 the DLF founded a \"charity based music label\" called Transcendental Music, to raise funds and awareness for its programs.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/352587 \\|title\\=David Lynch's Transcendental Music label inspires new talent \\|publisher\\=Digital Journal \\|date\\=18 June 2013 \\|author\\=Peterman, Mindy \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2013}} In August, 2013 *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")* announced Russell Brand would raise funds for the David Lynch Foundation while on his \"Messiah Complex\" tour.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/comedy/features/heads\\-up\\-russell\\-brands\\-messiah\\-complex\\-8792852\\.html\\|title\\=Heads Up: Russell Brand's Messiah Complex\\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=Holly\\|date\\=31 August 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2013\\|location\\=London}} In the fall, there were two fundraising events for New York City's [first responders](/wiki/First_responders \"First responders\") with post\\-traumatic stress disorder that featured celebrities [Liv Tyler](/wiki/Liv_Tyler \"Liv Tyler\"), [Royston Langdon](/wiki/Royston_Langdon \"Royston Langdon\"), [Sean Lennon](/wiki/Sean_Lennon \"Sean Lennon\"),{{cite news \\| url\\=http://blog.seattlepi.com/people/2013/10/16/liv\\-tyler\\-to\\-team\\-up\\-with\\-ex\\-for\\-rooftop\\-charity\\-gig/ \\| title\\=Liv Tyler to team up with ex for rooftop charity gig \\| publisher\\=Seattlepi.com \\| date\\=16 October 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=13 December 2013 \\| author\\=Staff writer}}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.contactmusic.com/story/liv\\-tyler\\-to\\-team\\-up\\-with\\-rocker\\-ex\\-for\\-rooftop\\-charity\\-gig\\_3909120 \\| title\\=Spacehog \\- Liv Tyler To Team Up With Rocker Ex For Rooftop Charity Gig \\| publisher\\=Contact Music \\| date\\=16 October 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=13 December 2013 \\| author\\=WENN}} and [Hugh Jackman](/wiki/Hugh_Jackman \"Hugh Jackman\").{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303997604579240480637732804 \\| title\\=Ohm For All \\| work\\=The Wall Street Journal\\| date\\=5 December 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=13 December 2013 \\| author\\=Cohen, Stephanie}} Later that month, [Jack White](/wiki/Jack_White \"Jack White\") and [Brendan Benson](/wiki/Brendan_Benson \"Brendan Benson\") performed a charity concert for DLF at the [Ryman Auditorium](/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium \"Ryman Auditorium\") in Nashville, Tennessee.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/jack\\-white\\-and\\-brendan\\-benson\\-revisit\\-the\\-raconteurs\\-20131219 \\| title\\=Jack White and Brendan Benson Revisit the Raconteurs \\|publisher\\=Rolling Stone \\| date\\=19 December 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=19 December 2013 \\| author\\=Gold, Adam}}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.rttnews.com/2199751/jack\\-white\\-and\\-brendan\\-benson\\-to\\-perform\\-at\\-benefit\\-concert.aspx?type\\=all \\| title\\=Jack White And Brendan Benson To Perform at Benefit Concert \\| publisher\\=RTT News \\| date\\=8 October 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=13 December 2013 \\| author\\=Staff Writer}}", "#### 2015", "In an event described by *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")* as \"otherworldly\" artists supporting the work of the Foundation appeared at the Theatre at Ace Hotel in Los Angeles on 1 April 2015\\. The evening, entitled \"The Music of David Lynch\", launched the DLF's tenth anniversary celebrations, and helped to raise funds to teach Transcendental Meditation to 1,000 at\\-risk youth in Los Angeles. Performers included [Angelo Badalamenti](/wiki/Angelo_Badalamenti \"Angelo Badalamenti\"), [Chrysta Bell](/wiki/Chrysta_Bell \"Chrysta Bell\"), [Donovan](/wiki/Donovan \"Donovan\"), [Duran Duran](/wiki/Duran_Duran \"Duran Duran\"), [Jim James](/wiki/Jim_James \"Jim James\"), [Julee Cruise](/wiki/Julee_Cruise \"Julee Cruise\"), [Karen O](/wiki/Karen_O \"Karen O\"), [Tennis](/wiki/Tennis_%28band%29 \"Tennis (band)\"), [Twin Peaks](/wiki/Twin_Peaks_%28band%29 \"Twin Peaks (band)\"), [Kinny Landrum](/wiki/Kinny_Landrum \"Kinny Landrum\"), [Lykke Li](/wiki/Lykke_Li \"Lykke Li\"), [Moby](/wiki/Moby \"Moby\"), [Rebekah Del Rio](/wiki/Rebekah_Del_Rio \"Rebekah Del Rio\"), [Rob Mathes](/wiki/Rob_Mathes \"Rob Mathes\"), [Sky Ferreira](/wiki/Sky_Ferreira \"Sky Ferreira\"), [Wayne Coyne](/wiki/Wayne_Coyne \"Wayne Coyne\") and [Steven Drozd](/wiki/Steven_Drozd \"Steven Drozd\") of the [Flaming Lips](/wiki/Flaming_Lips \"Flaming Lips\"), and [Zola Jesus](/wiki/Zola_Jesus \"Zola Jesus\").{{cite magazine \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/live\\-reviews/duran\\-duran\\-flaming\\-lips\\-play\\-surreal\\-music\\-of\\-david\\-lynch\\-tribute\\-20150402 \\|title\\=Duran Duran, Flaming Lips Play Surreal 'Music of David Lynch' Tribute – Artists from Sky Ferreira to Moby offer electric interpretations of the director's soundtracks \\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\|date\\=2 April 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2015 \\|author\\=Tim Grierson}}", "On 4 November 2015, the Foundation organised a benefit concert at New York City's [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\"), \"Change Begins Within\", \"to provide Transcendental Meditation instruction to 10,000 at\\-risk New Yorkers at no cost\". Performers included [Katy Perry](/wiki/Katy_Perry \"Katy Perry\"), [Sting](/wiki/Sting_%28musician%29 \"Sting (musician)\"), Jerry Seinfeld, [Angelique Kidjo](/wiki/Angelique_Kidjo \"Angelique Kidjo\"), Jim James, and [Sharon Isbin](/wiki/Sharon_Isbin \"Sharon Isbin\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Change Begins Within 2015\\|url\\=https://www.davidlynchfoundation.org/featured\\-past\\-events.html\\|website\\=Davidlynchfoundation.org\\|access\\-date\\=15 November 2015}} *Rolling Stone* quoted Perry as telling the audience, \"I started TMing about five years ago, and it's changed my life.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Grow \\|first\\=Kory \\|date\\=5 November 2015 \\|title\\=Katy Perry, Sting Stun at David Lynch's Meditation Benefit Concert – Jerry Seinfeld, Angelique Kidjo, Jim James and others also perform and explain relaxation technique's importance to them at New York's Carnegie Hall \\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/katy\\-perry\\-sting\\-stun\\-at\\-david\\-lynchs\\-meditation\\-benefit\\-concert\\-20151105 \\|newspaper\\=Rolling Stone \\|access\\-date\\=14 November 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120012743/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/katy\\-perry\\-sting\\-stun\\-at\\-david\\-lynchs\\-meditation\\-benefit\\-concert\\-20151105 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "" ]
Founders -------- **[Arseniy Yatseniuk](/wiki/Arseniy_Yatseniuk "Arseniy Yatseniuk")** Arseniy Yatseniuk is Ukrainian politician, economist and lawyer. Head of "People's Front" Parliamentary Faction in the [Parliament of Ukraine](/wiki/Parliament_of_Ukraine "Parliament of Ukraine"). The Prime Minister of Ukraine. Arseniy Yatseniuk was born on May 22, 1974, in [Chernivtsi](/wiki/Chernivtsi "Chernivtsi"). In 1996 he graduated from Law Department of [Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University](/wiki/Yuriy_Fedkovych_Chernivtsi_National_University "Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University") and in 2001 he graduated from Chernivtsi Trade\-Economics Institute with degree on accounting and auditing. In 2004 he received the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences. From 2005 to 2006 Mr. Yatseniuk served as Minister of Economy of Ukraine; later he was Foreign Minister of Ukraine in 2007 and Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada from 2007 to 2008\. From 2009 to 2012 he was the Leader of the political party "Front for Change". From June to December 2012 he was the Head of the Council of the United Opposition. **Zbigniew Drzymała** Zbigniev Drzymala, 58 years old, is the director and main shareholder of the Financial and Industrial Group "Inter Groclin". Since 2000 Mr. Drzymala has been investing in the Ukrainian economy, launching the Groclin Karpaty plant in Uzhgorod and employing over 1000 workers. Since 2008 he has been developing industry in the Dolyna town in the Ivano\-Frankivsk Oblast. Mr Drzymala is a winner of the President of Poland's economics award. He was also awarded the Leader of Polish business statuette. Zbigniev Drzymala is president of the soccer club "Groclin\-Dyskobolia" SSA, and is Honorary Consul of Ukraine in Poland in Zielona Góra town.
[ "Founders\n--------", "**[Arseniy Yatseniuk](/wiki/Arseniy_Yatseniuk \"Arseniy Yatseniuk\")**", "Arseniy Yatseniuk is Ukrainian politician, economist and lawyer. Head of \"People's Front\" Parliamentary Faction in the [Parliament of Ukraine](/wiki/Parliament_of_Ukraine \"Parliament of Ukraine\"). The Prime Minister of Ukraine.", "Arseniy Yatseniuk was born on May 22, 1974, in [Chernivtsi](/wiki/Chernivtsi \"Chernivtsi\"). In 1996 he graduated from Law Department of [Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University](/wiki/Yuriy_Fedkovych_Chernivtsi_National_University \"Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University\") and in 2001 he graduated from Chernivtsi Trade\\-Economics Institute with degree on accounting and auditing. In 2004 he received the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences.", "From 2005 to 2006 Mr. Yatseniuk served as Minister of Economy of Ukraine; later he was Foreign Minister of Ukraine in 2007 and Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada from 2007 to 2008\\. From 2009 to 2012 he was the Leader of the political party \"Front for Change\". From June to December 2012 he was the Head of the Council of the United Opposition.", "**Zbigniew Drzymała**", "Zbigniev Drzymala, 58 years old, is the director and main shareholder of the Financial and Industrial Group \"Inter Groclin\".\nSince 2000 Mr. Drzymala has been investing in the Ukrainian economy, launching the Groclin Karpaty plant in Uzhgorod and employing over 1000 workers. Since 2008 he has been developing industry in the Dolyna town in the Ivano\\-Frankivsk Oblast.", "Mr Drzymala is a winner of the President of Poland's economics award. He was also awarded the Leader of Polish business statuette. Zbigniev Drzymala is president of the soccer club \"Groclin\\-Dyskobolia\" SSA, and is Honorary Consul of Ukraine in Poland in Zielona Góra town.", "" ]
Open Ukraine programs --------------------- ### International Dialogue The program International Dialogue is aimed at ensuring the participation of Ukraine in the European discourse on key political, security and socio\-economic issues and to deepen understanding by the international community of the processes taking place in Ukrainian society. The target audience of the program: * civic organizations * think tanks * mass media * political and business elite. #### Kyiv Security Forum Annual event on the issues of European security and a platform for regional and global organization representatives along with government and independent experts to debate and discuss solutions to both soft and hard European security issues, including regional conflicts, illegal migration, [energy security](/wiki/Energy_security "Energy security"), [organized crime](/wiki/Organized_crime "Organized crime"), [refugees](/wiki/Refugees "Refugees"), border management, [corruption](/wiki/Political_corruption "Political corruption"), [terrorism](/wiki/Terrorism "Terrorism"), conventional and [nuclear weapons proliferation](/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation "Nuclear proliferation"), [human trafficking](/wiki/Human_trafficking "Human trafficking"), etc. **Aim of the Forum:** * establishing an independent forum for discussion of strategic vision for addressing global security issues; * strengthening cooperation and dialogue in the field of security between the EU and the Black Sea Region; * impact on policy\-making process in Ukraine. **Websites of the Kyiv Security Forum:** Kyiv Security Forum (2007–2015\) — <http://ksf.openukraine.org>, Kyiv Security Forum 2016 — [http://ksf2016\.openukraine.org](http://ksf2016.openukraine.org), Kyiv Security Forum 2017 — [http://ksf2017\.openukraine.org/en](http://ksf2017.openukraine.org/en), Kyiv Security Forum 2018 — [http://ksf2018\.openukraine.org/en](http://ksf2018.openukraine.org/en) #### Youth Kyiv Security Forum Youth Kyiv Security Forum is a platform for discussion by young experts of current issues of international relations and foreign policy of Ukraine. **Aim of the Forum:** * strengthening the role of the new generation of experts, enhancing their abilities to participate in the process of policy analysis and development. #### Diplomatic Club The Diplomatic Club is an informal forum on foreign policy for Ukrainian officials, businessmen, ministers of foreign affairs, independent analysts and international journalists. At the center of open debates are global developments and foreign choices facing Ukraine and the other countries. ### Cultural Horizons The program Cultural Horizons presents cultural achievements of modern Ukraine abroad and contributes to the strengthening of cooperation between cultural environment of Ukraine and the other European countries. For impartial and non\-engaged final decisions making process on financing, the Foundation established the Program Board, consisting of: * **[Andrey Kurkov](/wiki/Andrey_Kurkov "Andrey Kurkov"),** writer, the chairman of the Program Council * **[Yuriy Onuh](/wiki/Yuriy_Onuh "Yuriy Onuh"),** contemporary artist, curator, director of the Polish Institute in New York City * **Yevhen Solonin,** photo\-critic * **[Mykola Ryabchuk](/wiki/Mykola_Ryabchuk "Mykola Ryabchuk"),** essayist, researcher in Ukrainian Centre for Cultural Research #### The Book Fund The Book Fund is a grant program for translation of contemporary Ukrainian literature. The Foundation Open Ukraine is the only foundation in Ukraine, which provides grants for the translation of modern Ukrainian literature into foreign languages. Translations of domestic works improve Ukraine's image in the world, contribute to the establishment of cross\-cultural understanding and exchange of cultural values. #### Travel grants for artists The Foundation Open Ukraine provides travel grants for travel costs for Ukrainian artists to exchange artistic experience at the international level and to improve cooperation between Ukrainian and foreign artists. These grants give Ukrainian artists the opportunity to present their achievements around the world. Grantees are chosen monthly based on the decision of the Program Council. #### The Art Club Faces Art Club Faces, launched by Arseniy Yatsenyuk Foundation Open Ukraine in partnership with creative space Chasopys is a platform for communication and exchange of experience of Ukrainian and foreign writers, musicians, artists, designers, filmmakers, photographers and other cultural representatives. The project aims at promoting contemporary art among young people, enabling communication with the already known and new faces in the cultural field. ### Young Leaders The program Young Leaders aims at helping young people to implement projects directed at introducing changes in Ukraine, and promote active youth, whose successful works focus not only on their own career, but also on the improvement of the society. #### Discussion Club "Open World" Discussion Club “Open World” is an educational project for socially active young people. Its goal is to raise a new generation of responsible leaders. Monthly the Foundation holds lectures with renowned experts, politicians and public figures, during which they discuss ways of effective solutions to social problems in Ukraine and the world. #### Space of Change: Women Leaders The program Space of Change: Women Leaders was aimed at supporting young, active and successful women who work to improve life in the country and implement projects that help their local communities. Participants of the program were 32 bright, original and successful women under 35\. ### Open Yourself "Open Yourself" program aimed at personal development and strengthening of individual education. The objective of the program is an extension of new knowledge and ideas for self\-development promotion and promotion of civil society development in Ukraine. Within the program there are public lectures, meetings, trainings with specialists in various spheres which are held to help public learn more, understand and discover themselves.
[ "Open Ukraine programs\n---------------------", "### International Dialogue", "The program International Dialogue is aimed at ensuring the participation of Ukraine in the European discourse on key political, security and socio\\-economic issues and to deepen understanding by the international community of the processes taking place in Ukrainian society.", "The target audience of the program:", "* civic organizations\n* think tanks\n* mass media\n* political and business elite.", "#### Kyiv Security Forum", "Annual event on the issues of European security and a platform for regional and global organization representatives along with government and independent experts to debate and discuss solutions to both soft and hard European security issues, including regional conflicts, illegal migration, [energy security](/wiki/Energy_security \"Energy security\"), [organized crime](/wiki/Organized_crime \"Organized crime\"), [refugees](/wiki/Refugees \"Refugees\"), border management, [corruption](/wiki/Political_corruption \"Political corruption\"), [terrorism](/wiki/Terrorism \"Terrorism\"), conventional and [nuclear weapons proliferation](/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation \"Nuclear proliferation\"), [human trafficking](/wiki/Human_trafficking \"Human trafficking\"), etc.", "**Aim of the Forum:**", "* establishing an independent forum for discussion of strategic vision for addressing global security issues;\n* strengthening cooperation and dialogue in the field of security between the EU and the Black Sea Region;\n* impact on policy\\-making process in Ukraine.", "**Websites of the Kyiv Security Forum:**", "Kyiv Security Forum (2007–2015\\) — <http://ksf.openukraine.org>,", "Kyiv Security Forum 2016 — [http://ksf2016\\.openukraine.org](http://ksf2016.openukraine.org),", "Kyiv Security Forum 2017 — [http://ksf2017\\.openukraine.org/en](http://ksf2017.openukraine.org/en),", "Kyiv Security Forum 2018 — [http://ksf2018\\.openukraine.org/en](http://ksf2018.openukraine.org/en)", "#### Youth Kyiv Security Forum", "Youth Kyiv Security Forum is a platform for discussion by young experts of current issues of international relations and foreign policy of Ukraine.", "**Aim of the Forum:**", "* strengthening the role of the new generation of experts, enhancing their abilities to participate in the process of policy analysis and development.", "#### Diplomatic Club", "The Diplomatic Club is an informal forum on foreign policy for Ukrainian officials, businessmen, ministers of foreign affairs, independent analysts and international journalists. At the center of open debates are global developments and foreign choices facing Ukraine and the other countries.", "### Cultural Horizons", "The program Cultural Horizons presents cultural achievements of modern Ukraine abroad and contributes to the strengthening of cooperation between cultural environment of Ukraine and the other European countries.", "For impartial and non\\-engaged final decisions making process on financing, the Foundation established the Program Board, consisting of:", "* **[Andrey Kurkov](/wiki/Andrey_Kurkov \"Andrey Kurkov\"),** writer, the chairman of the Program Council\n* **[Yuriy Onuh](/wiki/Yuriy_Onuh \"Yuriy Onuh\"),** contemporary artist, curator, director of the Polish Institute in New York City\n* **Yevhen Solonin,** photo\\-critic\n* **[Mykola Ryabchuk](/wiki/Mykola_Ryabchuk \"Mykola Ryabchuk\"),** essayist, researcher in Ukrainian Centre for Cultural Research", "#### The Book Fund", "The Book Fund is a grant program for translation of contemporary Ukrainian literature.\nThe Foundation Open Ukraine is the only foundation in Ukraine, which provides grants for the translation of modern Ukrainian literature into foreign languages. Translations of domestic works improve Ukraine's image in the world, contribute to the establishment of cross\\-cultural understanding and exchange of cultural values.", "#### Travel grants for artists", "The Foundation Open Ukraine provides travel grants for travel costs for Ukrainian artists to exchange artistic experience at the international level and to improve cooperation between Ukrainian and foreign artists. These grants give Ukrainian artists the opportunity to present their achievements around the world.", "Grantees are chosen monthly based on the decision of the Program Council.", "#### The Art Club Faces", "Art Club Faces, launched by Arseniy Yatsenyuk Foundation Open Ukraine in partnership with creative space Chasopys is a platform for communication and exchange of experience of Ukrainian and foreign writers, musicians, artists, designers, filmmakers, photographers and other cultural representatives. The project aims at promoting contemporary art among young people, enabling communication with the already known and new faces in the cultural field.", "### Young Leaders", "The program Young Leaders aims at helping young people to implement projects directed at introducing changes in Ukraine, and promote active youth, whose successful works focus not only on their own career, but also on the improvement of the society.", "#### Discussion Club \"Open World\"", "Discussion Club “Open World” is an educational project for socially active young people. Its goal is to raise a new generation of responsible leaders.\nMonthly the Foundation holds lectures with renowned experts, politicians and public figures, during which they discuss ways of effective solutions to social problems in Ukraine and the world.", "#### Space of Change: Women Leaders", "The program Space of Change: Women Leaders was aimed at supporting young, active and successful women who work to improve life in the country and implement projects that help their local communities. Participants of the program were 32 bright, original and successful women under 35\\.", "### Open Yourself", "\"Open Yourself\" program aimed at personal development and strengthening of individual education. The objective of the program is an extension of new knowledge and ideas for self\\-development promotion and promotion of civil society development in Ukraine.", "Within the program there are public lectures, meetings, trainings with specialists in various spheres which are held to help public learn more, understand and discover themselves.", "" ]
Organisation and Administration ------------------------------- ### Governance The Vice\-chancellor of the University of Gour Banga is the chief executive officer of the university. In 2021 Shanti Chhetri was appointed as Vice\-chancellor of the university. | List of All Vice\-Chancellors | | | No. Name | 1\. | Prof. Surabhi Banerjee | | 2\. | Prof. Gopa Dutta | | 3\. | Prof. Achintya Biswas | | 4\. | Prof. Gopal Chandra Mishra | | 5\. | Prof. Swagata Sen | | 6\. | Prof. Chanchal Chaudhuri | | 7\. | Dr. Shanti Chhetry | ### Faculties and Departments University of Gour Banga has 23 departments organized into three faculties.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ugb.ac.in/index.php\|title\=University of Gour Banga :: Malda :: West Bengal\|website\=ugb.ac.in}} * **Faculty of Science** This faculty consists of the departments of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Food \& Nutrition, Botany, Zoology, and Physiology. * **Faculty of Humanities, Social Science \& Commerce** This faculty consists of the departments of Bengali, English, Arabic, Sanskrit, History, Geography, Political Science, Philosophy, Economics, Sociology, and Commerce. * **Faculty of Law, Education, Journalism, Library Science, and Physical Education** This faculty consists of the departments of Education, Library and Information Science, Law, and Mass Communication. ### Affiliations The university is an affiliating institution and has its jurisdiction over the colleges of [Malda](/wiki/Malda_district "Malda district"), [Uttar Dinajpur](/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur "Uttar Dinajpur") and [Dakshin Dinajpur](/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur "Dakshin Dinajpur") districts. {{Main\|Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Gour Banga}}
[ "Organisation and Administration\n-------------------------------", "### Governance", "The Vice\\-chancellor of the University of Gour Banga is the chief executive officer of the university. In 2021 Shanti Chhetri was appointed as Vice\\-chancellor of the university.", "", "| List of All Vice\\-Chancellors", "| |\n| No.", "Name", "| 1\\. | Prof. Surabhi Banerjee |\n| 2\\. | Prof. Gopa Dutta |\n| 3\\. | Prof. Achintya Biswas |\n| 4\\. | Prof. Gopal Chandra Mishra |\n| 5\\. | Prof. Swagata Sen |\n| 6\\. | Prof. Chanchal Chaudhuri |\n| 7\\. | Dr. Shanti Chhetry |", "### Faculties and Departments", "University of Gour Banga has 23 departments organized into three faculties.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ugb.ac.in/index.php\\|title\\=University of Gour Banga :: Malda :: West Bengal\\|website\\=ugb.ac.in}}", "* **Faculty of Science**", "This faculty consists of the departments of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Food \\& Nutrition, Botany, Zoology, and Physiology.", "* **Faculty of Humanities, Social Science \\& Commerce**", "This faculty consists of the departments of Bengali, English, Arabic, Sanskrit, History, Geography, Political Science, Philosophy, Economics, Sociology, and Commerce.", "* **Faculty of Law, Education, Journalism, Library Science, and Physical Education**", "This faculty consists of the departments of Education, Library and Information Science, Law, and Mass Communication.", "### Affiliations", "The university is an affiliating institution and has its jurisdiction over the colleges of [Malda](/wiki/Malda_district \"Malda district\"), [Uttar Dinajpur](/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur \"Uttar Dinajpur\") and [Dakshin Dinajpur](/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur \"Dakshin Dinajpur\") districts.", "{{Main\\|Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Gour Banga}}", "" ]
Words ----- ### Nouns Nouns can be pluralized and/or possessed. If a noun is pluralized, then the possessive noun indicator must also be present. Nouns that are body\-parts are typically in the possessive form, unless making an objective statement. #### Examples * *bet* \= a hand * *bedi* \= your hand * *zikat* \= an eye * *{{lang\|naf\|zikalidne}}* \= their (dual) eyes * *kwaŋ* \= grass * *kwaŋaŋ* \= his grass * *tunne* \= my rivers #### The structure of nouns | Stem | (optional) possessive | (optional \-ne PL | | --- | --- | --- | #### Possessive suffixes | | **Singular** | **Dual** | **Plural** | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | First | *\-n \~ \-m \~ \-ŋ* | *\-nit \~ \-it* | *\-n \~ \-m \~ \-ŋ* | | Second | *ndi \~ di* | *\-ŋit \~ \-it* | *\-ŋin \~ \-in* | | Third | *ŋaŋ \~ \-maŋ \~ \-naŋ* | *\-ŋit \~ \-it* | *\-ŋin \~ \-in* | ### Pronouns There are many pronouns in the Nabak language. Formal genitive pronouns are not as widespread there is no direct translation to English third\-person pronouns. Formal genitive pronouns only exists in the interrogative form. #### First person pronouns | | **Singular** | **Dual** | **Plural** | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **Subject/Object** | *neŋ* | *nit* | *nin* | | **Emphatic** | *nen* | *nilit* | *nin* | | **Refelxive** | *nenak* | *ndak* | *nnak* | | **Genitive** | *nâgât* | *nigat* | *niŋalen* | | **Benefactive** | *nenaŋgalen* | *ndaŋgalen* | *nnaŋgalen* | | **Emphatic Genitive** | *neŋo* | *nilo/nitlo* | *nino* | | **Associative** | *nemak* | *nibmak* | *nimak* | | **Comitative** | *neŋmak* | *nitmak* | *ninmak* | ### Adjectives Adjectives and nouns are part of the same word class in the Nabak Language. This category only serves to illustrate nouns that can modify a head noun. Though, a dilemma occurs because these modifier nouns can also act as the head nouns that they are modifying. It is important to identify when describing ‘adjectives’ in Nabak, what is being described are words that are part of the noun class. #### Examples **Quality:** * *dolak\-ŋaŋ* \= good * *sambubu\-ŋaŋ* \= rotten **Size:** * *tembe* \= big * *isik\-ŋaŋ* \= little **Dimensions:** * *teep\-maŋ* \= tall/long * *Da\-naŋ* \= short **Color** * *ŋa\-maŋ* \= red * *sat\-naŋ* \= white **Weight** * *nuk\-ŋaŋ* \= heavy * *Imbela\-ŋaŋ* \= light #### Numbers 1. *kwep* \= one 2. *zut* \= two 3. *tuk* \= three *(\*Note that phrases represent higher numbers\*)* ### Verbs Verbs consists of an optional prefix, with a verb stem, then with an optional first\-order aspect suffix. There are medial verbs and final verbs. Final verbs are located at the end of a sentence. Medial verbs can be located anywhere but at the end of a sentence. #### Structure of medial and final verbs | Aspect | Stem | Aspect | | --- | --- | --- | | *tat\-*SCON | instransitive stem | *\-ma*CONT | | *ma\-*CONT | transitive stem | *ne*DUR | ### Interrogatives Polar interrogatives are made from declarative statements simply by changing the vocal intonation so that there is a higher pitch at the end of a sentence. Non\-polar interrogatives are made by using the words equivalent to “who”, “what”, “when”, “where”, etc. | *kuleki, kwileki* | | what? | | --- | --- | --- | | *kulekiet* | *kuleki\-yet* | why? | | *kwiaŋ* | *kwi\-aŋ* | who? | | *kwi* | | whom? | | *kwialen* | *kwi\-yet\-en* | whose? | | *de* | | where? | | *den* | *de\-en* | where? | | *denen* | *de\-en\-en* | to where? | | *desedgadnaŋ* | *de\-set\-gat\-naŋ* | from where? | | *deset* | *de\-set* | which way? | | *deyet* | *de\-yet* | which? | | *zugŋan* | *zuk\-ŋan* | when? | | *ziboŋ* | *zi\-boŋ* | like which? | | *zigok* | *zi\-gok* | how? | #### Emotion and interrogatives Interrogatives can also be used to introduce emotion into a story. This is done by the storyteller making the participant in a story ask a question to themselves, letting the listeners of the story what emotion they are dealing with.
[ "Words\n-----", "### Nouns", "Nouns can be pluralized and/or possessed. If a noun is pluralized, then the possessive noun indicator must also be present. Nouns that are body\\-parts are typically in the possessive form, unless making an objective statement.", "#### Examples", "* *bet* \\= a hand\n* *bedi* \\= your hand\n* *zikat* \\= an eye\n* *{{lang\\|naf\\|zikalidne}}* \\= their (dual) eyes\n* *kwaŋ* \\= grass\n* *kwaŋaŋ* \\= his grass\n* *tunne* \\= my rivers", "#### The structure of nouns", "", "| Stem | (optional) possessive | (optional \\-ne PL |\n| --- | --- | --- |", "#### Possessive suffixes", "", "| | **Singular** | **Dual** | **Plural** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| First | *\\-n \\~ \\-m \\~ \\-ŋ* | *\\-nit \\~ \\-it* | *\\-n \\~ \\-m \\~ \\-ŋ* |\n| Second | *ndi \\~ di* | *\\-ŋit \\~ \\-it* | *\\-ŋin \\~ \\-in* |\n| Third | *ŋaŋ \\~ \\-maŋ \\~ \\-naŋ* | *\\-ŋit \\~ \\-it* | *\\-ŋin \\~ \\-in* |", "### Pronouns", "There are many pronouns in the Nabak language. Formal genitive pronouns are not as widespread there is no direct translation to English third\\-person pronouns. Formal genitive pronouns only exists in the interrogative form.", "#### First person pronouns", "", "| | **Singular** | **Dual** | **Plural** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **Subject/Object** | *neŋ* | *nit* | *nin* |\n| **Emphatic** | *nen* | *nilit* | *nin* |\n| **Refelxive** | *nenak* | *ndak* | *nnak* |\n| **Genitive** | *nâgât* | *nigat* | *niŋalen* |\n| **Benefactive** | *nenaŋgalen* | *ndaŋgalen* | *nnaŋgalen* |\n| **Emphatic Genitive** | *neŋo* | *nilo/nitlo* | *nino* |\n| **Associative** | *nemak* | *nibmak* | *nimak* |\n| **Comitative** | *neŋmak* | *nitmak* | *ninmak* |", "### Adjectives", "Adjectives and nouns are part of the same word class in the Nabak Language. This category only serves to illustrate nouns that can modify a head noun. Though, a dilemma occurs because these modifier nouns can also act as the head nouns that they are modifying. It is important to identify when describing ‘adjectives’ in Nabak, what is being described are words that are part of the noun class.", "#### Examples", "**Quality:**", "* *dolak\\-ŋaŋ* \\= good\n* *sambubu\\-ŋaŋ* \\= rotten", "**Size:**", "* *tembe* \\= big\n* *isik\\-ŋaŋ* \\= little", "**Dimensions:**", "* *teep\\-maŋ* \\= tall/long\n* *Da\\-naŋ* \\= short", "**Color**", "* *ŋa\\-maŋ* \\= red\n* *sat\\-naŋ* \\= white", "**Weight**", "* *nuk\\-ŋaŋ* \\= heavy\n* *Imbela\\-ŋaŋ* \\= light", "#### Numbers", "1. *kwep* \\= one\n2. *zut* \\= two\n3. *tuk* \\= three", "*(\\*Note that phrases represent higher numbers\\*)*", "### Verbs", "Verbs consists of an optional prefix, with a verb stem, then with an optional first\\-order aspect suffix.", "There are medial verbs and final verbs. Final verbs are located at the end of a sentence. Medial verbs can be located anywhere but at the end of a sentence.", "#### Structure of medial and final verbs", "", "| Aspect | Stem | Aspect |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *tat\\-*SCON | instransitive stem | *\\-ma*CONT |\n| *ma\\-*CONT | transitive stem | *ne*DUR |", "### Interrogatives", "Polar interrogatives are made from declarative statements simply by changing the vocal intonation so that there is a higher pitch at the end of a sentence.", "Non\\-polar interrogatives are made by using the words equivalent to “who”, “what”, “when”, “where”, etc.", "", "| *kuleki, kwileki* | | what? |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *kulekiet* | *kuleki\\-yet* | why? |\n| *kwiaŋ* | *kwi\\-aŋ* | who? |\n| *kwi* | | whom? |\n| *kwialen* | *kwi\\-yet\\-en* | whose? |\n| *de* | | where? |\n| *den* | *de\\-en* | where? |\n| *denen* | *de\\-en\\-en* | to where? |\n| *desedgadnaŋ* | *de\\-set\\-gat\\-naŋ* | from where? |\n| *deset* | *de\\-set* | which way? |\n| *deyet* | *de\\-yet* | which? |\n| *zugŋan* | *zuk\\-ŋan* | when? |\n| *ziboŋ* | *zi\\-boŋ* | like which? |\n| *zigok* | *zi\\-gok* | how? |", "#### Emotion and interrogatives", "Interrogatives can also be used to introduce emotion into a story. This is done by the storyteller making the participant in a story ask a question to themselves, letting the listeners of the story what emotion they are dealing with.", "" ]
History ------- ### Establishment Before the founding of the University of Texas at Dallas, [Eugene McDermott](/wiki/Eugene_McDermott "Eugene McDermott"), [Cecil Howard Green](/wiki/Cecil_Howard_Green "Cecil Howard Green") and [J. Erik Jonsson](/wiki/J._Erik_Jonsson "J. Erik Jonsson") had purchased [Geophysical Service Incorporated](/wiki/Geophysical_Service_Incorporated "Geophysical Service Incorporated") (GSI) on December 6, 1941 – the day before the [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor"). With the rapid increase in defense contracts due to declaration of war with Germany, the General Instrument Division of GSI grew substantially and was later reorganized under the name [Texas Instruments](/wiki/Texas_Instruments "Texas Instruments"), Inc. (TI) in 1951\.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=kso4OUQ0GgoC\&pg\=PA153 \|publisher\=The MIT Press\|date\= June 22, 1989\|title\=Cecil and Ida Green, Philanthropists Extraordinary\|isbn\=0\-262\-19276\-4\|pages\=153–162\|access\-date\=July 1, 2010}} The increase in defense contracts also created a shortage in the [Dallas–Fort Worth area](/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex "Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex") of the qualified personnel required by TI. At the time, the region's universities did not provide enough graduates with advanced training in engineering and physical sciences. Texas Instruments was forced to recruit talent from other states during its expansion, and the founders observed in 1959 that "To grow industrially, the region must grow academically; it must provide the intellectual atmosphere, which will allow it to compete in the new industries dependent on highly trained and creative minds."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/student/catalog/undergrad10/about.html \|publisher\=The University of Texas at Dallas \|title\=History \|access\-date\=October 14, 2010}} To compensate for a shortage, McDermott, Green, and Jonsson established the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest on February 14, 1961\. While the institute initially was housed in the Fondren Science Library at [Southern Methodist University](/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University "Southern Methodist University"), a nearby empty [cotton field](/wiki/Cottonfield "Cottonfield") was later acquired by Jonsson, McDermott, and Green in [Richardson, Texas](/wiki/Richardson%2C_Texas "Richardson, Texas") in 1962\. The first facility, the Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Science (later named the Founders Building), opened in 1964\. The Graduate Research Center of the Southwest was renamed the Southwest Center for Advanced Studies (SCAS) in 1967\. On June 13, 1969, Gov. [Preston Smith](/wiki/Preston_Smith_%28governor%29 "Preston Smith (governor)") signed House Bill 303, which added the institution to the [University of Texas System](/wiki/University_of_Texas_System "University of Texas System") as the University of Texas at Dallas (effective September 1, 1969\).{{cite book\|url\=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kcu10\|title\=Handbook of Texas Online: University of Texas at Dallas\|last\=Champagne\|first\=Anthony\|date\=February 22, 2010\|publisher\=Texas State Historical Association\|access\-date\=May 4, 2010}} When Texas Instruments and UTD co\-founders officially bequeathed the young university to the UT System, they boldly stated that they envisioned it would one day become the “[MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology") of the South.”{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html\|title\=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas\|website\=utdallas.edu\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-28}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president\-determined\-for\-utd\-to\-reach\-tier\-one\|title\=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One\|date\=2014\-01\-28\|website\=Dallas News\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-28}} At the time, the college only accepted [graduate](/wiki/Graduate_school "Graduate school") students for [Masters](/wiki/Master%27s_degree "Master's degree") and [PhD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy "Doctor of Philosophy") programs – no [undergraduate](/wiki/Undergraduate_education "Undergraduate education") [Bachelor](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree "Bachelor's degree") degree programs were offered. Francis S. Johnson served as initial interim president before Bryce Jordan was selected in 1971\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html\|title\=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences\|publisher\=The University of Texas at Dallas\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html\|archive\-date\=September 6, 2006\|url\-status\=dead\|access\-date\=June 3, 2010}} ### Expansion and growth [thumb\|Engineering and Computer Science South Building](/wiki/File:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_%28University_of_Texas_at_Dallas%29.jpg "Engineering and Computer Science Complex (University of Texas at Dallas).jpg") In July 1971, [Bryce Jordan](/wiki/Bryce_Jordan "Bryce Jordan") became the university's first president and served until 1981\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/40years/transcripts/jordan.html\|publisher\=The University of Texas at Dallas \|title\=Bryce Jordan Transcription\|access\-date\=August 26, 2010}} At that time the campus consisted of only one facility (the Founders Building) and only admitted graduate students. During Jordan's 10\-year tenure the university received {{convert\|275\|acres\|0\|abbr\=on}} of land in 1972 from the [Hoblitzelle Foundation](/wiki/Hoblitzelle_Foundation "Hoblitzelle Foundation"). This allowed the campus to expand with the addition of a number of new facilities, including most notably the Cecil H. Green Hall, the Eugene McDermott Library, and a campus bookstore.{{cite book\|last\=Gard\|first\=Wayne\|title\=Handbook of Texas Online:TEXAS RESEARCH FOUNDATION\|publisher\=Texas State Historical Association\|url\=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/snt02\|access\-date\=December 2, 2011}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/development/donor\-report/Donor\-Report\-Fall\-2011\.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606044504/http://www.utdallas.edu/development/donor\-report/Donor\-Report\-Fall\-2011\.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=June 6, 2012\|publisher\=The University of Texas at Dallas\|title\=Donor Report, Fall 2011\|access\-date\=December 2, 2011}} The school received accreditation from the [Southern Association of Colleges and Schools](/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools "Southern Association of Colleges and Schools") in 1972, and the first diplomas were awarded in 1973\.{{cite web\|title\=Southern Association of Colleges and Schools\|publisher\=\[\[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]]\|url\=http://www.sacscoc.org/details.asp?instid\=73200\|access\-date\=June 22, 2010}} The first bachelor's degrees were awarded in spring 1976\. The Callier Center for Communication Disorders became part of the UTD in 1975 and the School of Management opened in 1975\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/calliercenter/\|title\=Callier Center for Communication Disorders\|publisher\=The University of Texas at Dallas\|access\-date\=January 26, 2011}} Enrollment increased from 700 in 1974, to 3,333 in 1975, and later to more than 5,300 students in 1977\. UT Dallas's first [Nobel](/wiki/Nobel_Prize "Nobel Prize") laureate, the late [Polykarp Kusch](/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch "Polykarp Kusch"), was a member of the physics faculty from 1972 to 1982\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/news/2009/04/09\-001\.php\|title\=2009 Kusch Lecture To Showcase Mission to Mars\|access\-date\=May 31, 2010\|publisher\=The University of Texas at Dallas}} The first art installation, the *Love Jack* by [Jim Love](/wiki/Jim_Love_%28artist%29 "Jim Love (artist)"), was added to UTD's campus in 1976\. The Visual Arts Building opened in 1978\. [Robert H. Rutford](/wiki/Robert_H._Rutford "Robert H. Rutford"), an Antarctic explorer recognized with the naming of the [Rutford Ice Stream](/wiki/Rutford_Ice_Stream "Rutford Ice Stream") and [Mount Rutford](/wiki/Mount_Rutford "Mount Rutford") in Antarctica, became the second president of UT Dallas in May 1982\. He served in this post until 1994\. During his tenure as president, the university secured approval for a school of engineering, added freshmen and sophomores to its student body, and built the first on\-campus housing.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html\|title\=Printable Timeline\|access\-date\=January 29, 2011\|publisher\=The University of Texas at Dallas}} The school became a four\-year institution in fall 1990\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/02/style/campus\-life\-u\-of\-texas\-at\-dallas\-something\-brand\-new\-on\-campus\-freshmen.html\|title\=Campus Life U. of Texas Dallas\|date\=September 2, 1990\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=June 2, 2010}}{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.dmagazine.com/Home/1990/10/01/MONEY.aspx\|title\=Money, October 1, 1990\|magazine\=\[\[D Magazine]]\|access\-date\=September 15, 2013}} The initial incoming freshman class was about 100 students. The state mandated that admission criteria for entering freshmen "to be no less stringent than the criteria of UT Austin".{{Cite web\|url\=https://pre\-health.utdallas.edu/applying/success\-rates/\|title\=Coordinating Board vote adds freshmen, sophomores – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas\|website\=utdallas.edu\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-28}} [Franklyn Jenifer](/wiki/Franklyn_Jenifer "Franklyn Jenifer") became the third president of UT Dallas in 1994 and served until 2005\. Under Jenifer, UT Dallas's enrollment increased over 61% – from less than 8,500 to nearly 14,000\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/news/archive/2003/jenifer.html\|publisher\=The University of Texas at Dallas \|title\=Franklyn Jenifer\|access\-date\=June 25, 2010}} The Galerstein Women's Center opened in 1996\. [alt\=UT Dallas Texas logo\|thumb\|UT Dallas Texas Logo, inspired by the Texas Instruments logo.](/wiki/File:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg "UT Dallas - Full Mark Texas Logo.jpg") UT Dallas' ceremonial mace contains a university seal surrounding a wafer embedded with Texas Instruments microchips, representing TI's role in the founding of the college. A steel band in the headpiece and the metal foot of the staff fashioned from a scientific instrument designed by the UT Dallas Space Sciences Institute and were flown aboard the [Space Shuttle Endeavor](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour "Space Shuttle Endeavour") in September 1995\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/news/archive/2005/mace.html\|title\=UTD's First Ceremonial Mace to be Fashioned From Wood of Austin's Historic Treaty Oak Tree\|website\=utdallas.edu\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-28}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/studentaffairs/traditions/\|title\=Traditions – Student Affairs – The University of Texas at Dallas\|website\=utdallas.edu\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-28}} In June 2005, David E. Daniel was appointed the university's fourth president. He previously served on the faculty at [UT Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin") and was the Dean of Engineering at the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign "University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign") from 2001 to 2005\. He has continued the expansion of the campus by adding the Natural Science and Engineering Research Laboratory, the Center for BrainHealth (near the [University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center "University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center")), and almost 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2\) of new facilities added from 2007 to 2010\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/news/2008/10/20\-001\.php\|title\=Building Projects to Change Look, Feel of UT Dallas\|website\=utdallas.edu\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-20}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.utdallas.edu/news/archive/2007/0605001\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708235440/http://www.utdallas.edu/news/archive/2007/0605001\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2008\-07\-08\|title\=Texas Icon H. Ross Perot Keynote Speaker at UT Dallas Dedication June 5\|date\=2008\-07\-08\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-20}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://brainhealth.utdallas.edu/\|title\=Center for BrainHealth\|website\=Center for BrainHealth\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-20}} The first fight song was written in September 2008; it was written to the music of *[Tiger Rag](/wiki/Tiger_Rag "Tiger Rag")*. ### Attempted DFW area UT System mergers In July 2001, the [77th Texas legislature](/wiki/Seventy-seventh_Texas_Legislature "Seventy-seventh Texas Legislature") failed to pass two proposed bills which had very different plans for the future of the [Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex](/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex "Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex") [UT System](/wiki/University_of_Texas_System "University of Texas System") intuitions.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/doc/0424\.doc\|title\=SUMMARY OF HIGHER EDUCATION LEGISLATION – 77th LEGISLATURE\|date\=July 2001\|website\=TEXAS HIGHER EDUCATION COORDINATING BOARD – Office of Governmental Relations/Public Information\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-20}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.theshorthorn.com/news/bill\-would\-join\-uta\-ut\-schools/article\_33fac29e\-f277\-5160\-b6b7\-cf1600a2a5cf.html\|title\=Bill would join UTA, 2 UT schools\|last\=LaFlash\|first\=Crystal\|website\=The Shorthorn\|date\=March 16, 2001 \|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-20}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gomeangreen.com/forums/topic/5579\-lawmaker\-proposes\-taking\-the\-ut\-out\-of\-uta/\|title\=Lawmaker proposes taking the UT out of UTA\|website\=GoMeanGreen.com\|date\=March 13, 2003 \|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-20}} The first plan, 77(R) HB 3568 proposed by [Kenn George](/wiki/Kenn_George "Kenn George"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://lrl.texas.gov/legeLeaders/members/partyListSession.cfm?leg\=77\|title\=Legislative Reference Library {{!}} Legislators and Leaders {{!}} Political affiliation, 77th Legislature\|website\=lrl.texas.gov\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-20}} would have consolidated the 2 universities and 1 medical school under the name "*The University of Texas at Dallas*". It would have established UT Dallas (UTD) in Richardson, TX as the main flagship campus, [UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center "University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center") (UTSW) as its medical school, and would have designated [UT Arlington](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington "University of Texas at Arlington") (UTA) as a UT Dallas [satellite campus](/wiki/Satellite_campus "Satellite campus") (a situation similar to [UT Rio Grande Valley](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Rio_Grande_Valley "University of Texas Rio Grande Valley")). The purpose of the bill was to consolidate all DFW UT System institutions into one, creating single cohesive flagship\-level university for the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. However, the bill was unpopular with supporters of UT Arlington (because they wanted to retain their identity as a separate institution from UT Dallas) and the House Bill ultimately failed to pass. Despite this, UT Dallas has continued a close relationship with UT Southwestern. UT Dallas' [Center for BrainHealth](/wiki/Center_for_BrainHealth "Center for BrainHealth") and Callier Center were built right next to UTSW's main campus in downtown Dallas. Additionally, UT Southwestern later established a Clinical Center in Richardson next to UTD's main campus. The second plan, 77(R) HB 3607 proposed by [Domingo Garcia](/wiki/Domingo_Garc%C3%ADa_%28politician%29 "Domingo García (politician)"), would have transferred UT Dallas, UT Southwestern, and UT Arlington to the [University of North Texas System](/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_System "University of North Texas System") (to create something similar to the [University of Houston System](/wiki/University_of_Houston_System "University of Houston System")). The [Denton, TX campus](/wiki/University_of_North_Texas "University of North Texas") would have remained as the flagship university while the 3 Dallas–Fort Worth UT System institutions would have been designated as separate degree\-granting sister UNT System colleges. Their names would have changed to the "*University of North Texas at Dallas*" located in Richardson, TX (not to be confused with the present\-day [UNTD](/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_at_Dallas "University of North Texas at Dallas") campus established later in 2009\), the "*University of North Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas*" (UNTSW), and the "*University of North Texas at Arlington*" (UNTA). The law was left pending due to objections from both UT Arlington and UT Dallas, as both preferred to remain under the UT System. ### Recent history [left\|thumb\|Naveen Jindal School of Management](/wiki/File:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg "UT Dallas School of Management.jpg") On July 15, 2016, Richard C. Benson was appointed the fifth president of the University of Texas at Dallas.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.texastribune.org/2016/02/29/benson\-named\-president\-ut\-dallas/\|title\=Benson Named President of UT\-Dallas\|last1\=Tribune\|first1\=The Texas\|last2\=Watkins\|first2\=Matthew\|date\=2016\-02\-29\|website\=The Texas Tribune\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-20}} Previously he was Dean of the [College of Engineering](/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Engineering "Virginia Tech College of Engineering") at [Virginia Tech](/wiki/Virginia_Tech "Virginia Tech"), which saw record growth from 2005 to 2016 after the number of engineering applicants nearly doubled during his tenure.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/president/about/\|title\=About the President – Office of the President – The University of Texas at Dallas\|website\=www.utdallas.edu\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-20}} He has continued the expansion of the UTD campus with the addition of The Bioengineering and Sciences Building, The Engineering \& Computer Science West Building, a new Science Building, The Davidson\-Gundy Alumni Center, and Northside Phase 1 \& 2 (the first on\-campus apartments with first floor retail space). [alt\=UTD monogram\|thumb\|100x100px\|UT Dallas Monogram](/wiki/File:UT_Dallas_Monogram_-_2_color_%28Updated%29.jpg "UT Dallas Monogram - 2 color (Updated).jpg") In fall 2017, The University of Texas at Dallas adopted a secondary logo, the UTD Monogram. It is typically used to retain UT Dallas’ identity across digital platforms, as the primary logo does not adapt well to mobile devices or smaller screens.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/magazine/university\-unveils\-new\-monogram/\|title\=University Unveils New Monogram – UT Dallas Magazine – The University of Texas at Dallas\|website\=utdallas.edu\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-01}} In 2018, the university inherited the Barrett collection of Swiss art which will be housed in a new building as part of the Edith O'Donnell Institute of Art History.{{cite web \|title\=Acquisitions of the month: November 2018 \|url\=https://www.apollo\-magazine.com/acquisitions\-of\-the\-month\-november\-2018/ \|website\=Apollo Magazine\|date\=December 7, 2018 }} In January 2019, the family of Trammell and Margaret Crow donated the entire collection of the Crow Museum of Asian Art to The University of Texas at Dallas, along with $23 million in support funding to help build a structure on the university campus to show more of the artworks.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/24/arts/design/university\-of\-texas\-at\-dallas\-crow\-museum\-of\-asian\-art.html\|title \= Large Asian Art Collection Donated to University of Texas at Dallas\|newspaper \= The New York Times\|date \= January 24, 2019\|last1 \= Aridi\|first1 \= Sara}} In fall 2019 UT Dallas marked its 50 years as a Texas public university (est. 1969\), 44 years of undergraduate junior/senior enrollment (since 1975\), 29 years of incoming freshmen enrollment (since 1990\), and 58 years as a research center (founded in 1961\).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/40years/print.html\|publisher\=The University of Texas at Dallas \|title\=40 Years\|access\-date\=April 28, 2010}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.utdallas.edu/nsm/50/\|title\=Celebrating 50 Years\|website\=utdallas.edu\|access\-date\=2019\-04\-20}} In April 2023, University of Texas at Dallas students protested the [Israel\-Hamas war](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war "Israel–Hamas war") and [genocide](/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation "Palestinian genocide accusation").{{Cite web \|last\=Malenfant \|first\=Marley \|title\=UT Dallas students among Texas students protesting Israel\-Hamas war this week \|url\=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/state/2024/04/25/ut\-dallas\-student\-pro\-palestine\-protest\-demand\-action\-campus\-president/73454359007/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-05 \|website\=Austin American\-Statesman \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|title\=From LA to NY, pro\-Palestine college campus protests grow strong in US \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/4/27/from\-la\-to\-new\-york\-student\-protests\-in\-support\-of\-palestine\-grow\-strong \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-05 \|website\=Al Jazeera \|language\=en}} They staged a sit\-in and setup an encampment, [joining other campuses across the USA](/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses "2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses"). The students  demanded that the university [divest](/wiki/Boycott%2C_Divestment_and_Sanctions "Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions") from companies that contribute weapons to the war.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-04\-27 \|title\=Pro\-Palestine students occupy UT Dallas building demanding action amid Gaza conflict \|url\=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/education/2024/04/23/pro\-palestine\-students\-occupy\-ut\-dallas\-building\-demanding\-action\-amid\-gaza\-conflict/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-05 \|website\=Dallas News \|language\=en}} The university administration called in riot police to forcibly remove the encampment and there were 17 arrests.{{Cite web \|last\=Martinez \|first\=By Alejandra \|date\=2024\-05\-01 \|title\=17 pro\-Palestinian demonstrators arrested at UT\-Dallas as police break up encampment \|url\=https://www.texastribune.org/2024/05/01/ut\-dallas\-palestinian\-protest\-arrests/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-05 \|website\=The Texas Tribune \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Rosenbaum \|first\=Steven \|last2\=Hurst \|first2\=Marvin \|last3\=Jenkins \|first3\=S. E. \|last4\=Allen \|first4\=Jason \|date\=2024\-05\-01 \|title\=Law enforcement removes encampments at UT Dallas campus, at least 17 arrested \- CBS Texas \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/gaza\-protest\-encampment\-university\-texas\-dallas/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-05 \|website\=www.cbsnews.com \|language\=en\-US}} UTD students were charged with trespassing on UTD land and threatened with disciplinary action.{{Cite web \|last\=Barrera • • \|first\=Alicia \|date\=2024\-09\-10 \|title\=UT Dallas holds hearings for students following May arrests during pro\-Palestine rally \|url\=https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/ut\-dallas\-hearings\-students\-may\-2024\-arrests\-pro\-palestine\-rally/3642282/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-05 \|website\=NBC 5 Dallas\-Fort Worth \|language\=en\-US}} On July 20, 2023, UT Dallas announced that it would leave the [American Southwest Conference](/wiki/American_Southwest_Conference "American Southwest Conference") and transition to become an [NCAA Division II](/wiki/NCAA_Division_II "NCAA Division II") school in the [Lone Star Conference](/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference "Lone Star Conference").{{cite web \| url\=https://utdcomets.com/news/2023/7/19/baseball\-ut\-dallas\-accepts\-invitation\-to\-join\-lone\-star\-conference.aspx \| title\=UT Dallas Accepts Invitation to Join Lone Star Conference \| date\=July 19, 2023 }} On August 26, 2024, UT Dallas President Richard C. Benson announced plans to step down from his position as the fifth president of the university. The UT System Board of Regents will conduct a national search for his replacement over the course of the 2024–25 academic year and he will remain in his role until a successor begins their term.{{cite web \|url\=https://news.utdallas.edu/campus\-community/benson\-plans\-2024/ \|title\=UT Dallas President Stepping Down \|publisher\=University of Texas at Dallas \|date\=August 27, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 30, 2024}} In September 2024 the student newspaper *The Mercury* website was shut down by the administration and the editor removed,{{Cite web \|last\=Mercury \|first\=The \|date\=2024\-09\-16 \|title\=Mercury EIC fired by UTD \|url\=https://utdmercury.com/mercury\-eic\-fired\-by\-utd/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-05 \|website\=THE MERCURY \|language\=en\-US}} allegedly in retaliation for criticism of UTD actions against the pro\-Palestinian protesters earlier in the year.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-09\-20 \|title\=UT\-Dallas student newspaper staff strike after editor removed \|url\=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/education/2024/09/20/ut\-dallas\-student\-newspaper\-staff\-strike\-after\-editor\-removed/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240921133440/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/education/2024/09/20/ut\-dallas\-student\-newspaper\-staff\-strike\-after\-editor\-removed/ \|archive\-date\=21 Sep 2024 \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-05 \|website\=Dallas News \|language\=en}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Establishment", "Before the founding of the University of Texas at Dallas, [Eugene McDermott](/wiki/Eugene_McDermott \"Eugene McDermott\"), [Cecil Howard Green](/wiki/Cecil_Howard_Green \"Cecil Howard Green\") and [J. Erik Jonsson](/wiki/J._Erik_Jonsson \"J. Erik Jonsson\") had purchased [Geophysical Service Incorporated](/wiki/Geophysical_Service_Incorporated \"Geophysical Service Incorporated\") (GSI) on December 6, 1941 – the day before the [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\"). With the rapid increase in defense contracts due to declaration of war with Germany, the General Instrument Division of GSI grew substantially and was later reorganized under the name [Texas Instruments](/wiki/Texas_Instruments \"Texas Instruments\"), Inc. (TI) in 1951\\.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kso4OUQ0GgoC\\&pg\\=PA153 \\|publisher\\=The MIT Press\\|date\\= June 22, 1989\\|title\\=Cecil and Ida Green, Philanthropists Extraordinary\\|isbn\\=0\\-262\\-19276\\-4\\|pages\\=153–162\\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2010}}", "The increase in defense contracts also created a shortage in the [Dallas–Fort Worth area](/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex \"Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex\") of the qualified personnel required by TI. At the time, the region's universities did not provide enough graduates with advanced training in engineering and physical sciences. Texas Instruments was forced to recruit talent from other states during its expansion, and the founders observed in 1959 that \"To grow industrially, the region must grow academically; it must provide the intellectual atmosphere, which will allow it to compete in the new industries dependent on highly trained and creative minds.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/student/catalog/undergrad10/about.html \\|publisher\\=The University of Texas at Dallas \\|title\\=History \\|access\\-date\\=October 14, 2010}}", "To compensate for a shortage, McDermott, Green, and Jonsson established the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest on February 14, 1961\\. While the institute initially was housed in the Fondren Science Library at [Southern Methodist University](/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University \"Southern Methodist University\"), a nearby empty [cotton field](/wiki/Cottonfield \"Cottonfield\") was later acquired by Jonsson, McDermott, and Green in [Richardson, Texas](/wiki/Richardson%2C_Texas \"Richardson, Texas\") in 1962\\. The first facility, the Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Science (later named the Founders Building), opened in 1964\\. The Graduate Research Center of the Southwest was renamed the Southwest Center for Advanced Studies (SCAS) in 1967\\.", "On June 13, 1969, Gov. [Preston Smith](/wiki/Preston_Smith_%28governor%29 \"Preston Smith (governor)\") signed House Bill 303, which added the institution to the [University of Texas System](/wiki/University_of_Texas_System \"University of Texas System\") as the University of Texas at Dallas (effective September 1, 1969\\).{{cite book\\|url\\=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kcu10\\|title\\=Handbook of Texas Online: University of Texas at Dallas\\|last\\=Champagne\\|first\\=Anthony\\|date\\=February 22, 2010\\|publisher\\=Texas State Historical Association\\|access\\-date\\=May 4, 2010}} When Texas Instruments and UTD co\\-founders officially bequeathed the young university to the UT System, they boldly stated that they envisioned it would one day become the “[MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\") of the South.”{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html\\|title\\=Printable Timeline – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas\\|website\\=utdallas.edu\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-28}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2014/01/28/president\\-determined\\-for\\-utd\\-to\\-reach\\-tier\\-one\\|title\\=President determined for UTD to reach Tier One\\|date\\=2014\\-01\\-28\\|website\\=Dallas News\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-28}} At the time, the college only accepted [graduate](/wiki/Graduate_school \"Graduate school\") students for [Masters](/wiki/Master%27s_degree \"Master's degree\") and [PhD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy \"Doctor of Philosophy\") programs – no [undergraduate](/wiki/Undergraduate_education \"Undergraduate education\") [Bachelor](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree \"Bachelor's degree\") degree programs were offered. Francis S. Johnson served as initial interim president before Bryce Jordan was selected in 1971\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html\\|title\\=William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences\\|publisher\\=The University of Texas at Dallas\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906175458/http://utdallas.edu/research/spacesciences/homeframe.html\\|archive\\-date\\=September 6, 2006\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2010}}", "### Expansion and growth", "[thumb\\|Engineering and Computer Science South Building](/wiki/File:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_%28University_of_Texas_at_Dallas%29.jpg \"Engineering and Computer Science Complex (University of Texas at Dallas).jpg\")\nIn July 1971, [Bryce Jordan](/wiki/Bryce_Jordan \"Bryce Jordan\") became the university's first president and served until 1981\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/40years/transcripts/jordan.html\\|publisher\\=The University of Texas at Dallas \\|title\\=Bryce Jordan Transcription\\|access\\-date\\=August 26, 2010}} At that time the campus consisted of only one facility (the Founders Building) and only admitted graduate students. During Jordan's 10\\-year tenure the university received {{convert\\|275\\|acres\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} of land in 1972 from the [Hoblitzelle Foundation](/wiki/Hoblitzelle_Foundation \"Hoblitzelle Foundation\"). This allowed the campus to expand with the addition of a number of new facilities, including most notably the Cecil H. Green Hall, the Eugene McDermott Library, and a campus bookstore.{{cite book\\|last\\=Gard\\|first\\=Wayne\\|title\\=Handbook of Texas Online:TEXAS RESEARCH FOUNDATION\\|publisher\\=Texas State Historical Association\\|url\\=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/snt02\\|access\\-date\\=December 2, 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/development/donor\\-report/Donor\\-Report\\-Fall\\-2011\\.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606044504/http://www.utdallas.edu/development/donor\\-report/Donor\\-Report\\-Fall\\-2011\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=June 6, 2012\\|publisher\\=The University of Texas at Dallas\\|title\\=Donor Report, Fall 2011\\|access\\-date\\=December 2, 2011}} The school received accreditation from the [Southern Association of Colleges and Schools](/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools \"Southern Association of Colleges and Schools\") in 1972, and the first diplomas were awarded in 1973\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Southern Association of Colleges and Schools\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]]\\|url\\=http://www.sacscoc.org/details.asp?instid\\=73200\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2010}}", "The first bachelor's degrees were awarded in spring 1976\\. The Callier Center for Communication Disorders became part of the UTD in 1975 and the School of Management opened in 1975\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/calliercenter/\\|title\\=Callier Center for Communication Disorders\\|publisher\\=The University of Texas at Dallas\\|access\\-date\\=January 26, 2011}} Enrollment increased from 700 in 1974, to 3,333 in 1975, and later to more than 5,300 students in 1977\\.", "UT Dallas's first [Nobel](/wiki/Nobel_Prize \"Nobel Prize\") laureate, the late [Polykarp Kusch](/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch \"Polykarp Kusch\"), was a member of the physics faculty from 1972 to 1982\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/news/2009/04/09\\-001\\.php\\|title\\=2009 Kusch Lecture To Showcase Mission to Mars\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2010\\|publisher\\=The University of Texas at Dallas}}", "The first art installation, the *Love Jack* by [Jim Love](/wiki/Jim_Love_%28artist%29 \"Jim Love (artist)\"), was added to UTD's campus in 1976\\. The Visual Arts Building opened in 1978\\.", "[Robert H. Rutford](/wiki/Robert_H._Rutford \"Robert H. Rutford\"), an Antarctic explorer recognized with the naming of the [Rutford Ice Stream](/wiki/Rutford_Ice_Stream \"Rutford Ice Stream\") and [Mount Rutford](/wiki/Mount_Rutford \"Mount Rutford\") in Antarctica, became the second president of UT Dallas in May 1982\\. He served in this post until 1994\\. During his tenure as president, the university secured approval for a school of engineering, added freshmen and sophomores to its student body, and built the first on\\-campus housing.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/create/print.html\\|title\\=Printable Timeline\\|access\\-date\\=January 29, 2011\\|publisher\\=The University of Texas at Dallas}}", "The school became a four\\-year institution in fall 1990\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/02/style/campus\\-life\\-u\\-of\\-texas\\-at\\-dallas\\-something\\-brand\\-new\\-on\\-campus\\-freshmen.html\\|title\\=Campus Life U. of Texas Dallas\\|date\\=September 2, 1990\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2010}}{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.dmagazine.com/Home/1990/10/01/MONEY.aspx\\|title\\=Money, October 1, 1990\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[D Magazine]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2013}} The initial incoming freshman class was about 100 students. The state mandated that admission criteria for entering freshmen \"to be no less stringent than the criteria of UT Austin\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://pre\\-health.utdallas.edu/applying/success\\-rates/\\|title\\=Coordinating Board vote adds freshmen, sophomores – Creating the Future Since 1969 – The University of Texas at Dallas\\|website\\=utdallas.edu\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-28}}", "[Franklyn Jenifer](/wiki/Franklyn_Jenifer \"Franklyn Jenifer\") became the third president of UT Dallas in 1994 and served until 2005\\. Under Jenifer, UT Dallas's enrollment increased over 61% – from less than 8,500 to nearly 14,000\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/news/archive/2003/jenifer.html\\|publisher\\=The University of Texas at Dallas \\|title\\=Franklyn Jenifer\\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2010}}", "The Galerstein Women's Center opened in 1996\\.\n[alt\\=UT Dallas Texas logo\\|thumb\\|UT Dallas Texas Logo, inspired by the Texas Instruments logo.](/wiki/File:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg \"UT Dallas - Full Mark Texas Logo.jpg\")\nUT Dallas' ceremonial mace contains a university seal surrounding a wafer embedded with Texas Instruments microchips, representing TI's role in the founding of the college. A steel band in the headpiece and the metal foot of the staff fashioned from a scientific instrument designed by the UT Dallas Space Sciences Institute and were flown aboard the [Space Shuttle Endeavor](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour \"Space Shuttle Endeavour\") in September 1995\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/news/archive/2005/mace.html\\|title\\=UTD's First Ceremonial Mace to be Fashioned From Wood of Austin's Historic Treaty Oak Tree\\|website\\=utdallas.edu\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-28}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/studentaffairs/traditions/\\|title\\=Traditions – Student Affairs – The University of Texas at Dallas\\|website\\=utdallas.edu\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-28}}", "In June 2005, David E. Daniel was appointed the university's fourth president. He previously served on the faculty at [UT Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin \"University of Texas at Austin\") and was the Dean of Engineering at the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign \"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign\") from 2001 to 2005\\. He has continued the expansion of the campus by adding the Natural Science and Engineering Research Laboratory, the Center for BrainHealth (near the [University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center \"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center\")), and almost 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2\\) of new facilities added from 2007 to 2010\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/news/2008/10/20\\-001\\.php\\|title\\=Building Projects to Change Look, Feel of UT Dallas\\|website\\=utdallas.edu\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-20}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.utdallas.edu/news/archive/2007/0605001\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708235440/http://www.utdallas.edu/news/archive/2007/0605001\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-08\\|title\\=Texas Icon H. Ross Perot Keynote Speaker at UT Dallas Dedication June 5\\|date\\=2008\\-07\\-08\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-20}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://brainhealth.utdallas.edu/\\|title\\=Center for BrainHealth\\|website\\=Center for BrainHealth\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-20}}", "The first fight song was written in September 2008; it was written to the music of *[Tiger Rag](/wiki/Tiger_Rag \"Tiger Rag\")*.", "### Attempted DFW area UT System mergers", "In July 2001, the [77th Texas legislature](/wiki/Seventy-seventh_Texas_Legislature \"Seventy-seventh Texas Legislature\") failed to pass two proposed bills which had very different plans for the future of the [Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex](/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex \"Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex\") [UT System](/wiki/University_of_Texas_System \"University of Texas System\") intuitions.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thecb.state.tx.us/reports/doc/0424\\.doc\\|title\\=SUMMARY OF HIGHER EDUCATION LEGISLATION – 77th LEGISLATURE\\|date\\=July 2001\\|website\\=TEXAS HIGHER EDUCATION COORDINATING BOARD – Office of Governmental Relations/Public Information\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-20}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theshorthorn.com/news/bill\\-would\\-join\\-uta\\-ut\\-schools/article\\_33fac29e\\-f277\\-5160\\-b6b7\\-cf1600a2a5cf.html\\|title\\=Bill would join UTA, 2 UT schools\\|last\\=LaFlash\\|first\\=Crystal\\|website\\=The Shorthorn\\|date\\=March 16, 2001 \\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-20}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gomeangreen.com/forums/topic/5579\\-lawmaker\\-proposes\\-taking\\-the\\-ut\\-out\\-of\\-uta/\\|title\\=Lawmaker proposes taking the UT out of UTA\\|website\\=GoMeanGreen.com\\|date\\=March 13, 2003 \\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-20}}", "The first plan, 77(R) HB 3568 proposed by [Kenn George](/wiki/Kenn_George \"Kenn George\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://lrl.texas.gov/legeLeaders/members/partyListSession.cfm?leg\\=77\\|title\\=Legislative Reference Library {{!}} Legislators and Leaders {{!}} Political affiliation, 77th Legislature\\|website\\=lrl.texas.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-20}} would have consolidated the 2 universities and 1 medical school under the name \"*The University of Texas at Dallas*\". It would have established UT Dallas (UTD) in Richardson, TX as the main flagship campus, [UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center \"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center\") (UTSW) as its medical school, and would have designated [UT Arlington](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington \"University of Texas at Arlington\") (UTA) as a UT Dallas [satellite campus](/wiki/Satellite_campus \"Satellite campus\") (a situation similar to [UT Rio Grande Valley](/wiki/University_of_Texas_Rio_Grande_Valley \"University of Texas Rio Grande Valley\")). The purpose of the bill was to consolidate all DFW UT System institutions into one, creating single cohesive flagship\\-level university for the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. However, the bill was unpopular with supporters of UT Arlington (because they wanted to retain their identity as a separate institution from UT Dallas) and the House Bill ultimately failed to pass. Despite this, UT Dallas has continued a close relationship with UT Southwestern. UT Dallas' [Center for BrainHealth](/wiki/Center_for_BrainHealth \"Center for BrainHealth\") and Callier Center were built right next to UTSW's main campus in downtown Dallas. Additionally, UT Southwestern later established a Clinical Center in Richardson next to UTD's main campus.", "The second plan, 77(R) HB 3607 proposed by [Domingo Garcia](/wiki/Domingo_Garc%C3%ADa_%28politician%29 \"Domingo García (politician)\"), would have transferred UT Dallas, UT Southwestern, and UT Arlington to the [University of North Texas System](/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_System \"University of North Texas System\") (to create something similar to the [University of Houston System](/wiki/University_of_Houston_System \"University of Houston System\")). The [Denton, TX campus](/wiki/University_of_North_Texas \"University of North Texas\") would have remained as the flagship university while the 3 Dallas–Fort Worth UT System institutions would have been designated as separate degree\\-granting sister UNT System colleges. Their names would have changed to the \"*University of North Texas at Dallas*\" located in Richardson, TX (not to be confused with the present\\-day [UNTD](/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_at_Dallas \"University of North Texas at Dallas\") campus established later in 2009\\), the \"*University of North Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas*\" (UNTSW), and the \"*University of North Texas at Arlington*\" (UNTA). The law was left pending due to objections from both UT Arlington and UT Dallas, as both preferred to remain under the UT System.", "### Recent history", "[left\\|thumb\\|Naveen Jindal School of Management](/wiki/File:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg \"UT Dallas School of Management.jpg\")\nOn July 15, 2016, Richard C. Benson was appointed the fifth president of the University of Texas at Dallas.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.texastribune.org/2016/02/29/benson\\-named\\-president\\-ut\\-dallas/\\|title\\=Benson Named President of UT\\-Dallas\\|last1\\=Tribune\\|first1\\=The Texas\\|last2\\=Watkins\\|first2\\=Matthew\\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-29\\|website\\=The Texas Tribune\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-20}} Previously he was Dean of the [College of Engineering](/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Engineering \"Virginia Tech College of Engineering\") at [Virginia Tech](/wiki/Virginia_Tech \"Virginia Tech\"), which saw record growth from 2005 to 2016 after the number of engineering applicants nearly doubled during his tenure.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/president/about/\\|title\\=About the President – Office of the President – The University of Texas at Dallas\\|website\\=www.utdallas.edu\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-20}} He has continued the expansion of the UTD campus with the addition of The Bioengineering and Sciences Building, The Engineering \\& Computer Science West Building, a new Science Building, The Davidson\\-Gundy Alumni Center, and Northside Phase 1 \\& 2 (the first on\\-campus apartments with first floor retail space).\n[alt\\=UTD monogram\\|thumb\\|100x100px\\|UT Dallas Monogram](/wiki/File:UT_Dallas_Monogram_-_2_color_%28Updated%29.jpg \"UT Dallas Monogram - 2 color (Updated).jpg\")\nIn fall 2017, The University of Texas at Dallas adopted a secondary logo, the UTD Monogram. It is typically used to retain UT Dallas’ identity across digital platforms, as the primary logo does not adapt well to mobile devices or smaller screens.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/magazine/university\\-unveils\\-new\\-monogram/\\|title\\=University Unveils New Monogram – UT Dallas Magazine – The University of Texas at Dallas\\|website\\=utdallas.edu\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-01}}", "In 2018, the university inherited the Barrett collection of Swiss art which will be housed in a new building as part of the Edith O'Donnell Institute of Art History.{{cite web \\|title\\=Acquisitions of the month: November 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.apollo\\-magazine.com/acquisitions\\-of\\-the\\-month\\-november\\-2018/ \\|website\\=Apollo Magazine\\|date\\=December 7, 2018 }} In January 2019, the family of Trammell and Margaret Crow donated the entire collection of the Crow Museum of Asian Art to The University of Texas at Dallas, along with $23 million in support funding to help build a structure on the university campus to show more of the artworks.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/24/arts/design/university\\-of\\-texas\\-at\\-dallas\\-crow\\-museum\\-of\\-asian\\-art.html\\|title \\= Large Asian Art Collection Donated to University of Texas at Dallas\\|newspaper \\= The New York Times\\|date \\= January 24, 2019\\|last1 \\= Aridi\\|first1 \\= Sara}}", "In fall 2019 UT Dallas marked its 50 years as a Texas public university (est. 1969\\), 44 years of undergraduate junior/senior enrollment (since 1975\\), 29 years of incoming freshmen enrollment (since 1990\\), and 58 years as a research center (founded in 1961\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/40years/print.html\\|publisher\\=The University of Texas at Dallas \\|title\\=40 Years\\|access\\-date\\=April 28, 2010}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.utdallas.edu/nsm/50/\\|title\\=Celebrating 50 Years\\|website\\=utdallas.edu\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-20}}", "In April 2023, University of Texas at Dallas students protested the [Israel\\-Hamas war](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war \"Israel–Hamas war\") and [genocide](/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation \"Palestinian genocide accusation\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Malenfant \\|first\\=Marley \\|title\\=UT Dallas students among Texas students protesting Israel\\-Hamas war this week \\|url\\=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/state/2024/04/25/ut\\-dallas\\-student\\-pro\\-palestine\\-protest\\-demand\\-action\\-campus\\-president/73454359007/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-05 \\|website\\=Austin American\\-Statesman \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=From LA to NY, pro\\-Palestine college campus protests grow strong in US \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/4/27/from\\-la\\-to\\-new\\-york\\-student\\-protests\\-in\\-support\\-of\\-palestine\\-grow\\-strong \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-05 \\|website\\=Al Jazeera \\|language\\=en}} They staged a sit\\-in and setup an encampment, [joining other campuses across the USA](/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses \"2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses\"). The students  demanded that the university [divest](/wiki/Boycott%2C_Divestment_and_Sanctions \"Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions\") from companies that contribute weapons to the war.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-27 \\|title\\=Pro\\-Palestine students occupy UT Dallas building demanding action amid Gaza conflict \\|url\\=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/education/2024/04/23/pro\\-palestine\\-students\\-occupy\\-ut\\-dallas\\-building\\-demanding\\-action\\-amid\\-gaza\\-conflict/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-05 \\|website\\=Dallas News \\|language\\=en}} The university administration called in riot police to forcibly remove the encampment and there were 17 arrests.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Martinez \\|first\\=By Alejandra \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-01 \\|title\\=17 pro\\-Palestinian demonstrators arrested at UT\\-Dallas as police break up encampment \\|url\\=https://www.texastribune.org/2024/05/01/ut\\-dallas\\-palestinian\\-protest\\-arrests/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-05 \\|website\\=The Texas Tribune \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rosenbaum \\|first\\=Steven \\|last2\\=Hurst \\|first2\\=Marvin \\|last3\\=Jenkins \\|first3\\=S. E. \\|last4\\=Allen \\|first4\\=Jason \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-01 \\|title\\=Law enforcement removes encampments at UT Dallas campus, at least 17 arrested \\- CBS Texas \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/gaza\\-protest\\-encampment\\-university\\-texas\\-dallas/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-05 \\|website\\=www.cbsnews.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}} UTD students were charged with trespassing on UTD land and threatened with disciplinary action.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Barrera • • \\|first\\=Alicia \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-10 \\|title\\=UT Dallas holds hearings for students following May arrests during pro\\-Palestine rally \\|url\\=https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/ut\\-dallas\\-hearings\\-students\\-may\\-2024\\-arrests\\-pro\\-palestine\\-rally/3642282/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-05 \\|website\\=NBC 5 Dallas\\-Fort Worth \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "On July 20, 2023, UT Dallas announced that it would leave the [American Southwest Conference](/wiki/American_Southwest_Conference \"American Southwest Conference\") and transition to become an [NCAA Division II](/wiki/NCAA_Division_II \"NCAA Division II\") school in the [Lone Star Conference](/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference \"Lone Star Conference\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://utdcomets.com/news/2023/7/19/baseball\\-ut\\-dallas\\-accepts\\-invitation\\-to\\-join\\-lone\\-star\\-conference.aspx \\| title\\=UT Dallas Accepts Invitation to Join Lone Star Conference \\| date\\=July 19, 2023 }}", "On August 26, 2024, UT Dallas President Richard C. Benson announced plans to step down from his position as the fifth president of the university. The UT System Board of Regents will conduct a national search for his replacement over the course of the 2024–25 academic year and he will remain in his role until a successor begins their term.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://news.utdallas.edu/campus\\-community/benson\\-plans\\-2024/ \\|title\\=UT Dallas President Stepping Down \\|publisher\\=University of Texas at Dallas \\|date\\=August 27, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2024}}", "In September 2024 the student newspaper *The Mercury* website was shut down by the administration and the editor removed,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Mercury \\|first\\=The \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-16 \\|title\\=Mercury EIC fired by UTD \\|url\\=https://utdmercury.com/mercury\\-eic\\-fired\\-by\\-utd/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-05 \\|website\\=THE MERCURY \\|language\\=en\\-US}} allegedly in retaliation for criticism of UTD actions against the pro\\-Palestinian protesters earlier in the year.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-20 \\|title\\=UT\\-Dallas student newspaper staff strike after editor removed \\|url\\=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/education/2024/09/20/ut\\-dallas\\-student\\-newspaper\\-staff\\-strike\\-after\\-editor\\-removed/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240921133440/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/education/2024/09/20/ut\\-dallas\\-student\\-newspaper\\-staff\\-strike\\-after\\-editor\\-removed/ \\|archive\\-date\\=21 Sep 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-05 \\|website\\=Dallas News \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early years Al\-e\-Agha entered the [Imperial Iranian Air Force](/wiki/Imperial_Iranian_Air_Force "Imperial Iranian Air Force") as a cadet and following completing his basic and elementary flight training, he was assigned to the 43rd Tactical Training Squadron at the [4th Tactical Fighter Base](/wiki/Dezful_Airport "Dezful Airport") in order to fly with [Northrop F\-5](/wiki/Northrop_F-5 "Northrop F-5"). He was then converted to [McDonnell Douglas F\-4 Phantom II](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II "McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II") at the [1st Tactical Fighter Base](/wiki/Mehrabad_International_Airport "Mehrabad International Airport"). In 1976, he was handpicked to train as a [Grumman F\-14 Tomcat](/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat "Grumman F-14 Tomcat") pilot in the United States and upon returning to Iran in 1978 was a qualified [instructor](/wiki/Flight_instructor "Flight instructor") of the aircraft at the [8th Tactical Fighter Base](/wiki/Isfahan_International_Airport "Isfahan International Airport") in [Isfahan](/wiki/Isfahan "Isfahan"). ### Iran–Iraq War Al\-e\-Agha continued his service after the [Iranian Revolution](/wiki/Iranian_Revolution "Iranian Revolution") and by August 1980, was appointed as the deputy commander of the 8th TFB. He was then tasked by his commander, Colonel Sadeghpour, to provide refresher training for understaffed crew of F\-14s in the wake of revolutionary chaos in the airbase. By mid\-September 1980 Al\-e\-Agha flew more than 40 sorties with around two dozen pilots, in addition to launching a campaign to persuade dismissed officers back to service, together with IRIAF commander Colonel [Javad Fakoori](/wiki/Javad_Fakoori "Javad Fakoori"). By November 1980, he coordinated the operations of aircraft under his command with several intelligence agencies and then on his initiative, a center to control all aerial operations over the battlefield in [Khuzestan](/wiki/Khuzestan_Province "Khuzestan Province") was established in [Ahvaz](/wiki/Ahvaz "Ahvaz"), named Direct Air Support Center. This proved to be very effective in establishing Iranian air superiority over Khuzestan and F\-14s scored many confirmed kills against Iraqi aircraft. Al\-e\-Agha also played an active role in re\-establishment of the 11th Combat Command Training Squadron in Spring 1981, a unit which trained dozens of new pilots with F\-5s. In 1983, he was moved to [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran "Tehran") and appointed as the IRIAF 's deputy to Chief of [Operations](/wiki/Operations_%28military_staff%29 "Operations (military staff)"). In that capacity, he acted as the "primary planner of the air force" despite being the second person in the hierarchy. He also was behind most of air\-defense operations. Al\-e\-Agha served in that position until he was killed in action in 1984\. According to Brigadier General Ahmad Sadik of the [Iraqi Air Force](/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force "Iraqi Air Force") (IrAF) who served in the Intelligence Department, the IrAF was desperately in search of an opportunity to neutralize Al\-e\-Agha, thus closely tracked his activities and whenever he was airborne, special warnings were issued. Hashem Al\-e\-Agha was martyred on August 11, 1984 when his Tomcat was attacked by several Iraqi [Dassault Mirage F1](/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_F1 "Dassault Mirage F1") and shot down by a [Super 530](/wiki/Super_530 "Super 530") missile. His final mission was escorting Iranian oil tankers out of the Persian Gulf. #### Aerial victories {{see also\|List of Iranian aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war}} The exact number of kills by Al\-e\-Agha remains unknown, besides he reportedly had an indifferent attitude toward his personal record.{{citation\|first\=Tom\|last\=Cooper\|url\=https://warisboring.com/iraq\-did\-all\-it\-could\-to\-kill\-hashem\-all\-e\-agha\-irans\-top\-f\-14\-pilot/\|title\=Iraq Did All It Could to Kill Hashem All\-e\-Agha, Iran’s Top F\-14 Pilot\|date\=22 March 2017\|access\-date\=2 November 2021\|work\=War is Boring}} French military historian [Pierre Razoux](/wiki/Pierre_Razoux "Pierre Razoux") has credited him with 3 confirmed kills.{{citation\|last1\=Razoux\|first1\=Pierre\|date\=2015\|translator\=Nicholas Elliott\|title\=The Iran\-Iraq War\|publisher\=Harvard University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-674\-91571\-8\|at\=Table 1\.3: Victories by Iranian pilots (3 or more victories), p. 571}}{{citation\|last1\=Razoux\|first1\=Pierre\|date\=2019\|title\=Le siècle des As (1915\-1988\): Une autre histoire de l'aviation\|publisher\=Place des éditeurs\|isbn\=978\-2\-262\-04827\-3\|language\=fr\|at\=Section 31, p. 15}} Cooper and Bishop have verified successful shooting down of an Iraqi [MiG\-21MF](/wiki/MiG-21MF "MiG-21MF") with AIM\-7E4 in October 1980, while maintaining that he had definitely downed one of the two [Mirage F\-1EQs](/wiki/Mirage_F-1EQ "Mirage F-1EQ") in a December 1981 aerial skirmish (it is probable that the other was downed by Al\-e\-Agha too). Cooper further attributes another victory to Al\-e\-Agha sometime in October 1982, in which he fired an AIM\-9 Sidewinder and sent one of the two Iraqi [Sukhoi Su\-22s](/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-22 "Sukhoi Su-22") into the waters of the Persian Gulf at the time escorting commercial vessels between [Bandar Mahshahr](/wiki/Bandar_Mahshahr "Bandar Mahshahr") and the [Kharg Island](/wiki/Kharg_Island "Kharg Island"). The details of these aerial victories are as the following:{{citation\|last1\=Cooper\|first1\=Tom\|last2\=Bishop\|first2\=Farzad\|editor\-last1\=Holmes\|editor\-first1\=Tony\|editor\-last2\=Hales\-Dutton\|editor\-first2\=Bruce\|title\=Iranian F\-14 Tomcat Units in Combat\|date\=2004\|publisher\=Osprey Publishing\|location\=Oxford\|isbn\=1 84176 787 5\|series\=Osprey Combat Aircraft\|volume\=49\|pages\=85–86}} | \# | Date | Unit | Weapon | Victim | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | 20 October 1980 | 81 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\-7E4 | MiG\-21MF | | 2 | 11 December 1981 | 82 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\-54A | Mirage F\-1EQ | | *3*? | *11 December 1981* | *82 TFS/TFB 8* | *AIM\-54A* | *Mirage F\-1EQ* | | 4 | October 1982 | 82 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\-9 | Sukhoi Su\-22 |
[ "Career\n------", "### Early years", "Al\\-e\\-Agha entered the [Imperial Iranian Air Force](/wiki/Imperial_Iranian_Air_Force \"Imperial Iranian Air Force\") as a cadet and following completing his basic and elementary flight training, he was assigned to the 43rd Tactical Training Squadron at the [4th Tactical Fighter Base](/wiki/Dezful_Airport \"Dezful Airport\") in order to fly with [Northrop F\\-5](/wiki/Northrop_F-5 \"Northrop F-5\"). He was then converted to [McDonnell Douglas F\\-4 Phantom II](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II \"McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II\") at the [1st Tactical Fighter Base](/wiki/Mehrabad_International_Airport \"Mehrabad International Airport\"). In 1976, he was handpicked to train as a [Grumman F\\-14 Tomcat](/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat \"Grumman F-14 Tomcat\") pilot in the United States and upon returning to Iran in 1978 was a qualified [instructor](/wiki/Flight_instructor \"Flight instructor\") of the aircraft at the [8th Tactical Fighter Base](/wiki/Isfahan_International_Airport \"Isfahan International Airport\") in [Isfahan](/wiki/Isfahan \"Isfahan\").", "### Iran–Iraq War", "Al\\-e\\-Agha continued his service after the [Iranian Revolution](/wiki/Iranian_Revolution \"Iranian Revolution\") and by August 1980, was appointed as the deputy commander of the 8th TFB. He was then tasked by his commander, Colonel Sadeghpour, to provide refresher training for understaffed crew of F\\-14s in the wake of revolutionary chaos in the airbase. By mid\\-September 1980 Al\\-e\\-Agha flew more than 40 sorties with around two dozen pilots, in addition to launching a campaign to persuade dismissed officers back to service, together with IRIAF commander Colonel [Javad Fakoori](/wiki/Javad_Fakoori \"Javad Fakoori\").", "By November 1980, he coordinated the operations of aircraft under his command with several intelligence agencies and then on his initiative, a center to control all aerial operations over the battlefield in [Khuzestan](/wiki/Khuzestan_Province \"Khuzestan Province\") was established in [Ahvaz](/wiki/Ahvaz \"Ahvaz\"), named Direct Air Support Center. This proved to be very effective in establishing Iranian air superiority over Khuzestan and F\\-14s scored many confirmed kills against Iraqi aircraft. Al\\-e\\-Agha also played an active role in re\\-establishment of the 11th Combat Command Training Squadron in Spring 1981, a unit which trained dozens of new pilots with F\\-5s.", "In 1983, he was moved to [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran \"Tehran\") and appointed as the IRIAF 's deputy to Chief of [Operations](/wiki/Operations_%28military_staff%29 \"Operations (military staff)\"). In that capacity, he acted as the \"primary planner of the air force\" despite being the second person in the hierarchy. He also was behind most of air\\-defense operations. Al\\-e\\-Agha served in that position until he was killed in action in 1984\\.", "According to Brigadier General Ahmad Sadik of the [Iraqi Air Force](/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force \"Iraqi Air Force\") (IrAF) who served in the Intelligence Department, the IrAF was desperately in search of an opportunity to neutralize Al\\-e\\-Agha, thus closely tracked his activities and whenever he was airborne, special warnings were issued.", "Hashem Al\\-e\\-Agha was martyred on August 11, 1984 when his Tomcat was attacked by several Iraqi [Dassault Mirage F1](/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_F1 \"Dassault Mirage F1\") and shot down by a [Super 530](/wiki/Super_530 \"Super 530\") missile. His final mission was escorting Iranian oil tankers out of the Persian Gulf.", "#### Aerial victories", "{{see also\\|List of Iranian aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war}}\nThe exact number of kills by Al\\-e\\-Agha remains unknown, besides he reportedly had an indifferent attitude toward his personal record.{{citation\\|first\\=Tom\\|last\\=Cooper\\|url\\=https://warisboring.com/iraq\\-did\\-all\\-it\\-could\\-to\\-kill\\-hashem\\-all\\-e\\-agha\\-irans\\-top\\-f\\-14\\-pilot/\\|title\\=Iraq Did All It Could to Kill Hashem All\\-e\\-Agha, Iran’s Top F\\-14 Pilot\\|date\\=22 March 2017\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2021\\|work\\=War is Boring}} French military historian [Pierre Razoux](/wiki/Pierre_Razoux \"Pierre Razoux\") has credited him with 3 confirmed kills.{{citation\\|last1\\=Razoux\\|first1\\=Pierre\\|date\\=2015\\|translator\\=Nicholas Elliott\\|title\\=The Iran\\-Iraq War\\|publisher\\=Harvard University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-674\\-91571\\-8\\|at\\=Table 1\\.3: Victories by Iranian pilots (3 or more victories), p. 571}}{{citation\\|last1\\=Razoux\\|first1\\=Pierre\\|date\\=2019\\|title\\=Le siècle des As (1915\\-1988\\): Une autre histoire de l'aviation\\|publisher\\=Place des éditeurs\\|isbn\\=978\\-2\\-262\\-04827\\-3\\|language\\=fr\\|at\\=Section 31, p. 15}}\nCooper and Bishop have verified successful shooting down of an Iraqi [MiG\\-21MF](/wiki/MiG-21MF \"MiG-21MF\") with AIM\\-7E4 in October 1980, while maintaining that he had definitely downed one of the two [Mirage F\\-1EQs](/wiki/Mirage_F-1EQ \"Mirage F-1EQ\") in a December 1981 aerial skirmish (it is probable that the other was downed by Al\\-e\\-Agha too). Cooper further attributes another victory to Al\\-e\\-Agha sometime in October 1982, in which he fired an AIM\\-9 Sidewinder and sent one of the two Iraqi [Sukhoi Su\\-22s](/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-22 \"Sukhoi Su-22\") into the waters of the Persian Gulf at the time escorting commercial vessels between [Bandar Mahshahr](/wiki/Bandar_Mahshahr \"Bandar Mahshahr\") and the [Kharg Island](/wiki/Kharg_Island \"Kharg Island\").", "The details of these aerial victories are as the following:{{citation\\|last1\\=Cooper\\|first1\\=Tom\\|last2\\=Bishop\\|first2\\=Farzad\\|editor\\-last1\\=Holmes\\|editor\\-first1\\=Tony\\|editor\\-last2\\=Hales\\-Dutton\\|editor\\-first2\\=Bruce\\|title\\=Iranian F\\-14 Tomcat Units in Combat\\|date\\=2004\\|publisher\\=Osprey Publishing\\|location\\=Oxford\\|isbn\\=1 84176 787 5\\|series\\=Osprey Combat Aircraft\\|volume\\=49\\|pages\\=85–86}}", "| \\# | Date | Unit | Weapon | Victim |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 20 October 1980 | 81 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\\-7E4 | MiG\\-21MF |\n| 2 | 11 December 1981 | 82 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\\-54A | Mirage F\\-1EQ |\n| *3*? | *11 December 1981* | *82 TFS/TFB 8* | *AIM\\-54A* | *Mirage F\\-1EQ* |\n| 4 | October 1982 | 82 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\\-9 | Sukhoi Su\\-22 |", "", "" ]
### Iran–Iraq War Al\-e\-Agha continued his service after the [Iranian Revolution](/wiki/Iranian_Revolution "Iranian Revolution") and by August 1980, was appointed as the deputy commander of the 8th TFB. He was then tasked by his commander, Colonel Sadeghpour, to provide refresher training for understaffed crew of F\-14s in the wake of revolutionary chaos in the airbase. By mid\-September 1980 Al\-e\-Agha flew more than 40 sorties with around two dozen pilots, in addition to launching a campaign to persuade dismissed officers back to service, together with IRIAF commander Colonel [Javad Fakoori](/wiki/Javad_Fakoori "Javad Fakoori"). By November 1980, he coordinated the operations of aircraft under his command with several intelligence agencies and then on his initiative, a center to control all aerial operations over the battlefield in [Khuzestan](/wiki/Khuzestan_Province "Khuzestan Province") was established in [Ahvaz](/wiki/Ahvaz "Ahvaz"), named Direct Air Support Center. This proved to be very effective in establishing Iranian air superiority over Khuzestan and F\-14s scored many confirmed kills against Iraqi aircraft. Al\-e\-Agha also played an active role in re\-establishment of the 11th Combat Command Training Squadron in Spring 1981, a unit which trained dozens of new pilots with F\-5s. In 1983, he was moved to [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran "Tehran") and appointed as the IRIAF 's deputy to Chief of [Operations](/wiki/Operations_%28military_staff%29 "Operations (military staff)"). In that capacity, he acted as the "primary planner of the air force" despite being the second person in the hierarchy. He also was behind most of air\-defense operations. Al\-e\-Agha served in that position until he was killed in action in 1984\. According to Brigadier General Ahmad Sadik of the [Iraqi Air Force](/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force "Iraqi Air Force") (IrAF) who served in the Intelligence Department, the IrAF was desperately in search of an opportunity to neutralize Al\-e\-Agha, thus closely tracked his activities and whenever he was airborne, special warnings were issued. Hashem Al\-e\-Agha was martyred on August 11, 1984 when his Tomcat was attacked by several Iraqi [Dassault Mirage F1](/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_F1 "Dassault Mirage F1") and shot down by a [Super 530](/wiki/Super_530 "Super 530") missile. His final mission was escorting Iranian oil tankers out of the Persian Gulf. #### Aerial victories {{see also\|List of Iranian aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war}} The exact number of kills by Al\-e\-Agha remains unknown, besides he reportedly had an indifferent attitude toward his personal record.{{citation\|first\=Tom\|last\=Cooper\|url\=https://warisboring.com/iraq\-did\-all\-it\-could\-to\-kill\-hashem\-all\-e\-agha\-irans\-top\-f\-14\-pilot/\|title\=Iraq Did All It Could to Kill Hashem All\-e\-Agha, Iran’s Top F\-14 Pilot\|date\=22 March 2017\|access\-date\=2 November 2021\|work\=War is Boring}} French military historian [Pierre Razoux](/wiki/Pierre_Razoux "Pierre Razoux") has credited him with 3 confirmed kills.{{citation\|last1\=Razoux\|first1\=Pierre\|date\=2015\|translator\=Nicholas Elliott\|title\=The Iran\-Iraq War\|publisher\=Harvard University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-674\-91571\-8\|at\=Table 1\.3: Victories by Iranian pilots (3 or more victories), p. 571}}{{citation\|last1\=Razoux\|first1\=Pierre\|date\=2019\|title\=Le siècle des As (1915\-1988\): Une autre histoire de l'aviation\|publisher\=Place des éditeurs\|isbn\=978\-2\-262\-04827\-3\|language\=fr\|at\=Section 31, p. 15}} Cooper and Bishop have verified successful shooting down of an Iraqi [MiG\-21MF](/wiki/MiG-21MF "MiG-21MF") with AIM\-7E4 in October 1980, while maintaining that he had definitely downed one of the two [Mirage F\-1EQs](/wiki/Mirage_F-1EQ "Mirage F-1EQ") in a December 1981 aerial skirmish (it is probable that the other was downed by Al\-e\-Agha too). Cooper further attributes another victory to Al\-e\-Agha sometime in October 1982, in which he fired an AIM\-9 Sidewinder and sent one of the two Iraqi [Sukhoi Su\-22s](/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-22 "Sukhoi Su-22") into the waters of the Persian Gulf at the time escorting commercial vessels between [Bandar Mahshahr](/wiki/Bandar_Mahshahr "Bandar Mahshahr") and the [Kharg Island](/wiki/Kharg_Island "Kharg Island"). The details of these aerial victories are as the following:{{citation\|last1\=Cooper\|first1\=Tom\|last2\=Bishop\|first2\=Farzad\|editor\-last1\=Holmes\|editor\-first1\=Tony\|editor\-last2\=Hales\-Dutton\|editor\-first2\=Bruce\|title\=Iranian F\-14 Tomcat Units in Combat\|date\=2004\|publisher\=Osprey Publishing\|location\=Oxford\|isbn\=1 84176 787 5\|series\=Osprey Combat Aircraft\|volume\=49\|pages\=85–86}} | \# | Date | Unit | Weapon | Victim | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | 20 October 1980 | 81 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\-7E4 | MiG\-21MF | | 2 | 11 December 1981 | 82 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\-54A | Mirage F\-1EQ | | *3*? | *11 December 1981* | *82 TFS/TFB 8* | *AIM\-54A* | *Mirage F\-1EQ* | | 4 | October 1982 | 82 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\-9 | Sukhoi Su\-22 |
[ "### Iran–Iraq War", "Al\\-e\\-Agha continued his service after the [Iranian Revolution](/wiki/Iranian_Revolution \"Iranian Revolution\") and by August 1980, was appointed as the deputy commander of the 8th TFB. He was then tasked by his commander, Colonel Sadeghpour, to provide refresher training for understaffed crew of F\\-14s in the wake of revolutionary chaos in the airbase. By mid\\-September 1980 Al\\-e\\-Agha flew more than 40 sorties with around two dozen pilots, in addition to launching a campaign to persuade dismissed officers back to service, together with IRIAF commander Colonel [Javad Fakoori](/wiki/Javad_Fakoori \"Javad Fakoori\").", "By November 1980, he coordinated the operations of aircraft under his command with several intelligence agencies and then on his initiative, a center to control all aerial operations over the battlefield in [Khuzestan](/wiki/Khuzestan_Province \"Khuzestan Province\") was established in [Ahvaz](/wiki/Ahvaz \"Ahvaz\"), named Direct Air Support Center. This proved to be very effective in establishing Iranian air superiority over Khuzestan and F\\-14s scored many confirmed kills against Iraqi aircraft. Al\\-e\\-Agha also played an active role in re\\-establishment of the 11th Combat Command Training Squadron in Spring 1981, a unit which trained dozens of new pilots with F\\-5s.", "In 1983, he was moved to [Tehran](/wiki/Tehran \"Tehran\") and appointed as the IRIAF 's deputy to Chief of [Operations](/wiki/Operations_%28military_staff%29 \"Operations (military staff)\"). In that capacity, he acted as the \"primary planner of the air force\" despite being the second person in the hierarchy. He also was behind most of air\\-defense operations. Al\\-e\\-Agha served in that position until he was killed in action in 1984\\.", "According to Brigadier General Ahmad Sadik of the [Iraqi Air Force](/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force \"Iraqi Air Force\") (IrAF) who served in the Intelligence Department, the IrAF was desperately in search of an opportunity to neutralize Al\\-e\\-Agha, thus closely tracked his activities and whenever he was airborne, special warnings were issued.", "Hashem Al\\-e\\-Agha was martyred on August 11, 1984 when his Tomcat was attacked by several Iraqi [Dassault Mirage F1](/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_F1 \"Dassault Mirage F1\") and shot down by a [Super 530](/wiki/Super_530 \"Super 530\") missile. His final mission was escorting Iranian oil tankers out of the Persian Gulf.", "#### Aerial victories", "{{see also\\|List of Iranian aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war}}\nThe exact number of kills by Al\\-e\\-Agha remains unknown, besides he reportedly had an indifferent attitude toward his personal record.{{citation\\|first\\=Tom\\|last\\=Cooper\\|url\\=https://warisboring.com/iraq\\-did\\-all\\-it\\-could\\-to\\-kill\\-hashem\\-all\\-e\\-agha\\-irans\\-top\\-f\\-14\\-pilot/\\|title\\=Iraq Did All It Could to Kill Hashem All\\-e\\-Agha, Iran’s Top F\\-14 Pilot\\|date\\=22 March 2017\\|access\\-date\\=2 November 2021\\|work\\=War is Boring}} French military historian [Pierre Razoux](/wiki/Pierre_Razoux \"Pierre Razoux\") has credited him with 3 confirmed kills.{{citation\\|last1\\=Razoux\\|first1\\=Pierre\\|date\\=2015\\|translator\\=Nicholas Elliott\\|title\\=The Iran\\-Iraq War\\|publisher\\=Harvard University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-674\\-91571\\-8\\|at\\=Table 1\\.3: Victories by Iranian pilots (3 or more victories), p. 571}}{{citation\\|last1\\=Razoux\\|first1\\=Pierre\\|date\\=2019\\|title\\=Le siècle des As (1915\\-1988\\): Une autre histoire de l'aviation\\|publisher\\=Place des éditeurs\\|isbn\\=978\\-2\\-262\\-04827\\-3\\|language\\=fr\\|at\\=Section 31, p. 15}}\nCooper and Bishop have verified successful shooting down of an Iraqi [MiG\\-21MF](/wiki/MiG-21MF \"MiG-21MF\") with AIM\\-7E4 in October 1980, while maintaining that he had definitely downed one of the two [Mirage F\\-1EQs](/wiki/Mirage_F-1EQ \"Mirage F-1EQ\") in a December 1981 aerial skirmish (it is probable that the other was downed by Al\\-e\\-Agha too). Cooper further attributes another victory to Al\\-e\\-Agha sometime in October 1982, in which he fired an AIM\\-9 Sidewinder and sent one of the two Iraqi [Sukhoi Su\\-22s](/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-22 \"Sukhoi Su-22\") into the waters of the Persian Gulf at the time escorting commercial vessels between [Bandar Mahshahr](/wiki/Bandar_Mahshahr \"Bandar Mahshahr\") and the [Kharg Island](/wiki/Kharg_Island \"Kharg Island\").", "The details of these aerial victories are as the following:{{citation\\|last1\\=Cooper\\|first1\\=Tom\\|last2\\=Bishop\\|first2\\=Farzad\\|editor\\-last1\\=Holmes\\|editor\\-first1\\=Tony\\|editor\\-last2\\=Hales\\-Dutton\\|editor\\-first2\\=Bruce\\|title\\=Iranian F\\-14 Tomcat Units in Combat\\|date\\=2004\\|publisher\\=Osprey Publishing\\|location\\=Oxford\\|isbn\\=1 84176 787 5\\|series\\=Osprey Combat Aircraft\\|volume\\=49\\|pages\\=85–86}}", "| \\# | Date | Unit | Weapon | Victim |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 20 October 1980 | 81 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\\-7E4 | MiG\\-21MF |\n| 2 | 11 December 1981 | 82 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\\-54A | Mirage F\\-1EQ |\n| *3*? | *11 December 1981* | *82 TFS/TFB 8* | *AIM\\-54A* | *Mirage F\\-1EQ* |\n| 4 | October 1982 | 82 TFS/TFB 8 | AIM\\-9 | Sukhoi Su\\-22 |", "", "" ]
History ------- In December 1958, the 156th separate mixed air squadron was formed at the Angara proving ground (now the Plesetsk cosmodrome), and in August 1966 it was reorganized into the 17th separate mixed air regiment. Until the early 1990s, the airfield wore the code name "Feather". In some sources it is mentioned under the name “Plestsy” (after the name of a nearby lake), on the English\-speaking maps it is designated as “Plestsy Airport”. In 2004, the airfield was reconstructed: the light\-signal and radio\-technical equipment was replaced, strengthened and extended by 600 m [runway](/wiki/Runway "Runway"), which allows the airfield to receive aircraft types [Il\-76](/wiki/Il-76 "Il-76"), [Tu\-154](/wiki/Tu-154 "Tu-154") and lighter, as well as [helicopters](/wiki/Helicopter "Helicopter") of all types. The maximum take\-off weight of the aircraft is 200 tons. Previously, [An\-26](/wiki/An-26 "An-26"), [An\-30](/wiki/An-30 "An-30"), [An\-72](/wiki/An-72 "An-72"), [An\-12](/wiki/An-12 "An-12") airplanes and [Mil Mi\-8](/wiki/Mil_Mi-8 "Mil Mi-8") helicopters from the structure of the former 17th separate mixed air regiment (military unit 32177\) were based here. Then the 17th separate mixed air squadron (military unit 34185\) was formed. In January 2014, the 17th OSAE was liquidated along with one of the country's few technical maintenance units and redeployed to 33 OTSAP ([Levashovo (air base)](/wiki/Levashovo_%28air_base%29 "Levashovo (air base)")) in Vyborgsky district of St. Petersburg, which does not have such infrastructure. And at the airfield Plesetsk formed the aviation commandant's office, which is also part of 33 OTSAP. In August 2015, the aviation commandant's office of the Plesetsk airfield was reassigned to 7050 base of the Northern Fleet.
[ "History\n-------", "In December 1958, the 156th separate mixed air squadron was formed at the Angara proving ground (now the Plesetsk cosmodrome), and in August 1966 it was reorganized into the 17th separate mixed air regiment.", "Until the early 1990s, the airfield wore the code name \"Feather\". In some sources it is mentioned under the name “Plestsy” (after the name of a nearby lake), on the English\\-speaking maps it is designated as “Plestsy Airport”.", "In 2004, the airfield was reconstructed: the light\\-signal and radio\\-technical equipment was replaced, strengthened and extended by 600 m [runway](/wiki/Runway \"Runway\"), which allows the airfield to receive aircraft types [Il\\-76](/wiki/Il-76 \"Il-76\"), [Tu\\-154](/wiki/Tu-154 \"Tu-154\") and lighter, as well as [helicopters](/wiki/Helicopter \"Helicopter\") of all types. The maximum take\\-off weight of the aircraft is 200 tons.", "Previously, [An\\-26](/wiki/An-26 \"An-26\"), [An\\-30](/wiki/An-30 \"An-30\"), [An\\-72](/wiki/An-72 \"An-72\"), [An\\-12](/wiki/An-12 \"An-12\") airplanes and [Mil Mi\\-8](/wiki/Mil_Mi-8 \"Mil Mi-8\") helicopters from the structure of the former 17th separate mixed air regiment (military unit 32177\\) were based here. Then the 17th separate mixed air squadron (military unit 34185\\) was formed.", "In January 2014, the 17th OSAE was liquidated along with one of the country's few technical maintenance units and redeployed to 33 OTSAP ([Levashovo (air base)](/wiki/Levashovo_%28air_base%29 \"Levashovo (air base)\")) in Vyborgsky district of St. Petersburg, which does not have such infrastructure. And at the airfield Plesetsk formed the aviation commandant's office, which is also part of 33 OTSAP. In August 2015, the aviation commandant's office of the Plesetsk airfield was reassigned to 7050 base of the Northern Fleet.", "" ]
Biography --------- Barry Smith was a school teacher and had taught in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. He left his employment to lecture on end time eventscaterpillar.org.uk [Acknowledgements](http://www.caterpillar.org.uk/warning/) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724131317/http://www.caterpillar.org.uk/warning/ \|date\=24 July 2012 }} and the lead up to the new world order. While in [Western Samoa](/wiki/Western_Samoa "Western Samoa"), he met May, a young Samoan woman who was to become his wife. Smith was highly concerned about the [New World Order](/wiki/New_World_Order_%28conspiracy%29 "New World Order (conspiracy)"), [One World Government](/wiki/One_World_Government "One World Government") and the [Mark of the Beast](/wiki/Mark_of_the_beast "Mark of the beast"), which he believed would be achieved through some form of modern technology such as barcode tattoos, or a subcutaneous chip used to replace money, such as those currently being sold by VeriChip. He stated that he was not a prophet (more precisely that he had no supernatural prescient knowledge of further events) but that his analysis of global situations coupled with his understanding of biblical end\-times prophecy led him to make predictions concerning near\-future global events. For Barry Smith, a one world government would be satanic and evil, a belief taken from his study of biblical prophecy. He was strongly Anti\-[Masonic](/wiki/Freemasonry "Freemasonry"). He talked about the detail of the "great seal" on the [US$1 bill](/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill "United States one-dollar bill"), linking the symbolism to Freemasonry, and the layout of certain landmark buildings in Washington DC in which he claimed could be found the Masonic square and compass, and the inverted [pentagram](/wiki/Pentagram "Pentagram"). ### Beliefs Smith wrote several books (see details below) and gave regular public addresses, usually to audiences at churches both in major cities and small towns all around the world. His themes were principally [Christian eschatology](/wiki/Christian_eschatology "Christian eschatology"), [conspiracy theory](/wiki/Conspiracy_theory "Conspiracy theory") and a Christian evangelical message encouraging his audiences to accept [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus "Jesus") Christ as their Saviour. Many bold claims were made by Smith, both in his books and at his public meetings which were controversial. He preached and lectured using many anecdotes, many of which were not easy to independently verify. Frequently it was not clear through how many intermediaries a story had passed before reaching him and his audience. Smith was a proponent of the [9/11 conspiracy theories](/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories "9/11 conspiracy theories"), claiming that the [11 September attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") were orchestrated by the US federal government.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Barry Smith was a school teacher and had taught in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. He left his employment to lecture on end time eventscaterpillar.org.uk [Acknowledgements](http://www.caterpillar.org.uk/warning/) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724131317/http://www.caterpillar.org.uk/warning/ \\|date\\=24 July 2012 }} and the lead up to the new world order. While in [Western Samoa](/wiki/Western_Samoa \"Western Samoa\"), he met May, a young Samoan woman who was to become his wife.", "Smith was highly concerned about the [New World Order](/wiki/New_World_Order_%28conspiracy%29 \"New World Order (conspiracy)\"), [One World Government](/wiki/One_World_Government \"One World Government\") and the [Mark of the Beast](/wiki/Mark_of_the_beast \"Mark of the beast\"), which he believed would be achieved through some form of modern technology such as barcode tattoos, or a subcutaneous chip used to replace money, such as those currently being sold by VeriChip. He stated that he was not a prophet (more precisely that he had no supernatural prescient knowledge of further events) but that his analysis of global situations coupled with his understanding of biblical end\\-times prophecy led him to make predictions concerning near\\-future global events.", "For Barry Smith, a one world government would be satanic and evil, a belief taken from his study of biblical prophecy.", "He was strongly Anti\\-[Masonic](/wiki/Freemasonry \"Freemasonry\"). He talked about the detail of the \"great seal\" on the [US$1 bill](/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill \"United States one-dollar bill\"), linking the symbolism to Freemasonry, and the layout of certain landmark buildings in Washington DC in which he claimed could be found the Masonic square and compass, and the inverted [pentagram](/wiki/Pentagram \"Pentagram\").", "### Beliefs", "Smith wrote several books (see details below) and gave regular public addresses, usually to audiences at churches both in major cities and small towns all around the world. His themes were principally [Christian eschatology](/wiki/Christian_eschatology \"Christian eschatology\"), [conspiracy theory](/wiki/Conspiracy_theory \"Conspiracy theory\") and a Christian evangelical message encouraging his audiences to accept [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus \"Jesus\") Christ as their Saviour.", "Many bold claims were made by Smith, both in his books and at his public meetings which were controversial. He preached and lectured using many anecdotes, many of which were not easy to independently verify. Frequently it was not clear through how many intermediaries a story had passed before reaching him and his audience.", "Smith was a proponent of the [9/11 conspiracy theories](/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories \"9/11 conspiracy theories\"), claiming that the [11 September attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\") were orchestrated by the US federal government.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### Active player era On November 20, 1993, Matoyama was drafted fourth round pick by the [Kintetsu Buffaloes](/wiki/Osaka_Kintetsu_Buffaloes "Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes") in the [1993 Nippon Professional Baseball draft](/wiki/1993%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%B8%E6%89%8B%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0_%28%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E9%87%8E%E7%90%83%29 "1993年度新人選手選択会議 (日本プロ野球)"). He made his debut in the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League "Pacific League") in {{Baseball year\|1994}} appearing in one game. And he played 117 games in the 1999 season, his most ever. The [2004 Nippon Professional Baseball realignment](/wiki/2004_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_realignment "2004 Nippon Professional Baseball realignment") eliminated the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes, and he became a member of the Orix Buffaloes in the distribution draft. He played three seasons with the Orix Buffaloes before moving to the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks for the 2008 season and retiring that offseason. Matoyama played in 1026 games during his 15\-season career, and recorded [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") .206 with 423 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)"), 40 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run"), and 201 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in "Run batted in"). ### After retirement After his retirement,Matoyama has served as the first squad battery coach for the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks since the 2009 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/6600\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2010/11/08(月) プレスリリース 人事について\|language\=ja\-JP\|website\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\|date\=November 8, 2010\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}} Starting with the 2013 season, he moved to the second squad battery coach position, then back to first squad battery coach for the 2015 season, and third squad battery coach for the 2016 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/9251\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2012/10/29(月) プレスリリース 2013年 コーチングスタッフについて\|language\=ja\-JP\|website\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\|date\=October 29, 2012\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/11493\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2014/11/08(土) プレスリリース コーチ担当変更のお知らせ\|language\=ja\-JP\|website\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\|date\=November 8, 2014\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/12681\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2015/11/03(火) プレスリリース コーチ担当変更のお知らせ\|language\=ja\-JP\|website\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\|date\=November 3, 2015\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}} In addition, he was in charge of the second squad battery coach from the 2017 season and the third squad battery coach from the 2022 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/13881\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2016/10/28(金) プレスリリース コーチ担当変更のお知らせ\|language\=ja\-JP\|website\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\|date\=October 28, 2016\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/00004824\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2015/11/01(月) プレスリリース 2022年 コーチングスタッフについて\|language\=ja\-JP\|website\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\|date\=November 1, 2022\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}} He served as the first squad battery coach for the third time during the 2023 season. {{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/00006092\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2022/11/28(月) 2023年コーチングスタッフについて(2022年11月28日現在)language\=ja\-JP\|website\=\[\[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]] Official site\|date\=November 28, 2022\|access\-date\=December 1, 2022}} On December 2, 2023, he was transferred to the fourth squad battery coach.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/202300450723\.html\|title\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2023/12/02 (土) プレスリリース 2024年 コーチングスタッフについて\|language\=ja\-JP\|website\=\[\[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]] Official site\|date\=December 2, 2023\|access\-date\=December 10, 2023}}
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### Active player era", "On November 20, 1993, Matoyama was drafted fourth round pick by the [Kintetsu Buffaloes](/wiki/Osaka_Kintetsu_Buffaloes \"Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes\") in the [1993 Nippon Professional Baseball draft](/wiki/1993%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%B8%E6%89%8B%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0_%28%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E9%87%8E%E7%90%83%29 \"1993年度新人選手選択会議 (日本プロ野球)\").", "He made his debut in the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League \"Pacific League\") in {{Baseball year\\|1994}} appearing in one game. And he played 117 games in the 1999 season, his most ever.", "The [2004 Nippon Professional Baseball realignment](/wiki/2004_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_realignment \"2004 Nippon Professional Baseball realignment\") eliminated the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes, and he became a member of the Orix Buffaloes in the distribution draft.", "He played three seasons with the Orix Buffaloes before moving to the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks for the 2008 season and retiring that offseason.", "Matoyama played in 1026 games during his 15\\-season career, and recorded [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") .206 with 423 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\"), 40 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\"), and 201 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in \"Run batted in\").", "### After retirement", "After his retirement,Matoyama has served as the first squad battery coach for the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks since the 2009 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/6600\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2010/11/08(月) プレスリリース 人事について\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\\|date\\=November 8, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}", "Starting with the 2013 season, he moved to the second squad battery coach position, then back to first squad battery coach for the 2015 season, and third squad battery coach for the 2016 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/9251\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2012/10/29(月) プレスリリース 2013年 コーチングスタッフについて\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\\|date\\=October 29, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/11493\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2014/11/08(土) プレスリリース コーチ担当変更のお知らせ\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\\|date\\=November 8, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/12681\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2015/11/03(火) プレスリリース コーチ担当変更のお知らせ\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\\|date\\=November 3, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}", "In addition, he was in charge of the second squad battery coach from the 2017 season and the third squad battery coach from the 2022 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/13881\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2016/10/28(金) プレスリリース コーチ担当変更のお知らせ\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\\|date\\=October 28, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/00004824\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2015/11/01(月) プレスリリース 2022年 コーチングスタッフについて\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site\\|date\\=November 1, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}", "He served as the first squad battery coach for the third time during the 2023 season.\n{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/00006092\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2022/11/28(月) 2023年コーチングスタッフについて(2022年11月28日現在)language\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=\\[\\[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]] Official site\\|date\\=November 28, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2022}}", "On December 2, 2023, he was transferred to the fourth squad battery coach.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.softbankhawks.co.jp/news/detail/202300450723\\.html\\|title\\=Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks press release 2023/12/02 (土) プレスリリース 2024年 コーチングスタッフについて\\|language\\=ja\\-JP\\|website\\=\\[\\[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]] Official site\\|date\\=December 2, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2023}}", "" ]
### Active player era On November 20, 1993, Matoyama was drafted fourth round pick by the [Kintetsu Buffaloes](/wiki/Osaka_Kintetsu_Buffaloes "Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes") in the [1993 Nippon Professional Baseball draft](/wiki/1993%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%B8%E6%89%8B%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0_%28%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E9%87%8E%E7%90%83%29 "1993年度新人選手選択会議 (日本プロ野球)"). He made his debut in the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League "Pacific League") in {{Baseball year\|1994}} appearing in one game. And he played 117 games in the 1999 season, his most ever. The [2004 Nippon Professional Baseball realignment](/wiki/2004_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_realignment "2004 Nippon Professional Baseball realignment") eliminated the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes, and he became a member of the Orix Buffaloes in the distribution draft. He played three seasons with the Orix Buffaloes before moving to the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks for the 2008 season and retiring that offseason. Matoyama played in 1026 games during his 15\-season career, and recorded [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") .206 with 423 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)"), 40 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run "Home run"), and 201 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in "Run batted in").
[ "### Active player era", "On November 20, 1993, Matoyama was drafted fourth round pick by the [Kintetsu Buffaloes](/wiki/Osaka_Kintetsu_Buffaloes \"Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes\") in the [1993 Nippon Professional Baseball draft](/wiki/1993%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%B8%E6%89%8B%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0_%28%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E9%87%8E%E7%90%83%29 \"1993年度新人選手選択会議 (日本プロ野球)\").", "He made his debut in the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League \"Pacific League\") in {{Baseball year\\|1994}} appearing in one game. And he played 117 games in the 1999 season, his most ever.", "The [2004 Nippon Professional Baseball realignment](/wiki/2004_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_realignment \"2004 Nippon Professional Baseball realignment\") eliminated the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes, and he became a member of the Orix Buffaloes in the distribution draft.", "He played three seasons with the Orix Buffaloes before moving to the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks for the 2008 season and retiring that offseason.", "Matoyama played in 1026 games during his 15\\-season career, and recorded [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") .206 with 423 [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\"), 40 [home runs](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\"), and 201 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in \"Run batted in\").", "" ]
Software -------- The development of Cloud Foundry is supported by the Cloud Foundry Foundation, through the governance process agreed to by its members.{{cite web \| date \= Mar 2014 \| url\= http://www.infoq.com/news/2014/03/cloud\_foundry\_foundation \| work \= Info Q \| title\= Cloud Foundry Foundation \| access\-date\= Nov 7, 2014}} The source code is under an [Apache License 2\.0](/wiki/Apache_License_2.0 "Apache License 2.0"). and contributions are made based on the Cloud Foundry contributors' licenses for individuals and corporations. Born on a [container](/wiki/OS-level_virtualization "OS-level virtualization")\-based architecture, Cloud Foundry is able to support innovation in containers through collaboration with other projects and standards such as [Open Container Initiative](/wiki/Open_Container_Initiative "Open Container Initiative") (OCI) and [Container Network Interface](/wiki/Container_Network_Interface "Container Network Interface") (CNI). Languages and frameworks that can be deployed using the buildpack lifecycle include:{{Citation \| title \= Build packs \| publisher \= Cloud Foundry \| type \= documentation \| url \= http://docs.cloudfoundry.org/buildpacks/}}.{{Citation \| title \= Build packs \| publisher \= Git hub \|type \=wiki \| url \= https://github.com/cloudfoundry\-community/cf\-docs\-contrib/wiki/Buildpacks}}. | Language | Framework | | --- | --- | | [Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 "Java (programming language)") | [Spring](/wiki/Spring_Framework "Spring Framework") | | [Ruby](/wiki/Ruby_%28programming_language%29 "Ruby (programming language)"){{cite web \| url \= https://github.com/cloudfoundry/ruby\-buildpack/releases \| title\=Cloud Foundry ruby\-buildpack Release Notes \| website\=\[\[GitHub]] \| access\-date\= Aug 20, 2015}} | [Rails](/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails "Ruby on Rails"), [Sinatra](/wiki/Sinatra_%28software%29 "Sinatra (software)") | | [JavaScript](/wiki/JavaScript "JavaScript") | [Node.js](/wiki/Node.js "Node.js") | | [.NET](/wiki/.NET_Framework ".NET Framework") | [.NET Framework](/wiki/.NET_Framework ".NET Framework") | | [.NET Core](/wiki/.NET_Core ".NET Core") | .NET Core Framework | | [Python](/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29 "Python (programming language)"){{cite web \| url \= https://github.com/cloudfoundry/python\-buildpack/releases \| title\=Cloud Foundry python\-buildpack Release Notes \| website\=\[\[GitHub]] \| access\-date\=Mar 14, 2016}} | Python | | [PHP](/wiki/PHP "PHP") | PHP | | [Go](/wiki/Go_%28programming_language%29 "Go (programming language)"){{cite web \| url \= https://github.com/cloudfoundry/go\-buildpack/releases \| title\=Cloud Foundry go\-buildpack Release Notes \| website\=\[\[GitHub]] \| access\-date\= Aug 20, 2015}} | Go | In addition to the buildpack lifecycle, applications packaged as [Docker images](/wiki/Docker_%28software%29 "Docker (software)") can be deployed using the Docker lifecycle. Cloud Foundry Application Runtime can be deployed to many different infrastructure providers, including VMware’s [vSphere](/wiki/VSphere "VSphere"), [OpenStack](/wiki/OpenStack "OpenStack"), [Amazon Web Services](/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services"), [Microsoft Azure](/wiki/Microsoft_Azure "Microsoft Azure"), [IBM Cloud](/wiki/IBM_Cloud "IBM Cloud"), [Google Cloud Platform](/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform "Google Cloud Platform"), [SAP Cloud Platform](/wiki/SAP_Cloud_Platform "SAP Cloud Platform"), [Alibaba Cloud](/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud "Alibaba Cloud") and others using the Cloud Provider Interface (CPI) capability of the Cloud Foundry BOSH project.{{cite web\|url\=http://docs.cloudfoundry.org/deploying/openstack/\|title\=Deploying Cloud Foundry on OpenStack\|access\-date\=November 7, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130182616/http://docs.cloudfoundry.org/deploying/openstack/\|archive\-date\=January 30, 2017\|url\-status\=dead}} Cloud Foundry is deprecated on IBM Cloud as of October 2022\.{{cite web\|url\=https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/cloud\-foundry\-public?topic\=cloud\-foundry\-public\-deprecation\|title\=Deprecation of IBM Cloud Foundry. Last updated 2022\-10\-31\|access\-date\=November 29, 2022}} It is also possible to install Cloud Foundry using a BOSH\-Lite [Vagrant](/wiki/Vagrant_%28software%29 "Vagrant (software)") virtual machine.{{Citation \| work \= Deploying \| title \= Run local \| publisher \= Cloud Foundry \| type \= documentation \| url \= https://docs.cloudfoundry.org/deploying/boshlite/index.html \| access\-date \= 2017\-01\-12 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170118125556/https://docs.cloudfoundry.org/deploying/boshlite/index.html \| archive\-date \= 2017\-01\-18 \| url\-status \= dead }}.
[ "Software\n--------", "The development of Cloud Foundry is supported by the Cloud Foundry Foundation, through the governance process agreed to by its members.{{cite web \\| date \\= Mar 2014 \\| url\\= http://www.infoq.com/news/2014/03/cloud\\_foundry\\_foundation \\| work \\= Info Q \\| title\\= Cloud Foundry Foundation \\| access\\-date\\= Nov 7, 2014}}", "The source code is under an [Apache License 2\\.0](/wiki/Apache_License_2.0 \"Apache License 2.0\"). and contributions are made based on the Cloud Foundry contributors' licenses for individuals and corporations.", "Born on a [container](/wiki/OS-level_virtualization \"OS-level virtualization\")\\-based architecture, Cloud Foundry is able to support innovation in containers through collaboration with other projects and standards such as [Open Container Initiative](/wiki/Open_Container_Initiative \"Open Container Initiative\") (OCI) and [Container Network Interface](/wiki/Container_Network_Interface \"Container Network Interface\") (CNI).", "Languages and frameworks that can be deployed using the buildpack lifecycle include:{{Citation \\| title \\= Build packs \\| publisher \\= Cloud Foundry \\| type \\= documentation \\| url \\= http://docs.cloudfoundry.org/buildpacks/}}.{{Citation \\| title \\= Build packs \\| publisher \\= Git hub \\|type \\=wiki \\| url \\= https://github.com/cloudfoundry\\-community/cf\\-docs\\-contrib/wiki/Buildpacks}}.", "| Language | Framework |\n| --- | --- |\n| [Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 \"Java (programming language)\") | [Spring](/wiki/Spring_Framework \"Spring Framework\") |\n| [Ruby](/wiki/Ruby_%28programming_language%29 \"Ruby (programming language)\"){{cite web \\| url \\= https://github.com/cloudfoundry/ruby\\-buildpack/releases \\| title\\=Cloud Foundry ruby\\-buildpack Release Notes \\| website\\=\\[\\[GitHub]] \\| access\\-date\\= Aug 20, 2015}} | [Rails](/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails \"Ruby on Rails\"), [Sinatra](/wiki/Sinatra_%28software%29 \"Sinatra (software)\") |\n| [JavaScript](/wiki/JavaScript \"JavaScript\") | [Node.js](/wiki/Node.js \"Node.js\") |\n| [.NET](/wiki/.NET_Framework \".NET Framework\") | [.NET Framework](/wiki/.NET_Framework \".NET Framework\") |\n| [.NET Core](/wiki/.NET_Core \".NET Core\") | .NET Core Framework |\n| [Python](/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29 \"Python (programming language)\"){{cite web \\| url \\= https://github.com/cloudfoundry/python\\-buildpack/releases \\| title\\=Cloud Foundry python\\-buildpack Release Notes \\| website\\=\\[\\[GitHub]] \\| access\\-date\\=Mar 14, 2016}} | Python |\n| [PHP](/wiki/PHP \"PHP\") | PHP |\n| [Go](/wiki/Go_%28programming_language%29 \"Go (programming language)\"){{cite web \\| url \\= https://github.com/cloudfoundry/go\\-buildpack/releases \\| title\\=Cloud Foundry go\\-buildpack Release Notes \\| website\\=\\[\\[GitHub]] \\| access\\-date\\= Aug 20, 2015}} | Go |", "", "In addition to the buildpack lifecycle, applications packaged as [Docker images](/wiki/Docker_%28software%29 \"Docker (software)\") can be deployed using the Docker lifecycle.", "Cloud Foundry Application Runtime can be deployed to many different infrastructure providers, including VMware’s [vSphere](/wiki/VSphere \"VSphere\"), [OpenStack](/wiki/OpenStack \"OpenStack\"), [Amazon Web Services](/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\"), [Microsoft Azure](/wiki/Microsoft_Azure \"Microsoft Azure\"), [IBM Cloud](/wiki/IBM_Cloud \"IBM Cloud\"), [Google Cloud Platform](/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform \"Google Cloud Platform\"), [SAP Cloud Platform](/wiki/SAP_Cloud_Platform \"SAP Cloud Platform\"), [Alibaba Cloud](/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud \"Alibaba Cloud\") and others using the Cloud Provider Interface (CPI) capability of the Cloud Foundry BOSH project.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://docs.cloudfoundry.org/deploying/openstack/\\|title\\=Deploying Cloud Foundry on OpenStack\\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130182616/http://docs.cloudfoundry.org/deploying/openstack/\\|archive\\-date\\=January 30, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Cloud Foundry is deprecated on IBM Cloud as of October 2022\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/cloud\\-foundry\\-public?topic\\=cloud\\-foundry\\-public\\-deprecation\\|title\\=Deprecation of IBM Cloud Foundry. Last updated 2022\\-10\\-31\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2022}}", "It is also possible to install Cloud Foundry using a BOSH\\-Lite [Vagrant](/wiki/Vagrant_%28software%29 \"Vagrant (software)\") virtual machine.{{Citation \\| work \\= Deploying \\| title \\= Run local \\| publisher \\= Cloud Foundry \\| type \\= documentation \\| url \\= https://docs.cloudfoundry.org/deploying/boshlite/index.html \\| access\\-date \\= 2017\\-01\\-12 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170118125556/https://docs.cloudfoundry.org/deploying/boshlite/index.html \\| archive\\-date \\= 2017\\-01\\-18 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}.", "" ]
Aquatic wildlife ---------------- ### Native aquatic wildlife Lake Huron is home to 139 native fish species, many of which are found in Fathom Five Provincial park. Some examples include [sculpins](/wiki/Sculpin "Sculpin"), [gizzard shad](/wiki/Dorosoma "Dorosoma"), [shiners](/wiki/Shiner_%28fish%29 "Shiner (fish)"), and [ciscoes](/wiki/Cisco_%28fish%29 "Cisco (fish)"). These fish sustain populations of larger [predatory](/wiki/Predation "Predation") species such as [pike](/wiki/Esox "Esox"), [muskellunge](/wiki/Muskellunge "Muskellunge"), [large](/wiki/Largemouth_bass "Largemouth bass") and [smallmouth](/wiki/Smallmouth_bass "Smallmouth bass") bass, [brook trout](/wiki/Brook_trout "Brook trout"), and [walleye](/wiki/Walleye "Walleye"). These native species are dispersed throughout the great lakes watershed. Lake Huron is also home to eight native [turtle](/wiki/Turtle "Turtle") species, including the [spotted turtle](/wiki/Spotted_turtle "Spotted turtle") (*Clemmys guttata*), [Blanding’s turtle](/wiki/Blanding%27s_turtle "Blanding's turtle") (*Emydoidea blandingii*), [spiny softshell turtle](/wiki/Spiny_softshell_turtle "Spiny softshell turtle") (*Apalone spinifera*), [northern map turtle](/wiki/Northern_map_turtle "Northern map turtle") (*Graptemys geographica*), [eastern musk turtle](/wiki/Sternotherus_odoratus "Sternotherus odoratus") (*Sternotherus odoratus*), [snapping turtle](/wiki/Chelydridae "Chelydridae") (*Chelydra serpentina*), midland painted turtle (*Chrysemys picta marginata*), and [wood turtle](/wiki/Wood_turtle "Wood turtle") (*Glyptemys insculpta*). Out of these species, two are listed as endangered, two are listed "threatened", and three species are of special concern.Lawrie, R. E., 2017\. Lake Huron’s turtles and the wetlands they call home. Lake Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation. The reduction of coastal wetlands has greatly impacted turtles in Lake Huron, including the Bruce Peninsula. Fathom Five National park is home to several wetlands. These wetlands are critical habitat to sensitive species such as turtles, [black terns](/wiki/Black_tern "Black tern"), [king rails](/wiki/King_rail "King rail"), [herons](/wiki/Heron "Heron"), Black crest night herons and other species of special concern. ### Non\-native aquatic wildlife Lake Huron is home to several introduced and invasive species. [Pacific salmon](/wiki/Oncorhynchus "Oncorhynchus") were introduced to Lake Huron; specifically, [Chinook](/wiki/Chinook_salmon "Chinook salmon"), [coho](/wiki/Coho_salmon "Coho salmon") and [pink salmon](/wiki/Pink_salmon "Pink salmon") were intentionally introduced by sport fishermen. Additionally, invasive species introduced via [ballast water](/wiki/Sailing_ballast "Sailing ballast"), man\-made [canals](/wiki/Canal "Canal"), [aquaculture](/wiki/Aquaculture "Aquaculture"), and the [pet trade](/wiki/Wildlife_trade "Wildlife trade") have established large populations within the lakes. [Lampreys](/wiki/Lamprey "Lamprey"), [alewives](/wiki/Alewife_%28fish%29 "Alewife (fish)"), and [quagga mussels](/wiki/Quagga_mussel "Quagga mussel") are the most common examples of invasive species in the Great Lakes."Great Lakes Fishery Commission \- The Fishery". *www.glfc.org*. Retrieved 2022\-10\-14\. Invasive species have affected the lake ecosystem considerably. Quagga mussels are [filter feeders](/wiki/Filter_feeder "Filter feeder"), and filter water through their [siphons](/wiki/Siphon "Siphon") in order to trap [algae](/wiki/Algae "Algae") and [plankton](/wiki/Plankton "Plankton"). These mussels are so prevalent that their filtration has drastically changed the clarity of the water, allowing algae to grow on rock structures on the lake bed where it would not previously be present. Predatory fish have also been affected greatly by invasive species. The clarity of the water, created by quagga mussels,Blok, Andrew (2021\-02\-02\). "30 Years Later: Mussel invasion legacy reaches far beyond Great Lakes". *Great Lakes Now*. Retrieved 2022\-11\-07\. causes [ambush predators](/wiki/Ambush_predator "Ambush predator") to be less successful in ambushing prey. [Keystone](/wiki/Keystone_species "Keystone species") native species such as [lake trout](/wiki/Lake_trout "Lake trout"), muskellunge, and pike have been greatly affected by this change. Large fish species have also been affected by the sea lamprey. Lampreys are a [parasitic](/wiki/Parasitism "Parasitism") predator, and attach themselves to large fish and feed on the [blood](/wiki/Blood "Blood") of their prey. Lampreys are native to the Great Lakes; [Silver](/wiki/Silver_lamprey "Silver lamprey"), [chestnut](/wiki/Chestnut_lamprey "Chestnut lamprey"), [American brook](/wiki/Lethenteron_appendix "Lethenteron appendix"), and [northern brook lamprey](/wiki/Northern_brook_lamprey "Northern brook lamprey") are native to streams and rivers in the watershed of the Great Lakes, including Lake Huron. Native lampreys are not large enough to have a significant effect on the fish they prey on, however invasive sea lampreys are much larger, and fish that they prey on are much more prone to die as they are not used to such large parasites. It was estimated that only one in seven fish preyed on by sea lampreys would survive.McGuire, Meg (2021\-05\-12\). "Lampreys: ugly? Maybe, but they play a big role in river health". *Delaware Currents*. Retrieved 2022\-10\-14\.
[ "Aquatic wildlife\n----------------", "### Native aquatic wildlife", "Lake Huron is home to 139 native fish species, many of which are found in Fathom Five Provincial park. Some examples include [sculpins](/wiki/Sculpin \"Sculpin\"), [gizzard shad](/wiki/Dorosoma \"Dorosoma\"), [shiners](/wiki/Shiner_%28fish%29 \"Shiner (fish)\"), and [ciscoes](/wiki/Cisco_%28fish%29 \"Cisco (fish)\"). These fish sustain populations of larger [predatory](/wiki/Predation \"Predation\") species such as [pike](/wiki/Esox \"Esox\"), [muskellunge](/wiki/Muskellunge \"Muskellunge\"), [large](/wiki/Largemouth_bass \"Largemouth bass\") and [smallmouth](/wiki/Smallmouth_bass \"Smallmouth bass\") bass, [brook trout](/wiki/Brook_trout \"Brook trout\"), and [walleye](/wiki/Walleye \"Walleye\"). These native species are dispersed throughout the great lakes watershed.", "Lake Huron is also home to eight native [turtle](/wiki/Turtle \"Turtle\") species, including the [spotted turtle](/wiki/Spotted_turtle \"Spotted turtle\") (*Clemmys guttata*), [Blanding’s turtle](/wiki/Blanding%27s_turtle \"Blanding's turtle\") (*Emydoidea blandingii*), [spiny softshell turtle](/wiki/Spiny_softshell_turtle \"Spiny softshell turtle\") (*Apalone spinifera*), [northern map turtle](/wiki/Northern_map_turtle \"Northern map turtle\") (*Graptemys geographica*), [eastern musk turtle](/wiki/Sternotherus_odoratus \"Sternotherus odoratus\") (*Sternotherus odoratus*), [snapping turtle](/wiki/Chelydridae \"Chelydridae\") (*Chelydra serpentina*), midland painted turtle (*Chrysemys picta marginata*), and [wood turtle](/wiki/Wood_turtle \"Wood turtle\") (*Glyptemys insculpta*). Out of these species, two are listed as endangered, two are listed \"threatened\", and three species are of special concern.Lawrie, R. E., 2017\\. Lake Huron’s turtles and the wetlands they call home. Lake Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation. The reduction of coastal wetlands has greatly impacted turtles in Lake Huron, including the Bruce Peninsula. Fathom Five National park is home to several wetlands. These wetlands are critical habitat to sensitive species such as turtles, [black terns](/wiki/Black_tern \"Black tern\"), [king rails](/wiki/King_rail \"King rail\"), [herons](/wiki/Heron \"Heron\"), Black crest night herons and other species of special concern.", "### Non\\-native aquatic wildlife", "Lake Huron is home to several introduced and invasive species. [Pacific salmon](/wiki/Oncorhynchus \"Oncorhynchus\") were introduced to Lake Huron; specifically, [Chinook](/wiki/Chinook_salmon \"Chinook salmon\"), [coho](/wiki/Coho_salmon \"Coho salmon\") and [pink salmon](/wiki/Pink_salmon \"Pink salmon\") were intentionally introduced by sport fishermen. Additionally, invasive species introduced via [ballast water](/wiki/Sailing_ballast \"Sailing ballast\"), man\\-made [canals](/wiki/Canal \"Canal\"), [aquaculture](/wiki/Aquaculture \"Aquaculture\"), and the [pet trade](/wiki/Wildlife_trade \"Wildlife trade\") have established large populations within the lakes. [Lampreys](/wiki/Lamprey \"Lamprey\"), [alewives](/wiki/Alewife_%28fish%29 \"Alewife (fish)\"), and [quagga mussels](/wiki/Quagga_mussel \"Quagga mussel\") are the most common examples of invasive species in the Great Lakes.\"Great Lakes Fishery Commission \\- The Fishery\". *www.glfc.org*. Retrieved 2022\\-10\\-14\\.", "Invasive species have affected the lake ecosystem considerably. Quagga mussels are [filter feeders](/wiki/Filter_feeder \"Filter feeder\"), and filter water through their [siphons](/wiki/Siphon \"Siphon\") in order to trap [algae](/wiki/Algae \"Algae\") and [plankton](/wiki/Plankton \"Plankton\"). These mussels are so prevalent that their filtration has drastically changed the clarity of the water, allowing algae to grow on rock structures on the lake bed where it would not previously be present. Predatory fish have also been affected greatly by invasive species. The clarity of the water, created by quagga mussels,Blok, Andrew (2021\\-02\\-02\\). \"30 Years Later: Mussel invasion legacy reaches far beyond Great Lakes\". *Great Lakes Now*. Retrieved 2022\\-11\\-07\\. causes [ambush predators](/wiki/Ambush_predator \"Ambush predator\") to be less successful in ambushing prey. [Keystone](/wiki/Keystone_species \"Keystone species\") native species such as [lake trout](/wiki/Lake_trout \"Lake trout\"), muskellunge, and pike have been greatly affected by this change. Large fish species have also been affected by the sea lamprey.", "Lampreys are a [parasitic](/wiki/Parasitism \"Parasitism\") predator, and attach themselves to large fish and feed on the [blood](/wiki/Blood \"Blood\") of their prey. Lampreys are native to the Great Lakes; [Silver](/wiki/Silver_lamprey \"Silver lamprey\"), [chestnut](/wiki/Chestnut_lamprey \"Chestnut lamprey\"), [American brook](/wiki/Lethenteron_appendix \"Lethenteron appendix\"), and [northern brook lamprey](/wiki/Northern_brook_lamprey \"Northern brook lamprey\") are native to streams and rivers in the watershed of the Great Lakes, including Lake Huron. Native lampreys are not large enough to have a significant effect on the fish they prey on, however invasive sea lampreys are much larger, and fish that they prey on are much more prone to die as they are not used to such large parasites. It was estimated that only one in seven fish preyed on by sea lampreys would survive.McGuire, Meg (2021\\-05\\-12\\). \"Lampreys: ugly? Maybe, but they play a big role in river health\". *Delaware Currents*. Retrieved 2022\\-10\\-14\\.", "" ]
Biography --------- Milstein was born in [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa "Odessa"), [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"), the fourth child of seven, to a middle\-class Jewish family with no musical background.[Milstein, Nathan](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/milstein-nathan) at *JVL* It was a concert by the 11\-year\-old [Jascha Heifetz](/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz "Jascha Heifetz") that inspired his parents to make a violinist out of Milstein. As a child of seven, he started violin lessons (as suggested by his parents, to keep him out of trouble) with the eminent violin pedagogue [Pyotr Stolyarsky](/wiki/Pyotr_Stolyarsky "Pyotr Stolyarsky"), also the teacher of renowned violinist [David Oistrakh](/wiki/David_Oistrakh "David Oistrakh"). When Milstein was 11, [Leopold Auer](/wiki/Leopold_Auer "Leopold Auer") invited him to become one of his students at the [St. Petersburg Conservatory](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Conservatory "Saint Petersburg Conservatory"). Milstein reminisced: > Every little boy who had the dream of playing better than the other boy wanted to go to Auer. He was a very gifted man and a good teacher. I used to go to the Conservatory twice a week for classes. I played every lesson with forty or fifty people sitting and listening. Two pianos were in the classroom and a pianist accompanied us. When Auer was sick, he would ask me to come to his home. *High Fidelity*, November 1977, 84, 86\. As quoted in Schwarz, 443\. Milstein may in fact have been the last of the great Russian violinists to have had personal contact with Auer. Auer did not name Milstein in his memoirs but mentions "two boys from [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa "Odessa") ... both of whom disappeared after I left St. Petersburg in June 1917\."Auer, Leopold, *My Long Life in Music*, 343–344\. As quoted in Schwarz, 443\. Neither is Milstein's name in the registry of the St Petersburg Conservatory. Milstein also studied with [Eugène Ysaÿe](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe "Eugène Ysaÿe") in Belgium. He told [film\-maker](/wiki/Film_director "Film director") [Christopher Nupen](/wiki/Christopher_Nupen "Christopher Nupen"), director of *Nathan Milstein – In Portrait*, that he learned almost nothing from Ysaÿe but enjoyed his company enormously. In a 1977 interview printed in *[High Fidelity](/wiki/High_Fidelity_%28magazine%29 "High Fidelity (magazine)")*, he said, "I went to Ysaÿe in 1926 but he never paid any attention to me. I think it might have been better this way. I had to think for myself."*High Fidelity*, November 1977, 86\. As quoted in Schwarz, Boris, *Great Masters of the Violin* (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983\), p. 444\. Milstein met [Vladimir Horowitz](/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz "Vladimir Horowitz") and his pianist sister Regina in 1921 when he played a recital in [Kiev](/wiki/Kiev "Kiev"). They invited him for tea at their parents' home. Milstein later said, "I came for tea and stayed three years."Schwarz, 443\. Milstein and Horowitz performed together, as "children of the revolution", throughout the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") and struck up a lifelong friendship. In 1925, they went on a concert tour of Western Europe together. In 1929, Milstein made his American debut with [Leopold Stokowski](/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski "Leopold Stokowski") and the [Philadelphia Orchestra](/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra "Philadelphia Orchestra"). He eventually settled in New York, gaining American citizenship in 1942\.{{Cite encyclopedia\| publisher \= Oxford University Press\| last \= Schwarz\| first \= Boris\| title \= Milstein, Nathan\| encyclopedia \= Grove Music Online\| accessdate \= 2023\-06\-12\| date \= 2001\| url \= https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10\.1093/gmo/9781561592630\.001\.0001/omo\-9781561592630\-e\-0000018714\| doi \= 10\.1093/gmo/9781561592630\.article.18714}} He toured repeatedly throughout Europe, maintaining residences in London and Paris. A transcriber and composer, Milstein arranged many works for violin and wrote his own [cadenzas](/wiki/Cadenza "Cadenza") for many concertos. He was obsessed with articulating each note perfectly and would often spend long periods of time working out fingerings which would make passages sound more articulated. One of his best\-known compositions is *Paganiniana*, a set of variations on various themes from the works of [Niccolò Paganini](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini "Niccolò Paganini"). After playing many different violins in his earlier days, Milstein finally acquired the [1716 "Goldman" Stradivarius](/wiki/List_of_Stradivarius_instruments "List of Stradivarius instruments") in 1945 which he used for the rest of his life. He renamed this Stradivarius the "Maria Teresa" in honor of his daughter Maria and his wife Therese. He also performed on the [1710 ex\-"Dancla" Stradivarius](/wiki/List_of_Stradivarius_instruments "List of Stradivarius instruments") for a short period. In 1948, [Milstein's recording of Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor](/wiki/Mendelssohn_Violin_Concerto_%28Nathan_Milstein_album%29 "Mendelssohn Violin Concerto (Nathan Milstein album)"), with [Bruno Walter](/wiki/Bruno_Walter "Bruno Walter") conducting the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic "New York Philharmonic"), had the distinction of being the first catalogue item in [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records")'s newly introduced [long\-playing](/wiki/LP_album "LP album") twelve\-inch 33 [rpm](/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute "Revolutions per minute") [vinyl](/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride "Polyvinyl chloride") records, Columbia ML 4001\. {{external media \| float \= right \| width \= 230px \| audio1 \= You may hear Nathan Milstein performing \[\[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]'s \[\[Violin Concerto (Tchaikovsky)\|Violin Concerto in D major]] Opus 35 with \[\[Frederick Stock]] conducting the \[\[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] in 1940 \[https://archive.org/details/TCHAIKOVSKYViolinConcerto\-Milstein\-NewTransfer/01\.I.AllegroModerato.mp3 '''here on archive.org''']}} Milstein was awarded the [Légion d'honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur "Légion d'honneur") by France in 1968 and received a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_Award "Grammy Award") for his recording of Bach's *[Sonatas and Partitas](/wiki/Sonatas_and_Partitas_for_Solo_Violin_%28Bach%29 "Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin (Bach)")* in 1975\. He was also awarded [Kennedy Center](/wiki/Kennedy_Center "Kennedy Center") honors by US President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan"). A recital he gave in Stockholm in June 1986, one of his last performances, was recorded in its entirety{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.analogphonic.com/product\-page/the\-last\-recital\|title \= The Last Recital}} and shows the remarkable condition of his technique at age 82\. A fall shortly afterward in which he severely broke his left hand ended his career. During the late 1980s, Milstein published his memoirs, *From Russia to the West*, in which he discussed his life of constant performance and socializing. Milstein discusses the personalities of important composers such as [Alexander Glazunov](/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov "Alexander Glazunov"), [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev"), [Sergei Rachmaninoff](/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff "Sergei Rachmaninoff") and [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky "Igor Stravinsky") and conductors such as [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini "Arturo Toscanini") and Leopold Stokowski, all of whom he knew personally. He also discusses his best friends, pianist Vladimir Horowitz, cellist [Gregor Piatigorsky](/wiki/Gregor_Piatigorsky "Gregor Piatigorsky") and ballet director [George Balanchine](/wiki/George_Balanchine "George Balanchine"), as well as other violinists such as [Fritz Kreisler](/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler "Fritz Kreisler") and [David Oistrakh](/wiki/David_Oistrakh "David Oistrakh"). Milstein was married twice, remaining married to his second wife, Therese, until his death. He died of a heart attack in London on December 21, 1992, 23 days before his 89th birthday.[Inkpot biography](http://inkpot.com/classical/milstein.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216142020/http://inkpot.com/classical/milstein.html \|date\=December 16, 2005}} Therese died in 1999 aged 83\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Milstein was born in [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa \"Odessa\"), [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"), the fourth child of seven, to a middle\\-class Jewish family with no musical background.[Milstein, Nathan](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/milstein-nathan) at *JVL* It was a concert by the 11\\-year\\-old [Jascha Heifetz](/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz \"Jascha Heifetz\") that inspired his parents to make a violinist out of Milstein. As a child of seven, he started violin lessons (as suggested by his parents, to keep him out of trouble) with the eminent violin pedagogue [Pyotr Stolyarsky](/wiki/Pyotr_Stolyarsky \"Pyotr Stolyarsky\"), also the teacher of renowned violinist [David Oistrakh](/wiki/David_Oistrakh \"David Oistrakh\").", "When Milstein was 11, [Leopold Auer](/wiki/Leopold_Auer \"Leopold Auer\") invited him to become one of his students at the [St. Petersburg Conservatory](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Conservatory \"Saint Petersburg Conservatory\"). Milstein reminisced:", "", "> Every little boy who had the dream of playing better than the other boy wanted to go to Auer. He was a very gifted man and a good teacher. I used to go to the Conservatory twice a week for classes. I played every lesson with forty or fifty people sitting and listening. Two pianos were in the classroom and a pianist accompanied us. When Auer was sick, he would ask me to come to his home. *High Fidelity*, November 1977, 84, 86\\. As quoted in Schwarz, 443\\.", "Milstein may in fact have been the last of the great Russian violinists to have had personal contact with Auer. Auer did not name Milstein in his memoirs but mentions \"two boys from [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa \"Odessa\") ... both of whom disappeared after I left St. Petersburg in June 1917\\.\"Auer, Leopold, *My Long Life in Music*, 343–344\\. As quoted in Schwarz, 443\\. Neither is Milstein's name in the registry of the St Petersburg Conservatory.", "Milstein also studied with [Eugène Ysaÿe](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe \"Eugène Ysaÿe\") in Belgium. He told [film\\-maker](/wiki/Film_director \"Film director\") [Christopher Nupen](/wiki/Christopher_Nupen \"Christopher Nupen\"), director of *Nathan Milstein – In Portrait*, that he learned almost nothing from Ysaÿe but enjoyed his company enormously. In a 1977 interview printed in *[High Fidelity](/wiki/High_Fidelity_%28magazine%29 \"High Fidelity (magazine)\")*, he said, \"I went to Ysaÿe in 1926 but he never paid any attention to me. I think it might have been better this way. I had to think for myself.\"*High Fidelity*, November 1977, 86\\. As quoted in Schwarz, Boris, *Great Masters of the Violin* (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983\\), p. 444\\.", "Milstein met [Vladimir Horowitz](/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz \"Vladimir Horowitz\") and his pianist sister Regina in 1921 when he played a recital in [Kiev](/wiki/Kiev \"Kiev\"). They invited him for tea at their parents' home. Milstein later said, \"I came for tea and stayed three years.\"Schwarz, 443\\. Milstein and Horowitz performed together, as \"children of the revolution\", throughout the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") and struck up a lifelong friendship. In 1925, they went on a concert tour of Western Europe together.", "In 1929, Milstein made his American debut with [Leopold Stokowski](/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski \"Leopold Stokowski\") and the [Philadelphia Orchestra](/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra \"Philadelphia Orchestra\"). He eventually settled in New York, gaining American citizenship in 1942\\.{{Cite encyclopedia\\| publisher \\= Oxford University Press\\| last \\= Schwarz\\| first \\= Boris\\| title \\= Milstein, Nathan\\| encyclopedia \\= Grove Music Online\\| accessdate \\= 2023\\-06\\-12\\| date \\= 2001\\| url \\= https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10\\.1093/gmo/9781561592630\\.001\\.0001/omo\\-9781561592630\\-e\\-0000018714\\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/gmo/9781561592630\\.article.18714}} He toured repeatedly throughout Europe, maintaining residences in London and Paris.", "A transcriber and composer, Milstein arranged many works for violin and wrote his own [cadenzas](/wiki/Cadenza \"Cadenza\") for many concertos. He was obsessed with articulating each note perfectly and would often spend long periods of time working out fingerings which would make passages sound more articulated. One of his best\\-known compositions is *Paganiniana*, a set of variations on various themes from the works of [Niccolò Paganini](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini \"Niccolò Paganini\").", "After playing many different violins in his earlier days, Milstein finally acquired the [1716 \"Goldman\" Stradivarius](/wiki/List_of_Stradivarius_instruments \"List of Stradivarius instruments\") in 1945 which he used for the rest of his life. He renamed this Stradivarius the \"Maria Teresa\" in honor of his daughter Maria and his wife Therese. He also performed on the [1710 ex\\-\"Dancla\" Stradivarius](/wiki/List_of_Stradivarius_instruments \"List of Stradivarius instruments\") for a short period.", "In 1948, [Milstein's recording of Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor](/wiki/Mendelssohn_Violin_Concerto_%28Nathan_Milstein_album%29 \"Mendelssohn Violin Concerto (Nathan Milstein album)\"), with [Bruno Walter](/wiki/Bruno_Walter \"Bruno Walter\") conducting the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic \"New York Philharmonic\"), had the distinction of being the first catalogue item in [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\")'s newly introduced [long\\-playing](/wiki/LP_album \"LP album\") twelve\\-inch 33 [rpm](/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute \"Revolutions per minute\") [vinyl](/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride \"Polyvinyl chloride\") records, Columbia ML 4001\\.", "{{external media \\| float \\= right \\| width \\= 230px \\| audio1 \\= You may hear Nathan Milstein performing \\[\\[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]'s \\[\\[Violin Concerto (Tchaikovsky)\\|Violin Concerto in D major]] Opus 35 with \\[\\[Frederick Stock]] conducting the \\[\\[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] in 1940 \\[https://archive.org/details/TCHAIKOVSKYViolinConcerto\\-Milstein\\-NewTransfer/01\\.I.AllegroModerato.mp3 '''here on archive.org''']}}", "Milstein was awarded the [Légion d'honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur \"Légion d'honneur\") by France in 1968 and received a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_Award \"Grammy Award\") for his recording of Bach's *[Sonatas and Partitas](/wiki/Sonatas_and_Partitas_for_Solo_Violin_%28Bach%29 \"Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin (Bach)\")* in 1975\\. He was also awarded [Kennedy Center](/wiki/Kennedy_Center \"Kennedy Center\") honors by US President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\").", "A recital he gave in Stockholm in June 1986, one of his last performances, was recorded in its entirety{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.analogphonic.com/product\\-page/the\\-last\\-recital\\|title \\= The Last Recital}} and shows the remarkable condition of his technique at age 82\\. A fall shortly afterward in which he severely broke his left hand ended his career.", "During the late 1980s, Milstein published his memoirs, *From Russia to the West*, in which he discussed his life of constant performance and socializing. Milstein discusses the personalities of important composers such as [Alexander Glazunov](/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov \"Alexander Glazunov\"), [Sergei Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev \"Sergei Prokofiev\"), [Sergei Rachmaninoff](/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff \"Sergei Rachmaninoff\") and [Igor Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\") and conductors such as [Arturo Toscanini](/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini \"Arturo Toscanini\") and Leopold Stokowski, all of whom he knew personally. He also discusses his best friends, pianist Vladimir Horowitz, cellist [Gregor Piatigorsky](/wiki/Gregor_Piatigorsky \"Gregor Piatigorsky\") and ballet director [George Balanchine](/wiki/George_Balanchine \"George Balanchine\"), as well as other violinists such as [Fritz Kreisler](/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler \"Fritz Kreisler\") and [David Oistrakh](/wiki/David_Oistrakh \"David Oistrakh\").", "Milstein was married twice, remaining married to his second wife, Therese, until his death. He died of a heart attack in London on December 21, 1992, 23 days before his 89th birthday.[Inkpot biography](http://inkpot.com/classical/milstein.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216142020/http://inkpot.com/classical/milstein.html \\|date\\=December 16, 2005}} Therese died in 1999 aged 83\\.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{Historical populations \|title\= Historical populations \|type\= USA \|align\= left \|1880\|270 \|1890\|371 \|1900\|495 \|1910\|382 \|1920\|387 \|1930\|409 \|1940\|432 \|1950\|455 \|1960\|515 \|1970\|503 \|1980\|561 \|1990\|513 \|2000\|500 \|2010\|518 \|2020\|476 \|source\={{center\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}}}\|footnote\=Source:{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|title\=U.S. Census website\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-29}} and \[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\.pdf Iowa Data Center] }} ### 2020 census As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census "United States census") of 2020,{{cite web \|title\=2020 Census \|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census/decade/2020/2020\-census\-main.html \|publisher\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 476 people, 212 households, and 127 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 491\.3 inhabitants per square mile (189\.7/km2). There were 236 housing units at an average density of 243\.6 per square mile (94\.1/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census "Race and ethnicity in the United States census") makeup of the city was 93\.9% [White](/wiki/White_Americans "White Americans"), 0\.4% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans "African Americans"), 0\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), 0\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans "Asian Americans"), 0\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans "Pacific Islander Americans"), 1\.3% from other races and 4\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") of any race comprised 2\.7% of the population. Of the 212 households, 25\.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 5\.7% were cohabitating couples, 25\.9% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 20\.3% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 40\.1% of all households were non\-families. 36\.8% of all household were made up of individuals, 15\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 42\.5 years. 26\.3% of the residents were under the age of 20; 6\.5% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 20\.4% were from 25 and 44; 26\.7% were from 45 and 64; and 20\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\.6% male and 50\.4% female. ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-05\-11}} of 2010, there were 518 people, 228 households, and 141 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|523\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 239 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|241\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.6% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.8% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 0\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.5% of the population. There were 228 households, of which 29\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38\.2% were non\-families. 31\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.27 and the average family size was 2\.82\. The median age in the city was 42\.8 years. 24\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22\.1% were from 25 to 44; 29\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 17\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50\.6% male and 49\.4% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate\=2008\-01\-31 \|title\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 500 people, 222 households, and 138 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|504\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 238 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|240\.0\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.20% of the population. There were 222 households, out of which 29\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 7\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37\.4% were non\-families. 34\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.25 and the average family size was 2\.92\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 24\.0% under the age of 18, 6\.6% from 18 to 24, 26\.8% from 25 to 44, 20\.6% from 45 to 64, and 22\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 106\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99\.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $32,639, and the median income for a family was $40,833\. Males had a median income of $28,929 versus $26,667 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $15,779\. About 4\.4% of families and 8\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 8\.5% of those under age 18 and 9\.8% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{Historical populations\n\\|title\\= Historical populations\n\\|type\\= USA\n\\|align\\= left\n\\|1880\\|270\n\\|1890\\|371\n\\|1900\\|495\n\\|1910\\|382\n\\|1920\\|387\n\\|1930\\|409\n\\|1940\\|432\n\\|1950\\|455\n\\|1960\\|515\n\\|1970\\|503\n\\|1980\\|561\n\\|1990\\|513\n\\|2000\\|500\n\\|2010\\|518\n\\|2020\\|476\n\\|source\\={{center\\|U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}}}\\|footnote\\=Source:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-29}} and \\[http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000\\.pdf Iowa Data Center]\n}}", "### 2020 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_census \"United States census\") of 2020,{{cite web \\|title\\=2020 Census \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census/decade/2020/2020\\-census\\-main.html \\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau}} there were 476 people, 212 households, and 127 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 491\\.3 inhabitants per square mile (189\\.7/km2). There were 236 housing units at an average density of 243\\.6 per square mile (94\\.1/km2). The [racial](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") makeup of the city was 93\\.9% [White](/wiki/White_Americans \"White Americans\"), 0\\.4% [Black or African American](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\"), 0\\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\"), 0\\.0% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\"), 1\\.3% from other races and 4\\.2% from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") of any race comprised 2\\.7% of the population.", "Of the 212 households, 25\\.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 5\\.7% were cohabitating couples, 25\\.9% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 20\\.3% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 40\\.1% of all households were non\\-families. 36\\.8% of all household were made up of individuals, 15\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.", "The median age in the city was 42\\.5 years. 26\\.3% of the residents were under the age of 20; 6\\.5% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 20\\.4% were from 25 and 44; 26\\.7% were from 45 and 64; and 20\\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\\.6% male and 50\\.4% female.", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-05\\-11}} of 2010, there were 518 people, 228 households, and 141 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|523\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 239 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|241\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.6% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.8% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.5% of the population.", "There were 228 households, of which 29\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38\\.2% were non\\-families. 31\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.27 and the average family size was 2\\.82\\.", "The median age in the city was 42\\.8 years. 24\\.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7\\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22\\.1% were from 25 to 44; 29\\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 17\\.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50\\.6% male and 49\\.4% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|accessdate\\=2008\\-01\\-31 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 500 people, 222 households, and 138 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|504\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 238 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|240\\.0\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.20% of the population.", "There were 222 households, out of which 29\\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 7\\.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37\\.4% were non\\-families. 34\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.25 and the average family size was 2\\.92\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 24\\.0% under the age of 18, 6\\.6% from 18 to 24, 26\\.8% from 25 to 44, 20\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 22\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 106\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99\\.0 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $32,639, and the median income for a family was $40,833\\. Males had a median income of $28,929 versus $26,667 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $15,779\\. About 4\\.4% of families and 8\\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 8\\.5% of those under age 18 and 9\\.8% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
History ------- The history of Carabinieri Paratroopers dates back to [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). On 5 June 1940, the [Chief of Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Italian_Army "Chief of Staff of the Italian Army") of the [Italian Royal Army](/wiki/Italian_Royal_Army "Italian Royal Army"), then [Army General](/wiki/Army_General "Army General") [Mario Roatta](/wiki/Mario_Roatta "Mario Roatta"), requested the Commandant General of the Royal Carabinieri, at the time Lieutenant General [Riccardo Moizo](/wiki/Riccardo_Moizo "Riccardo Moizo"), to establish a Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion, approving an earlier request of General Moizo.{{cite journal\|last1\=Cursi\|first1\=Enrico\|title\=Retroscena della nascita dei Carabinieri paracadutisti\|journal\=Notiziario Storico dell'Arma dei Carabinieri\|date\=2016\|volume\=1\|issue\=3\|pages\=24–25, 27\|url\=http://www.carabinieri.it/docs/default\-source/Editoria/NotiziarioStorico/notiziario\-3\-2016\.pdf?sfvrsn\=3c6f6e23\_0\|accessdate\=14 May 2018}}p. 24 ### World War II On 1 July 1940 the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion (*1° Battaglione Reali Carabinieri Paracadutisti*) was established with three companies in [Tarquinia](/wiki/Tarquinia "Tarquinia"). On 9 July, [Undersecretary](/wiki/Undersecretary_%28Italy%29 "Undersecretary (Italy)") Army General [Ubaldo Soddu](/wiki/Ubaldo_Soddu "Ubaldo Soddu") objected to the establishment of a Carabinieri battalion, arguing that a single\-arm of single\-speciality battalion could not be established (also in order to avoid rivalries); under the terms of Soddu's report, the Royal Carabinieri could establish only platoon\-level units. The Higher Air Force Command, nonetheless, kept the Carabinieri Battalion in force.p. 27 The following year the unit was framed within the [1st Paratroopers Regiment](/wiki/185th_Paratroopers_Division_Folgore "185th Paratroopers Division Folgore").{{cite web\|title\=Paracadutisti\|url\=http://www.carabinieri.it/arma/curiosita/non\-tutti\-sanno\-che/p/paracadutisti\|website\=www.carabinieri.it\|accessdate\=16 March 2017\|language\=it}} The first commander was [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 "Major (rank)") Bruto Bixio Bersanetti; on 28 August 1940 he was replaced by Major Edoardo Alessi.{{cite book\|last1\=Arena\|first1\=Nino\|title\=Folgore \- Storia del paracadutismo militare italiano\|date\=1966\|publisher\=Centro editoriale nazionale divulgazioni umanistiche sociologiche storiche\|location\=Rome\|pages\=95–96,99,100–102,128–129\|language\=Italian}}pp. 95–96 When deployed in Libya, the battalion consisted of:p. 99 * Command unit: led by Lieutenant Max Ambrosi; * 1st Company: led by Lieutenant Gennaro Piccinini Leopardi; * 2nd Company: led by Lieutenant Giuseppe Casini; * 3rd Company: led by Lieutenant Osmano Bonapace; * Engineers\-Saboteurs Platoon: led by Lieutenant Renato Mattei. For a total of 26 officers, 51 non\-commissioned officers and 322 troops. The battalion performed counter\-commando activity in Libya (a platoon){{rp\|100–102}} and fought in Eluet el Asel area in December 1941{{cite web\|title\=Eluet el Asel Lamluda\|url\=http://www.carabinieri.it/arma/curiosita/non\-tutti\-sanno\-che/e/eluet\-el\-asel\-lamluda\|website\=www.carabinieri.it\|accessdate\=16 March 2017\|language\=it}} and in Ajdabiya as a company (under Lieutenant Osmano Bonapace),pp. 128–129 being disbanded in 1942 in [Castelvetrano](/wiki/Castelvetrano "Castelvetrano").{{cite web\|title\=La guerra\|url\=http://www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it/la\_guerra.htm\|website\=Carabinieri Paracadutisti\|accessdate\=16 March 2017}} With the surviving personnel, two Carabinieri Sections were formed: the 184th Carabinieri Section was assigned to the Folgore Division, while the 314th Carabinieri Section was assigned to the Nembo Division and fought in the [Italian Civil War](/wiki/Italian_Civil_War "Italian Civil War") on the loyalist side. ### Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit After the end of the war, the Carabinieri did not immediately re\-establish a paratroopers unit. However, on 15 May 1951 the Army, on the basis of a specific Carabinieri proposal, formed a Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit in Viterbo, under the immediate authority of the General Command, for riot emergencies.{{cite book\|last1\=VV\|first1\=AA\|title\=Forze Speciali Italiane\|date\=2014\|publisher\=Edizioni R.E.I.\|isbn\=9782372970594\|page\=318\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_RmlBAAAQBAJ\|accessdate\=17 March 2017\|language\=it}} The Unit was devoted to the fulfilment of the Carabinieri gendarmerie tasks and was 140 troops\-strong.{{cite web \|last1\=Tatarelli \|first1\=Luca \|title\=SPECIALE FESTA ARMA DEI CARABINIERI: Paracadutisti "Tuscania", 80 anni di storia in Patria e all'estero \|url\=http://www.reportdifesa.it/speciale\-festa\-arma\-dei\-carabinieri\-paracadutisti\-tuscania\-80\-anni\-di\-storia\-in\-patria\-e\-allestero/ \|website\=Report Difesa \|accessdate\=6 June 2020 \|language\=it\-IT \|date\=5 June 2020}} On 10 January 1956, the Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit participated in the rescue operations for [Viterbo](/wiki/Viterbo "Viterbo") and its surroundings, whose inhabitants had remained isolated, without food and without medical assistance, due to the violent blizzards that had paralyzed the road network and communications in that province. In 1958 the unit was moved to Livorno ("*Vannucci*" Barracks) and then to [Pisa](/wiki/Pisa "Pisa"), the same city as the Parachute School, until 1962, when it was moved back in Livorno. ### Paratroopers Brigade Folgore On 1 January 1963, within the general Army reorganization, the [Paratroopers Brigade Folgore](/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade_Folgore "Paratroopers Brigade Folgore") was formally established (although it received the name only in 1967\); the Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit was renamed Carabinieri Paratroopers Company and was assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade.{{cite book\|last1\=Ales\|first1\=Stefano\|last2\=Viotti\|first2\=Andrea\|title\=Struttura, uniformi e distintivi dell'Esercito Italiano 1946\-1970\|date\=2007\|publisher\=Ufficio Storico \- Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito\|location\=Rome\|pages\=127, 133\|language\=it}}{{rp\|127}} The Carabinieri Paratroopers Company depended for administrative purposes on Livorno Carabinieri Legion.{{rp\|133, note 300}} On 15 July of the same year{{cite web \|title\=Viterbo \- Domani onore ai caduti in guerra (con la fontana in loro memoria vuota e sudicia) \- EtruriaNews \|url\=https://etrurianews.it/2019/11/03/viterbo\-domani\-onore\-ai\-caduti\-in\-guerra\-con\-la\-fontana\-in\-loro\-memoria\-vuota\-e\-sudicia/ \|website\=Etruria News \|access\-date\=15 February 2021 \|language\=it\-IT \|date\=3 November 2019}} the company was expanded and reorganized as Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "*Tuscania*" within the Folgore Brigade. On 14 June 1964, then\-[President](/wiki/President_of_Italy "President of Italy") [Antonio Segni](/wiki/Antonio_Segni "Antonio Segni") awarded the [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Silver Medal of Military Valor") to the Carabinieri War Flag for the Battle of Elet el Ausel. Carabinieri Paratroopers served in [Alto Adige](/wiki/South_Tyrol "South Tyrol") in the 1960s against South Tyrolean terrorism,{{cite web\|title\=Il Battaglione\|url\=http://www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it/nuova\_pagina\_4\.htm\|website\=Carabinieri Paracadutisti\|accessdate\=16 March 2017}}p. 20 within the 150\-troops strong Special Antiterrorism Company, along with Paratrooper Saboteurs (predecessors of present\-day Italian special forces), Alpine, Guard of Finance and police troops. The Special Antiterrorism Company was led by Paratrooper Carabinieri Captain Francesco Gentile, dead in the 1967 Cima Vallona attack.{{cite web \|last1\=Scarpitta \|first1\=Alberto \|title\=Il 1° Reggimento Carabinieri Paracadutisti "Tuscania" – Analisi Difesa \|url\=https://www.analisidifesa.it/2018/08/il\-1\-reggimento\-carabinieri\-paracadutisti\-tuscania/ \|website\=Analisi Difesa \|accessdate\=8 August 2018 \|language\=it\-IT\|date\=7 August 2018 }} On 1 October 1975 the battalion was renamed I Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "*Tuscania*". On 8 April 1976 the battalion received the War Flag.{{cite web \|last1\=Tatarelli \|first1\=Luca \|title\=SPECIALE FESTA ARMA DEI CARABINIERI: Paracadutisti "Tuscania", 80 anni di storia in Patria e all’estero \|url\=https://www.reportdifesa.it/speciale\-festa\-arma\-dei\-carabinieri\-paracadutisti\-tuscania\-80\-anni\-di\-storia\-in\-patria\-e\-allestero/ \|website\=Report Difesa \|access\-date\=8 February 2021 \|language\=it\-IT \|date\=5 June 2020}} The battalion was officially recognized as the legitimate heir of the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion in the same year, when its War Flag was awarded with the silver medal for Military Valour for the North African campaign. On 10 December 1976, the Parachutism Section of the Carabinieri Sports Centre was established within the battalion.{{cite web\|title\=Il Tuscania\|url\=http://www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it/tuscania.htm\|website\=www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it\|accessdate\=16 March 2017\|language\=Italian}} On 2 February 1978, the [Special Intervention Group](/wiki/Gruppo_di_intervento_speciale "Gruppo di intervento speciale") was established as a [counter\-terrorist unit](/wiki/Counter-terrorism "Counter-terrorism"); the personnel were selected from the ranks of the battalion. In the 1980s, the battalion was included into the Special Operations Group in order to support the Italian part of the [stay\-behind network](/wiki/Stay-behind "Stay-behind") [Operation Gladio](/wiki/Operation_Gladio "Operation Gladio").{{cite web \|last1\=Ciocchetti \|first1\=Tiziano \|title\=Il Tuscania compie 80 anni: cosa farà da grande? \|url\=https://www.difesaonline.it/mondo\-militare/il\-tuscania\-compie\-80\-anni\-cosa\-far%C3%A0\-da\-grande \|website\=Difesa Online \|access\-date\=8 February 2021 \|language\=it \|date\=19 December 2020}} From 1982 to 1984 the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "*Tuscania*" was part of UNIFIL with the task of providing protection to [Sabra, Chatila](/wiki/Chatila_refugee_camp "Chatila refugee camp") and [Burj el\-Barajneh](/wiki/Burj_el-Barajneh "Burj el-Barajneh") [refugee camps](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps "Palestinian refugee camps"): the battalion, based in [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut"), was the only unit consisting of career personnel and fulfilled sensitive tasks.{{cite web \|last1\=Ciocchetti \|first1\=Tiziano \|title\=1° reggimento cc paracadutisti Tuscania: 40 anni non convenzionali \|url\=https://www.difesaonline.it/mondo\-militare/1%C2%B0\-reggimento\-cc\-paracadutisti\-tuscania\-40\-anni\-non\-convenzionali \|website\=Difesa Online \|access\-date\=6 February 2021 \|language\=it \|date\=3 February 2021}} From 1983 to 1986 and from 1989 to 1993, the battalion was deployed in Calabria, Sardinia, and Sicilia, supporting the arrests of several mafia bosses. In the late 1980s the battalion was deployed to protect the Italian Embassy in [Mogadishu](/wiki/Mogadishu "Mogadishu"), [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia "Somalia"). On 25 December 1989, a detachment of the battalion evacuated Italian diplomatic personnel from [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest"). The early 1990s saw the battalion deployed both at home and abroad. Until the establishment of the [Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron "Cacciatori di Calabria"](/wiki/Carabinieri_Heliborne_Squadron_%22Cacciatori_di_Calabria%22 "Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron ") in 1991 and of the Sardinian counterpart in 1993, the "*Tuscania*" Battalion was deployed again against organized crime in [Aspromonte](/wiki/Aspromonte "Aspromonte") and in [Barbagia](/wiki/Barbagia "Barbagia"). Meanwhile, from 1991 to 1994 the battalion was part of UNITAF and in UNOSOM II missions in Somalia, where it was involved in several combat situations. Diplomatic security was also provided in Zaire (until 1994\) and in Peru (1992\). On 5 November 1994, the War Flag was awarded a silver medal for Army Valor for the performance of the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "*Tuscania*" in Somalia. In 1995, as part of [IFOR](/wiki/IFOR "IFOR"), the battalion was deployed in [Bosnia\-Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina "Bosnia-Herzegovina") as military police and commander's protection, with one Platoon in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo") and one in [Mostar](/wiki/Mostar "Mostar"). Then\-Battalion Commander, Lieutenant Colonel Leonardo Leso, was also the command's legal advisor. In the same year, the battalion was deployed in [Barbagia](/wiki/Barbagia "Barbagia") for anti\-banditry duties. The current designation of *Regiment* was awarded on 1 June 1996, when a third operational Company was added. In 1997 the regiment evacuated non\-Albanian personnel from that country. In 1999, the regiment was deployed in Kosovo and in East Timor. In East Timor the regiment operated as a special operations force. In 2000, the regiment deployed fifty paratroopers in [Naples](/wiki/Naples "Naples") in the Operation "*Golfo*".{{cite news \|last1\=Marino \|first1\=Giovanni \|title\=I parà per rastrellare i rioni \- la Repubblica.it \|url\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/09/18/para\-per\-rastrellare\-rioni.html?ref\=search \|accessdate\=18 June 2018 \|work\=Archivio \- la Repubblica.it \|date\=18 September 2000 \|language\=it}} On occasion of the 2001 [27th G8 summit](/wiki/27th_G8_summit "27th G8 summit") held in Genoa, the regiment was deployed as part of the security apparatus with tactical reserve tasks. ### 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade The regiment has been subordinated to the [2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade](/wiki/2nd_Carabinieri_Mobile_Brigade "2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade") since 15 March 2002,{{cite book\|title\=Sinossi di storia dell'Arma\|date\=2016\|publisher\=Redazione della “Rassegna dell’Arma dei Carabinieri”\|url\=http://www.carabinieri.it/docs/default\-source/concorsi/2017/mo199/sinossi\-storia\-dell'arma.pdf?sfvrsn\=0\|accessdate\=16 July 2017\|language\=Italian}}p. 184 having been moved from [Paratroopers Brigade "*Folgore*"](/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade_%22Folgore%22 "Paratroopers Brigade ").{{cite web\|title\=Rgt.CC Par. Tuscania\|url\=http://www.carabinieri.it/arma/oggi/reparti/organizzazione\-mobile\-e\-speciale/rgt.\-cc\-par.\-tuscania\|website\=www.carabinieri.it\|accessdate\=17 March 2017\|language\=Italian}} Despite the status of an Armed Force being awarded to the Carabinieri on 5 October 2000, the "*Tuscania*" shares the [maroon beret](/wiki/Maroon_beret%23Italian_Army "Maroon beret#Italian Army") of the [paracadutisti](/wiki/Paracadutisti "Paracadutisti"). In 2003 the "Tuscania" Regiment was deployed in Iraq as part of [Operation Ancient Babylon](/wiki/Operation_Ancient_Babylon "Operation Ancient Babylon"). The regiment provided security in [Nasiriyah](/wiki/Nasiriyah "Nasiriyah") and trained the [Iraqi Police](/wiki/Iraqi_Police "Iraqi Police").The regiment took also part to [2004 Nasiriyah battle](/wiki/Operation_Ancient_Babylon%23The_battle_for_the_bridges "Operation Ancient Babylon#The battle for the bridges"). According to [Major General](/wiki/Major_General "Major General") Nicola Zanelli, Commander of the CO.F.S. (the Italian joint Command of [special forces](/wiki/Special_forces "Special forces")), in 2017 a company of the 1st Paratroopers Carabinieri Regiment "*Tuscania*" is intended to be upgraded to the special forces (Tier 2\) level.{{cite web\|last1\=Vespa\|first1\=Stefano\|title\=Segretezza, pericolo, tecnologia: intervista al comandante delle Forze speciali, Zanelli \- Formiche.net\|url\=http://formiche.net/blog/2017/07/23/intervista\-zanelli/\|website\=Formiche.net\|accessdate\=14 August 2017\|language\=it\-IT\|date\=23 July 2017}} As of 2018, some military expert call for the establishment of an additional operational Company or even of an additional Battalion.
[ "History\n-------", "The history of Carabinieri Paratroopers dates back to [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). On 5 June 1940, the [Chief of Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Italian_Army \"Chief of Staff of the Italian Army\") of the [Italian Royal Army](/wiki/Italian_Royal_Army \"Italian Royal Army\"), then [Army General](/wiki/Army_General \"Army General\") [Mario Roatta](/wiki/Mario_Roatta \"Mario Roatta\"), requested the Commandant General of the Royal Carabinieri, at the time Lieutenant General [Riccardo Moizo](/wiki/Riccardo_Moizo \"Riccardo Moizo\"), to establish a Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion, approving an earlier request of General Moizo.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Cursi\\|first1\\=Enrico\\|title\\=Retroscena della nascita dei Carabinieri paracadutisti\\|journal\\=Notiziario Storico dell'Arma dei Carabinieri\\|date\\=2016\\|volume\\=1\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=24–25, 27\\|url\\=http://www.carabinieri.it/docs/default\\-source/Editoria/NotiziarioStorico/notiziario\\-3\\-2016\\.pdf?sfvrsn\\=3c6f6e23\\_0\\|accessdate\\=14 May 2018}}p. 24", "### World War II", "On 1 July 1940 the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion (*1° Battaglione Reali Carabinieri Paracadutisti*) was established with three companies in [Tarquinia](/wiki/Tarquinia \"Tarquinia\"). On 9 July, [Undersecretary](/wiki/Undersecretary_%28Italy%29 \"Undersecretary (Italy)\") Army General [Ubaldo Soddu](/wiki/Ubaldo_Soddu \"Ubaldo Soddu\") objected to the establishment of a Carabinieri battalion, arguing that a single\\-arm of single\\-speciality battalion could not be established (also in order to avoid rivalries); under the terms of Soddu's report, the Royal Carabinieri could establish only platoon\\-level units. The Higher Air Force Command, nonetheless, kept the Carabinieri Battalion in force.p. 27 The following year the unit was framed within the [1st Paratroopers Regiment](/wiki/185th_Paratroopers_Division_Folgore \"185th Paratroopers Division Folgore\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Paracadutisti\\|url\\=http://www.carabinieri.it/arma/curiosita/non\\-tutti\\-sanno\\-che/p/paracadutisti\\|website\\=www.carabinieri.it\\|accessdate\\=16 March 2017\\|language\\=it}}", "The first commander was [Major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 \"Major (rank)\") Bruto Bixio Bersanetti; on 28 August 1940 he was replaced by Major Edoardo Alessi.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Arena\\|first1\\=Nino\\|title\\=Folgore \\- Storia del paracadutismo militare italiano\\|date\\=1966\\|publisher\\=Centro editoriale nazionale divulgazioni umanistiche sociologiche storiche\\|location\\=Rome\\|pages\\=95–96,99,100–102,128–129\\|language\\=Italian}}pp. 95–96", "When deployed in Libya, the battalion consisted of:p. 99\n* Command unit: led by Lieutenant Max Ambrosi;\n* 1st Company: led by Lieutenant Gennaro Piccinini Leopardi;\n* 2nd Company: led by Lieutenant Giuseppe Casini;\n* 3rd Company: led by Lieutenant Osmano Bonapace;\n* Engineers\\-Saboteurs Platoon: led by Lieutenant Renato Mattei.\nFor a total of 26 officers, 51 non\\-commissioned officers and 322 troops.", "The battalion performed counter\\-commando activity in Libya (a platoon){{rp\\|100–102}} and fought in Eluet el Asel area in December 1941{{cite web\\|title\\=Eluet el Asel Lamluda\\|url\\=http://www.carabinieri.it/arma/curiosita/non\\-tutti\\-sanno\\-che/e/eluet\\-el\\-asel\\-lamluda\\|website\\=www.carabinieri.it\\|accessdate\\=16 March 2017\\|language\\=it}} and in Ajdabiya as a company (under Lieutenant Osmano Bonapace),pp. 128–129 being disbanded in 1942 in [Castelvetrano](/wiki/Castelvetrano \"Castelvetrano\").{{cite web\\|title\\=La guerra\\|url\\=http://www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it/la\\_guerra.htm\\|website\\=Carabinieri Paracadutisti\\|accessdate\\=16 March 2017}}", "With the surviving personnel, two Carabinieri Sections were formed: the 184th Carabinieri Section was assigned to the Folgore Division, while the 314th Carabinieri Section was assigned to the Nembo Division and fought in the [Italian Civil War](/wiki/Italian_Civil_War \"Italian Civil War\") on the loyalist side.", "### Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit", "After the end of the war, the Carabinieri did not immediately re\\-establish a paratroopers unit. However, on 15 May 1951 the Army, on the basis of a specific Carabinieri proposal, formed a Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit in Viterbo, under the immediate authority of the General Command, for riot emergencies.{{cite book\\|last1\\=VV\\|first1\\=AA\\|title\\=Forze Speciali Italiane\\|date\\=2014\\|publisher\\=Edizioni R.E.I.\\|isbn\\=9782372970594\\|page\\=318\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_RmlBAAAQBAJ\\|accessdate\\=17 March 2017\\|language\\=it}} The Unit was devoted to the fulfilment of the Carabinieri gendarmerie tasks and was 140 troops\\-strong.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Tatarelli \\|first1\\=Luca \\|title\\=SPECIALE FESTA ARMA DEI CARABINIERI: Paracadutisti \"Tuscania\", 80 anni di storia in Patria e all'estero \\|url\\=http://www.reportdifesa.it/speciale\\-festa\\-arma\\-dei\\-carabinieri\\-paracadutisti\\-tuscania\\-80\\-anni\\-di\\-storia\\-in\\-patria\\-e\\-allestero/ \\|website\\=Report Difesa \\|accessdate\\=6 June 2020 \\|language\\=it\\-IT \\|date\\=5 June 2020}}", "On 10 January 1956, the Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit participated in the rescue operations for [Viterbo](/wiki/Viterbo \"Viterbo\") and its surroundings, whose inhabitants had remained isolated, without food and without medical assistance, due to the violent blizzards that had paralyzed the road network and communications in that province.", "In 1958 the unit was moved to Livorno (\"*Vannucci*\" Barracks) and then to [Pisa](/wiki/Pisa \"Pisa\"), the same city as the Parachute School, until 1962, when it was moved back in Livorno.", "### Paratroopers Brigade Folgore", "On 1 January 1963, within the general Army reorganization, the [Paratroopers Brigade Folgore](/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade_Folgore \"Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\") was formally established (although it received the name only in 1967\\); the Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit was renamed Carabinieri Paratroopers Company and was assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Ales\\|first1\\=Stefano\\|last2\\=Viotti\\|first2\\=Andrea\\|title\\=Struttura, uniformi e distintivi dell'Esercito Italiano 1946\\-1970\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=Ufficio Storico \\- Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito\\|location\\=Rome\\|pages\\=127, 133\\|language\\=it}}{{rp\\|127}} The Carabinieri Paratroopers Company depended for administrative purposes on Livorno Carabinieri Legion.{{rp\\|133, note 300}} On 15 July of the same year{{cite web \\|title\\=Viterbo \\- Domani onore ai caduti in guerra (con la fontana in loro memoria vuota e sudicia) \\- EtruriaNews \\|url\\=https://etrurianews.it/2019/11/03/viterbo\\-domani\\-onore\\-ai\\-caduti\\-in\\-guerra\\-con\\-la\\-fontana\\-in\\-loro\\-memoria\\-vuota\\-e\\-sudicia/ \\|website\\=Etruria News \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2021 \\|language\\=it\\-IT \\|date\\=3 November 2019}} the company was expanded and reorganized as Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"*Tuscania*\" within the Folgore Brigade.", "On 14 June 1964, then\\-[President](/wiki/President_of_Italy \"President of Italy\") [Antonio Segni](/wiki/Antonio_Segni \"Antonio Segni\") awarded the [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Silver Medal of Military Valor\") to the Carabinieri War Flag for the Battle of Elet el Ausel.", "Carabinieri Paratroopers served in [Alto Adige](/wiki/South_Tyrol \"South Tyrol\") in the 1960s against South Tyrolean terrorism,{{cite web\\|title\\=Il Battaglione\\|url\\=http://www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it/nuova\\_pagina\\_4\\.htm\\|website\\=Carabinieri Paracadutisti\\|accessdate\\=16 March 2017}}p. 20 within the 150\\-troops strong Special Antiterrorism Company, along with Paratrooper Saboteurs (predecessors of present\\-day Italian special forces), Alpine, Guard of Finance and police troops. The Special Antiterrorism Company was led by Paratrooper Carabinieri Captain Francesco Gentile, dead in the 1967 Cima Vallona attack.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Scarpitta \\|first1\\=Alberto \\|title\\=Il 1° Reggimento Carabinieri Paracadutisti \"Tuscania\" – Analisi Difesa \\|url\\=https://www.analisidifesa.it/2018/08/il\\-1\\-reggimento\\-carabinieri\\-paracadutisti\\-tuscania/ \\|website\\=Analisi Difesa \\|accessdate\\=8 August 2018 \\|language\\=it\\-IT\\|date\\=7 August 2018 }}", "On 1 October 1975 the battalion was renamed I Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"*Tuscania*\". On 8 April 1976 the battalion received the War Flag.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Tatarelli \\|first1\\=Luca \\|title\\=SPECIALE FESTA ARMA DEI CARABINIERI: Paracadutisti \"Tuscania\", 80 anni di storia in Patria e all’estero \\|url\\=https://www.reportdifesa.it/speciale\\-festa\\-arma\\-dei\\-carabinieri\\-paracadutisti\\-tuscania\\-80\\-anni\\-di\\-storia\\-in\\-patria\\-e\\-allestero/ \\|website\\=Report Difesa \\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2021 \\|language\\=it\\-IT \\|date\\=5 June 2020}} The battalion was officially recognized as the legitimate heir of the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion in the same year, when its War Flag was awarded with the silver medal for Military Valour for the North African campaign. On 10 December 1976, the Parachutism Section of the Carabinieri Sports Centre was established within the battalion.{{cite web\\|title\\=Il Tuscania\\|url\\=http://www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it/tuscania.htm\\|website\\=www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it\\|accessdate\\=16 March 2017\\|language\\=Italian}}", "On 2 February 1978, the [Special Intervention Group](/wiki/Gruppo_di_intervento_speciale \"Gruppo di intervento speciale\") was established as a [counter\\-terrorist unit](/wiki/Counter-terrorism \"Counter-terrorism\"); the personnel were selected from the ranks of the battalion. In the 1980s, the battalion was included into the Special Operations Group in order to support the Italian part of the [stay\\-behind network](/wiki/Stay-behind \"Stay-behind\") [Operation Gladio](/wiki/Operation_Gladio \"Operation Gladio\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ciocchetti \\|first1\\=Tiziano \\|title\\=Il Tuscania compie 80 anni: cosa farà da grande? \\|url\\=https://www.difesaonline.it/mondo\\-militare/il\\-tuscania\\-compie\\-80\\-anni\\-cosa\\-far%C3%A0\\-da\\-grande \\|website\\=Difesa Online \\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2021 \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=19 December 2020}}", "From 1982 to 1984 the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"*Tuscania*\" was part of UNIFIL with the task of providing protection to [Sabra, Chatila](/wiki/Chatila_refugee_camp \"Chatila refugee camp\") and [Burj el\\-Barajneh](/wiki/Burj_el-Barajneh \"Burj el-Barajneh\") [refugee camps](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps \"Palestinian refugee camps\"): the battalion, based in [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\"), was the only unit consisting of career personnel and fulfilled sensitive tasks.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ciocchetti \\|first1\\=Tiziano \\|title\\=1° reggimento cc paracadutisti Tuscania: 40 anni non convenzionali \\|url\\=https://www.difesaonline.it/mondo\\-militare/1%C2%B0\\-reggimento\\-cc\\-paracadutisti\\-tuscania\\-40\\-anni\\-non\\-convenzionali \\|website\\=Difesa Online \\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2021 \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=3 February 2021}} From 1983 to 1986 and from 1989 to 1993, the battalion was deployed in Calabria, Sardinia, and Sicilia, supporting the arrests of several mafia bosses.", "In the late 1980s the battalion was deployed to protect the Italian Embassy in [Mogadishu](/wiki/Mogadishu \"Mogadishu\"), [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia \"Somalia\"). On 25 December 1989, a detachment of the battalion evacuated Italian diplomatic personnel from [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest \"Bucharest\").", "The early 1990s saw the battalion deployed both at home and abroad. Until the establishment of the [Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron \"Cacciatori di Calabria\"](/wiki/Carabinieri_Heliborne_Squadron_%22Cacciatori_di_Calabria%22 \"Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron \") in 1991 and of the Sardinian counterpart in 1993, the \"*Tuscania*\" Battalion was deployed again against organized crime in [Aspromonte](/wiki/Aspromonte \"Aspromonte\") and in [Barbagia](/wiki/Barbagia \"Barbagia\"). Meanwhile, from 1991 to 1994 the battalion was part of UNITAF and in UNOSOM II missions in Somalia, where it was involved in several combat situations. Diplomatic security was also provided in Zaire (until 1994\\) and in Peru (1992\\).", "On 5 November 1994, the War Flag was awarded a silver medal for Army Valor for the performance of the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"*Tuscania*\" in Somalia.", "In 1995, as part of [IFOR](/wiki/IFOR \"IFOR\"), the battalion was deployed in [Bosnia\\-Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina \"Bosnia-Herzegovina\") as military police and commander's protection, with one Platoon in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo \"Sarajevo\") and one in [Mostar](/wiki/Mostar \"Mostar\"). Then\\-Battalion Commander, Lieutenant Colonel Leonardo Leso, was also the command's legal advisor. In the same year, the battalion was deployed in [Barbagia](/wiki/Barbagia \"Barbagia\") for anti\\-banditry duties.", "The current designation of *Regiment* was awarded on 1 June 1996, when a third operational Company was added. In 1997 the regiment evacuated non\\-Albanian personnel from that country. In 1999, the regiment was deployed in Kosovo and in East Timor. In East Timor the regiment operated as a special operations force. In 2000, the regiment deployed fifty paratroopers in [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\") in the Operation \"*Golfo*\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Marino \\|first1\\=Giovanni \\|title\\=I parà per rastrellare i rioni \\- la Repubblica.it \\|url\\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/09/18/para\\-per\\-rastrellare\\-rioni.html?ref\\=search \\|accessdate\\=18 June 2018 \\|work\\=Archivio \\- la Repubblica.it \\|date\\=18 September 2000 \\|language\\=it}} On occasion of the 2001 [27th G8 summit](/wiki/27th_G8_summit \"27th G8 summit\") held in Genoa, the regiment was deployed as part of the security apparatus with tactical reserve tasks.", "### 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade", "The regiment has been subordinated to the [2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade](/wiki/2nd_Carabinieri_Mobile_Brigade \"2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade\") since 15 March 2002,{{cite book\\|title\\=Sinossi di storia dell'Arma\\|date\\=2016\\|publisher\\=Redazione della “Rassegna dell’Arma dei Carabinieri”\\|url\\=http://www.carabinieri.it/docs/default\\-source/concorsi/2017/mo199/sinossi\\-storia\\-dell'arma.pdf?sfvrsn\\=0\\|accessdate\\=16 July 2017\\|language\\=Italian}}p. 184 having been moved from [Paratroopers Brigade \"*Folgore*\"](/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade_%22Folgore%22 \"Paratroopers Brigade \").{{cite web\\|title\\=Rgt.CC Par. Tuscania\\|url\\=http://www.carabinieri.it/arma/oggi/reparti/organizzazione\\-mobile\\-e\\-speciale/rgt.\\-cc\\-par.\\-tuscania\\|website\\=www.carabinieri.it\\|accessdate\\=17 March 2017\\|language\\=Italian}} Despite the status of an Armed Force being awarded to the Carabinieri on 5 October 2000, the \"*Tuscania*\" shares the [maroon beret](/wiki/Maroon_beret%23Italian_Army \"Maroon beret#Italian Army\") of the [paracadutisti](/wiki/Paracadutisti \"Paracadutisti\").", "In 2003 the \"Tuscania\" Regiment was deployed in Iraq as part of [Operation Ancient Babylon](/wiki/Operation_Ancient_Babylon \"Operation Ancient Babylon\"). The regiment provided security in [Nasiriyah](/wiki/Nasiriyah \"Nasiriyah\") and trained the [Iraqi Police](/wiki/Iraqi_Police \"Iraqi Police\").The regiment took also part to [2004 Nasiriyah battle](/wiki/Operation_Ancient_Babylon%23The_battle_for_the_bridges \"Operation Ancient Babylon#The battle for the bridges\").", "According to [Major General](/wiki/Major_General \"Major General\") Nicola Zanelli, Commander of the CO.F.S. (the Italian joint Command of [special forces](/wiki/Special_forces \"Special forces\")), in 2017 a company of the 1st Paratroopers Carabinieri Regiment \"*Tuscania*\" is intended to be upgraded to the special forces (Tier 2\\) level.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Vespa\\|first1\\=Stefano\\|title\\=Segretezza, pericolo, tecnologia: intervista al comandante delle Forze speciali, Zanelli \\- Formiche.net\\|url\\=http://formiche.net/blog/2017/07/23/intervista\\-zanelli/\\|website\\=Formiche.net\\|accessdate\\=14 August 2017\\|language\\=it\\-IT\\|date\\=23 July 2017}} As of 2018, some military expert call for the establishment of an additional operational Company or even of an additional Battalion.", "" ]
### Paratroopers Brigade Folgore On 1 January 1963, within the general Army reorganization, the [Paratroopers Brigade Folgore](/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade_Folgore "Paratroopers Brigade Folgore") was formally established (although it received the name only in 1967\); the Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit was renamed Carabinieri Paratroopers Company and was assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade.{{cite book\|last1\=Ales\|first1\=Stefano\|last2\=Viotti\|first2\=Andrea\|title\=Struttura, uniformi e distintivi dell'Esercito Italiano 1946\-1970\|date\=2007\|publisher\=Ufficio Storico \- Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito\|location\=Rome\|pages\=127, 133\|language\=it}}{{rp\|127}} The Carabinieri Paratroopers Company depended for administrative purposes on Livorno Carabinieri Legion.{{rp\|133, note 300}} On 15 July of the same year{{cite web \|title\=Viterbo \- Domani onore ai caduti in guerra (con la fontana in loro memoria vuota e sudicia) \- EtruriaNews \|url\=https://etrurianews.it/2019/11/03/viterbo\-domani\-onore\-ai\-caduti\-in\-guerra\-con\-la\-fontana\-in\-loro\-memoria\-vuota\-e\-sudicia/ \|website\=Etruria News \|access\-date\=15 February 2021 \|language\=it\-IT \|date\=3 November 2019}} the company was expanded and reorganized as Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "*Tuscania*" within the Folgore Brigade. On 14 June 1964, then\-[President](/wiki/President_of_Italy "President of Italy") [Antonio Segni](/wiki/Antonio_Segni "Antonio Segni") awarded the [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor "Silver Medal of Military Valor") to the Carabinieri War Flag for the Battle of Elet el Ausel. Carabinieri Paratroopers served in [Alto Adige](/wiki/South_Tyrol "South Tyrol") in the 1960s against South Tyrolean terrorism,{{cite web\|title\=Il Battaglione\|url\=http://www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it/nuova\_pagina\_4\.htm\|website\=Carabinieri Paracadutisti\|accessdate\=16 March 2017}}p. 20 within the 150\-troops strong Special Antiterrorism Company, along with Paratrooper Saboteurs (predecessors of present\-day Italian special forces), Alpine, Guard of Finance and police troops. The Special Antiterrorism Company was led by Paratrooper Carabinieri Captain Francesco Gentile, dead in the 1967 Cima Vallona attack.{{cite web \|last1\=Scarpitta \|first1\=Alberto \|title\=Il 1° Reggimento Carabinieri Paracadutisti "Tuscania" – Analisi Difesa \|url\=https://www.analisidifesa.it/2018/08/il\-1\-reggimento\-carabinieri\-paracadutisti\-tuscania/ \|website\=Analisi Difesa \|accessdate\=8 August 2018 \|language\=it\-IT\|date\=7 August 2018 }} On 1 October 1975 the battalion was renamed I Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "*Tuscania*". On 8 April 1976 the battalion received the War Flag.{{cite web \|last1\=Tatarelli \|first1\=Luca \|title\=SPECIALE FESTA ARMA DEI CARABINIERI: Paracadutisti "Tuscania", 80 anni di storia in Patria e all’estero \|url\=https://www.reportdifesa.it/speciale\-festa\-arma\-dei\-carabinieri\-paracadutisti\-tuscania\-80\-anni\-di\-storia\-in\-patria\-e\-allestero/ \|website\=Report Difesa \|access\-date\=8 February 2021 \|language\=it\-IT \|date\=5 June 2020}} The battalion was officially recognized as the legitimate heir of the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion in the same year, when its War Flag was awarded with the silver medal for Military Valour for the North African campaign. On 10 December 1976, the Parachutism Section of the Carabinieri Sports Centre was established within the battalion.{{cite web\|title\=Il Tuscania\|url\=http://www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it/tuscania.htm\|website\=www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it\|accessdate\=16 March 2017\|language\=Italian}} On 2 February 1978, the [Special Intervention Group](/wiki/Gruppo_di_intervento_speciale "Gruppo di intervento speciale") was established as a [counter\-terrorist unit](/wiki/Counter-terrorism "Counter-terrorism"); the personnel were selected from the ranks of the battalion. In the 1980s, the battalion was included into the Special Operations Group in order to support the Italian part of the [stay\-behind network](/wiki/Stay-behind "Stay-behind") [Operation Gladio](/wiki/Operation_Gladio "Operation Gladio").{{cite web \|last1\=Ciocchetti \|first1\=Tiziano \|title\=Il Tuscania compie 80 anni: cosa farà da grande? \|url\=https://www.difesaonline.it/mondo\-militare/il\-tuscania\-compie\-80\-anni\-cosa\-far%C3%A0\-da\-grande \|website\=Difesa Online \|access\-date\=8 February 2021 \|language\=it \|date\=19 December 2020}} From 1982 to 1984 the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "*Tuscania*" was part of UNIFIL with the task of providing protection to [Sabra, Chatila](/wiki/Chatila_refugee_camp "Chatila refugee camp") and [Burj el\-Barajneh](/wiki/Burj_el-Barajneh "Burj el-Barajneh") [refugee camps](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps "Palestinian refugee camps"): the battalion, based in [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut"), was the only unit consisting of career personnel and fulfilled sensitive tasks.{{cite web \|last1\=Ciocchetti \|first1\=Tiziano \|title\=1° reggimento cc paracadutisti Tuscania: 40 anni non convenzionali \|url\=https://www.difesaonline.it/mondo\-militare/1%C2%B0\-reggimento\-cc\-paracadutisti\-tuscania\-40\-anni\-non\-convenzionali \|website\=Difesa Online \|access\-date\=6 February 2021 \|language\=it \|date\=3 February 2021}} From 1983 to 1986 and from 1989 to 1993, the battalion was deployed in Calabria, Sardinia, and Sicilia, supporting the arrests of several mafia bosses. In the late 1980s the battalion was deployed to protect the Italian Embassy in [Mogadishu](/wiki/Mogadishu "Mogadishu"), [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia "Somalia"). On 25 December 1989, a detachment of the battalion evacuated Italian diplomatic personnel from [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest"). The early 1990s saw the battalion deployed both at home and abroad. Until the establishment of the [Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron "Cacciatori di Calabria"](/wiki/Carabinieri_Heliborne_Squadron_%22Cacciatori_di_Calabria%22 "Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron ") in 1991 and of the Sardinian counterpart in 1993, the "*Tuscania*" Battalion was deployed again against organized crime in [Aspromonte](/wiki/Aspromonte "Aspromonte") and in [Barbagia](/wiki/Barbagia "Barbagia"). Meanwhile, from 1991 to 1994 the battalion was part of UNITAF and in UNOSOM II missions in Somalia, where it was involved in several combat situations. Diplomatic security was also provided in Zaire (until 1994\) and in Peru (1992\). On 5 November 1994, the War Flag was awarded a silver medal for Army Valor for the performance of the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "*Tuscania*" in Somalia. In 1995, as part of [IFOR](/wiki/IFOR "IFOR"), the battalion was deployed in [Bosnia\-Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina "Bosnia-Herzegovina") as military police and commander's protection, with one Platoon in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo") and one in [Mostar](/wiki/Mostar "Mostar"). Then\-Battalion Commander, Lieutenant Colonel Leonardo Leso, was also the command's legal advisor. In the same year, the battalion was deployed in [Barbagia](/wiki/Barbagia "Barbagia") for anti\-banditry duties. The current designation of *Regiment* was awarded on 1 June 1996, when a third operational Company was added. In 1997 the regiment evacuated non\-Albanian personnel from that country. In 1999, the regiment was deployed in Kosovo and in East Timor. In East Timor the regiment operated as a special operations force. In 2000, the regiment deployed fifty paratroopers in [Naples](/wiki/Naples "Naples") in the Operation "*Golfo*".{{cite news \|last1\=Marino \|first1\=Giovanni \|title\=I parà per rastrellare i rioni \- la Repubblica.it \|url\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/09/18/para\-per\-rastrellare\-rioni.html?ref\=search \|accessdate\=18 June 2018 \|work\=Archivio \- la Repubblica.it \|date\=18 September 2000 \|language\=it}} On occasion of the 2001 [27th G8 summit](/wiki/27th_G8_summit "27th G8 summit") held in Genoa, the regiment was deployed as part of the security apparatus with tactical reserve tasks.
[ "### Paratroopers Brigade Folgore", "On 1 January 1963, within the general Army reorganization, the [Paratroopers Brigade Folgore](/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade_Folgore \"Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\") was formally established (although it received the name only in 1967\\); the Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit was renamed Carabinieri Paratroopers Company and was assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Ales\\|first1\\=Stefano\\|last2\\=Viotti\\|first2\\=Andrea\\|title\\=Struttura, uniformi e distintivi dell'Esercito Italiano 1946\\-1970\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=Ufficio Storico \\- Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito\\|location\\=Rome\\|pages\\=127, 133\\|language\\=it}}{{rp\\|127}} The Carabinieri Paratroopers Company depended for administrative purposes on Livorno Carabinieri Legion.{{rp\\|133, note 300}} On 15 July of the same year{{cite web \\|title\\=Viterbo \\- Domani onore ai caduti in guerra (con la fontana in loro memoria vuota e sudicia) \\- EtruriaNews \\|url\\=https://etrurianews.it/2019/11/03/viterbo\\-domani\\-onore\\-ai\\-caduti\\-in\\-guerra\\-con\\-la\\-fontana\\-in\\-loro\\-memoria\\-vuota\\-e\\-sudicia/ \\|website\\=Etruria News \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2021 \\|language\\=it\\-IT \\|date\\=3 November 2019}} the company was expanded and reorganized as Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"*Tuscania*\" within the Folgore Brigade.", "On 14 June 1964, then\\-[President](/wiki/President_of_Italy \"President of Italy\") [Antonio Segni](/wiki/Antonio_Segni \"Antonio Segni\") awarded the [Silver Medal of Military Valor](/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor \"Silver Medal of Military Valor\") to the Carabinieri War Flag for the Battle of Elet el Ausel.", "Carabinieri Paratroopers served in [Alto Adige](/wiki/South_Tyrol \"South Tyrol\") in the 1960s against South Tyrolean terrorism,{{cite web\\|title\\=Il Battaglione\\|url\\=http://www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it/nuova\\_pagina\\_4\\.htm\\|website\\=Carabinieri Paracadutisti\\|accessdate\\=16 March 2017}}p. 20 within the 150\\-troops strong Special Antiterrorism Company, along with Paratrooper Saboteurs (predecessors of present\\-day Italian special forces), Alpine, Guard of Finance and police troops. The Special Antiterrorism Company was led by Paratrooper Carabinieri Captain Francesco Gentile, dead in the 1967 Cima Vallona attack.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Scarpitta \\|first1\\=Alberto \\|title\\=Il 1° Reggimento Carabinieri Paracadutisti \"Tuscania\" – Analisi Difesa \\|url\\=https://www.analisidifesa.it/2018/08/il\\-1\\-reggimento\\-carabinieri\\-paracadutisti\\-tuscania/ \\|website\\=Analisi Difesa \\|accessdate\\=8 August 2018 \\|language\\=it\\-IT\\|date\\=7 August 2018 }}", "On 1 October 1975 the battalion was renamed I Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"*Tuscania*\". On 8 April 1976 the battalion received the War Flag.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Tatarelli \\|first1\\=Luca \\|title\\=SPECIALE FESTA ARMA DEI CARABINIERI: Paracadutisti \"Tuscania\", 80 anni di storia in Patria e all’estero \\|url\\=https://www.reportdifesa.it/speciale\\-festa\\-arma\\-dei\\-carabinieri\\-paracadutisti\\-tuscania\\-80\\-anni\\-di\\-storia\\-in\\-patria\\-e\\-allestero/ \\|website\\=Report Difesa \\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2021 \\|language\\=it\\-IT \\|date\\=5 June 2020}} The battalion was officially recognized as the legitimate heir of the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion in the same year, when its War Flag was awarded with the silver medal for Military Valour for the North African campaign. On 10 December 1976, the Parachutism Section of the Carabinieri Sports Centre was established within the battalion.{{cite web\\|title\\=Il Tuscania\\|url\\=http://www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it/tuscania.htm\\|website\\=www.carabinieriparacadutisti.it\\|accessdate\\=16 March 2017\\|language\\=Italian}}", "On 2 February 1978, the [Special Intervention Group](/wiki/Gruppo_di_intervento_speciale \"Gruppo di intervento speciale\") was established as a [counter\\-terrorist unit](/wiki/Counter-terrorism \"Counter-terrorism\"); the personnel were selected from the ranks of the battalion. In the 1980s, the battalion was included into the Special Operations Group in order to support the Italian part of the [stay\\-behind network](/wiki/Stay-behind \"Stay-behind\") [Operation Gladio](/wiki/Operation_Gladio \"Operation Gladio\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ciocchetti \\|first1\\=Tiziano \\|title\\=Il Tuscania compie 80 anni: cosa farà da grande? \\|url\\=https://www.difesaonline.it/mondo\\-militare/il\\-tuscania\\-compie\\-80\\-anni\\-cosa\\-far%C3%A0\\-da\\-grande \\|website\\=Difesa Online \\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2021 \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=19 December 2020}}", "From 1982 to 1984 the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"*Tuscania*\" was part of UNIFIL with the task of providing protection to [Sabra, Chatila](/wiki/Chatila_refugee_camp \"Chatila refugee camp\") and [Burj el\\-Barajneh](/wiki/Burj_el-Barajneh \"Burj el-Barajneh\") [refugee camps](/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps \"Palestinian refugee camps\"): the battalion, based in [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\"), was the only unit consisting of career personnel and fulfilled sensitive tasks.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ciocchetti \\|first1\\=Tiziano \\|title\\=1° reggimento cc paracadutisti Tuscania: 40 anni non convenzionali \\|url\\=https://www.difesaonline.it/mondo\\-militare/1%C2%B0\\-reggimento\\-cc\\-paracadutisti\\-tuscania\\-40\\-anni\\-non\\-convenzionali \\|website\\=Difesa Online \\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2021 \\|language\\=it \\|date\\=3 February 2021}} From 1983 to 1986 and from 1989 to 1993, the battalion was deployed in Calabria, Sardinia, and Sicilia, supporting the arrests of several mafia bosses.", "In the late 1980s the battalion was deployed to protect the Italian Embassy in [Mogadishu](/wiki/Mogadishu \"Mogadishu\"), [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia \"Somalia\"). On 25 December 1989, a detachment of the battalion evacuated Italian diplomatic personnel from [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest \"Bucharest\").", "The early 1990s saw the battalion deployed both at home and abroad. Until the establishment of the [Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron \"Cacciatori di Calabria\"](/wiki/Carabinieri_Heliborne_Squadron_%22Cacciatori_di_Calabria%22 \"Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron \") in 1991 and of the Sardinian counterpart in 1993, the \"*Tuscania*\" Battalion was deployed again against organized crime in [Aspromonte](/wiki/Aspromonte \"Aspromonte\") and in [Barbagia](/wiki/Barbagia \"Barbagia\"). Meanwhile, from 1991 to 1994 the battalion was part of UNITAF and in UNOSOM II missions in Somalia, where it was involved in several combat situations. Diplomatic security was also provided in Zaire (until 1994\\) and in Peru (1992\\).", "On 5 November 1994, the War Flag was awarded a silver medal for Army Valor for the performance of the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"*Tuscania*\" in Somalia.", "In 1995, as part of [IFOR](/wiki/IFOR \"IFOR\"), the battalion was deployed in [Bosnia\\-Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina \"Bosnia-Herzegovina\") as military police and commander's protection, with one Platoon in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo \"Sarajevo\") and one in [Mostar](/wiki/Mostar \"Mostar\"). Then\\-Battalion Commander, Lieutenant Colonel Leonardo Leso, was also the command's legal advisor. In the same year, the battalion was deployed in [Barbagia](/wiki/Barbagia \"Barbagia\") for anti\\-banditry duties.", "The current designation of *Regiment* was awarded on 1 June 1996, when a third operational Company was added. In 1997 the regiment evacuated non\\-Albanian personnel from that country. In 1999, the regiment was deployed in Kosovo and in East Timor. In East Timor the regiment operated as a special operations force. In 2000, the regiment deployed fifty paratroopers in [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\") in the Operation \"*Golfo*\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Marino \\|first1\\=Giovanni \\|title\\=I parà per rastrellare i rioni \\- la Repubblica.it \\|url\\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/09/18/para\\-per\\-rastrellare\\-rioni.html?ref\\=search \\|accessdate\\=18 June 2018 \\|work\\=Archivio \\- la Repubblica.it \\|date\\=18 September 2000 \\|language\\=it}} On occasion of the 2001 [27th G8 summit](/wiki/27th_G8_summit \"27th G8 summit\") held in Genoa, the regiment was deployed as part of the security apparatus with tactical reserve tasks.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Law Practice Upon graduation from law school, Anderson returned to Salt Lake City to practice law. He participated in several jury trials in federal and state courts and handled appeals before the [Utah Court of Appeals](/wiki/Utah_Court_of_Appeals "Utah Court of Appeals"), the [Utah Supreme Court](/wiki/Utah_Supreme_Court "Utah Supreme Court"), the [United States District Court for the District of Utah](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Utah "United States District Court for the District of Utah") (in an appeal from Bankruptcy Court) and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wildutah.net/8\-9\-00/index.htm\|title\=Andersen v. McCotter, 205 F.3d 1214 (10th Cir. 2000\); SLW/Utah, L.C. v. Griffiths, 967 P.2d 534 (Utah Ct. App. 1998\); Bauchman for Bauchman v. West High School, 132 F.3d 542 (10th Cir. 1997\); Andersen v. McCotter, 100 F.3d 723 (10th Cir. 1996\); Bott v. DeLand, 922 P.2d 732 (Utah 1996\); Ross v. Schackel, 920 P.2d 1159 (Utah 1996\); Salt Lake Child and Family Therapy Clinic, Inc. v. Frederick, 890 P.2d 1017 (Utah 1995\); Scott v. Hammock, 870 P.2d 947 (Utah 1994\); Bradford v. Moench, 809 F.Supp. 1473 (D. Utah 1992\); Webb v. R.O.A. General, Inc., 804 P.2d 547 (Utah Ct. App. 1991\); Carter v. Utah Power \& Light Co., 800 P.2d 1095 (Utah 1990\); Naugle v. Witney, 755 F.Supp. 1504 (D. Utah 1990\); Scott v. Hammock, 133 F.R.D. 610 (D. Utah 1990\); Webb v. R.O.A. General, Inc., 773 P.2d 845 (Utah Ct. App. 1989\); Bradford v. Moench, 670 F. Supp. 920 (D. Utah 1987\); State v. Strand, 720 P. 425 (Utah 1986\); Goddard v. Hickman, 685 P.2d 530 (Utah 1984\); State v. Strand, 674 P.2d 109 (Utah 1983\); Frampton v. Wilson, 605 P.2d 771 (Utah 1980\); Hughes v. Housley, 599 P.2d 1250 (Utah 1979\)\|publisher\=Wildutah.net\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson had an extremely diverse legal practice and represented plaintiffs in dozens of major cases, involving a wide variety of issues, including securities fraud, violation of church and state separation, civil rights, professional malpractice, abuse of incarcerated people, child sex abuse, and First and Fourth Amendment violations.Reported cases reflect the diversity of Anderson's legal practice, which included hundreds of cases not reported. See footnote 38 supra. Before he was elected Mayor of Salt Lake City, Anderson practiced law for twenty\-one years in Salt Lake City, beginning as an associate with Berman \& Giauque and later as a partner in Berman \& Anderson; Hansen \& Anderson; Anderson \& Watkins; and Anderson \& Karrenberg. After he returned to the practice of law in 2014, he was of counsel with Winder \& Counsel, then was a partner at Lewis Hansen, and then practiced at Law Offices of Rocky Anderson until 2021, when he wound down his law practice and volunteered full\-time as Executive Director of the Justice Party (later named Allied Justice)**.** He specialized in civil litigation in several areas of law, including antitrust, securities fraud, commercial, product liability, professional malpractice and civil rights. He often represented individuals suing corporations or government entities, including plaintiffs in the following cases: * *Bradford v. Moench*: A consumer rights lawsuit in which Anderson successfully asserted a novel securities law theory and achieved, in a precedent\-setting decision, broad protections for depositors in inadequately insured "thrift and loan" companies.Bradford v. Moench, 670 F. Supp. 920 (D. Utah 1987\); 809 F. Supp. 1473 (D. Utah 1992\) * *Scott v. Hammock*: A lawsuit in which Anderson represented a young woman who had been sexually abused by her adoptive father. During the case, Anderson challenged the right of confidentiality that the L.D.S Church asserted regarding non\-penitential communications by the defendant with his Mormon bishop.["Disclosures to Clergy Debated"](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/187241/DISCLOSURES-TO-CLERGY-DEBATED.html) *Deseret News* * *University of Utah Students Against Apartheid v. Peterson*: A case in which plaintiffs successfully asserted their First Amendment rights to symbolic speech after the university administration ordered them to remove shanties used to protest the university's investments in South Africa. (Anderson filed an amicus brief for the ACLU in the case.) University of Utah Students Against Apartheid v. Peterson, 649 F.Supp. 1200 (D. Utah 1986\) * *Armstrong v. McCotter*: A civil rights case involving a young mentally ill man, Michael Valent, who, while incarcerated in prison, died from a pulmonary embolism after being strapped naked in a restraint chair for 16 hours solely because of conduct linked to his [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia").["It Happened Here First: Exporting America's Most Notorious Prison Officials to Abu Ghraib"](http://www.november.org/stayinfo/breaking2/DemocracyNow.html), november.org; accessed January 22, 2017\. * *Bott v. Deland*: A civil rights case based upon deliberate indifference toward and unnecessarily rigorous treatment of an incarcerated person with a severe medical problem. The case established, for the first time, protections for the rights of incarcerated people under the Utah Constitution far broader than under the United States Constitution. In that case, the Utah Supreme Court agreed that financial damages, not limited by state statute, are available for violations of the protections provided for incarcerated people under the State Constitution.Bott v. Deland, 922 P.2d 732 (Utah 1996\) * *Regan v. Salt Lake County*: A class action challenging invasive searches, including strip searches, of women held on minor violations at the Salt Lake County Jail.[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/468912/SL\-ATTORNEY\-TO\-JOIN\-2ND\-DISTRICT\-RACE.html "Strip\-search decree is history"](http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4823579&itype=NGPSID&keyword=&qtype=;), *Salt Lake City Tribune*; accessed January 22, 2017\. * *Prettyman v. Salt Lake City*: A civil rights case involving the excessive use of force by police, resulting in the breaking of a rod in the plaintiff's back.["S.L. Police Ordered to Turn Over Internal Reports"](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/232125/SL-POLICE-ORDERED-TO-TURN-OVER-INTERNAL-REPORTS.html), *Deseret News*; accessed January 22, 2017\. * *Harding v. Walles*: A civil rights case involving the sexual abuse of a male prison inmate by a prison guard.["ACLU Sues Prison Over Alleged Sex Abuse – Officials Failed to Take Proper Action When Guard Coerced Inmate Suit Claims"](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/62072/ACLU-SUES-PRISON-OVER-ALLEGED-SEX-ABUSE.html), *Deseret News*; accessed January 22, 2017\. * Mitchell v. Roberts: A child sex abuse case, seeking to protect the right, created by the Utah Legislature, to sue a perpetrator even if the prior statute of limitations had already run.{{Cite web \|last\=Knox \|first\=Annia \|date\=Jun 12, 2020 \|title\=Utah Supreme Court strikes down law allowing sex abuse lawsuits in case against federal judge \|url\=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/6/12/21289570/utah\-supreme\-court\-sex\-abuse\-law\-federal\-judge\-richard\-roberts\-terry\-mitchell\-joseph\-paul\-franklin \|website\=Deseret News}} * Cinema Pub v. Petilos: Successfully vindicated the First Amendment rights of a local theater that serves alcohol after the Utah D.A.B.C. sought to sanction the business for showing the movie Deadpool.{{Cite web \|last\=Rasmeth and Stephenson \|first\=Luke and Kathy \|title\=Brewvies wins judgment against Utah in First Amendment case involving 'Deadpool,' sex and alcohol \|url\=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2017/09/01/brewvies\-wins\-judgment\-against\-utah\-in\-deadpool\-first\-amendment\-case/\#:\~:text\=Anderson%20said%20the%20ruling%20would,with%20a%20similar%20Idaho%20statute. \|website\=The Salt Lake Tribune}} * Kendall v. Olsen: Sought justice regarding the warrantless invasion of a private backyard by a police officer who unjustifiably shot and killed the resident’s beloved dog.{{Cite web \|title\=Salt Lake City cop shoots dog dead in back yard; Owner wants $1\.5 million \|url\=https://truecrimedaily.com/2015/11/10/salt\-lake\-city\-cop\-shoots\-dog\-dead\-in\-back\-yard\-owner\-wants\-1\-5\-million/ \|website\=True Crime Daily}} Anderson helped to spearhead the reform of Utah's child custody laws.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az\=view\_all\&address\=132x6697685\|title\=Democratic Underground\|publisher\=Democraticunderground.com\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} He worked to institute a program to help those who do not qualify for assistance through Legal Aid or Legal Services, but who are unable to afford to pay in full for legal representation.[Bar Lauds Distinguished Service](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/426369/BAR-LAUDS-DISTINGUISHED-SERVICE.html), *Deseret News*; accessed January 22, 2017\. Anderson served as Chair of the Litigation Section of the [Utah State Bar Association](/wiki/Utah_State_Bar_Association "Utah State Bar Association")["S.L. Attorney to Join 2nd District Race"](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/468912/SL-ATTORNEY-TO-JOIN-2ND-DISTRICT-RACE.html) *Deseret News*; accessed January 22, 2017\. (when the Litigation Section was recognized by the Utah Bar Association as the Section of the Year[Utah State Bar Awards Recipients](http://www.utahbar.org/members/awards_recipients.html#Committee) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323043925/http://www.utahbar.org/members/awards\_recipients.html \|date\=March 23, 2010 }}), and as president of [Anderson and Karrenberg](/wiki/Anderson_and_Karrenberg "Anderson and Karrenberg"), a [Salt Lake City](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City") law firm.{{cite web\|url\=http://pview.findlaw.com/view/2207485\_1\|title\=FindLaw, Anderson \& Karrenberg, A Professional Corporation\|publisher\=Pview.findlaw.com\|date\=February 22, 1999\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143920/http://pview.findlaw.com/view/2207485\_1\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Volunteer work with non\-profit organizations and activism. When he was practicing law, Anderson was affiliated with several non\-profit organizations dedicated to protecting civil rights, providing educational opportunities for economically disadvantaged children, protecting reproductive freedom, improving the penal and criminal justice systems, and strengthening legislative ethics. He served as president of the boards of the ACLU of Utah,[ACLU of Utah 50th Anniversary Celebration](http://www.acluutah.org/BOR08.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415074238/http://www.acluutah.org/BOR08\.htm\|date\=April 15, 2012}} Guadalupe Schools,[Rocky Anderson's Speech](http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4110342&itype=NGPSID&keyword=&qtype=), *Salt Lake Tribune*; accessed January 22, 2017\. and Citizens for Penal Reform, which he founded. He served as a board member of several other community\-based non\-profit organizations, including Planned Parenthood Association of Utah["The Other Rocky"](http://www.thenation.com/article/other-rocky) *[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation "The Nation")*; accessed (for whom he also performed pro bono legal services, including a successful lawsuit to obtain an occupancy certificate for a new clinic, which had been denied because of community opposition to a family planning clinic) and Utah Common Cause.{{cite web\|author\=Staff\|url\=http://archive.sltrib.com\|title\=Rocky Anderson's Speech\|date\=July 28, 2006\|publisher\=Archive.sltrib.com\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} On behalf of Common Cause, Anderson lobbied for stronger legislation pertaining to ethical conduct by elected officials, as well as for campaign finance reform.{{Cite web \|last\=Kall \|first\=Rob \|title\=Interview with Rocky Anderson \|url\=https://www.opednews.com/Podcast/Rocky\-Anderson\-Justice\-Pa\-by\-Rob\-Kall\-120104\-455\.html \|website\=OpEdNews.com\|date\=January 4, 2012 }} While he was practicing law, Anderson opposed the Reagan Administration's efforts to overthrow the government in Nicaragua and some of the Administration's other policies relating to Latin America. He spoke publicly and debated regarding the U.S.’s illegal intervention in Nicaragua and organized two trips to [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua "Nicaragua") for dozens of Utahns so they could see, and report back to the public, what was actually happening in the country.{{Cite web \|last\=Kall \|first\=Rob \|title\=Interview with Rocky Anderson \|url\=https://www.opednews.com/Podcast/Rocky\-Anderson\-Justice\-Pa\-by\-Rob\-Kall\-120104\-455\.html \|website\=OpEdNews\|date\=January 4, 2012 }} He also twice debated the commander\-in\-chief of the Contras, Adolfo Calero.["Anderson Proud to Back Demo Causes"](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/487905/ANDERSONS-PROUD-TO-BACK-DEMO-CAUSES.html), *Deseret News*; accessed January 22, 2017\. Moved by the suffering of the friends and family members of several women who had been murdered in the Salt Lake City area, but whose killings Salt Lake City police detectives had failed to solve, Anderson worked *pro bono* for many months, reviewing documents and locating and interviewing witnesses. His work, together with the efforts of others, led to the eventual grand jury indictment and conviction of a man for one of the murders.Tom Smart and Lee Benson, In plain sight: the startling truth behind the Elizabeth Smart investigation (Chicago Review Press: Chicago 2005\), pp. 190\-91\. Rocky served as Chair of the Board of Salt Lake Academy of Music (SLAM){{Cite web \|title\=SLAM \|url\=https://www.slamslc.org/ \|website\=Salt Lake Academy of Music}} and now serves on the Board of the Haitian Orchestra Institute (HOI).{{Cite web \|title\=HOI \|url\=https://haitiorch.org/about\-us \|website\=HOI}} ### 1996 congressional campaign After winning a contentious primary election against Kelly Atkinson by a margin of 11%,[Election Results from the Associated Press](http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/external/pre-election/profilesdistricts/UT02.html?SITE=WPVITVELN&SECTION=POLITICS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021173843/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/external/pre\-election/profilesdistricts/UT02\.html?SITE\=WPVITVELN\&SECTION\=POLITICS\&TEMPLATE\=DEFAULT\|date\=October 21, 2015}} Anderson ran for Congress as the Democratic nominee in [Utah's 2nd congressional district](/wiki/Utah%27s_2nd_congressional_district "Utah's 2nd congressional district") in 1996 against Republican [Merrill Cook](/wiki/Merrill_Cook "Merrill Cook").{{cite web\|last\=Bernick\|first\=Bob\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/519911/COOK\-ANDERSON\-BELIEVE\-FERVENTLY\-IN\-THEMSELVES.html\|title\=Cook, Anderson Believe Fervently In Themselves\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=October 18, 1996\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Without any financial help from the Democratic Party (some local Democratic leaders viewed Anderson as being too liberal because of his work with the ACLU, his advocacy for reproductive rights, his support for same\-sex marriage, his opposition to U.S. policy toward Nicaragua in the 1980s, and his opposition to the death penaltyRocky Anderson, "'But They Didn't Win': Politics and Integrity," Dialogue – A Journal of Mormon Thought (Vol. 31 No. 1, Spring 1998\), pp. 98\-99\.), he garnered over 100,000 votes in the district.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/pubs/almanac/1998/ut02\.htm\|title\=Rep. Merrill Cook profile\|work\=Nationaljournal.com\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107063636/http://www.nationaljournal.com/pubs/almanac/1998/ut02\.htm\|archive\-date\=November 7, 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} Anderson lost the 1996 race to [Merrill Cook](/wiki/Merrill_Cook "Merrill Cook"), achieving 37 percent of the ballots cast versus Cook's 60 percent. ### Mayor of Salt Lake City Anderson ran for Mayor of Salt Lake City in 1999, defeating 10 other candidates in the primary campaign, before winning 60% of the vote in the general election against opponent Stuart Reid.{{cite web\|url\=http://web.ksl.com/dump/news/cc/elect99/electwin.htm\|title\=Rocky Anderson Wins SLC Mayor's Race\|publisher\=Web.ksl.com\|date\=June 26, 2005\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080320/http://web.ksl.com/dump/news/cc/elect99/electwin.htm\|archive\-date\=April 25, 2012}} He won re\-election by an 8% margin against [Frank R. Pignanelli](/wiki/Frank_R._Pignanelli "Frank R. Pignanelli") in [2003](/wiki/2003_Salt_Lake_City_mayoral_election "2003 Salt Lake City mayoral election").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.php/topic/1120\-elections\-rocky\-rolls\|title\=Rocky Rolls\|publisher\=Urban Planet\|date\=October 11, 2013\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} [thumb\|Rocky II campaign sticker.](/wiki/File:Rocky_Anderson_mayoral_campaign%2C_2003.jpg "Rocky Anderson mayoral campaign, 2003.jpg") Anderson's two terms in office were extremely eventful, with Anderson playing a leading role in hosting the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.[*Deseret News*, "Rocky makes the scheduled rounds — and then some"](http://www.deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,70000908,00.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011080259/http://www.deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,70000908,00\.html\|date\=October 11, 2008}} He organized and co\-hosted dozens of mayors for three consecutive years at the Sundance Summit.[*ICLEI* "Sundance Summit a success"](http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=7112&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=2253&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7109&cHash=65853f8457) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725215218/http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id\=7112\&tx\_ttnews%5Btt\_news%5D\=2253\&tx\_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D\=7109\&cHash\=65853f8457\|date\=July 25, 2012}} He also founded the Salt Lake City International Jazz Festival, as well as providing national and international leadership regarding climate protection. He conducted a successful national campaign to require that airports across the country screen all checked luggage,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/870914/Rocky\-calls\-for\-tighter\-airline\-rules.html?pg\=2\|title\=Rocky calls for tighter airline rules\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=October 25, 2001\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} expanded the area's light rail system,[*The Globalist*, The Greening of Salt Lake City](http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4569) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402063755/http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId\=4569\|date\=April 2, 2012}} significantly expanded protected open space,[Text of Rocky Anderson’s State of the City Address, January 17 2007](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\_of\_rocky\_andersons\_state\_of\_the\_city\_address/index.html\|date\=February 24, 2011}} implemented an innovative and highly successful [restorative justice](/wiki/Restorative_justice "Restorative justice") program{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mayorsinnovation.org/pdf/Article13\_HC.pdf\|title\=Restoring hope \-\- Justice programs address offenders' problems\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-date\=October 21, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021184405/http://www.mayorsinnovation.org/pdf/Article13\_HC.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} and created a city wide after\-school and summer youth program, YouthCity.{{cite web \|author\=Tammy Walquist \|date\=June 9, 2006 \|title\=Renovating Ottinger Hall \|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635212177/Renovating\-Ottinger\-Hall.html \|access\-date\=October 19, 2013 \|publisher\=Deseretnews.com}} Many of Anderson's achievements were described in his State of the City addresses[For instance, Anderson's 2007 State of the City address is found at](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\_of\_rocky\_andersons\_state\_of\_the\_city\_address/index.html\|date\=February 24, 2011}} and listed by the news media shortly before he left office.{{cite web \|author\=Jared Page\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695241400/The\-Rocky\-years\-\-Anderson\-ends\-8\-eventful\-contentious\-years\-as\-Salt\-Lakes\-mayor.html?pg\=5\|title\=Anderson ends 8 eventful contentious years as Salt Lake's Mayor\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=January 6, 2008\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} State Senator [Chris Buttars](/wiki/Chris_Buttars "Chris Buttars") of West Jordan publicly denounced former Mayor Rocky Anderson for having "attracted the entire gay community to come and live in Salt Lake County" after a Dan Jones poll indicated strong support for allowing domestic partnerships. In the 2004 election, 63% of the city population voted against banning [same\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage "Same-sex marriage"), in agreement with Mayor Anderson."The Thumb", *The Salt Lake Tribune*, October 23, 2005\. Anderson chose not to run for a third term so he could push for reforms of U.S. human rights policies and practices through grassroots organizing.{{cite web \|title\=Utah: A Hornet's Nest That Gays \& Lesbians Call 'Home' \|url\=https://www.queerty.com/utah\-a\-hornets\-nest\-that\-gays\-lesbians\-call\-home\-20090128 \|work\=Queerty \|date\=January 28, 2009 \| author\=Grant, Japhy}} #### Environmental and climate protection programs [thumb\|right\|Anderson addressing a [350\.org](/wiki/350.org "350.org") gathering on [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming "Global warming") awareness.](/wiki/File:Rocky_Anderson_Global_Warming.jpg "Rocky Anderson Global Warming.jpg") Considered perhaps the "greenest" mayor in the United States,["Is Rocky Anderson the country's greenest mayor?"](http://www.alternet.org/story/70332/is_rocky_anderson_the_country%27s_greenest_mayor) *[Alternet](/wiki/Alternet "Alternet")* Anderson gained international renown for his Salt Lake City Green Program[Salt Lake City Green Program \- official site](http://www.slcgov.com/slcgreen); accessed September 28, 2006\. – a comprehensive effort to improve sustainability and reduce the City's environmental footprint – which achieved a 31% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from municipal operations in just 3 years. Elements of the program, which Anderson described as covering "everything from dog waste to nuclear wastes", included initiatives to improve the efficiency of the City's fleet and use of electricity, measures to make Salt Lake City more bicycle\-and pedestrian\-friendly, and co\-generation plants at the City's landfill and wastewater treatment facilities that recapture methane to generate electricity.{{cite web\|author\=gristadmin\|url\=http://grist.org/article/anderson1\|title\=An interview with Salt Lake City mayor and green innovator Rocky Anderson\|publisher\=Grist.org\|date\=February 7, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} As part of the Salt Lake City Green program, Anderson committed Salt Lake City to the Kyoto Protocol goals in 2002\.[*The Globalist*, The Greening of Salt Lake City"](http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4569) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050528212849/http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId\=4569\|date\=May 28, 2005}} He mandated that all city buildings use energy\-efficient light bulbs and replaced SUVs in the city fleet with high\-efficiency, alternative\-fuel vehicles.["Is Rocky Anderson The Country's Greenest Major?"](http://www.alternet.org/story/70332/is_rocky_anderson_the_country%27s_greenest_mayor), *[Alternet](/wiki/Alternet "Alternet")*; accessed January 22, 2017\. Anderson almost doubled the city's recycling capacity in one year.{{Cite web \|title\=Is Rocky Anderson the Country's Greenest Mayor? \|url\=https://www.alternet.org/2007/12/is\_rocky\_anderson\_the\_countrys\_greenest\_mayor/ \|website\=AlterNet}} The City surpassed its Kyoto goals in 2006, seven years ahead of schedule.{{Cite web \|title\=An interview with Salt Lake City mayor and green innovator Rocky Anderson \|url\=https://grist.org/article/anderson1/ \|website\=Grist\|date\=February 7, 2007 }} In 2003, Anderson received the Climate Protection Award from the United States [Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency "Environmental Protection Agency"),["EXCEPTIONAL COMMITMENT: 1998–2009 CLIMATE PROTECTION AWARD WINNERS"](http://www.epa.gov/cpd/awards/complistofwinners.html), [United States Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency "United States Environmental Protection Agency"); accessed January 22, 2017\. and the Sierra Club acknowledged his environmental work with its Distinguished Service Award.{{Cite web \|title\=SIERRA CLUB AWARD WINNERS \|url\=https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/Award%20winners%20by%20award\-updates%20for%202020\.pdf \|access\-date\=Oct 24, 2022}} In November 2005, the Salt Lake City Green program led to Salt Lake City receiving the World Leadership Award for environmental programs, presented by the World Leadership Forum in London.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.enn.com/press\_releases/1000\|title\=Salt Lake City Has Won the World Leadership Award in London\|publisher\=Enn.com\|date\=December 11, 2005\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019100058/http://www.enn.com/press\_releases/1000\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Anderson exemplified "green living" through personal example, including [xeriscaping](/wiki/Xeriscaping "Xeriscaping") his entire yard,{{cite web\|last\=Sheppard\|first\=Kate\|url\=http://grist.org/article/hey\-rocky\|title\=Hey Rocky\|publisher\=Grist.org\|date\=February 7, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} installing solar panels at his home, recycling all recyclable materials, and using cold\-water detergent, fluorescent bulbs, thermostat timers and a natural gas\-powered car.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/843433/Rocky\-runs\-on\-natural\-gas.html\|title\=Rocky runs on natural gas\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=May 18, 2001\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} While serving as mayor, Anderson informed and inspired other municipal officials about the importance of educating constituents about climate change and of taking measures to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theclimategroup.org/our\-news/interviews/2005/5/10/rocky\-anderson\|title\=Interview with Rocky Anderson\|publisher\=The Climate Group\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229183933/http://theclimategroup.org/our\-news/interviews/2005/5/10/rocky\-anderson\|date\=May 10, 2005\|archive\-date\=February 29, 2012\|access\-date\=April 9, 2015}} Anderson later researched, produced, and narrated a multi\-media piece (still available on YouTube) regarding the need for tenacious, effective leadership to protect against further disastrous climate chaos.{{Cite web \|last\=Shelton \|first\=Blake \|title\=Rocky Anderson \- Climate Crisis Leadership \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=7MKcHOqJp6Y \|website\=Youtube\|date\=May 4, 2011 }} For three consecutive years, he organized and co\-hosted, with Robert Redford and ICLEI, *The Sundance Summit: A Mayors Gathering on Climate Protection*, attended by dozens of mayors from throughout the United States. At the Sundance Summit, mayors learned the science of climate change, how to communicate regarding the causes, consequences, and solutions to climate change, and best practices in cities implementing ground\-breaking climate protection practices.{{cite web\|last\=Little\|first\=Amanda\|url\=http://grist.org/article/little\-sundance\|title\=Sundance getaway converts mayors into climate activists\|publisher\=Grist.org\|date\=July 15, 2005\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson also spoke on the subject of the climate crisis at side meetings at United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings in New Delhi, Buenos Aires, and Bali, and at conferences in Sweden, Australia, and across the United States.{{cite web\|url\=http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id\=3148754\&itype\=NGPSID\&keyword\=\&qtype\=\|title\=Rocky at Australia climate panel\|publisher\=Archive.sltrib.com\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson also spoke in Beijing to a gathering of Chinese mayors and vice\-mayors about how they can help their communities reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Anderson was also the only representative from the United States to consult in London with representatives from G8 nations on climate change, in preparation for the 2005 G8 Summit.{{Cite web \|title\=2007 Honors \& Rewards \|url\=https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \|access\-date\=November 1, 2022 \|archive\-date\=November 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101011034/https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }} He also spoke on climate protection issues at the 2006 annual meeting of the Clinton Global Initiative and the 2007 annual meeting of the national Environmental Law Societies.{{Cite web \|title\=2007 Honors \& Rewards \|url\=https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \|access\-date\=November 1, 2022 \|archive\-date\=November 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101011034/https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }} During Anderson's tenure as mayor, he created the "e2 Business" program, recruiting local businesses to implement major sustainability practices,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.matr.net/article\-10476\.html\|title\=The e2 (environmentally and economically sustainable) program in Salt Lake City gains strength and members\- Squatters sets an earth\-friendly example\|publisher\=Matr.net\|date\=April 4, 2004\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} and led a national campaign against the environmentally and economically destructive use of plastic water bottles, which he has called "the greatest marketing scam of all time".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.abc4\.com/mostpopular/story/Mayor\-Rocky\-Andersons\-plastic\-water\-bottle\-ban/b9avD6miGE6aR4TYJypjTA.cspx\|title\=Mayor Rocky Anderson's plastic water bottle ban affects fire fighters\|last\=Larsen\|first\=Angie\|publisher\=\[\[KTVX\|ABC 4 Utah]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423030627/http://www.abc4\.com/mostpopular/story/Mayor\-Rocky\-Andersons\-plastic\-water\-bottle\-ban/b9avD6miGE6aR4TYJypjTA.cspx\|date\=July 6, 2007\|archive\-date\=April 23, 2012\|access\-date\=April 9, 2015}} While serving as Executive Director of High Road for Human Rights, Anderson co\-authored a major article on the human rights implications of the climate crisis and why climate chaos should be treated as human rights violation.{{Cite web \|title\=Achieving Climate Protection: Fostering an Essential Focus on Human Rights and Human Impacts \|url\=https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1031\&context\=ndjlepp }} #### Tobacco Anderson is an ardent opponent of the [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco "Tobacco") industry, and has supported legislative measures to discourage smoking and tax [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco "Tobacco") products.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/945280/Rocky\-targets\-public\-smoking.html\|title\=Rocky targets public smoking\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=October 27, 2002\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} #### Ethnic minority issues and communities In December 2001, state and federal officials organized a raid at the Salt Lake City Airport to enforce immigration laws against undocumented employees, who were arrested, imprisoned, and fired.[*The Future of Freedom Foundation*, "The Feds’ Post–9/11 Airport\-Worker Purge"](http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd1002c.asp) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114134024/http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd1002c.asp \|date\=November 14, 2012}} In response, Anderson created the Family to Family program, which made it possible for Salt Lake City families to provide direct emotional and financial assistance to the airport workers and their families, while gaining a better understanding of the plight of immigrants.{{Cite web \|title\=Rocky receives award from League of Latin American Citizens \|url\=https://www.deseret.com/article/635188970/Rocky\-receives\-award\-from\-League\-of\-Latin\-American\-Citizens.html }}{{Dead link\|date\=December 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Additionally, the Mayor spearheaded a successful challenge to English\-only legislation in Utah in 2000,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/822491/Anderson\-testifies\-about\-limitations\-of\-English\-only\-law.html\|title\=Anderson testifies about limitations of English\-only law\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=January 30, 2001\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} and later spoke at large demonstrations for comprehensive [immigration reform](/wiki/Immigration_reform "Immigration reform").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.democracynow.org/2006/4/11/salt\_lake\_city\_mayor\_rocky\_anderson\|title\=Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Reacts to Unprecedented Immigrant Rights March\|publisher\=\[\[Democracy Now]]\|date\=April 11, 2006\|access\-date\=April 9, 2015}} Anderson received the League of United Latin American Citizens's first\-ever "Profile in Courage" award, as well as the National Association of Hispanic Publications' Presidential Award.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635196825/Hispanic\-group\-gives\-Anderson\-an\-award.html\|title\=Hispanic group gives Anderson an award\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=April 4, 2006\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson signed an executive order in 2000 implementing a full\-fledged [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action "Affirmative action") program in City hiring.[*Red Orbit*, "Text of Rocky Anderson’s State of the City Address, January 17, 2007"](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\_of\_rocky\_andersons\_state\_of\_the\_city\_address/index.html\|date\=February 24, 2011}} This program led to historic levels of ethnic minority hiring and retention in City government. The percentage of the City government's workforce that was drawn from the ethnic minority community increased more than 30% in seven years, and the number of senior City administrators from the ethnic minority community by 2007 increased by over 85% since 2000\. Thirty\-two percent of Anderson's appointments to City boards and commissions, and one\-third of the staff in the Mayor's Office, were individuals from ethnic minorities.{{cite web \|date\=January 6, 2008 \|title\=Rocky Anderson by the numbers \|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695241413/Rocky\-Anderson\-by\-the\-numbers.html \|access\-date\=October 19, 2013 \|publisher\=Deseretnews.com}} Along with [Jon Huntsman Sr.](/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Sr. "Jon Huntsman Sr."), Anderson co\-convened the Alliance for Unity, a non\-partisan group of religious and community leaders working to build bridges between diverse people throughout Utah.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/864391/A\-hopeful\-Alliance\-for\-Unity.html\|title\=A hopeful alliance for unity\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=September 18, 2001\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} #### 2002 Winter Olympics After working with [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") and leading Salt Lake City through the [2002 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics"), Anderson handed off the Olympic flag at the closing ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference\_documents\_Factsheets/Closing\_Ceremony\_of\_the\_Games.pdf\|title\=Olympics closing ceremony factsheet\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} One of Anderson's key achievements was working effectively with the Utah State Legislature and Mitt Romney in making certain that public safety needs would be adequately financed. Romney later said, "I think a lot of people would look at (the Olympic funding deal) and say it was a minor miracle. \[Rocky] was instrumental, key, in reaching a solution."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/812408/Rocky\-tackles\-SL\-issues\-with\-passion\-and\-fervor.html\|title\=Rocky tackles S.L. issues with passion and fervor\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=April 9, 2000\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson endorsed Romney's subsequent 2002 gubernatorial bid in [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts").{{YouTube\|Suc3nlHT51Y\|"Romney for Governor of Massachusetts TV Ad – 'Rocky'"}} Romney later endorsed Anderson's 2003 mayoral re\-election campaign.{{YouTube\|TuFe9\_BCvXY\|"Mitt Romney endorses Rocky Anderson – 2003"}} Anderson has criticized Romney's changes in position on certain issues after he decided to run for president of the U.S.["Why Salt Lake's Mayor Lost Faith in Mitt"](http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/08/19/why-salt-lake-s-mayor-lost-faith-in-mitt.html), thedailybeast.com; accessed January 22, 2017\. "The Mitt Romney who ran for and served as governor of Massachusetts was a very different Mitt Romney than has been running for President of the United States ... the real Mitt Romney — the Mitt Romney we all knew and \[who] served as governor of Massachusetts — was very reasonable, very moderate — he felt that Roe versus Wade should be the end of the debate on choice; supporter of stem cell research — he was not the right\-winger that he seemed to be when he decided he would run for President of the United States."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2011/6/13/former\_slc\_mayor\_rocky\_anderson\_the\_former\_mitt\_romney\_was\_reasonable\_very\_moderate\|title\=Former Salt Lake City Rocky Anderson on GOP Presidential Candidates Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman\|publisher\=\[\[Democracy Now]]\|date\=June 13, 2011\|access\-date\=April 9, 2015}} #### Crime and criminal justice Anderson was a member of the [Mayors Against Illegal Guns](/wiki/Mayors_Against_Illegal_Guns "Mayors Against Illegal Guns") Coalition,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/members/members.shtml\|title\=coalition members\|publisher\=Mayors against illegal guns\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020183627/http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/members/members.shtml\|archive\-date\=October 20, 2013}} a bi\-partisan group with the stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets". Anderson restructured Salt Lake City's criminal justice system and, after reviewing the peer\-reviewed literature indicating that [DARE](/wiki/Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education "Drug Abuse Resistance Education") is ineffective in reducing drug use, discontinued the DARE program in Salt Lake City schools.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00\.n880\.a08\.html\|title\=US UT: Anderson Calls DARE A Fraud\|publisher\=Mapinc.org\|date\=June 22, 2000\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Instead, he supported the implementation of other programs — ATLAS and ATHENA — that have demonstrated significant success."Mayor Rocky Anderson Talks About What It's Like to ... Drop the D.A.R.E. Program," Interview with Alexandra Eyle, The Reconsider Quarterly, volume 1 Number 4, Winter 2001–02, pp. 12\-13\. He called for an end to the failed "war on drugs" and for better drug prevention education, the implementation of harm reduction policies, and the availability of substance abuse treatment on demand. He successfully lobbied President Clinton to grant a commutation of a lengthy prison sentence imposed on a Salt Lake City man who had already served several years in a federal penitentiary for his first and only conviction for violating drug laws.{{cite web\|agency\=Associated Press\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/820498/Rocky\-given\-credit\-for\-inmates\-release.html\|title\=Rocky given credit for inmates release\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=January 22, 2001\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson also worked for years, with several other people, to finally obtain the release from a federal penitentiary of Weldon Angelos, who was sentenced under a federal minimum mandatory statute to 55 years in prison for selling three small amounts of marijuana while he had––but did not use or threaten anyone with––a gun.{{Citation \|title\=55 Years in Prison for a Non\-Violent Drug Offense? (Rocky Anderson) \| date\=November 19, 2013 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=yKQ\_gqe4uDM \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-01}} In 2000, Anderson ordered the Salt Lake City Police Department to end its participation in the DARE program. He told DARE officials: "I think your organization has been an absolute fraud on the people of this country ... For you to continue taking precious drug\-prevention dollars when we have such a serious and, in some instances, growing addiction problem is unconscionable."{{cite news\|title\=Truth or D.A.R.E.?\|publisher\=Tucson Weekly\|date\=February 26, 2004\|url\=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/truth\-or\-dare/Content?oid\=1075363\|access\-date\=December 12, 2005}} Instead of pushing for more minor offenders to be sent to jail or prison, Anderson constructed innovative restorative justice programs, which earned Salt Lake City a nomination for a second World Leadership Award.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/salt\_lake\_city\_mayor.html\|title\=Interview with Rocky Anderson\|publisher\=Citymayors.com\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} He implemented reforms to ensure that mental health courts would channel mentally ill criminals into mandatory treatment programs rather than putting them behind bars. People arrested on drug charges, or for prostitution or the solicitation of prostitutes (as well as several other types of offenses), were sent through a comprehensive course of counselling rather than automatically being handed criminal convictions and custodial sentences. The results were better, and the costs far lower, than with the traditional retributive approach.[http://www.thenation.com/article/other\-rocky?page\=0,1](http://www.thenation.com/article/other-rocky?page=0,1) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225090232/http://www.thenation.com/article/other\-rocky?page\=0,1 \|date\=December 25, 2011 }}*[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation "The Nation")* "The Other Rocky", thenation.com; accessed January 22, 2017\. #### Economy Anderson promulgated an administrative rule which stipulated that when it considered bids, the city should give preference to companies that paid a living wage to their employees. One Republican legislator called it the "Rocky loophole", and was intent on closing it. The Utah Legislature then passed a statute prohibiting cities from giving such preference.{{cite web\|author\=Lisa Riley Roche\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/600112975/Senate\-OKs\-bill\-to\-curb\-Rockys\-living\-wage\-effort.html\|title\=Senate OKs bill to curb Rocky's 'living wage' effort\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=February 18, 2005\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Establishing a reputation as a fiscal conservative, during the 1999–2007 period Anderson increased the balance of Salt Lake City's general reserve fund by more than 62%, from $20\.3 million to $32\.6 million.{{cite web\|url\=http://ogdenstudios.com/content/view/45/68\|title\=Mayor Rocky Anderson \- Portrait\|publisher\=Ogdenstudios.com\|date\=November 3, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019083418/http://ogdenstudios.com/content/view/45/68/\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} #### Opposition to the 2003 war in Iraq and human rights abuses Described by Amy Goodman as "one of the most outspoken critics of the Bush administration and the Iraq war,"[Article](http://www.democracynow.org/2007/6/25/salt_lake_city_mayor_rocky_anderson) at *[Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now "Democracy Now")*, "Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Slams His Friend Mitt Romney for 'Flip\-Flopping' on Abortion, Stem Cell Research, Torture in Attempt to Win GOP Presidential Nomination", democracynow.org; accessed January 22, 2017\. Anderson was a leading opponent of the invasion and occupation of Iraq by the U.S., both before and after the invasion, and was the only mayor of a major city to advocate the impeachment of President Bush and Vice\-President Cheney.["In Utah, an Opponent of the 'Culture of Obedience'"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/us/22rocky.html), nytimes.com, March 22, 2007\. He often spoke out against the invasion and occupation of Iraq, and in favor of impeachment,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ksl.com/?nid\=148\&sid\=1008260\|title\='Poll: Residents split over appropriateness of Rocky's anti\-war speeches\|publisher\=Ksl.com\|date\=March 19, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} including at several large rallies and state and federal legislative hearings, in Salt Lake City;["The Other Rocky"](http://www.thenation.com/issue/january-1-2007), *[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation "The Nation")*; accessed January 22, 2017\. Olympia, Washington;{{cite web\|author\=Doug Smeath\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/660199482/Rocky\-is\-calling\-for\-uprooting\-of\-Bush.html\|title\=Rocky is calling for uprooting of Bush\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=March 1, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} New York;{{cite web\|last\=Jensen\|first\=Derek P.\|url\=http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci\_6230292\|title\=Rocky rips Romney for stem\-cell, abortion, war and torture flip\-flops\|publisher\=Sltrib.com\|date\=June 26, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094245/http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci\_6230292\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} and Washington, D.C.;{{cite web\|author\=Suzanne Struglinski\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/660215228/Salt\-Lake\-mayor\-flays\-Bush\-Cheney\-in\-DC\-rally.html\|title\=Salt Lake mayor flays Bush, Cheney in D.C. rally\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=April 26, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} and on national television and radio programs hosted by Amy Goodman,["Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Slams His Friend Mitt Romney for "Flip\-Flopping" on Abortion, Stem Cell Research, Torture in Attempt to Win GOP Presidential Nomination"](http://www.democracynow.org/2007/6/25/salt_lake_city_mayor_rocky_anderson), *[Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now "Democracy Now")*, June 25, 2007\. Bill O'Reilly,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\_An\-kY8okc0 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/\_An\-kY8okc0 \|archive\-date\=December 22, 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Rocky Anderson Bill O'Reilly\|publisher\=Youtube.com\|date\=January 26, 2011\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}} and Tom Ashbrook.["On Point"](http://www.wbur.org/media-player?url=http://onpoint.wbur.org/2007/03/26/mayor-rocky-anderson&title=Mayor+Rocky+Anderson&pubdate=2007-03-26&segment=1&source=onpoint), wbur.org; accessed January 22, 2017\. He engaged in a live debate with [Sean Hannity](/wiki/Sean_Hannity "Sean Hannity") that focused on Iraq and impeachment.["Rocky Anderson Obliterates Sean Hannity at University of Utah Impeachment Debate"](http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6153683903005498978) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607041932/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid\=6153683903005498978\|date\=June 7, 2011}} [thumb\|right\|Rocky Anderson meets Andy Figorski, an Iraq war veteran and anti\-war activist.](/wiki/File:Rocky_meets_Andy.jpg "Rocky meets Andy.jpg") #### Call for the impeachment of President George W. Bush {{see also\|efforts to impeach George W. Bush}} Interviewed by [Wolf Blitzer](/wiki/Wolf_Blitzer "Wolf Blitzer") on [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") after an anti\-war rally marking the fourth anniversary of the invasion and initial occupation of Iraq, Anderson advocated the impeachment of President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush"), commenting: This president, by engaging in such incredible abuses of power, breaches of trust with both the Congress and the American people, and misleading us into this tragic and unbelievable war, the violation of treaties, other international law, our constitution, our own domestic laws, and then his role in heinous human rights abuses; I think all of that together calls for impeachment.{{cite web\|title\=Salt Lake City Mayor calls for Bush impeachment\|url\=http://rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\_Salt\_Lake\_City\_Mayor\_calls\_0319\.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113742/https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\_Salt\_Lake\_City\_Mayor\_calls\_0319\.html\|archive\-date\=December 13, 2020\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|publisher\=Rawstory.com}} Anderson did not spare his criticism of the Democratic Party, saying: The fact that anybody would say that impeachment is off the table when we have a president who has been so egregious in his violations of our constitution, a president who asserts a unitary executive power, that is absolutely chilling.{{Cite web \|title\=Salt Lake City Mayor calls for Bush impeachment \|url\=https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\_Salt\_Lake\_City\_Mayor\_calls\_0319\.html \|access\-date\=December 16, 2021 \|archive\-date\=December 13, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113742/https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\_Salt\_Lake\_City\_Mayor\_calls\_0319\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} In 2006, he expressed his view of the Democratic Party: > But what do I have to say about the Democratic Party? I'm ashamed, really, of how little leadership there has been. There has been just tremendous timidity on the part of the party, generally, although there have been a handful of exceptions. But, you know, we had one member of the United States Senate vote against the PATRIOT Act, the blank check that was given by Congress to this president, I think in total abrogation of the role of Congress under separation of powers and under the power to make war, to declare war. They gave that away to a president that didn't have his facts straight and, I think, was manipulating the intelligence to sell this war.[Salt Lake City's Mayor Rocky Anderson: "This War Was Sold to the American People Largely by Fox and Other Members of the Media and We Were Lied To"](http://www.democracynow.org/2006/9/26/salt_lake_citys_mayor_rocky_anderso), democracynow.org; accessed January 22, 2017\. Anderson researched, wrote, produced, and narrated a major multimedia piece concerning the invasion and occupation of Iraq, as well as the case for impeachment.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=PrSDnLDxVdw \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/PrSDnLDxVdw \|archive\-date\=December 22, 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Rocky Anderson's compelling case for impeachment\|publisher\=Youtube.com\|date\=February 4, 2011\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}} ### Human rights advocacy After almost eight years as mayor of Salt Lake City, Anderson decided that he would not run for re\-election, and that he would instead devote himself to educating, motivating, and mobilizing people to push elected officials and others to take action to prevent or stop major human rights abuses.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.constitutioncampaign.org/blog/?p\=3087\#.TptJi97iFmI\|title\=Patriot Award: Rocky Anderson\|publisher\=Constitutioncampaign.org\|date\=August 19, 2011\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171158/http://www.constitutioncampaign.org/blog/?p\=3087\#.TptJi97iFmI\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Anderson has stressed the importance of people at the grassroots level advocating for progressive change, stating, "We keep expecting elected officials will do the right thing, and the fact is they never do unless they're pushed."{{cite web\|last\=McDonough\|first\=Ted\|url\=http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/print\-article\-6746\-print.html\|title\=Rocky Times\|publisher\=Cityweekly.net\|date\=February 9, 2009\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019170116/http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/print\-article\-6746\-print.html\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} In January 2008 he founded High Road for Human Rights, a non\-profit organization set up to achieve major reforms of US human rights policies and practices through unique, coordinated and sustained grassroots activism that complements the work of other human rights organizations.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/about/vision\-and\-mission\|title\=Vision and Mission\|publisher\=Highroadforhumanrights.info\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} The principle that underpined the organization is that most politicians will do nothing unless they are pushed. High Road was a bottom\-up, grassroots\-based organization founded "to make it clear there will be short\-term political costs for those who continue to ignore these kinds of problems ... Every time a congressperson or senator comes home and hold a meeting, there \[should be] a group there pushing on the same issues", according to Anderson.{{cite web\|last\=McDonough\|first\=Ted\|url\=http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article\-12\-6942\-feature\-rocky\-times\-rocky\-anderson\-is\-still\-on\-the\-case\-barack\-obama\-had\-better\-watch\-his\-back.html?current\_page\=2\|title\=Rocky Times: Rocky Anderson is still on the case. Barack Obama had better watch his back\|publisher\=Cityweekly.net\|date\=February 5, 2009\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} High Road had a growing membership base and active local teams of people who met and worked together to bring about change.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/teams/about\-teams\|title\=High Road For Human Rights: Teams\|publisher\=Highroadforhumanrights.info\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019110440/http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/teams/about\-teams/\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} The organization had a broad\-based membership, with an Advisory Committee composed of prominent human\-rights, environmental and political activists, as well as artists, actors, and writers, including [Ed Asner](/wiki/Ed_Asner "Ed Asner"), [Harry Belafonte](/wiki/Harry_Belafonte "Harry Belafonte"), Lester Brown, Hillary Brown, Ben Cohen, [Daniel Ellsberg](/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg "Daniel Ellsberg"), Ross Gelbspan, [Susan Joy Hassol](/wiki/Susan_Joy_Hassol "Susan Joy Hassol"), [Mark Hertsgaard](/wiki/Mark_Hertsgaard "Mark Hertsgaard"), [Mimi Kennedy](/wiki/Mimi_Kennedy "Mimi Kennedy"), [Paul Rogat Loeb](/wiki/Paul_Rogat_Loeb "Paul Rogat Loeb"), [Edward Mazria](/wiki/Edward_Mazria "Edward Mazria"), [Bill McKibben](/wiki/Bill_McKibben "Bill McKibben"), [Yoko Ono](/wiki/Yoko_Ono "Yoko Ono"), Gus Speth, Winnie Singh, [Sheila Watt\-Cloutier](/wiki/Sheila_Watt-Cloutier "Sheila Watt-Cloutier"), [Elie Wiesel](/wiki/Elie_Wiesel "Elie Wiesel"), and [Terry Tempest Williams](/wiki/Terry_Tempest_Williams "Terry Tempest Williams").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/about/our\-team\|title\=High Road for Human Rights: Our Team\|publisher\=Highroadforhumanrights.info\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019110444/http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/about/our\-team/\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} High Road for Human Rights primarily addressed five issues: torture and the undermining of the rule of law, genocide, slavery, the death penalty, and the human rights implications of the climate crisis.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/issues\|title\=High Road for Human Rights: Issues\|publisher\=Highroadforhumanrights.info\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019110448/http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/issues/\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Anderson testified before the U.S. House Judiciary Committee during a hearing on September 25, 2008, concerning executive branch abuses of power,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700246038/Rocky\-Anderson\-calls\-for\-Bush\-impeachment\-at\-Congressional\-committee\-hearing.html\|title\=Rocky Anderson calls for Bush impeachment at Congressional committee hearing\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=July 25, 2008\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} and spoke at rallies organized by High Road for Human Rights in which he called for accountability for torture.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=lXUZ01WSlF8 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/lXUZ01WSlF8 \|archive\-date\=December 22, 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Rocky Anderson – Part One – Torture Accountability Action Day\|publisher\=Youtube.com\|date\=June 26, 2009\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}} He has also researched, written, produced, and narrated two multimedia pieces focusing on torture and the undermining of the rule of law.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=ECPGenexyKM \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/ECPGenexyKM \|archive\-date\=December 22, 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=High Road for Human Rights – Rule of Law\|publisher\=Youtube.com\|date\=June 26, 2011\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}} For his work on human rights matters during his tenure as Executive Director of High Road for Human Rights, Anderson received the Morehouse University Gandhi, King, Ikeda Award and the Bill of Rights Defense Committee's Patriot Award.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bordc.org/newsletter/2011/08/\#patriot\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120803062328/http://www.bordc.org/newsletter/2011/08/%23patriot\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Bill of Rights Defense Committee: Patriot Award: Rocky Anderson\|publisher\=Bordc.org\|date\=August 12, 2011\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-date\=August 3, 2012}} ### Criticisms of President Obama and the Democratic Party After President Obama's election, Anderson was critical of many of his policy positions and staff selections. He opposed [Susan Rice](/wiki/Susan_Rice "Susan Rice"), whom Obama appointed as [United States ambassador to the United Nations](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations "United States Ambassador to the United Nations"). Anderson criticized Rice for "doing nothing" to stop the [Rwandan genocide](/wiki/Rwandan_genocide "Rwandan genocide") as a staff member of the [United States National Security Council](/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council "United States National Security Council").{{Cite web \|last\=McDonough \|first\=Ted \|title\=Feature {{!}} Rocky Times: Rocky Anderson is still on the case. Barack Obama had better watch his back. \|url\=https://www.cityweekly.net/utah/feature\-rocky\-times\-rocky\-anderson\-is\-still\-on\-the\-case\-barack\-obama\-had\-better\-watch\-his\-back/Content?oid\=2135764 \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-01 \|website\=Salt Lake City Weekly \|language\=en}} (Samantha Power described how Rice had advocated not using the word “genocide” in connection with the 1994 Rwandan genocide because of the potential “effect on the November \[congressional] election.”).{{Cite news \|last\=Stephens \|first\=Bret \|date\=2020\-08\-11 \|title\=Opinion {{!}} Susan Rice Was a Diplomatic Disaster \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/opinion/susan\-rice\-africa.html \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-01 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} Anderson was also critical of the appointment by Obama of [John Brennan](/wiki/John_Brennan_%28CIA_officer%29 "John Brennan (CIA officer)") as his counter\-terrorism adviser because Brennan, as a member of the George W. Bush administration, had publicly supported wiretapping, "enhanced interrogation", and the "rendition" of war\-on\-terror suspects to offshore prisons beyond the reach of American law. Anderson also pointed to what he described as Obama's change of position after he received the Democratic presidential nomination on the question of immunity for telecom companies that cooperated with the Bush Administration's wiretapping program. He was also critical of Obama’s advocacy of “clean coal” after winning the Democratic nomination for president.{{Cite web \|title\=The Obama Administration's Take on "Clean" Coal \|url\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/obama\-and\-clean\-coal/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-01 \|website\=Scientific American \|language\=en}} Deeming himself to be "non\-partisan" in his critiques of policy, Anderson has subsequently gone on to fiercely criticize the Obama Administration in numerous areas, stating: > I don't know what people were expecting, all this hope and change nonsense ... There's no question that we're seeing a continuation \[of the harm to], and even in some instances a worsening of our republic under this administration. The Obama administration has contended that no documents stamped as secret by a government agent should ever be allowed into evidence by our courts. That even goes beyond what the Bush Administration did. Anderson has emphasized the apparent discrepancies between Obama's positions as a candidate for the 2008 presidency and the actions he has taken as president, believing that "President Obama has betrayed us in almost every single way from being a candidate to being the President of the United States."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=dnx0co\_BpNQ \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/dnx0co\_BpNQ \|archive\-date\=December 22, 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=6/26/2011 Rocky Anderson on Rod Decker Show\|publisher\=Youtube.com\|date\=July 7, 2011\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}} Anderson has pointed to Obama's failure to close the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, refusing to prosecute what Anderson deems to be the "war criminals" of the Bush administration, continuing renditions, violating the War Power Clause of the Constitution and the [War Powers Resolution](/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution "War Powers Resolution") by committing military troops to Libya without congressional authorization, and continuing, and even expanding, the occupation in Afghanistan. He stated that Obama is "the least deserving recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in the history of the Nobel Peace Prize."{{Citation \|title\=6/26/2011 Rocky Anderson on Rod Decker Show \| date\=July 7, 2011 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=dnx0co\_BpNQ \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-01}} Concerning Obama's alleged betrayal of the rule of law, Anderson has commented: > The complacency that has allowed wars of aggression, wars of choice, we weren't forced into them, they were totally illegal wars under international law, the kinds of war crimes that took place, with people just saying, even our current president, 'Oh, let's put that behind us. Let's not call people to account. Let's not enforce our laws{{cite web\|url\=http://connect2utah.com/news\-story/?nxd\_id\=87345\|title\=Rocky Anderson Slams Obama In 2News Interview\|publisher\=Connect2utah.com\|access\-date\=2013\-10\-19\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711143525/http://connect2utah.com/news\-story/?nxd\_id\=87345\|archive\-date\=July 11, 2010}} On August 11, 2011, major news media in Utah reported that Anderson had denounced the Democratic Party and had resigned his membership. Anderson wrote in a letter to the [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee](/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee") that "Until the Democratic Party shows some spine and draws a line in the sand — that an end to the tax breaks for the wealthy needs to be part of any debt/budget bill — please take my name off your list."{{Cite news\|last\=Rolly\|first\=Paul\|title\=Rolly: Rocky Anderson says adieu to the Democratic Party\|newspaper\=The Salt Lake Tribune\|location\=Salt Lake City\|publisher\=Kearns\-Tribune LLC\|date\=August 11, 2011\|url\=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/52371987\-90/anderson\-arner\-done\-guard.html.csp\|access\-date\=September 2, 2011}} He added: "I'm done with the Democratic Party. As I said on [Amy Goodman](/wiki/Amy_Goodman "Amy Goodman")'s show a couple years ago, I've put my 'Proud Democrat' coffee mug in storage. I think now I'll just throw it in the garbage and have done with it" and that "The [Constitution](/wiki/United_States_Constitution "United States Constitution") has been eviscerated while Democrats have stood by with nary a whimper. It is a gutless, unprincipled party, bought and paid for by the same interests that buy and pay for the Republican Party."{{Cite news\|last\=Romboy\|first\=Dennis\|title\=Former S.L. mayor Rocky Anderson divorces himself from 'gutless' Democratic Party\|newspaper\=Deseret News\|location\=Salt Lake City\|publisher\=Deseret News Publishing Co.\|date\=August 12, 2011\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705389115/Former\-SL\-mayor\-Rocky\-Anderson\-divorces\-himself\-from\-gutless\-Democratic\-Party.html\|access\-date\=September 2, 2011}} Anderson has stated that despite his earlier belief that the Bush Administration would be merely an "aberration" in the history of the US, "President Obama has institutionalized some of the worst abuses of the Bush Administration."{{Citation \|title\=6/26/2011 Rocky Anderson on Rod Decker Show \| date\=July 7, 2011 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=dnx0co\_BpNQ \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-01}} ### 2012 presidential campaign {{See also\|2012 United States presidential election}} {{Wikinews\|Wikinews interviews former Salt Lake City mayor and 2012 presidential candidate Rocky Anderson}} {{Wikinews\|Rocky Anderson announces he will seek Americans Elect nomination}} On November 29, 2011, the *[Salt Lake Tribune](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune "Salt Lake Tribune")* quotes Anderson as saying, "I'll be announcing my candidacy," for the 2012 presidential nomination of a new national political party. This party later called the [Justice Party](/wiki/Justice_Party_%28United_States%29 "Justice Party (United States)"). Its formation is reported to have been discussed among Anderson; [Margaret Flowers](/wiki/Margaret_Flowers "Margaret Flowers"), a medical doctor and proponent of a [single\-payer health plan](/wiki/Single-payer_health_care "Single-payer health care"); [Kevin Zeese](/wiki/Kevin_Zeese "Kevin Zeese"), an organizer of the [Occupy D.C.](/wiki/Occupy_D.C. "Occupy D.C.") movement; and former U.S. Rep. [John Anderson](/wiki/John_B._Anderson "John B. Anderson"), who ran for president as an independent in the [1980 presidential election](/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election "1980 United States presidential election").{{Cite news\|last\=Robert\|first\=Gehrke\|title\=Rocky Anderson returns \-\- this time shooting for nation's top office \|newspaper\=Salt Lake Tribune\|location\=Salt Lake City\|publisher\=Kearns\-Tribune LLC \|date\=November 29, 2011\|url\=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/53014248\-90/anderson\-party\-rocky\-ballot.html.csp?page\=2\|access\-date\=November 29, 2011}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705395124/Rocky\-Anderson\-forms\-Justice\-Party\-plans\-to\-run\-for\-president.html\|title\=Rocky Anderson forms Justice Party, plans to run for president\|date\=November 30, 2011\|access\-date\=December 2, 2011\|author\=Romboy, Dennis\|website\=\[\[Deseret News]]}} [thumb\|Anderson on the campaign trail in 2012\.\|alt\=refer to adjacent text](/wiki/File:Rocky_takes_a_picture..jpg "Rocky takes a picture..jpg") Anderson formally accepted the 2012 presidential nomination of the Justice Party on January 13, 2012\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705397350/Rocky\-Anderson\-accepts\-his\-newly\-formed\-partys\-presidential\-nomination.html?pg\=1\|title\=Rocky Anderson accepts his newly\-formed party's presidential nomination\|work\=\[\[Deseret News]]\|date\=January 13, 2012\|access\-date\=February 1, 2012\|author\=Schwarz, Hunter\|archive\-date\=January 18, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118072302/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705397350/Rocky\-Anderson\-accepts\-his\-newly\-formed\-partys\-presidential\-nomination.html?pg\=1\|url\-status\=dead}} His running mate was [Luis J. Rodriguez](/wiki/Luis_J._Rodriguez "Luis J. Rodriguez"), a [Chicano](/wiki/Chicano_movement "Chicano movement") activist and writer from California.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/54506925\-90/rodriguez\-activist\-anderson\-author.html.csp\|title\=Rocky picks activist\-author as his VP running mate\|last\=Gehrke\|first\=Robert\|date\=July 17, 2012\|work\=\[\[The Salt Lake Tribune]]\|access\-date\=July 18, 2012}} In March 2012, Anderson announced that he was seeking the presidential nomination of [Americans Elect](/wiki/Americans_Elect "Americans Elect") in addition to campaigning as the Justice Party nominee.Higgs, Steven (March 17, 2012\) ["Anderson embraces Americans Elect nominating process"](http://www.bloomingtonalternative.com/articles/2012/03/17/10928) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412072038/http://www.bloomingtonalternative.com/articles/2012/03/17/10928 \|date\=April 12, 2012 }}, *The Bloomington Alternative*; retrieved March 21, 2012\.Derby, Kevin (March 17, 2012\) ["Established Politicians Going Third Party in 2012 Race"](http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/story/established-politicians-going-third-party-2012-race), *Sunshine State News*; retrieved March 21, 2012\. The following May, Americans Elect announced that it would not run a presidential nominee in 2012\.{{cite web\|url\=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/17/third\-party\-effort\-packs\-it\-in\-for\-2012\|title\=Third party effort packs it in for 2012\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=May 17, 2012\|access\-date\=August 3, 2012\|author\=Liptak, Kevin\|archive\-date\=August 5, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805021542/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/17/third\-party\-effort\-packs\-it\-in\-for\-2012/\|url\-status\=dead}} Anderson was nominated by the [Natural Law Party](/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_%28United_States%29 "Natural Law Party (United States)") in Michigan, the Independent Party of Connecticut, the Independent Party of New Mexico, the Progressive Party of Oregon, and was on the ballot in Idaho and Tennessee as an independent candidate. Anderson appeared on the ballot in new states under the Justice Party banner with running\-mate Rodriguez.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ballot\-access.org/2012/08/07/natural\-law\-party\-of\-michigan\-nominates\-rocky\-anderson\-for\-president\|title\=Natural Law Party of Michigan Nominates Rocky Anderson for President\|last\=Winger\|first\=Richard\|date\=August 7, 2012\|work\=Ballot Access News\|access\-date\=August 7, 2012\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021173913/http://ballot\-access.org/2012/08/07/natural\-law\-party\-of\-michigan\-nominates\-rocky\-anderson\-for\-president\|archive\-date\=October 21, 2015}} He also sought the presidential nomination of the [Peace and Freedom Party](/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party "Peace and Freedom Party"),["Peace \& Freedom Party Attempts to Persuade California Secretary of State to List All Four Presidential Candidates in Party Presidential Primary"](http://www.ballot-access.org/2012/02/09/peace-freedom-party-attempts-to-persuade-california-secretary-of-state-to-list-all-four-presidential-candidates-in-party-presidential-primary), *[Ballot Access News](/wiki/Ballot_Access_News "Ballot Access News")*. February 9, 2012; retrieved August 3, 2012\. {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021173922/http://www.ballot\-access.org/2012/02/09/peace\-freedom\-party\-attempts\-to\-persuade\-california\-secretary\-of\-state\-to\-list\-all\-four\-presidential\-candidates\-in\-party\-presidential\-primary\|date\=October 21, 2015}} but withdrew his bid for that nomination in August 2012\.["Rocky Anderson Withdraws from Peace \& Freedom Party Convention Process"](http://www.ballot-access.org/2012/08/02/rocky-anderson-withdraws-from-peace-freedom-party-convention-process/), *Ballot Access News*, August 2, 2012; retrieved August 3, 2012\. {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021173933/http://www.ballot\-access.org/2012/08/02/rocky\-anderson\-withdraws\-from\-peace\-freedom\-party\-convention\-process\|date\=October 21, 2015}} He received 43,018 votes, or 0\.03 percent of the vote.[Federal Elections 2012: Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives"](http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2012/federalelections2012.pdf), fec.gov; accessed January 22, 2017\.
[ "Career\n------", "### Law Practice", "Upon graduation from law school, Anderson returned to Salt Lake City to practice law. He participated in several jury trials in federal and state courts and handled appeals before the [Utah Court of Appeals](/wiki/Utah_Court_of_Appeals \"Utah Court of Appeals\"), the [Utah Supreme Court](/wiki/Utah_Supreme_Court \"Utah Supreme Court\"), the [United States District Court for the District of Utah](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Utah \"United States District Court for the District of Utah\") (in an appeal from Bankruptcy Court) and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wildutah.net/8\\-9\\-00/index.htm\\|title\\=Andersen v. McCotter, 205 F.3d 1214 (10th Cir. 2000\\); SLW/Utah, L.C. v. Griffiths, 967 P.2d 534 (Utah Ct. App. 1998\\); Bauchman for Bauchman v. West High School, 132 F.3d 542 (10th Cir. 1997\\); Andersen v. McCotter, 100 F.3d 723 (10th Cir. 1996\\); Bott v. DeLand, 922 P.2d 732 (Utah 1996\\); Ross v. Schackel, 920 P.2d 1159 (Utah 1996\\); Salt Lake Child and Family Therapy Clinic, Inc. v. Frederick, 890 P.2d 1017 (Utah 1995\\); Scott v. Hammock, 870 P.2d 947 (Utah 1994\\); Bradford v. Moench, 809 F.Supp. 1473 (D. Utah 1992\\); Webb v. R.O.A. General, Inc., 804 P.2d 547 (Utah Ct. App. 1991\\); Carter v. Utah Power \\& Light Co., 800 P.2d 1095 (Utah 1990\\); Naugle v. Witney, 755 F.Supp. 1504 (D. Utah 1990\\); Scott v. Hammock, 133 F.R.D. 610 (D. Utah 1990\\); Webb v. R.O.A. General, Inc., 773 P.2d 845 (Utah Ct. App. 1989\\); Bradford v. Moench, 670 F. Supp. 920 (D. Utah 1987\\); State v. Strand, 720 P. 425 (Utah 1986\\); Goddard v. Hickman, 685 P.2d 530 (Utah 1984\\); State v. Strand, 674 P.2d 109 (Utah 1983\\); Frampton v. Wilson, 605 P.2d 771 (Utah 1980\\); Hughes v. Housley, 599 P.2d 1250 (Utah 1979\\)\\|publisher\\=Wildutah.net\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson had an extremely diverse legal practice and represented plaintiffs in dozens of major cases, involving a wide variety of issues, including securities fraud, violation of church and state separation, civil rights, professional malpractice, abuse of incarcerated people, child sex abuse, and First and Fourth Amendment violations.Reported cases reflect the diversity of Anderson's legal practice, which included hundreds of cases not reported. See footnote 38 supra.", "Before he was elected Mayor of Salt Lake City, Anderson practiced law for twenty\\-one years in Salt Lake City, beginning as an associate with Berman \\& Giauque and later as a partner in Berman \\& Anderson; Hansen \\& Anderson; Anderson \\& Watkins; and Anderson \\& Karrenberg. After he returned to the practice of law in 2014, he was of counsel with Winder \\& Counsel, then was a partner at Lewis Hansen, and then practiced at Law Offices of Rocky Anderson until 2021, when he wound down his law practice and volunteered full\\-time as Executive Director of the Justice Party (later named Allied Justice)**.** He specialized in civil litigation in several areas of law, including antitrust, securities fraud, commercial, product liability, professional malpractice and civil rights. He often represented individuals suing corporations or government entities, including plaintiffs in the following cases:\n* *Bradford v. Moench*: A consumer rights lawsuit in which Anderson successfully asserted a novel securities law theory and achieved, in a precedent\\-setting decision, broad protections for depositors in inadequately insured \"thrift and loan\" companies.Bradford v. Moench, 670 F. Supp. 920 (D. Utah 1987\\); 809 F. Supp. 1473 (D. Utah 1992\\)\n* *Scott v. Hammock*: A lawsuit in which Anderson represented a young woman who had been sexually abused by her adoptive father. During the case, Anderson challenged the right of confidentiality that the L.D.S Church asserted regarding non\\-penitential communications by the defendant with his Mormon bishop.[\"Disclosures to Clergy Debated\"](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/187241/DISCLOSURES-TO-CLERGY-DEBATED.html) *Deseret News*\n* *University of Utah Students Against Apartheid v. Peterson*: A case in which plaintiffs successfully asserted their First Amendment rights to symbolic speech after the university administration ordered them to remove shanties used to protest the university's investments in South Africa. (Anderson filed an amicus brief for the ACLU in the case.) University of Utah Students Against Apartheid v. Peterson, 649 F.Supp. 1200 (D. Utah 1986\\)\n* *Armstrong v. McCotter*: A civil rights case involving a young mentally ill man, Michael Valent, who, while incarcerated in prison, died from a pulmonary embolism after being strapped naked in a restraint chair for 16 hours solely because of conduct linked to his [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia \"Schizophrenia\").[\"It Happened Here First: Exporting America's Most Notorious Prison Officials to Abu Ghraib\"](http://www.november.org/stayinfo/breaking2/DemocracyNow.html), november.org; accessed January 22, 2017\\.\n* *Bott v. Deland*: A civil rights case based upon deliberate indifference toward and unnecessarily rigorous treatment of an incarcerated person with a severe medical problem. The case established, for the first time, protections for the rights of incarcerated people under the Utah Constitution far broader than under the United States Constitution. In that case, the Utah Supreme Court agreed that financial damages, not limited by state statute, are available for violations of the protections provided for incarcerated people under the State Constitution.Bott v. Deland, 922 P.2d 732 (Utah 1996\\)\n* *Regan v. Salt Lake County*: A class action challenging invasive searches, including strip searches, of women held on minor violations at the Salt Lake County Jail.[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/468912/SL\\-ATTORNEY\\-TO\\-JOIN\\-2ND\\-DISTRICT\\-RACE.html \"Strip\\-search decree is history\"](http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4823579&itype=NGPSID&keyword=&qtype=;), *Salt Lake City Tribune*; accessed January 22, 2017\\.\n* *Prettyman v. Salt Lake City*: A civil rights case involving the excessive use of force by police, resulting in the breaking of a rod in the plaintiff's back.[\"S.L. Police Ordered to Turn Over Internal Reports\"](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/232125/SL-POLICE-ORDERED-TO-TURN-OVER-INTERNAL-REPORTS.html), *Deseret News*; accessed January 22, 2017\\.\n* *Harding v. Walles*: A civil rights case involving the sexual abuse of a male prison inmate by a prison guard.[\"ACLU Sues Prison Over Alleged Sex Abuse – Officials Failed to Take Proper Action When Guard Coerced Inmate Suit Claims\"](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/62072/ACLU-SUES-PRISON-OVER-ALLEGED-SEX-ABUSE.html), *Deseret News*; accessed January 22, 2017\\.\n* Mitchell v. Roberts: A child sex abuse case, seeking to protect the right, created by the Utah Legislature, to sue a perpetrator even if the prior statute of limitations had already run.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Knox \\|first\\=Annia \\|date\\=Jun 12, 2020 \\|title\\=Utah Supreme Court strikes down law allowing sex abuse lawsuits in case against federal judge \\|url\\=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/6/12/21289570/utah\\-supreme\\-court\\-sex\\-abuse\\-law\\-federal\\-judge\\-richard\\-roberts\\-terry\\-mitchell\\-joseph\\-paul\\-franklin \\|website\\=Deseret News}}\n* Cinema Pub v. Petilos: Successfully vindicated the First Amendment rights of a local theater that serves alcohol after the Utah D.A.B.C. sought to sanction the business for showing the movie Deadpool.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rasmeth and Stephenson \\|first\\=Luke and Kathy \\|title\\=Brewvies wins judgment against Utah in First Amendment case involving 'Deadpool,' sex and alcohol \\|url\\=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2017/09/01/brewvies\\-wins\\-judgment\\-against\\-utah\\-in\\-deadpool\\-first\\-amendment\\-case/\\#:\\~:text\\=Anderson%20said%20the%20ruling%20would,with%20a%20similar%20Idaho%20statute. \\|website\\=The Salt Lake Tribune}}\n* Kendall v. Olsen: Sought justice regarding the warrantless invasion of a private backyard by a police officer who unjustifiably shot and killed the resident’s beloved dog.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Salt Lake City cop shoots dog dead in back yard; Owner wants $1\\.5 million \\|url\\=https://truecrimedaily.com/2015/11/10/salt\\-lake\\-city\\-cop\\-shoots\\-dog\\-dead\\-in\\-back\\-yard\\-owner\\-wants\\-1\\-5\\-million/ \\|website\\=True Crime Daily}}", "Anderson helped to spearhead the reform of Utah's child custody laws.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az\\=view\\_all\\&address\\=132x6697685\\|title\\=Democratic Underground\\|publisher\\=Democraticunderground.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} He worked to institute a program to help those who do not qualify for assistance through Legal Aid or Legal Services, but who are unable to afford to pay in full for legal representation.[Bar Lauds Distinguished Service](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/426369/BAR-LAUDS-DISTINGUISHED-SERVICE.html), *Deseret News*; accessed January 22, 2017\\. Anderson served as Chair of the Litigation Section of the [Utah State Bar Association](/wiki/Utah_State_Bar_Association \"Utah State Bar Association\")[\"S.L. Attorney to Join 2nd District Race\"](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/468912/SL-ATTORNEY-TO-JOIN-2ND-DISTRICT-RACE.html) *Deseret News*; accessed January 22, 2017\\. (when the Litigation Section was recognized by the Utah Bar Association as the Section of the Year[Utah State Bar Awards Recipients](http://www.utahbar.org/members/awards_recipients.html#Committee) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323043925/http://www.utahbar.org/members/awards\\_recipients.html \\|date\\=March 23, 2010 }}), and as president of [Anderson and Karrenberg](/wiki/Anderson_and_Karrenberg \"Anderson and Karrenberg\"), a [Salt Lake City](/wiki/Salt_Lake_City \"Salt Lake City\") law firm.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pview.findlaw.com/view/2207485\\_1\\|title\\=FindLaw, Anderson \\& Karrenberg, A Professional Corporation\\|publisher\\=Pview.findlaw.com\\|date\\=February 22, 1999\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143920/http://pview.findlaw.com/view/2207485\\_1\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Volunteer work with non\\-profit organizations and activism.", "When he was practicing law, Anderson was affiliated with several non\\-profit organizations dedicated to protecting civil rights, providing educational opportunities for economically disadvantaged children, protecting reproductive freedom, improving the penal and criminal justice systems, and strengthening legislative ethics. He served as president of the boards of the ACLU of Utah,[ACLU of Utah 50th Anniversary Celebration](http://www.acluutah.org/BOR08.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415074238/http://www.acluutah.org/BOR08\\.htm\\|date\\=April 15, 2012}} Guadalupe Schools,[Rocky Anderson's Speech](http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4110342&itype=NGPSID&keyword=&qtype=), *Salt Lake Tribune*; accessed January 22, 2017\\. and Citizens for Penal Reform, which he founded. He served as a board member of several other community\\-based non\\-profit organizations, including Planned Parenthood Association of Utah[\"The Other Rocky\"](http://www.thenation.com/article/other-rocky) *[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation \"The Nation\")*; accessed (for whom he also performed pro bono legal services, including a successful lawsuit to obtain an occupancy certificate for a new clinic, which had been denied because of community opposition to a family planning clinic) and Utah Common Cause.{{cite web\\|author\\=Staff\\|url\\=http://archive.sltrib.com\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson's Speech\\|date\\=July 28, 2006\\|publisher\\=Archive.sltrib.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} On behalf of Common Cause, Anderson lobbied for stronger legislation pertaining to ethical conduct by elected officials, as well as for campaign finance reform.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kall \\|first\\=Rob \\|title\\=Interview with Rocky Anderson \\|url\\=https://www.opednews.com/Podcast/Rocky\\-Anderson\\-Justice\\-Pa\\-by\\-Rob\\-Kall\\-120104\\-455\\.html \\|website\\=OpEdNews.com\\|date\\=January 4, 2012 }}", "While he was practicing law, Anderson opposed the Reagan Administration's efforts to overthrow the government in Nicaragua and some of the Administration's other policies relating to Latin America. He spoke publicly and debated regarding the U.S.’s illegal intervention in Nicaragua and organized two trips to [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua \"Nicaragua\") for dozens of Utahns so they could see, and report back to the public, what was actually happening in the country.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kall \\|first\\=Rob \\|title\\=Interview with Rocky Anderson \\|url\\=https://www.opednews.com/Podcast/Rocky\\-Anderson\\-Justice\\-Pa\\-by\\-Rob\\-Kall\\-120104\\-455\\.html \\|website\\=OpEdNews\\|date\\=January 4, 2012 }} He also twice debated the commander\\-in\\-chief of the Contras, Adolfo Calero.[\"Anderson Proud to Back Demo Causes\"](http://www.deseretnews.com/article/487905/ANDERSONS-PROUD-TO-BACK-DEMO-CAUSES.html), *Deseret News*; accessed January 22, 2017\\.", "Moved by the suffering of the friends and family members of several women who had been murdered in the Salt Lake City area, but whose killings Salt Lake City police detectives had failed to solve, Anderson worked *pro bono* for many months, reviewing documents and locating and interviewing witnesses. His work, together with the efforts of others, led to the eventual grand jury indictment and conviction of a man for one of the murders.Tom Smart and Lee Benson, In plain sight: the startling truth behind the Elizabeth Smart investigation (Chicago Review Press: Chicago 2005\\), pp. 190\\-91\\.", "Rocky served as Chair of the Board of Salt Lake Academy of Music (SLAM){{Cite web \\|title\\=SLAM \\|url\\=https://www.slamslc.org/ \\|website\\=Salt Lake Academy of Music}} and now serves on the Board of the Haitian Orchestra Institute (HOI).{{Cite web \\|title\\=HOI \\|url\\=https://haitiorch.org/about\\-us \\|website\\=HOI}}", "### 1996 congressional campaign", "After winning a contentious primary election against Kelly Atkinson by a margin of 11%,[Election Results from the Associated Press](http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/external/pre-election/profilesdistricts/UT02.html?SITE=WPVITVELN&SECTION=POLITICS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021173843/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/external/pre\\-election/profilesdistricts/UT02\\.html?SITE\\=WPVITVELN\\&SECTION\\=POLITICS\\&TEMPLATE\\=DEFAULT\\|date\\=October 21, 2015}} Anderson ran for Congress as the Democratic nominee in [Utah's 2nd congressional district](/wiki/Utah%27s_2nd_congressional_district \"Utah's 2nd congressional district\") in 1996 against Republican [Merrill Cook](/wiki/Merrill_Cook \"Merrill Cook\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Bernick\\|first\\=Bob\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/519911/COOK\\-ANDERSON\\-BELIEVE\\-FERVENTLY\\-IN\\-THEMSELVES.html\\|title\\=Cook, Anderson Believe Fervently In Themselves\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=October 18, 1996\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} Without any financial help from the Democratic Party (some local Democratic leaders viewed Anderson as being too liberal because of his work with the ACLU, his advocacy for reproductive rights, his support for same\\-sex marriage, his opposition to U.S. policy toward Nicaragua in the 1980s, and his opposition to the death penaltyRocky Anderson, \"'But They Didn't Win': Politics and Integrity,\" Dialogue – A Journal of Mormon Thought (Vol. 31 No. 1, Spring 1998\\), pp. 98\\-99\\.), he garnered over 100,000 votes in the district.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nationaljournal.com/pubs/almanac/1998/ut02\\.htm\\|title\\=Rep. Merrill Cook profile\\|work\\=Nationaljournal.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107063636/http://www.nationaljournal.com/pubs/almanac/1998/ut02\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=November 7, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Anderson lost the 1996 race to [Merrill Cook](/wiki/Merrill_Cook \"Merrill Cook\"), achieving 37 percent of the ballots cast versus Cook's 60 percent.", "### Mayor of Salt Lake City", "Anderson ran for Mayor of Salt Lake City in 1999, defeating 10 other candidates in the primary campaign, before winning 60% of the vote in the general election against opponent Stuart Reid.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://web.ksl.com/dump/news/cc/elect99/electwin.htm\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson Wins SLC Mayor's Race\\|publisher\\=Web.ksl.com\\|date\\=June 26, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080320/http://web.ksl.com/dump/news/cc/elect99/electwin.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2012}} He won re\\-election by an 8% margin against [Frank R. Pignanelli](/wiki/Frank_R._Pignanelli \"Frank R. Pignanelli\") in [2003](/wiki/2003_Salt_Lake_City_mayoral_election \"2003 Salt Lake City mayoral election\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.php/topic/1120\\-elections\\-rocky\\-rolls\\|title\\=Rocky Rolls\\|publisher\\=Urban Planet\\|date\\=October 11, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "[thumb\\|Rocky II campaign sticker.](/wiki/File:Rocky_Anderson_mayoral_campaign%2C_2003.jpg \"Rocky Anderson mayoral campaign, 2003.jpg\")", "Anderson's two terms in office were extremely eventful, with Anderson playing a leading role in hosting the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.[*Deseret News*, \"Rocky makes the scheduled rounds — and then some\"](http://www.deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,70000908,00.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011080259/http://www.deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,70000908,00\\.html\\|date\\=October 11, 2008}} He organized and co\\-hosted dozens of mayors for three consecutive years at the Sundance Summit.[*ICLEI* \"Sundance Summit a success\"](http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=7112&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=2253&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7109&cHash=65853f8457) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725215218/http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id\\=7112\\&tx\\_ttnews%5Btt\\_news%5D\\=2253\\&tx\\_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D\\=7109\\&cHash\\=65853f8457\\|date\\=July 25, 2012}} He also founded the Salt Lake City International Jazz Festival, as well as providing national and international leadership regarding climate protection. He conducted a successful national campaign to require that airports across the country screen all checked luggage,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/870914/Rocky\\-calls\\-for\\-tighter\\-airline\\-rules.html?pg\\=2\\|title\\=Rocky calls for tighter airline rules\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=October 25, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} expanded the area's light rail system,[*The Globalist*, The Greening of Salt Lake City](http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4569) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402063755/http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId\\=4569\\|date\\=April 2, 2012}} significantly expanded protected open space,[Text of Rocky Anderson’s State of the City Address, January 17 2007](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\\_of\\_rocky\\_andersons\\_state\\_of\\_the\\_city\\_address/index.html\\|date\\=February 24, 2011}} implemented an innovative and highly successful [restorative justice](/wiki/Restorative_justice \"Restorative justice\") program{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mayorsinnovation.org/pdf/Article13\\_HC.pdf\\|title\\=Restoring hope \\-\\- Justice programs address offenders' problems\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=October 21, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021184405/http://www.mayorsinnovation.org/pdf/Article13\\_HC.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and created a city wide after\\-school and summer youth program, YouthCity.{{cite web \\|author\\=Tammy Walquist \\|date\\=June 9, 2006 \\|title\\=Renovating Ottinger Hall \\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635212177/Renovating\\-Ottinger\\-Hall.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013 \\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com}}", "Many of Anderson's achievements were described in his State of the City addresses[For instance, Anderson's 2007 State of the City address is found at](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\\_of\\_rocky\\_andersons\\_state\\_of\\_the\\_city\\_address/index.html\\|date\\=February 24, 2011}} and listed by the news media shortly before he left office.{{cite web \\|author\\=Jared Page\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695241400/The\\-Rocky\\-years\\-\\-Anderson\\-ends\\-8\\-eventful\\-contentious\\-years\\-as\\-Salt\\-Lakes\\-mayor.html?pg\\=5\\|title\\=Anderson ends 8 eventful contentious years as Salt Lake's Mayor\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=January 6, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "State Senator [Chris Buttars](/wiki/Chris_Buttars \"Chris Buttars\") of West Jordan publicly denounced former Mayor Rocky Anderson for having \"attracted the entire gay community to come and live in Salt Lake County\" after a Dan Jones poll indicated strong support for allowing domestic partnerships. In the 2004 election, 63% of the city population voted against banning [same\\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage \"Same-sex marriage\"), in agreement with Mayor Anderson.\"The Thumb\", *The Salt Lake Tribune*, October 23, 2005\\.", "Anderson chose not to run for a third term so he could push for reforms of U.S. human rights policies and practices through grassroots organizing.{{cite web \\|title\\=Utah: A Hornet's Nest That Gays \\& Lesbians Call 'Home' \\|url\\=https://www.queerty.com/utah\\-a\\-hornets\\-nest\\-that\\-gays\\-lesbians\\-call\\-home\\-20090128 \\|work\\=Queerty \\|date\\=January 28, 2009 \\| author\\=Grant, Japhy}}", "#### Environmental and climate protection programs", "[thumb\\|right\\|Anderson addressing a [350\\.org](/wiki/350.org \"350.org\") gathering on [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming \"Global warming\") awareness.](/wiki/File:Rocky_Anderson_Global_Warming.jpg \"Rocky Anderson Global Warming.jpg\")\nConsidered perhaps the \"greenest\" mayor in the United States,[\"Is Rocky Anderson the country's greenest mayor?\"](http://www.alternet.org/story/70332/is_rocky_anderson_the_country%27s_greenest_mayor) *[Alternet](/wiki/Alternet \"Alternet\")* Anderson gained international renown for his Salt Lake City Green Program[Salt Lake City Green Program \\- official site](http://www.slcgov.com/slcgreen); accessed September 28, 2006\\. – a comprehensive effort to improve sustainability and reduce the City's environmental footprint – which achieved a 31% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from municipal operations in just 3 years. Elements of the program, which Anderson described as covering \"everything from dog waste to nuclear wastes\", included initiatives to improve the efficiency of the City's fleet and use of electricity, measures to make Salt Lake City more bicycle\\-and pedestrian\\-friendly, and co\\-generation plants at the City's landfill and wastewater treatment facilities that recapture methane to generate electricity.{{cite web\\|author\\=gristadmin\\|url\\=http://grist.org/article/anderson1\\|title\\=An interview with Salt Lake City mayor and green innovator Rocky Anderson\\|publisher\\=Grist.org\\|date\\=February 7, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "As part of the Salt Lake City Green program, Anderson committed Salt Lake City to the Kyoto Protocol goals in 2002\\.[*The Globalist*, The Greening of Salt Lake City\"](http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4569) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050528212849/http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId\\=4569\\|date\\=May 28, 2005}} He mandated that all city buildings use energy\\-efficient light bulbs and replaced SUVs in the city fleet with high\\-efficiency, alternative\\-fuel vehicles.[\"Is Rocky Anderson The Country's Greenest Major?\"](http://www.alternet.org/story/70332/is_rocky_anderson_the_country%27s_greenest_mayor), *[Alternet](/wiki/Alternet \"Alternet\")*; accessed January 22, 2017\\. Anderson almost doubled the city's recycling capacity in one year.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Is Rocky Anderson the Country's Greenest Mayor? \\|url\\=https://www.alternet.org/2007/12/is\\_rocky\\_anderson\\_the\\_countrys\\_greenest\\_mayor/ \\|website\\=AlterNet}} The City surpassed its Kyoto goals in 2006, seven years ahead of schedule.{{Cite web \\|title\\=An interview with Salt Lake City mayor and green innovator Rocky Anderson \\|url\\=https://grist.org/article/anderson1/ \\|website\\=Grist\\|date\\=February 7, 2007 }}", "In 2003, Anderson received the Climate Protection Award from the United States [Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency \"Environmental Protection Agency\"),[\"EXCEPTIONAL COMMITMENT: 1998–2009 CLIMATE PROTECTION AWARD WINNERS\"](http://www.epa.gov/cpd/awards/complistofwinners.html), [United States Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency \"United States Environmental Protection Agency\"); accessed January 22, 2017\\. and the Sierra Club acknowledged his environmental work with its Distinguished Service Award.{{Cite web \\|title\\=SIERRA CLUB AWARD WINNERS \\|url\\=https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/Award%20winners%20by%20award\\-updates%20for%202020\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=Oct 24, 2022}} In November 2005, the Salt Lake City Green program led to Salt Lake City receiving the World Leadership Award for environmental programs, presented by the World Leadership Forum in London.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.enn.com/press\\_releases/1000\\|title\\=Salt Lake City Has Won the World Leadership Award in London\\|publisher\\=Enn.com\\|date\\=December 11, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019100058/http://www.enn.com/press\\_releases/1000\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Anderson exemplified \"green living\" through personal example, including [xeriscaping](/wiki/Xeriscaping \"Xeriscaping\") his entire yard,{{cite web\\|last\\=Sheppard\\|first\\=Kate\\|url\\=http://grist.org/article/hey\\-rocky\\|title\\=Hey Rocky\\|publisher\\=Grist.org\\|date\\=February 7, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} installing solar panels at his home, recycling all recyclable materials, and using cold\\-water detergent, fluorescent bulbs, thermostat timers and a natural gas\\-powered car.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/843433/Rocky\\-runs\\-on\\-natural\\-gas.html\\|title\\=Rocky runs on natural gas\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=May 18, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "While serving as mayor, Anderson informed and inspired other municipal officials about the importance of educating constituents about climate change and of taking measures to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theclimategroup.org/our\\-news/interviews/2005/5/10/rocky\\-anderson\\|title\\=Interview with Rocky Anderson\\|publisher\\=The Climate Group\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229183933/http://theclimategroup.org/our\\-news/interviews/2005/5/10/rocky\\-anderson\\|date\\=May 10, 2005\\|archive\\-date\\=February 29, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2015}}", "Anderson later researched, produced, and narrated a multi\\-media piece (still available on YouTube) regarding the need for tenacious, effective leadership to protect against further disastrous climate chaos.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Shelton \\|first\\=Blake \\|title\\=Rocky Anderson \\- Climate Crisis Leadership \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=7MKcHOqJp6Y \\|website\\=Youtube\\|date\\=May 4, 2011 }}", "For three consecutive years, he organized and co\\-hosted, with Robert Redford and ICLEI, *The Sundance Summit: A Mayors Gathering on Climate Protection*, attended by dozens of mayors from throughout the United States. At the Sundance Summit, mayors learned the science of climate change, how to communicate regarding the causes, consequences, and solutions to climate change, and best practices in cities implementing ground\\-breaking climate protection practices.{{cite web\\|last\\=Little\\|first\\=Amanda\\|url\\=http://grist.org/article/little\\-sundance\\|title\\=Sundance getaway converts mayors into climate activists\\|publisher\\=Grist.org\\|date\\=July 15, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "Anderson also spoke on the subject of the climate crisis at side meetings at United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings in New Delhi, Buenos Aires, and Bali, and at conferences in Sweden, Australia, and across the United States.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id\\=3148754\\&itype\\=NGPSID\\&keyword\\=\\&qtype\\=\\|title\\=Rocky at Australia climate panel\\|publisher\\=Archive.sltrib.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson also spoke in Beijing to a gathering of Chinese mayors and vice\\-mayors about how they can help their communities reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Anderson was also the only representative from the United States to consult in London with representatives from G8 nations on climate change, in preparation for the 2005 G8 Summit.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2007 Honors \\& Rewards \\|url\\=https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=November 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101011034/https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He also spoke on climate protection issues at the 2006 annual meeting of the Clinton Global Initiative and the 2007 annual meeting of the national Environmental Law Societies.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2007 Honors \\& Rewards \\|url\\=https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=November 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101011034/https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "During Anderson's tenure as mayor, he created the \"e2 Business\" program, recruiting local businesses to implement major sustainability practices,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.matr.net/article\\-10476\\.html\\|title\\=The e2 (environmentally and economically sustainable) program in Salt Lake City gains strength and members\\- Squatters sets an earth\\-friendly example\\|publisher\\=Matr.net\\|date\\=April 4, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} and led a national campaign against the environmentally and economically destructive use of plastic water bottles, which he has called \"the greatest marketing scam of all time\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.abc4\\.com/mostpopular/story/Mayor\\-Rocky\\-Andersons\\-plastic\\-water\\-bottle\\-ban/b9avD6miGE6aR4TYJypjTA.cspx\\|title\\=Mayor Rocky Anderson's plastic water bottle ban affects fire fighters\\|last\\=Larsen\\|first\\=Angie\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[KTVX\\|ABC 4 Utah]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423030627/http://www.abc4\\.com/mostpopular/story/Mayor\\-Rocky\\-Andersons\\-plastic\\-water\\-bottle\\-ban/b9avD6miGE6aR4TYJypjTA.cspx\\|date\\=July 6, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2015}} While serving as Executive Director of High Road for Human Rights, Anderson co\\-authored a major article on the human rights implications of the climate crisis and why climate chaos should be treated as human rights violation.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Achieving Climate Protection: Fostering an Essential Focus on Human Rights and Human Impacts \\|url\\=https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1031\\&context\\=ndjlepp }}", "#### Tobacco", "Anderson is an ardent opponent of the [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco \"Tobacco\") industry, and has supported legislative measures to discourage smoking and tax [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco \"Tobacco\") products.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/945280/Rocky\\-targets\\-public\\-smoking.html\\|title\\=Rocky targets public smoking\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=October 27, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "#### Ethnic minority issues and communities", "In December 2001, state and federal officials organized a raid at the Salt Lake City Airport to enforce immigration laws against undocumented employees, who were arrested, imprisoned, and fired.[*The Future of Freedom Foundation*, \"The Feds’ Post–9/11 Airport\\-Worker Purge\"](http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd1002c.asp) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114134024/http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd1002c.asp \\|date\\=November 14, 2012}} In response, Anderson created the Family to Family program, which made it possible for Salt Lake City families to provide direct emotional and financial assistance to the airport workers and their families, while gaining a better understanding of the plight of immigrants.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Rocky receives award from League of Latin American Citizens \\|url\\=https://www.deseret.com/article/635188970/Rocky\\-receives\\-award\\-from\\-League\\-of\\-Latin\\-American\\-Citizens.html }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Additionally, the Mayor spearheaded a successful challenge to English\\-only legislation in Utah in 2000,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/822491/Anderson\\-testifies\\-about\\-limitations\\-of\\-English\\-only\\-law.html\\|title\\=Anderson testifies about limitations of English\\-only law\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=January 30, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} and later spoke at large demonstrations for comprehensive [immigration reform](/wiki/Immigration_reform \"Immigration reform\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.democracynow.org/2006/4/11/salt\\_lake\\_city\\_mayor\\_rocky\\_anderson\\|title\\=Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Reacts to Unprecedented Immigrant Rights March\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Democracy Now]]\\|date\\=April 11, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2015}}", "Anderson received the League of United Latin American Citizens's first\\-ever \"Profile in Courage\" award, as well as the National Association of Hispanic Publications' Presidential Award.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635196825/Hispanic\\-group\\-gives\\-Anderson\\-an\\-award.html\\|title\\=Hispanic group gives Anderson an award\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=April 4, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "Anderson signed an executive order in 2000 implementing a full\\-fledged [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action \"Affirmative action\") program in City hiring.[*Red Orbit*, \"Text of Rocky Anderson’s State of the City Address, January 17, 2007\"](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\\_of\\_rocky\\_andersons\\_state\\_of\\_the\\_city\\_address/index.html\\|date\\=February 24, 2011}} This program led to historic levels of ethnic minority hiring and retention in City government. The percentage of the City government's workforce that was drawn from the ethnic minority community increased more than 30% in seven years, and the number of senior City administrators from the ethnic minority community by 2007 increased by over 85% since 2000\\. Thirty\\-two percent of Anderson's appointments to City boards and commissions, and one\\-third of the staff in the Mayor's Office, were individuals from ethnic minorities.{{cite web \\|date\\=January 6, 2008 \\|title\\=Rocky Anderson by the numbers \\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695241413/Rocky\\-Anderson\\-by\\-the\\-numbers.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013 \\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com}}", "Along with [Jon Huntsman Sr.](/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Sr. \"Jon Huntsman Sr.\"), Anderson co\\-convened the Alliance for Unity, a non\\-partisan group of religious and community leaders working to build bridges between diverse people throughout Utah.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/864391/A\\-hopeful\\-Alliance\\-for\\-Unity.html\\|title\\=A hopeful alliance for unity\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=September 18, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "#### 2002 Winter Olympics", "After working with [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney \"Mitt Romney\") and leading Salt Lake City through the [2002 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics \"2002 Winter Olympics\"), Anderson handed off the Olympic flag at the closing ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference\\_documents\\_Factsheets/Closing\\_Ceremony\\_of\\_the\\_Games.pdf\\|title\\=Olympics closing ceremony factsheet\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} One of Anderson's key achievements was working effectively with the Utah State Legislature and Mitt Romney in making certain that public safety needs would be adequately financed. Romney later said, \"I think a lot of people would look at (the Olympic funding deal) and say it was a minor miracle. \\[Rocky] was instrumental, key, in reaching a solution.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/812408/Rocky\\-tackles\\-SL\\-issues\\-with\\-passion\\-and\\-fervor.html\\|title\\=Rocky tackles S.L. issues with passion and fervor\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=April 9, 2000\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "Anderson endorsed Romney's subsequent 2002 gubernatorial bid in [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\").{{YouTube\\|Suc3nlHT51Y\\|\"Romney for Governor of Massachusetts TV Ad – 'Rocky'\"}} Romney later endorsed Anderson's 2003 mayoral re\\-election campaign.{{YouTube\\|TuFe9\\_BCvXY\\|\"Mitt Romney endorses Rocky Anderson – 2003\"}} Anderson has criticized Romney's changes in position on certain issues after he decided to run for president of the U.S.[\"Why Salt Lake's Mayor Lost Faith in Mitt\"](http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/08/19/why-salt-lake-s-mayor-lost-faith-in-mitt.html), thedailybeast.com; accessed January 22, 2017\\. \"The Mitt Romney who ran for and served as governor of Massachusetts was a very different Mitt Romney than has been running for President of the United States ... the real Mitt Romney — the Mitt Romney we all knew and \\[who] served as governor of Massachusetts — was very reasonable, very moderate — he felt that Roe versus Wade should be the end of the debate on choice; supporter of stem cell research — he was not the right\\-winger that he seemed to be when he decided he would run for President of the United States.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2011/6/13/former\\_slc\\_mayor\\_rocky\\_anderson\\_the\\_former\\_mitt\\_romney\\_was\\_reasonable\\_very\\_moderate\\|title\\=Former Salt Lake City Rocky Anderson on GOP Presidential Candidates Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Democracy Now]]\\|date\\=June 13, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2015}}", "#### Crime and criminal justice", "Anderson was a member of the [Mayors Against Illegal Guns](/wiki/Mayors_Against_Illegal_Guns \"Mayors Against Illegal Guns\") Coalition,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/members/members.shtml\\|title\\=coalition members\\|publisher\\=Mayors against illegal guns\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020183627/http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/members/members.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=October 20, 2013}} a bi\\-partisan group with the stated goal of \"making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets\".", "Anderson restructured Salt Lake City's criminal justice system and, after reviewing the peer\\-reviewed literature indicating that [DARE](/wiki/Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education \"Drug Abuse Resistance Education\") is ineffective in reducing drug use, discontinued the DARE program in Salt Lake City schools.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00\\.n880\\.a08\\.html\\|title\\=US UT: Anderson Calls DARE A Fraud\\|publisher\\=Mapinc.org\\|date\\=June 22, 2000\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} Instead, he supported the implementation of other programs — ATLAS and ATHENA — that have demonstrated significant success.\"Mayor Rocky Anderson Talks About What It's Like to ... Drop the D.A.R.E. Program,\" Interview with Alexandra Eyle, The Reconsider Quarterly, volume 1 Number 4, Winter 2001–02, pp. 12\\-13\\.", "He called for an end to the failed \"war on drugs\" and for better drug prevention education, the implementation of harm reduction policies, and the availability of substance abuse treatment on demand. He successfully lobbied President Clinton to grant a commutation of a lengthy prison sentence imposed on a Salt Lake City man who had already served several years in a federal penitentiary for his first and only conviction for violating drug laws.{{cite web\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/820498/Rocky\\-given\\-credit\\-for\\-inmates\\-release.html\\|title\\=Rocky given credit for inmates release\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=January 22, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "Anderson also worked for years, with several other people, to finally obtain the release from a federal penitentiary of Weldon Angelos, who was sentenced under a federal minimum mandatory statute to 55 years in prison for selling three small amounts of marijuana while he had––but did not use or threaten anyone with––a gun.{{Citation \\|title\\=55 Years in Prison for a Non\\-Violent Drug Offense? (Rocky Anderson) \\| date\\=November 19, 2013 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=yKQ\\_gqe4uDM \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-01}}", "In 2000, Anderson ordered the Salt Lake City Police Department to end its participation in the DARE program. He told DARE officials: \"I think your organization has been an absolute fraud on the people of this country ... For you to continue taking precious drug\\-prevention dollars when we have such a serious and, in some instances, growing addiction problem is unconscionable.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Truth or D.A.R.E.?\\|publisher\\=Tucson Weekly\\|date\\=February 26, 2004\\|url\\=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/truth\\-or\\-dare/Content?oid\\=1075363\\|access\\-date\\=December 12, 2005}}", "Instead of pushing for more minor offenders to be sent to jail or prison, Anderson constructed innovative restorative justice programs, which earned Salt Lake City a nomination for a second World Leadership Award.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/salt\\_lake\\_city\\_mayor.html\\|title\\=Interview with Rocky Anderson\\|publisher\\=Citymayors.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} He implemented reforms to ensure that mental health courts would channel mentally ill criminals into mandatory treatment programs rather than putting them behind bars. People arrested on drug charges, or for prostitution or the solicitation of prostitutes (as well as several other types of offenses), were sent through a comprehensive course of counselling rather than automatically being handed criminal convictions and custodial sentences. The results were better, and the costs far lower, than with the traditional retributive approach.[http://www.thenation.com/article/other\\-rocky?page\\=0,1](http://www.thenation.com/article/other-rocky?page=0,1) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225090232/http://www.thenation.com/article/other\\-rocky?page\\=0,1 \\|date\\=December 25, 2011 }}*[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation \"The Nation\")* \"The Other Rocky\", thenation.com; accessed January 22, 2017\\.", "#### Economy", "Anderson promulgated an administrative rule which stipulated that when it considered bids, the city should give preference to companies that paid a living wage to their employees. One Republican legislator called it the \"Rocky loophole\", and was intent on closing it. The Utah Legislature then passed a statute prohibiting cities from giving such preference.{{cite web\\|author\\=Lisa Riley Roche\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/600112975/Senate\\-OKs\\-bill\\-to\\-curb\\-Rockys\\-living\\-wage\\-effort.html\\|title\\=Senate OKs bill to curb Rocky's 'living wage' effort\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=February 18, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "Establishing a reputation as a fiscal conservative, during the 1999–2007 period Anderson increased the balance of Salt Lake City's general reserve fund by more than 62%, from $20\\.3 million to $32\\.6 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ogdenstudios.com/content/view/45/68\\|title\\=Mayor Rocky Anderson \\- Portrait\\|publisher\\=Ogdenstudios.com\\|date\\=November 3, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019083418/http://ogdenstudios.com/content/view/45/68/\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "#### Opposition to the 2003 war in Iraq and human rights abuses", "Described by Amy Goodman as \"one of the most outspoken critics of the Bush administration and the Iraq war,\"[Article](http://www.democracynow.org/2007/6/25/salt_lake_city_mayor_rocky_anderson) at *[Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now \"Democracy Now\")*, \"Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Slams His Friend Mitt Romney for 'Flip\\-Flopping' on Abortion, Stem Cell Research, Torture in Attempt to Win GOP Presidential Nomination\", democracynow.org; accessed January 22, 2017\\. Anderson was a leading opponent of the invasion and occupation of Iraq by the U.S., both before and after the invasion, and was the only mayor of a major city to advocate the impeachment of President Bush and Vice\\-President Cheney.[\"In Utah, an Opponent of the 'Culture of Obedience'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/us/22rocky.html), nytimes.com, March 22, 2007\\.", "He often spoke out against the invasion and occupation of Iraq, and in favor of impeachment,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ksl.com/?nid\\=148\\&sid\\=1008260\\|title\\='Poll: Residents split over appropriateness of Rocky's anti\\-war speeches\\|publisher\\=Ksl.com\\|date\\=March 19, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} including at several large rallies and state and federal legislative hearings, in Salt Lake City;[\"The Other Rocky\"](http://www.thenation.com/issue/january-1-2007), *[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation \"The Nation\")*; accessed January 22, 2017\\. Olympia, Washington;{{cite web\\|author\\=Doug Smeath\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/660199482/Rocky\\-is\\-calling\\-for\\-uprooting\\-of\\-Bush.html\\|title\\=Rocky is calling for uprooting of Bush\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=March 1, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} New York;{{cite web\\|last\\=Jensen\\|first\\=Derek P.\\|url\\=http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci\\_6230292\\|title\\=Rocky rips Romney for stem\\-cell, abortion, war and torture flip\\-flops\\|publisher\\=Sltrib.com\\|date\\=June 26, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094245/http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci\\_6230292\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and Washington, D.C.;{{cite web\\|author\\=Suzanne Struglinski\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/660215228/Salt\\-Lake\\-mayor\\-flays\\-Bush\\-Cheney\\-in\\-DC\\-rally.html\\|title\\=Salt Lake mayor flays Bush, Cheney in D.C. rally\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=April 26, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} and on national television and radio programs hosted by Amy Goodman,[\"Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Slams His Friend Mitt Romney for \"Flip\\-Flopping\" on Abortion, Stem Cell Research, Torture in Attempt to Win GOP Presidential Nomination\"](http://www.democracynow.org/2007/6/25/salt_lake_city_mayor_rocky_anderson), *[Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now \"Democracy Now\")*, June 25, 2007\\. Bill O'Reilly,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\_An\\-kY8okc0 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/\\_An\\-kY8okc0 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson Bill O'Reilly\\|publisher\\=Youtube.com\\|date\\=January 26, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}} and Tom Ashbrook.[\"On Point\"](http://www.wbur.org/media-player?url=http://onpoint.wbur.org/2007/03/26/mayor-rocky-anderson&title=Mayor+Rocky+Anderson&pubdate=2007-03-26&segment=1&source=onpoint), wbur.org; accessed January 22, 2017\\. He engaged in a live debate with [Sean Hannity](/wiki/Sean_Hannity \"Sean Hannity\") that focused on Iraq and impeachment.[\"Rocky Anderson Obliterates Sean Hannity at University of Utah Impeachment Debate\"](http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6153683903005498978) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607041932/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid\\=6153683903005498978\\|date\\=June 7, 2011}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Rocky Anderson meets Andy Figorski, an Iraq war veteran and anti\\-war activist.](/wiki/File:Rocky_meets_Andy.jpg \"Rocky meets Andy.jpg\")", "#### Call for the impeachment of President George W. Bush", "{{see also\\|efforts to impeach George W. Bush}}", "Interviewed by [Wolf Blitzer](/wiki/Wolf_Blitzer \"Wolf Blitzer\") on [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") after an anti\\-war rally marking the fourth anniversary of the invasion and initial occupation of Iraq, Anderson advocated the impeachment of President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\"), commenting:\nThis president, by engaging in such incredible abuses of power, breaches of trust with both the Congress and the American people, and misleading us into this tragic and unbelievable war, the violation of treaties, other international law, our constitution, our own domestic laws, and then his role in heinous human rights abuses; I think all of that together calls for impeachment.{{cite web\\|title\\=Salt Lake City Mayor calls for Bush impeachment\\|url\\=http://rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\\_Salt\\_Lake\\_City\\_Mayor\\_calls\\_0319\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113742/https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\\_Salt\\_Lake\\_City\\_Mayor\\_calls\\_0319\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=December 13, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|publisher\\=Rawstory.com}}", "Anderson did not spare his criticism of the Democratic Party, saying:\nThe fact that anybody would say that impeachment is off the table when we have a president who has been so egregious in his violations of our constitution, a president who asserts a unitary executive power, that is absolutely chilling.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Salt Lake City Mayor calls for Bush impeachment \\|url\\=https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\\_Salt\\_Lake\\_City\\_Mayor\\_calls\\_0319\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 13, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113742/https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\\_Salt\\_Lake\\_City\\_Mayor\\_calls\\_0319\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "In 2006, he expressed his view of the Democratic Party:", "", "> But what do I have to say about the Democratic Party? I'm ashamed, really, of how little leadership there has been. There has been just tremendous timidity on the part of the party, generally, although there have been a handful of exceptions. But, you know, we had one member of the United States Senate vote against the PATRIOT Act, the blank check that was given by Congress to this president, I think in total abrogation of the role of Congress under separation of powers and under the power to make war, to declare war. They gave that away to a president that didn't have his facts straight and, I think, was manipulating the intelligence to sell this war.[Salt Lake City's Mayor Rocky Anderson: \"This War Was Sold to the American People Largely by Fox and Other Members of the Media and We Were Lied To\"](http://www.democracynow.org/2006/9/26/salt_lake_citys_mayor_rocky_anderso), democracynow.org; accessed January 22, 2017\\.", "Anderson researched, wrote, produced, and narrated a major multimedia piece concerning the invasion and occupation of Iraq, as well as the case for impeachment.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=PrSDnLDxVdw \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/PrSDnLDxVdw \\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson's compelling case for impeachment\\|publisher\\=Youtube.com\\|date\\=February 4, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}}", "### Human rights advocacy", "After almost eight years as mayor of Salt Lake City, Anderson decided that he would not run for re\\-election, and that he would instead devote himself to educating, motivating, and mobilizing people to push elected officials and others to take action to prevent or stop major human rights abuses.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.constitutioncampaign.org/blog/?p\\=3087\\#.TptJi97iFmI\\|title\\=Patriot Award: Rocky Anderson\\|publisher\\=Constitutioncampaign.org\\|date\\=August 19, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171158/http://www.constitutioncampaign.org/blog/?p\\=3087\\#.TptJi97iFmI\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Anderson has stressed the importance of people at the grassroots level advocating for progressive change, stating, \"We keep expecting elected officials will do the right thing, and the fact is they never do unless they're pushed.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=McDonough\\|first\\=Ted\\|url\\=http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/print\\-article\\-6746\\-print.html\\|title\\=Rocky Times\\|publisher\\=Cityweekly.net\\|date\\=February 9, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019170116/http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/print\\-article\\-6746\\-print.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In January 2008 he founded High Road for Human Rights, a non\\-profit organization set up to achieve major reforms of US human rights policies and practices through unique, coordinated and sustained grassroots activism that complements the work of other human rights organizations.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/about/vision\\-and\\-mission\\|title\\=Vision and Mission\\|publisher\\=Highroadforhumanrights.info\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "The principle that underpined the organization is that most politicians will do nothing unless they are pushed. High Road was a bottom\\-up, grassroots\\-based organization founded \"to make it clear there will be short\\-term political costs for those who continue to ignore these kinds of problems ... Every time a congressperson or senator comes home and hold a meeting, there \\[should be] a group there pushing on the same issues\", according to Anderson.{{cite web\\|last\\=McDonough\\|first\\=Ted\\|url\\=http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article\\-12\\-6942\\-feature\\-rocky\\-times\\-rocky\\-anderson\\-is\\-still\\-on\\-the\\-case\\-barack\\-obama\\-had\\-better\\-watch\\-his\\-back.html?current\\_page\\=2\\|title\\=Rocky Times: Rocky Anderson is still on the case. Barack Obama had better watch his back\\|publisher\\=Cityweekly.net\\|date\\=February 5, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} High Road had a growing membership base and active local teams of people who met and worked together to bring about change.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/teams/about\\-teams\\|title\\=High Road For Human Rights: Teams\\|publisher\\=Highroadforhumanrights.info\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019110440/http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/teams/about\\-teams/\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The organization had a broad\\-based membership, with an Advisory Committee composed of prominent human\\-rights, environmental and political activists, as well as artists, actors, and writers, including [Ed Asner](/wiki/Ed_Asner \"Ed Asner\"), [Harry Belafonte](/wiki/Harry_Belafonte \"Harry Belafonte\"), Lester Brown, Hillary Brown, Ben Cohen, [Daniel Ellsberg](/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg \"Daniel Ellsberg\"), Ross Gelbspan, [Susan Joy Hassol](/wiki/Susan_Joy_Hassol \"Susan Joy Hassol\"), [Mark Hertsgaard](/wiki/Mark_Hertsgaard \"Mark Hertsgaard\"), [Mimi Kennedy](/wiki/Mimi_Kennedy \"Mimi Kennedy\"), [Paul Rogat Loeb](/wiki/Paul_Rogat_Loeb \"Paul Rogat Loeb\"), [Edward Mazria](/wiki/Edward_Mazria \"Edward Mazria\"), [Bill McKibben](/wiki/Bill_McKibben \"Bill McKibben\"), [Yoko Ono](/wiki/Yoko_Ono \"Yoko Ono\"), Gus Speth, Winnie Singh, [Sheila Watt\\-Cloutier](/wiki/Sheila_Watt-Cloutier \"Sheila Watt-Cloutier\"), [Elie Wiesel](/wiki/Elie_Wiesel \"Elie Wiesel\"), and [Terry Tempest Williams](/wiki/Terry_Tempest_Williams \"Terry Tempest Williams\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/about/our\\-team\\|title\\=High Road for Human Rights: Our Team\\|publisher\\=Highroadforhumanrights.info\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019110444/http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/about/our\\-team/\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} High Road for Human Rights primarily addressed five issues: torture and the undermining of the rule of law, genocide, slavery, the death penalty, and the human rights implications of the climate crisis.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/issues\\|title\\=High Road for Human Rights: Issues\\|publisher\\=Highroadforhumanrights.info\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019110448/http://www.highroadforhumanrights.info/issues/\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Anderson testified before the U.S. House Judiciary Committee during a hearing on September 25, 2008, concerning executive branch abuses of power,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700246038/Rocky\\-Anderson\\-calls\\-for\\-Bush\\-impeachment\\-at\\-Congressional\\-committee\\-hearing.html\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson calls for Bush impeachment at Congressional committee hearing\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=July 25, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} and spoke at rallies organized by High Road for Human Rights in which he called for accountability for torture.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=lXUZ01WSlF8 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/lXUZ01WSlF8 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson – Part One – Torture Accountability Action Day\\|publisher\\=Youtube.com\\|date\\=June 26, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}} He has also researched, written, produced, and narrated two multimedia pieces focusing on torture and the undermining of the rule of law.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=ECPGenexyKM \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/ECPGenexyKM \\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=High Road for Human Rights – Rule of Law\\|publisher\\=Youtube.com\\|date\\=June 26, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}}", "For his work on human rights matters during his tenure as Executive Director of High Road for Human Rights, Anderson received the Morehouse University Gandhi, King, Ikeda Award and the Bill of Rights Defense Committee's Patriot Award.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bordc.org/newsletter/2011/08/\\#patriot\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120803062328/http://www.bordc.org/newsletter/2011/08/%23patriot\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Bill of Rights Defense Committee: Patriot Award: Rocky Anderson\\|publisher\\=Bordc.org\\|date\\=August 12, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=August 3, 2012}}", "### Criticisms of President Obama and the Democratic Party", "After President Obama's election, Anderson was critical of many of his policy positions and staff selections. He opposed [Susan Rice](/wiki/Susan_Rice \"Susan Rice\"), whom Obama appointed as [United States ambassador to the United Nations](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations \"United States Ambassador to the United Nations\"). Anderson criticized Rice for \"doing nothing\" to stop the [Rwandan genocide](/wiki/Rwandan_genocide \"Rwandan genocide\") as a staff member of the [United States National Security Council](/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council \"United States National Security Council\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=McDonough \\|first\\=Ted \\|title\\=Feature {{!}} Rocky Times: Rocky Anderson is still on the case. Barack Obama had better watch his back. \\|url\\=https://www.cityweekly.net/utah/feature\\-rocky\\-times\\-rocky\\-anderson\\-is\\-still\\-on\\-the\\-case\\-barack\\-obama\\-had\\-better\\-watch\\-his\\-back/Content?oid\\=2135764 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-01 \\|website\\=Salt Lake City Weekly \\|language\\=en}} (Samantha Power described how Rice had advocated not using the word “genocide” in connection with the 1994 Rwandan genocide because of the potential “effect on the November \\[congressional] election.”).{{Cite news \\|last\\=Stephens \\|first\\=Bret \\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-11 \\|title\\=Opinion {{!}} Susan Rice Was a Diplomatic Disaster \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/opinion/susan\\-rice\\-africa.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-01 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} Anderson was also critical of the appointment by Obama of [John Brennan](/wiki/John_Brennan_%28CIA_officer%29 \"John Brennan (CIA officer)\") as his counter\\-terrorism adviser because Brennan, as a member of the George W. Bush administration, had publicly supported wiretapping, \"enhanced interrogation\", and the \"rendition\" of war\\-on\\-terror suspects to offshore prisons beyond the reach of American law. Anderson also pointed to what he described as Obama's change of position after he received the Democratic presidential nomination on the question of immunity for telecom companies that cooperated with the Bush Administration's wiretapping program.", "He was also critical of Obama’s advocacy of “clean coal” after winning the Democratic nomination for president.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Obama Administration's Take on \"Clean\" Coal \\|url\\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/obama\\-and\\-clean\\-coal/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-01 \\|website\\=Scientific American \\|language\\=en}} Deeming himself to be \"non\\-partisan\" in his critiques of policy, Anderson has subsequently gone on to fiercely criticize the Obama Administration in numerous areas, stating:", "", "> I don't know what people were expecting, all this hope and change nonsense ... There's no question that we're seeing a continuation \\[of the harm to], and even in some instances a worsening of our republic under this administration. The Obama administration has contended that no documents stamped as secret by a government agent should ever be allowed into evidence by our courts. That even goes beyond what the Bush Administration did.", "Anderson has emphasized the apparent discrepancies between Obama's positions as a candidate for the 2008 presidency and the actions he has taken as president, believing that \"President Obama has betrayed us in almost every single way from being a candidate to being the President of the United States.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=dnx0co\\_BpNQ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/dnx0co\\_BpNQ \\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=6/26/2011 Rocky Anderson on Rod Decker Show\\|publisher\\=Youtube.com\\|date\\=July 7, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}} Anderson has pointed to Obama's failure to close the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, refusing to prosecute what Anderson deems to be the \"war criminals\" of the Bush administration, continuing renditions, violating the War Power Clause of the Constitution and the [War Powers Resolution](/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution \"War Powers Resolution\") by committing military troops to Libya without congressional authorization, and continuing, and even expanding, the occupation in Afghanistan. He stated that Obama is \"the least deserving recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in the history of the Nobel Peace Prize.\"{{Citation \\|title\\=6/26/2011 Rocky Anderson on Rod Decker Show \\| date\\=July 7, 2011 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=dnx0co\\_BpNQ \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-01}}", "Concerning Obama's alleged betrayal of the rule of law, Anderson has commented:", "", "> The complacency that has allowed wars of aggression, wars of choice, we weren't forced into them, they were totally illegal wars under international law, the kinds of war crimes that took place, with people just saying, even our current president, 'Oh, let's put that behind us. Let's not call people to account. Let's not enforce our laws{{cite web\\|url\\=http://connect2utah.com/news\\-story/?nxd\\_id\\=87345\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson Slams Obama In 2News Interview\\|publisher\\=Connect2utah.com\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-19\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711143525/http://connect2utah.com/news\\-story/?nxd\\_id\\=87345\\|archive\\-date\\=July 11, 2010}}", "On August 11, 2011, major news media in Utah reported that Anderson had denounced the Democratic Party and had resigned his membership. Anderson wrote in a letter to the [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee](/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee \"Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee\") that \"Until the Democratic Party shows some spine and draws a line in the sand — that an end to the tax breaks for the wealthy needs to be part of any debt/budget bill — please take my name off your list.\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Rolly\\|first\\=Paul\\|title\\=Rolly: Rocky Anderson says adieu to the Democratic Party\\|newspaper\\=The Salt Lake Tribune\\|location\\=Salt Lake City\\|publisher\\=Kearns\\-Tribune LLC\\|date\\=August 11, 2011\\|url\\=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/52371987\\-90/anderson\\-arner\\-done\\-guard.html.csp\\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2011}} He added: \"I'm done with the Democratic Party. As I said on [Amy Goodman](/wiki/Amy_Goodman \"Amy Goodman\")'s show a couple years ago, I've put my 'Proud Democrat' coffee mug in storage. I think now I'll just throw it in the garbage and have done with it\" and that \"The [Constitution](/wiki/United_States_Constitution \"United States Constitution\") has been eviscerated while Democrats have stood by with nary a whimper. It is a gutless, unprincipled party, bought and paid for by the same interests that buy and pay for the Republican Party.\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Romboy\\|first\\=Dennis\\|title\\=Former S.L. mayor Rocky Anderson divorces himself from 'gutless' Democratic Party\\|newspaper\\=Deseret News\\|location\\=Salt Lake City\\|publisher\\=Deseret News Publishing Co.\\|date\\=August 12, 2011\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705389115/Former\\-SL\\-mayor\\-Rocky\\-Anderson\\-divorces\\-himself\\-from\\-gutless\\-Democratic\\-Party.html\\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2011}}", "Anderson has stated that despite his earlier belief that the Bush Administration would be merely an \"aberration\" in the history of the US, \"President Obama has institutionalized some of the worst abuses of the Bush Administration.\"{{Citation \\|title\\=6/26/2011 Rocky Anderson on Rod Decker Show \\| date\\=July 7, 2011 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=dnx0co\\_BpNQ \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-01}}", "### 2012 presidential campaign", "{{See also\\|2012 United States presidential election}}\n{{Wikinews\\|Wikinews interviews former Salt Lake City mayor and 2012 presidential candidate Rocky Anderson}}\n{{Wikinews\\|Rocky Anderson announces he will seek Americans Elect nomination}}\nOn November 29, 2011, the *[Salt Lake Tribune](/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune \"Salt Lake Tribune\")* quotes Anderson as saying, \"I'll be announcing my candidacy,\" for the 2012 presidential nomination of a new national political party. This party later called the [Justice Party](/wiki/Justice_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Justice Party (United States)\"). Its formation is reported to have been discussed among Anderson; [Margaret Flowers](/wiki/Margaret_Flowers \"Margaret Flowers\"), a medical doctor and proponent of a [single\\-payer health plan](/wiki/Single-payer_health_care \"Single-payer health care\"); [Kevin Zeese](/wiki/Kevin_Zeese \"Kevin Zeese\"), an organizer of the [Occupy D.C.](/wiki/Occupy_D.C. \"Occupy D.C.\") movement; and former U.S. Rep. [John Anderson](/wiki/John_B._Anderson \"John B. Anderson\"), who ran for president as an independent in the [1980 presidential election](/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election \"1980 United States presidential election\").{{Cite news\\|last\\=Robert\\|first\\=Gehrke\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson returns \\-\\- this time shooting for nation's top office \\|newspaper\\=Salt Lake Tribune\\|location\\=Salt Lake City\\|publisher\\=Kearns\\-Tribune LLC \\|date\\=November 29, 2011\\|url\\=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/53014248\\-90/anderson\\-party\\-rocky\\-ballot.html.csp?page\\=2\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705395124/Rocky\\-Anderson\\-forms\\-Justice\\-Party\\-plans\\-to\\-run\\-for\\-president.html\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson forms Justice Party, plans to run for president\\|date\\=November 30, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=December 2, 2011\\|author\\=Romboy, Dennis\\|website\\=\\[\\[Deseret News]]}}", "[thumb\\|Anderson on the campaign trail in 2012\\.\\|alt\\=refer to adjacent text](/wiki/File:Rocky_takes_a_picture..jpg \"Rocky takes a picture..jpg\")", "Anderson formally accepted the 2012 presidential nomination of the Justice Party on January 13, 2012\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705397350/Rocky\\-Anderson\\-accepts\\-his\\-newly\\-formed\\-partys\\-presidential\\-nomination.html?pg\\=1\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson accepts his newly\\-formed party's presidential nomination\\|work\\=\\[\\[Deseret News]]\\|date\\=January 13, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2012\\|author\\=Schwarz, Hunter\\|archive\\-date\\=January 18, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118072302/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705397350/Rocky\\-Anderson\\-accepts\\-his\\-newly\\-formed\\-partys\\-presidential\\-nomination.html?pg\\=1\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} His running mate was [Luis J. Rodriguez](/wiki/Luis_J._Rodriguez \"Luis J. Rodriguez\"), a [Chicano](/wiki/Chicano_movement \"Chicano movement\") activist and writer from California.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/54506925\\-90/rodriguez\\-activist\\-anderson\\-author.html.csp\\|title\\=Rocky picks activist\\-author as his VP running mate\\|last\\=Gehrke\\|first\\=Robert\\|date\\=July 17, 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Salt Lake Tribune]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 18, 2012}}", "In March 2012, Anderson announced that he was seeking the presidential nomination of [Americans Elect](/wiki/Americans_Elect \"Americans Elect\") in addition to campaigning as the Justice Party nominee.Higgs, Steven (March 17, 2012\\) [\"Anderson embraces Americans Elect nominating process\"](http://www.bloomingtonalternative.com/articles/2012/03/17/10928) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412072038/http://www.bloomingtonalternative.com/articles/2012/03/17/10928 \\|date\\=April 12, 2012 }}, *The Bloomington Alternative*; retrieved March 21, 2012\\.Derby, Kevin (March 17, 2012\\) [\"Established Politicians Going Third Party in 2012 Race\"](http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/story/established-politicians-going-third-party-2012-race), *Sunshine State News*; retrieved March 21, 2012\\. The following May, Americans Elect announced that it would not run a presidential nominee in 2012\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/17/third\\-party\\-effort\\-packs\\-it\\-in\\-for\\-2012\\|title\\=Third party effort packs it in for 2012\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=May 17, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=August 3, 2012\\|author\\=Liptak, Kevin\\|archive\\-date\\=August 5, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805021542/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/17/third\\-party\\-effort\\-packs\\-it\\-in\\-for\\-2012/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Anderson was nominated by the [Natural Law Party](/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Natural Law Party (United States)\") in Michigan, the Independent Party of Connecticut, the Independent Party of New Mexico, the Progressive Party of Oregon, and was on the ballot in Idaho and Tennessee as an independent candidate. Anderson appeared on the ballot in new states under the Justice Party banner with running\\-mate Rodriguez.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ballot\\-access.org/2012/08/07/natural\\-law\\-party\\-of\\-michigan\\-nominates\\-rocky\\-anderson\\-for\\-president\\|title\\=Natural Law Party of Michigan Nominates Rocky Anderson for President\\|last\\=Winger\\|first\\=Richard\\|date\\=August 7, 2012\\|work\\=Ballot Access News\\|access\\-date\\=August 7, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021173913/http://ballot\\-access.org/2012/08/07/natural\\-law\\-party\\-of\\-michigan\\-nominates\\-rocky\\-anderson\\-for\\-president\\|archive\\-date\\=October 21, 2015}} He also sought the presidential nomination of the [Peace and Freedom Party](/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party \"Peace and Freedom Party\"),[\"Peace \\& Freedom Party Attempts to Persuade California Secretary of State to List All Four Presidential Candidates in Party Presidential Primary\"](http://www.ballot-access.org/2012/02/09/peace-freedom-party-attempts-to-persuade-california-secretary-of-state-to-list-all-four-presidential-candidates-in-party-presidential-primary), *[Ballot Access News](/wiki/Ballot_Access_News \"Ballot Access News\")*. February 9, 2012; retrieved August 3, 2012\\. {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021173922/http://www.ballot\\-access.org/2012/02/09/peace\\-freedom\\-party\\-attempts\\-to\\-persuade\\-california\\-secretary\\-of\\-state\\-to\\-list\\-all\\-four\\-presidential\\-candidates\\-in\\-party\\-presidential\\-primary\\|date\\=October 21, 2015}} but withdrew his bid for that nomination in August 2012\\.[\"Rocky Anderson Withdraws from Peace \\& Freedom Party Convention Process\"](http://www.ballot-access.org/2012/08/02/rocky-anderson-withdraws-from-peace-freedom-party-convention-process/), *Ballot Access News*, August 2, 2012; retrieved August 3, 2012\\. {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021173933/http://www.ballot\\-access.org/2012/08/02/rocky\\-anderson\\-withdraws\\-from\\-peace\\-freedom\\-party\\-convention\\-process\\|date\\=October 21, 2015}} He received 43,018 votes, or 0\\.03 percent of the vote.[Federal Elections 2012: Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives\"](http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2012/federalelections2012.pdf), fec.gov; accessed January 22, 2017\\.", "" ]
### Mayor of Salt Lake City Anderson ran for Mayor of Salt Lake City in 1999, defeating 10 other candidates in the primary campaign, before winning 60% of the vote in the general election against opponent Stuart Reid.{{cite web\|url\=http://web.ksl.com/dump/news/cc/elect99/electwin.htm\|title\=Rocky Anderson Wins SLC Mayor's Race\|publisher\=Web.ksl.com\|date\=June 26, 2005\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080320/http://web.ksl.com/dump/news/cc/elect99/electwin.htm\|archive\-date\=April 25, 2012}} He won re\-election by an 8% margin against [Frank R. Pignanelli](/wiki/Frank_R._Pignanelli "Frank R. Pignanelli") in [2003](/wiki/2003_Salt_Lake_City_mayoral_election "2003 Salt Lake City mayoral election").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.php/topic/1120\-elections\-rocky\-rolls\|title\=Rocky Rolls\|publisher\=Urban Planet\|date\=October 11, 2013\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} [thumb\|Rocky II campaign sticker.](/wiki/File:Rocky_Anderson_mayoral_campaign%2C_2003.jpg "Rocky Anderson mayoral campaign, 2003.jpg") Anderson's two terms in office were extremely eventful, with Anderson playing a leading role in hosting the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.[*Deseret News*, "Rocky makes the scheduled rounds — and then some"](http://www.deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,70000908,00.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011080259/http://www.deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,70000908,00\.html\|date\=October 11, 2008}} He organized and co\-hosted dozens of mayors for three consecutive years at the Sundance Summit.[*ICLEI* "Sundance Summit a success"](http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=7112&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=2253&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7109&cHash=65853f8457) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725215218/http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id\=7112\&tx\_ttnews%5Btt\_news%5D\=2253\&tx\_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D\=7109\&cHash\=65853f8457\|date\=July 25, 2012}} He also founded the Salt Lake City International Jazz Festival, as well as providing national and international leadership regarding climate protection. He conducted a successful national campaign to require that airports across the country screen all checked luggage,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/870914/Rocky\-calls\-for\-tighter\-airline\-rules.html?pg\=2\|title\=Rocky calls for tighter airline rules\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=October 25, 2001\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} expanded the area's light rail system,[*The Globalist*, The Greening of Salt Lake City](http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4569) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402063755/http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId\=4569\|date\=April 2, 2012}} significantly expanded protected open space,[Text of Rocky Anderson’s State of the City Address, January 17 2007](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\_of\_rocky\_andersons\_state\_of\_the\_city\_address/index.html\|date\=February 24, 2011}} implemented an innovative and highly successful [restorative justice](/wiki/Restorative_justice "Restorative justice") program{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mayorsinnovation.org/pdf/Article13\_HC.pdf\|title\=Restoring hope \-\- Justice programs address offenders' problems\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-date\=October 21, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021184405/http://www.mayorsinnovation.org/pdf/Article13\_HC.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} and created a city wide after\-school and summer youth program, YouthCity.{{cite web \|author\=Tammy Walquist \|date\=June 9, 2006 \|title\=Renovating Ottinger Hall \|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635212177/Renovating\-Ottinger\-Hall.html \|access\-date\=October 19, 2013 \|publisher\=Deseretnews.com}} Many of Anderson's achievements were described in his State of the City addresses[For instance, Anderson's 2007 State of the City address is found at](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\_of\_rocky\_andersons\_state\_of\_the\_city\_address/index.html\|date\=February 24, 2011}} and listed by the news media shortly before he left office.{{cite web \|author\=Jared Page\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695241400/The\-Rocky\-years\-\-Anderson\-ends\-8\-eventful\-contentious\-years\-as\-Salt\-Lakes\-mayor.html?pg\=5\|title\=Anderson ends 8 eventful contentious years as Salt Lake's Mayor\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=January 6, 2008\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} State Senator [Chris Buttars](/wiki/Chris_Buttars "Chris Buttars") of West Jordan publicly denounced former Mayor Rocky Anderson for having "attracted the entire gay community to come and live in Salt Lake County" after a Dan Jones poll indicated strong support for allowing domestic partnerships. In the 2004 election, 63% of the city population voted against banning [same\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage "Same-sex marriage"), in agreement with Mayor Anderson."The Thumb", *The Salt Lake Tribune*, October 23, 2005\. Anderson chose not to run for a third term so he could push for reforms of U.S. human rights policies and practices through grassroots organizing.{{cite web \|title\=Utah: A Hornet's Nest That Gays \& Lesbians Call 'Home' \|url\=https://www.queerty.com/utah\-a\-hornets\-nest\-that\-gays\-lesbians\-call\-home\-20090128 \|work\=Queerty \|date\=January 28, 2009 \| author\=Grant, Japhy}} #### Environmental and climate protection programs [thumb\|right\|Anderson addressing a [350\.org](/wiki/350.org "350.org") gathering on [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming "Global warming") awareness.](/wiki/File:Rocky_Anderson_Global_Warming.jpg "Rocky Anderson Global Warming.jpg") Considered perhaps the "greenest" mayor in the United States,["Is Rocky Anderson the country's greenest mayor?"](http://www.alternet.org/story/70332/is_rocky_anderson_the_country%27s_greenest_mayor) *[Alternet](/wiki/Alternet "Alternet")* Anderson gained international renown for his Salt Lake City Green Program[Salt Lake City Green Program \- official site](http://www.slcgov.com/slcgreen); accessed September 28, 2006\. – a comprehensive effort to improve sustainability and reduce the City's environmental footprint – which achieved a 31% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from municipal operations in just 3 years. Elements of the program, which Anderson described as covering "everything from dog waste to nuclear wastes", included initiatives to improve the efficiency of the City's fleet and use of electricity, measures to make Salt Lake City more bicycle\-and pedestrian\-friendly, and co\-generation plants at the City's landfill and wastewater treatment facilities that recapture methane to generate electricity.{{cite web\|author\=gristadmin\|url\=http://grist.org/article/anderson1\|title\=An interview with Salt Lake City mayor and green innovator Rocky Anderson\|publisher\=Grist.org\|date\=February 7, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} As part of the Salt Lake City Green program, Anderson committed Salt Lake City to the Kyoto Protocol goals in 2002\.[*The Globalist*, The Greening of Salt Lake City"](http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4569) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050528212849/http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId\=4569\|date\=May 28, 2005}} He mandated that all city buildings use energy\-efficient light bulbs and replaced SUVs in the city fleet with high\-efficiency, alternative\-fuel vehicles.["Is Rocky Anderson The Country's Greenest Major?"](http://www.alternet.org/story/70332/is_rocky_anderson_the_country%27s_greenest_mayor), *[Alternet](/wiki/Alternet "Alternet")*; accessed January 22, 2017\. Anderson almost doubled the city's recycling capacity in one year.{{Cite web \|title\=Is Rocky Anderson the Country's Greenest Mayor? \|url\=https://www.alternet.org/2007/12/is\_rocky\_anderson\_the\_countrys\_greenest\_mayor/ \|website\=AlterNet}} The City surpassed its Kyoto goals in 2006, seven years ahead of schedule.{{Cite web \|title\=An interview with Salt Lake City mayor and green innovator Rocky Anderson \|url\=https://grist.org/article/anderson1/ \|website\=Grist\|date\=February 7, 2007 }} In 2003, Anderson received the Climate Protection Award from the United States [Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency "Environmental Protection Agency"),["EXCEPTIONAL COMMITMENT: 1998–2009 CLIMATE PROTECTION AWARD WINNERS"](http://www.epa.gov/cpd/awards/complistofwinners.html), [United States Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency "United States Environmental Protection Agency"); accessed January 22, 2017\. and the Sierra Club acknowledged his environmental work with its Distinguished Service Award.{{Cite web \|title\=SIERRA CLUB AWARD WINNERS \|url\=https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/Award%20winners%20by%20award\-updates%20for%202020\.pdf \|access\-date\=Oct 24, 2022}} In November 2005, the Salt Lake City Green program led to Salt Lake City receiving the World Leadership Award for environmental programs, presented by the World Leadership Forum in London.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.enn.com/press\_releases/1000\|title\=Salt Lake City Has Won the World Leadership Award in London\|publisher\=Enn.com\|date\=December 11, 2005\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019100058/http://www.enn.com/press\_releases/1000\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Anderson exemplified "green living" through personal example, including [xeriscaping](/wiki/Xeriscaping "Xeriscaping") his entire yard,{{cite web\|last\=Sheppard\|first\=Kate\|url\=http://grist.org/article/hey\-rocky\|title\=Hey Rocky\|publisher\=Grist.org\|date\=February 7, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} installing solar panels at his home, recycling all recyclable materials, and using cold\-water detergent, fluorescent bulbs, thermostat timers and a natural gas\-powered car.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/843433/Rocky\-runs\-on\-natural\-gas.html\|title\=Rocky runs on natural gas\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=May 18, 2001\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} While serving as mayor, Anderson informed and inspired other municipal officials about the importance of educating constituents about climate change and of taking measures to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theclimategroup.org/our\-news/interviews/2005/5/10/rocky\-anderson\|title\=Interview with Rocky Anderson\|publisher\=The Climate Group\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229183933/http://theclimategroup.org/our\-news/interviews/2005/5/10/rocky\-anderson\|date\=May 10, 2005\|archive\-date\=February 29, 2012\|access\-date\=April 9, 2015}} Anderson later researched, produced, and narrated a multi\-media piece (still available on YouTube) regarding the need for tenacious, effective leadership to protect against further disastrous climate chaos.{{Cite web \|last\=Shelton \|first\=Blake \|title\=Rocky Anderson \- Climate Crisis Leadership \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=7MKcHOqJp6Y \|website\=Youtube\|date\=May 4, 2011 }} For three consecutive years, he organized and co\-hosted, with Robert Redford and ICLEI, *The Sundance Summit: A Mayors Gathering on Climate Protection*, attended by dozens of mayors from throughout the United States. At the Sundance Summit, mayors learned the science of climate change, how to communicate regarding the causes, consequences, and solutions to climate change, and best practices in cities implementing ground\-breaking climate protection practices.{{cite web\|last\=Little\|first\=Amanda\|url\=http://grist.org/article/little\-sundance\|title\=Sundance getaway converts mayors into climate activists\|publisher\=Grist.org\|date\=July 15, 2005\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson also spoke on the subject of the climate crisis at side meetings at United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings in New Delhi, Buenos Aires, and Bali, and at conferences in Sweden, Australia, and across the United States.{{cite web\|url\=http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id\=3148754\&itype\=NGPSID\&keyword\=\&qtype\=\|title\=Rocky at Australia climate panel\|publisher\=Archive.sltrib.com\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson also spoke in Beijing to a gathering of Chinese mayors and vice\-mayors about how they can help their communities reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Anderson was also the only representative from the United States to consult in London with representatives from G8 nations on climate change, in preparation for the 2005 G8 Summit.{{Cite web \|title\=2007 Honors \& Rewards \|url\=https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \|access\-date\=November 1, 2022 \|archive\-date\=November 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101011034/https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }} He also spoke on climate protection issues at the 2006 annual meeting of the Clinton Global Initiative and the 2007 annual meeting of the national Environmental Law Societies.{{Cite web \|title\=2007 Honors \& Rewards \|url\=https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \|access\-date\=November 1, 2022 \|archive\-date\=November 1, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101011034/https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }} During Anderson's tenure as mayor, he created the "e2 Business" program, recruiting local businesses to implement major sustainability practices,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.matr.net/article\-10476\.html\|title\=The e2 (environmentally and economically sustainable) program in Salt Lake City gains strength and members\- Squatters sets an earth\-friendly example\|publisher\=Matr.net\|date\=April 4, 2004\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} and led a national campaign against the environmentally and economically destructive use of plastic water bottles, which he has called "the greatest marketing scam of all time".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.abc4\.com/mostpopular/story/Mayor\-Rocky\-Andersons\-plastic\-water\-bottle\-ban/b9avD6miGE6aR4TYJypjTA.cspx\|title\=Mayor Rocky Anderson's plastic water bottle ban affects fire fighters\|last\=Larsen\|first\=Angie\|publisher\=\[\[KTVX\|ABC 4 Utah]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423030627/http://www.abc4\.com/mostpopular/story/Mayor\-Rocky\-Andersons\-plastic\-water\-bottle\-ban/b9avD6miGE6aR4TYJypjTA.cspx\|date\=July 6, 2007\|archive\-date\=April 23, 2012\|access\-date\=April 9, 2015}} While serving as Executive Director of High Road for Human Rights, Anderson co\-authored a major article on the human rights implications of the climate crisis and why climate chaos should be treated as human rights violation.{{Cite web \|title\=Achieving Climate Protection: Fostering an Essential Focus on Human Rights and Human Impacts \|url\=https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1031\&context\=ndjlepp }} #### Tobacco Anderson is an ardent opponent of the [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco "Tobacco") industry, and has supported legislative measures to discourage smoking and tax [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco "Tobacco") products.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/945280/Rocky\-targets\-public\-smoking.html\|title\=Rocky targets public smoking\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=October 27, 2002\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} #### Ethnic minority issues and communities In December 2001, state and federal officials organized a raid at the Salt Lake City Airport to enforce immigration laws against undocumented employees, who were arrested, imprisoned, and fired.[*The Future of Freedom Foundation*, "The Feds’ Post–9/11 Airport\-Worker Purge"](http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd1002c.asp) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114134024/http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd1002c.asp \|date\=November 14, 2012}} In response, Anderson created the Family to Family program, which made it possible for Salt Lake City families to provide direct emotional and financial assistance to the airport workers and their families, while gaining a better understanding of the plight of immigrants.{{Cite web \|title\=Rocky receives award from League of Latin American Citizens \|url\=https://www.deseret.com/article/635188970/Rocky\-receives\-award\-from\-League\-of\-Latin\-American\-Citizens.html }}{{Dead link\|date\=December 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Additionally, the Mayor spearheaded a successful challenge to English\-only legislation in Utah in 2000,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/822491/Anderson\-testifies\-about\-limitations\-of\-English\-only\-law.html\|title\=Anderson testifies about limitations of English\-only law\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=January 30, 2001\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} and later spoke at large demonstrations for comprehensive [immigration reform](/wiki/Immigration_reform "Immigration reform").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.democracynow.org/2006/4/11/salt\_lake\_city\_mayor\_rocky\_anderson\|title\=Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Reacts to Unprecedented Immigrant Rights March\|publisher\=\[\[Democracy Now]]\|date\=April 11, 2006\|access\-date\=April 9, 2015}} Anderson received the League of United Latin American Citizens's first\-ever "Profile in Courage" award, as well as the National Association of Hispanic Publications' Presidential Award.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635196825/Hispanic\-group\-gives\-Anderson\-an\-award.html\|title\=Hispanic group gives Anderson an award\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=April 4, 2006\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson signed an executive order in 2000 implementing a full\-fledged [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action "Affirmative action") program in City hiring.[*Red Orbit*, "Text of Rocky Anderson’s State of the City Address, January 17, 2007"](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\_of\_rocky\_andersons\_state\_of\_the\_city\_address/index.html\|date\=February 24, 2011}} This program led to historic levels of ethnic minority hiring and retention in City government. The percentage of the City government's workforce that was drawn from the ethnic minority community increased more than 30% in seven years, and the number of senior City administrators from the ethnic minority community by 2007 increased by over 85% since 2000\. Thirty\-two percent of Anderson's appointments to City boards and commissions, and one\-third of the staff in the Mayor's Office, were individuals from ethnic minorities.{{cite web \|date\=January 6, 2008 \|title\=Rocky Anderson by the numbers \|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695241413/Rocky\-Anderson\-by\-the\-numbers.html \|access\-date\=October 19, 2013 \|publisher\=Deseretnews.com}} Along with [Jon Huntsman Sr.](/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Sr. "Jon Huntsman Sr."), Anderson co\-convened the Alliance for Unity, a non\-partisan group of religious and community leaders working to build bridges between diverse people throughout Utah.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/864391/A\-hopeful\-Alliance\-for\-Unity.html\|title\=A hopeful alliance for unity\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=September 18, 2001\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} #### 2002 Winter Olympics After working with [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") and leading Salt Lake City through the [2002 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics"), Anderson handed off the Olympic flag at the closing ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference\_documents\_Factsheets/Closing\_Ceremony\_of\_the\_Games.pdf\|title\=Olympics closing ceremony factsheet\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} One of Anderson's key achievements was working effectively with the Utah State Legislature and Mitt Romney in making certain that public safety needs would be adequately financed. Romney later said, "I think a lot of people would look at (the Olympic funding deal) and say it was a minor miracle. \[Rocky] was instrumental, key, in reaching a solution."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/812408/Rocky\-tackles\-SL\-issues\-with\-passion\-and\-fervor.html\|title\=Rocky tackles S.L. issues with passion and fervor\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=April 9, 2000\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson endorsed Romney's subsequent 2002 gubernatorial bid in [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts").{{YouTube\|Suc3nlHT51Y\|"Romney for Governor of Massachusetts TV Ad – 'Rocky'"}} Romney later endorsed Anderson's 2003 mayoral re\-election campaign.{{YouTube\|TuFe9\_BCvXY\|"Mitt Romney endorses Rocky Anderson – 2003"}} Anderson has criticized Romney's changes in position on certain issues after he decided to run for president of the U.S.["Why Salt Lake's Mayor Lost Faith in Mitt"](http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/08/19/why-salt-lake-s-mayor-lost-faith-in-mitt.html), thedailybeast.com; accessed January 22, 2017\. "The Mitt Romney who ran for and served as governor of Massachusetts was a very different Mitt Romney than has been running for President of the United States ... the real Mitt Romney — the Mitt Romney we all knew and \[who] served as governor of Massachusetts — was very reasonable, very moderate — he felt that Roe versus Wade should be the end of the debate on choice; supporter of stem cell research — he was not the right\-winger that he seemed to be when he decided he would run for President of the United States."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2011/6/13/former\_slc\_mayor\_rocky\_anderson\_the\_former\_mitt\_romney\_was\_reasonable\_very\_moderate\|title\=Former Salt Lake City Rocky Anderson on GOP Presidential Candidates Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman\|publisher\=\[\[Democracy Now]]\|date\=June 13, 2011\|access\-date\=April 9, 2015}} #### Crime and criminal justice Anderson was a member of the [Mayors Against Illegal Guns](/wiki/Mayors_Against_Illegal_Guns "Mayors Against Illegal Guns") Coalition,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/members/members.shtml\|title\=coalition members\|publisher\=Mayors against illegal guns\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020183627/http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/members/members.shtml\|archive\-date\=October 20, 2013}} a bi\-partisan group with the stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets". Anderson restructured Salt Lake City's criminal justice system and, after reviewing the peer\-reviewed literature indicating that [DARE](/wiki/Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education "Drug Abuse Resistance Education") is ineffective in reducing drug use, discontinued the DARE program in Salt Lake City schools.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00\.n880\.a08\.html\|title\=US UT: Anderson Calls DARE A Fraud\|publisher\=Mapinc.org\|date\=June 22, 2000\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Instead, he supported the implementation of other programs — ATLAS and ATHENA — that have demonstrated significant success."Mayor Rocky Anderson Talks About What It's Like to ... Drop the D.A.R.E. Program," Interview with Alexandra Eyle, The Reconsider Quarterly, volume 1 Number 4, Winter 2001–02, pp. 12\-13\. He called for an end to the failed "war on drugs" and for better drug prevention education, the implementation of harm reduction policies, and the availability of substance abuse treatment on demand. He successfully lobbied President Clinton to grant a commutation of a lengthy prison sentence imposed on a Salt Lake City man who had already served several years in a federal penitentiary for his first and only conviction for violating drug laws.{{cite web\|agency\=Associated Press\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/820498/Rocky\-given\-credit\-for\-inmates\-release.html\|title\=Rocky given credit for inmates release\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=January 22, 2001\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson also worked for years, with several other people, to finally obtain the release from a federal penitentiary of Weldon Angelos, who was sentenced under a federal minimum mandatory statute to 55 years in prison for selling three small amounts of marijuana while he had––but did not use or threaten anyone with––a gun.{{Citation \|title\=55 Years in Prison for a Non\-Violent Drug Offense? (Rocky Anderson) \| date\=November 19, 2013 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=yKQ\_gqe4uDM \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-01}} In 2000, Anderson ordered the Salt Lake City Police Department to end its participation in the DARE program. He told DARE officials: "I think your organization has been an absolute fraud on the people of this country ... For you to continue taking precious drug\-prevention dollars when we have such a serious and, in some instances, growing addiction problem is unconscionable."{{cite news\|title\=Truth or D.A.R.E.?\|publisher\=Tucson Weekly\|date\=February 26, 2004\|url\=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/truth\-or\-dare/Content?oid\=1075363\|access\-date\=December 12, 2005}} Instead of pushing for more minor offenders to be sent to jail or prison, Anderson constructed innovative restorative justice programs, which earned Salt Lake City a nomination for a second World Leadership Award.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/salt\_lake\_city\_mayor.html\|title\=Interview with Rocky Anderson\|publisher\=Citymayors.com\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} He implemented reforms to ensure that mental health courts would channel mentally ill criminals into mandatory treatment programs rather than putting them behind bars. People arrested on drug charges, or for prostitution or the solicitation of prostitutes (as well as several other types of offenses), were sent through a comprehensive course of counselling rather than automatically being handed criminal convictions and custodial sentences. The results were better, and the costs far lower, than with the traditional retributive approach.[http://www.thenation.com/article/other\-rocky?page\=0,1](http://www.thenation.com/article/other-rocky?page=0,1) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225090232/http://www.thenation.com/article/other\-rocky?page\=0,1 \|date\=December 25, 2011 }}*[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation "The Nation")* "The Other Rocky", thenation.com; accessed January 22, 2017\. #### Economy Anderson promulgated an administrative rule which stipulated that when it considered bids, the city should give preference to companies that paid a living wage to their employees. One Republican legislator called it the "Rocky loophole", and was intent on closing it. The Utah Legislature then passed a statute prohibiting cities from giving such preference.{{cite web\|author\=Lisa Riley Roche\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/600112975/Senate\-OKs\-bill\-to\-curb\-Rockys\-living\-wage\-effort.html\|title\=Senate OKs bill to curb Rocky's 'living wage' effort\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=February 18, 2005\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} Establishing a reputation as a fiscal conservative, during the 1999–2007 period Anderson increased the balance of Salt Lake City's general reserve fund by more than 62%, from $20\.3 million to $32\.6 million.{{cite web\|url\=http://ogdenstudios.com/content/view/45/68\|title\=Mayor Rocky Anderson \- Portrait\|publisher\=Ogdenstudios.com\|date\=November 3, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019083418/http://ogdenstudios.com/content/view/45/68/\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} #### Opposition to the 2003 war in Iraq and human rights abuses Described by Amy Goodman as "one of the most outspoken critics of the Bush administration and the Iraq war,"[Article](http://www.democracynow.org/2007/6/25/salt_lake_city_mayor_rocky_anderson) at *[Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now "Democracy Now")*, "Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Slams His Friend Mitt Romney for 'Flip\-Flopping' on Abortion, Stem Cell Research, Torture in Attempt to Win GOP Presidential Nomination", democracynow.org; accessed January 22, 2017\. Anderson was a leading opponent of the invasion and occupation of Iraq by the U.S., both before and after the invasion, and was the only mayor of a major city to advocate the impeachment of President Bush and Vice\-President Cheney.["In Utah, an Opponent of the 'Culture of Obedience'"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/us/22rocky.html), nytimes.com, March 22, 2007\. He often spoke out against the invasion and occupation of Iraq, and in favor of impeachment,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ksl.com/?nid\=148\&sid\=1008260\|title\='Poll: Residents split over appropriateness of Rocky's anti\-war speeches\|publisher\=Ksl.com\|date\=March 19, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} including at several large rallies and state and federal legislative hearings, in Salt Lake City;["The Other Rocky"](http://www.thenation.com/issue/january-1-2007), *[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation "The Nation")*; accessed January 22, 2017\. Olympia, Washington;{{cite web\|author\=Doug Smeath\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/660199482/Rocky\-is\-calling\-for\-uprooting\-of\-Bush.html\|title\=Rocky is calling for uprooting of Bush\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=March 1, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} New York;{{cite web\|last\=Jensen\|first\=Derek P.\|url\=http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci\_6230292\|title\=Rocky rips Romney for stem\-cell, abortion, war and torture flip\-flops\|publisher\=Sltrib.com\|date\=June 26, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094245/http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci\_6230292\|archive\-date\=October 19, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} and Washington, D.C.;{{cite web\|author\=Suzanne Struglinski\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/660215228/Salt\-Lake\-mayor\-flays\-Bush\-Cheney\-in\-DC\-rally.html\|title\=Salt Lake mayor flays Bush, Cheney in D.C. rally\|publisher\=Deseretnews.com\|date\=April 26, 2007\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}} and on national television and radio programs hosted by Amy Goodman,["Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Slams His Friend Mitt Romney for "Flip\-Flopping" on Abortion, Stem Cell Research, Torture in Attempt to Win GOP Presidential Nomination"](http://www.democracynow.org/2007/6/25/salt_lake_city_mayor_rocky_anderson), *[Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now "Democracy Now")*, June 25, 2007\. Bill O'Reilly,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=\_An\-kY8okc0 \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/\_An\-kY8okc0 \|archive\-date\=December 22, 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Rocky Anderson Bill O'Reilly\|publisher\=Youtube.com\|date\=January 26, 2011\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}} and Tom Ashbrook.["On Point"](http://www.wbur.org/media-player?url=http://onpoint.wbur.org/2007/03/26/mayor-rocky-anderson&title=Mayor+Rocky+Anderson&pubdate=2007-03-26&segment=1&source=onpoint), wbur.org; accessed January 22, 2017\. He engaged in a live debate with [Sean Hannity](/wiki/Sean_Hannity "Sean Hannity") that focused on Iraq and impeachment.["Rocky Anderson Obliterates Sean Hannity at University of Utah Impeachment Debate"](http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6153683903005498978) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607041932/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid\=6153683903005498978\|date\=June 7, 2011}} [thumb\|right\|Rocky Anderson meets Andy Figorski, an Iraq war veteran and anti\-war activist.](/wiki/File:Rocky_meets_Andy.jpg "Rocky meets Andy.jpg") #### Call for the impeachment of President George W. Bush {{see also\|efforts to impeach George W. Bush}} Interviewed by [Wolf Blitzer](/wiki/Wolf_Blitzer "Wolf Blitzer") on [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") after an anti\-war rally marking the fourth anniversary of the invasion and initial occupation of Iraq, Anderson advocated the impeachment of President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush"), commenting: This president, by engaging in such incredible abuses of power, breaches of trust with both the Congress and the American people, and misleading us into this tragic and unbelievable war, the violation of treaties, other international law, our constitution, our own domestic laws, and then his role in heinous human rights abuses; I think all of that together calls for impeachment.{{cite web\|title\=Salt Lake City Mayor calls for Bush impeachment\|url\=http://rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\_Salt\_Lake\_City\_Mayor\_calls\_0319\.html\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113742/https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\_Salt\_Lake\_City\_Mayor\_calls\_0319\.html\|archive\-date\=December 13, 2020\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013\|publisher\=Rawstory.com}} Anderson did not spare his criticism of the Democratic Party, saying: The fact that anybody would say that impeachment is off the table when we have a president who has been so egregious in his violations of our constitution, a president who asserts a unitary executive power, that is absolutely chilling.{{Cite web \|title\=Salt Lake City Mayor calls for Bush impeachment \|url\=https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\_Salt\_Lake\_City\_Mayor\_calls\_0319\.html \|access\-date\=December 16, 2021 \|archive\-date\=December 13, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113742/https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\_Salt\_Lake\_City\_Mayor\_calls\_0319\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} In 2006, he expressed his view of the Democratic Party: > But what do I have to say about the Democratic Party? I'm ashamed, really, of how little leadership there has been. There has been just tremendous timidity on the part of the party, generally, although there have been a handful of exceptions. But, you know, we had one member of the United States Senate vote against the PATRIOT Act, the blank check that was given by Congress to this president, I think in total abrogation of the role of Congress under separation of powers and under the power to make war, to declare war. They gave that away to a president that didn't have his facts straight and, I think, was manipulating the intelligence to sell this war.[Salt Lake City's Mayor Rocky Anderson: "This War Was Sold to the American People Largely by Fox and Other Members of the Media and We Were Lied To"](http://www.democracynow.org/2006/9/26/salt_lake_citys_mayor_rocky_anderso), democracynow.org; accessed January 22, 2017\. Anderson researched, wrote, produced, and narrated a major multimedia piece concerning the invasion and occupation of Iraq, as well as the case for impeachment.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=PrSDnLDxVdw \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/PrSDnLDxVdw \|archive\-date\=December 22, 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Rocky Anderson's compelling case for impeachment\|publisher\=Youtube.com\|date\=February 4, 2011\|access\-date\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}}
[ "### Mayor of Salt Lake City", "Anderson ran for Mayor of Salt Lake City in 1999, defeating 10 other candidates in the primary campaign, before winning 60% of the vote in the general election against opponent Stuart Reid.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://web.ksl.com/dump/news/cc/elect99/electwin.htm\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson Wins SLC Mayor's Race\\|publisher\\=Web.ksl.com\\|date\\=June 26, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080320/http://web.ksl.com/dump/news/cc/elect99/electwin.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=April 25, 2012}} He won re\\-election by an 8% margin against [Frank R. Pignanelli](/wiki/Frank_R._Pignanelli \"Frank R. Pignanelli\") in [2003](/wiki/2003_Salt_Lake_City_mayoral_election \"2003 Salt Lake City mayoral election\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.php/topic/1120\\-elections\\-rocky\\-rolls\\|title\\=Rocky Rolls\\|publisher\\=Urban Planet\\|date\\=October 11, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "[thumb\\|Rocky II campaign sticker.](/wiki/File:Rocky_Anderson_mayoral_campaign%2C_2003.jpg \"Rocky Anderson mayoral campaign, 2003.jpg\")", "Anderson's two terms in office were extremely eventful, with Anderson playing a leading role in hosting the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.[*Deseret News*, \"Rocky makes the scheduled rounds — and then some\"](http://www.deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,70000908,00.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011080259/http://www.deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,70000908,00\\.html\\|date\\=October 11, 2008}} He organized and co\\-hosted dozens of mayors for three consecutive years at the Sundance Summit.[*ICLEI* \"Sundance Summit a success\"](http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=7112&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=2253&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7109&cHash=65853f8457) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725215218/http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id\\=7112\\&tx\\_ttnews%5Btt\\_news%5D\\=2253\\&tx\\_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D\\=7109\\&cHash\\=65853f8457\\|date\\=July 25, 2012}} He also founded the Salt Lake City International Jazz Festival, as well as providing national and international leadership regarding climate protection. He conducted a successful national campaign to require that airports across the country screen all checked luggage,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/870914/Rocky\\-calls\\-for\\-tighter\\-airline\\-rules.html?pg\\=2\\|title\\=Rocky calls for tighter airline rules\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=October 25, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} expanded the area's light rail system,[*The Globalist*, The Greening of Salt Lake City](http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4569) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402063755/http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId\\=4569\\|date\\=April 2, 2012}} significantly expanded protected open space,[Text of Rocky Anderson’s State of the City Address, January 17 2007](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\\_of\\_rocky\\_andersons\\_state\\_of\\_the\\_city\\_address/index.html\\|date\\=February 24, 2011}} implemented an innovative and highly successful [restorative justice](/wiki/Restorative_justice \"Restorative justice\") program{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mayorsinnovation.org/pdf/Article13\\_HC.pdf\\|title\\=Restoring hope \\-\\- Justice programs address offenders' problems\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=October 21, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021184405/http://www.mayorsinnovation.org/pdf/Article13\\_HC.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and created a city wide after\\-school and summer youth program, YouthCity.{{cite web \\|author\\=Tammy Walquist \\|date\\=June 9, 2006 \\|title\\=Renovating Ottinger Hall \\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635212177/Renovating\\-Ottinger\\-Hall.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013 \\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com}}", "Many of Anderson's achievements were described in his State of the City addresses[For instance, Anderson's 2007 State of the City address is found at](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\\_of\\_rocky\\_andersons\\_state\\_of\\_the\\_city\\_address/index.html\\|date\\=February 24, 2011}} and listed by the news media shortly before he left office.{{cite web \\|author\\=Jared Page\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695241400/The\\-Rocky\\-years\\-\\-Anderson\\-ends\\-8\\-eventful\\-contentious\\-years\\-as\\-Salt\\-Lakes\\-mayor.html?pg\\=5\\|title\\=Anderson ends 8 eventful contentious years as Salt Lake's Mayor\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=January 6, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "State Senator [Chris Buttars](/wiki/Chris_Buttars \"Chris Buttars\") of West Jordan publicly denounced former Mayor Rocky Anderson for having \"attracted the entire gay community to come and live in Salt Lake County\" after a Dan Jones poll indicated strong support for allowing domestic partnerships. In the 2004 election, 63% of the city population voted against banning [same\\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage \"Same-sex marriage\"), in agreement with Mayor Anderson.\"The Thumb\", *The Salt Lake Tribune*, October 23, 2005\\.", "Anderson chose not to run for a third term so he could push for reforms of U.S. human rights policies and practices through grassroots organizing.{{cite web \\|title\\=Utah: A Hornet's Nest That Gays \\& Lesbians Call 'Home' \\|url\\=https://www.queerty.com/utah\\-a\\-hornets\\-nest\\-that\\-gays\\-lesbians\\-call\\-home\\-20090128 \\|work\\=Queerty \\|date\\=January 28, 2009 \\| author\\=Grant, Japhy}}", "#### Environmental and climate protection programs", "[thumb\\|right\\|Anderson addressing a [350\\.org](/wiki/350.org \"350.org\") gathering on [global warming](/wiki/Global_warming \"Global warming\") awareness.](/wiki/File:Rocky_Anderson_Global_Warming.jpg \"Rocky Anderson Global Warming.jpg\")\nConsidered perhaps the \"greenest\" mayor in the United States,[\"Is Rocky Anderson the country's greenest mayor?\"](http://www.alternet.org/story/70332/is_rocky_anderson_the_country%27s_greenest_mayor) *[Alternet](/wiki/Alternet \"Alternet\")* Anderson gained international renown for his Salt Lake City Green Program[Salt Lake City Green Program \\- official site](http://www.slcgov.com/slcgreen); accessed September 28, 2006\\. – a comprehensive effort to improve sustainability and reduce the City's environmental footprint – which achieved a 31% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from municipal operations in just 3 years. Elements of the program, which Anderson described as covering \"everything from dog waste to nuclear wastes\", included initiatives to improve the efficiency of the City's fleet and use of electricity, measures to make Salt Lake City more bicycle\\-and pedestrian\\-friendly, and co\\-generation plants at the City's landfill and wastewater treatment facilities that recapture methane to generate electricity.{{cite web\\|author\\=gristadmin\\|url\\=http://grist.org/article/anderson1\\|title\\=An interview with Salt Lake City mayor and green innovator Rocky Anderson\\|publisher\\=Grist.org\\|date\\=February 7, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "As part of the Salt Lake City Green program, Anderson committed Salt Lake City to the Kyoto Protocol goals in 2002\\.[*The Globalist*, The Greening of Salt Lake City\"](http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4569) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050528212849/http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId\\=4569\\|date\\=May 28, 2005}} He mandated that all city buildings use energy\\-efficient light bulbs and replaced SUVs in the city fleet with high\\-efficiency, alternative\\-fuel vehicles.[\"Is Rocky Anderson The Country's Greenest Major?\"](http://www.alternet.org/story/70332/is_rocky_anderson_the_country%27s_greenest_mayor), *[Alternet](/wiki/Alternet \"Alternet\")*; accessed January 22, 2017\\. Anderson almost doubled the city's recycling capacity in one year.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Is Rocky Anderson the Country's Greenest Mayor? \\|url\\=https://www.alternet.org/2007/12/is\\_rocky\\_anderson\\_the\\_countrys\\_greenest\\_mayor/ \\|website\\=AlterNet}} The City surpassed its Kyoto goals in 2006, seven years ahead of schedule.{{Cite web \\|title\\=An interview with Salt Lake City mayor and green innovator Rocky Anderson \\|url\\=https://grist.org/article/anderson1/ \\|website\\=Grist\\|date\\=February 7, 2007 }}", "In 2003, Anderson received the Climate Protection Award from the United States [Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency \"Environmental Protection Agency\"),[\"EXCEPTIONAL COMMITMENT: 1998–2009 CLIMATE PROTECTION AWARD WINNERS\"](http://www.epa.gov/cpd/awards/complistofwinners.html), [United States Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency \"United States Environmental Protection Agency\"); accessed January 22, 2017\\. and the Sierra Club acknowledged his environmental work with its Distinguished Service Award.{{Cite web \\|title\\=SIERRA CLUB AWARD WINNERS \\|url\\=https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/Award%20winners%20by%20award\\-updates%20for%202020\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=Oct 24, 2022}} In November 2005, the Salt Lake City Green program led to Salt Lake City receiving the World Leadership Award for environmental programs, presented by the World Leadership Forum in London.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.enn.com/press\\_releases/1000\\|title\\=Salt Lake City Has Won the World Leadership Award in London\\|publisher\\=Enn.com\\|date\\=December 11, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019100058/http://www.enn.com/press\\_releases/1000\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Anderson exemplified \"green living\" through personal example, including [xeriscaping](/wiki/Xeriscaping \"Xeriscaping\") his entire yard,{{cite web\\|last\\=Sheppard\\|first\\=Kate\\|url\\=http://grist.org/article/hey\\-rocky\\|title\\=Hey Rocky\\|publisher\\=Grist.org\\|date\\=February 7, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} installing solar panels at his home, recycling all recyclable materials, and using cold\\-water detergent, fluorescent bulbs, thermostat timers and a natural gas\\-powered car.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/843433/Rocky\\-runs\\-on\\-natural\\-gas.html\\|title\\=Rocky runs on natural gas\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=May 18, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "While serving as mayor, Anderson informed and inspired other municipal officials about the importance of educating constituents about climate change and of taking measures to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theclimategroup.org/our\\-news/interviews/2005/5/10/rocky\\-anderson\\|title\\=Interview with Rocky Anderson\\|publisher\\=The Climate Group\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229183933/http://theclimategroup.org/our\\-news/interviews/2005/5/10/rocky\\-anderson\\|date\\=May 10, 2005\\|archive\\-date\\=February 29, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2015}}", "Anderson later researched, produced, and narrated a multi\\-media piece (still available on YouTube) regarding the need for tenacious, effective leadership to protect against further disastrous climate chaos.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Shelton \\|first\\=Blake \\|title\\=Rocky Anderson \\- Climate Crisis Leadership \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=7MKcHOqJp6Y \\|website\\=Youtube\\|date\\=May 4, 2011 }}", "For three consecutive years, he organized and co\\-hosted, with Robert Redford and ICLEI, *The Sundance Summit: A Mayors Gathering on Climate Protection*, attended by dozens of mayors from throughout the United States. At the Sundance Summit, mayors learned the science of climate change, how to communicate regarding the causes, consequences, and solutions to climate change, and best practices in cities implementing ground\\-breaking climate protection practices.{{cite web\\|last\\=Little\\|first\\=Amanda\\|url\\=http://grist.org/article/little\\-sundance\\|title\\=Sundance getaway converts mayors into climate activists\\|publisher\\=Grist.org\\|date\\=July 15, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "Anderson also spoke on the subject of the climate crisis at side meetings at United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings in New Delhi, Buenos Aires, and Bali, and at conferences in Sweden, Australia, and across the United States.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id\\=3148754\\&itype\\=NGPSID\\&keyword\\=\\&qtype\\=\\|title\\=Rocky at Australia climate panel\\|publisher\\=Archive.sltrib.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} Anderson also spoke in Beijing to a gathering of Chinese mayors and vice\\-mayors about how they can help their communities reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Anderson was also the only representative from the United States to consult in London with representatives from G8 nations on climate change, in preparation for the 2005 G8 Summit.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2007 Honors \\& Rewards \\|url\\=https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=November 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101011034/https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He also spoke on climate protection issues at the 2006 annual meeting of the Clinton Global Initiative and the 2007 annual meeting of the national Environmental Law Societies.{{Cite web \\|title\\=2007 Honors \\& Rewards \\|url\\=https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=November 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101011034/https://pubs.awma.org/gsearch/em/2007/6/2007honors%26awards.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "During Anderson's tenure as mayor, he created the \"e2 Business\" program, recruiting local businesses to implement major sustainability practices,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.matr.net/article\\-10476\\.html\\|title\\=The e2 (environmentally and economically sustainable) program in Salt Lake City gains strength and members\\- Squatters sets an earth\\-friendly example\\|publisher\\=Matr.net\\|date\\=April 4, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} and led a national campaign against the environmentally and economically destructive use of plastic water bottles, which he has called \"the greatest marketing scam of all time\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.abc4\\.com/mostpopular/story/Mayor\\-Rocky\\-Andersons\\-plastic\\-water\\-bottle\\-ban/b9avD6miGE6aR4TYJypjTA.cspx\\|title\\=Mayor Rocky Anderson's plastic water bottle ban affects fire fighters\\|last\\=Larsen\\|first\\=Angie\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[KTVX\\|ABC 4 Utah]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423030627/http://www.abc4\\.com/mostpopular/story/Mayor\\-Rocky\\-Andersons\\-plastic\\-water\\-bottle\\-ban/b9avD6miGE6aR4TYJypjTA.cspx\\|date\\=July 6, 2007\\|archive\\-date\\=April 23, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2015}} While serving as Executive Director of High Road for Human Rights, Anderson co\\-authored a major article on the human rights implications of the climate crisis and why climate chaos should be treated as human rights violation.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Achieving Climate Protection: Fostering an Essential Focus on Human Rights and Human Impacts \\|url\\=https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1031\\&context\\=ndjlepp }}", "#### Tobacco", "Anderson is an ardent opponent of the [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco \"Tobacco\") industry, and has supported legislative measures to discourage smoking and tax [tobacco](/wiki/Tobacco \"Tobacco\") products.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/945280/Rocky\\-targets\\-public\\-smoking.html\\|title\\=Rocky targets public smoking\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=October 27, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "#### Ethnic minority issues and communities", "In December 2001, state and federal officials organized a raid at the Salt Lake City Airport to enforce immigration laws against undocumented employees, who were arrested, imprisoned, and fired.[*The Future of Freedom Foundation*, \"The Feds’ Post–9/11 Airport\\-Worker Purge\"](http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd1002c.asp) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114134024/http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd1002c.asp \\|date\\=November 14, 2012}} In response, Anderson created the Family to Family program, which made it possible for Salt Lake City families to provide direct emotional and financial assistance to the airport workers and their families, while gaining a better understanding of the plight of immigrants.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Rocky receives award from League of Latin American Citizens \\|url\\=https://www.deseret.com/article/635188970/Rocky\\-receives\\-award\\-from\\-League\\-of\\-Latin\\-American\\-Citizens.html }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Additionally, the Mayor spearheaded a successful challenge to English\\-only legislation in Utah in 2000,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/822491/Anderson\\-testifies\\-about\\-limitations\\-of\\-English\\-only\\-law.html\\|title\\=Anderson testifies about limitations of English\\-only law\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=January 30, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} and later spoke at large demonstrations for comprehensive [immigration reform](/wiki/Immigration_reform \"Immigration reform\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.democracynow.org/2006/4/11/salt\\_lake\\_city\\_mayor\\_rocky\\_anderson\\|title\\=Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Reacts to Unprecedented Immigrant Rights March\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Democracy Now]]\\|date\\=April 11, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2015}}", "Anderson received the League of United Latin American Citizens's first\\-ever \"Profile in Courage\" award, as well as the National Association of Hispanic Publications' Presidential Award.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635196825/Hispanic\\-group\\-gives\\-Anderson\\-an\\-award.html\\|title\\=Hispanic group gives Anderson an award\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=April 4, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "Anderson signed an executive order in 2000 implementing a full\\-fledged [affirmative action](/wiki/Affirmative_action \"Affirmative action\") program in City hiring.[*Red Orbit*, \"Text of Rocky Anderson’s State of the City Address, January 17, 2007\"](http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text_of_rocky_andersons_state_of_the_city_address/index.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021406/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/805073/text\\_of\\_rocky\\_andersons\\_state\\_of\\_the\\_city\\_address/index.html\\|date\\=February 24, 2011}} This program led to historic levels of ethnic minority hiring and retention in City government. The percentage of the City government's workforce that was drawn from the ethnic minority community increased more than 30% in seven years, and the number of senior City administrators from the ethnic minority community by 2007 increased by over 85% since 2000\\. Thirty\\-two percent of Anderson's appointments to City boards and commissions, and one\\-third of the staff in the Mayor's Office, were individuals from ethnic minorities.{{cite web \\|date\\=January 6, 2008 \\|title\\=Rocky Anderson by the numbers \\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695241413/Rocky\\-Anderson\\-by\\-the\\-numbers.html \\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013 \\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com}}", "Along with [Jon Huntsman Sr.](/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Sr. \"Jon Huntsman Sr.\"), Anderson co\\-convened the Alliance for Unity, a non\\-partisan group of religious and community leaders working to build bridges between diverse people throughout Utah.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/864391/A\\-hopeful\\-Alliance\\-for\\-Unity.html\\|title\\=A hopeful alliance for unity\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=September 18, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "#### 2002 Winter Olympics", "After working with [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney \"Mitt Romney\") and leading Salt Lake City through the [2002 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics \"2002 Winter Olympics\"), Anderson handed off the Olympic flag at the closing ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference\\_documents\\_Factsheets/Closing\\_Ceremony\\_of\\_the\\_Games.pdf\\|title\\=Olympics closing ceremony factsheet\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} One of Anderson's key achievements was working effectively with the Utah State Legislature and Mitt Romney in making certain that public safety needs would be adequately financed. Romney later said, \"I think a lot of people would look at (the Olympic funding deal) and say it was a minor miracle. \\[Rocky] was instrumental, key, in reaching a solution.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/812408/Rocky\\-tackles\\-SL\\-issues\\-with\\-passion\\-and\\-fervor.html\\|title\\=Rocky tackles S.L. issues with passion and fervor\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=April 9, 2000\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "Anderson endorsed Romney's subsequent 2002 gubernatorial bid in [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\").{{YouTube\\|Suc3nlHT51Y\\|\"Romney for Governor of Massachusetts TV Ad – 'Rocky'\"}} Romney later endorsed Anderson's 2003 mayoral re\\-election campaign.{{YouTube\\|TuFe9\\_BCvXY\\|\"Mitt Romney endorses Rocky Anderson – 2003\"}} Anderson has criticized Romney's changes in position on certain issues after he decided to run for president of the U.S.[\"Why Salt Lake's Mayor Lost Faith in Mitt\"](http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/08/19/why-salt-lake-s-mayor-lost-faith-in-mitt.html), thedailybeast.com; accessed January 22, 2017\\. \"The Mitt Romney who ran for and served as governor of Massachusetts was a very different Mitt Romney than has been running for President of the United States ... the real Mitt Romney — the Mitt Romney we all knew and \\[who] served as governor of Massachusetts — was very reasonable, very moderate — he felt that Roe versus Wade should be the end of the debate on choice; supporter of stem cell research — he was not the right\\-winger that he seemed to be when he decided he would run for President of the United States.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2011/6/13/former\\_slc\\_mayor\\_rocky\\_anderson\\_the\\_former\\_mitt\\_romney\\_was\\_reasonable\\_very\\_moderate\\|title\\=Former Salt Lake City Rocky Anderson on GOP Presidential Candidates Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Democracy Now]]\\|date\\=June 13, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2015}}", "#### Crime and criminal justice", "Anderson was a member of the [Mayors Against Illegal Guns](/wiki/Mayors_Against_Illegal_Guns \"Mayors Against Illegal Guns\") Coalition,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/members/members.shtml\\|title\\=coalition members\\|publisher\\=Mayors against illegal guns\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020183627/http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/members/members.shtml\\|archive\\-date\\=October 20, 2013}} a bi\\-partisan group with the stated goal of \"making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets\".", "Anderson restructured Salt Lake City's criminal justice system and, after reviewing the peer\\-reviewed literature indicating that [DARE](/wiki/Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education \"Drug Abuse Resistance Education\") is ineffective in reducing drug use, discontinued the DARE program in Salt Lake City schools.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v00\\.n880\\.a08\\.html\\|title\\=US UT: Anderson Calls DARE A Fraud\\|publisher\\=Mapinc.org\\|date\\=June 22, 2000\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} Instead, he supported the implementation of other programs — ATLAS and ATHENA — that have demonstrated significant success.\"Mayor Rocky Anderson Talks About What It's Like to ... Drop the D.A.R.E. Program,\" Interview with Alexandra Eyle, The Reconsider Quarterly, volume 1 Number 4, Winter 2001–02, pp. 12\\-13\\.", "He called for an end to the failed \"war on drugs\" and for better drug prevention education, the implementation of harm reduction policies, and the availability of substance abuse treatment on demand. He successfully lobbied President Clinton to grant a commutation of a lengthy prison sentence imposed on a Salt Lake City man who had already served several years in a federal penitentiary for his first and only conviction for violating drug laws.{{cite web\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/820498/Rocky\\-given\\-credit\\-for\\-inmates\\-release.html\\|title\\=Rocky given credit for inmates release\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=January 22, 2001\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "Anderson also worked for years, with several other people, to finally obtain the release from a federal penitentiary of Weldon Angelos, who was sentenced under a federal minimum mandatory statute to 55 years in prison for selling three small amounts of marijuana while he had––but did not use or threaten anyone with––a gun.{{Citation \\|title\\=55 Years in Prison for a Non\\-Violent Drug Offense? (Rocky Anderson) \\| date\\=November 19, 2013 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=yKQ\\_gqe4uDM \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-01}}", "In 2000, Anderson ordered the Salt Lake City Police Department to end its participation in the DARE program. He told DARE officials: \"I think your organization has been an absolute fraud on the people of this country ... For you to continue taking precious drug\\-prevention dollars when we have such a serious and, in some instances, growing addiction problem is unconscionable.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Truth or D.A.R.E.?\\|publisher\\=Tucson Weekly\\|date\\=February 26, 2004\\|url\\=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/truth\\-or\\-dare/Content?oid\\=1075363\\|access\\-date\\=December 12, 2005}}", "Instead of pushing for more minor offenders to be sent to jail or prison, Anderson constructed innovative restorative justice programs, which earned Salt Lake City a nomination for a second World Leadership Award.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/salt\\_lake\\_city\\_mayor.html\\|title\\=Interview with Rocky Anderson\\|publisher\\=Citymayors.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} He implemented reforms to ensure that mental health courts would channel mentally ill criminals into mandatory treatment programs rather than putting them behind bars. People arrested on drug charges, or for prostitution or the solicitation of prostitutes (as well as several other types of offenses), were sent through a comprehensive course of counselling rather than automatically being handed criminal convictions and custodial sentences. The results were better, and the costs far lower, than with the traditional retributive approach.[http://www.thenation.com/article/other\\-rocky?page\\=0,1](http://www.thenation.com/article/other-rocky?page=0,1) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225090232/http://www.thenation.com/article/other\\-rocky?page\\=0,1 \\|date\\=December 25, 2011 }}*[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation \"The Nation\")* \"The Other Rocky\", thenation.com; accessed January 22, 2017\\.", "#### Economy", "Anderson promulgated an administrative rule which stipulated that when it considered bids, the city should give preference to companies that paid a living wage to their employees. One Republican legislator called it the \"Rocky loophole\", and was intent on closing it. The Utah Legislature then passed a statute prohibiting cities from giving such preference.{{cite web\\|author\\=Lisa Riley Roche\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/600112975/Senate\\-OKs\\-bill\\-to\\-curb\\-Rockys\\-living\\-wage\\-effort.html\\|title\\=Senate OKs bill to curb Rocky's 'living wage' effort\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=February 18, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}", "Establishing a reputation as a fiscal conservative, during the 1999–2007 period Anderson increased the balance of Salt Lake City's general reserve fund by more than 62%, from $20\\.3 million to $32\\.6 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ogdenstudios.com/content/view/45/68\\|title\\=Mayor Rocky Anderson \\- Portrait\\|publisher\\=Ogdenstudios.com\\|date\\=November 3, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019083418/http://ogdenstudios.com/content/view/45/68/\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "#### Opposition to the 2003 war in Iraq and human rights abuses", "Described by Amy Goodman as \"one of the most outspoken critics of the Bush administration and the Iraq war,\"[Article](http://www.democracynow.org/2007/6/25/salt_lake_city_mayor_rocky_anderson) at *[Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now \"Democracy Now\")*, \"Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Slams His Friend Mitt Romney for 'Flip\\-Flopping' on Abortion, Stem Cell Research, Torture in Attempt to Win GOP Presidential Nomination\", democracynow.org; accessed January 22, 2017\\. Anderson was a leading opponent of the invasion and occupation of Iraq by the U.S., both before and after the invasion, and was the only mayor of a major city to advocate the impeachment of President Bush and Vice\\-President Cheney.[\"In Utah, an Opponent of the 'Culture of Obedience'\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/us/22rocky.html), nytimes.com, March 22, 2007\\.", "He often spoke out against the invasion and occupation of Iraq, and in favor of impeachment,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ksl.com/?nid\\=148\\&sid\\=1008260\\|title\\='Poll: Residents split over appropriateness of Rocky's anti\\-war speeches\\|publisher\\=Ksl.com\\|date\\=March 19, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} including at several large rallies and state and federal legislative hearings, in Salt Lake City;[\"The Other Rocky\"](http://www.thenation.com/issue/january-1-2007), *[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation \"The Nation\")*; accessed January 22, 2017\\. Olympia, Washington;{{cite web\\|author\\=Doug Smeath\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/660199482/Rocky\\-is\\-calling\\-for\\-uprooting\\-of\\-Bush.html\\|title\\=Rocky is calling for uprooting of Bush\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=March 1, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} New York;{{cite web\\|last\\=Jensen\\|first\\=Derek P.\\|url\\=http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci\\_6230292\\|title\\=Rocky rips Romney for stem\\-cell, abortion, war and torture flip\\-flops\\|publisher\\=Sltrib.com\\|date\\=June 26, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094245/http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci\\_6230292\\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and Washington, D.C.;{{cite web\\|author\\=Suzanne Struglinski\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/660215228/Salt\\-Lake\\-mayor\\-flays\\-Bush\\-Cheney\\-in\\-DC\\-rally.html\\|title\\=Salt Lake mayor flays Bush, Cheney in D.C. rally\\|publisher\\=Deseretnews.com\\|date\\=April 26, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}} and on national television and radio programs hosted by Amy Goodman,[\"Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson Slams His Friend Mitt Romney for \"Flip\\-Flopping\" on Abortion, Stem Cell Research, Torture in Attempt to Win GOP Presidential Nomination\"](http://www.democracynow.org/2007/6/25/salt_lake_city_mayor_rocky_anderson), *[Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now \"Democracy Now\")*, June 25, 2007\\. Bill O'Reilly,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=\\_An\\-kY8okc0 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/\\_An\\-kY8okc0 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson Bill O'Reilly\\|publisher\\=Youtube.com\\|date\\=January 26, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}} and Tom Ashbrook.[\"On Point\"](http://www.wbur.org/media-player?url=http://onpoint.wbur.org/2007/03/26/mayor-rocky-anderson&title=Mayor+Rocky+Anderson&pubdate=2007-03-26&segment=1&source=onpoint), wbur.org; accessed January 22, 2017\\. He engaged in a live debate with [Sean Hannity](/wiki/Sean_Hannity \"Sean Hannity\") that focused on Iraq and impeachment.[\"Rocky Anderson Obliterates Sean Hannity at University of Utah Impeachment Debate\"](http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6153683903005498978) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607041932/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid\\=6153683903005498978\\|date\\=June 7, 2011}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Rocky Anderson meets Andy Figorski, an Iraq war veteran and anti\\-war activist.](/wiki/File:Rocky_meets_Andy.jpg \"Rocky meets Andy.jpg\")", "#### Call for the impeachment of President George W. Bush", "{{see also\\|efforts to impeach George W. Bush}}", "Interviewed by [Wolf Blitzer](/wiki/Wolf_Blitzer \"Wolf Blitzer\") on [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") after an anti\\-war rally marking the fourth anniversary of the invasion and initial occupation of Iraq, Anderson advocated the impeachment of President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\"), commenting:\nThis president, by engaging in such incredible abuses of power, breaches of trust with both the Congress and the American people, and misleading us into this tragic and unbelievable war, the violation of treaties, other international law, our constitution, our own domestic laws, and then his role in heinous human rights abuses; I think all of that together calls for impeachment.{{cite web\\|title\\=Salt Lake City Mayor calls for Bush impeachment\\|url\\=http://rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\\_Salt\\_Lake\\_City\\_Mayor\\_calls\\_0319\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113742/https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\\_Salt\\_Lake\\_City\\_Mayor\\_calls\\_0319\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=December 13, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013\\|publisher\\=Rawstory.com}}", "Anderson did not spare his criticism of the Democratic Party, saying:\nThe fact that anybody would say that impeachment is off the table when we have a president who has been so egregious in his violations of our constitution, a president who asserts a unitary executive power, that is absolutely chilling.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Salt Lake City Mayor calls for Bush impeachment \\|url\\=https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\\_Salt\\_Lake\\_City\\_Mayor\\_calls\\_0319\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 13, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113742/https://www.rawstory.com/news/2007/Video\\_Salt\\_Lake\\_City\\_Mayor\\_calls\\_0319\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "In 2006, he expressed his view of the Democratic Party:", "", "> But what do I have to say about the Democratic Party? I'm ashamed, really, of how little leadership there has been. There has been just tremendous timidity on the part of the party, generally, although there have been a handful of exceptions. But, you know, we had one member of the United States Senate vote against the PATRIOT Act, the blank check that was given by Congress to this president, I think in total abrogation of the role of Congress under separation of powers and under the power to make war, to declare war. They gave that away to a president that didn't have his facts straight and, I think, was manipulating the intelligence to sell this war.[Salt Lake City's Mayor Rocky Anderson: \"This War Was Sold to the American People Largely by Fox and Other Members of the Media and We Were Lied To\"](http://www.democracynow.org/2006/9/26/salt_lake_citys_mayor_rocky_anderso), democracynow.org; accessed January 22, 2017\\.", "Anderson researched, wrote, produced, and narrated a major multimedia piece concerning the invasion and occupation of Iraq, as well as the case for impeachment.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=PrSDnLDxVdw \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/PrSDnLDxVdw \\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Rocky Anderson's compelling case for impeachment\\|publisher\\=Youtube.com\\|date\\=February 4, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2013}}{{cbignore}}", "" ]
Life and career --------------- Gowin was born in [Danville, Virginia](/wiki/Danville%2C_Virginia "Danville, Virginia"). His father, Emmet Sr., was a [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist "Methodist") minister and his [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker "Quaker") mother played the organ in church.{{cite book\|first\=Akira\|last\=Fukii\|title\=Emmet Gowin, Photographs: 1967\-2000\|publisher\=Tokyo: Nihon University\|year\=2004\|pages\=9–14}} When he was two his family moved to [Chincoteague Island](/wiki/Chincoteague_Island "Chincoteague Island"), where he spent much of his free time in the marshes around their home drawing animals and plant life.{{cite web\|url\=http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2009/10/21/pages/2069/index.xml\|title\=Finding a Place: Emmet Gowin, A portrait of the artist\|first\=Merrell\|last\=Noden\|accessdate\=2012\-11\-21}} At about age 12 his family moved back to Danville, where Gowin. When he was 16 he saw an [Ansel Adams](/wiki/Ansel_Adams "Ansel Adams") photograph of a burnt tree with a young bud growing from the stump. This inspired him to go into the woods near his home and draw from nature. Later, he applied what he learned from his early years wandering in the woods and marshes to his photography. A student of his said "Photography, with Emmet, became the study of everything." After graduating from high school he attended the [Richmond Professional Institute](/wiki/Richmond_Professional_Institute "Richmond Professional Institute") (now [Virginia Commonwealth University](/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University "Virginia Commonwealth University")). During his first year in college he saw a catalog of the [Family of Man](/wiki/Family_of_Man "Family of Man") exhibit and was particularly inspired by the works of [Robert Frank](/wiki/Robert_Frank "Robert Frank") and [Henri Cartier\-Bresson](/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson "Henri Cartier-Bresson"). About this same time he met his future wife, Edith Morris, who had grown up about a mile away from Gowin in Danville.{{cite book\|first\=Emmet\|last\=Gowin\|title\=Photographs\|publisher\=NY: Knopf\|year\=1976\|pages\=99–101}} They married in 1964, and she quickly became both his muse and his model. Later they had two sons, [Elijah Gowin](/wiki/Elijah_Gowin "Elijah Gowin") (also a photographer in his own right) and Isaac. Some of his earliest photographic vision was inspired by Edith's large and engaging family, who allowed him to record what he called "a family freshly different from my own." He said "I wanted to pay attention to the body and personality that had agreed out of love to reveal itself." In 1965, Gowin attended the [Rhode Island School of Design](/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design "Rhode Island School of Design"). While earning his MFA, Gowin studied under influential American photographers [Harry Callahan](/wiki/Harry_Callahan_%28photographer%29 "Harry Callahan (photographer)") and [Aaron Siskind](/wiki/Aaron_Siskind "Aaron Siskind"). Three years later he was given his first solo exhibition at the [Dayton Art Institute](/wiki/Dayton_Art_Institute "Dayton Art Institute"). In 1970 his work was shown at the [George Eastman House](/wiki/George_Eastman_House "George Eastman House") and a year later at the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art"). About this same time he was introduced to the photographer [Frederick Sommer](/wiki/Frederick_Sommer "Frederick Sommer"), who became his lifelong mentor and friend. Gowin was invited by [Peter Bunnell](/wiki/Peter_Bunnell "Peter Bunnell") in 1973 to teach photography at [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University"). Over the next 25 years he both taught new students and, by his own admission, continually learned from those he taught. At the end of each academic year he asked his students to contribute one photograph to a portfolio that was open to critique by all of the students; he intentionally included one of his own photographs as a reminder that, while a teacher, "he was just another humble student of art." Gowin received a [Guggenheim Fellowship](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship "Guggenheim Fellowship") in [1974](/wiki/List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_1974 "List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1974"), which allowed him to travel throughout Europe. He was also awarded a [National Endowment for the Arts](/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts "National Endowment for the Arts") Fellowship in 1979 and a [Pew Fellowship in the Arts](/wiki/Pew_Fellowships_in_the_Arts "Pew Fellowships in the Arts") in 1994\. In 1980 Gowin received a scholarship from the [Seattle Arts Commission](/wiki/Seattle_Arts_Commission "Seattle Arts Commission") which provided funding for him to travel in [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 "Washington (state)") and the [Pacific Northwest](/wiki/Pacific_Northwest "Pacific Northwest"). Beginning with a trip to [Mount St. Helens](/wiki/Mount_St._Helens "Mount St. Helens") soon after it erupted, Gowin began taking aerial photographs. For the next twenty years, Gowin captured [strip mining](/wiki/Strip_mining "Strip mining") sites, nuclear testing fields, large\-scale agricultural fields and other scars in the natural landscape. In 1982 the Gowins were invited by [Queen Noor of Jordan](/wiki/Queen_Noor_of_Jordan "Queen Noor of Jordan"), who had studied with Gowin at Princeton, to photograph historic places in her country. He traveled there over the next three years and took a series of photographs of the archaeological site at [Petra](/wiki/Petra "Petra"). The prints he made of these images were the first time he introduced [photographic print toning](/wiki/Photographic_print_toning "Photographic print toning") in his work. Gowin retired from teaching at [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") at the end of 2009{{cite news\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=PI\&s\_site\=philly\&p\_multi\=PI\&p\_theme\=realcities\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0EB2A1415ABD5B23\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=Google\|title\=HIS ART IMITATES SCIENCE \- AND LIFE PHOTOGRAPHER EMMET GOWIN'S SHOW AT THE ART MUSEUM REVEALS A DEEP COMMITMENT TO HIS FAMILY AND HIS WORK\|accessdate\=2012\-11\-15 \| date\=1990\-12\-12}} and lives in Pennsylvania with his wife Edith.
[ "Life and career\n---------------", "Gowin was born in [Danville, Virginia](/wiki/Danville%2C_Virginia \"Danville, Virginia\"). His father, Emmet Sr., was a [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") minister and his [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker \"Quaker\") mother played the organ in church.{{cite book\\|first\\=Akira\\|last\\=Fukii\\|title\\=Emmet Gowin, Photographs: 1967\\-2000\\|publisher\\=Tokyo: Nihon University\\|year\\=2004\\|pages\\=9–14}} When he was two his family moved to [Chincoteague Island](/wiki/Chincoteague_Island \"Chincoteague Island\"), where he spent much of his free time in the marshes around their home drawing animals and plant life.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2009/10/21/pages/2069/index.xml\\|title\\=Finding a Place: Emmet Gowin, A portrait of the artist\\|first\\=Merrell\\|last\\=Noden\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-11\\-21}} At about age 12 his family moved back to Danville, where Gowin. When he was 16 he saw an [Ansel Adams](/wiki/Ansel_Adams \"Ansel Adams\") photograph of a burnt tree with a young bud growing from the stump. This inspired him to go into the woods near his home and draw from nature. Later, he applied what he learned from his early years wandering in the woods and marshes to his photography. A student of his said \"Photography, with Emmet, became the study of everything.\"", "After graduating from high school he attended the [Richmond Professional Institute](/wiki/Richmond_Professional_Institute \"Richmond Professional Institute\") (now [Virginia Commonwealth University](/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University \"Virginia Commonwealth University\")). During his first year in college he saw a catalog of the [Family of Man](/wiki/Family_of_Man \"Family of Man\") exhibit and was particularly inspired by the works of [Robert Frank](/wiki/Robert_Frank \"Robert Frank\") and [Henri Cartier\\-Bresson](/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson \"Henri Cartier-Bresson\"). About this same time he met his future wife, Edith Morris, who had grown up about a mile away from Gowin in Danville.{{cite book\\|first\\=Emmet\\|last\\=Gowin\\|title\\=Photographs\\|publisher\\=NY: Knopf\\|year\\=1976\\|pages\\=99–101}} They married in 1964, and she quickly became both his muse and his model. Later they had two sons, [Elijah Gowin](/wiki/Elijah_Gowin \"Elijah Gowin\") (also a photographer in his own right) and Isaac.", "Some of his earliest photographic vision was inspired by Edith's large and engaging family, who allowed him to record what he called \"a family freshly different from my own.\" He said \"I wanted to pay attention to the body and personality that had agreed out of love to reveal itself.\" \nIn 1965, Gowin attended the [Rhode Island School of Design](/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design \"Rhode Island School of Design\"). While earning his MFA, Gowin studied under influential American photographers [Harry Callahan](/wiki/Harry_Callahan_%28photographer%29 \"Harry Callahan (photographer)\") and [Aaron Siskind](/wiki/Aaron_Siskind \"Aaron Siskind\"). Three years later he was given his first solo exhibition at the [Dayton Art Institute](/wiki/Dayton_Art_Institute \"Dayton Art Institute\"). In 1970 his work was shown at the [George Eastman House](/wiki/George_Eastman_House \"George Eastman House\") and a year later at the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\"). About this same time he was introduced to the photographer [Frederick Sommer](/wiki/Frederick_Sommer \"Frederick Sommer\"), who became his lifelong mentor and friend.", "Gowin was invited by [Peter Bunnell](/wiki/Peter_Bunnell \"Peter Bunnell\") in 1973 to teach photography at [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\"). Over the next 25 years he both taught new students and, by his own admission, continually learned from those he taught. At the end of each academic year he asked his students to contribute one photograph to a portfolio that was open to critique by all of the students; he intentionally included one of his own photographs as a reminder that, while a teacher, \"he was just another humble student of art.\"", "Gowin received a [Guggenheim Fellowship](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship \"Guggenheim Fellowship\") in [1974](/wiki/List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_1974 \"List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1974\"), which allowed him to travel throughout Europe. He was also awarded a [National Endowment for the Arts](/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts \"National Endowment for the Arts\") Fellowship in 1979 and a [Pew Fellowship in the Arts](/wiki/Pew_Fellowships_in_the_Arts \"Pew Fellowships in the Arts\") in 1994\\.", "In 1980 Gowin received a scholarship from the [Seattle Arts Commission](/wiki/Seattle_Arts_Commission \"Seattle Arts Commission\") which provided funding for him to travel in [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\") and the [Pacific Northwest](/wiki/Pacific_Northwest \"Pacific Northwest\"). Beginning with a trip to [Mount St. Helens](/wiki/Mount_St._Helens \"Mount St. Helens\") soon after it erupted, Gowin began taking aerial photographs. For the next twenty years, Gowin captured [strip mining](/wiki/Strip_mining \"Strip mining\") sites, nuclear testing fields, large\\-scale agricultural fields and other scars in the natural landscape.", "In 1982 the Gowins were invited by [Queen Noor of Jordan](/wiki/Queen_Noor_of_Jordan \"Queen Noor of Jordan\"), who had studied with Gowin at Princeton, to photograph historic places in her country. He traveled there over the next three years and took a series of photographs of the archaeological site at [Petra](/wiki/Petra \"Petra\"). The prints he made of these images were the first time he introduced [photographic print toning](/wiki/Photographic_print_toning \"Photographic print toning\") in his work.", "Gowin retired from teaching at [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\") at the end of 2009{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=PI\\&s\\_site\\=philly\\&p\\_multi\\=PI\\&p\\_theme\\=realcities\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0EB2A1415ABD5B23\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=Google\\|title\\=HIS ART IMITATES SCIENCE \\- AND LIFE PHOTOGRAPHER EMMET GOWIN'S SHOW AT THE ART MUSEUM REVEALS A DEEP COMMITMENT TO HIS FAMILY AND HIS WORK\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-11\\-15 \\| date\\=1990\\-12\\-12}} and lives in Pennsylvania with his wife Edith.", "" ]
Refreshed vector display ------------------------ The monitor was a 14\-inch monochrome [vector display](/wiki/Vector_display "Vector display"), continually refreshed from local memory. Its normal resolution was 1024 by 1024 addressable points, and 2K x 2K in small\-font scaling mode. The CRT [electron beam](/wiki/Electron_beam "Electron beam") moved freely in X and Y position and angle under program control to draw individual sloped lines and letter forms, much like the pen\-on\-paper motions of a [pen plotter](/wiki/Pen_plotter "Pen plotter"). The beam skipped blank areas of the screen. Things could be drawn in arbitrary order. Vector displays are a now\-obsolete alternative to [raster scan](/wiki/Raster_scan "Raster scan") displays. In vector displays, the CRT electron beam 'draws' only the lines and curves displayed. In raster scan displays, the image is a grid of pixel spots (a 'bitmapped' image), and the CRT beam repeatedly sweeps the entire screen in a fixed horizontal pattern (like in TV sets), regardless of which dots are turned on.{{cite web \|title\=Vector graphics terminals \|url\=https://www.cca.org/vector/ \|ref\=ref1}} Bitmap raster graphics require much more memory than vector graphics. [XGA](/wiki/XGA "XGA")\-level 1024x768 black/white resolution requires 96 kilobytes of video refresh memory, 12 times more than a basic PDS\-1\. In 1970, that much core memory cost about $8000\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.jcmit.com/memoryprice.htm \|title\=Memory Prices 1957 to 2012 \|accessdate\=2012\-10\-27 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026153229/http://www.jcmit.com/memoryprice.htm \|archivedate\=2012\-10\-26 }} (It now costs only 0\.05 cents of shared [DRAM](/wiki/Dynamic_random_access_memory "Dynamic random access memory").) Vector displays were good for showing data charts, modifying line drawings and [CAD](/wiki/Computer-aided_design "Computer-aided design") diagrams, tumbling [3\-D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics "3D computer graphics") [wire\-frame](/wiki/Wire-frame_model "Wire-frame model") shapes, editing text, laying out printed pages, and playing simple games. But they did not handle colors, images, filled\-in areas, black\-on\-white screens, or [WYSIWYG](/wiki/WYSIWYG "WYSIWYG") fidelity to the fonts of professionally printed text. The PDS\-1 screen was repeatedly refreshed or redrawn 40 times per second to avoid visible flickering. But irregular beam motion was slower than the steady motions on raster displays. The beam deflections were driven by [magnetic coils](/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil "Electromagnetic coil"), and those coils fought against rapid changes to their current. The screen flickered when filled with more than 800 inches of lines or more than 1200 characters, because the beam then needed more than 1/40th of a second to retrace everything. The competing lower cost [Tektronix 4010](/wiki/Tektronix_4010 "Tektronix 4010") graphics terminal used an alternative [storage tube](/wiki/Storage_tube "Storage tube") CRT technology which required no continual refresh and hence no local computer display memory at all. The glowing image was remembered by the CRT [phosphor](/wiki/Phosphor "Phosphor") itself. But like an [Etch A Sketch](/wiki/Etch_A_Sketch "Etch A Sketch"), the accumulated image could be modified or moved only by flash\-erasing the entire screen and then slowing redrawing everything with data resent from some large computer.{{Cite web \|url\=http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/lesson3\.html \|title\=Section 3: The industry evolves \|access\-date\=2012\-04\-10 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613194659/http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/lesson3\.html \|archive\-date\=2008\-06\-13 \|url\-status\=dead }} This was much less interactive than the PDS\-1 and could not show animations. On other displays of this era, text fonts were hardwired and could not be changed. For example, the operator consoles of the [CDC 6600](/wiki/CDC_6600 "CDC 6600") formed each letter all at once by sending the [Charactron](/wiki/Charactron "Charactron") CRT electron beam through a metallic stencil mask with an A\-shaped hole, or through a B\-shaped hole, etc. But on the PDS\-1, all letter shapes, sizes, and spacing were entirely controlled in software. Each desired form of the letter E had its own display [subroutine](/wiki/Subroutine "Subroutine") which executed a sequence of short vector strokes for that letter. Each occurrence of a letter on the screen was a display processor call to that letter's subroutine. This scheme handled arbitrary fonts, extended character sets, and even cursive right\-to\-left languages like Arabic. The smaller, fastest\-drawing fonts were ugly, with diamond\-shaped approximations of rounded loops. The display subroutine scheme also handled electronic design symbols.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.chilton\-computing.org.uk/acd/icf/terminals/p008\.htm \| title\=ICF Terminals: Refresh Displays }} The PDS\-1 monitor face was rectangular and was available in portrait or landscape orientation. The 1K x 1K grid of points was stretched 33% in the longer direction to allow text and graphics to fill the screen. All graphics programs then had to account for the non\-square pixels. If the system was to be used mainly for graphics, the monitor could be installed with an unstretched grid leaving ends of the screen permanently unused.
[ "Refreshed vector display\n------------------------", "The monitor was a 14\\-inch monochrome [vector display](/wiki/Vector_display \"Vector display\"), continually refreshed from local memory. Its normal resolution was 1024 by 1024 addressable points, and 2K x 2K in small\\-font scaling mode. The CRT [electron beam](/wiki/Electron_beam \"Electron beam\") moved freely in X and Y position and angle under program control to draw individual sloped lines and letter forms, much like the pen\\-on\\-paper motions of a [pen plotter](/wiki/Pen_plotter \"Pen plotter\"). The beam skipped blank areas of the screen. Things could be drawn in arbitrary order.", "Vector displays are a now\\-obsolete alternative to [raster scan](/wiki/Raster_scan \"Raster scan\") displays. In vector displays, the CRT electron beam 'draws' only the lines and curves displayed. In raster scan displays, the image is a grid of pixel spots (a 'bitmapped' image), and the CRT beam repeatedly sweeps the entire screen in a fixed horizontal pattern (like in TV sets), regardless of which dots are turned on.{{cite web \\|title\\=Vector graphics terminals \\|url\\=https://www.cca.org/vector/ \\|ref\\=ref1}} Bitmap raster graphics require much more memory than vector graphics. [XGA](/wiki/XGA \"XGA\")\\-level 1024x768 black/white resolution requires 96 kilobytes of video refresh memory, 12 times more than a basic PDS\\-1\\. In 1970, that much core memory cost about $8000\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jcmit.com/memoryprice.htm \\|title\\=Memory Prices 1957 to 2012 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-10\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026153229/http://www.jcmit.com/memoryprice.htm \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-10\\-26 }} (It now costs only 0\\.05 cents of shared [DRAM](/wiki/Dynamic_random_access_memory \"Dynamic random access memory\").)", "Vector displays were good for showing data charts, modifying line drawings and [CAD](/wiki/Computer-aided_design \"Computer-aided design\") diagrams, tumbling [3\\-D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics \"3D computer graphics\") [wire\\-frame](/wiki/Wire-frame_model \"Wire-frame model\") shapes, editing text, laying out printed pages, and playing simple games. But they did not handle colors, images, filled\\-in areas, black\\-on\\-white screens, or [WYSIWYG](/wiki/WYSIWYG \"WYSIWYG\") fidelity to the fonts of professionally printed text.", "The PDS\\-1 screen was repeatedly refreshed or redrawn 40 times per second to avoid visible flickering. But irregular beam motion was slower than the steady motions on raster displays. The beam deflections were driven by [magnetic coils](/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil \"Electromagnetic coil\"), and those coils fought against rapid changes to their current. The screen flickered when filled with more than 800 inches of lines or more than 1200 characters, because the beam then needed more than 1/40th of a second to retrace everything.", "The competing lower cost [Tektronix 4010](/wiki/Tektronix_4010 \"Tektronix 4010\") graphics terminal used an alternative [storage tube](/wiki/Storage_tube \"Storage tube\") CRT technology which required no continual refresh and hence no local computer display memory at all. The glowing image was remembered by the CRT [phosphor](/wiki/Phosphor \"Phosphor\") itself. But like an [Etch A Sketch](/wiki/Etch_A_Sketch \"Etch A Sketch\"), the accumulated image could be modified or moved only by flash\\-erasing the entire screen and then slowing redrawing everything with data resent from some large computer.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/lesson3\\.html \\|title\\=Section 3: The industry evolves \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-10 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613194659/http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/lesson3\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} This was much less interactive than the PDS\\-1 and could not show animations.", "On other displays of this era, text fonts were hardwired and could not be changed. For example, the operator consoles of the [CDC 6600](/wiki/CDC_6600 \"CDC 6600\") formed each letter all at once by sending the [Charactron](/wiki/Charactron \"Charactron\") CRT electron beam through a metallic stencil mask with an A\\-shaped hole, or through a B\\-shaped hole, etc.", "But on the PDS\\-1, all letter shapes, sizes, and spacing were entirely controlled in software. Each desired form of the letter E had its own display [subroutine](/wiki/Subroutine \"Subroutine\") which executed a sequence of short vector strokes for that letter. Each occurrence of a letter on the screen was a display processor call to that letter's subroutine. This scheme handled arbitrary fonts, extended character sets, and even cursive right\\-to\\-left languages like Arabic. The smaller, fastest\\-drawing fonts were ugly, with diamond\\-shaped approximations of rounded loops. The display subroutine scheme also handled electronic design symbols.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.chilton\\-computing.org.uk/acd/icf/terminals/p008\\.htm \\| title\\=ICF Terminals: Refresh Displays }}", "The PDS\\-1 monitor face was rectangular and was available in portrait or landscape orientation. The 1K x 1K grid of points was stretched 33% in the longer direction to allow text and graphics to fill the screen. All graphics programs then had to account for the non\\-square pixels. If the system was to be used mainly for graphics, the monitor could be installed with an unstretched grid leaving ends of the screen permanently unused.", "" ]
Dual processors --------------- The PDS\-1's display processor and its minicomputer ran simultaneously, out of the same memory. Instructions for the display processor consisted of 1\-byte short\-stroke instructions for letters and curves, and 6\-byte long vector instructions, and 2\-byte unconditional jumps. The display processor had no conventional [ALU](/wiki/Arithmetic_logical_unit "Arithmetic logical unit") instructions and never modified memory. Jumps supported subroutine calls for repeated objects like letters and symbols. Jumps also supported arranging displayed objects into linked lists for quick editing. XY positions were in [integer](/wiki/Integer "Integer") form only. There was no support for rotations or arbitrary scaling on the fly. If a symbol crossed over an edge of the screen, the beam wrapped around to the other side rather than being clipped, making a smear. So higher levels of the application had to do the clipping test, using separate data structures. (This was fixed in later models.) Programming the letter font subroutines was via [assembler language](/wiki/Assembler_language "Assembler language"). Code for line drawings and overall layout was generated on the fly, by programs running on the local minicomputer or on a large remote computer. The PDS\-1's built\-in minicomputer[http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS\-1\_TechnicalMan.pdf](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS-1_TechnicalMan.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}} was needed for responding to user keyboard and light pen interactions quickly, without delays in talking to a remote [timeshared](/wiki/Time-sharing "Time-sharing") large computer for help. The minicomputer's main task was to build and modify the display list as needed for the next refresh cycle. For text and [2\-D](/wiki/2D_computer_graphics "2D computer graphics") line graphics this was easy and did not involve much computing. To minimize costs, Imlac designed their own simple minicomputer with as few [registers](/wiki/Processor_register "Processor register") and [logic gates](/wiki/Logic_gate "Logic gate") as possible. It was a single\-[accumulator](/wiki/Accumulator_%28computing%29 "Accumulator (computing)") machine much like a DEC [PDP\-8](/wiki/PDP-8 "PDP-8"), except using 16\-bit instructions and data instead of 12 bits. There were no integer multiply/divide instructions, no floating point instructions, no [microprogramming](/wiki/Microprogramming "Microprogramming"), no [virtual addressing](/wiki/Virtual_addressing "Virtual addressing"), and no [cache](/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29 "Cache (computing)"). The single form of address modification was via indirect address pointers held in memory. Certain pointer cells would auto\-increment when used. [Stack](/wiki/Stack_%28abstract_data_type%29 "Stack (abstract data type)") operations were not supported. Programming of this minicomputer was via assembler language. It was not [object code](/wiki/Object_code "Object code") compatible with anything else and so had limited tool support. Imlac eventually added a self\-hosted [Fortran](/wiki/Fortran "Fortran") compiler with hour\-long compiles due to the cramped memory. Some PDS models had an optional [IBM 2310](/wiki/IBM_2310 "IBM 2310") cartridge disk drive or 8\-inch floppy drive. These ran a rudimentary [disk OS](/wiki/Disk_operating_system "Disk operating system") supporting program overlays. The disks were dropped from later products. The PDS\-1 electronics were built from [7400 series](/wiki/7400_series "7400 series") low\-density [TTL](/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic "Transistor-transistor logic") [integrated circuits](/wiki/Integrated_circuit "Integrated circuit"), with only a dozen logic gates or 4 register bits per [DIP](/wiki/Dual_in-line_package "Dual in-line package") chip. Small printed circuit cards held up to 12 chips each. The shallow desk pedestal held three racks or rows of cards, with 25 cards per row, and a [wire wrap](/wiki/Wire_wrap "Wire wrap") backplane connecting all cards. There was no uniform backplane bus. Customer documentation included complete schematics[http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS\-1\_Schematics.pdf](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS-1_Schematics.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}} down to the gate level, so that customers could design their own interface boards. It was possible to see, touch, and understand every detail of how the whole system worked. Cycle time for the core memory was 2\.0 microseconds for the PDS\-1, and 1\.8 microseconds for PDS\-1D. TTL logic ran 10x faster, with 10 timing pulses per core memory cycle. The basic PDS\-1 did not include the optional hardware cards for long vectors. Instead, the minicomputer created a long sequence of short\-stroke display instructions. The software used a quick [Bresenham](/wiki/Bresenham%27s_line_algorithm "Bresenham's line algorithm") method to compute intermediate points for sloped lines without doing multiplies or divides. The long vector hardware similarly needed only an add/subtract circuit. If a long vector program was mistakenly run on a basic machine without that option, the display processor could go wild and potentially burn the monitor phosphor or deflection amplifiers.
[ "Dual processors\n---------------", "The PDS\\-1's display processor and its minicomputer ran simultaneously, out of the same memory.", "Instructions for the display processor consisted of 1\\-byte short\\-stroke instructions for letters and curves, and 6\\-byte long vector instructions, and 2\\-byte unconditional jumps. The display processor had no conventional [ALU](/wiki/Arithmetic_logical_unit \"Arithmetic logical unit\") instructions and never modified memory. Jumps supported subroutine calls for repeated objects like letters and symbols. Jumps also supported arranging displayed objects into linked lists for quick editing. XY positions were in [integer](/wiki/Integer \"Integer\") form only. There was no support for rotations or arbitrary scaling on the fly. If a symbol crossed over an edge of the screen, the beam wrapped around to the other side rather than being clipped, making a smear. So higher levels of the application had to do the clipping test, using separate data structures. (This was fixed in later models.) Programming the letter font subroutines was via [assembler language](/wiki/Assembler_language \"Assembler language\"). Code for line drawings and overall layout was generated on the fly, by programs running on the local minicomputer or on a large remote computer.", "The PDS\\-1's built\\-in minicomputer[http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS\\-1\\_TechnicalMan.pdf](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS-1_TechnicalMan.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}} was needed for responding to user keyboard and light pen interactions quickly, without delays in talking to a remote [timeshared](/wiki/Time-sharing \"Time-sharing\") large computer for help. The minicomputer's main task was to build and modify the display list as needed for the next refresh cycle. For text and [2\\-D](/wiki/2D_computer_graphics \"2D computer graphics\") line graphics this was easy and did not involve much computing. To minimize costs, Imlac designed their own simple minicomputer with as few [registers](/wiki/Processor_register \"Processor register\") and [logic gates](/wiki/Logic_gate \"Logic gate\") as possible. It was a single\\-[accumulator](/wiki/Accumulator_%28computing%29 \"Accumulator (computing)\") machine much like a DEC [PDP\\-8](/wiki/PDP-8 \"PDP-8\"), except using 16\\-bit instructions and data instead of 12 bits. There were no integer multiply/divide instructions, no floating point instructions, no [microprogramming](/wiki/Microprogramming \"Microprogramming\"), no [virtual addressing](/wiki/Virtual_addressing \"Virtual addressing\"), and no [cache](/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29 \"Cache (computing)\"). The single form of address modification was via indirect address pointers held in memory. Certain pointer cells would auto\\-increment when used. [Stack](/wiki/Stack_%28abstract_data_type%29 \"Stack (abstract data type)\") operations were not supported.", "Programming of this minicomputer was via assembler language. It was not [object code](/wiki/Object_code \"Object code\") compatible with anything else and so had limited tool support. Imlac eventually added a self\\-hosted [Fortran](/wiki/Fortran \"Fortran\") compiler with hour\\-long compiles due to the cramped memory. Some PDS models had an optional [IBM 2310](/wiki/IBM_2310 \"IBM 2310\") cartridge disk drive or 8\\-inch floppy drive. These ran a rudimentary [disk OS](/wiki/Disk_operating_system \"Disk operating system\") supporting program overlays. The disks were dropped from later products.", "The PDS\\-1 electronics were built from [7400 series](/wiki/7400_series \"7400 series\") low\\-density [TTL](/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic \"Transistor-transistor logic\") [integrated circuits](/wiki/Integrated_circuit \"Integrated circuit\"), with only a dozen logic gates or 4 register bits per [DIP](/wiki/Dual_in-line_package \"Dual in-line package\") chip. Small printed circuit cards held up to 12 chips each. The shallow desk pedestal held three racks or rows of cards, with 25 cards per row, and a [wire wrap](/wiki/Wire_wrap \"Wire wrap\") backplane connecting all cards. There was no uniform backplane bus. Customer documentation included complete schematics[http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS\\-1\\_Schematics.pdf](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/imlac/PDS-1_Schematics.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}} down to the gate level, so that customers could design their own interface boards. It was possible to see, touch, and understand every detail of how the whole system worked. Cycle time for the core memory was 2\\.0 microseconds for the PDS\\-1, and 1\\.8 microseconds for PDS\\-1D. TTL logic ran 10x faster, with 10 timing pulses per core memory cycle.", "The basic PDS\\-1 did not include the optional hardware cards for long vectors. Instead, the minicomputer created a long sequence of short\\-stroke display instructions. The software used a quick [Bresenham](/wiki/Bresenham%27s_line_algorithm \"Bresenham's line algorithm\") method to compute intermediate points for sloped lines without doing multiplies or divides. The long vector hardware similarly needed only an add/subtract circuit. If a long vector program was mistakenly run on a basic machine without that option, the display processor could go wild and potentially burn the monitor phosphor or deflection amplifiers.", "" ]
Equipment --------- ### Balls Billiard balls vary from game to game, and area to area, in size, design and number. Though the dominant material in the making of quality balls was [ivory](/wiki/Ivory "Ivory") until the late 1800s (with [clay](/wiki/Clay "Clay") and wood being used for cheaper sets), there was a need to find a substitute for it, not only due to [elephant](/wiki/Elephant "Elephant") [endangerment](/wiki/Endangered_species "Endangered species") but also because of the high cost of the balls. This search led to the development of [celluloid](/wiki/Celluloid "Celluloid"), the first industrial [plastic](/wiki/Plastic "Plastic"), and balls have been made of various plastic compounds ever since, from materials such as [bakelite](/wiki/Bakelite "Bakelite"), to modern\-day [phenolic resin](/wiki/Phenolic_resin "Phenolic resin"), [polyester](/wiki/Polyester "Polyester") and [acrylic](/wiki/Acrylate_polymer "Acrylate polymer"). Carom billiards balls come most often as a set of two {{Cuegloss\|Cue ball\|cue balls}} (one white and one yellow) and a red {{Cuegloss\|Object ball\|object ball}}. Carom balls are {{convert\|61\.5\|mm\|in}} in diameter and weigh the same, between {{convert\|205\|\-\|220\|g\|oz}}. Internationally standardized pool balls come in sets of 16, including two {{Cuegloss\|Suit\|suits}} or {{Cuegloss\|Group\|groups}} of numbered object balls, seven {{Cuegloss\|Solid\|solids}} (1–7\) and seven {{Cuegloss\|Stripe\|stripes}} (9–15\), a {{Cuegloss\|Black ball\|black}} {{Cuegloss\|8 ball\|8 ball}} and a white cue ball. Standard pool balls are {{convert\|2\.25\|in\|mm}} in diameter and are {{convert\|6\|oz\|g}} in weight. Some coin\-operated tables use a slightly different sized cue ball to allow for the cue ball to be separated by ball\-return mechanisms, while others use magnetic or optical ball separators.{{Cite web \|title\=Why Should I Get High\-Quality Billiard Balls? / Legacy Billiards Blog {{!}} Legacy Billiards \|work\=legacybilliards.com \|access\-date\=31 December 2018 \|url\= https://www.legacybilliards.com/blog/why\-should\-i\-get\-high\-quality\-billiard\-balls/ }} "Casino\-style" balls, commonly used in Britain and other countries where the blackball variant is more common, come in unnumbered suits of {{Cuegloss\|Red ball\|reds}} and {{Cuegloss\|Yellow ball\|yellows}}. Casino\-style balls are often smaller at {{convert\|2\|in\|mm}}, and may feature a smaller, lighter cue ball. The games of [snooker](/wiki/Snooker "Snooker") and [English billiards](/wiki/English_billiards "English billiards") use balls smaller than those used in both pool and carom, with all balls measuring {{convert\|52\.5\|mm\|in}} in diameter. In addition, six of the object balls used in snooker are uniquely coloured and have specific {{Cuegloss\|Point\|point}} values. ### Tables There are many sizes and styles of [billiard tables](/wiki/Billiard_tables "Billiard tables"). With the exception of some variants of [bumper pool](/wiki/Bumper_pool "Bumper pool"), and some novelty tables, all billiard tables are rectangles that are twice as long as they are wide. Quality tables have a multi\-slab [slate](/wiki/Slate "Slate") bed over which the cloth ([baize](/wiki/Baize "Baize")) is stretched. Less\-rigid materials are prone to game\-affecting changes due to humidity, and even permanent warping, as well as other problems. The international standard for carom billiard tables is a playing surface (measured from {{Cuegloss\|Rail\|rail}} {{Cuegloss\|Cushion\|cushion}} to rail cushion) of 2\.84 by 1\.42 m (112 by 56 in, or 9\.32 by 4\.66 ft), \+/\- 5 mm, though many (especially American) tables for amateur use are 10 x 5 ft (3 by 1\.5 m). The slate beds of profession\-grade carom tables are usually heated to stave off moisture and provide a consistent playing surface. Most pool tables are known as 7\-, 8\- or 9\-footers, referring to the nominal length of the playing surface's long side. The internationally standardised size for professional play is 9 by 4\.5 ft (274 by 137 cm). In former times, 10 by 5 ft (3 by 1\.5 m) and even 12 by 6 ft (3\.7 by 1\.8 m) tables were common, but today these are used only for snooker, the carom\-pocket hybrid known as *[English billiards](/wiki/English_billiards "English billiards")*, and some other regional variants, such as *[Russian pyramid](/wiki/Russian_pyramid "Russian pyramid")* and [Finnish](/wiki/Finland "Finland") *kaisa*. Ten\-foot pool tables mostly date from the early 20th century or earlier, but can occasionally still be found in older [pool halls](/wiki/Pool_hall "Pool hall"). Pool tables as small as 6 by 3 ft. are available for homes and cramped public spaces, but are not commonly preferred. Pool table beds are usually not heated. Snooker tables use smaller pockets compared to pool tables and rounded cushions at the pocket openings.{{Cite web \|title\=Pool Table Sizes \|work\=diamondbackbilliards.com \|access\-date\=31 December 2018 \|url\=https://www.diamondbackbilliards.com/Pool\-Table\-Sizes/index.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109151609/https://diamondbackbilliards.com/Pool\-Table\-Sizes/index.html \|archive\-date\=9 November 2016 \|url\-status\=live }} ### Cloth The {{Cuegloss\|Bed\|beds}} and {{Cuegloss\|Cushion\|cushions}} of all kinds of billiard\-type tables (carom, pool, and snooker) are covered with a tightly\-[woven](/wiki/Weaving "Weaving") cloth called [baize](/wiki/Baize "Baize"), generally of [worsted wool](/wiki/Worsted_wool "Worsted wool"), although wool\-[nylon](/wiki/Nylon "Nylon") blends are common and some 100% [synthetics](/wiki/Synthetic_fiber "Synthetic fiber") are in use. Baize is principally a [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_English "Commonwealth English") term, with "cloth" being preferred in [North American English](/wiki/North_American_English "North American English"). It is often erroneously referred to as "[felt](/wiki/Felt "Felt")", which is not woven. Faster\-playing 100% [woolen](/wiki/Wool "Wool") cloth is most commonly used on home tables and in high\-end [pool halls](/wiki/Pool_hall "Pool hall"). The cloth plays {{Cuegloss\|Fast\|faster}} because it is smoother, thinner, more tightly\-woven, and less fuzzy, providing less [friction](/wiki/Friction "Friction") and thus allowing the balls to roll farther across the table bed. Billiard cloth has traditionally been green for centuries, representing the grass of the ancentral lawn game. Some have theorised that the colour may serve a useful function, as (non\-[colour\-blind](/wiki/Color_blindness "Color blindness")) humans supposedly have a higher sensitivity to green than to any other colour. However, no known studies have demonstrated any noticeable effect of cloth colour on professional or amateur play. Today, billiard cloth is available in a wide array of colours, with red, blue, grey, and burgundy being very common choices. In recent years cloth with dyed designs has become available, such as sports, university, beer, motorcycle and tournament sponsor logos.  There is no core difference between carom and pool cloth. Serious players of both types of cue sports generally prefer fast cloth, as it requires less force when shooting, allowing a more accurate and "finessed" {{Cuegloss\|Stroke\|stroke}}, and better ability to {{Cuegloss\|Speed control\|control cue ball speed}} and thus {{Cuegloss\|Shape\|"shape"}} or {{Cuegloss\|Position play\|position}}. {{Cuegloss\|Angle of reflection\|Rebound angles}} off of cushions are also more accurate with faster cloth, and a tighter, thinner cloth retains less moisture. The principal difference is that the vast majority of pool tables encountered by the general public (i.e. in taverns and average pool halls) have cloth that is considerably thicker, coarser and slower, with the result that average recreational players have little understanding of the finer points of the effects of fast cloth on the game, and tend to shoot too hard when playing on better\-equipped tables. Snooker cloth, on the other hand, has a notable directional [nap](/wiki/Nap_%28textile%29 "Nap (textile)") (except on most US\-based tables, which use napless cloth), and compensating for the effect of this nap on ball speed and trajectory is an important element in mastery of the game. ### Racks Carom billiards games generally do not make use of ball racks. Depending upon the specific game in question, the balls may be released randomly, or set in very specific positions at the beginning of the game. In most pool games, the object balls are tightly {{Cuegloss\|Rack\|racked}} (placed within a usually wooden or plastic [ball rack](/wiki/Rack_%28billiards%29 "Rack (billiards)") and moved into position) at a specific location on the table (which can vary from game to game). In internationally standardized games such as nine\-ball and eight\-ball, the {{Cuegloss\|Apex\|apex ball}} of the rack (the ball furthest from the racker, pointing toward the end of the table from which the {{Cuegloss\|Break\|break shot}} will be taken) is placed on the {{Cuegloss\|Foot spot\|foot spot}}, a {{Cuegloss\|Spot\|spot}} that is at the intersection of the lateral middle of the racking end of the table, known as the {{Cuegloss\|Foot string\|foot string}}, and the table's longitudinal center, known as the {{Cuegloss\|Long string\|long string}}); the game\-winning "{{Cuegloss\|Money ball\|"money ball"}} is in the center of the rack. In many games there may also be other racking requirements, such as the 1 ball at the apex. In some regional versions, the money ball must go on the foot spot. Some pool games, such as [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_%28pool%29 "Chicago (pool)"), are not racked at all, but as in many carom games have specific spotting locations for the balls. Snooker makes use of both tactics, with the pack of 15 {{Cuegloss\|Red ball\|red balls}} being racked much as in pool, and the special {{Cuegloss\|Colour ball\|colour balls}} each having certain spots assigned to each. There are two main types of racks; the more common {{Cuegloss\|Triangle\|triangular type}} which is used in eight\-ball, [fifteen\-ball](/wiki/Fifteen-ball_pool "Fifteen-ball pool"), straight pool and many other games, and a {{Cuegloss\|Diamond\|diamond\-shaped one}}, is used in nine\-ball. Special [hexagonal](/wiki/Hexagon "Hexagon") racks are available for [seven\-ball](/wiki/Seven-ball "Seven-ball"), but the diamond rack can actually be used, sideways, for racking this game. ### Cues All cue sports (with the exception of cueless offshoots known as finger billiards and hand pool) are played with a stick known as a [cue stick](/wiki/Cue_stick "Cue stick"), or simply cue. A cue may be either a one\-piece tapered stick, or a two\-piece cue that screws together. The {{Cuegloss\|Butt\|butt end of the cue}} is of larger circumference and is intended to be gripped by the player's shooting hand, while the {{Cuegloss\|Shaft\|cue shaft}} is narrower, usually tapering to a 10 to 15 mm (0\.4 to 0\.6 in) rigid terminus called a {{Cuegloss\|ferrule}}, where a {{Cuegloss\|Cue tip\|leather tip}} is affixed to make final contact with balls. Cues can be made of different varieties of wood depending upon the cost factor. Traditionally hand\-crafted cues are often spliced with various decorative hardwoods like [cocobolo](/wiki/Cocobolo "Cocobolo"), and further decorated with inlays of attractive or valuable materials such as [silver](/wiki/Silver "Silver"), [mother of pearl](/wiki/Mother_of_pearl "Mother of pearl"), or [semi\-precious stones](/wiki/Semi-precious_stone "Semi-precious stone"). Some are designed with modern materials (e.g. [fiberglass](/wiki/Fiberglass "Fiberglass") or [graphite carbon fibre](/wiki/Carbon_fiber_reinforced_polymer "Carbon fiber reinforced polymer") reinforcements) and techniques (including [vibration](/wiki/Vibration "Vibration") damping) in ways similar to high\-end [golf clubs](/wiki/Golf_club "Golf club").{{Cite web \|title\=Discover A Hobby \- Ultimate Directory for Finding and Learning New Hobbies!! \|work\=discoverahobby.com \|access\-date\=31 December 2018 \|url\=http://discoverahobby.com/learn/Billiards\_/\_Pool \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828115019/http://discoverahobby.com/learn/Billiards\_/\_Pool \|archive\-date\=28 August 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} There are various cue aids. [Chalk](/wiki/Cue_sports%23Chalk "Cue sports#Chalk"), which comes in hard, dyed, paper\-wrapped cubes, must be periodically applied to the tip of the cue during every game to prevent miscuing, especially when attempting to impart spin to the ball. "Chalk" is not actually [chalk](/wiki/Chalk "Chalk") ([calcium carbonate](/wiki/Calcium_carbonate "Calcium carbonate")) at all, but a mixture of [silica](/wiki/Silica "Silica") and [aluminium oxide](/wiki/Aluminium_oxide "Aluminium oxide"). The {{Cuegloss\|Mechanical bridge\|mechanical bridge}}, also known as {{Cuegloss\|Rest\|rest}} or bridge stick, is a cue\-like stick with a head on it upon which the cue can be rested in a groove or crook; this is used to give support to the cue in shots not reachable by or too awkward for the {{Cuegloss\|Bridge hand\|bridge hand}}. A tip tool or scuffer is an abbraisive or micro\-puncturing hand\-held tool that is used to prevent the tip from becoming too hard and smooth from repeated cue ball impacts to properly hold chalk. {{Cuegloss\|Talc\|hand talc}} or a {{Cuegloss\|Pool glove\|pool glove}} may be used on the bridge hand to keep the {{Cuegloss\|Stroke\|stroke}} smooth; this is especially helpful in humid environments.{{Cite web \|title\=Learn How to Play Pool Billiards Snooker Lessons Tips Instruction \- Easy Pool Tutor \|last\=Tutor \|first\=Easy Pool \|work\=easypooltutor.com \|access\-date\=31 December 2018 \|url\=http://www.easypooltutor.com/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223226/http://www.easypooltutor.com/ \|archive\-date\=15 December 2018 \|url\-status\=dead }} Carom billiard cues are typically shorter, at usually 54 to 57 in (137 to 145 cm), than pool and snooker cues, which average 57 to 59 in (145 to 150 cm), but the exact dimensions are a matter of player preference. Carom cue ferrules and tips are most often 11 to 12 mm in diameter, versus a butt diameter of 32 33mm, while pool tips average around 12\.5 to 13\.5 mm (butt 31 to 32 mm), with snooker tips at typically 9\.5 to 10\.5 mm (butt 30 to 31 mm). Many skilled pool players prefer to shoot with a snooker\-sized tip, but few professionals do so, including the former snooker pros who have long dominated [women's nine\-ball](/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Billiard_Association "Women's Professional Billiard Association"). Cue weight is another factor that varies more as a matter of player preference. Non\-custom carom cues available from most makers range from 17 to 20–oz, with the average being about 17\.5–oz. Stock pool cues are available sometimes from 15 to 22 oz, though few serious players use anything, and many manufactures provide nothing, outside the 18 to 20–oz range, and the most common weight is 19 oz. Snooker cues are often graded as simply "light" (17 to 18 oz) or "heavy" (19 to 20 oz). Carom cues most often have a ferrule of [brass](/wiki/Brass "Brass"), although [phenolic resin](/wiki/Phenolic_resin "Phenolic resin") and fiberglass are becoming more common. Pool cues usually have a ferrule of phenolic resin or fiberglass, although metal was formerly very common. Most snooker cues have a brass ferrule. Personal carom and pool cues are both typically jointed at the half\-way point in the piece, while snooker cues most commonly are around two\-thirds shaft and one third butt, requiring a longer carrying case. Carom cues usually have a wood\-to\-wood joint, with a delicate threaded wooden pin, on the principle that this produces a better feel and weight balance, while pool cues most often have a metal joint and pin, since pool games tend to involve considerably more force, necessitating reinforcement. Snooker cues usually have a sunken metal joint, providing both strength and wood\-to\-wood contact. Carom and snooker cues are more often hand\-made, and are more costly on average than pool cues, since the market for mass\-produced cues is only particularly strong in the pool segment. High\-end hand\-made but non\-custom carom and snooker cues are largely products of Europe and Asia, while their pool counterparts are mostly North American products. The bulk of machine\-made cues are sold by American brands, but are outsourced from non\-US labour pools. In the extreme carom discipline known as [artistic billiards](/wiki/Artistic_billiards "Artistic billiards"), a master practitioner may have 20 or more cues, of a wide range of specifications, each customised for performing a particular shot or trick.
[ "Equipment\n---------", "### Balls", "Billiard balls vary from game to game, and area to area, in size, design and number. Though the dominant material in the making of quality balls was [ivory](/wiki/Ivory \"Ivory\") until the late 1800s (with [clay](/wiki/Clay \"Clay\") and wood being used for cheaper sets), there was a need to find a substitute for it, not only due to [elephant](/wiki/Elephant \"Elephant\") [endangerment](/wiki/Endangered_species \"Endangered species\") but also because of the high cost of the balls. This search led to the development of [celluloid](/wiki/Celluloid \"Celluloid\"), the first industrial [plastic](/wiki/Plastic \"Plastic\"), and balls have been made of various plastic compounds ever since, from materials such as [bakelite](/wiki/Bakelite \"Bakelite\"), to modern\\-day [phenolic resin](/wiki/Phenolic_resin \"Phenolic resin\"), [polyester](/wiki/Polyester \"Polyester\") and [acrylic](/wiki/Acrylate_polymer \"Acrylate polymer\").", "Carom billiards balls come most often as a set of two {{Cuegloss\\|Cue ball\\|cue balls}} (one white and one yellow) and a red {{Cuegloss\\|Object ball\\|object ball}}. Carom balls are {{convert\\|61\\.5\\|mm\\|in}} in diameter and weigh the same, between {{convert\\|205\\|\\-\\|220\\|g\\|oz}}.", "Internationally standardized pool balls come in sets of 16, including two {{Cuegloss\\|Suit\\|suits}} or {{Cuegloss\\|Group\\|groups}} of numbered object balls, seven {{Cuegloss\\|Solid\\|solids}} (1–7\\) and seven {{Cuegloss\\|Stripe\\|stripes}} (9–15\\), a {{Cuegloss\\|Black ball\\|black}} {{Cuegloss\\|8 ball\\|8 ball}} and a white cue ball. Standard pool balls are {{convert\\|2\\.25\\|in\\|mm}} in diameter and are {{convert\\|6\\|oz\\|g}} in weight. Some coin\\-operated tables use a slightly different sized cue ball to allow for the cue ball to be separated by ball\\-return mechanisms, while others use magnetic or optical ball separators.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Why Should I Get High\\-Quality Billiard Balls? / Legacy Billiards Blog {{!}} Legacy Billiards \\|work\\=legacybilliards.com \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2018 \\|url\\= https://www.legacybilliards.com/blog/why\\-should\\-i\\-get\\-high\\-quality\\-billiard\\-balls/ }} \"Casino\\-style\" balls, commonly used in Britain and other countries where the blackball variant is more common, come in unnumbered suits of {{Cuegloss\\|Red ball\\|reds}} and {{Cuegloss\\|Yellow ball\\|yellows}}. Casino\\-style balls are often smaller at {{convert\\|2\\|in\\|mm}}, and may feature a smaller, lighter cue ball.", "The games of [snooker](/wiki/Snooker \"Snooker\") and [English billiards](/wiki/English_billiards \"English billiards\") use balls smaller than those used in both pool and carom, with all balls measuring {{convert\\|52\\.5\\|mm\\|in}} in diameter. In addition, six of the object balls used in snooker are uniquely coloured and have specific {{Cuegloss\\|Point\\|point}} values.", "### Tables", "There are many sizes and styles of [billiard tables](/wiki/Billiard_tables \"Billiard tables\"). With the exception of some variants of [bumper pool](/wiki/Bumper_pool \"Bumper pool\"), and some novelty tables, all billiard tables are rectangles that are twice as long as they are wide. Quality tables have a multi\\-slab [slate](/wiki/Slate \"Slate\") bed over which the cloth ([baize](/wiki/Baize \"Baize\")) is stretched. Less\\-rigid materials are prone to game\\-affecting changes due to humidity, and even permanent warping, as well as other problems.", "The international standard for carom billiard tables is a playing surface (measured from {{Cuegloss\\|Rail\\|rail}} {{Cuegloss\\|Cushion\\|cushion}} to rail cushion) of 2\\.84 by 1\\.42 m (112 by 56 in, or 9\\.32 by 4\\.66 ft), \\+/\\- 5 mm, though many (especially American) tables for amateur use are 10 x 5 ft (3 by 1\\.5 m). The slate beds of profession\\-grade carom tables are usually heated to stave off moisture and provide a consistent playing surface.", "Most pool tables are known as 7\\-, 8\\- or 9\\-footers, referring to the nominal length of the playing surface's long side. The internationally standardised size for professional play is 9 by 4\\.5 ft (274 by 137 cm). In former times, 10 by 5 ft (3 by 1\\.5 m) and even 12 by 6 ft (3\\.7 by 1\\.8 m) tables were common, but today these are used only for snooker, the carom\\-pocket hybrid known as *[English billiards](/wiki/English_billiards \"English billiards\")*, and some other regional variants, such as *[Russian pyramid](/wiki/Russian_pyramid \"Russian pyramid\")* and [Finnish](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\") *kaisa*. Ten\\-foot pool tables mostly date from the early 20th century or earlier, but can occasionally still be found in older [pool halls](/wiki/Pool_hall \"Pool hall\"). Pool tables as small as 6 by 3 ft. are available for homes and cramped public spaces, but are not commonly preferred. Pool table beds are usually not heated.", "Snooker tables use smaller pockets compared to pool tables and rounded cushions at the pocket openings.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pool Table Sizes \\|work\\=diamondbackbilliards.com \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.diamondbackbilliards.com/Pool\\-Table\\-Sizes/index.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109151609/https://diamondbackbilliards.com/Pool\\-Table\\-Sizes/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=9 November 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Cloth", "The {{Cuegloss\\|Bed\\|beds}} and {{Cuegloss\\|Cushion\\|cushions}} of all kinds of billiard\\-type tables (carom, pool, and snooker) are covered with a tightly\\-[woven](/wiki/Weaving \"Weaving\") cloth called [baize](/wiki/Baize \"Baize\"), generally of [worsted wool](/wiki/Worsted_wool \"Worsted wool\"), although wool\\-[nylon](/wiki/Nylon \"Nylon\") blends are common and some 100% [synthetics](/wiki/Synthetic_fiber \"Synthetic fiber\") are in use. Baize is principally a [Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_English \"Commonwealth English\") term, with \"cloth\" being preferred in [North American English](/wiki/North_American_English \"North American English\"). It is often erroneously referred to as \"[felt](/wiki/Felt \"Felt\")\", which is not woven. Faster\\-playing 100% [woolen](/wiki/Wool \"Wool\") cloth is most commonly used on home tables and in high\\-end [pool halls](/wiki/Pool_hall \"Pool hall\"). The cloth plays {{Cuegloss\\|Fast\\|faster}} because it is smoother, thinner, more tightly\\-woven, and less fuzzy, providing less [friction](/wiki/Friction \"Friction\") and thus allowing the balls to roll farther across the table bed. Billiard cloth has traditionally been green for centuries, representing the grass of the ancentral lawn game. Some have theorised that the colour may serve a useful function, as (non\\-[colour\\-blind](/wiki/Color_blindness \"Color blindness\")) humans supposedly have a higher sensitivity to green than to any other colour. However, no known studies have demonstrated any noticeable effect of cloth colour on professional or amateur play. Today, billiard cloth is available in a wide array of colours, with red, blue, grey, and burgundy being very common choices. In recent years cloth with dyed designs has become available, such as sports, university, beer, motorcycle and tournament sponsor logos.", "There is no core difference between carom and pool cloth. Serious players of both types of cue sports generally prefer fast cloth, as it requires less force when shooting, allowing a more accurate and \"finessed\" {{Cuegloss\\|Stroke\\|stroke}}, and better ability to {{Cuegloss\\|Speed control\\|control cue ball speed}} and thus {{Cuegloss\\|Shape\\|\"shape\"}} or {{Cuegloss\\|Position play\\|position}}. {{Cuegloss\\|Angle of reflection\\|Rebound angles}} off of cushions are also more accurate with faster cloth, and a tighter, thinner cloth retains less moisture. The principal difference is that the vast majority of pool tables encountered by the general public (i.e. in taverns and average pool halls) have cloth that is considerably thicker, coarser and slower, with the result that average recreational players have little understanding of the finer points of the effects of fast cloth on the game, and tend to shoot too hard when playing on better\\-equipped tables.", "Snooker cloth, on the other hand, has a notable directional [nap](/wiki/Nap_%28textile%29 \"Nap (textile)\") (except on most US\\-based tables, which use napless cloth), and compensating for the effect of this nap on ball speed and trajectory is an important element in mastery of the game.", "### Racks", "Carom billiards games generally do not make use of ball racks. Depending upon the specific game in question, the balls may be released randomly, or set in very specific positions at the beginning of the game.", "In most pool games, the object balls are tightly {{Cuegloss\\|Rack\\|racked}} (placed within a usually wooden or plastic [ball rack](/wiki/Rack_%28billiards%29 \"Rack (billiards)\") and moved into position) at a specific location on the table (which can vary from game to game). In internationally standardized games such as nine\\-ball and eight\\-ball, the {{Cuegloss\\|Apex\\|apex ball}} of the rack (the ball furthest from the racker, pointing toward the end of the table from which the {{Cuegloss\\|Break\\|break shot}} will be taken) is placed on the {{Cuegloss\\|Foot spot\\|foot spot}}, a {{Cuegloss\\|Spot\\|spot}} that is at the intersection of the lateral middle of the racking end of the table, known as the {{Cuegloss\\|Foot string\\|foot string}}, and the table's longitudinal center, known as the {{Cuegloss\\|Long string\\|long string}}); the game\\-winning \"{{Cuegloss\\|Money ball\\|\"money ball\"}} is in the center of the rack. In many games there may also be other racking requirements, such as the 1 ball at the apex. In some regional versions, the money ball must go on the foot spot. Some pool games, such as [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_%28pool%29 \"Chicago (pool)\"), are not racked at all, but as in many carom games have specific spotting locations for the balls. Snooker makes use of both tactics, with the pack of 15 {{Cuegloss\\|Red ball\\|red balls}} being racked much as in pool, and the special {{Cuegloss\\|Colour ball\\|colour balls}} each having certain spots assigned to each.", "There are two main types of racks; the more common {{Cuegloss\\|Triangle\\|triangular type}} which is used in eight\\-ball, [fifteen\\-ball](/wiki/Fifteen-ball_pool \"Fifteen-ball pool\"), straight pool and many other games, and a {{Cuegloss\\|Diamond\\|diamond\\-shaped one}}, is used in nine\\-ball. Special [hexagonal](/wiki/Hexagon \"Hexagon\") racks are available for [seven\\-ball](/wiki/Seven-ball \"Seven-ball\"), but the diamond rack can actually be used, sideways, for racking this game.", "### Cues", "All cue sports (with the exception of cueless offshoots known as finger billiards and hand pool) are played with a stick known as a [cue stick](/wiki/Cue_stick \"Cue stick\"), or simply cue. A cue may be either a one\\-piece tapered stick, or a two\\-piece cue that screws together. The {{Cuegloss\\|Butt\\|butt end of the cue}} is of larger circumference and is intended to be gripped by the player's shooting hand, while the {{Cuegloss\\|Shaft\\|cue shaft}} is narrower, usually tapering to a 10 to 15 mm (0\\.4 to 0\\.6 in) rigid terminus called a {{Cuegloss\\|ferrule}}, where a {{Cuegloss\\|Cue tip\\|leather tip}} is affixed to make final contact with balls. Cues can be made of different varieties of wood depending upon the cost factor. Traditionally hand\\-crafted cues are often spliced with various decorative hardwoods like [cocobolo](/wiki/Cocobolo \"Cocobolo\"), and further decorated with inlays of attractive or valuable materials such as [silver](/wiki/Silver \"Silver\"), [mother of pearl](/wiki/Mother_of_pearl \"Mother of pearl\"), or [semi\\-precious stones](/wiki/Semi-precious_stone \"Semi-precious stone\"). Some are designed with modern materials (e.g. [fiberglass](/wiki/Fiberglass \"Fiberglass\") or [graphite carbon fibre](/wiki/Carbon_fiber_reinforced_polymer \"Carbon fiber reinforced polymer\") reinforcements) and techniques (including [vibration](/wiki/Vibration \"Vibration\") damping) in ways similar to high\\-end [golf clubs](/wiki/Golf_club \"Golf club\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Discover A Hobby \\- Ultimate Directory for Finding and Learning New Hobbies!! \\|work\\=discoverahobby.com \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2018 \\|url\\=http://discoverahobby.com/learn/Billiards\\_/\\_Pool \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828115019/http://discoverahobby.com/learn/Billiards\\_/\\_Pool \\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "There are various cue aids. [Chalk](/wiki/Cue_sports%23Chalk \"Cue sports#Chalk\"), which comes in hard, dyed, paper\\-wrapped cubes, must be periodically applied to the tip of the cue during every game to prevent miscuing, especially when attempting to impart spin to the ball. \"Chalk\" is not actually [chalk](/wiki/Chalk \"Chalk\") ([calcium carbonate](/wiki/Calcium_carbonate \"Calcium carbonate\")) at all, but a mixture of [silica](/wiki/Silica \"Silica\") and [aluminium oxide](/wiki/Aluminium_oxide \"Aluminium oxide\"). The {{Cuegloss\\|Mechanical bridge\\|mechanical bridge}}, also known as {{Cuegloss\\|Rest\\|rest}} or bridge stick, is a cue\\-like stick with a head on it upon which the cue can be rested in a groove or crook; this is used to give support to the cue in shots not reachable by or too awkward for the {{Cuegloss\\|Bridge hand\\|bridge hand}}. A tip tool or scuffer is an abbraisive or micro\\-puncturing hand\\-held tool that is used to prevent the tip from becoming too hard and smooth from repeated cue ball impacts to properly hold chalk. {{Cuegloss\\|Talc\\|hand talc}} or a {{Cuegloss\\|Pool glove\\|pool glove}} may be used on the bridge hand to keep the {{Cuegloss\\|Stroke\\|stroke}} smooth; this is especially helpful in humid environments.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Learn How to Play Pool Billiards Snooker Lessons Tips Instruction \\- Easy Pool Tutor \\|last\\=Tutor \\|first\\=Easy Pool \\|work\\=easypooltutor.com \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2018 \\|url\\=http://www.easypooltutor.com/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223226/http://www.easypooltutor.com/ \\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Carom billiard cues are typically shorter, at usually 54 to 57 in (137 to 145 cm), than pool and snooker cues, which average 57 to 59 in (145 to 150 cm), but the exact dimensions are a matter of player preference. Carom cue ferrules and tips are most often 11 to 12 mm in diameter, versus a butt diameter of 32 33mm, while pool tips average around 12\\.5 to 13\\.5 mm (butt 31 to 32 mm), with snooker tips at typically 9\\.5 to 10\\.5 mm (butt 30 to 31 mm). Many skilled pool players prefer to shoot with a snooker\\-sized tip, but few professionals do so, including the former snooker pros who have long dominated [women's nine\\-ball](/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Billiard_Association \"Women's Professional Billiard Association\"). Cue weight is another factor that varies more as a matter of player preference. Non\\-custom carom cues available from most makers range from 17 to 20–oz, with the average being about 17\\.5–oz. Stock pool cues are available sometimes from 15 to 22 oz, though few serious players use anything, and many manufactures provide nothing, outside the 18 to 20–oz range, and the most common weight is 19 oz. Snooker cues are often graded as simply \"light\" (17 to 18 oz) or \"heavy\" (19 to 20 oz).", "Carom cues most often have a ferrule of [brass](/wiki/Brass \"Brass\"), although [phenolic resin](/wiki/Phenolic_resin \"Phenolic resin\") and fiberglass are becoming more common. Pool cues usually have a ferrule of phenolic resin or fiberglass, although metal was formerly very common. Most snooker cues have a brass ferrule. Personal carom and pool cues are both typically jointed at the half\\-way point in the piece, while snooker cues most commonly are around two\\-thirds shaft and one third butt, requiring a longer carrying case. Carom cues usually have a wood\\-to\\-wood joint, with a delicate threaded wooden pin, on the principle that this produces a better feel and weight balance, while pool cues most often have a metal joint and pin, since pool games tend to involve considerably more force, necessitating reinforcement. Snooker cues usually have a sunken metal joint, providing both strength and wood\\-to\\-wood contact. Carom and snooker cues are more often hand\\-made, and are more costly on average than pool cues, since the market for mass\\-produced cues is only particularly strong in the pool segment. High\\-end hand\\-made but non\\-custom carom and snooker cues are largely products of Europe and Asia, while their pool counterparts are mostly North American products. The bulk of machine\\-made cues are sold by American brands, but are outsourced from non\\-US labour pools. In the extreme carom discipline known as [artistic billiards](/wiki/Artistic_billiards \"Artistic billiards\"), a master practitioner may have 20 or more cues, of a wide range of specifications, each customised for performing a particular shot or trick.", "" ]
Overview -------- ### Prior to the cancellation Both reigning champions in the men's and women's championship divisions were eliminated before the semifinals. In the men's championship division, the winningest team, [BYU](/wiki/BYU_Cougars_men%27s_soccer "BYU Cougars men's soccer"), would see their earliest exit from the tournament with an 2–1 loss in the quarterfinals to eventual champions Florida while in the women's championship division, the reigning back\-to\-back champion, UC\-Santa Barbara, were eliminated in the round of 16 by the [2015](/wiki/2015_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship "2015 NIRSA National Soccer Championship") national champions Michigan State following [penalties](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 "Penalty shoot-out (association football)"). The women's championship division was also left with only one team that had previously claimed a title: Ohio State who won in [2014](/wiki/2014_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship "2014 NIRSA National Soccer Championship").{{Cite web \|last\=Rios \|first\=Mario \|date\=2018\-12\-14 \|title\=Read about the rain and games at the 2018 National Soccer Tournament \|url\=https://nirsa.net/nirsa/2018/12/14/2018\-national\-soccer\-recap/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-03 \|website\=NIRSA \|language\=en\-US}} ### Continuation Inclement weather cancelled all games Saturday after the 10:00am games, meaning the semi\-final matches in the championship divisions and the finals of the open divisions were unable to be played. Attempting to avoid a repeat of the [2013 tournament](/wiki/2013_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship "2013 NIRSA National Soccer Championship") where no champions were crowned, a unique continuation was put into place for each division based on the remaining teams.{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-08\-16 \|title\=2018 NIRSA Championship Series National Soccer Tournament Results \|url\=https://play.nirsa.net/wp\-content/uploads/soccer\-2018\-results\-booklet.pdf \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-08 \|website\=NIRSA Play}} #### Men's championship The 4 remaining men's teams were North Carolina, Florida, Virginia Tech, and Ohio State. A continuation was held January 26, 2019 at the UNC\-Charlotte Rec Fields in [Charlotte, NC](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"). Games consisted of 45 minute halves with a 10 minute halftime. The first semifinal saw North Carolina face [Region II](/wiki/Southeast_Collegiate_Soccer_Alliance "Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance") tournament champion Virginia Tech in a rematch from the aforementioned [2018 Region II tournament](/wiki/2018_SCSA_Regional_Tournament "2018 SCSA Regional Tournament")'s group stage that ended in a 1–1 draw. The only goals of the game were 2 North Carolina goals scored in the first half, seeing North Carolina in the finals for the second time in 4 years. The second semifinal saw Ohio State face Florida. A first half goal from eventual MVP Tyler Garrison of Florida was the only goal of the game and saw Florida advancing to the finals to face regional opponent North Carolina. Due to the unique circumstances of the tournament, the men's division decided to have a third place match, which had never occurred in the previous 24 iterations of the tournament in any division. Ohio State would beat Virginia Tech 3–1 to claim 3rd place. After 90 minutes, the final between 2015 national champion North Carolina and regional foe Florida was tied 0–0, meaning a 15 minute [sudden\-goal](/wiki/Golden_goal "Golden goal") overtime was to be conducted. Eventual MVP Tyler Garrison of Florida scored a free\-kick in this overtime period to give Florida their first national title. This was [Region II](/wiki/Southeast_Collegiate_Soccer_Alliance "Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance")'s third national title in four years despite not winning any of the previous 21 iterations.{{Cite web \|last\=Voltoline \|first\=Chrissy \|date\=2019\-05\-08 \|title\=FEATURE: UF Men's Club Soccer Claims First National Championship \|url\=https://www.wruf.com/headlines/2019/05/08/feature\-uf\-mens\-club\-soccer\-claims\-first\-national\-championship/ \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-09 \|website\=ESPN 98\.1FM/850AM WRUF \|language\=en\-US}} #### Women's championship The 4 remaining teams were UC\-Davis, Illinois, Clemson, and Ohio State. The continuation was held February 23 \& 24, 2019 at the Natchez Trace Turf Field at [Vanderbilt University](/wiki/Vanderbilt_University "Vanderbilt University")'s Rec Fields in [Nashville, TN](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee "Nashville, Tennessee"). Initially, the tournament was supposed to be outside and end all in one day, but was again postponed due to rain. The semifinals were rescheduled to 8:30pm and 10:30pm indoors on Vanderbilt's Student Rec Center turf field with the finals being at 7:30am [CST](/wiki/Central_Time_Zone "Central Time Zone") the following day, February 24, on the grass that they initially planned on using for all the games. Games were 40 minutes with a 10 minute halftime. The first semifinal saw Ohio State face Clemson. Ohio State scored first in the 20th minute, a lead they held until the 51st minute when Clemson tied the game at 1–1\. Ohio State countered with 3 goals in 7 minutes, beginning only 2 minutes after Clemson scored, and they would go on to win 4–1\. The second semifinal saw UC\-Davis face Illinois. UC\-Davis scored 19 minutes into the game and held that lead until the final 6 minutes of regulation when Illinois tied the game at 1–1\. The game would remain tied at the end of regulation and go to a 15 minute sudden\-victory overtime. UC\-Davis' Cayla Stillman scored to send UC\-Davis to their first national championship finals. The game ended at 12:46am with the finals being at 7:30am. The final between Ohio State and UC\-Davis was scoreless at halftime, but 2 second half goals led to a 2–0 Ohio State victory, making them the only national champion to not win their first title this season.{{Cite web \|title\=Schedule \& Results \|url\=https://osuwsc.weebly.com/schedule\-\-results.html \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-09 \|website\=OSUWSC \|language\=en}} #### Men's open The 2 remaining teams were undefeated, untied UCLA, who were yet to concede a goal, and [2003 men's championship division](/wiki/2003_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship "2003 NIRSA National Soccer Championship") "finalists" Utah Valley State. The teams were unable to get a continuation scheduled, making them joint champions. #### Women's open The 2 remaining teams were group play runners\-up and finals debutants, University of Southern California (USC), and undefeated, untied, [2006](/wiki/2006_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship "2006 NIRSA National Soccer Championship") women's championship division champions San Diego State. Only 120 miles separate these schools, making the continuation fairly convenient. The continuation was held February 23, 2019 at [UC\-Irvine](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Irvine "University of California, Irvine")'s Rec Fields in [Irvine, CA](/wiki/Irvine%2C_California "Irvine, California"). San Diego State scored the first 3 goals, including one from eventual MVP Ellen Smolarski, in a 3–1 victory over USC for their first national title.
[ "Overview\n--------", "### Prior to the cancellation", "Both reigning champions in the men's and women's championship divisions were eliminated before the semifinals. In the men's championship division, the winningest team, [BYU](/wiki/BYU_Cougars_men%27s_soccer \"BYU Cougars men's soccer\"), would see their earliest exit from the tournament with an 2–1 loss in the quarterfinals to eventual champions Florida while in the women's championship division, the reigning back\\-to\\-back champion, UC\\-Santa Barbara, were eliminated in the round of 16 by the [2015](/wiki/2015_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship \"2015 NIRSA National Soccer Championship\") national champions Michigan State following [penalties](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\"). The women's championship division was also left with only one team that had previously claimed a title: Ohio State who won in [2014](/wiki/2014_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship \"2014 NIRSA National Soccer Championship\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rios \\|first\\=Mario \\|date\\=2018\\-12\\-14 \\|title\\=Read about the rain and games at the 2018 National Soccer Tournament \\|url\\=https://nirsa.net/nirsa/2018/12/14/2018\\-national\\-soccer\\-recap/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-03 \\|website\\=NIRSA \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "### Continuation", "Inclement weather cancelled all games Saturday after the 10:00am games, meaning the semi\\-final matches in the championship divisions and the finals of the open divisions were unable to be played. Attempting to avoid a repeat of the [2013 tournament](/wiki/2013_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship \"2013 NIRSA National Soccer Championship\") where no champions were crowned, a unique continuation was put into place for each division based on the remaining teams.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-16 \\|title\\=2018 NIRSA Championship Series National Soccer Tournament Results \\|url\\=https://play.nirsa.net/wp\\-content/uploads/soccer\\-2018\\-results\\-booklet.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-08 \\|website\\=NIRSA Play}}", "#### Men's championship", "The 4 remaining men's teams were North Carolina, Florida, Virginia Tech, and Ohio State. A continuation was held January 26, 2019 at the UNC\\-Charlotte Rec Fields in [Charlotte, NC](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\"). Games consisted of 45 minute halves with a 10 minute halftime.", "The first semifinal saw North Carolina face [Region II](/wiki/Southeast_Collegiate_Soccer_Alliance \"Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance\") tournament champion Virginia Tech in a rematch from the aforementioned [2018 Region II tournament](/wiki/2018_SCSA_Regional_Tournament \"2018 SCSA Regional Tournament\")'s group stage that ended in a 1–1 draw. The only goals of the game were 2 North Carolina goals scored in the first half, seeing North Carolina in the finals for the second time in 4 years. The second semifinal saw Ohio State face Florida. A first half goal from eventual MVP Tyler Garrison of Florida was the only goal of the game and saw Florida advancing to the finals to face regional opponent North Carolina. Due to the unique circumstances of the tournament, the men's division decided to have a third place match, which had never occurred in the previous 24 iterations of the tournament in any division. Ohio State would beat Virginia Tech 3–1 to claim 3rd place.", "After 90 minutes, the final between 2015 national champion North Carolina and regional foe Florida was tied 0–0, meaning a 15 minute [sudden\\-goal](/wiki/Golden_goal \"Golden goal\") overtime was to be conducted. Eventual MVP Tyler Garrison of Florida scored a free\\-kick in this overtime period to give Florida their first national title. This was [Region II](/wiki/Southeast_Collegiate_Soccer_Alliance \"Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance\")'s third national title in four years despite not winning any of the previous 21 iterations.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Voltoline \\|first\\=Chrissy \\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-08 \\|title\\=FEATURE: UF Men's Club Soccer Claims First National Championship \\|url\\=https://www.wruf.com/headlines/2019/05/08/feature\\-uf\\-mens\\-club\\-soccer\\-claims\\-first\\-national\\-championship/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-09 \\|website\\=ESPN 98\\.1FM/850AM WRUF \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "#### Women's championship", "The 4 remaining teams were UC\\-Davis, Illinois, Clemson, and Ohio State. The continuation was held February 23 \\& 24, 2019 at the Natchez Trace Turf Field at [Vanderbilt University](/wiki/Vanderbilt_University \"Vanderbilt University\")'s Rec Fields in [Nashville, TN](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\"). Initially, the tournament was supposed to be outside and end all in one day, but was again postponed due to rain. The semifinals were rescheduled to 8:30pm and 10:30pm indoors on Vanderbilt's Student Rec Center turf field with the finals being at 7:30am [CST](/wiki/Central_Time_Zone \"Central Time Zone\") the following day, February 24, on the grass that they initially planned on using for all the games. Games were 40 minutes with a 10 minute halftime.", "The first semifinal saw Ohio State face Clemson. Ohio State scored first in the 20th minute, a lead they held until the 51st minute when Clemson tied the game at 1–1\\. Ohio State countered with 3 goals in 7 minutes, beginning only 2 minutes after Clemson scored, and they would go on to win 4–1\\. The second semifinal saw UC\\-Davis face Illinois. UC\\-Davis scored 19 minutes into the game and held that lead until the final 6 minutes of regulation when Illinois tied the game at 1–1\\. The game would remain tied at the end of regulation and go to a 15 minute sudden\\-victory overtime. UC\\-Davis' Cayla Stillman scored to send UC\\-Davis to their first national championship finals. The game ended at 12:46am with the finals being at 7:30am.", "The final between Ohio State and UC\\-Davis was scoreless at halftime, but 2 second half goals led to a 2–0 Ohio State victory, making them the only national champion to not win their first title this season.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Schedule \\& Results \\|url\\=https://osuwsc.weebly.com/schedule\\-\\-results.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-09 \\|website\\=OSUWSC \\|language\\=en}}", "#### Men's open", "The 2 remaining teams were undefeated, untied UCLA, who were yet to concede a goal, and [2003 men's championship division](/wiki/2003_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship \"2003 NIRSA National Soccer Championship\") \"finalists\" Utah Valley State. The teams were unable to get a continuation scheduled, making them joint champions.", "#### Women's open", "The 2 remaining teams were group play runners\\-up and finals debutants, University of Southern California (USC), and undefeated, untied, [2006](/wiki/2006_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship \"2006 NIRSA National Soccer Championship\") women's championship division champions San Diego State. Only 120 miles separate these schools, making the continuation fairly convenient. The continuation was held February 23, 2019 at [UC\\-Irvine](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Irvine \"University of California, Irvine\")'s Rec Fields in [Irvine, CA](/wiki/Irvine%2C_California \"Irvine, California\"). San Diego State scored the first 3 goals, including one from eventual MVP Ellen Smolarski, in a 3–1 victory over USC for their first national title.", "" ]
### Continuation Inclement weather cancelled all games Saturday after the 10:00am games, meaning the semi\-final matches in the championship divisions and the finals of the open divisions were unable to be played. Attempting to avoid a repeat of the [2013 tournament](/wiki/2013_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship "2013 NIRSA National Soccer Championship") where no champions were crowned, a unique continuation was put into place for each division based on the remaining teams.{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-08\-16 \|title\=2018 NIRSA Championship Series National Soccer Tournament Results \|url\=https://play.nirsa.net/wp\-content/uploads/soccer\-2018\-results\-booklet.pdf \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-08 \|website\=NIRSA Play}} #### Men's championship The 4 remaining men's teams were North Carolina, Florida, Virginia Tech, and Ohio State. A continuation was held January 26, 2019 at the UNC\-Charlotte Rec Fields in [Charlotte, NC](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"). Games consisted of 45 minute halves with a 10 minute halftime. The first semifinal saw North Carolina face [Region II](/wiki/Southeast_Collegiate_Soccer_Alliance "Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance") tournament champion Virginia Tech in a rematch from the aforementioned [2018 Region II tournament](/wiki/2018_SCSA_Regional_Tournament "2018 SCSA Regional Tournament")'s group stage that ended in a 1–1 draw. The only goals of the game were 2 North Carolina goals scored in the first half, seeing North Carolina in the finals for the second time in 4 years. The second semifinal saw Ohio State face Florida. A first half goal from eventual MVP Tyler Garrison of Florida was the only goal of the game and saw Florida advancing to the finals to face regional opponent North Carolina. Due to the unique circumstances of the tournament, the men's division decided to have a third place match, which had never occurred in the previous 24 iterations of the tournament in any division. Ohio State would beat Virginia Tech 3–1 to claim 3rd place. After 90 minutes, the final between 2015 national champion North Carolina and regional foe Florida was tied 0–0, meaning a 15 minute [sudden\-goal](/wiki/Golden_goal "Golden goal") overtime was to be conducted. Eventual MVP Tyler Garrison of Florida scored a free\-kick in this overtime period to give Florida their first national title. This was [Region II](/wiki/Southeast_Collegiate_Soccer_Alliance "Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance")'s third national title in four years despite not winning any of the previous 21 iterations.{{Cite web \|last\=Voltoline \|first\=Chrissy \|date\=2019\-05\-08 \|title\=FEATURE: UF Men's Club Soccer Claims First National Championship \|url\=https://www.wruf.com/headlines/2019/05/08/feature\-uf\-mens\-club\-soccer\-claims\-first\-national\-championship/ \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-09 \|website\=ESPN 98\.1FM/850AM WRUF \|language\=en\-US}} #### Women's championship The 4 remaining teams were UC\-Davis, Illinois, Clemson, and Ohio State. The continuation was held February 23 \& 24, 2019 at the Natchez Trace Turf Field at [Vanderbilt University](/wiki/Vanderbilt_University "Vanderbilt University")'s Rec Fields in [Nashville, TN](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee "Nashville, Tennessee"). Initially, the tournament was supposed to be outside and end all in one day, but was again postponed due to rain. The semifinals were rescheduled to 8:30pm and 10:30pm indoors on Vanderbilt's Student Rec Center turf field with the finals being at 7:30am [CST](/wiki/Central_Time_Zone "Central Time Zone") the following day, February 24, on the grass that they initially planned on using for all the games. Games were 40 minutes with a 10 minute halftime. The first semifinal saw Ohio State face Clemson. Ohio State scored first in the 20th minute, a lead they held until the 51st minute when Clemson tied the game at 1–1\. Ohio State countered with 3 goals in 7 minutes, beginning only 2 minutes after Clemson scored, and they would go on to win 4–1\. The second semifinal saw UC\-Davis face Illinois. UC\-Davis scored 19 minutes into the game and held that lead until the final 6 minutes of regulation when Illinois tied the game at 1–1\. The game would remain tied at the end of regulation and go to a 15 minute sudden\-victory overtime. UC\-Davis' Cayla Stillman scored to send UC\-Davis to their first national championship finals. The game ended at 12:46am with the finals being at 7:30am. The final between Ohio State and UC\-Davis was scoreless at halftime, but 2 second half goals led to a 2–0 Ohio State victory, making them the only national champion to not win their first title this season.{{Cite web \|title\=Schedule \& Results \|url\=https://osuwsc.weebly.com/schedule\-\-results.html \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-09 \|website\=OSUWSC \|language\=en}} #### Men's open The 2 remaining teams were undefeated, untied UCLA, who were yet to concede a goal, and [2003 men's championship division](/wiki/2003_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship "2003 NIRSA National Soccer Championship") "finalists" Utah Valley State. The teams were unable to get a continuation scheduled, making them joint champions. #### Women's open The 2 remaining teams were group play runners\-up and finals debutants, University of Southern California (USC), and undefeated, untied, [2006](/wiki/2006_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship "2006 NIRSA National Soccer Championship") women's championship division champions San Diego State. Only 120 miles separate these schools, making the continuation fairly convenient. The continuation was held February 23, 2019 at [UC\-Irvine](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Irvine "University of California, Irvine")'s Rec Fields in [Irvine, CA](/wiki/Irvine%2C_California "Irvine, California"). San Diego State scored the first 3 goals, including one from eventual MVP Ellen Smolarski, in a 3–1 victory over USC for their first national title.
[ "### Continuation", "Inclement weather cancelled all games Saturday after the 10:00am games, meaning the semi\\-final matches in the championship divisions and the finals of the open divisions were unable to be played. Attempting to avoid a repeat of the [2013 tournament](/wiki/2013_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship \"2013 NIRSA National Soccer Championship\") where no champions were crowned, a unique continuation was put into place for each division based on the remaining teams.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-16 \\|title\\=2018 NIRSA Championship Series National Soccer Tournament Results \\|url\\=https://play.nirsa.net/wp\\-content/uploads/soccer\\-2018\\-results\\-booklet.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-08 \\|website\\=NIRSA Play}}", "#### Men's championship", "The 4 remaining men's teams were North Carolina, Florida, Virginia Tech, and Ohio State. A continuation was held January 26, 2019 at the UNC\\-Charlotte Rec Fields in [Charlotte, NC](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\"). Games consisted of 45 minute halves with a 10 minute halftime.", "The first semifinal saw North Carolina face [Region II](/wiki/Southeast_Collegiate_Soccer_Alliance \"Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance\") tournament champion Virginia Tech in a rematch from the aforementioned [2018 Region II tournament](/wiki/2018_SCSA_Regional_Tournament \"2018 SCSA Regional Tournament\")'s group stage that ended in a 1–1 draw. The only goals of the game were 2 North Carolina goals scored in the first half, seeing North Carolina in the finals for the second time in 4 years. The second semifinal saw Ohio State face Florida. A first half goal from eventual MVP Tyler Garrison of Florida was the only goal of the game and saw Florida advancing to the finals to face regional opponent North Carolina. Due to the unique circumstances of the tournament, the men's division decided to have a third place match, which had never occurred in the previous 24 iterations of the tournament in any division. Ohio State would beat Virginia Tech 3–1 to claim 3rd place.", "After 90 minutes, the final between 2015 national champion North Carolina and regional foe Florida was tied 0–0, meaning a 15 minute [sudden\\-goal](/wiki/Golden_goal \"Golden goal\") overtime was to be conducted. Eventual MVP Tyler Garrison of Florida scored a free\\-kick in this overtime period to give Florida their first national title. This was [Region II](/wiki/Southeast_Collegiate_Soccer_Alliance \"Southeast Collegiate Soccer Alliance\")'s third national title in four years despite not winning any of the previous 21 iterations.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Voltoline \\|first\\=Chrissy \\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-08 \\|title\\=FEATURE: UF Men's Club Soccer Claims First National Championship \\|url\\=https://www.wruf.com/headlines/2019/05/08/feature\\-uf\\-mens\\-club\\-soccer\\-claims\\-first\\-national\\-championship/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-09 \\|website\\=ESPN 98\\.1FM/850AM WRUF \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "#### Women's championship", "The 4 remaining teams were UC\\-Davis, Illinois, Clemson, and Ohio State. The continuation was held February 23 \\& 24, 2019 at the Natchez Trace Turf Field at [Vanderbilt University](/wiki/Vanderbilt_University \"Vanderbilt University\")'s Rec Fields in [Nashville, TN](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\"). Initially, the tournament was supposed to be outside and end all in one day, but was again postponed due to rain. The semifinals were rescheduled to 8:30pm and 10:30pm indoors on Vanderbilt's Student Rec Center turf field with the finals being at 7:30am [CST](/wiki/Central_Time_Zone \"Central Time Zone\") the following day, February 24, on the grass that they initially planned on using for all the games. Games were 40 minutes with a 10 minute halftime.", "The first semifinal saw Ohio State face Clemson. Ohio State scored first in the 20th minute, a lead they held until the 51st minute when Clemson tied the game at 1–1\\. Ohio State countered with 3 goals in 7 minutes, beginning only 2 minutes after Clemson scored, and they would go on to win 4–1\\. The second semifinal saw UC\\-Davis face Illinois. UC\\-Davis scored 19 minutes into the game and held that lead until the final 6 minutes of regulation when Illinois tied the game at 1–1\\. The game would remain tied at the end of regulation and go to a 15 minute sudden\\-victory overtime. UC\\-Davis' Cayla Stillman scored to send UC\\-Davis to their first national championship finals. The game ended at 12:46am with the finals being at 7:30am.", "The final between Ohio State and UC\\-Davis was scoreless at halftime, but 2 second half goals led to a 2–0 Ohio State victory, making them the only national champion to not win their first title this season.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Schedule \\& Results \\|url\\=https://osuwsc.weebly.com/schedule\\-\\-results.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-09 \\|website\\=OSUWSC \\|language\\=en}}", "#### Men's open", "The 2 remaining teams were undefeated, untied UCLA, who were yet to concede a goal, and [2003 men's championship division](/wiki/2003_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship \"2003 NIRSA National Soccer Championship\") \"finalists\" Utah Valley State. The teams were unable to get a continuation scheduled, making them joint champions.", "#### Women's open", "The 2 remaining teams were group play runners\\-up and finals debutants, University of Southern California (USC), and undefeated, untied, [2006](/wiki/2006_NIRSA_National_Soccer_Championship \"2006 NIRSA National Soccer Championship\") women's championship division champions San Diego State. Only 120 miles separate these schools, making the continuation fairly convenient. The continuation was held February 23, 2019 at [UC\\-Irvine](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Irvine \"University of California, Irvine\")'s Rec Fields in [Irvine, CA](/wiki/Irvine%2C_California \"Irvine, California\"). San Diego State scored the first 3 goals, including one from eventual MVP Ellen Smolarski, in a 3–1 victory over USC for their first national title.", "" ]
Education and career -------------------- Born in [Huntsville, Ontario](/wiki/Huntsville%2C_Ontario "Huntsville, Ontario"), Alfred Needler attended the [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") beginning in 1922, where he was influenced by the pioneer Canadian oceanographer and fishery biologist Professor [A.G. Huntsman](/wiki/Archibald_Huntsman "Archibald Huntsman"), who encouraged Needler to pursue a career in fishery research. Needler completed undergraduate and graduate studies during the 1920s; his doctorate research was based at the [Atlantic Biological Station](/wiki/Atlantic_Biological_Station "Atlantic Biological Station") in [St. Andrews](/wiki/St._Andrews%2C_New_Brunswick "St. Andrews, New Brunswick"), [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick "New Brunswick") during the summers, although much of his work took him to fishing ports of [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"), where he boarded with fishing families and understood the economic and social impact of marine resources. Upon graduation, Needler entered public service, joining the federal [Department of Marine and Fisheries](/wiki/Department_of_Marine_and_Fisheries_%28Canada%29 "Department of Marine and Fisheries (Canada)") and was appointed to head the oyster farming research centre at [Ellerslie, Prince Edward Island](/wiki/Ellerslie%2C_Prince_Edward_Island "Ellerslie, Prince Edward Island"). In 1941, Needler succeeded Huntsman as the director of the Atlantic Biological Station in St. Andrews. In 1943, Needler was a Canadian delegate to the London Conference on the post\-war international regulation of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. In 1949, Needler was a Canadian delegate to the Washington Conference, which resulted in the creation of the ICNAF. From 1948 to 1950, Needler served as assistant deputy minister of Fisheries and also served as the first chairman of the ICNAF's Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (STACRES). In 1954, Needler was appointed director of the [Pacific Biological Station](/wiki/Pacific_Biological_Station "Pacific Biological Station") in [Nanaimo](/wiki/Nanaimo%2C_British_Columbia "Nanaimo, British Columbia"). During his time on the west coast, Needler served as a Canadian delegate to the [International North Pacific Fisheries Commission](/wiki/International_North_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission "International North Pacific Fisheries Commission") (INPFC) in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In 1963, Needler was appointed to the most senior civil service appointment in the [Department of Fisheries](/wiki/Department_of_Fisheries_%28Canada%29 "Department of Fisheries (Canada)"), becoming deputy minister of Fisheries. As deputy minister (and in retirement), Needler served as the Canadian commissioner to ICNAF from 1966 to 1977, and as the vice\-chairman and then chairman of the ICNAF from 1967 to 1969 and 1969 to 1971 respectively. Needler retired from the civil service in 1971 to return to St. Andrews.
[ "Education and career\n--------------------", "Born in [Huntsville, Ontario](/wiki/Huntsville%2C_Ontario \"Huntsville, Ontario\"), Alfred Needler attended the [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto \"University of Toronto\") beginning in 1922, where he was influenced by the pioneer Canadian oceanographer and fishery biologist Professor [A.G. Huntsman](/wiki/Archibald_Huntsman \"Archibald Huntsman\"), who encouraged Needler to pursue a career in fishery research. Needler completed undergraduate and graduate studies during the 1920s; his doctorate research was based at the [Atlantic Biological Station](/wiki/Atlantic_Biological_Station \"Atlantic Biological Station\") in [St. Andrews](/wiki/St._Andrews%2C_New_Brunswick \"St. Andrews, New Brunswick\"), [New Brunswick](/wiki/New_Brunswick \"New Brunswick\") during the summers, although much of his work took him to fishing ports of [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"), where he boarded with fishing families and understood the economic and social impact of marine resources.", "Upon graduation, Needler entered public service, joining the federal [Department of Marine and Fisheries](/wiki/Department_of_Marine_and_Fisheries_%28Canada%29 \"Department of Marine and Fisheries (Canada)\") and was appointed to head the oyster farming research centre at [Ellerslie, Prince Edward Island](/wiki/Ellerslie%2C_Prince_Edward_Island \"Ellerslie, Prince Edward Island\"). In 1941, Needler succeeded Huntsman as the director of the Atlantic Biological Station in St. Andrews.", "In 1943, Needler was a Canadian delegate to the London Conference on the post\\-war international regulation of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. In 1949, Needler was a Canadian delegate to the Washington Conference, which resulted in the creation of the ICNAF.", "From 1948 to 1950, Needler served as assistant deputy minister of Fisheries and also served as the first chairman of the ICNAF's Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (STACRES).", "In 1954, Needler was appointed director of the [Pacific Biological Station](/wiki/Pacific_Biological_Station \"Pacific Biological Station\") in [Nanaimo](/wiki/Nanaimo%2C_British_Columbia \"Nanaimo, British Columbia\"). During his time on the west coast, Needler served as a Canadian delegate to the [International North Pacific Fisheries Commission](/wiki/International_North_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission \"International North Pacific Fisheries Commission\") (INPFC) in the late 1950s and early 1960s.", "In 1963, Needler was appointed to the most senior civil service appointment in the [Department of Fisheries](/wiki/Department_of_Fisheries_%28Canada%29 \"Department of Fisheries (Canada)\"), becoming deputy minister of Fisheries. As deputy minister (and in retirement), Needler served as the Canadian commissioner to ICNAF from 1966 to 1977, and as the vice\\-chairman and then chairman of the ICNAF from 1967 to 1969 and 1969 to 1971 respectively.", "Needler retired from the civil service in 1971 to return to St. Andrews.", "" ]
Details ------- The IRA placed a {{convert\|50\|lb}} [gelignite](/wiki/Gelignite "Gelignite") bomb on *Shadow V*, a fishing boat owned by Mountbatten, while she was harboured overnight in [Mullaghmore Peninsula](/wiki/Mullaghmore_Peninsula "Mullaghmore Peninsula") in [County Sligo](/wiki/County_Sligo "County Sligo"), [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"). The bomb was detonated several hours later, after Mountbatten and his family and crew had boarded her and taken her offshore. Mountbatten was found alive by fishermen who rushed to the site of the explosion, but he died before reaching shore. Also killed were Mountbatten's 14\-year\-old grandson Nicholas Knatchbull, and Paul Maxwell, a teenage boy from [Enniskillen](/wiki/Enniskillen "Enniskillen") serving as crew. The four others aboard—Mountbatten's daughter [Patricia](/wiki/Patricia_Knatchbull%2C_2nd_Countess_Mountbatten_of_Burma "Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma"); her husband [John Knatchbull](/wiki/John_Knatchbull%2C_7th_Baron_Brabourne "John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne"); their son Timothy (twin brother of Nicholas); and John Knatchbull's mother [Doreen](/wiki/Doreen_Knatchbull%2C_Baroness_Brabourne "Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne")—were all seriously injured. Doreen Knatchbull died in hospital the following day.Kennedy, Leslie (2020\-12\-22\). [The IRA Assassination of Lord Mountbatten: Facts and Fallout](https://www.history.com/news/mountbatten-assassination-ira-thatcher). History Channel. Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\.[British socialite whose father, Lord Mountbatten, and son were killed by the IRA](https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/british-socialite-whose-father-lord-mountbatten-and-son-were-killed-by-the-ira-1.3121650). *Irish Times* (2017\-06\-17\). Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\. The assassination took place during [The Troubles](/wiki/The_Troubles "The Troubles"), a conflict between republicans and [unionists](/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland "Unionism in Ireland") in [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") following the [Partition of Ireland](/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland "Partition of Ireland").[Lord Mountbatten death: Who was he and why was he assassinated?](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/lord-mountbatten-death-the-crown-prince-charles-ira-b1723692.html). *The Independent* (2020\-12\-20\). Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\. The IRA claimed responsibility three days after the bombing, describing the attack as "a discriminate act to bring to the attention of the English people the continuing occupation of our country".[Statement by I.R.A.](https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/31/archives/statement-by-ira.html). *New York Times* (1979\-08\-31\). Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\. Mountbatten was a great\-grandson of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria"), second cousin to [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II "Queen Elizabeth II"), and uncle to her husband [Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh](/wiki/Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh").Hallemann, Caroline (2020\-11\-13\). [Who Is Prince Philip's Uncle, Lord Mountbatten?](https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a14409174/lord-mountbatten-uncle-dickie-the-crown/). *Town and Country Magazine*. Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\. As [Chief of the Defence Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)"), Mountbatten served as head of the [British Armed Forces](/wiki/British_Armed_Forces "British Armed Forces") from 1959 to 1965,[MB1/J Mountbatten Papers: Chief of the Defence Staff, 1959–65](https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/0BA1D2B30EDB49D1B70797C264E5DB92/MB1_J.pdf). University of Southampton. Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\. having previously headed the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") as the [First Sea Lord](/wiki/First_Sea_Lord "First Sea Lord").[MB1/I Mountbatten Papers: First Sea Lord, 1955\-9](https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/5DD9C34B9C0C4A43B93A1FF1E5D3D175/MB1_I.pdf). University of Southampton. Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\. [Sinn Féin](/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in "Sinn Féin") vice\-president [Gerry Adams](/wiki/Gerry_Adams "Gerry Adams") said that Mountbatten was a military target in a war situation.[NORTHERN IRELAND: It is Clearly a War Situation](https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,948791,00.html). *Time* (1979\-11\-19\). Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\. Two hours before the explosion, McMahon had been arrested by the [Garda Síochána](/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na "Garda Síochána") on suspicion of driving a stolen vehicle.[On This Day: 27 August 1979: IRA bomb kills Lord Mountbatten](http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/newsid_2511000/2511545.stm). BBC. Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\. Paint from Mountbatten's boat, and traces of [nitroglycerine](/wiki/Nitroglycerine "Nitroglycerine"), were found on his clothes, and on 23 November 1979 he was convicted of the killings in the Republic of Ireland. His sentence was life imprisonment.[Killer of Lord Mountbatten enjoys freedom, 30 years on from IRA murder](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5995439/Killer-of-Lord-Mountbatten-enjoys-freedom-30-years-on-from-IRA-murder.html). *Daily Telegraph* (2009\-08\-09\). Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\.King, Victoria (2009\-12\-30\). [Files show US\-UK tensions over Northern Ireland in 1979](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8418150.stm). BBC. Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\. The assassination marked an escalation of the conflict, with the IRA committing its deadliest attack on the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army "British Army") (the [Warrenpoint ambush](/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush "Warrenpoint ambush")) on the same day as the assassination.[Timeline: Long road to Northern Irish settlement](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ireland-queen-north-idUSTRE74G2UJ20110517). Reuters (2011\-05\-17\). Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\. Thatcher changed Britain's approach by coordinating the various British security services campaigns against the IRA more centrally and used the [SAS](/wiki/Special_Air_Service "Special Air Service") more aggressively to kill known IRA volunteers who were on active operation. Thatcher was [herself the target of an assassination attempt](/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing "Brighton hotel bombing") five years later.\<ref\>[Lord Mountbatten’s assassination and its impact on IRA’s push for independence](https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-crown-season-four-elizabeth-lord-mountbatten-assassination-ira-7055975/). Indian Express *(2020\-11\-18\). Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\.\</ref\> McMahon was paroled from his life sentence in 1998 after 19 years in prison under the terms of the [Good Friday Agreement](/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement "Good Friday Agreement"), as part of the [Northern Ireland peace process](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process "Northern Ireland peace process") which brought an end to the Troubles after three decades.[This Day in History: 1979 November 23 1979: IRA member sentenced for Mountbatten's assassination](https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ira-member-sentenced-for-mountbattens-assassination). History Channel. Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\.* Reactions --------- The killing was condemned by UK Prime Minister [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher "Margaret Thatcher") and Irish [Taoiseach](/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach") [Jack Lynch](/wiki/Jack_Lynch "Jack Lynch"). Many international figures offered their condolences to the royal family, including US President [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") and [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II "Pope John Paul II").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Y5qZBgAAQBAJ\&q\=Death\+of\+Mountbatten:\+President\+Carter\+profound\+sadness\&pg\=PP79\|title\=The Queen's Speech: An Intimate Portrait of the Queen in her Own Words\|first\= Ingrid \|last\=Seward\|publisher\=Simon \& Schuster\|year\=2015\|isbn\=978\-1\-4711\-5097\-5}}[Death of Mountbatten: Taoiseach John Lynch message to MT (condolences and condemnation)](https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/117639). Margaret Thatcher.org. Retrieved 2022\-07\-20\. The [United States Department of State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State") said: "Americans will especially recall his great contribution to our common cause in World War II as well as his many services to this country and to the world since then." Three days of state mourning was announced in Burma (now known as Myanmar), while in India where he served as the last [Viceroy](/wiki/Viceroy_of_India "Viceroy of India") and first [Governor\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_India "Governor-General of India"), a week of mourning was observed.{{Cite book \|last\= \|first\= \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lV3VAAAAMAAJ \|title\=Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East \|date\=1979 \|publisher\=\[\[BBC Monitoring\|British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service]] \|pages\=A\-9 \|language\=en}} [The Gazette of India](/wiki/The_Gazette_of_India "The Gazette of India") *published an extraordinary [obituary notice](/wiki/Obituary_notice "Obituary notice"), the [All India Radio](/wiki/All_India_Radio "All India Radio") broadcast a short tribute including statements by former [Prime Minister of India](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India "Prime Minister of India") [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi "Indira Gandhi") who called him "an extraordinary personality, a lion, a born leader of men".* Tribute to Lord Mountbatten*, a [television special](/wiki/Television_special "Television special") on [DD National](/wiki/DD_National "DD National") was broadcast, led by Prime Minister [Charan Singh](/wiki/Charan_Singh "Charan Singh"); it included Indira Gandhi and other Indian leaders.{{Cite journal \|last\=Ankit \|first\=Rakesh \|date\=2021\-10\-02 \|title\=Mountbatten and India, 1964–79: after Nehru \|journal\=\[\[Contemporary British History]] \|volume\=35 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=569–596 \|doi\=10\.1080/13619462\.2021\.1944113 \|s2cid\=237793636 \|issn\=1361\-9462\|doi\-access\=free }} Singh also signed the [condolence book](/wiki/Condolence_book "Condolence book") at the [British High Commission, New Delhi](/wiki/British_High_Commission%2C_New_Delhi "British High Commission, New Delhi").{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-02\-19 \|title\=Prime Minister Ch. Charan Singh signing condolence book for Earl Mountbatten at British High Commission in Delhi \|url\=https://charansingh.org/photos/prime\-minister\-ch\-charan\-singh\-signing\-condolence\-book\-earl\-mountbatten\-british\-high \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-13 \|website\=charansingh.org}} Providing condolences, the [President of India](/wiki/President_of_India "President of India") [Neelam Sanjiva Reddy](/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy "Neelam Sanjiva Reddy") said in a message to Queen Elizabeth II "Lord Mountbatten will always occupy a place of honor in India."{{Cite news \|date\=1979\-08\-28 \|title\=India Orders Mourning For Slain British Hero\|newspaper\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/28/archives/india\-orders\-mourning\-for\-slain\-british\-hero.html \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-13 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} PM Charan Singh remarked that Mountbatten's "drive and vigour helped in the difficult period after our independence".{{cite book \| title\=Charan Singh: Selected Speeches, July 1979\-December 1979 \| publisher\=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting \| year\=1992 \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=qshHAAAAMAAJ \| page\=55}}* The assassination also horrified the [Irish American](/wiki/Irish_Americans "Irish Americans") community, who viewed Mountbatten as a hero for his role in defeating the [Axis powers](/wiki/Axis_powers "Axis powers") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") (many American soldiers in the war served under him),{{Cite book\|title\=A Different Way to Win: Dan Rooney's Story: From the Super Bowl to the Rooney Rule\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=JCgDEAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT136\|author\=Jim Rooney\|date\=2019\|page\=136\-137\|publisher\=AMTZ Chiloé Publishing, LLC\|isbn\=9\-7817\-3340\-4921\|via\=Google Books}}{{cite book\|title\=The Financing of Terror\|author\=\[\[James Adams (entrepreneur)\|James Adams]]\|date\=April 10, 2017\|page\=155\|publisher\=Independently Published \|isbn\=978\-1\-5210\-0362\-6}}{{cite book\|title\=Irish America and the Ulster Conflict: 1968\-1995\|author\=Andrew J. Wilson\|date\=January 1, 1995\|page\=152\|publisher\=Catholic University of America Press\|isbn\=0\-8132\-08351}} and IRA financial support in America via [NORAID](/wiki/NORAID "NORAID") dwindled,{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=v8pKEAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA280\|title\=Coalitions Between Terrorist Organizations Revolutionaries, Nationalists and Islamists\|author\=\[\[Ely Karmon]]\|date\=June 2005\|page\=280\|publisher\=\[\[Brill Publishers]]\|isbn\=9\-7890\-4740\-7386\|via\=Google Books}} which was already in steep decline since the mid\-1970s.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/24/archives/fundraising\-by\-a\-group\-in\-us\-called\-vital\-to\-ira\-operations.html\|title\=Fund\-Raising by a Group in U.S. Called Vital to I.R.A. Operations\|date\=September 24, 1979\|author\=Linda Charlton\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]}} The American press condemned the attack, including [The Boston Globe](/wiki/The_Boston_Globe "The Boston Globe")*, which said "the Provisional army's action against Mountbatten and others engenders no sympathy for their cause" and* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")'', which suggested that the Republic of Ireland and Britain team up as a means of "how to punish the IRA." The [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation"), which succeeded in greatly reducing the [IRA arms importation](/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_arms_importation "Provisional Irish Republican Army arms importation") into Ireland from America at the time of the killing, responded by forming the [PIRA Squad](/wiki/PIRA_Squad "PIRA Squad") in order to effectively track down IRA gunrunners who were engaged in procuring American arms.
[ "Details\n-------", "The IRA placed a {{convert\\|50\\|lb}} [gelignite](/wiki/Gelignite \"Gelignite\") bomb on *Shadow V*, a fishing boat owned by Mountbatten, while she was harboured overnight in [Mullaghmore Peninsula](/wiki/Mullaghmore_Peninsula \"Mullaghmore Peninsula\") in [County Sligo](/wiki/County_Sligo \"County Sligo\"), [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\"). The bomb was detonated several hours later, after Mountbatten and his family and crew had boarded her and taken her offshore. Mountbatten was found alive by fishermen who rushed to the site of the explosion, but he died before reaching shore. Also killed were Mountbatten's 14\\-year\\-old grandson Nicholas Knatchbull, and Paul Maxwell, a teenage boy from [Enniskillen](/wiki/Enniskillen \"Enniskillen\") serving as crew. The four others aboard—Mountbatten's daughter [Patricia](/wiki/Patricia_Knatchbull%2C_2nd_Countess_Mountbatten_of_Burma \"Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma\"); her husband [John Knatchbull](/wiki/John_Knatchbull%2C_7th_Baron_Brabourne \"John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne\"); their son Timothy (twin brother of Nicholas); and John Knatchbull's mother [Doreen](/wiki/Doreen_Knatchbull%2C_Baroness_Brabourne \"Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne\")—were all seriously injured. Doreen Knatchbull died in hospital the following day.Kennedy, Leslie (2020\\-12\\-22\\). [The IRA Assassination of Lord Mountbatten: Facts and Fallout](https://www.history.com/news/mountbatten-assassination-ira-thatcher). History Channel. Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\.[British socialite whose father, Lord Mountbatten, and son were killed by the IRA](https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/british-socialite-whose-father-lord-mountbatten-and-son-were-killed-by-the-ira-1.3121650). *Irish Times* (2017\\-06\\-17\\). Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\.", "The assassination took place during [The Troubles](/wiki/The_Troubles \"The Troubles\"), a conflict between republicans and [unionists](/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland \"Unionism in Ireland\") in [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\") following the [Partition of Ireland](/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland \"Partition of Ireland\").[Lord Mountbatten death: Who was he and why was he assassinated?](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/lord-mountbatten-death-the-crown-prince-charles-ira-b1723692.html). *The Independent* (2020\\-12\\-20\\). Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\. The IRA claimed responsibility three days after the bombing, describing the attack as \"a discriminate act to bring to the attention of the English people the continuing occupation of our country\".[Statement by I.R.A.](https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/31/archives/statement-by-ira.html). *New York Times* (1979\\-08\\-31\\). Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\.", "Mountbatten was a great\\-grandson of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\"), second cousin to [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II \"Queen Elizabeth II\"), and uncle to her husband [Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh](/wiki/Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh \"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh\").Hallemann, Caroline (2020\\-11\\-13\\). [Who Is Prince Philip's Uncle, Lord Mountbatten?](https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a14409174/lord-mountbatten-uncle-dickie-the-crown/). *Town and Country Magazine*. Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\. As [Chief of the Defence Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)\"), Mountbatten served as head of the [British Armed Forces](/wiki/British_Armed_Forces \"British Armed Forces\") from 1959 to 1965,[MB1/J Mountbatten Papers: Chief of the Defence Staff, 1959–65](https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/0BA1D2B30EDB49D1B70797C264E5DB92/MB1_J.pdf). University of Southampton. Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\. having previously headed the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") as the [First Sea Lord](/wiki/First_Sea_Lord \"First Sea Lord\").[MB1/I Mountbatten Papers: First Sea Lord, 1955\\-9](https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/5DD9C34B9C0C4A43B93A1FF1E5D3D175/MB1_I.pdf). University of Southampton. Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\.\n[Sinn Féin](/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in \"Sinn Féin\") vice\\-president [Gerry Adams](/wiki/Gerry_Adams \"Gerry Adams\") said that Mountbatten was a military target in a war situation.[NORTHERN IRELAND: It is Clearly a War Situation](https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,948791,00.html). *Time* (1979\\-11\\-19\\). Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\.", "Two hours before the explosion, McMahon had been arrested by the [Garda Síochána](/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na \"Garda Síochána\") on suspicion of driving a stolen vehicle.[On This Day: 27 August 1979: IRA bomb kills Lord Mountbatten](http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/newsid_2511000/2511545.stm). BBC. Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\. Paint from Mountbatten's boat, and traces of [nitroglycerine](/wiki/Nitroglycerine \"Nitroglycerine\"), were found on his clothes, and on 23 November 1979 he was convicted of the killings in the Republic of Ireland. His sentence was life imprisonment.[Killer of Lord Mountbatten enjoys freedom, 30 years on from IRA murder](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5995439/Killer-of-Lord-Mountbatten-enjoys-freedom-30-years-on-from-IRA-murder.html). *Daily Telegraph* (2009\\-08\\-09\\). Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\.King, Victoria (2009\\-12\\-30\\). [Files show US\\-UK tensions over Northern Ireland in 1979](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8418150.stm). BBC. Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\.", "The assassination marked an escalation of the conflict, with the IRA committing its deadliest attack on the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") (the [Warrenpoint ambush](/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush \"Warrenpoint ambush\")) on the same day as the assassination.[Timeline: Long road to Northern Irish settlement](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ireland-queen-north-idUSTRE74G2UJ20110517). Reuters (2011\\-05\\-17\\). Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\. Thatcher changed Britain's approach by coordinating the various British security services campaigns against the IRA more centrally and used the [SAS](/wiki/Special_Air_Service \"Special Air Service\") more aggressively to kill known IRA volunteers who were on active operation. Thatcher was [herself the target of an assassination attempt](/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing \"Brighton hotel bombing\") five years later.\\<ref\\>[Lord Mountbatten’s assassination and its impact on IRA’s push for independence](https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-crown-season-four-elizabeth-lord-mountbatten-assassination-ira-7055975/). Indian Express *(2020\\-11\\-18\\). Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\.\\</ref\\> McMahon was paroled from his life sentence in 1998 after 19 years in prison under the terms of the [Good Friday Agreement](/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement \"Good Friday Agreement\"), as part of the [Northern Ireland peace process](/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process \"Northern Ireland peace process\") which brought an end to the Troubles after three decades.[This Day in History: 1979 November 23 1979: IRA member sentenced for Mountbatten's assassination](https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ira-member-sentenced-for-mountbattens-assassination). History Channel. Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\.*", "Reactions\n---------", "The killing was condemned by UK Prime Minister [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher \"Margaret Thatcher\") and Irish [Taoiseach](/wiki/Taoiseach \"Taoiseach\") [Jack Lynch](/wiki/Jack_Lynch \"Jack Lynch\"). Many international figures offered their condolences to the royal family, including US President [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\") and [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II \"Pope John Paul II\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Y5qZBgAAQBAJ\\&q\\=Death\\+of\\+Mountbatten:\\+President\\+Carter\\+profound\\+sadness\\&pg\\=PP79\\|title\\=The Queen's Speech: An Intimate Portrait of the Queen in her Own Words\\|first\\= Ingrid \\|last\\=Seward\\|publisher\\=Simon \\& Schuster\\|year\\=2015\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4711\\-5097\\-5}}[Death of Mountbatten: Taoiseach John Lynch message to MT (condolences and condemnation)](https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/117639). Margaret Thatcher.org. Retrieved 2022\\-07\\-20\\. The [United States Department of State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State \"United States Department of State\") said: \"Americans will especially recall his great contribution to our common cause in World War II as well as his many services to this country and to the world since then.\"\nThree days of state mourning was announced in Burma (now known as Myanmar), while in India where he served as the last [Viceroy](/wiki/Viceroy_of_India \"Viceroy of India\") and first [Governor\\-General](/wiki/Governor-General_of_India \"Governor-General of India\"), a week of mourning was observed.{{Cite book \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lV3VAAAAMAAJ \\|title\\=Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East \\|date\\=1979 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Monitoring\\|British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service]] \\|pages\\=A\\-9 \\|language\\=en}} [The Gazette of India](/wiki/The_Gazette_of_India \"The Gazette of India\") *published an extraordinary [obituary notice](/wiki/Obituary_notice \"Obituary notice\"), the [All India Radio](/wiki/All_India_Radio \"All India Radio\") broadcast a short tribute including statements by former [Prime Minister of India](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India \"Prime Minister of India\") [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi \"Indira Gandhi\") who called him \"an extraordinary personality, a lion, a born leader of men\".* Tribute to Lord Mountbatten*, a [television special](/wiki/Television_special \"Television special\") on [DD National](/wiki/DD_National \"DD National\") was broadcast, led by Prime Minister [Charan Singh](/wiki/Charan_Singh \"Charan Singh\"); it included Indira Gandhi and other Indian leaders.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Ankit \\|first\\=Rakesh \\|date\\=2021\\-10\\-02 \\|title\\=Mountbatten and India, 1964–79: after Nehru \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Contemporary British History]] \\|volume\\=35 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=569–596 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/13619462\\.2021\\.1944113 \\|s2cid\\=237793636 \\|issn\\=1361\\-9462\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Singh also signed the [condolence book](/wiki/Condolence_book \"Condolence book\") at the [British High Commission, New Delhi](/wiki/British_High_Commission%2C_New_Delhi \"British High Commission, New Delhi\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-19 \\|title\\=Prime Minister Ch. Charan Singh signing condolence book for Earl Mountbatten at British High Commission in Delhi \\|url\\=https://charansingh.org/photos/prime\\-minister\\-ch\\-charan\\-singh\\-signing\\-condolence\\-book\\-earl\\-mountbatten\\-british\\-high \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-13 \\|website\\=charansingh.org}} Providing condolences, the [President of India](/wiki/President_of_India \"President of India\") [Neelam Sanjiva Reddy](/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy \"Neelam Sanjiva Reddy\") said in a message to Queen Elizabeth II \"Lord Mountbatten will always occupy a place of honor in India.\"{{Cite news \\|date\\=1979\\-08\\-28 \\|title\\=India Orders Mourning For Slain British Hero\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/28/archives/india\\-orders\\-mourning\\-for\\-slain\\-british\\-hero.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-13 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} PM Charan Singh remarked that Mountbatten's \"drive and vigour helped in the difficult period after our independence\".{{cite book \\| title\\=Charan Singh: Selected Speeches, July 1979\\-December 1979 \\| publisher\\=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting \\| year\\=1992 \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=qshHAAAAMAAJ \\| page\\=55}}*", "The assassination also horrified the [Irish American](/wiki/Irish_Americans \"Irish Americans\") community, who viewed Mountbatten as a hero for his role in defeating the [Axis powers](/wiki/Axis_powers \"Axis powers\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") (many American soldiers in the war served under him),{{Cite book\\|title\\=A Different Way to Win: Dan Rooney's Story: From the Super Bowl to the Rooney Rule\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JCgDEAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT136\\|author\\=Jim Rooney\\|date\\=2019\\|page\\=136\\-137\\|publisher\\=AMTZ Chiloé Publishing, LLC\\|isbn\\=9\\-7817\\-3340\\-4921\\|via\\=Google Books}}{{cite book\\|title\\=The Financing of Terror\\|author\\=\\[\\[James Adams (entrepreneur)\\|James Adams]]\\|date\\=April 10, 2017\\|page\\=155\\|publisher\\=Independently Published \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-5210\\-0362\\-6}}{{cite book\\|title\\=Irish America and the Ulster Conflict: 1968\\-1995\\|author\\=Andrew J. Wilson\\|date\\=January 1, 1995\\|page\\=152\\|publisher\\=Catholic University of America Press\\|isbn\\=0\\-8132\\-08351}} and IRA financial support in America via [NORAID](/wiki/NORAID \"NORAID\") dwindled,{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=v8pKEAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA280\\|title\\=Coalitions Between Terrorist Organizations Revolutionaries, Nationalists and Islamists\\|author\\=\\[\\[Ely Karmon]]\\|date\\=June 2005\\|page\\=280\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Brill Publishers]]\\|isbn\\=9\\-7890\\-4740\\-7386\\|via\\=Google Books}} which was already in steep decline since the mid\\-1970s.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/24/archives/fundraising\\-by\\-a\\-group\\-in\\-us\\-called\\-vital\\-to\\-ira\\-operations.html\\|title\\=Fund\\-Raising by a Group in U.S. Called Vital to I.R.A. Operations\\|date\\=September 24, 1979\\|author\\=Linda Charlton\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]}} The American press condemned the attack, including [The Boston Globe](/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")*, which said \"the Provisional army's action against Mountbatten and others engenders no sympathy for their cause\" and* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")'', which suggested that the Republic of Ireland and Britain team up as a means of \"how to punish the IRA.\" The [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\"), which succeeded in greatly reducing the [IRA arms importation](/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_arms_importation \"Provisional Irish Republican Army arms importation\") into Ireland from America at the time of the killing, responded by forming the [PIRA Squad](/wiki/PIRA_Squad \"PIRA Squad\") in order to effectively track down IRA gunrunners who were engaged in procuring American arms.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early career At his first Junior World Championships in 2006 in [Presque Isle, Maine](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine "Presque Isle, Maine"), United States, Bø claimed the gold medal in the individual discipline and the silver medal in the pursuit discipline. A year later in [Martell\-Val Martello](/wiki/Martell%2C_South_Tyrol "Martell, South Tyrol"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"), Bø again claimed the silver medal in the pursuit discipline and was part of the Norwegian relay team that won the silver medal. The 2009 Junior World Championships in [Canmore](/wiki/Canmore%2C_Alberta "Canmore, Alberta"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada") began in disappointment: Bø finished as number 23 in the individual discipline with a total of five shooting errors. However, Bø would eventually claim the bronze medal in both the pursuit and sprint disciplines. During the 2009 European Championships in [Ufa](/wiki/Ufa "Ufa"), Russia, Bø was the most successful biathlete and claimed the gold medal in all four races he entered (individual, sprint, pursuit and relay). At the World Cup finals in Khanty Mansiysk, Russia, Bø made his debut in the Biathlon World Cup on 26 March 2009, finishing 61st. ### 2009–10 season: Olympic champion [thumb\|right\|Bø a month after the Olympics in Oslo (bib 22\)](/wiki/File:Tarjei_B%C3%B8_and_Tim_Burke_2010-03-20.jpg "Tarjei Bø and Tim Burke 2010-03-20.jpg") In the [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009-10_Biathlon_World_Cup "2009-10 Biathlon World Cup"), Bø continued his positive development in the [IBU Cup](/wiki/IBU_Cup "IBU Cup"), coming in sixth in the individual discipline and second in the sprint. This led to his appointment to the World Cup races in [Pokljuka](/wiki/Pokljuka "Pokljuka"), [Oberhof](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany "Oberhof, Germany") and [Ruhpolding](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding"). In Pokljuka, Bø made an impressive performance and finished fourth; in Oberhof, he was part of the Norwegian winning relay team; and in Ruhpolding, he was part of the Norwegian relay team that finished second. On 29 January, Bø was named as one of the 99 athletes that would travel to the [2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics") in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), Canada.{{cite web\|title\=Norges OL\-tropp\|url\=http://www.nrk.no/sport/meisterskap/vancouver\_2010/1\.6867830\|access\-date\=29 January 2010}} On 18 February, Bø finished 21st in his first Olympics event. Bø was chosen for the Norwegian relay team, which claimed the gold medal before runners\-up Austria and bronze\-medalists Russia.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Vancouver (CAN) – Men 4 x 7\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLOG__SMRL) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321013717/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT0910SWRLOG\_\_SMRL \|date\=21 March 2012 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\. At the World Cup stop in Kontiolahti, Finland, Bø ran the last leg for the Norwegian mixed team, securing the win for Norway. ### 2010–11 season: Overall World Cup winner |[2010–11 World Cup season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Biathlon_World_Cup "2010–11 Biathlon World Cup") results   | No. | World Cup location | | Individual | Sprint | Pursuit | Mass Start | Relay | Mixed relay | | 1 | [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund") | 4 | 5 | 4 | – | – | – | | 2 | [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen "Hochfilzen") | – | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | | 3 | [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka "Pokljuka") | 12 | 2 | – | – | – | DNS | | 4 | [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany "Oberhof, Germany") | – | 1 | – | 1 | DNS | – | | 5 | [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") | 5 | 5 | 4 | – | – | – | | 6 | [Antholz\-Anterselva, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz") | – | 51 | – | 15 | 3 | – | | 7 | [Presque Isle, USA](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine "Presque Isle, Maine") | – | 4 | 6 | – | – | DNS | | 8 | [Fort Kent, USA](/wiki/Fort_Kent%2C_Maine "Fort Kent, Maine") | – | 3 | 3 | 3 | – | – | | [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011 "Biathlon World Championships 2011") | [Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk") | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | | 9 | [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway "Oslo, Norway") | – | 44 | 2 | 8 | – | – | | *Key:"—" denotes discipline not held; DNS: Did not start; WCH: World Championships*{{cite web \|url\=http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId\=BTNOR12907198801 \|title\=Tarjei Bø \|author\= \|website\=IBU Datacenter \|publisher\=International Biathlon Union \|access\-date\=24 June 2015 \|archive\-date\=3 February 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203193357/http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId\=BTNOR12907198801 \|url\-status\=live }} Bø became a regular fixture in the Norwegian team in the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010-11_Biathlon_World_Cup "2010-11 Biathlon World Cup"). He started the season with fourth place in the individual discipline in [Östersund](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), followed by fifth and fourth place in the sprint and pursuit disciplines, respectively.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oestersund (SWE) – Men 20 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP01SMIN) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205014124/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP01SMIN \|date\=5 December 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oestersund (SWE) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP01SMSP) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206080207/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP01SMSP \|date\=6 December 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oestersund (SWE) – Men 12\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP01SMPU) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208033329/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP01SMPU \|date\=8 December 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\. On 5 January 2007, Bø won his first World Cup event, the sprint race in Hochfilzen, Austria, beating runner\-up Serguei Sednev by 27\.5 seconds.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Hochfilzen (AUT) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP02SMSP) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213191650/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP02SMSP \|date\=13 December 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\. One day later, he won his second World Cup victory in the pursuit discipline.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Hochfilzen (AUT) – Men 12\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP02SMRL) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216062925/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP02SMRL \|date\=16 December 2010 }} IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\. On 12 December, he was part of the winning Norwegian relay team.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Hochfilzen (AUT) – Men 4 x 7\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP02SMPU) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214090210/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP02SMPU \|date\=14 December 2010 }}. After his highly successful races in Hochfilzen, Bø took the yellow bib of the Overall World Cup leader. In the races in Pokljuka, Bø finished 12th in the individual discipline and second in the sprint.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Pokljuka (SLO) – Men 20 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP03SMIN) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218065301/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP03SMIN \|date\=18 December 2010 }}International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Pokljuka (SLO) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP03SMSP) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218065318/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP03SMSP \|date\=18 December 2010 }}. In Oberhof, Bø claimed his third and fourth World Cup victories (mass start and sprint).International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Oberhof (GER) – Men 15 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP04SMMS) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151544/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP04SMMS \|date\=12 January 2011 }}.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Oberhof (GER) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP04SMSP) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111065040/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP04SMSP \|date\=11 January 2011 }}. At the World Cup stops in February in the United States, Bø continued his good form; his worst result was sixth place. He came in fourth in the sprint discipline in Presque Isle, Maine.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Presque Isle, ME (USA) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP07SMSP) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203041412/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP07SMSP \|date\=3 February 2011 }}. One week later in [Fort Kent, Maine](/wiki/Fort_Kent%2C_Maine "Fort Kent, Maine"), Bø finished all three races in third place (sprint, pursuit and mass start).International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SMSP) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182612/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP08SMSP \|date\=11 February 2011 }}.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Men 12\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SMPU) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182559/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP08SMPU \|date\=11 February 2011 }}.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Men 15 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SMMS) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182554/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP08SMMS \|date\=11 February 2011 }}. On 3 March, Bø won his first World Championship title as part of the Norwegian mixed team.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Mixed 2 x 6 \+ 2 x 7\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__MXRL) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920111234/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCH\_\_MXRL \|date\=20 September 2012 }}. Running the last lap, Bø secured Norway the victory; this was the first time Norway had won this event. Two days later, Bø came in third in the sprint discipline, behind runner\-up Martin Fourcade and Arnd Peiffer.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SMSP) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518075323/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCH\_\_SMSP \|date\=18 May 2012 }}. By finishing third, Bø won the Overall Sprint Cup. In the pursuit discipline, Bø again claimed the bronze medal.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Men 12\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SMPU) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226030845/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCH\_\_SMPU \|date\=26 December 2011 }}. On 8 March, Bø won his first individual gold medal in the individual, beating runner\-up Maxim Maksimov by 40 seconds despite having one shooting error compared to Maksimov's clean shooting.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Men 20 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SMIN) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226144742/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCH\_\_SMIN \|date\=26 December 2011 }}. Two days later, Bø claimed his second title alongside [Ole Einar Bjørndalen](/wiki/Ole_Einar_Bj%C3%B8rndalen "Ole Einar Bjørndalen"), [Alexander Os](/wiki/Alexander_Os "Alexander Os") and [Emil Hegle Svendsen](/wiki/Emil_Hegle_Svendsen "Emil Hegle Svendsen") in the relay,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Men 4 x 7\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SMRL) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226012035/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCH\_\_SMRL \|date\=26 December 2011 }}. becoming the most successful biathlete at the championships with a total of five medals. At the season finals in [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo "Oslo"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway") Bø, with five shooting errors, came in 44th in the sprint, his second\-worst result this season.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTNOR12907198801) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203193357/http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId\=BTNOR12907198801 \|date\=3 February 2011 }}. In the pursuit two days later, Bø started 2 minutes and 15 seconds behind; however, he pulled back the entire time and eventually finished second, 0\.6 seconds behind teammate Emil Hegle Svendsen,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Men 12\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP09SMPU) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321132625/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP09SMPU \|date\=21 March 2011 }}. thus winning the Overall Pursuit Cup. Bø had a narrow lead of 31 points to Svendsen in the Overall World Cup before the season's last race, mass start. Svendsen won the event, but as Bø finished eight, he beat Svendsen in the Overall Cup by five points, winning the Overall Cup for the first time in his career.International Biathlon Union. [Cup Standings – Men's World Cup Total Score](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Cups.aspx) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301193058/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Cups.aspx \|date\=1 March 2011 }}. ### 2011–12 season Bø poorly started the season and finished 25th in the individual in Östersund. He was back on the podium in two of the three next events, however; he finished second in the sprint in Östersund and came in second in the pursuit in Hochfilzen.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP 1 BIATHLON – Oestersund (SWE) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP01SMSP) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823103351/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1112SWRLCP01SMSP \|date\=23 August 2012 }}.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP 2 BIATHLON – Hochfilzen (AUT) – Men 12\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP02SMPU) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823103332/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1112SWRLCP02SMPU \|date\=23 August 2012 }}. He was also part of the winning Norwegian relay team in Hochfilzen, running the last lap.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP 2 BIATHLON – Hochfilzen (AUT) – Men 4x7\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP02SMRL) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226093717/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1112SWRLCP02SMRL \|date\=26 February 2012 }}.
[ "Career\n------", "### Early career", "At his first Junior World Championships in 2006 in [Presque Isle, Maine](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine \"Presque Isle, Maine\"), United States, Bø claimed the gold medal in the individual discipline and the silver medal in the pursuit discipline. A year later in [Martell\\-Val Martello](/wiki/Martell%2C_South_Tyrol \"Martell, South Tyrol\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), Bø again claimed the silver medal in the pursuit discipline and was part of the Norwegian relay team that won the silver medal. The 2009 Junior World Championships in [Canmore](/wiki/Canmore%2C_Alberta \"Canmore, Alberta\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") began in disappointment: Bø finished as number 23 in the individual discipline with a total of five shooting errors. However, Bø would eventually claim the bronze medal in both the pursuit and sprint disciplines. During the 2009 European Championships in [Ufa](/wiki/Ufa \"Ufa\"), Russia, Bø was the most successful biathlete and claimed the gold medal in all four races he entered (individual, sprint, pursuit and relay). At the World Cup finals in Khanty Mansiysk, Russia, Bø made his debut in the Biathlon World Cup on 26 March 2009, finishing 61st.", "### 2009–10 season: Olympic champion", "[thumb\\|right\\|Bø a month after the Olympics in Oslo (bib 22\\)](/wiki/File:Tarjei_B%C3%B8_and_Tim_Burke_2010-03-20.jpg \"Tarjei Bø and Tim Burke 2010-03-20.jpg\")\nIn the [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009-10_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2009-10 Biathlon World Cup\"), Bø continued his positive development in the [IBU Cup](/wiki/IBU_Cup \"IBU Cup\"), coming in sixth in the individual discipline and second in the sprint. This led to his appointment to the World Cup races in [Pokljuka](/wiki/Pokljuka \"Pokljuka\"), [Oberhof](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany \"Oberhof, Germany\") and [Ruhpolding](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\"). In Pokljuka, Bø made an impressive performance and finished fourth; in Oberhof, he was part of the Norwegian winning relay team; and in Ruhpolding, he was part of the Norwegian relay team that finished second. On 29 January, Bø was named as one of the 99 athletes that would travel to the [2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics \"2010 Winter Olympics\") in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\"), Canada.{{cite web\\|title\\=Norges OL\\-tropp\\|url\\=http://www.nrk.no/sport/meisterskap/vancouver\\_2010/1\\.6867830\\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2010}} On 18 February, Bø finished 21st in his first Olympics event. Bø was chosen for the Norwegian relay team, which claimed the gold medal before runners\\-up Austria and bronze\\-medalists Russia.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Vancouver (CAN) – Men 4 x 7\\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLOG__SMRL) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321013717/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT0910SWRLOG\\_\\_SMRL \\|date\\=21 March 2012 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\\. At the World Cup stop in Kontiolahti, Finland, Bø ran the last leg for the Norwegian mixed team, securing the win for Norway.", "### 2010–11 season: Overall World Cup winner", "", "|[2010–11 World Cup season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2010–11 Biathlon World Cup\") results", "| No. | World Cup location | | Individual | Sprint | Pursuit | Mass Start | Relay | Mixed relay |\n| 1 | [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\") | 4 | 5 | 4 | – | – | – |\n| 2 | [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen \"Hochfilzen\") | – | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – |\n| 3 | [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka \"Pokljuka\") | 12 | 2 | – | – | – | DNS |\n| 4 | [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany \"Oberhof, Germany\") | – | 1 | – | 1 | DNS | – |\n| 5 | [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") | 5 | 5 | 4 | – | – | – |\n| 6 | [Antholz\\-Anterselva, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\") | – | 51 | – | 15 | 3 | – |\n| 7 | [Presque Isle, USA](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine \"Presque Isle, Maine\") | – | 4 | 6 | – | – | DNS |\n| 8 | [Fort Kent, USA](/wiki/Fort_Kent%2C_Maine \"Fort Kent, Maine\") | – | 3 | 3 | 3 | – | – |\n| [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011 \"Biathlon World Championships 2011\") | [Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\") | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 |\n| 9 | [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway \"Oslo, Norway\") | – | 44 | 2 | 8 | – | – |\n| *Key:\"—\" denotes discipline not held; DNS: Did not start; WCH: World Championships*{{cite web \\|url\\=http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId\\=BTNOR12907198801 \\|title\\=Tarjei Bø \\|author\\= \\|website\\=IBU Datacenter \\|publisher\\=International Biathlon Union \\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 February 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203193357/http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId\\=BTNOR12907198801 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Bø became a regular fixture in the Norwegian team in the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010-11_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2010-11 Biathlon World Cup\"). He started the season with fourth place in the individual discipline in [Östersund](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), followed by fifth and fourth place in the sprint and pursuit disciplines, respectively.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oestersund (SWE) – Men 20 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP01SMIN) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205014124/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP01SMIN \\|date\\=5 December 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oestersund (SWE) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP01SMSP) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206080207/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP01SMSP \\|date\\=6 December 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oestersund (SWE) – Men 12\\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP01SMPU) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208033329/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP01SMPU \\|date\\=8 December 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\\. On 5 January 2007, Bø won his first World Cup event, the sprint race in Hochfilzen, Austria, beating runner\\-up Serguei Sednev by 27\\.5 seconds.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Hochfilzen (AUT) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP02SMSP) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213191650/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP02SMSP \\|date\\=13 December 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\\. One day later, he won his second World Cup victory in the pursuit discipline.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Hochfilzen (AUT) – Men 12\\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP02SMRL) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216062925/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP02SMRL \\|date\\=16 December 2010 }} IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 13 December 2011\\. On 12 December, he was part of the winning Norwegian relay team.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Hochfilzen (AUT) – Men 4 x 7\\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP02SMPU) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214090210/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP02SMPU \\|date\\=14 December 2010 }}. After his highly successful races in Hochfilzen, Bø took the yellow bib of the Overall World Cup leader. In the races in Pokljuka, Bø finished 12th in the individual discipline and second in the sprint.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Pokljuka (SLO) – Men 20 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP03SMIN) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218065301/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP03SMIN \\|date\\=18 December 2010 }}International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Pokljuka (SLO) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP03SMSP) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218065318/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP03SMSP \\|date\\=18 December 2010 }}. In Oberhof, Bø claimed his third and fourth World Cup victories (mass start and sprint).International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Oberhof (GER) – Men 15 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP04SMMS) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151544/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP04SMMS \\|date\\=12 January 2011 }}.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Oberhof (GER) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP04SMSP) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111065040/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP04SMSP \\|date\\=11 January 2011 }}. At the World Cup stops in February in the United States, Bø continued his good form; his worst result was sixth place. He came in fourth in the sprint discipline in Presque Isle, Maine.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Presque Isle, ME (USA) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP07SMSP) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203041412/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP07SMSP \\|date\\=3 February 2011 }}. One week later in [Fort Kent, Maine](/wiki/Fort_Kent%2C_Maine \"Fort Kent, Maine\"), Bø finished all three races in third place (sprint, pursuit and mass start).International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SMSP) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182612/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP08SMSP \\|date\\=11 February 2011 }}.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Men 12\\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SMPU) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182559/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP08SMPU \\|date\\=11 February 2011 }}.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Men 15 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SMMS) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182554/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP08SMMS \\|date\\=11 February 2011 }}.", "On 3 March, Bø won his first World Championship title as part of the Norwegian mixed team.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Mixed 2 x 6 \\+ 2 x 7\\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__MXRL) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920111234/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCH\\_\\_MXRL \\|date\\=20 September 2012 }}. Running the last lap, Bø secured Norway the victory; this was the first time Norway had won this event. Two days later, Bø came in third in the sprint discipline, behind runner\\-up Martin Fourcade and Arnd Peiffer.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SMSP) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518075323/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCH\\_\\_SMSP \\|date\\=18 May 2012 }}. By finishing third, Bø won the Overall Sprint Cup. In the pursuit discipline, Bø again claimed the bronze medal.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Men 12\\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SMPU) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226030845/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCH\\_\\_SMPU \\|date\\=26 December 2011 }}. On 8 March, Bø won his first individual gold medal in the individual, beating runner\\-up Maxim Maksimov by 40 seconds despite having one shooting error compared to Maksimov's clean shooting.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Men 20 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SMIN) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226144742/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCH\\_\\_SMIN \\|date\\=26 December 2011 }}. Two days later, Bø claimed his second title alongside [Ole Einar Bjørndalen](/wiki/Ole_Einar_Bj%C3%B8rndalen \"Ole Einar Bjørndalen\"), [Alexander Os](/wiki/Alexander_Os \"Alexander Os\") and [Emil Hegle Svendsen](/wiki/Emil_Hegle_Svendsen \"Emil Hegle Svendsen\") in the relay,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON 2 – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Men 4 x 7\\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SMRL) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226012035/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCH\\_\\_SMRL \\|date\\=26 December 2011 }}. becoming the most successful biathlete at the championships with a total of five medals.", "At the season finals in [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo \"Oslo\"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") Bø, with five shooting errors, came in 44th in the sprint, his second\\-worst result this season.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTNOR12907198801) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203193357/http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId\\=BTNOR12907198801 \\|date\\=3 February 2011 }}. In the pursuit two days later, Bø started 2 minutes and 15 seconds behind; however, he pulled back the entire time and eventually finished second, 0\\.6 seconds behind teammate Emil Hegle Svendsen,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP BIATHLON – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Men 12\\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP09SMPU) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321132625/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP09SMPU \\|date\\=21 March 2011 }}. thus winning the Overall Pursuit Cup. Bø had a narrow lead of 31 points to Svendsen in the Overall World Cup before the season's last race, mass start. Svendsen won the event, but as Bø finished eight, he beat Svendsen in the Overall Cup by five points, winning the Overall Cup for the first time in his career.International Biathlon Union. [Cup Standings – Men's World Cup Total Score](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Cups.aspx) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301193058/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Cups.aspx \\|date\\=1 March 2011 }}.", "### 2011–12 season", "Bø poorly started the season and finished 25th in the individual in Östersund. He was back on the podium in two of the three next events, however; he finished second in the sprint in Östersund and came in second in the pursuit in Hochfilzen.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP 1 BIATHLON – Oestersund (SWE) – Men 10 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP01SMSP) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823103351/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1112SWRLCP01SMSP \\|date\\=23 August 2012 }}.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP 2 BIATHLON – Hochfilzen (AUT) – Men 12\\.5 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP02SMPU) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823103332/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1112SWRLCP02SMPU \\|date\\=23 August 2012 }}. He was also part of the winning Norwegian relay team in Hochfilzen, running the last lap.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON IBU WORLD CUP 2 BIATHLON – Hochfilzen (AUT) – Men 4x7\\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP02SMRL) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226093717/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1112SWRLCP02SMRL \\|date\\=26 February 2012 }}.", "" ]
Biography --------- Josef Vacke was born during the time of the [Austro\-Hungarian Empire](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire "Austro-Hungarian Empire"), into a family that identified as Czech, but was of [German](/wiki/Germans "Germans") extraction on the paternal side. His parents changed the spelling of the family name from the German orthography "Watzke" to the Czech orthography "Vacke" (identically pronounced), as an open expression of Czech patriotism. For several years, he taught painting at the Ebert school, where he led the painter Antonín Porket. Between 1923 and 1924 he studied at a private school at [Ferdinand Engelmüler](/wiki/Ferdinand_Engelm%C3%BCler "Ferdinand Engelmüler"), and from 1925 to 1931 at the Academy of Fine Arts in the Landscape special show of Professor Otakar Nejedlý in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague"). His first study tour was undertaken in 1925 in [Cagnes\-sur\-Mer](/wiki/Cagnes-sur-Mer "Cagnes-sur-Mer"), and then another trip to [Cap d'Agnes](/wiki/Cap_d%27Agnes "Cap d'Agnes") (1926\), [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica "Corsica") (1928\), and Ponte du Suve at [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon") (1930\). He stayed with the Nejedlý school in [Jílové u Prahy](/wiki/J%C3%ADlov%C3%A9_u_Prahy "Jílové u Prahy"), [Malá Skála](/wiki/Mal%C3%A1_Sk%C3%A1la "Malá Skála"), [Hrubá Skála](/wiki/Hrub%C3%A1_Sk%C3%A1la "Hrubá Skála"), [Hluboká nad Vltavou](/wiki/Hlubok%C3%A1_nad_Vltavou "Hluboká nad Vltavou"), [Vlastislav](/wiki/Vlastislav_%28Litom%C4%9B%C5%99ice_District%29 "Vlastislav (Litoměřice District)"), and in [České Středohoří](/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_St%C5%99edoho%C5%99%C3%AD "České Středohoří"). In 1928 Vacke received a scholarship to travel to Paris, under the renowned professor Antonín Matějíček. In 1931 and 1935 Vacke painted with Lucie Klímová in [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia "Yugoslavia"). He also stayed in [Zděchov](/wiki/Zd%C4%9Bchov "Zděchov"), where his benefactor for his painting, was Ludvík Klímek for whom he painted in 1943 in Zděchov four watercolors. During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), he often stayed on the [Sázava](/wiki/S%C3%A1zava_River "Sázava River") and in the [Vysočina Region](/wiki/Vyso%C4%8Dina_Region "Vysočina Region"). After 1946, when gaining a cottage No. 91 in [Křižany](/wiki/K%C5%99i%C5%BEany "Křižany"), there are increasingly appearing in his works paintings of Podještědí. Lucie Klímová since 1946, moved to Křižany, where she spent months in a cottage with Vacke. When Lucie Klímová died in 1961, his partner was Božena Škodová. Josef Vacke often stayed and painted also at [Velenice](/wiki/Velenice_%28Nymburk_District%29 "Velenice (Nymburk District)"), whence came his mate Božena Škodová. From 1935 he was a member of the Club of Visual Artists "Aleš". He most often painted landscapes and flowers, including bouquets. Occasionally, one sees in his paintings, figurative motifs.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Josef Vacke was born during the time of the [Austro\\-Hungarian Empire](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire \"Austro-Hungarian Empire\"), into a family that identified as Czech, but was of [German](/wiki/Germans \"Germans\") extraction on the paternal side. His parents changed the spelling of the family name from the German orthography \"Watzke\" to the Czech orthography \"Vacke\" (identically pronounced), as an open expression of Czech patriotism.", "For several years, he taught painting at the Ebert school, where he led the painter Antonín Porket. Between 1923 and 1924 he studied at a private school at [Ferdinand Engelmüler](/wiki/Ferdinand_Engelm%C3%BCler \"Ferdinand Engelmüler\"), and from 1925 to 1931 at the Academy of Fine Arts in the Landscape special show of Professor Otakar Nejedlý in [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\").", "His first study tour was undertaken in 1925 in [Cagnes\\-sur\\-Mer](/wiki/Cagnes-sur-Mer \"Cagnes-sur-Mer\"), and then another trip to [Cap d'Agnes](/wiki/Cap_d%27Agnes \"Cap d'Agnes\") (1926\\), [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica \"Corsica\") (1928\\), and Ponte du Suve at [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\") (1930\\). He stayed with the Nejedlý school in [Jílové u Prahy](/wiki/J%C3%ADlov%C3%A9_u_Prahy \"Jílové u Prahy\"), [Malá Skála](/wiki/Mal%C3%A1_Sk%C3%A1la \"Malá Skála\"), [Hrubá Skála](/wiki/Hrub%C3%A1_Sk%C3%A1la \"Hrubá Skála\"), [Hluboká nad Vltavou](/wiki/Hlubok%C3%A1_nad_Vltavou \"Hluboká nad Vltavou\"), [Vlastislav](/wiki/Vlastislav_%28Litom%C4%9B%C5%99ice_District%29 \"Vlastislav (Litoměřice District)\"), and in [České Středohoří](/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_St%C5%99edoho%C5%99%C3%AD \"České Středohoří\"). In 1928 Vacke received a scholarship to travel to Paris, under the renowned professor Antonín Matějíček. In 1931 and 1935 Vacke painted with Lucie Klímová in [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\"). He also stayed in [Zděchov](/wiki/Zd%C4%9Bchov \"Zděchov\"), where his benefactor for his painting, was Ludvík Klímek for whom he painted in 1943 in Zděchov four watercolors.", "During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), he often stayed on the [Sázava](/wiki/S%C3%A1zava_River \"Sázava River\") and in the [Vysočina Region](/wiki/Vyso%C4%8Dina_Region \"Vysočina Region\"). After 1946, when gaining a cottage No. 91 in [Křižany](/wiki/K%C5%99i%C5%BEany \"Křižany\"), there are increasingly appearing in his works paintings of Podještědí. Lucie Klímová since 1946, moved to Křižany, where she spent months in a cottage with Vacke. When Lucie Klímová died in 1961, his partner was Božena Škodová. Josef Vacke often stayed and painted also at [Velenice](/wiki/Velenice_%28Nymburk_District%29 \"Velenice (Nymburk District)\"), whence came his mate Božena Škodová.", "From 1935 he was a member of the Club of Visual Artists \"Aleš\". He most often painted landscapes and flowers, including bouquets. Occasionally, one sees in his paintings, figurative motifs.", "" ]
Ongoing default --------------- Pursuant to article 29 of the 1933 Constitution, which was valid when the Land Reform Act was enacted, landowners were entitled to the payment of fair compensation for the expropriated lands. Available sources on this topic indicate that the Land Reform Act did not set forth a fair method for assessing the value of the land, but that it indicated that the amount of the *justiprecio* would be set, among other ways, on the basis of the sworn declaration of self\- valuation (*autoavaluo*), or “on the basis of the land’s economic capabilities” and that the Land Reform General Directorate fixed the *justiprecio* on the basis of the land's quality using a representative hectare sample for agricultural lands.José María Caballero and Elena Alvarez, *Aspectos cuantitativos de la reforma agraria 1969\-1979*, Instituto De Estudios Peruanos 1980, p. 60\. In their publication *Quantitative Aspects of the Land Reform*, Caballero and Alvarez indicate that “the total amount of the expropriations – slightly over 15 billion [sols](/wiki/Peruvian_sol "Peruvian sol") – is pretty low,” as it corresponds to “approximately half of the national budget for agricultural loans in 1977,” and “only 20% more than the national investment in irrigation in 1978\.”José María Caballero and Elena Alvarez, *Aspectos cuantitativos de la reforma agraria 1969\-1979*, Instituto De Estudios Peruanos 1980, p. 61\. During the 1980s, Peru began defaulting on the payment of the Bonds’ coupons. This default has been attributed to the deteriorating economic situation, which resulted in terrible [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation "Hyperinflation") (as described in paragraphs 45 and 46\), the winding down of the Agrarian Bank that took place from 1992Decree Law N° 25478, May 8, 1992, [http://docs.peru.justia.com/federales/decretos\-leyes/25478\-may\-6\-1992\.pdf](http://docs.peru.justia.com/federales/decretos-leyes/25478-may-6-1992.pdf). The Agrarian Bank was declared (the entity responsible for the amortization and interest of the Bonds) in a state of liquidation. Liquidation was concluded by Resolution 078\-2008\-EF of September 27, 2008\. and the currency switch from *Soles Oro* to *[Inti](/wiki/Peruvian_inti "Peruvian inti").*On January 11, 1985 Law N° 24064 was published through which the *Inti* was adopted as Peru’s currency, [http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/24064\-jan\-10\-1985/gdoc/.](http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/24064-jan-10-1985/gdoc/) Although Peru for a time created some individualized bank accounts and credited those accounts with nominal payments and deposits, it appears that it stopped paying the debt altogether – even on a nominal basis and unadjusted for current value – approximately in 1992\.On the next day of the publication of Decree Law N° 25478, the payments to the creditors of the Agrarian Bank were suspended, including to the bondholders. There is no evidence that the bondholders were included in the list of creditors of the Agrarian Bank or that it was determined which entity of the Peruvian Government should make the payments of the outstanding coupons. ### Law N° 26597 Through the enactment of N° 26597 in April 1996, the government took the position that physical delivery of the bonds was tantamount to effective payment.Legislative Decree N° 653, Agricultural Sector Investment Promotion Act, Article 15 and Fourth Transitory Provision. *See also* Law N° 26207, article 3, expressly repealing the Fourth Transitory Provision of Legislative Decree N° 653, thus derogating the market value principle. Law N° 26597 then basically provided that the “expropriation processes for purposes of Land Reform” would be implemented in accordance with Law N° 26207, which had already repealed payment of the fair market value principle In 1996, however, the Engineers’ Bar Association asked this Tribunal to declare Law N° 26597 unconstitutional on the basis that it affected the valuation criteria and payment for expropriated lands enshrined in article 70 of the Constitution. The Engineers’ Bar Association argued that the land reform expropriations had actually been “seizures,” because landowners had received Bonds that were worth far less than the expropriated land, and that due to the “inflation process,” the value of the Bonds had been “eroded in relation to the actual value of the expropriated land.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\-1996\-PI/TC of March 15, 2001, Background, paragraph 6, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022\-1996\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022-1996-AI.html). The Constitutional Tribunal noted that Congress “denied and opposed” the Engineers’ Bar Association's petition, arguing that “the land reform bonds are valid payment and are governed by the nominal payment principle, under which the creditor receives the exact sum of money appearing on the bond, regardless of any changes in its purchasing power.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\-1996\-PI/TC of March 15, 2001, Background, paragraph 7, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022\-1996\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022-1996-AI.html).{{Cite web\|title \= Justia Perú :: Federales \> Leyes \> 26597 :: Ley de Perú\|url \= http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/26597\-apr\-22\-1996/gdoc/\|website \= peru.justia.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-10}} On March 15, 2001, the Tribunal issued a landmark opinion. The Tribunal upheld the Engineers’ Bar Association unconstitutionality claim and confirmed the principle that the Land Reform Bonds should be adjusted in accordance with the valuation principle enshrined in article 1236 of the Civil Code and Article 70 of the Constitution. The Tribunal declared article 1 of Law N° 26597 unconstitutional because “the criteria for the valuation and payment of the adjusted value of the expropriated land” responds to “a sense of basic justice, in accordance with article 70 of the Constitution,” which that law ignored when it provided for payment of “the face value amount only.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\-1996\-PI/TC of March 15, 2001, Foundation 1, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022\-1996\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022-1996-AI.html). The Constitutional Tribunal also found article 2 of Law N° 26597 unconstitutional because it attempted to validate the fair value system presented in the Bonds while treating this value “in an unalterable way that failed to take into account the effects of time.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\-1996\-PI/TC of March 15, 2001, Foundation 2, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022\-1996\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022-1996-AI.html). The Tribunal further declared these legal provisions unconstitutional “as they violated the valuation criteria inherent to property.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\-1996\-PI/TC of March 15, 2001, Foundation 7, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022\-1996\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022-1996-AI.html). The “sense of basic justice” to which the Tribunal's March 2001 Decision referred arose from the effect of [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation "Hyperinflation") on the value of the Bonds during the long payment period the State had imposed. Between 1980 and 1987, Peru's annual inflation rate never dipped below 50%.{{Cite web\|url \= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?page\=6\|title \= The World Bank: Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= \|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }} Between 1988 and 1990, the economic situation continued to worsen and inflation spiraled out of control, reaching its peak in August 1990, when annual inflation was 12,378%.Reinhart, Carmen, Savastano, Miguel, *The Realities of Modern Hyperinflation*, p. 21, *available at* <https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2003/06/pdf/reinhard.pdf>. In that month alone, existing currency lost 75% of its value. This means that at the end of that month, the same amount of money would have the power to buy only 1/4 of the goods and services it could have purchased at the beginning of that month. In other words, prices were more than 100 times higher by August 1990 than they had been a year earlier; more than 7,000 times higher than they had been the year before that; and more than 30,000 times higher than they had been just three years earlier in August 1987\. For bondholders, the face value of the debt owed to them – as denominated in *Soles Oro* – virtually disappeared. In response to the profound inflation and currency devaluation crisis, the administration changed the currency twice in a span of six years. In 1985, Peru switched from *Sol Oro* – the currency in which the Bonds were issued – to *[Inti](/wiki/Peruvian_inti "Peruvian inti")*.Law N° 24064, Article 1: “As of February 1, 1985, the *Inti* is hereby established as the unit of currency in Peru (...).” Under this law, one *Inti* was equal to one thousand *Soles Oro,* [http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/24064\-jan\-10\-1985/gdoc/](http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/24064-jan-10-1985/gdoc/). In 1991, the State once again changed the official currency from the *[Inti](/wiki/Peruvian_inti "Peruvian inti").* to the [*Nuevo Sol*](/wiki/Peruvian_nuevo_sol "Peruvian nuevo sol").Law N° 25295, Article 1: “The ‘*Nuevo Sol*’ is hereby established as the unit of currency in Peru (...).” Under this law, one *Nuevo Sol* is equal to one million *Intis,* [http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/25295\-dec\-31\-1990/gdoc/](http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/25295-dec-31-1990/gdoc/). As a result, the nominal equivalent of one *Sol de Oro* is now equal to 0\.000000001 – one billionth – of a [Nuevo Sol](/wiki/Peruvian_nuevo_sol "Peruvian nuevo sol").Central Reserve Bank of Peru, table of equivalencies: [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/billetes\-y\-monedas/unidades\-monetarias/tabla\-de\-equivalencias.html](http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/billetes-y-monedas/unidades-monetarias/tabla-de-equivalencias.html). In a 2006 report, a Congressional Committee opined that the State had “acknowledged the debt and promised to pay it” by issuing the Land Reform Bonds, but “as the value of the currency deteriorated,” it had become “essential” to apply an adjustment factor that “to the extent possible, would allow the value of the confiscated assets to remain constant.”Opinion issued on Draft Laws N° 578/2001\-CR, N° 7440/2002\-CR, N° 8988/2003\-CR, N° 10599/2003\-CR, N° 11459/2004\-CR, and N° 11971/2004\-CR, which proposes the “Legal Certainty for the Physical and Legal Restructuring of parcels affected by the Land Reform Process and Land Reform Debt Adjustment and Payment Act,” p. 13\. [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2016/01/Dictamen\-Comision\-Agraria\-de\-mayo\-2005\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Dictamen-Comision-Agraria-de-mayo-2005.pdf). ### Emergency Decree N° 088\-2000 While the Engineers’ Bar Association unconstitutionality claim was pending, in 2000, Peru passed Emergency Decree N° 088\-2000, recognizing the land reform debt and purporting to implement a mechanism for crediting and paying it, using new bonds issued by the Public Treasury.Emergency Decree N° 088\-2000, Article 2, Payment System, “Payment of the accredited and recognized debts in accordance with the provisions of this law shall be made with Bonds issued by the Public Treasury up to the amount of the adjusted debts (….),” [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-de\-Urgencia\-088\-2000\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-de-Urgencia-088-2000.pdf). To adjust the value of the Land Reform Bonds, Emergency Decree N° 088\-2000 ordered them converted “to U.S. dollars at the official exchange rate in effect on the issue date,” applying “to the result an annual interest rate of seven point five percent (7\.5%) up to the month immediately prior to the date the calculation was made, compounded annually.”Emergency Decree N° 088\-2000, Article 5, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-de\-Urgencia\-088\-2000\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-de-Urgencia-088-2000.pdf).{{Cite web\|url \= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-de\-Urgencia\-088\-2000\.pdf\|title \= Decreto de Urgencia 088\-2000\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= \|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }} Emergency Decree N° 088\-2000 provided that payment would be made by swapping the Land Reform Bonds for newly issued sovereign debt with a maturity of 30 years *but with no interest*. In other words, it converted a compulsory *interest bearing* loan to the State into a compulsory *interest free* loan. Additionally, the Emergency Decree authorized free negotiability of the Bonds only for certain purposes – for instance, to acquire very specific agricultural land (such as fallow lands; or land that was undergoing an irrigation project); or to purchase stock in State\-owned agricultural companies.Emergency Decree N° 088\-2000, Article 2, Payment System, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-de\-Urgencia\-088\-2000\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-de-Urgencia-088-2000.pdf). Various bondholders objected to the Emergency Decree N° 088\-2000\. On February 3, 2004, the Ica Bar Association filed an unconstitutionality claim against several articles of the decree. It was argued, among other things, that the Emergency Decree violated the right to property; and the principle of judicial independence, by unlawfully interfering with proceedings that were pending before Peruvian courts dealing with the payment of compensation for expropriations; and the right to due process, since it attempted retroactively to impose a procedure that did not exist at the time the underlying events occurred.Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 0009\-2004\-AI/TC, of August 2, 2004, Background, paragraphs 1 and 2, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\-2004\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009-2004-AI.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216142621/http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\-2004\-AI.html \|date\=2016\-02\-16 }}. That claim was the basis for this Tribunal to set another historic precedent. On August 2, 2004, the Tribunal upheld the independence of the judiciary and concluded that “the procedure governed by Emergency Decree N° 088\-2000” should be interpreted “as an option that may be freely chosen by creditors as an alternative to the option of going to Court to demand payment of the adjusted amount of the debt, plus applicable interest.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 0009\-2004\-AI/TC, of August 2, 2004, Foundation 17, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\-2004\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009-2004-AI.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216142621/http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\-2004\-AI.html \|date\=2016\-02\-16 }}. In other words, the Tribunal left open the possibility for Land Reform Bond holders to seek compensation before a competent court. Similarly, with regard to the alleged violation of the principle of equality under the law – petitioners in that case argued that the Emergency Decree N° 088\-2000 used an adjustment method “different from that normally provided for creditors”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 0009\-2004\-AI/TC, of August 2, 2004, Foundation 12, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\-2004\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009-2004-AI.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216142621/http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\-2004\-AI.html \|date\=2016\-02\-16 }}. under the Civil Code – the Tribunal held that there was no such violation so long as Emergency Decree N° 088\-2000 was merely an “option” and was not mandatory. As argued below, at a minimum, the Tribunal's 2004 resolution should serve as persuasive precedent for the Tribunal now as it assesses the Guidelines. ### The Tribunal's July 2013 Ruling Due to the Government's delay in resolving the Land Reform Bond problem, on October 5, 2011, the Engineers’ Bar Association filed a petition seeking enforcement of this Tribunal's Decision of March 2001, which had declared Law N° 26597 unconstitutional. On July 16, 2013, the Tribunal deemed it necessary to address the request so as to “monitor and ensure definitive compliance with the order” contained in its March 2001 Decision (the “Ruling”), and that is why the Tribunal enacted an enforceability declaration. It reaffirmed its March 2001 Decision that expropriation without payment of fair value, or for which “only the face value was paid,” violated “a basic sense of justice” in accordance with article 70 of the Constitution.{{Cite web\|url \= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/TC\-Exp.\-00022\-1996\-Resoluci%C3%B3n\-16\-de\-julio\-de\-2013\.pdf\|title \= Resolución 16 de julio de 2013\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= \|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }} In its Ruling, the Tribunal reproachfully summarized the Government's conduct with respect to the payment of the Land Reform Bonds: “(…) although the Executive Branch initially showed willingness to honor the debt resulting from the expropriations conducted as part of the Land Reform \[...] it later abandoned its efforts and to date the State has failed to establish criteria for the ‘valuation and payment of the adjusted amount of the debt,’ much less paid it. On the contrary, as counsel for the Engineers’ Bar Association has shown, the Executive Branch, in various responses given to persons whose property was expropriated under the Land Reform, and through its government attorneys in claims filed to collect the fair price owed, has consistently denied the need to adjust the amount of the debt, given that there is no court or administrative order to do so, and the judgment of this Court ‘cannot apply to events that occurred before the judgment was rendered.’”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\-1996\-PI/TC, of July 16, 2013, Foundation 18, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/TC\-Exp.\-00022\-1996\-Resoluci%C3%B3n\-16\-de\-julio\-de\-2013\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TC-Exp.-00022-1996-Resoluci%C3%B3n-16-de-julio-de-2013.pdf). While the Tribunal’s decision reaffirmed that the Government is obliged to pay the current value of the debt, it also went further and considered several methods for calculating that current value. Among those methods was the one most commonly used to update delinquent Peruvian debts, namely the CPI method. However, the Tribunal held, without citing any supporting evidence, that using the CPI method would yield an amount that would jeopardize Peru’s compliance with other obligations, including the provision of “public services.” In other words, the Tribunal appeared to consider that Peru could not afford to pay the debt if calculated using the CPI method. Accordingly, in an act of purported balancing of the bondholders’ constitutional rights against this asserted threat to the general welfare, the Tribunal endorsed a different method: “calculating the adjusted value of the bonds by indexing the existing obligations to the equivalents in foreign currency” and then “applying the interest rate for United States Treasury Bonds.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\-1996\-PI/TC, of July 16, 2013, Foundation 24, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/TC\-Exp.\-00022\-1996\-Resoluci%C3%B3n\-16\-de\-julio\-de\-2013\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TC-Exp.-00022-1996-Resoluci%C3%B3n-16-de-julio-de-2013.pdf). The Tribunal thus ordered that “within six months of this Ruling, the Executive Branch shall issue a supreme decree regulating the procedure for the recording, valuation and forms of payment of the land reform bond debt.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\-1996\-PI/TC, of July 16, 2013, Dispositive sections 2 and 3, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/TC\-Exp.\-00022\-1996\-Resoluci%C3%B3n\-16\-de\-julio\-de\-2013\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TC-Exp.-00022-1996-Resoluci%C3%B3n-16-de-julio-de-2013.pdf). Subsequently, on November 4, 2013, after interested persons and organizations – including the Association – filed motions for annulment and clarification of the Ruling, this Tribunal provided that although the MEF had the authority to issue Guidelines, “the process of adjusting the debt” should “under no circumstance” lead to a “result that reflects the practical application of a nominal criteria” and it reserved its jurisdiction to monitor calculation processes leading to a nominal payment.Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\-1996\-P1/TC, 4 November 2013, Foundations 7, 10, 12 and 14, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/TC\-Exp.\-00022\-1996\-Resoluci%C3%B3n\-4\-de\-noviembre\-de\-2013\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TC-Exp.-00022-1996-Resoluci%C3%B3n-4-de-noviembre-de-2013.pdf). ### The MEF's January 2014 Guidelines In January 2014, the MEF issued the Guidelines containing the “Regulations for the Administrative Process of Recording, Adjusting and Paying the Land Reform Bond Debt.” The Guidelines set out a “mandatory” procedure for bondholder claims.Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, article 4, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). To initiate that administrative procedure, however, any bondholder that is a party to ongoing judicial proceedings seeking payment of the value of the Bonds must first “abandon” those proceedings and any rights to participate in any other legal proceedings in the future.Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, Final Supplemental Provision N° 1, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). Sovereign [debt restructuring](/wiki/Debt_restructuring "Debt restructuring") is not uncommon, and Peru has – as a matter of fact – restructured its sovereign debt several times in the past. But it has never asked creditors to waive their procedural rights just to reconcile the amount due. This is followed by a complex, bureaucratic and uncertain administrative process. That process could take up to seven years before the bondholders receive any value: five years for bondholders to file their “applications” to be “officially identified and registered” as the Bonds’ legitimate holders, followed by a two\-year process to hear each individual claim.Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, Articles 6\.1 and 6\.2, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). This two\-year period consists of eighteen months for the MEF to “register” the application; and six months to finalize the “administrative updating.”Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, Fourth Supplemental Final Provision, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf).*See also*: Emergency Decree No 088\-2000, for instance, did not impose these burdensome and complex administrative procedures. That was, in fact, a very straightforward regulation. Although article 10 of Decree 088\-2000 provided that acceptance of new bonds meant the “abandonment” of ongoing judicial proceedings, nothing therein barred bondholders from pursuing their claims before the judiciary, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-de\-Urgencia\-088\-2000\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-de-Urgencia-088-2000.pdf). The Guidelines provide that no payment of any kind can occur until an unspecified “minimum” quantity of claims has been submitted.Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, Article 17\.2, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). More generally, the Guidelines say nothing about the form of compensation bondholders might ultimately receive, leaving it unclear if the Government ever will pay in cash or will simply issue another bond with below market terms and long maturity. In fact, article 17\.1 merely indicates that the MEF, “taking into account principles of fiscal balance and financial sustainability,” as well as “fiscal rules” and the “multi\-annual macroeconomic framework,” shall “define the options that the bondholders may choose from” for the purposes of collecting.Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, Article 17\.1, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). The Guidelines also contain provisions stating how the Government proposes to calculate the debt due to each bondholder. It describes these calculations by a series of complex equations. The equations are not easy for a lay person to understand. They purport to convert a nominal amount of *Soles Oro* into U.S. dollars using what they call a “parity exchange rate.” However, instead of using a well\- established international reference for such a parity exchange rate, the Guidelines calculate that rate with another complex equation that is unusual and unfounded.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 6 (noting that they “know of no economic theory or reputable author supporting a formulation similar to the MEF formula.”), [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf).*See also:* “*The Appropriate Parity Exchange Rate to be Used in Valuing Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Alan Heston, Table 1, Estimates of Annual Parity Exchange Rates, Based on ICP Benchmark Comparisons, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte\-pericial\-de\-Heston.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte-pericial-de-Heston.pdf). As Dr. Ivan Alonso and Dr. Italo Muñoz explain in their report submitted along with this brief, the Guidelines’ yield the absurd result that as Peruvian currency *weakens* against the dollar, each *Sol* is worth *more* and therefore *fewer* dollars are required to achieve parity. This makes no sense. This basic error in the equation thus turns the purpose of using a parity exchange rate on its head. The Guidelines then apply to this incorrectly restated principal amount not the interest rate stated in the Bonds, but an interest rate for U.S. Treasury bills (also known as T\-bills) of just one\-year duration. The one\-year U.S. Treasury bills have interest rates that are not only considerably *lower* than the interest rates specified in the Land Reform Bonds, but also rates that are considerably lower than U.S. Treasury bonds of durations closer to those of the Land Reform Bonds, as the following chart shows: | Bond | Issuance | CUSIP | Issue Date | Yield | Rate | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | U.S. Treasury | 30 years | 912810RD2 | 15/01/2014 | 3\.899% | 3\.750% | | U.S. T\-Bills | 1 year | 912796FG9 | 13/11/2014 | 0\.140% | 0\.142% | The information from the table above comes from the U.S. Treasury Department's webpage.{{Cite web\|url \= https://www.treasurydirect.gov/instit/annceresult/press/preanre/2013/A\_20131106\_1\.pdf\|title \= U.S. Department of the Treasury \- CUSIP 912810RD2\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= \|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }}{{Cite web\|url \= http://www.treasurydirect.gov/instit/annceresult/press/preanre/2014/R\_20141112\_2\.pdf\|title \= U.S. Department of the Treasury \- CUSIP 912796FG9\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= \|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }} It shows the dramatic difference between the interest rate of a 1\-year T\-bill and a 30\-year Treasury bond. There can be no doubt that they are fundamentally different securities. So, instead of applying a 4%, 5% or 6% interest rate, or an interest rate of a 20\- or 30\-year U.S. Treasury bond, the Guidelines offer bondholders interest rates that are currently less than 0\.15%. Dr. Alonso and Dr. Muñoz actually test the outcome of using such different rates and conclude that doing so “has a significant effect on the updated value of the bonds.”“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 10, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf). Table 3 of their report shows the dramatic difference in compound value for a $1,000 Treasury bond. As Dr. Alonso and Dr. Muñoz explain in their report, it makes no economic sense to use a short\-term interest rate with respect to a long\-term bond such as the Land Reform Bonds.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, Section II, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf). Also, the Guidelines stop paying interest altogether as of 2013, and make the mistake of converting back to *Sol* at the average foreign exchange rate of 2013, instead of the exchange rate in effect at the time of actual payment – which, pursuant to the Guidelines, may occur many years from now.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 12, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf). As addressed below, the Guidelines also discriminate among bondholders, classifying them in: (*i*) those over 65 years of age; (*ii*) individuals over legal entities; (*iii*) the original bondholders over the assignees. The Guidelines provide that persons over the age of 65 who are *original* bondholders are entitled to collect before other individuals who are older than 65 but are *not* original bondholders. The Guidelines then provide the same priority for people under 65 years of age, and thereafter, give preference to legal entities that are holders of the land reform debt, followed by legal entities that have acquired the bonds as part of the payment of obligations provided for under law, and finally, legal entities that acquired the obligations for “speculative ends.” The Guidelines do not explain why these classes were established, how any individual bondholder will be classified under them or precisely what use will be made of the classifications in paying bondholders. The fact is, no Bond has priority over any other. To the contrary, all the Bonds received the same guarantee and are equal in entitling the owner – whoever that may be – to payment of the debt. The Guidelines also make the procedures and the updating methodology established therein the exclusive remedy for bondholders to collect the value of their bonds. A movement has arisen among Peruvians to request a fairer payout from the government of the remaining outstanding bonds.{{cite web\|url\=http://bonosagrarios.pe/es/\|title\=Bonos agrarios\|trans\-title\=Agrarian bonds\|publisher\=La Alianza por el Pago Justo de los Bonos Agrarios \[The Alliance for the Just Payment of Agragrian Bonds]\|accessdate\=12 May 2015}} ### The MEF's February 2017 Update In February 2017, Peru confirmed once again that the agrarian reform bonds are a valid sovereign debt obligation via a new administrative decree, Supreme Decree 034\-2017\-EF.Supreme Decree N° 034\-2017\-EF, [https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad\-sp\-18542/por\-instrumento/decretos\-supremos/15620\-decreto\-supremo\-n\-034\-2017\-ef\-1/file](https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad-sp-18542/por-instrumento/decretos-supremos/15620-decreto-supremo-n-034-2017-ef-1/file) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815030814/https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad\-sp\-18542/por\-instrumento/decretos\-supremos/15620\-decreto\-supremo\-n\-034\-2017\-ef\-1/file \|date\=2017\-08\-15 }}. The decree was signed by [President Kuczynski](/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski "Pedro Pablo Kuczynski") on February 23, 2017 and provides for two clarifications to the mathematical formula from the 2014 decree in narrative form.Supreme Decree N° 034\-2017\-EF, Article 2, [https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad\-sp\-18542/por\-instrumento/decretos\-supremos/15620\-decreto\-supremo\-n\-034\-2017\-ef\-1/file](https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad-sp-18542/por-instrumento/decretos-supremos/15620-decreto-supremo-n-034-2017-ef-1/file) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815030814/https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad\-sp\-18542/por\-instrumento/decretos\-supremos/15620\-decreto\-supremo\-n\-034\-2017\-ef\-1/file \|date\=2017\-08\-15 }}. However, the 2017 decree does not include a copy of the full mathematical formula proposed by Peru and thus does not disclose the amount Peru is offering to pay.
[ "Ongoing default\n---------------", "Pursuant to article 29 of the 1933 Constitution, which was valid when the Land Reform Act was enacted, landowners were entitled to the payment of fair compensation for the expropriated lands. Available sources on this topic indicate that the Land Reform Act did not set forth a fair method for assessing the value of the land, but that it indicated that the amount of the *justiprecio* would be set, among other ways, on the basis of the sworn declaration of self\\- valuation (*autoavaluo*), or “on the basis of the land’s economic capabilities” and that the Land Reform General Directorate fixed the *justiprecio* on the basis of the land's quality using a representative hectare sample for agricultural lands.José María Caballero and Elena Alvarez, *Aspectos cuantitativos de la reforma agraria 1969\\-1979*, Instituto De Estudios Peruanos 1980, p. 60\\.", "In their publication *Quantitative Aspects of the Land Reform*, Caballero and Alvarez indicate that “the total amount of the expropriations – slightly over 15 billion [sols](/wiki/Peruvian_sol \"Peruvian sol\") – is pretty low,” as it corresponds to “approximately half of the national budget for agricultural loans in 1977,” and “only 20% more than the national investment in irrigation in 1978\\.”José María Caballero and Elena Alvarez, *Aspectos cuantitativos de la reforma agraria 1969\\-1979*, Instituto De Estudios Peruanos 1980, p. 61\\.", "During the 1980s, Peru began defaulting on the payment of the Bonds’ coupons. This default has been attributed to the deteriorating economic situation, which resulted in terrible [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation \"Hyperinflation\") (as described in paragraphs 45 and 46\\), the winding down of the Agrarian Bank that took place from 1992Decree Law N° 25478, May 8, 1992, [http://docs.peru.justia.com/federales/decretos\\-leyes/25478\\-may\\-6\\-1992\\.pdf](http://docs.peru.justia.com/federales/decretos-leyes/25478-may-6-1992.pdf). The Agrarian Bank was declared (the entity responsible for the amortization and interest of the Bonds) in a state of liquidation. Liquidation was concluded by Resolution 078\\-2008\\-EF of September 27, 2008\\. and the currency switch from *Soles Oro* to *[Inti](/wiki/Peruvian_inti \"Peruvian inti\").*On January 11, 1985 Law N° 24064 was published through which the *Inti* was adopted as Peru’s currency, [http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/24064\\-jan\\-10\\-1985/gdoc/.](http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/24064-jan-10-1985/gdoc/) Although Peru for a time created some individualized bank accounts and credited those accounts with nominal payments and deposits, it appears that it stopped paying the debt altogether – even on a nominal basis and unadjusted for current value – approximately in 1992\\.On the next day of the publication of Decree Law N° 25478, the payments to the creditors of the Agrarian Bank were suspended, including to the bondholders. There is no evidence that the bondholders were included in the list of creditors of the Agrarian Bank or that it was determined which entity of the Peruvian Government should make the payments of the outstanding coupons.", "### Law N° 26597", "Through the enactment of N° 26597 in April 1996, the government took the position that physical delivery of the bonds was tantamount to effective payment.Legislative Decree N° 653, Agricultural Sector Investment Promotion Act, Article 15 and Fourth Transitory Provision. *See also* Law N° 26207, article 3, expressly repealing the Fourth Transitory Provision of Legislative Decree N° 653, thus derogating the market value principle. Law N° 26597 then basically provided that the “expropriation processes for purposes of Land Reform” would be implemented in accordance with Law N° 26207, which had already repealed payment of the fair market value principle In 1996, however, the Engineers’ Bar Association asked this Tribunal to declare Law N° 26597 unconstitutional on the basis that it affected the valuation criteria and payment for expropriated lands enshrined in article 70 of the Constitution. The Engineers’ Bar Association argued that the land reform expropriations had actually been “seizures,” because landowners had received Bonds that were worth far less than the expropriated land, and that due to the “inflation process,” the value of the Bonds had been “eroded in relation to the actual value of the expropriated land.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\\-1996\\-PI/TC of March 15, 2001, Background, paragraph 6, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022\\-1996\\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022-1996-AI.html). The Constitutional Tribunal noted that Congress “denied and opposed” the Engineers’ Bar Association's petition, arguing that “the land reform bonds are valid payment and are governed by the nominal payment principle, under which the creditor receives the exact sum of money appearing on the bond, regardless of any changes in its purchasing power.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\\-1996\\-PI/TC of March 15, 2001, Background, paragraph 7, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022\\-1996\\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022-1996-AI.html).{{Cite web\\|title \\= Justia Perú :: Federales \\> Leyes \\> 26597 :: Ley de Perú\\|url \\= http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/26597\\-apr\\-22\\-1996/gdoc/\\|website \\= peru.justia.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-10}}", "On March 15, 2001, the Tribunal issued a landmark opinion. The Tribunal upheld the Engineers’ Bar Association unconstitutionality claim and confirmed the principle that the Land Reform Bonds should be adjusted in accordance with the valuation principle enshrined in article 1236 of the Civil Code and Article 70 of the Constitution. The Tribunal declared article 1 of Law N° 26597 unconstitutional because “the criteria for the valuation and payment of the adjusted value of the expropriated land” responds to “a sense of basic justice, in accordance with article 70 of the Constitution,” which that law ignored when it provided for payment of “the face value amount only.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\\-1996\\-PI/TC of March 15, 2001, Foundation 1, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022\\-1996\\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022-1996-AI.html). The Constitutional Tribunal also found article 2 of Law N° 26597 unconstitutional because it attempted to validate the fair value system presented in the Bonds while treating this value “in an unalterable way that failed to take into account the effects of time.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\\-1996\\-PI/TC of March 15, 2001, Foundation 2, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022\\-1996\\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022-1996-AI.html). The Tribunal further declared these legal provisions unconstitutional “as they violated the valuation criteria inherent to property.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\\-1996\\-PI/TC of March 15, 2001, Foundation 7, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022\\-1996\\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2001/00022-1996-AI.html).", "The “sense of basic justice” to which the Tribunal's March 2001 Decision referred arose from the effect of [hyperinflation](/wiki/Hyperinflation \"Hyperinflation\") on the value of the Bonds during the long payment period the State had imposed. Between 1980 and 1987, Peru's annual inflation rate never dipped below 50%.{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?page\\=6\\|title \\= The World Bank: Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= \\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }} Between 1988 and 1990, the economic situation continued to worsen and inflation spiraled out of control, reaching its peak in August 1990, when annual inflation was 12,378%.Reinhart, Carmen, Savastano, Miguel, *The Realities of Modern Hyperinflation*, p. 21, *available at* <https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2003/06/pdf/reinhard.pdf>. In that month alone, existing currency lost 75% of its value. This means that at the end of that month, the same amount of money would have the power to buy only 1/4 of the goods and services it could have purchased at the beginning of that month. In other words, prices were more than 100 times higher by August 1990 than they had been a year earlier; more than 7,000 times higher than they had been the year before that; and more than 30,000 times higher than they had been just three years earlier in August 1987\\. For bondholders, the face value of the debt owed to them – as denominated in *Soles Oro* – virtually disappeared.", "In response to the profound inflation and currency devaluation crisis, the administration changed the currency twice in a span of six years. In 1985, Peru switched from *Sol Oro* – the currency in which the Bonds were issued – to *[Inti](/wiki/Peruvian_inti \"Peruvian inti\")*.Law N° 24064, Article 1: “As of February 1, 1985, the *Inti* is hereby established as the unit of currency in Peru (...).” Under this law, one *Inti* was equal to one thousand *Soles Oro,* [http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/24064\\-jan\\-10\\-1985/gdoc/](http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/24064-jan-10-1985/gdoc/). In 1991, the State once again changed the official currency from the *[Inti](/wiki/Peruvian_inti \"Peruvian inti\").* to the [*Nuevo Sol*](/wiki/Peruvian_nuevo_sol \"Peruvian nuevo sol\").Law N° 25295, Article 1: “The ‘*Nuevo Sol*’ is hereby established as the unit of currency in Peru (...).” Under this law, one *Nuevo Sol* is equal to one million *Intis,* [http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/25295\\-dec\\-31\\-1990/gdoc/](http://peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/25295-dec-31-1990/gdoc/). As a result, the nominal equivalent of one *Sol de Oro* is now equal to 0\\.000000001 – one billionth – of a [Nuevo Sol](/wiki/Peruvian_nuevo_sol \"Peruvian nuevo sol\").Central Reserve Bank of Peru, table of equivalencies: [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/billetes\\-y\\-monedas/unidades\\-monetarias/tabla\\-de\\-equivalencias.html](http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/billetes-y-monedas/unidades-monetarias/tabla-de-equivalencias.html).", "In a 2006 report, a Congressional Committee opined that the State had “acknowledged the debt and promised to pay it” by issuing the Land Reform Bonds, but “as the value of the currency deteriorated,” it had become “essential” to apply an adjustment factor that “to the extent possible, would allow the value of the confiscated assets to remain constant.”Opinion issued on Draft Laws N° 578/2001\\-CR, N° 7440/2002\\-CR, N° 8988/2003\\-CR, N° 10599/2003\\-CR, N° 11459/2004\\-CR, and N° 11971/2004\\-CR, which proposes the “Legal Certainty for the Physical and Legal Restructuring of parcels affected by the Land Reform Process and Land Reform Debt Adjustment and Payment Act,” p. 13\\. [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2016/01/Dictamen\\-Comision\\-Agraria\\-de\\-mayo\\-2005\\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Dictamen-Comision-Agraria-de-mayo-2005.pdf).", "### Emergency Decree N° 088\\-2000", "While the Engineers’ Bar Association unconstitutionality claim was pending, in 2000, Peru passed Emergency Decree N° 088\\-2000, recognizing the land reform debt and purporting to implement a mechanism for crediting and paying it, using new bonds issued by the Public Treasury.Emergency Decree N° 088\\-2000, Article 2, Payment System, “Payment of the accredited and recognized debts in accordance with the provisions of this law shall be made with Bonds issued by the Public Treasury up to the amount of the adjusted debts (….),” [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-de\\-Urgencia\\-088\\-2000\\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-de-Urgencia-088-2000.pdf). To adjust the value of the Land Reform Bonds, Emergency Decree N° 088\\-2000 ordered them converted “to U.S. dollars at the official exchange rate in effect on the issue date,” applying “to the result an annual interest rate of seven point five percent (7\\.5%) up to the month immediately prior to the date the calculation was made, compounded annually.”Emergency Decree N° 088\\-2000, Article 5, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-de\\-Urgencia\\-088\\-2000\\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-de-Urgencia-088-2000.pdf).{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-de\\-Urgencia\\-088\\-2000\\.pdf\\|title \\= Decreto de Urgencia 088\\-2000\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= \\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }}", "Emergency Decree N° 088\\-2000 provided that payment would be made by swapping the Land Reform Bonds for newly issued sovereign debt with a maturity of 30 years *but with no interest*. In other words, it converted a compulsory *interest bearing* loan to the State into a compulsory *interest free* loan. Additionally, the Emergency Decree authorized free negotiability of the Bonds only for certain purposes – for instance, to acquire very specific agricultural land (such as fallow lands; or land that was undergoing an irrigation project); or to purchase stock in State\\-owned agricultural companies.Emergency Decree N° 088\\-2000, Article 2, Payment System, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-de\\-Urgencia\\-088\\-2000\\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-de-Urgencia-088-2000.pdf).", "Various bondholders objected to the Emergency Decree N° 088\\-2000\\. On February 3, 2004, the Ica Bar Association filed an unconstitutionality claim against several articles of the decree. It was argued, among other things, that the Emergency Decree violated the right to property; and the principle of judicial independence, by unlawfully interfering with proceedings that were pending before Peruvian courts dealing with the payment of compensation for expropriations; and the right to due process, since it attempted retroactively to impose a procedure that did not exist at the time the underlying events occurred.Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 0009\\-2004\\-AI/TC, of August 2, 2004, Background, paragraphs 1 and 2, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\\-2004\\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009-2004-AI.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216142621/http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\\-2004\\-AI.html \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-16 }}.", "That claim was the basis for this Tribunal to set another historic precedent. On August 2, 2004, the Tribunal upheld the independence of the judiciary and concluded that “the procedure governed by Emergency Decree N° 088\\-2000” should be interpreted “as an option that may be freely chosen by creditors as an alternative to the option of going to Court to demand payment of the adjusted amount of the debt, plus applicable interest.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 0009\\-2004\\-AI/TC, of August 2, 2004, Foundation 17, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\\-2004\\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009-2004-AI.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216142621/http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\\-2004\\-AI.html \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-16 }}. In other words, the Tribunal left open the possibility for Land Reform Bond holders to seek compensation before a competent court. Similarly, with regard to the alleged violation of the principle of equality under the law – petitioners in that case argued that the Emergency Decree N° 088\\-2000 used an adjustment method “different from that normally provided for creditors”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 0009\\-2004\\-AI/TC, of August 2, 2004, Foundation 12, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\\-2004\\-AI.html](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009-2004-AI.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216142621/http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2005/00009\\-2004\\-AI.html \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-16 }}. under the Civil Code – the Tribunal held that there was no such violation so long as Emergency Decree N° 088\\-2000 was merely an “option” and was not mandatory. As argued below, at a minimum, the Tribunal's 2004 resolution should serve as persuasive precedent for the Tribunal now as it assesses the Guidelines.", "### The Tribunal's July 2013 Ruling", "Due to the Government's delay in resolving the Land Reform Bond problem, on October 5, 2011, the Engineers’ Bar Association filed a petition seeking enforcement of this Tribunal's Decision of March 2001, which had declared Law N° 26597 unconstitutional. On July 16, 2013, the Tribunal deemed it necessary to address the request so as to “monitor and ensure definitive compliance with the order” contained in its March 2001 Decision (the “Ruling”), and that is why the Tribunal enacted an enforceability declaration. It reaffirmed its March 2001 Decision that expropriation without payment of fair value, or for which “only the face value was paid,” violated “a basic sense of justice” in accordance with article 70 of the Constitution.{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/TC\\-Exp.\\-00022\\-1996\\-Resoluci%C3%B3n\\-16\\-de\\-julio\\-de\\-2013\\.pdf\\|title \\= Resolución 16 de julio de 2013\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= \\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }} In its Ruling, the Tribunal reproachfully summarized the Government's conduct with respect to the payment of the Land Reform Bonds: “(…) although the Executive Branch initially showed willingness to honor the debt resulting from the expropriations conducted as part of the Land Reform \\[...] it later abandoned its efforts and to date the State has failed to establish criteria for the ‘valuation and payment of the adjusted amount of the debt,’ much less paid it. On the contrary, as counsel for the Engineers’ Bar Association has shown, the Executive Branch, in various responses given to persons whose property was expropriated under the Land Reform, and through its government attorneys in claims filed to collect the fair price owed, has consistently denied the need to adjust the amount of the debt, given that there is no court or administrative order to do so, and the judgment of this Court ‘cannot apply to events that occurred before the judgment was rendered.’”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\\-1996\\-PI/TC, of July 16, 2013, Foundation 18, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/TC\\-Exp.\\-00022\\-1996\\-Resoluci%C3%B3n\\-16\\-de\\-julio\\-de\\-2013\\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TC-Exp.-00022-1996-Resoluci%C3%B3n-16-de-julio-de-2013.pdf).", "While the Tribunal’s decision reaffirmed that the Government is obliged to pay the current value of the debt, it also went further and considered several methods for calculating that current value. Among those methods was the one most commonly used to update delinquent Peruvian debts, namely the CPI method. However, the Tribunal held, without citing any supporting evidence, that using the CPI method would yield an amount that would jeopardize Peru’s compliance with other obligations, including the provision of “public services.” In other words, the Tribunal appeared to consider that Peru could not afford to pay the debt if calculated using the CPI method. Accordingly, in an act of purported balancing of the bondholders’ constitutional rights against this asserted threat to the general welfare, the Tribunal endorsed a different method: “calculating the adjusted value of the bonds by indexing the existing obligations to the equivalents in foreign currency” and then “applying the interest rate for United States Treasury Bonds.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\\-1996\\-PI/TC, of July 16, 2013, Foundation 24, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/TC\\-Exp.\\-00022\\-1996\\-Resoluci%C3%B3n\\-16\\-de\\-julio\\-de\\-2013\\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TC-Exp.-00022-1996-Resoluci%C3%B3n-16-de-julio-de-2013.pdf). The Tribunal thus ordered that “within six months of this Ruling, the Executive Branch shall issue a supreme decree regulating the procedure for the recording, valuation and forms of payment of the land reform bond debt.”Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\\-1996\\-PI/TC, of July 16, 2013, Dispositive sections 2 and 3, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/TC\\-Exp.\\-00022\\-1996\\-Resoluci%C3%B3n\\-16\\-de\\-julio\\-de\\-2013\\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TC-Exp.-00022-1996-Resoluci%C3%B3n-16-de-julio-de-2013.pdf).", "Subsequently, on November 4, 2013, after interested persons and organizations – including the Association – filed motions for annulment and clarification of the Ruling, this Tribunal provided that although the MEF had the authority to issue Guidelines, “the process of adjusting the debt” should “under no circumstance” lead to a “result that reflects the practical application of a nominal criteria” and it reserved its jurisdiction to monitor calculation processes leading to a nominal payment.Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\\-1996\\-P1/TC, 4 November 2013, Foundations 7, 10, 12 and 14, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/TC\\-Exp.\\-00022\\-1996\\-Resoluci%C3%B3n\\-4\\-de\\-noviembre\\-de\\-2013\\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TC-Exp.-00022-1996-Resoluci%C3%B3n-4-de-noviembre-de-2013.pdf).", "### The MEF's January 2014 Guidelines", "In January 2014, the MEF issued the Guidelines containing the “Regulations for the Administrative Process of Recording, Adjusting and Paying the Land Reform Bond Debt.” The Guidelines set out a “mandatory” procedure for bondholder claims.Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, article 4, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). To initiate that administrative procedure, however, any bondholder that is a party to ongoing judicial proceedings seeking payment of the value of the Bonds must first “abandon” those proceedings and any rights to participate in any other legal proceedings in the future.Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, Final Supplemental Provision N° 1, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). Sovereign [debt restructuring](/wiki/Debt_restructuring \"Debt restructuring\") is not uncommon, and Peru has – as a matter of fact – restructured its sovereign debt several times in the past. But it has never asked creditors to waive their procedural rights just to reconcile the amount due. This is followed by a complex, bureaucratic and uncertain administrative process. That process could take up to seven years before the bondholders receive any value: five years for bondholders to file their “applications” to be “officially identified and registered” as the Bonds’ legitimate holders, followed by a two\\-year process to hear each individual claim.Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, Articles 6\\.1 and 6\\.2, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). This two\\-year period consists of eighteen months for the MEF to “register” the application; and six months to finalize the “administrative updating.”Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, Fourth Supplemental Final Provision, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf).*See also*: Emergency Decree No 088\\-2000, for instance, did not impose these burdensome and complex administrative procedures. That was, in fact, a very straightforward regulation. Although article 10 of Decree 088\\-2000 provided that acceptance of new bonds meant the “abandonment” of ongoing judicial proceedings, nothing therein barred bondholders from pursuing their claims before the judiciary, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-de\\-Urgencia\\-088\\-2000\\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-de-Urgencia-088-2000.pdf).", "The Guidelines provide that no payment of any kind can occur until an unspecified “minimum” quantity of claims has been submitted.Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, Article 17\\.2, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). More generally, the Guidelines say nothing about the form of compensation bondholders might ultimately receive, leaving it unclear if the Government ever will pay in cash or will simply issue another bond with below market terms and long maturity. In fact, article 17\\.1 merely indicates that the MEF, “taking into account principles of fiscal balance and financial sustainability,” as well as “fiscal rules” and the “multi\\-annual macroeconomic framework,” shall “define the options that the bondholders may choose from” for the purposes of collecting.Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, Article 17\\.1, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf).", "The Guidelines also contain provisions stating how the Government proposes to calculate the debt due to each bondholder. It describes these calculations by a series of complex equations. The equations are not easy for a lay person to understand. They purport to convert a nominal amount of *Soles Oro* into U.S. dollars using what they call a “parity exchange rate.” However, instead of using a well\\- established international reference for such a parity exchange rate, the Guidelines calculate that rate with another complex equation that is unusual and unfounded.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 6 (noting that they “know of no economic theory or reputable author supporting a formulation similar to the MEF formula.”), [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf).*See also:* “*The Appropriate Parity Exchange Rate to be Used in Valuing Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Alan Heston, Table 1, Estimates of Annual Parity Exchange Rates, Based on ICP Benchmark Comparisons, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte\\-pericial\\-de\\-Heston.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte-pericial-de-Heston.pdf).", "As Dr. Ivan Alonso and Dr. Italo Muñoz explain in their report submitted along with this brief, the Guidelines’ yield the absurd result that as Peruvian currency *weakens* against the dollar, each *Sol* is worth *more* and therefore *fewer* dollars are required to achieve parity. This makes no sense. This basic error in the equation thus turns the purpose of using a parity exchange rate on its head. The Guidelines then apply to this incorrectly restated principal amount not the interest rate stated in the Bonds, but an interest rate for U.S. Treasury bills (also known as T\\-bills) of just one\\-year duration. The one\\-year U.S. Treasury bills have interest rates that are not only considerably *lower* than the interest rates specified in the Land Reform Bonds, but also rates that are considerably lower than U.S. Treasury bonds of durations closer to those of the Land Reform Bonds, as the following chart shows:", "| Bond | Issuance | CUSIP | Issue Date | Yield | Rate |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| U.S. Treasury | 30 years | 912810RD2 | 15/01/2014 | 3\\.899% | 3\\.750% |\n| U.S. T\\-Bills | 1 year | 912796FG9 | 13/11/2014 | 0\\.140% | 0\\.142% |", "The information from the table above comes from the U.S. Treasury Department's webpage.{{Cite web\\|url \\= https://www.treasurydirect.gov/instit/annceresult/press/preanre/2013/A\\_20131106\\_1\\.pdf\\|title \\= U.S. Department of the Treasury \\- CUSIP 912810RD2\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= \\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }}{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://www.treasurydirect.gov/instit/annceresult/press/preanre/2014/R\\_20141112\\_2\\.pdf\\|title \\= U.S. Department of the Treasury \\- CUSIP 912796FG9\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= \\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }} It shows the dramatic difference between the interest rate of a 1\\-year T\\-bill and a 30\\-year Treasury bond. There can be no doubt that they are fundamentally different securities. So, instead of applying a 4%, 5% or 6% interest rate, or an interest rate of a 20\\- or 30\\-year U.S. Treasury bond, the Guidelines offer bondholders interest rates that are currently less than 0\\.15%. Dr. Alonso and Dr. Muñoz actually test the outcome of using such different rates and conclude that doing so “has a significant effect on the updated value of the bonds.”“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 10, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf). Table 3 of their report shows the dramatic difference in compound value for a $1,000 Treasury bond.", "As Dr. Alonso and Dr. Muñoz explain in their report, it makes no economic sense to use a short\\-term interest rate with respect to a long\\-term bond such as the Land Reform Bonds.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, Section II, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf). Also, the Guidelines stop paying interest altogether as of 2013, and make the mistake of converting back to *Sol* at the average foreign exchange rate of 2013, instead of the exchange rate in effect at the time of actual payment – which, pursuant to the Guidelines, may occur many years from now.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 12, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf).", "As addressed below, the Guidelines also discriminate among bondholders, classifying them in: (*i*) those over 65 years of age; (*ii*) individuals over legal entities; (*iii*) the original bondholders over the assignees. The Guidelines provide that persons over the age of 65 who are *original* bondholders are entitled to collect before other individuals who are older than 65 but are *not* original bondholders. The Guidelines then provide the same priority for people under 65 years of age, and thereafter, give preference to legal entities that are holders of the land reform debt, followed by legal entities that have acquired the bonds as part of the payment of obligations provided for under law, and finally, legal entities that acquired the obligations for “speculative ends.” The Guidelines do not explain why these classes were established, how any individual bondholder will be classified under them or precisely what use will be made of the classifications in paying bondholders. The fact is, no Bond has priority over any other. To the contrary, all the Bonds received the same guarantee and are equal in entitling the owner – whoever that may be – to payment of the debt.", "The Guidelines also make the procedures and the updating methodology established therein the exclusive remedy for bondholders to collect the value of their bonds.", "A movement has arisen among Peruvians to request a fairer payout from the government of the remaining outstanding bonds.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://bonosagrarios.pe/es/\\|title\\=Bonos agrarios\\|trans\\-title\\=Agrarian bonds\\|publisher\\=La Alianza por el Pago Justo de los Bonos Agrarios \\[The Alliance for the Just Payment of Agragrian Bonds]\\|accessdate\\=12 May 2015}}", "### The MEF's February 2017 Update", "In February 2017, Peru confirmed once again that the agrarian reform bonds are a valid sovereign debt obligation via a new administrative decree, Supreme Decree 034\\-2017\\-EF.Supreme Decree N° 034\\-2017\\-EF, [https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad\\-sp\\-18542/por\\-instrumento/decretos\\-supremos/15620\\-decreto\\-supremo\\-n\\-034\\-2017\\-ef\\-1/file](https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad-sp-18542/por-instrumento/decretos-supremos/15620-decreto-supremo-n-034-2017-ef-1/file) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815030814/https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad\\-sp\\-18542/por\\-instrumento/decretos\\-supremos/15620\\-decreto\\-supremo\\-n\\-034\\-2017\\-ef\\-1/file \\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-15 }}. The decree was signed by [President Kuczynski](/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski \"Pedro Pablo Kuczynski\") on February 23, 2017 and provides for two clarifications to the mathematical formula from the 2014 decree in narrative form.Supreme Decree N° 034\\-2017\\-EF, Article 2, [https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad\\-sp\\-18542/por\\-instrumento/decretos\\-supremos/15620\\-decreto\\-supremo\\-n\\-034\\-2017\\-ef\\-1/file](https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad-sp-18542/por-instrumento/decretos-supremos/15620-decreto-supremo-n-034-2017-ef-1/file) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815030814/https://mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad\\-sp\\-18542/por\\-instrumento/decretos\\-supremos/15620\\-decreto\\-supremo\\-n\\-034\\-2017\\-ef\\-1/file \\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-15 }}. However, the 2017 decree does not include a copy of the full mathematical formula proposed by Peru and thus does not disclose the amount Peru is offering to pay.", "" ]
### The MEF's January 2014 Guidelines In January 2014, the MEF issued the Guidelines containing the “Regulations for the Administrative Process of Recording, Adjusting and Paying the Land Reform Bond Debt.” The Guidelines set out a “mandatory” procedure for bondholder claims.Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, article 4, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). To initiate that administrative procedure, however, any bondholder that is a party to ongoing judicial proceedings seeking payment of the value of the Bonds must first “abandon” those proceedings and any rights to participate in any other legal proceedings in the future.Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, Final Supplemental Provision N° 1, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). Sovereign [debt restructuring](/wiki/Debt_restructuring "Debt restructuring") is not uncommon, and Peru has – as a matter of fact – restructured its sovereign debt several times in the past. But it has never asked creditors to waive their procedural rights just to reconcile the amount due. This is followed by a complex, bureaucratic and uncertain administrative process. That process could take up to seven years before the bondholders receive any value: five years for bondholders to file their “applications” to be “officially identified and registered” as the Bonds’ legitimate holders, followed by a two\-year process to hear each individual claim.Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, Articles 6\.1 and 6\.2, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). This two\-year period consists of eighteen months for the MEF to “register” the application; and six months to finalize the “administrative updating.”Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, Fourth Supplemental Final Provision, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf).*See also*: Emergency Decree No 088\-2000, for instance, did not impose these burdensome and complex administrative procedures. That was, in fact, a very straightforward regulation. Although article 10 of Decree 088\-2000 provided that acceptance of new bonds meant the “abandonment” of ongoing judicial proceedings, nothing therein barred bondholders from pursuing their claims before the judiciary, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-de\-Urgencia\-088\-2000\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-de-Urgencia-088-2000.pdf). The Guidelines provide that no payment of any kind can occur until an unspecified “minimum” quantity of claims has been submitted.Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, Article 17\.2, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). More generally, the Guidelines say nothing about the form of compensation bondholders might ultimately receive, leaving it unclear if the Government ever will pay in cash or will simply issue another bond with below market terms and long maturity. In fact, article 17\.1 merely indicates that the MEF, “taking into account principles of fiscal balance and financial sustainability,” as well as “fiscal rules” and the “multi\-annual macroeconomic framework,” shall “define the options that the bondholders may choose from” for the purposes of collecting.Supreme Decree N° 17\-2014\-EF, Article 17\.1, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\-Supremo\-017\-2014\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). The Guidelines also contain provisions stating how the Government proposes to calculate the debt due to each bondholder. It describes these calculations by a series of complex equations. The equations are not easy for a lay person to understand. They purport to convert a nominal amount of *Soles Oro* into U.S. dollars using what they call a “parity exchange rate.” However, instead of using a well\- established international reference for such a parity exchange rate, the Guidelines calculate that rate with another complex equation that is unusual and unfounded.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 6 (noting that they “know of no economic theory or reputable author supporting a formulation similar to the MEF formula.”), [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf).*See also:* “*The Appropriate Parity Exchange Rate to be Used in Valuing Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Alan Heston, Table 1, Estimates of Annual Parity Exchange Rates, Based on ICP Benchmark Comparisons, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte\-pericial\-de\-Heston.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte-pericial-de-Heston.pdf). As Dr. Ivan Alonso and Dr. Italo Muñoz explain in their report submitted along with this brief, the Guidelines’ yield the absurd result that as Peruvian currency *weakens* against the dollar, each *Sol* is worth *more* and therefore *fewer* dollars are required to achieve parity. This makes no sense. This basic error in the equation thus turns the purpose of using a parity exchange rate on its head. The Guidelines then apply to this incorrectly restated principal amount not the interest rate stated in the Bonds, but an interest rate for U.S. Treasury bills (also known as T\-bills) of just one\-year duration. The one\-year U.S. Treasury bills have interest rates that are not only considerably *lower* than the interest rates specified in the Land Reform Bonds, but also rates that are considerably lower than U.S. Treasury bonds of durations closer to those of the Land Reform Bonds, as the following chart shows: | Bond | Issuance | CUSIP | Issue Date | Yield | Rate | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | U.S. Treasury | 30 years | 912810RD2 | 15/01/2014 | 3\.899% | 3\.750% | | U.S. T\-Bills | 1 year | 912796FG9 | 13/11/2014 | 0\.140% | 0\.142% | The information from the table above comes from the U.S. Treasury Department's webpage.{{Cite web\|url \= https://www.treasurydirect.gov/instit/annceresult/press/preanre/2013/A\_20131106\_1\.pdf\|title \= U.S. Department of the Treasury \- CUSIP 912810RD2\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= \|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }}{{Cite web\|url \= http://www.treasurydirect.gov/instit/annceresult/press/preanre/2014/R\_20141112\_2\.pdf\|title \= U.S. Department of the Treasury \- CUSIP 912796FG9\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= \|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }} It shows the dramatic difference between the interest rate of a 1\-year T\-bill and a 30\-year Treasury bond. There can be no doubt that they are fundamentally different securities. So, instead of applying a 4%, 5% or 6% interest rate, or an interest rate of a 20\- or 30\-year U.S. Treasury bond, the Guidelines offer bondholders interest rates that are currently less than 0\.15%. Dr. Alonso and Dr. Muñoz actually test the outcome of using such different rates and conclude that doing so “has a significant effect on the updated value of the bonds.”“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 10, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf). Table 3 of their report shows the dramatic difference in compound value for a $1,000 Treasury bond. As Dr. Alonso and Dr. Muñoz explain in their report, it makes no economic sense to use a short\-term interest rate with respect to a long\-term bond such as the Land Reform Bonds.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, Section II, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf). Also, the Guidelines stop paying interest altogether as of 2013, and make the mistake of converting back to *Sol* at the average foreign exchange rate of 2013, instead of the exchange rate in effect at the time of actual payment – which, pursuant to the Guidelines, may occur many years from now.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 12, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf). As addressed below, the Guidelines also discriminate among bondholders, classifying them in: (*i*) those over 65 years of age; (*ii*) individuals over legal entities; (*iii*) the original bondholders over the assignees. The Guidelines provide that persons over the age of 65 who are *original* bondholders are entitled to collect before other individuals who are older than 65 but are *not* original bondholders. The Guidelines then provide the same priority for people under 65 years of age, and thereafter, give preference to legal entities that are holders of the land reform debt, followed by legal entities that have acquired the bonds as part of the payment of obligations provided for under law, and finally, legal entities that acquired the obligations for “speculative ends.” The Guidelines do not explain why these classes were established, how any individual bondholder will be classified under them or precisely what use will be made of the classifications in paying bondholders. The fact is, no Bond has priority over any other. To the contrary, all the Bonds received the same guarantee and are equal in entitling the owner – whoever that may be – to payment of the debt. The Guidelines also make the procedures and the updating methodology established therein the exclusive remedy for bondholders to collect the value of their bonds. A movement has arisen among Peruvians to request a fairer payout from the government of the remaining outstanding bonds.{{cite web\|url\=http://bonosagrarios.pe/es/\|title\=Bonos agrarios\|trans\-title\=Agrarian bonds\|publisher\=La Alianza por el Pago Justo de los Bonos Agrarios \[The Alliance for the Just Payment of Agragrian Bonds]\|accessdate\=12 May 2015}}
[ "### The MEF's January 2014 Guidelines", "In January 2014, the MEF issued the Guidelines containing the “Regulations for the Administrative Process of Recording, Adjusting and Paying the Land Reform Bond Debt.” The Guidelines set out a “mandatory” procedure for bondholder claims.Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, article 4, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). To initiate that administrative procedure, however, any bondholder that is a party to ongoing judicial proceedings seeking payment of the value of the Bonds must first “abandon” those proceedings and any rights to participate in any other legal proceedings in the future.Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, Final Supplemental Provision N° 1, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). Sovereign [debt restructuring](/wiki/Debt_restructuring \"Debt restructuring\") is not uncommon, and Peru has – as a matter of fact – restructured its sovereign debt several times in the past. But it has never asked creditors to waive their procedural rights just to reconcile the amount due. This is followed by a complex, bureaucratic and uncertain administrative process. That process could take up to seven years before the bondholders receive any value: five years for bondholders to file their “applications” to be “officially identified and registered” as the Bonds’ legitimate holders, followed by a two\\-year process to hear each individual claim.Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, Articles 6\\.1 and 6\\.2, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). This two\\-year period consists of eighteen months for the MEF to “register” the application; and six months to finalize the “administrative updating.”Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, Fourth Supplemental Final Provision, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf).*See also*: Emergency Decree No 088\\-2000, for instance, did not impose these burdensome and complex administrative procedures. That was, in fact, a very straightforward regulation. Although article 10 of Decree 088\\-2000 provided that acceptance of new bonds meant the “abandonment” of ongoing judicial proceedings, nothing therein barred bondholders from pursuing their claims before the judiciary, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-de\\-Urgencia\\-088\\-2000\\.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-de-Urgencia-088-2000.pdf).", "The Guidelines provide that no payment of any kind can occur until an unspecified “minimum” quantity of claims has been submitted.Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, Article 17\\.2, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf). More generally, the Guidelines say nothing about the form of compensation bondholders might ultimately receive, leaving it unclear if the Government ever will pay in cash or will simply issue another bond with below market terms and long maturity. In fact, article 17\\.1 merely indicates that the MEF, “taking into account principles of fiscal balance and financial sustainability,” as well as “fiscal rules” and the “multi\\-annual macroeconomic framework,” shall “define the options that the bondholders may choose from” for the purposes of collecting.Supreme Decree N° 17\\-2014\\-EF, Article 17\\.1, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto\\-Supremo\\-017\\-2014\\-EF.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Decreto-Supremo-017-2014-EF.pdf).", "The Guidelines also contain provisions stating how the Government proposes to calculate the debt due to each bondholder. It describes these calculations by a series of complex equations. The equations are not easy for a lay person to understand. They purport to convert a nominal amount of *Soles Oro* into U.S. dollars using what they call a “parity exchange rate.” However, instead of using a well\\- established international reference for such a parity exchange rate, the Guidelines calculate that rate with another complex equation that is unusual and unfounded.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 6 (noting that they “know of no economic theory or reputable author supporting a formulation similar to the MEF formula.”), [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf).*See also:* “*The Appropriate Parity Exchange Rate to be Used in Valuing Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Alan Heston, Table 1, Estimates of Annual Parity Exchange Rates, Based on ICP Benchmark Comparisons, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte\\-pericial\\-de\\-Heston.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte-pericial-de-Heston.pdf).", "As Dr. Ivan Alonso and Dr. Italo Muñoz explain in their report submitted along with this brief, the Guidelines’ yield the absurd result that as Peruvian currency *weakens* against the dollar, each *Sol* is worth *more* and therefore *fewer* dollars are required to achieve parity. This makes no sense. This basic error in the equation thus turns the purpose of using a parity exchange rate on its head. The Guidelines then apply to this incorrectly restated principal amount not the interest rate stated in the Bonds, but an interest rate for U.S. Treasury bills (also known as T\\-bills) of just one\\-year duration. The one\\-year U.S. Treasury bills have interest rates that are not only considerably *lower* than the interest rates specified in the Land Reform Bonds, but also rates that are considerably lower than U.S. Treasury bonds of durations closer to those of the Land Reform Bonds, as the following chart shows:", "| Bond | Issuance | CUSIP | Issue Date | Yield | Rate |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| U.S. Treasury | 30 years | 912810RD2 | 15/01/2014 | 3\\.899% | 3\\.750% |\n| U.S. T\\-Bills | 1 year | 912796FG9 | 13/11/2014 | 0\\.140% | 0\\.142% |", "The information from the table above comes from the U.S. Treasury Department's webpage.{{Cite web\\|url \\= https://www.treasurydirect.gov/instit/annceresult/press/preanre/2013/A\\_20131106\\_1\\.pdf\\|title \\= U.S. Department of the Treasury \\- CUSIP 912810RD2\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= \\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }}{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://www.treasurydirect.gov/instit/annceresult/press/preanre/2014/R\\_20141112\\_2\\.pdf\\|title \\= U.S. Department of the Treasury \\- CUSIP 912796FG9\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= \\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }} It shows the dramatic difference between the interest rate of a 1\\-year T\\-bill and a 30\\-year Treasury bond. There can be no doubt that they are fundamentally different securities. So, instead of applying a 4%, 5% or 6% interest rate, or an interest rate of a 20\\- or 30\\-year U.S. Treasury bond, the Guidelines offer bondholders interest rates that are currently less than 0\\.15%. Dr. Alonso and Dr. Muñoz actually test the outcome of using such different rates and conclude that doing so “has a significant effect on the updated value of the bonds.”“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 10, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf). Table 3 of their report shows the dramatic difference in compound value for a $1,000 Treasury bond.", "As Dr. Alonso and Dr. Muñoz explain in their report, it makes no economic sense to use a short\\-term interest rate with respect to a long\\-term bond such as the Land Reform Bonds.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, Section II, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf). Also, the Guidelines stop paying interest altogether as of 2013, and make the mistake of converting back to *Sol* at the average foreign exchange rate of 2013, instead of the exchange rate in effect at the time of actual payment – which, pursuant to the Guidelines, may occur many years from now.“*An Analysis of the Formulas for Calculating the Redemption Value of Land Reform Bonds in Peru,*” prepared by Dr. Iván Alonso and Dr. Ítalo Munoz, p. 12, [http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf](http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Reporte%20pericial%20de%20Alonso.pdf).", "As addressed below, the Guidelines also discriminate among bondholders, classifying them in: (*i*) those over 65 years of age; (*ii*) individuals over legal entities; (*iii*) the original bondholders over the assignees. The Guidelines provide that persons over the age of 65 who are *original* bondholders are entitled to collect before other individuals who are older than 65 but are *not* original bondholders. The Guidelines then provide the same priority for people under 65 years of age, and thereafter, give preference to legal entities that are holders of the land reform debt, followed by legal entities that have acquired the bonds as part of the payment of obligations provided for under law, and finally, legal entities that acquired the obligations for “speculative ends.” The Guidelines do not explain why these classes were established, how any individual bondholder will be classified under them or precisely what use will be made of the classifications in paying bondholders. The fact is, no Bond has priority over any other. To the contrary, all the Bonds received the same guarantee and are equal in entitling the owner – whoever that may be – to payment of the debt.", "The Guidelines also make the procedures and the updating methodology established therein the exclusive remedy for bondholders to collect the value of their bonds.", "A movement has arisen among Peruvians to request a fairer payout from the government of the remaining outstanding bonds.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://bonosagrarios.pe/es/\\|title\\=Bonos agrarios\\|trans\\-title\\=Agrarian bonds\\|publisher\\=La Alianza por el Pago Justo de los Bonos Agrarios \\[The Alliance for the Just Payment of Agragrian Bonds]\\|accessdate\\=12 May 2015}}", "" ]
Recent events ------------- ### Rating agency involvement *HR Ratings Company* In October 2015, credit rating agency HR Ratings issued a rating of HR D (G) to the Peruvian Agrarian Debt Bonds, classes A, B \& C as a result of the government's failure to make payments on the bonds in accordance with their original terms.{{Cite web\|url \= http://www.hrratings.com/pdf/Peruvian%20Agrarian%20Debt%20Reform%20Bonds%20Press%20Release\_20151027\.pdf\|title \= HR Ratings\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= Peruvian Agrarian Debt Reform Bonds Press Release\|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }} *[Egan\-Jones Ratings Company](/wiki/Egan-Jones_Ratings_Company "Egan-Jones Ratings Company")* In November 2015, independent rating agency Egan\-Jones Ratings Company (non\-SRO) issued the following three ratings on Peruvian sovereign debt:{{Cite web\|title \= Egan\-Jones Rates Peru's Bonds {{!}} Egan\-Jones Ratings Company\|url \= https://www.egan\-jones.com/public/press/egan\-jones\-rates\-peru\-bonds.aspx\|website \= www.egan\-jones.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17}} 1. Peruvian Foreign Currency Bonds: Rating "BB" 2. Peruvian Local Currency Bonds ("Soberanos"): Rating "BB−" 3. Peruvian Land Reform Bonds: Rating "D" Egan\-Jones’ sub\-investment grade sovereign ratings for Peru were primarily due to weak institutions.{{Cite web\|title \= Egan\-Jones Rates Peru's Bonds {{!}} Egan\-Jones Ratings Company\|url \= https://www.egan\-jones.com/public/press/egan\-jones\-rates\-peru\-bonds.aspx\|website \= www.egan\-jones.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17}} Egan\-Jones cites the spotty track record of the government, specifically the ongoing default on the agrarian reform bonds. Their press release states, “The Land Reform Bonds were issued between 1969 and 1982 and remain unpaid. Through a recent administrative decree, Peru has made a unilateral offer to pay the Land Reform Bonds in an amount equal to less than 0\.5% of the amount owed (i.e. a 99\.5% haircut). In addition, Peru’s proposed process subordinates both holders of the bonds who are entities rather than individuals, and purchasers of the bonds on the secondary market. The process also requires bondholders to waive all rights to future legal remedies as a precondition to register their Land Reform Bonds.”{{Cite web\|title \= Egan\-Jones Rates Peru's Bonds {{!}} Egan\-Jones Ratings Company\|url \= https://www.egan\-jones.com/public/press/egan\-jones\-rates\-peru\-bonds.aspx\|website \= www.egan\-jones.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17}} In December 2015, Egan\-Jones reaffirmed their ratings following a criminal complaint against a court secretary involved in a 2013 court decision about the agrarian bonds.{{Cite press release\|title \= Egan\-Jones Affirms Three Ratings on Peruvian Sovereign Debt Based upon New Criminal Charges Related to Peruvian Land Bonds\|url \= http://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/egan\-jones\-affirms\-three\-ratings\-on\-peruvian\-sovereign\-debt\-based\-upon\-new\-criminal\-charges\-related\-to\-peruvian\-land\-bonds\-300191008\.html\|website \= www.prnewswire.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17\|first \= \|last \= }} Criminal charges were brought upon Óscar Arturo Díaz Muñoz by the Peruvian Provincial Criminal Prosecutor's Office No. 12 of Lima.{{Cite web\|url \= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2016/01/Cargos\-criminales\-contra\-Oscar\-Diaz\-119\-2015\.pdf\|title \= Ministerio Público\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= Cargos criminales contra Óscar Arturo Díaz Muñoz\|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }} ### Major Credit Ratings Agencies Considerations To date, the major credit ratings agencies have avoided evaluating this debt. As outlined in a June 2016 article in the Financial Times, [Moody's](/wiki/Moody%27s_Corporation "Moody's Corporation") stated the bonds weren't "ratable in a manner that is consistent with rated government bonds," and [Standard \& Poor's](/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s "Standard & Poor's") stated that it considers the bonds to be "contingent liabilities" but "official documentation and information on the terms and conditions for these bonds has not been established."{{Cite news\|title \= Big rating agencies steer clear of Peru's defaulted debt\|url \= https://www.ft.com/content/fa83aba4\-283f\-11e6\-8ba3\-cdd781d02d89\|newspaper \= Financial Times\|access\-date \= 2017\-05\-29\|first \= \|last \= \| date\=2 June 2016 }} In April 2016, [U.S. Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") shed light on potential conflicts of interest of the major credit ratings agencies. At this hearing, Representative [Brad Sherman](/wiki/Brad_Sherman "Brad Sherman") stated, "we still have a system where the umpire...is paid by one of the teams, and selected by that team."{{Cite web\|url \= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=nxCkDHJy\_fo\|title \= April 2016 Congressional Hearing\|date \= \|access\-date \= 2017\-05\-29\|first \= \|last \= \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] }} The [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission") does not have specific regulations in place to prevent ratings agencies from picking and choosing particular bond rating engagements. Representatives [Mike Fitzpatrick](/wiki/Mike_Fitzpatrick "Mike Fitzpatrick") and [Stephen Lynch](/wiki/Stephen_F._Lynch "Stephen F. Lynch") also discussed similar conflicts of interest concerns. ### Criminal charges in Lima The Peruvian Provincial Criminal Prosecutor's Office No. 12 of Lima brought criminal charges against Óscar Arturo Díaz Muñoz for “falsification of documents in prejudice of the State and of Carlos Mesía Ramírez”.{{Cite web\|url \= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2016/01/Cargos\-criminales\-contra\-Oscar\-Diaz\-119\-2015\.pdf\|title \= Ministerio Público\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= Cargos criminales contra Óscar Arturo Díaz Muñoz\|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }} Carlos Mesía Ramírez is an ex\-magistrate of the [Constitutional Tribunal](/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Peru "Constitutional Court of Peru") in Peru.{{Cite web\|title \= Carlos Mesia Ramirez\|url \= http://www.justiciaviva.org.pe/tc\_aldia/organigrama/mag/carlos\_ramirez.htm\|website \= www.justiciaviva.org.pe\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20081204141712/http://www.justiciaviva.org.pe/tc\_aldia/organigrama/mag/carlos\_ramirez.htm\|archive\-date \= 2008\-12\-04\|url\-status \= dead}}{{Cite press release\|title \= Egan\-Jones confirma tres calificaciones sobre la deuda pública peruana basadas en nuevas causas penales relacionadas con bonos agrarios peruanos\|url \= http://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/egan\-jones\-confirma\-tres\-calificaciones\-sobre\-la\-deuda\-publica\-peruana\-basadas\-en\-nuevas\-causas\-penales\-relacionadas\-con\-bonos\-agrarios\-peruanos\-561443071\.html\|website \= www.prnewswire.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17\|first \= \|last \= }} The allegedly tampered ruling abruptly reversed multiple prior court decisions, leaving the agrarian bonds essentially worthless.{{Cite press release\|title \= Egan\-Jones Affirms Three Ratings on Peruvian Sovereign Debt Based upon New Criminal Charges Related to Peruvian Land Bonds\|url \= http://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases/egan\-jones\-affirms\-three\-ratings\-on\-peruvian\-sovereign\-debt\-based\-upon\-new\-criminal\-charges\-related\-to\-peruvian\-land\-bonds\-300191008\.html\|website \= www.prnewswire.com\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17\|first \= \|last \= }} Criminal charges cite direct evidence that a draft decision ruling in favor of bondholders was manipulated{{Cite web \| url \= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2016/01/Informe\-Pericial\-Instituto\-de\-Medicina\-Legal\-y\-Ciencias\-Forenses\-Agosto\-2015\.pdf \| title \= Informe Pericial Grafo\-Documentoscopico No 12439\-12454/2015 \| last \= \| first \= \| date \= 2015\-08\-17 \| website \= \| publisher \= Informe Pericial Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses \| access\-date \= }}{{Cite web \| url \= http://larepublica.pe/impresa/politica/731697\-juzgaran\-ex\-relator\-del\-tc\-por\-adulterar\-fallo\-sobre\-bonos \| title \= Juzgarán a ex relator del TC por adulterar fallo sobre bonos \| date \= 2016\-01\-07 \| website \= larepublica.pe \| access\-date \= 2016\-03\-01 }} with white\-out to become a dissenting opinion of ex\-judge Carlos Mesía Ramírez without his consent.{{Cite web\|url \= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2016/01/Cargos\-criminales\-contra\-Oscar\-Diaz\-119\-2015\.pdf\|title \= Ministerio Público\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= Cargos criminales contra Óscar Arturo Díaz Muñoz\|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }}{{Cite web\|url \= http://www.ft.com/fastft/2015/10/27/peruvian\-judge\-files\-complaint\-over\-bond\-ruling/\|title \= Financial Times\|date \= \|access\-date \= 2015\-10\-27\|website \= Peruvian judge files complaint over bond ruling\|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }}{{Cite web\|url \= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2016/01/Carlos\-Mesia\-Solicito\-incorporacion\-como\-agraviado\-23\-Octubre\-2015\.pdf\|title \= Investigación 119\-2015: Solicito incorporación como agraviado\|date \= \|access\-date \= \|website \= Carlos Mesía solicito incorporación como agraviado\|publisher \= \|last \= \|first \= }} ### U.S. securities law violation In January 2016, as reported by [The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal"),{{Cite news\|title \= Hedge Fund Challenges Peru on Land Bonds\|url \= https://www.wsj.com/articles/hedge\-fund\-challenges\-peru\-on\-land\-bonds\-1452853981\|newspaper \= Wall Street Journal\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17\|issn \= 0099\-9660\|first \= Matt\|last \= Wirz}} [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University "Columbia University") law professor [John C. Coffee](/wiki/John_C._Coffee "John C. Coffee"){{Cite web\|title \= John C. Coffee Jr. {{!}} Faculty {{!}} Columbia Law School\|url \= http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/John\_Coffee%2520Jr.\|website \= www.law.columbia.edu\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17}} provided a legal opinion regarding the Peruvian agrarian bonds.{{Cite web\|title \= Analysis of Peru's Bond Prospectuses Filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)\|url \= http://perubonds.org/resource/analysis\-of\-perus\-bond\-prospectuses\-filed\-with\-the\-u\-s\-securities\-and\-exchange\-commission\-sec\|website \= Perubonds.org\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17\|last \= Coffee\|first \= John C.}} His legal opinion advised that Peru's disclosures provided to investors in their [SEC](/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission") prospectuses and prospectus supplements{{Cite web\|title \= www.sec.gov\|url \= https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/77694/000119312515099415/d890012d424b4\.htm\|website \= Republic of Peru Prospectus Supplement\|access\-date \= }} were incorrect. Such disclosures claimed that the country was “not involved in any disputes with its internal or external creditors;{{Cite web\|title \= www.sec.gov\|url \= https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/77694/000119312515099415/d890012d424b4\.htm\|website \= Republic of Peru Prospectus Supplement\|access\-date \= }}” but, citing a memo, among other things, from the MEF identifying at least 400{{Cite web \| url \= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2016/01/Memo\-No\-552\-2014\-EF52\-9\.12\.2014\.pdf \| title \= Memo No. 552\-2014\-EF52 \| last \= \| first \= \| date \= 2014\-12\-09 \| website \= \| publisher \= Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas \| access\-date \= }} pending lawsuits and 47{{Cite web \| url \= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2016/01/Memo1379\-2015\.pdf \| title \= Memorandum No. 1379\-2015\-MINIAGRI\-OGA \| last \= \| first \= \| date \= 2015\-09\-17 \| website \= \| publisher \= Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego \| access\-date \= }} unpaid judgments, Coffee concluded that such statement would be in violation of the [Securities Act of 1933](/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933 "Securities Act of 1933"). ### Implications for U.S.\-Peru relations *U.S.\-Peru trade agreement* In February 2016, as reported in the [Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times"),{{Cite news\|title \= Gramercy files $1\.3bn claim against Peru\|url \= http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/550d434a\-c9cd\-11e5\-be0b\-b7ece4e953a0\.html\#axzz40ScF01UC\|newspaper \= Financial Times\|date \= 2016\-02\-03\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17\|issn \= 0307\-1766\|first \= Robin\|last \= Wigglesworth}} a Connecticut\-based hedge fund filed a "Notice of Intent to Commence [Arbitration](/wiki/Arbitration "Arbitration") Under the [US\-Peru Trade Agreement](/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement "Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement"){{Cite web\|title \= Peru Trade Promotion Agreement {{!}} United States Trade Representative\|url \= https://ustr.gov/trade\-agreements/free\-trade\-agreements/peru\-tpa\|website \= ustr.gov\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17}}".{{Cite web\|title \= Perubonds.org\|url \= http://perubonds.org/resource/notice\-of\-intent\-to\-commence\-arbitration\-under\-the\-us\-peru\-trade\-agreement\|website \= Notice of Intent to Commence Arbitration Under the US\-Peru Trade Agreement\|access\-date \= 2016\-02\-17}} [Gramercy Funds Management](/wiki/Gramercy_Funds_Management "Gramercy Funds Management") filed this claim for $1\.3 billion against Peru with respect to an alleged refusal to repay defaulted local bonds (agrarian reform bonds) at a reasonable rate. *Helms\-Burton Act* The Helms\-Burton Act ({{USPL\|103\|236}}, 108 [Stat.](/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large "United States Statutes at Large") 475, {{USC\|22\|2370a}} of Chapter 32 –Foreign AssistanceU.S. Code Chapter 32 – Foreign Assistance, [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/chapter\-32](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/chapter-32).) is a [United States federal law](/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States "Law of the United States") enacted as an amendment in 1994 under the [U.S. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961](/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act "Foreign Assistance Act").{{cite web\|title \= Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, As Amended through P.L. 115–31, Enacted May 05, 2017\|url \= https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/Foreign%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201961\.pdf\|website \= Legcounsel.house.gov\|accessdate \= 2017\-08\-14\|first \= \|last \= \|archive\-date \= 2017\-08\-15\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20170815101734/https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/Foreign%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201961\.pdf\|url\-status \= dead}} A key purpose of the act is to protect the property rights of U.S. nationals by prohibiting recognition of a government that has not provided compensation for U.S. certified claims against confiscated property, including expropriated land. It has commonly been associated with [U.S.\-Cuban relations](/wiki/Helms%E2%80%93Burton_Act "Helms–Burton Act"), as it has been used in practice following the expropriation of property formerly owned by Cubans who have since become [U.S. citizens](/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States "Citizenship of the United States").{{cite journal\|last1\=Hillyard \|first1\=Mick \|last2\=Miller \|first2\=Vaughne \|date\=14 December 1998 \|title\=Cuba and the Helms\-Burton Act \|url\=http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp98/rp98\-114\.pdf \|journal\=House of Commons Library Research Papers \|publisher\=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. \|volume\=98 \|issue\=114 \|pages\=3 \|accessdate\=14 August 2017 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819014257/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp98/rp98\-114\.pdf \|archivedate\=August 19, 2000 }} In the case of Cuba, property was expropriated “without the property having been returned or adequate and effective compensation provided,”United States Public Law 104\-114, [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW\-104publ114/html/PLAW\-104publ114\.htm](https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ114/html/PLAW-104publ114.htm). which directly triggered the use of [sanctions](/wiki/International_sanctions "International sanctions") by the U.S. government against the country. According to the 1994 Helms\-Burton Amendment, if the property of U.S. citizens is expropriated by another country without receiving “adequate and effective compensation” in accordance with “international law,” no further U.S. foreign aid is legally permitted.Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2370a, <https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2370a>. The amendment also requires that U.S. Executive Directors of each multilateral bank to vote against any loans to such expropriating country.Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2370a, <https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2370a>. The holders of Peruvian agrarian reform bonds include descendants of expropriated Peruvian landowners that have since become U.S. citizens.{{cite web\|title \= Haunted by a Legacy of Betrayal, Peruvians Still Seek Justice\|url \= https://thehill.com/blogs/congress\-blog/foreign\-policy/259887\-haunted\-by\-a\-legacy\-of\-betrayal\-peruvians\-still\-seek/\|website \= TheHill.com\|date\=12 November 2015 \|access\-date \= 2017\-08\-14\|first \= Stephen\|last \= Mufson}} While the amendment is not currently being applied to the government of Peru, a review of the situation of U.S. citizens holding agrarian reform bonds fits squarely under an application of the Helms\-Burton Amendment as bondholders await a fair compensation. ### Implications for multilateral organizations *[Organisation for Economic Co\-operation and Development (OECD)](/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development")* The OECD is an [intergovernmental economic organization](/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization "Intergovernmental organization") to which countries apply for membership upon commitment to [democracy](/wiki/Democracy "Democracy") and the [market economy](/wiki/Market_economy "Market economy"). Peru has expressed an eagerness to become a member of the OECD, stressing a friendly climate for investors.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.andina.com.pe/Ingles/noticia\-peru\-eager\-to\-become\-an\-oecd\-member\-436050\.aspx \|title\=Peru eager to become an OECD member \|publisher\=Andina.com.pe \|date\=2012\-11\-15 \|accessdate\=2017\-08\-14}} While Peru participates in OECD Bodies, Guidelines and Legal Instruments,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oecd.org/latin\-america/countries/peru/\|title\=The OECD and Latin America \& the Caribbean: Peru\|publisher\=oecd.org \| accessdate\=2017\-08\-14}} it is not currently a member and has not yet received a formal invitation to apply. However, the current administration has signaled a strong interest in becoming a full member.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rree.gob.pe/Documents/Brochure\_PERU\_A\_Reliable\_Partner\_for\_the\_OECD.pdf\|title\=Peru: A Reliable Partner for the OECD\|publisher\=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú\| accessdate\=2017\-08\-14}} OECD members must enforce the [rule of law](/wiki/Rule_of_law "Rule of law"), develop and support democratic institutions, support [free markets](/wiki/Free_market "Free market") and allow unrestricted access to foreign investors.{{cite web\|title \= OECD (2017\), Government at a Glance 2017\|url \= http://www.oecd\-ilibrary.org/governance/government\-at\-a\-glance\_22214399\| accessdate \= 2017\-08\-14}} Noting Peru's current dispute with holders of agrarian reform bonds, Peru's failure to repay runs counter to the OECD's commitment to the rule of law, [sound debt management](/wiki/Debt_management_plan "Debt management plan"), free markets and unrestricted access by foreign investors as embodied in OECD principles, guidelines and rules. Additionally, Peru's failure to report the outstanding debt to the [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission") or [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") does not adhere to the OECD's leading practices for reporting public debt and runs counter to the OECD's commitment to [transparency](/wiki/Transparency_%28market%29 "Transparency (market)") standards. Irregularities surrounding the [Constitutional Tribunal](/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Peru "Constitutional Court of Peru")’s 2013 decision conflict with the OECD's commitment to the rule of law, including public pressure from then [President Humala](/wiki/Ollanta_Humala "Ollanta Humala") prior to the decision,{{cite web\|url\=http://archivo.elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/ollanta\-humala\-pidio\-al\-tcabstenerse\-dar\-fallos\-temas\-sensibles\-noticia\-1601511\|title\=Ollanta Humala pidió al TC 'abstenerse a dar fallos en temas sensibles'\|publisher\=El Comercio\|date\=2013\-07\-09\|accessdate\=2017\-08\-14}}{{cite web\|url\=http://larepublica.pe/10\-07\-2013/humala\-pide\-al\-tc\-abstenerse\-de\-dar\-fallos\-en\-temas\-sensibles\|title\=Humala pide al TC abstenerse de dar fallos en temas sensibles\|publisher\=La República\|date\=2013\-07\-10\|accessdate\=2017\-08\-14}} and the use of [white\-out](/wiki/Correction_fluid "Correction fluid"){{Cite web \| url \= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\-content/uploads/2016/01/Informe\-Pericial\-Instituto\-de\-Medicina\-Legal\-y\-Ciencias\-Forenses\-Agosto\-2015\.pdf \| title \= Informe Pericial Grafo\-Documentoscopico No 12439\-12454/2015 \| last \= \| first \= \| date \= 2015\-08\-17 \| website \= \| publisher \= Informe Pericial Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses \| access\-date \= }} to alter court decisions. To date, Peru has neither denied nor condemned the procedural irregularities associated with the Constitutional Tribunal's July 2013 decision, nor has the Constitutional Tribunal or the [Executive Branch](/wiki/Executive_%28government%29 "Executive (government)") taken any steps to remedy or address the [forgery](/wiki/Forgery "Forgery"). The altered decision still exists on the Constitutional Tribunal's websiteConstitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\-1996\-PI/TC, Resolution of July 16, 2013, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2013/00022\-1996\-AI{{Dead link\|date\=September 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2013/00022-1996-AI{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) Resolucion.pdf. and its proposed dollarization methodology is still being relied upon as a method of payment in subsequent decrees. Prior to accession to the OECD, Peru must seek to resolve its outstanding agrarian bond debt to be in compliance with OECD standards.
[ "Recent events\n-------------", "### Rating agency involvement", "*HR Ratings Company*", "In October 2015, credit rating agency HR Ratings issued a rating of HR D (G) to the Peruvian Agrarian Debt Bonds, classes A, B \\& C as a result of the government's failure to make payments on the bonds in accordance with their original terms.{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://www.hrratings.com/pdf/Peruvian%20Agrarian%20Debt%20Reform%20Bonds%20Press%20Release\\_20151027\\.pdf\\|title \\= HR Ratings\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= Peruvian Agrarian Debt Reform Bonds Press Release\\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }}", "*[Egan\\-Jones Ratings Company](/wiki/Egan-Jones_Ratings_Company \"Egan-Jones Ratings Company\")*", "In November 2015, independent rating agency Egan\\-Jones Ratings Company (non\\-SRO) issued the following three ratings on Peruvian sovereign debt:{{Cite web\\|title \\= Egan\\-Jones Rates Peru's Bonds {{!}} Egan\\-Jones Ratings Company\\|url \\= https://www.egan\\-jones.com/public/press/egan\\-jones\\-rates\\-peru\\-bonds.aspx\\|website \\= www.egan\\-jones.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17}}\n1. Peruvian Foreign Currency Bonds: Rating \"BB\"\n2. Peruvian Local Currency Bonds (\"Soberanos\"): Rating \"BB−\"\n3. Peruvian Land Reform Bonds: Rating \"D\"\nEgan\\-Jones’ sub\\-investment grade sovereign ratings for Peru were primarily due to weak institutions.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Egan\\-Jones Rates Peru's Bonds {{!}} Egan\\-Jones Ratings Company\\|url \\= https://www.egan\\-jones.com/public/press/egan\\-jones\\-rates\\-peru\\-bonds.aspx\\|website \\= www.egan\\-jones.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17}} Egan\\-Jones cites the spotty track record of the government, specifically the ongoing default on the agrarian reform bonds. Their press release states, “The Land Reform Bonds were issued between 1969 and 1982 and remain unpaid. Through a recent administrative decree, Peru has made a unilateral offer to pay the Land Reform Bonds in an amount equal to less than 0\\.5% of the amount owed (i.e. a 99\\.5% haircut). In addition, Peru’s proposed process subordinates both holders of the bonds who are entities rather than individuals, and purchasers of the bonds on the secondary market. The process also requires bondholders to waive all rights to future legal remedies as a precondition to register their Land Reform Bonds.”{{Cite web\\|title \\= Egan\\-Jones Rates Peru's Bonds {{!}} Egan\\-Jones Ratings Company\\|url \\= https://www.egan\\-jones.com/public/press/egan\\-jones\\-rates\\-peru\\-bonds.aspx\\|website \\= www.egan\\-jones.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17}}", "In December 2015, Egan\\-Jones reaffirmed their ratings following a criminal complaint against a court secretary involved in a 2013 court decision about the agrarian bonds.{{Cite press release\\|title \\= Egan\\-Jones Affirms Three Ratings on Peruvian Sovereign Debt Based upon New Criminal Charges Related to Peruvian Land Bonds\\|url \\= http://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/egan\\-jones\\-affirms\\-three\\-ratings\\-on\\-peruvian\\-sovereign\\-debt\\-based\\-upon\\-new\\-criminal\\-charges\\-related\\-to\\-peruvian\\-land\\-bonds\\-300191008\\.html\\|website \\= www.prnewswire.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17\\|first \\= \\|last \\= }} Criminal charges were brought upon Óscar Arturo Díaz Muñoz by the Peruvian Provincial Criminal Prosecutor's Office No. 12 of Lima.{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2016/01/Cargos\\-criminales\\-contra\\-Oscar\\-Diaz\\-119\\-2015\\.pdf\\|title \\= Ministerio Público\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= Cargos criminales contra Óscar Arturo Díaz Muñoz\\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }}", "### Major Credit Ratings Agencies Considerations", "To date, the major credit ratings agencies have avoided evaluating this debt. As outlined in a June 2016 article in the Financial Times, [Moody's](/wiki/Moody%27s_Corporation \"Moody's Corporation\") stated the bonds weren't \"ratable in a manner that is consistent with rated government bonds,\" and [Standard \\& Poor's](/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s \"Standard & Poor's\") stated that it considers the bonds to be \"contingent liabilities\" but \"official documentation and information on the terms and conditions for these bonds has not been established.\"{{Cite news\\|title \\= Big rating agencies steer clear of Peru's defaulted debt\\|url \\= https://www.ft.com/content/fa83aba4\\-283f\\-11e6\\-8ba3\\-cdd781d02d89\\|newspaper \\= Financial Times\\|access\\-date \\= 2017\\-05\\-29\\|first \\= \\|last \\= \\| date\\=2 June 2016 }}", "In April 2016, [U.S. Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") shed light on potential conflicts of interest of the major credit ratings agencies. At this hearing, Representative [Brad Sherman](/wiki/Brad_Sherman \"Brad Sherman\") stated, \"we still have a system where the umpire...is paid by one of the teams, and selected by that team.\"{{Cite web\\|url \\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=nxCkDHJy\\_fo\\|title \\= April 2016 Congressional Hearing\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= 2017\\-05\\-29\\|first \\= \\|last \\= \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] }} The [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission\") does not have specific regulations in place to prevent ratings agencies from picking and choosing particular bond rating engagements. Representatives [Mike Fitzpatrick](/wiki/Mike_Fitzpatrick \"Mike Fitzpatrick\") and [Stephen Lynch](/wiki/Stephen_F._Lynch \"Stephen F. Lynch\") also discussed similar conflicts of interest concerns.", "### Criminal charges in Lima", "The Peruvian Provincial Criminal Prosecutor's Office No. 12 of Lima brought criminal charges against Óscar Arturo Díaz Muñoz for “falsification of documents in prejudice of the State and of Carlos Mesía Ramírez”.{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2016/01/Cargos\\-criminales\\-contra\\-Oscar\\-Diaz\\-119\\-2015\\.pdf\\|title \\= Ministerio Público\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= Cargos criminales contra Óscar Arturo Díaz Muñoz\\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }} Carlos Mesía Ramírez is an ex\\-magistrate of the [Constitutional Tribunal](/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Peru \"Constitutional Court of Peru\") in Peru.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Carlos Mesia Ramirez\\|url \\= http://www.justiciaviva.org.pe/tc\\_aldia/organigrama/mag/carlos\\_ramirez.htm\\|website \\= www.justiciaviva.org.pe\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081204141712/http://www.justiciaviva.org.pe/tc\\_aldia/organigrama/mag/carlos\\_ramirez.htm\\|archive\\-date \\= 2008\\-12\\-04\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}{{Cite press release\\|title \\= Egan\\-Jones confirma tres calificaciones sobre la deuda pública peruana basadas en nuevas causas penales relacionadas con bonos agrarios peruanos\\|url \\= http://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/egan\\-jones\\-confirma\\-tres\\-calificaciones\\-sobre\\-la\\-deuda\\-publica\\-peruana\\-basadas\\-en\\-nuevas\\-causas\\-penales\\-relacionadas\\-con\\-bonos\\-agrarios\\-peruanos\\-561443071\\.html\\|website \\= www.prnewswire.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17\\|first \\= \\|last \\= }} The allegedly tampered ruling abruptly reversed multiple prior court decisions, leaving the agrarian bonds essentially worthless.{{Cite press release\\|title \\= Egan\\-Jones Affirms Three Ratings on Peruvian Sovereign Debt Based upon New Criminal Charges Related to Peruvian Land Bonds\\|url \\= http://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases/egan\\-jones\\-affirms\\-three\\-ratings\\-on\\-peruvian\\-sovereign\\-debt\\-based\\-upon\\-new\\-criminal\\-charges\\-related\\-to\\-peruvian\\-land\\-bonds\\-300191008\\.html\\|website \\= www.prnewswire.com\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17\\|first \\= \\|last \\= }} Criminal charges cite direct evidence that a draft decision ruling in favor of bondholders was manipulated{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2016/01/Informe\\-Pericial\\-Instituto\\-de\\-Medicina\\-Legal\\-y\\-Ciencias\\-Forenses\\-Agosto\\-2015\\.pdf\n\\| title \\= Informe Pericial Grafo\\-Documentoscopico No 12439\\-12454/2015\n\\| last \\= \n\\| first \\= \n\\| date \\= 2015\\-08\\-17\n\\| website \\= \n\\| publisher \\= Informe Pericial Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses\n\\| access\\-date \\= \n}}{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= http://larepublica.pe/impresa/politica/731697\\-juzgaran\\-ex\\-relator\\-del\\-tc\\-por\\-adulterar\\-fallo\\-sobre\\-bonos\n\\| title \\= Juzgarán a ex relator del TC por adulterar fallo sobre bonos\n\\| date \\= 2016\\-01\\-07\n\\| website \\= larepublica.pe\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2016\\-03\\-01\n}} with white\\-out to become a dissenting opinion of ex\\-judge Carlos Mesía Ramírez without his consent.{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2016/01/Cargos\\-criminales\\-contra\\-Oscar\\-Diaz\\-119\\-2015\\.pdf\\|title \\= Ministerio Público\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= Cargos criminales contra Óscar Arturo Díaz Muñoz\\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }}{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://www.ft.com/fastft/2015/10/27/peruvian\\-judge\\-files\\-complaint\\-over\\-bond\\-ruling/\\|title \\= Financial Times\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-10\\-27\\|website \\= Peruvian judge files complaint over bond ruling\\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }}{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2016/01/Carlos\\-Mesia\\-Solicito\\-incorporacion\\-como\\-agraviado\\-23\\-Octubre\\-2015\\.pdf\\|title \\= Investigación 119\\-2015: Solicito incorporación como agraviado\\|date \\= \\|access\\-date \\= \\|website \\= Carlos Mesía solicito incorporación como agraviado\\|publisher \\= \\|last \\= \\|first \\= }}", "### U.S. securities law violation", "In January 2016, as reported by [The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\"),{{Cite news\\|title \\= Hedge Fund Challenges Peru on Land Bonds\\|url \\= https://www.wsj.com/articles/hedge\\-fund\\-challenges\\-peru\\-on\\-land\\-bonds\\-1452853981\\|newspaper \\= Wall Street Journal\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17\\|issn \\= 0099\\-9660\\|first \\= Matt\\|last \\= Wirz}} [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\") law professor [John C. Coffee](/wiki/John_C._Coffee \"John C. Coffee\"){{Cite web\\|title \\= John C. Coffee Jr. {{!}} Faculty {{!}} Columbia Law School\\|url \\= http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/John\\_Coffee%2520Jr.\\|website \\= www.law.columbia.edu\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17}} provided a legal opinion regarding the Peruvian agrarian bonds.{{Cite web\\|title \\= Analysis of Peru's Bond Prospectuses Filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)\\|url \\= http://perubonds.org/resource/analysis\\-of\\-perus\\-bond\\-prospectuses\\-filed\\-with\\-the\\-u\\-s\\-securities\\-and\\-exchange\\-commission\\-sec\\|website \\= Perubonds.org\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17\\|last \\= Coffee\\|first \\= John C.}} His legal opinion advised that Peru's disclosures provided to investors in their [SEC](/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission\") prospectuses and prospectus supplements{{Cite web\\|title \\= www.sec.gov\\|url \\= https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/77694/000119312515099415/d890012d424b4\\.htm\\|website \\= Republic of Peru Prospectus Supplement\\|access\\-date \\= }} were incorrect. Such disclosures claimed that the country was “not involved in any disputes with its internal or external creditors;{{Cite web\\|title \\= www.sec.gov\\|url \\= https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/77694/000119312515099415/d890012d424b4\\.htm\\|website \\= Republic of Peru Prospectus Supplement\\|access\\-date \\= }}” but, citing a memo, among other things, from the MEF identifying at least 400{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2016/01/Memo\\-No\\-552\\-2014\\-EF52\\-9\\.12\\.2014\\.pdf\n\\| title \\= Memo No. 552\\-2014\\-EF52\n\\| last \\= \n\\| first \\= \n\\| date \\= 2014\\-12\\-09\n\\| website \\= \n\\| publisher \\= Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas\n\\| access\\-date \\= \n}} pending lawsuits and 47{{Cite web\n\\| url \\= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2016/01/Memo1379\\-2015\\.pdf\n\\| title \\= Memorandum No. 1379\\-2015\\-MINIAGRI\\-OGA\n\\| last \\= \n\\| first \\= \n\\| date \\= 2015\\-09\\-17\n\\| website \\= \n\\| publisher \\= Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego\n\\| access\\-date \\= \n}} unpaid judgments, Coffee concluded that such statement would be in violation of the [Securities Act of 1933](/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933 \"Securities Act of 1933\").", "### Implications for U.S.\\-Peru relations", "*U.S.\\-Peru trade agreement*", "In February 2016, as reported in the [Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\"),{{Cite news\\|title \\= Gramercy files $1\\.3bn claim against Peru\\|url \\= http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/550d434a\\-c9cd\\-11e5\\-be0b\\-b7ece4e953a0\\.html\\#axzz40ScF01UC\\|newspaper \\= Financial Times\\|date \\= 2016\\-02\\-03\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17\\|issn \\= 0307\\-1766\\|first \\= Robin\\|last \\= Wigglesworth}} a Connecticut\\-based hedge fund filed a \"Notice of Intent to Commence [Arbitration](/wiki/Arbitration \"Arbitration\") Under the [US\\-Peru Trade Agreement](/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement \"Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement\"){{Cite web\\|title \\= Peru Trade Promotion Agreement {{!}} United States Trade Representative\\|url \\= https://ustr.gov/trade\\-agreements/free\\-trade\\-agreements/peru\\-tpa\\|website \\= ustr.gov\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17}}\".{{Cite web\\|title \\= Perubonds.org\\|url \\= http://perubonds.org/resource/notice\\-of\\-intent\\-to\\-commence\\-arbitration\\-under\\-the\\-us\\-peru\\-trade\\-agreement\\|website \\= Notice of Intent to Commence Arbitration Under the US\\-Peru Trade Agreement\\|access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-17}} [Gramercy Funds Management](/wiki/Gramercy_Funds_Management \"Gramercy Funds Management\") filed this claim for $1\\.3 billion against Peru with respect to an alleged refusal to repay defaulted local bonds (agrarian reform bonds) at a reasonable rate.", "*Helms\\-Burton Act*", "The Helms\\-Burton Act ({{USPL\\|103\\|236}}, 108 [Stat.](/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large \"United States Statutes at Large\") 475, {{USC\\|22\\|2370a}} of Chapter 32 –Foreign AssistanceU.S. Code Chapter 32 – Foreign Assistance, [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/chapter\\-32](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/chapter-32).) is a [United States federal law](/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States \"Law of the United States\") enacted as an amendment in 1994 under the [U.S. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961](/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act \"Foreign Assistance Act\").{{cite web\\|title \\= Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, As Amended through P.L. 115–31, Enacted May 05, 2017\\|url \\= https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/Foreign%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201961\\.pdf\\|website \\= Legcounsel.house.gov\\|accessdate \\= 2017\\-08\\-14\\|first \\= \\|last \\= \\|archive\\-date \\= 2017\\-08\\-15\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170815101734/https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/Foreign%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201961\\.pdf\\|url\\-status \\= dead}} A key purpose of the act is to protect the property rights of U.S. nationals by prohibiting recognition of a government that has not provided compensation for U.S. certified claims against confiscated property, including expropriated land. It has commonly been associated with [U.S.\\-Cuban relations](/wiki/Helms%E2%80%93Burton_Act \"Helms–Burton Act\"), as it has been used in practice following the expropriation of property formerly owned by Cubans who have since become [U.S. citizens](/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States \"Citizenship of the United States\").{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Hillyard \\|first1\\=Mick \\|last2\\=Miller \\|first2\\=Vaughne \\|date\\=14 December 1998 \\|title\\=Cuba and the Helms\\-Burton Act \\|url\\=http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp98/rp98\\-114\\.pdf \\|journal\\=House of Commons Library Research Papers \\|publisher\\=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. \\|volume\\=98 \\|issue\\=114 \\|pages\\=3 \\|accessdate\\=14 August 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819014257/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp98/rp98\\-114\\.pdf \\|archivedate\\=August 19, 2000 }} In the case of Cuba, property was expropriated “without the property having been returned or adequate and effective compensation provided,”United States Public Law 104\\-114, [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW\\-104publ114/html/PLAW\\-104publ114\\.htm](https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ114/html/PLAW-104publ114.htm). which directly triggered the use of [sanctions](/wiki/International_sanctions \"International sanctions\") by the U.S. government against the country. According to the 1994 Helms\\-Burton Amendment, if the property of U.S. citizens is expropriated by another country without receiving “adequate and effective compensation” in accordance with “international law,” no further U.S. foreign aid is legally permitted.Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2370a, <https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2370a>. The amendment also requires that U.S. Executive Directors of each multilateral bank to vote against any loans to such expropriating country.Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2370a, <https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2370a>. The holders of Peruvian agrarian reform bonds include descendants of expropriated Peruvian landowners that have since become U.S. citizens.{{cite web\\|title \\= Haunted by a Legacy of Betrayal, Peruvians Still Seek Justice\\|url \\= https://thehill.com/blogs/congress\\-blog/foreign\\-policy/259887\\-haunted\\-by\\-a\\-legacy\\-of\\-betrayal\\-peruvians\\-still\\-seek/\\|website \\= TheHill.com\\|date\\=12 November 2015 \\|access\\-date \\= 2017\\-08\\-14\\|first \\= Stephen\\|last \\= Mufson}} While the amendment is not currently being applied to the government of Peru, a review of the situation of U.S. citizens holding agrarian reform bonds fits squarely under an application of the Helms\\-Burton Amendment as bondholders await a fair compensation.", "### Implications for multilateral organizations", "*[Organisation for Economic Co\\-operation and Development (OECD)](/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development \"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\")*", "The OECD is an [intergovernmental economic organization](/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization \"Intergovernmental organization\") to which countries apply for membership upon commitment to [democracy](/wiki/Democracy \"Democracy\") and the [market economy](/wiki/Market_economy \"Market economy\"). Peru has expressed an eagerness to become a member of the OECD, stressing a friendly climate for investors.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.andina.com.pe/Ingles/noticia\\-peru\\-eager\\-to\\-become\\-an\\-oecd\\-member\\-436050\\.aspx \\|title\\=Peru eager to become an OECD member \\|publisher\\=Andina.com.pe \\|date\\=2012\\-11\\-15 \\|accessdate\\=2017\\-08\\-14}} While Peru participates in OECD Bodies, Guidelines and Legal Instruments,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oecd.org/latin\\-america/countries/peru/\\|title\\=The OECD and Latin America \\& the Caribbean: Peru\\|publisher\\=oecd.org \\| accessdate\\=2017\\-08\\-14}} it is not currently a member and has not yet received a formal invitation to apply. However, the current administration has signaled a strong interest in becoming a full member.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rree.gob.pe/Documents/Brochure\\_PERU\\_A\\_Reliable\\_Partner\\_for\\_the\\_OECD.pdf\\|title\\=Peru: A Reliable Partner for the OECD\\|publisher\\=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú\\| accessdate\\=2017\\-08\\-14}} OECD members must enforce the [rule of law](/wiki/Rule_of_law \"Rule of law\"), develop and support democratic institutions, support [free markets](/wiki/Free_market \"Free market\") and allow unrestricted access to foreign investors.{{cite web\\|title \\= OECD (2017\\), Government at a Glance 2017\\|url \\= http://www.oecd\\-ilibrary.org/governance/government\\-at\\-a\\-glance\\_22214399\\| accessdate \\= 2017\\-08\\-14}} Noting Peru's current dispute with holders of agrarian reform bonds, Peru's failure to repay runs counter to the OECD's commitment to the rule of law, [sound debt management](/wiki/Debt_management_plan \"Debt management plan\"), free markets and unrestricted access by foreign investors as embodied in OECD principles, guidelines and rules. Additionally, Peru's failure to report the outstanding debt to the [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission\") or [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\") does not adhere to the OECD's leading practices for reporting public debt and runs counter to the OECD's commitment to [transparency](/wiki/Transparency_%28market%29 \"Transparency (market)\") standards. Irregularities surrounding the [Constitutional Tribunal](/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Peru \"Constitutional Court of Peru\")’s 2013 decision conflict with the OECD's commitment to the rule of law, including public pressure from then [President Humala](/wiki/Ollanta_Humala \"Ollanta Humala\") prior to the decision,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://archivo.elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/ollanta\\-humala\\-pidio\\-al\\-tcabstenerse\\-dar\\-fallos\\-temas\\-sensibles\\-noticia\\-1601511\\|title\\=Ollanta Humala pidió al TC 'abstenerse a dar fallos en temas sensibles'\\|publisher\\=El Comercio\\|date\\=2013\\-07\\-09\\|accessdate\\=2017\\-08\\-14}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://larepublica.pe/10\\-07\\-2013/humala\\-pide\\-al\\-tc\\-abstenerse\\-de\\-dar\\-fallos\\-en\\-temas\\-sensibles\\|title\\=Humala pide al TC abstenerse de dar fallos en temas sensibles\\|publisher\\=La República\\|date\\=2013\\-07\\-10\\|accessdate\\=2017\\-08\\-14}} and the use of [white\\-out](/wiki/Correction_fluid \"Correction fluid\"){{Cite web \\| url \\= http://bonosagrarios.pe/wp\\-content/uploads/2016/01/Informe\\-Pericial\\-Instituto\\-de\\-Medicina\\-Legal\\-y\\-Ciencias\\-Forenses\\-Agosto\\-2015\\.pdf \\| title \\= Informe Pericial Grafo\\-Documentoscopico No 12439\\-12454/2015 \\| last \\= \\| first \\= \\| date \\= 2015\\-08\\-17 \\| website \\= \\| publisher \\= Informe Pericial Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses \\| access\\-date \\= }} to alter court decisions. To date, Peru has neither denied nor condemned the procedural irregularities associated with the Constitutional Tribunal's July 2013 decision, nor has the Constitutional Tribunal or the [Executive Branch](/wiki/Executive_%28government%29 \"Executive (government)\") taken any steps to remedy or address the [forgery](/wiki/Forgery \"Forgery\"). The altered decision still exists on the Constitutional Tribunal's websiteConstitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Peru, Case N° 00022\\-1996\\-PI/TC, Resolution of July 16, 2013, [http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2013/00022\\-1996\\-AI{{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2013/00022-1996-AI{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) Resolucion.pdf. and its proposed dollarization methodology is still being relied upon as a method of payment in subsequent decrees. Prior to accession to the OECD, Peru must seek to resolve its outstanding agrarian bond debt to be in compliance with OECD standards.", "" ]
Plot summary ------------ The main characters travel to Haiti on the *Medea,* a Dutch ship serving the capital Port\-au\-Prince and the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic"). The narrator is Mr. Brown, returning from an unsuccessful trip to the United States to sell his hotel, which is located in the capital. Other figures are Mr. Smith, a [US presidential candidate](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election "United States presidential election") who ran on the vegetarian ticket in the 1948 United States presidential election; he and Mrs. Smith plan to build and operate a vegetarian centre in Haiti. "Major" Jones, an [Anglo\-Indian](/wiki/Anglo-Indian "Anglo-Indian") businessman, is personable and has many war stories that are not quite believable. Brown returns to his hotel, where he finds that government minister Philipot has committed suicide in his pool. He had apparently become a target of the government. Brown has to dispose of the body to avoid being implicated. Meanwhile, Jones is arrested as soon as he sets foot on Haitian soil. Brown convinces Mr. Smith to use his 'political weight' to help Jones get out of prison. Jones makes connections in the Haitian government. The body of Secretary Philipot is found and his family tries to hold a funeral. The president's death squad, the Tontons Macoutes, ambush the procession and steal the body. Philipot's nephew decides to join the rebel forces. First he is required to take part in a traditional [voodoo](/wiki/Haitian_vodou "Haitian vodou") initiation ceremony. Brown reunites with his lover, Martha Pineda, wife of the Uruguayan ambassador. She is unwilling to leave her husband and child. Realizing they can't pursue their dream in Haiti, Mr. and Mrs. Smith leave for the nearby [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic"). Jones has been declared an enemy of the state, and Brown tries to get him out of the country. Believing Jones threatens his relationship with Martha, Brown persuades him to join the rebels in the north. Jones' lack of military sense is soon revealed and he is killed in action, while the rebellion fails. Duvalier consolidates his power and Brown, unable to return to his hotel, goes to [Santo Domingo](/wiki/Santo_Domingo "Santo Domingo"). There he works as a mortician.
[ "Plot summary\n------------", "The main characters travel to Haiti on the *Medea,* a Dutch ship serving the capital Port\\-au\\-Prince and the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\"). The narrator is Mr. Brown, returning from an unsuccessful trip to the United States to sell his hotel, which is located in the capital. Other figures are Mr. Smith, a [US presidential candidate](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election \"United States presidential election\") who ran on the vegetarian ticket in the 1948 United States presidential election; he and Mrs. Smith plan to build and operate a vegetarian centre in Haiti. \"Major\" Jones, an [Anglo\\-Indian](/wiki/Anglo-Indian \"Anglo-Indian\") businessman, is personable and has many war stories that are not quite believable.", "Brown returns to his hotel, where he finds that government minister Philipot has committed suicide in his pool. He had apparently become a target of the government. Brown has to dispose of the body to avoid being implicated. Meanwhile, Jones is arrested as soon as he sets foot on Haitian soil. Brown convinces Mr. Smith to use his 'political weight' to help Jones get out of prison. Jones makes connections in the Haitian government.", "The body of Secretary Philipot is found and his family tries to hold a funeral. The president's death squad, the Tontons Macoutes, ambush the procession and steal the body. Philipot's nephew decides to join the rebel forces. First he is required to take part in a traditional [voodoo](/wiki/Haitian_vodou \"Haitian vodou\") initiation ceremony.", "Brown reunites with his lover, Martha Pineda, wife of the Uruguayan ambassador. She is unwilling to leave her husband and child. Realizing they can't pursue their dream in Haiti, Mr. and Mrs. Smith leave for the nearby [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\").", "Jones has been declared an enemy of the state, and Brown tries to get him out of the country. Believing Jones threatens his relationship with Martha, Brown persuades him to join the rebels in the north. Jones' lack of military sense is soon revealed and he is killed in action, while the rebellion fails. Duvalier consolidates his power and Brown, unable to return to his hotel, goes to [Santo Domingo](/wiki/Santo_Domingo \"Santo Domingo\"). There he works as a mortician.", "" ]
Biography --------- Correia lived in [New York's Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown%2C_Manhattan "Chinatown, Manhattan") after graduating from [Barnard College](/wiki/Barnard_College "Barnard College") and [Tabor Academy (Massachusetts)](/wiki/Tabor_Academy_%28Massachusetts%29 "Tabor Academy (Massachusetts)"). She worked in advertising, writing copy by day, while at night honing her songwriting and performing in clubs like [Sin\-é](/wiki/Sin-%C3%A9 "Sin-é") Cafe on the [Lower East Side](/wiki/Lower_East_Side "Lower East Side"). A chance meeting with [Blind Melon](/wiki/Blind_Melon "Blind Melon") guitarist, Christopher Thorn, who'd stopped by the small club while on tour, led the two to make several recordings which helped Correia eventually sign with [Virgin Records](/wiki/Virgin_Records "Virgin Records"). While signed to Virgin Records, Correia recorded an album of songs at [Daniel Lanois](/wiki/Daniel_Lanois "Daniel Lanois")' Kingsway Studios in [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans") with Christopher Thorn producing, but the album went unfinished. Correia left Virgin with her master recordings and signed with Capitol/EMI, which released her debut "Carnival Love" in 2000\. Correia recorded the album "Lakeville" with her own money. It was produced by Mark Howard, who also has produced [Willie Nelson](/wiki/Willie_Nelson "Willie Nelson") and [Lucinda Williams](/wiki/Lucinda_Williams "Lucinda Williams"). The Canadian label, [Nettwerk](/wiki/Nettwerk "Nettwerk"), licensed and released it in 2004\. Her third album, "You Go Your Way", recorded in 2009 with producer/arranger/bassist Paul Bryan, was funded by her fans. The story was picked up by Anthony Mason for [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News"), who featured Correia as one of a growing number of artists who are looking to their fans rather than a label to fund their albums. Correia is the recipient of three 2012 Independent Music Awards.["11th Annual Independent Music Awards Winners Announced!"](http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima/2012/11th-annual-independent-music-awards-winners-announced/) Independent Music Awards, May 2, 2012\. Retrieved on September 4, 2013\. "You Go Your Way" was named best folk/singer\-songwriter album by a panel of influential artists and industry professionals. "You Go Your Way" also won the Vox Pop award, determined by fan voting, for best folk/singer\-songwriter album. The single, "Love Changes Everything" won the Vox Pop award for best love song. Correia tours throughout the U.S. and has performed with artists including Marc Cohn, Richard Thompson, [John Hiatt](/wiki/John_Hiatt "John Hiatt"), Freedy Johnston, Emmylou Harris, Jason Crigler, Rebecca Martin, Josh Rouse, Duncan Sheik, Norah Jones, [Bonnie Raitt](/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt "Bonnie Raitt"), Richard Julian, Jesse Harris, Ollabelle, Aimee Mann, Kenny White, Jonathan Spottiswoode, Everclear, [The Dandy Warhols](/wiki/The_Dandy_Warhols "The Dandy Warhols"), Allison Moorer, Tara McLean, Kendall Payne, Shannon McNally, Charlie Musselwhite, Jon Brion, Grant Lee Phillips, Dredd Scott, Julia Fordham, Jess Klein, Kerri Powers. On March 25, 2022, Ms. Correia released a new EP of five songs entitled 'As We Are' produced by bassist Kimon Kirk. Americana UK premiered Correia's first official video for one of the songs from this record called ["The Beggar”](https://americana-uk.com/video-premiere-amy-correia-the-beggar). They wrote “It’s a powerful, emotionally connecting and effective style that works well alongside the changes in pace, the musical pauses and the moments when musical layers become more urgent. A compelling video, creatively well\-thought out and well\-produced, adds texture and meaning to the song.” Americana UK went on to describe ‘As We Are’ as “a reflective, introspective record, featuring well\-crafted songs and thought\-provoking lyrical content.” *[Under the Radar Magazine'](/wiki/Under_the_Radar_%28magazine%29 "Under the Radar (magazine)")* raved: "Amy Correia is an Americana poet, her plainspoken eloquence conjuring spirits of backroads overgrown with weeds and empty alleyways crowded with thickening shadows...*As We Are* embodies the best of Correia’s artistic abilities, serving heaps of soul without sacrificing the sophistication of its form. The effort proves both romantic and devastating, Correia’s homegrown sensibilities feeling at once familiar and elusive, her band continuing alongside her in perfect harmony. Amy Correia is a treasure of her genre, still running strong, offering glints of sunlight through the haze, finding strange beauty even in the events of loss and destitution." \[<https://www.undertheradarmag.com/reviews/as_we_are_amy_correia>*]* Discography ----------- 2000, Carnival Love (Capitol) 2004, Lakeville (Nettwerk) 2010, You Go Your Way (Independent release) 2022, As We Are (Independent release) Compilations and collaborations ------------------------------- 1997, [Richard Julian](/wiki/Richard_Julian "Richard Julian") "Richard Julian” 2001, “I\-10 Chronicles Vol. 2: One More for the Road” (Lead Vocalist, “Gasoline Alley/It's All Over Now”) 2002, "The Metropolitan Museum of Art: American Folk Music” (Composer/Arranger/Co\-producer “Blind River Boy”) 2005, "Public Displays of Affection"(Composer/Arranger/Co\-producer "Hold On") 2005, "She Do, She Don't" (Composer/Arranger/Co\-producer "Lakeville") 2005, [Jonathon Rice](/wiki/Jonathon_Rice "Jonathon Rice") "Trouble is Real” 2008, "Join the Parade\- Live" [Marc Cohn](/wiki/Marc_Cohn "Marc Cohn") (Featured vocalist on "Giving up the Ghost") 2008, "The Music of [Jason Crigler](/wiki/Jason_Crigler "Jason Crigler")" (Lead vocalist, "Bush and a Tree") 2008, Cynic "[Traced in Air](/wiki/Traced_in_Air "Traced in Air")" (Seasons of Mist, 2008\) 2011, Cynic "[Carbon\-Based Anatomy](/wiki/Carbon-Based_Anatomy "Carbon-Based Anatomy")" (Seasons of Mist, 2011\) 2015, Onward w Love (with Paul Masvidal from Cynic) Radio ----- KCRW "Morning Becomes Eclectic" (2000\) NPR "Mountain Stage" (2000, 2004, 2007\) NPR/WXPN "World Café " with David Dye (2000, 2004\) WFUV Vin Scelsa's "Idiot's Delight" (2000, 2004\) NPR "All Songs Considered" (2004\) NPR/WNYC "Soundcheck " (2004\) NPR/WUMB "Wood Songs Old Time Radio Hour" (2004\) Television ---------- 2001, "[Late Night with Conan O'Brien](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien "Late Night with Conan O'Brien")" (NBC) – Composer/Performer, "Gin” 2007, "[The Ellen DeGeneres Show](/wiki/The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show "The Ellen DeGeneres Show")" (NBC) – Performer, appearing with [Marc Cohn](/wiki/Marc_Cohn "Marc Cohn") 2007, "Good Morning America" (ABC) – Performer, appearing with [Marc Cohn](/wiki/Marc_Cohn "Marc Cohn") 2007, "The View" (ABC) – Performer, appearing with [Marc Cohn](/wiki/Marc_Cohn "Marc Cohn") 2008, "Men in Trees" (NBC) – Composer/Performer – "Daydream Car” 2008, "The Today Show" (NBC) – Performer, appearing with [Marc Cohn](/wiki/Marc_Cohn "Marc Cohn") Filmography ----------- 2000, "79 Degrees in July" (Independent) – Writer/Arranger/Co\-producer, "Angels Collide" and "Glorious Bluebirds” References ---------- {{reflist}} Further reading --------------- Washington Post, * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - Amy Correia's Unique Voice at the Iota *(Concert Review) July 20, 2006 The New York Times,* * Critic's Choice: New CDs *by [Jon Pareles](/wiki/Jon_Pareles "Jon Pareles"), January 11, 2004 The New York Times,* * Defying Types to Undermine Assumptions *by [Ann Powers](/wiki/Ann_Powers "Ann Powers"), January 23, 2001 Boston Herald,* * Just Push PLAY: Our Critics Pick Best CDs of 2004*Paste Magazine,* * Singer/songwriter Foots Bill for Outstanding New Album *(Album Review) Dec 2004 American Songwriter,* * Vulnerable \& Fierce *(Album Review) November 2004 No Depression,* * No More Carnival Rides *(Feature) by Russel Hall, November 2004 Entertainment Weekly,* * Puts the Sweet in Bittersweet *(Short Takes, Review) October 2004 Harp Magazine,* * Rants and Faves'' (Album review) November 2004 * Timeout New York, Music (Concert Preview) October 3, 2004
[ "Biography\n---------", "Correia lived in [New York's Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown%2C_Manhattan \"Chinatown, Manhattan\") after graduating from [Barnard College](/wiki/Barnard_College \"Barnard College\") and [Tabor Academy (Massachusetts)](/wiki/Tabor_Academy_%28Massachusetts%29 \"Tabor Academy (Massachusetts)\"). She worked in advertising, writing copy by day, while at night honing her songwriting and performing in clubs like [Sin\\-é](/wiki/Sin-%C3%A9 \"Sin-é\") Cafe on the [Lower East Side](/wiki/Lower_East_Side \"Lower East Side\"). A chance meeting with [Blind Melon](/wiki/Blind_Melon \"Blind Melon\") guitarist, Christopher Thorn, who'd stopped by the small club while on tour, led the two to make several recordings which helped Correia eventually sign with [Virgin Records](/wiki/Virgin_Records \"Virgin Records\").", "While signed to Virgin Records, Correia recorded an album of songs at [Daniel Lanois](/wiki/Daniel_Lanois \"Daniel Lanois\")' Kingsway Studios in [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") with Christopher Thorn producing, but the album went unfinished. Correia left Virgin with her master recordings and signed with Capitol/EMI, which released her debut \"Carnival Love\" in 2000\\. Correia recorded the album \"Lakeville\" with her own money. It was produced by Mark Howard, who also has produced [Willie Nelson](/wiki/Willie_Nelson \"Willie Nelson\") and [Lucinda Williams](/wiki/Lucinda_Williams \"Lucinda Williams\"). The Canadian label, [Nettwerk](/wiki/Nettwerk \"Nettwerk\"), licensed and released it in 2004\\.", "Her third album, \"You Go Your Way\", recorded in 2009 with producer/arranger/bassist Paul Bryan, was funded by her fans. The story was picked up by Anthony Mason for [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\"), who featured Correia as one of a growing number of artists who are looking to their fans rather than a label to fund their albums.", "Correia is the recipient of three 2012 Independent Music Awards.[\"11th Annual Independent Music Awards Winners Announced!\"](http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima/2012/11th-annual-independent-music-awards-winners-announced/) Independent Music Awards, May 2, 2012\\. Retrieved on September 4, 2013\\. \"You Go Your Way\" was named best folk/singer\\-songwriter album by a panel of influential artists and industry professionals. \"You Go Your Way\" also won the Vox Pop award, determined by fan voting, for best folk/singer\\-songwriter album. The single, \"Love Changes Everything\" won the Vox Pop award for best love song.", "Correia tours throughout the U.S. and has performed with artists including Marc Cohn, Richard Thompson, [John Hiatt](/wiki/John_Hiatt \"John Hiatt\"), Freedy Johnston, Emmylou Harris, Jason Crigler, Rebecca Martin, Josh Rouse, Duncan Sheik, Norah Jones, [Bonnie Raitt](/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt \"Bonnie Raitt\"), Richard Julian, Jesse Harris, Ollabelle, Aimee Mann, Kenny White, Jonathan Spottiswoode, Everclear, [The Dandy Warhols](/wiki/The_Dandy_Warhols \"The Dandy Warhols\"), Allison Moorer, Tara McLean, Kendall Payne, Shannon McNally, Charlie Musselwhite, Jon Brion, Grant Lee Phillips, Dredd Scott, Julia Fordham, Jess Klein, Kerri Powers.", "On March 25, 2022, Ms. Correia released a new EP of five songs entitled 'As We Are' produced by bassist Kimon Kirk. Americana UK premiered Correia's first official video for one of the songs from this record called [\"The Beggar”](https://americana-uk.com/video-premiere-amy-correia-the-beggar). They wrote “It’s a powerful, emotionally connecting and effective style that works well alongside the changes in pace, the musical pauses and the moments when musical layers become more urgent. A compelling video, creatively well\\-thought out and well\\-produced, adds texture and meaning to the song.” Americana UK went on to describe ‘As We Are’ as “a reflective, introspective record, featuring well\\-crafted songs and thought\\-provoking lyrical content.”", "*[Under the Radar Magazine'](/wiki/Under_the_Radar_%28magazine%29 \"Under the Radar (magazine)\")* raved: \"Amy Correia is an Americana poet, her plainspoken eloquence conjuring spirits of backroads overgrown with weeds and empty alleyways crowded with thickening shadows...*As We Are* embodies the best of Correia’s artistic abilities, serving heaps of soul without sacrificing the sophistication of its form. The effort proves both romantic and devastating, Correia’s homegrown sensibilities feeling at once familiar and elusive, her band continuing alongside her in perfect harmony. Amy Correia is a treasure of her genre, still running strong, offering glints of sunlight through the haze, finding strange beauty even in the events of loss and destitution.\" \\[<https://www.undertheradarmag.com/reviews/as_we_are_amy_correia>*]*", "Discography\n-----------", "2000, Carnival Love (Capitol)\n 2004, Lakeville (Nettwerk)\n 2010, You Go Your Way (Independent release)\n 2022, As We Are (Independent release)\nCompilations and collaborations\n-------------------------------", "1997, [Richard Julian](/wiki/Richard_Julian \"Richard Julian\") \"Richard Julian”\n 2001, “I\\-10 Chronicles Vol. 2: One More for the Road” (Lead Vocalist, “Gasoline Alley/It's All Over Now”)\n 2002, \"The Metropolitan Museum of Art: American Folk Music” (Composer/Arranger/Co\\-producer “Blind River Boy”)\n 2005, \"Public Displays of Affection\"(Composer/Arranger/Co\\-producer \"Hold On\")\n 2005, \"She Do, She Don't\" (Composer/Arranger/Co\\-producer \"Lakeville\")\n 2005, [Jonathon Rice](/wiki/Jonathon_Rice \"Jonathon Rice\") \"Trouble is Real”\n 2008, \"Join the Parade\\- Live\" [Marc Cohn](/wiki/Marc_Cohn \"Marc Cohn\") (Featured vocalist on \"Giving up the Ghost\")\n 2008, \"The Music of [Jason Crigler](/wiki/Jason_Crigler \"Jason Crigler\")\" (Lead vocalist, \"Bush and a Tree\")\n 2008, Cynic \"[Traced in Air](/wiki/Traced_in_Air \"Traced in Air\")\" (Seasons of Mist, 2008\\)\n 2011, Cynic \"[Carbon\\-Based Anatomy](/wiki/Carbon-Based_Anatomy \"Carbon-Based Anatomy\")\" (Seasons of Mist, 2011\\)\n 2015, Onward w Love (with Paul Masvidal from Cynic)\nRadio\n-----", "KCRW \"Morning Becomes Eclectic\" (2000\\)\n NPR \"Mountain Stage\" (2000, 2004, 2007\\)\n NPR/WXPN \"World Café \" with David Dye (2000, 2004\\)\n WFUV Vin Scelsa's \"Idiot's Delight\" (2000, 2004\\)\n NPR \"All Songs Considered\" (2004\\)\n NPR/WNYC \"Soundcheck \" (2004\\)\n NPR/WUMB \"Wood Songs Old Time Radio Hour\" (2004\\)\nTelevision\n----------", "2001, \"[Late Night with Conan O'Brien](/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien \"Late Night with Conan O'Brien\")\" (NBC) – Composer/Performer, \"Gin”\n 2007, \"[The Ellen DeGeneres Show](/wiki/The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\")\" (NBC) – Performer, appearing with [Marc Cohn](/wiki/Marc_Cohn \"Marc Cohn\")\n 2007, \"Good Morning America\" (ABC) – Performer, appearing with [Marc Cohn](/wiki/Marc_Cohn \"Marc Cohn\")\n 2007, \"The View\" (ABC) – Performer, appearing with [Marc Cohn](/wiki/Marc_Cohn \"Marc Cohn\")\n 2008, \"Men in Trees\" (NBC) – Composer/Performer – \"Daydream Car”\n 2008, \"The Today Show\" (NBC) – Performer, appearing with [Marc Cohn](/wiki/Marc_Cohn \"Marc Cohn\")\nFilmography\n-----------", "2000, \"79 Degrees in July\" (Independent) – Writer/Arranger/Co\\-producer, \"Angels Collide\" and \"Glorious Bluebirds”\nReferences\n----------", "{{reflist}}\nFurther reading\n---------------", "Washington Post, * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - Amy Correia's Unique Voice at the Iota *(Concert Review) July 20, 2006\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t The New York Times,*\n* Critic's Choice: New CDs *by [Jon Pareles](/wiki/Jon_Pareles \"Jon Pareles\"), January 11, 2004\n The New York Times,*\n* Defying Types to Undermine Assumptions *by [Ann Powers](/wiki/Ann_Powers \"Ann Powers\"), January 23, 2001\n Boston Herald,*\n* Just Push PLAY: Our Critics Pick Best CDs of 2004*Paste Magazine,*\n* Singer/songwriter Foots Bill for Outstanding New Album *(Album Review) Dec 2004\n American Songwriter,*\n* Vulnerable \\& Fierce *(Album Review) November 2004\n No Depression,*\n* No More Carnival Rides *(Feature) by Russel Hall, November 2004\n Entertainment Weekly,*\n* Puts the Sweet in Bittersweet *(Short Takes, Review) October 2004\n Harp Magazine,*\n* Rants and Faves'' (Album review) November 2004\n* Timeout New York, Music (Concert Preview) October 3, 2004" ]
Biography --------- ### Military career Son and grandson of soldiers, as a young man he entered the [Toledo Infantry Academy](/wiki/Toledo_Infantry_Academy "Toledo Infantry Academy"). He participated in the [Rif War](/wiki/Rif_War "Rif War") commanding a unit of the [Regulares](/wiki/Regulares "Regulares"), forming part of the so\-called [Africanists](/wiki/Army_of_Africa_%28Spain%29 "Army of Africa (Spain)"). With the rank of colonel he participates in [Sanjurjada](/wiki/Sanjurjada "Sanjurjada"), the failed attempted coup d'état led by General [José Sanjurjo](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo "José Sanjurjo"), on 10 August 1932\. He was convicted, dismissed from service and exiled to [Villa Cisneros](/wiki/Dakhla%2C_Western_Sahara "Dakhla, Western Sahara") in [Spanish Sahara](/wiki/Spanish_Sahara "Spanish Sahara"), although at the end of 1932 he managed to escape along with other convicts.{{In lang\|es}} Ignacio Martín Jiménez (2010\). *La guerra civil en Valladolid, 1936–1939: amaneceres ensangrentados*, pág. 70 Accepted by the [amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty "Amnesty") granted by the radical government of [Alejandro Lerroux](/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux "Alejandro Lerroux"), he rejoined the [Spanish Army](/wiki/Spanish_Army "Spanish Army") and was assigned to [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid "Valladolid"), headquarters of the {{Interlanguage link\|VII Military Region (Spain)\|es\|VII Región Militar\|lt\=VII Organic Division}}. Serrador actively participated in the military conspiracy that led to the [Spanish coup of July 1936](/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936 "Spanish coup of July 1936"), being one of the organizers of the [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 "Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)") uprising in the [Province of Valladolid](/wiki/Province_of_Valladolid "Province of Valladolid"). These activities raised the suspicions of the Madrid authorities, so in April he was sanctioned by the Government with a month of arrest in [Cartagena](/wiki/Cartagena%2C_Spain "Cartagena, Spain") and later forcibly assigned to [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"). However, Serrador managed to evade police surveillance and on 19 July he managed to move to Valladolid. ### Civil War Already in Valladolid he met the retired general [Andrés Saliquet](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Saliquet "Andrés Saliquet"), new leader of the uprising in the city, who after deposing general {{Interlanguage link\|Nicolás Molero\|es}} managed to take control of the {{Interlanguage link\|VII Military Region (Spain)\|es\|VII Región Militar\|lt\=VII Organic Division}}. Throughout that day the rebels managed to suppress the pockets of resistance, especially the workers. At midnight on Tuesday, 21 July, Serrador left Valladolid commanding a column composed of [Falangists](/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS "Falange Española de las JONS") from the city with the mission of occupying an important [mountain pass](/wiki/Mountain_pass "Mountain pass") in the [Sierra de Guadarrama](/wiki/Sierra_de_Guadarrama "Sierra de Guadarrama"), the [Guadarrama Pass](/wiki/Guadarrama_Pass "Guadarrama Pass"), located west of [Somosierra](/wiki/Somosierra_%28mountain_pass%29 "Somosierra (mountain pass)"). At two in the morning on the 22nd, they left along the [Olmedo](/wiki/Olmedo%2C_Valladolid "Olmedo, Valladolid") highway towards [Villacastín](/wiki/Villacast%C3%ADn "Villacastín") and the pass along the [N\-VI](/wiki/Carretera_Nacional_N-VI "Carretera Nacional N-VI") Madrid–[A Coruña](/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a "A Coruña") highway.{{In lang\|es}} Ignacio Martín Jiménez (2010\). *La guerra civil en Valladolid, 1936\-1939: amaneceres ensangrentados*, pág. 359 When they arrived at the pass they found that it had already been occupied by a group of the [MAOC](/wiki/Antifascist_Worker_and_Peasant_Militias "Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias") militiamen from Madrid, but they managed to evict them during the [Battle of Guadarrama](/wiki/Battle_of_Guadarrama "Battle of Guadarrama"), and on 25 July it was in their hands.{{In lang\|es}} Hugh Thomas (1976\). *La Guerra Civil Española*, Ed. Grijalbo, pág. 432 However, their advance towards Madrid was stalled by strong [Republican](/wiki/Republican_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 "Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)") resistance, so their offensive towards the capital failed. The front in this sector will remain motionless until the end of the conflict. At the end of 1936 he was appointed commander of the {{Interlanguage link\|"Ávila" Division\|es\|División Ávila}}.{{Sfn\|VV.AA.\|1990\|p\=434}} Later Serrador was appointed commander of the 71st Division, and later Chief of the "Group of Divisions of Guadarrama–Somosierra" that garrisoned the front in the Sierra de Guadarrama.{{In lang\|es}} Carlos Engel (2000\). *Historia de las divisiones del ejército nacional*, Ed. Almena, pág. 206 While in command of the 71st Division, during the [Battle of Brunete](/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete "Battle of Brunete") the initial Republican attack caught his unit by surprise, forcing them to give ground and suffering serious casualties. [thumb\|150px\|Coat of arms of the {{Interlanguage link\|Captaincy General of the Canary Islands\|es\|Mando de Canarias}}](/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Former_General_Captaincy_of_the_Canary_Islands_%28Until_1984%29.svg "Coat of Arms of the Former General Captaincy of the Canary Islands (Until 1984).svg") On 8 January 1937, he was promoted to brigadier general,Clyde L. Clark (1950\). *The Evolution of the Franco Regime*, p. 452 and on 23 February 21939, he became major general. ### Captain General of the Canaries After the end of the Civil War, in August 1939 he was appointed [Captain General of the Canary Islands](/wiki/Anexo:Capitanes_generales_de_Canarias "Capitanes generales de Canarias"), a position he would hold until his death on 23 January 1943\.{{In lang\|es}} Juan Arencibia de Torres (1994\). *Canarias y los militares: un siglo de historia*, pág. 216 His period as military commander in the [Canary Islands](/wiki/Canary_Islands "Canary Islands") coincided with [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), which gave him greater power. He was also appointed head of the Economic Command of the Canary Islands,{{In lang\|es}} Carlos Santiago Martín Fernández (2006\). *Política Territorial del Franquismo en el Hierro (1940–1970\)*, pág. 40 which was created to try to avoid isolation of the archipelago during the years of the conflict. Shortly before his death he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.{{In lang\|es}} Juan Arencibia de Torres (1994\). *Canarias y los militares: un siglo de historia*, pág. 233
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Military career", "Son and grandson of soldiers, as a young man he entered the [Toledo Infantry Academy](/wiki/Toledo_Infantry_Academy \"Toledo Infantry Academy\"). He participated in the [Rif War](/wiki/Rif_War \"Rif War\") commanding a unit of the [Regulares](/wiki/Regulares \"Regulares\"), forming part of the so\\-called [Africanists](/wiki/Army_of_Africa_%28Spain%29 \"Army of Africa (Spain)\").", "With the rank of colonel he participates in [Sanjurjada](/wiki/Sanjurjada \"Sanjurjada\"), the failed attempted coup d'état led by General [José Sanjurjo](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo \"José Sanjurjo\"), on 10 August 1932\\. He was convicted, dismissed from service and exiled to [Villa Cisneros](/wiki/Dakhla%2C_Western_Sahara \"Dakhla, Western Sahara\") in [Spanish Sahara](/wiki/Spanish_Sahara \"Spanish Sahara\"), although at the end of 1932 he managed to escape along with other convicts.{{In lang\\|es}} Ignacio Martín Jiménez (2010\\). *La guerra civil en Valladolid, 1936–1939: amaneceres ensangrentados*, pág. 70 Accepted by the [amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty \"Amnesty\") granted by the radical government of [Alejandro Lerroux](/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux \"Alejandro Lerroux\"), he rejoined the [Spanish Army](/wiki/Spanish_Army \"Spanish Army\") and was assigned to [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\"), headquarters of the {{Interlanguage link\\|VII Military Region (Spain)\\|es\\|VII Región Militar\\|lt\\=VII Organic Division}}.", "Serrador actively participated in the military conspiracy that led to the [Spanish coup of July 1936](/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936 \"Spanish coup of July 1936\"), being one of the organizers of the [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 \"Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)\") uprising in the [Province of Valladolid](/wiki/Province_of_Valladolid \"Province of Valladolid\"). These activities raised the suspicions of the Madrid authorities, so in April he was sanctioned by the Government with a month of arrest in [Cartagena](/wiki/Cartagena%2C_Spain \"Cartagena, Spain\") and later forcibly assigned to [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\"). However, Serrador managed to evade police surveillance and on 19 July he managed to move to Valladolid.", "### Civil War", "Already in Valladolid he met the retired general [Andrés Saliquet](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Saliquet \"Andrés Saliquet\"), new leader of the uprising in the city, who after deposing general {{Interlanguage link\\|Nicolás Molero\\|es}} managed to take control of the {{Interlanguage link\\|VII Military Region (Spain)\\|es\\|VII Región Militar\\|lt\\=VII Organic Division}}. Throughout that day the rebels managed to suppress the pockets of resistance, especially the workers.", "At midnight on Tuesday, 21 July, Serrador left Valladolid commanding a column composed of [Falangists](/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS \"Falange Española de las JONS\") from the city with the mission of occupying an important [mountain pass](/wiki/Mountain_pass \"Mountain pass\") in the [Sierra de Guadarrama](/wiki/Sierra_de_Guadarrama \"Sierra de Guadarrama\"), the [Guadarrama Pass](/wiki/Guadarrama_Pass \"Guadarrama Pass\"), located west of [Somosierra](/wiki/Somosierra_%28mountain_pass%29 \"Somosierra (mountain pass)\"). At two in the morning on the 22nd, they left along the [Olmedo](/wiki/Olmedo%2C_Valladolid \"Olmedo, Valladolid\") highway towards [Villacastín](/wiki/Villacast%C3%ADn \"Villacastín\") and the pass along the [N\\-VI](/wiki/Carretera_Nacional_N-VI \"Carretera Nacional N-VI\") Madrid–[A Coruña](/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a \"A Coruña\") highway.{{In lang\\|es}} Ignacio Martín Jiménez (2010\\). *La guerra civil en Valladolid, 1936\\-1939: amaneceres ensangrentados*, pág. 359 When they arrived at the pass they found that it had already been occupied by a group of the [MAOC](/wiki/Antifascist_Worker_and_Peasant_Militias \"Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias\") militiamen from Madrid, but they managed to evict them during the [Battle of Guadarrama](/wiki/Battle_of_Guadarrama \"Battle of Guadarrama\"), and on 25 July it was in their hands.{{In lang\\|es}} Hugh Thomas (1976\\). *La Guerra Civil Española*, Ed. Grijalbo, pág. 432 However, their advance towards Madrid was stalled by strong [Republican](/wiki/Republican_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 \"Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)\") resistance, so their offensive towards the capital failed. The front in this sector will remain motionless until the end of the conflict.", "At the end of 1936 he was appointed commander of the {{Interlanguage link\\|\"Ávila\" Division\\|es\\|División Ávila}}.{{Sfn\\|VV.AA.\\|1990\\|p\\=434}} Later Serrador was appointed commander of the 71st Division, and later Chief of the \"Group of Divisions of Guadarrama–Somosierra\" that garrisoned the front in the Sierra de Guadarrama.{{In lang\\|es}} Carlos Engel (2000\\). *Historia de las divisiones del ejército nacional*, Ed. Almena, pág. 206 While in command of the 71st Division, during the [Battle of Brunete](/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete \"Battle of Brunete\") the initial Republican attack caught his unit by surprise, forcing them to give ground and suffering serious casualties.", "[thumb\\|150px\\|Coat of arms of the {{Interlanguage link\\|Captaincy General of the Canary Islands\\|es\\|Mando de Canarias}}](/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Former_General_Captaincy_of_the_Canary_Islands_%28Until_1984%29.svg \"Coat of Arms of the Former General Captaincy of the Canary Islands (Until 1984).svg\")", "On 8 January 1937, he was promoted to brigadier general,Clyde L. Clark (1950\\). *The Evolution of the Franco Regime*, p. 452 and on 23 February 21939, he became major general.", "### Captain General of the Canaries", "After the end of the Civil War, in August 1939 he was appointed [Captain General of the Canary Islands](/wiki/Anexo:Capitanes_generales_de_Canarias \"Capitanes generales de Canarias\"), a position he would hold until his death on 23 January 1943\\.{{In lang\\|es}} Juan Arencibia de Torres (1994\\). *Canarias y los militares: un siglo de historia*, pág. 216 His period as military commander in the [Canary Islands](/wiki/Canary_Islands \"Canary Islands\") coincided with [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), which gave him greater power. He was also appointed head of the Economic Command of the Canary Islands,{{In lang\\|es}} Carlos Santiago Martín Fernández (2006\\). *Política Territorial del Franquismo en el Hierro (1940–1970\\)*, pág. 40 which was created to try to avoid isolation of the archipelago during the years of the conflict. Shortly before his death he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.{{In lang\\|es}} Juan Arencibia de Torres (1994\\). *Canarias y los militares: un siglo de historia*, pág. 233", "" ]
U.S. House of Representatives ----------------------------- ### Elections {{Unreliable sources\|1\=section\|date\=September 2023}} [thumb\|left\|upright\=0\.8\|Young speaking at the [Juneau\-Douglas High School](/wiki/Juneau-Douglas_High_School "Juneau-Douglas High School") library during the 1972–1973 [school year](/wiki/School_year "School year")](/wiki/File:Don_Young_speaking_at_Juneau-Douglas_High_School%2C_1972-1973_school_year.jpg "Don Young speaking at Juneau-Douglas High School, 1972-1973 school year.jpg") In 1972, Young ran for Congress against incumbent Democrat [Nick Begich](/wiki/Nick_Begich "Nick Begich"). Weeks before the election, Begich and Representative [Hale Boggs](/wiki/Hale_Boggs "Hale Boggs") died in a fatal plane crash, but Begich's name remained on the ballot and he won the election. Begich's body was never found, and he was declared legally dead in December 1972\. Young won the resulting special election to fill the seat in March 1973\. He was reelected 24 times, usually without significant opposition, although he faced strong challenges in the 2008 primary election and in the 1974, 1990, and 1992 elections. He won his 2016 primary with more than 70% of the vote, and defeated Democrat Steve Lindbeck and Libertarian Jim McDermott in the general election with 50% of the vote to win his 23rd term in office.{{cite news \|title\=Alaska U.S. House At\-Large Results: Don Young Wins \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=August 2017 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2016/results/alaska\-house\-district\-1\-young\-lindbeck \|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} Young won again in 2018, against candidate [Alyse Galvin](/wiki/Alyse_Galvin "Alyse Galvin"), whose party was undeclared, taking 52\.6% of the vote.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/18GENR/Map/index.shtml\|title\=Election Results\|access\-date\= July 5, 2020}} Young was the [most senior U.S. Representative](/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_by_seniority "List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority") and, after [Jim Sensenbrenner](/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner "Jim Sensenbrenner") retired, the last member who had been in office since the 1970s. He was the second\-highest\-ranking Republican on the [Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources "United States House Committee on Natural Resources") and [Transportation and Infrastructure](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure "United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure") committees. He chaired the former from 1995 to 2001 and the latter from 2001 to 2007\. Young was the subject of an extensive [FBI](/wiki/FBI "FBI") investigation but was not charged with wrongdoing.{{cite web \|last1\=Bresnahan \|first1\=John \|title\=Young cleared in Alaska case \|url\=https://www.politico.com/story/2010/08/young\-cleared\-in\-alaska\-case\-040682 \|website\=\[\[Politico]] \|date\=August 4, 2010 \|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} He was subsequently the subject of a [House Ethics Committee](/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee "House Ethics Committee") probe.{{cite web \|last1\=Yager \|first1\=Jordy \|title\=Ethics Committee investigating Dem leader, Alaskan Republican \|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/145174\-ethics\-committee\-investigating\-dem\-leader\-alaskan\-republican/ \|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]] \|date\=March 19, 2013 \|publisher\=CAPITOL HILL PUBLISHING CORP. \|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} #### 1972–1974 {{See also\|1972 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}} [thumb\|right\|Young with President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") and [Jack Coghill](/wiki/Jack_Coghill "Jack Coghill") in 1973](/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_with_Don_Young_and_Jack_Coghill%2C_March_15%2C_1973.jpeg "Richard Nixon with Don Young and Jack Coghill, March 15, 1973.jpeg") [thumb\|right\|Young with President [Gerald Ford](/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") and U.S. Senator [Ted Stevens](/wiki/Ted_Stevens "Ted Stevens") in 1975](/wiki/File:President_Gerald_Ford_stands_with_Don_Young_and_Ted_Stevens.jpg "President Gerald Ford stands with Don Young and Ted Stevens.jpg") [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") State Senator [Nick Begich](/wiki/Nick_Begich "Nick Begich") was elected to the House of Representatives in 1970 to succeed Republican [Howard Pollock](/wiki/Howard_Pollock "Howard Pollock"), who ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for [governor of Alaska](/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska "Governor of Alaska"). Young ran against Begich in 1972 and placed second in the August 22 [open primary](/wiki/Open_primaries_in_the_United_States "Open primaries in the United States") with 13,958 votes (25\.60%) to Begich's 37,873 (69\.45%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=345006\|title\=AK At\-Large – Open Primary 1972\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} Begich was lost in a plane crash on October 16, 1972 (along with [House Majority Leader](/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives") [Hale Boggs](/wiki/Hale_Boggs "Hale Boggs") of [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana")), 22 days before the general election. Although his body was never found, Begich won the general election with 53,651 votes (56\.24%) to Young's 41,750 (43\.76%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31063\|title\=AK At\-Large 1972\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He was declared dead on December 29\. Young ran in the special election on March 6, 1973, and defeated Democrat [Emil Notti](/wiki/Emil_Notti "Emil Notti"), 35,044 votes (51\.41%) to 33,123 (48\.59%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=175892\|title\=AK At\-Large\- Special Election 1973\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He won a full term in 1974 with 51,641 votes (53\.84%) to Democratic State Senator [Willie Hensley](/wiki/Willie_Hensley "Willie Hensley")'s 44,280 (46\.16%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=30932\|title\=AK At\-Large 1974\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He was sworn into the House of Representatives on March 14, 1973\.{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-03\-14 \|title\=Congressman Don Young Reflects on 43 Years of Service in the U.S. House of Representatives \|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=398656 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-02 \|website\=Congressman Don Young \|language\=en}} He credited his victory to his leadership of the fight for the [Trans\-Alaskan Pipeline System](/wiki/Trans-Alaskan_Pipeline_System "Trans-Alaskan Pipeline System").{{cite web\|url\=http://donyoung.house.gov/bio.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513062822/http://donyoung.house.gov/bio.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Congressman Don Young, Congressman For All Alaska: Biography\|archive\-date\=May 13, 2009}} #### 1976–2006 {{See also\|2006 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}} [thumb\|right\|Young greeting President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") in 1981](/wiki/File:Reagan_Contact_Sheet_BW_2894_%28cropped%29.jpg "Reagan Contact Sheet BW 2894 (cropped).jpg") [thumb\|right\|Young greeting President [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") in 1991](/wiki/File:Bush_Contact_Sheet_P19545_%28cropped%29.jpg "Bush Contact Sheet P19545 (cropped).jpg") [thumb\|right\|Young watches as President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") signs the [Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006](/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act "Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act")](/wiki/File:President_Bush_Signs_the_Magnuson-Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Reauthorization_Act_of_2006.jpg "President Bush Signs the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006.jpg") [thumb\|right\|Young watches as President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") signs The Frank LoBiondo Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2018](/wiki/File:President_Donald_J._Trump_signs_S.140_The_Frank_LoBiondo_Coast_Guard_Authorization_Act_of_2018.jpg "President Donald J. Trump signs S.140 The Frank LoBiondo Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2018.jpg") Young was reelected with at least 55% of the vote in each of the next seven elections. He defeated former State Senator [Eben Hopson](/wiki/Eben_Hopson "Eben Hopson") with 71% of the vote in 1976,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=30255\|title\=AK At\-Large 1976\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} State Senator Patrick Rodey with 55\.4% of the vote in 1978,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=30928\|title\=AK At\-Large 1978\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} Kevin "Pat" Parnell with 73\.8% of the vote in 1980,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31064\|title\=AK At\-Large 1978\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} and Dave Carlson with 70\.8% of the vote in 1982\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31065\|title\=AK At\-Large 1982\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} In 1984 and 1986, Young defeated Nick Begich's widow, Pegge Begich, 113,582 votes (55\.02%) to 86,052 (41\.68%), and 101,799 votes (56\.47%) to 74,053 (41\.08%), respectively.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31066\|title\=AK At\-Large 1984\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He defeated Peter Gruenstein with 62\.5% of the vote in 1988{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31068\|title\=AK At\-Large 1988\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} and then faced John Devens, the mayor of [Valdez](/wiki/Valdez%2C_Alaska "Valdez, Alaska"), in 1990 and 1992\. Young defeated him by 99,003 votes (51\.66%) to 91,677 (47\.84%) in 1990{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31069\|title\=AK At\-Large 1990\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} and then faced a serious challenge in 1992\. He was challenged in the Republican primary by State Senator Virginia M. Collins and defeated her by 24,869 votes (52\.98%) to 19,774 (42\.12%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=361794\|title\= AK At\-Large – R Primary 1992\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} In the general election, he defeated Devens, 111,849 votes (46\.78%) to 102,378 (42\.82%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=27488\|title\=AK At\-Large 1992\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} This was both the lowest winning percentage of his career and the only time he won without a majority of the vote.{{cite web \|last1\=Martinson \|first1\=Erica \|title\=Don Young may have a 2016 challenger \|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/article/don\-young\-may\-have\-2016\-challenger/2016/03/21/ \|website\=adn.com \|publisher\=ARC Publishing \|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} Young defeated former [Alaska Commissioner of Economic Development](/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Commerce%2C_Community_and_Economic_Development "Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development") and [1992 Democratic U.S. Senate nominee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska%2C_1992 "United States Senate election in Alaska, 1992") Tony Smith with 56\.92% of the vote in 1994,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=28703\|title\=AK At\-Large 1994\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} State Senator [Georgianna Lincoln](/wiki/Georgianna_Lincoln "Georgianna Lincoln") with 59\.41% of the vote in 1996,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=21247\|title\=AK At\-Large 1996\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} and State Senator and former [Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives](/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Alaska_House_of_Representatives "List of Speakers of the Alaska House of Representatives") [Jim Duncan](/wiki/Jim_Duncan_%28Alaska_politician%29 "Jim Duncan (Alaska politician)") with 62\.55% of the vote in 1998\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=3066\|title\=AK At\-Large 1998\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He defeated attorney Clifford Mark Greene with 69\.56% of the vote in 2000{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=254\|title\=AK At\-Large 2000\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} and with 74\.66% of the vote in 2002, the largest winning percentage of his career.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=930\|title\=AK At\-Large 2002\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He received 213,216 votes (71\.34%) against Thomas Higgins in 2004, the most votes he ever received in a single election.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=3992\|title\=AK At\-Large 2004\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} In 2006, he defeated writer, dramatist, and video production consultant [Diane E. Benson](/wiki/Diane_E._Benson "Diane E. Benson") with 56\.57% of the vote.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=201449\|title\=AK At\-Large 2006\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} #### 2008 {{main\|2008 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}} Incumbent Lieutenant Governor [Sean Parnell](/wiki/Sean_Parnell "Sean Parnell") announced his candidacy in the August 26 Republican primary. Parnell was strongly supported by Governor [Sarah Palin](/wiki/Sarah_Palin "Sarah Palin") and the [Club for Growth](/wiki/Club_for_Growth "Club for Growth").{{cite web \|last1\=Kraushaar \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Club for Growth endorses challenger to Young \|url\=https://www.politico.com/blogs/politico\-now/2008/06/club\-for\-growth\-endorses\-challenger\-to\-young\-009501 \|website\=\[\[Politico]] \|date\=June 6, 2008 \|access\-date\=September 11, 2021}} Young was endorsed by [Mike Huckabee](/wiki/Mike_Huckabee "Mike Huckabee")'s political action committee, Huck PAC, in June.Ben Pershing (July 1, 2008\). [Don Young Brings Out the Big Guns](http://blog.washingtonpost.com/capitol-briefing/2008/07/don_young_brings_out_the_big_g.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523114700/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/capitol\-briefing/2008/07/don\_young\_brings\_out\_the\_big\_g.html \|date\=May 23, 2011 }} *The Washington Post*, retrieved on July 15, 2008\. Young won by 304 votes (0\.28%), and Parnell declined to seek a recount.Anne Sutton, ["No recount in GOP race for Alaska's House seat"](http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5j_Jou0BRNSWPmplUuT8qwccyVvggD939B4HO1), Associated Press, September 18, 2008\.{{dead link\|date\=November 2012\|bot\=Legobot}} Before the announcement of the unofficial results, both candidates had said that they would request a recount if they lost.Haplin, James. ["GOP primary comes down to overseas ballots, likely recount"](http://www.adn.com/front/story/520347.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920014557/http://www.adn.com/front/story/520347\.html \|date\=September 20, 2008 }}. *Anchorage Daily News*. September 9, 2008\. Retrieved September 18, 2008\. The state of Alaska pays the costs of recounts when the difference is within a half percent, as it was in this primary election.Sutton, Anne. ["Young wins Alaska House primary by 304 votes"](http://www.adn.com/front/story/529646.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921043957/http://www.adn.com/front/story/529646\.html \|date\=September 21, 2008 }}. *Anchorage Daily News*. September 18, 2008\. Retrieved September 18, 2008\. Young faced a challenge from [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") [Ethan Berkowitz](/wiki/Ethan_Berkowitz "Ethan Berkowitz"), the 46\-year\-old former minority leader in the [Alaska House of Representatives](/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives "Alaska House of Representatives"). Don Wright, the [Alaskan Independence Party](/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party "Alaskan Independence Party") nominee, also challenged Young.{{cite web \|title\=Don Young officially wins re\-election \|url\=https://www.politico.com/blogs/scorecard/1108/Don\_Young\_officially\_wins\_reelection.html \|website\=\[\[Politico]] \|access\-date\=September 11, 2021}} Young was reelected with 50% of the vote to Berkowitz's 45% and Wright's 5%.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\-alaska\-house\-111208\-2008nov12\-story.html\|title\=Young retains US House seat in Alaska\|newspaper\=\[\[The San Diego Union\-Tribune]]\|date\=November 12, 2008\|access\-date\=December 9, 2022\|last\=Pemberton\|first\=Mary\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]}}{{cite web\|url\=https://kfor.com/2013/07/12/story\-of\-hope/\|title\=Story of Hope\|date\=July 12, 2013}} Berkowitz conceded on November 18\.["The other congressional race – Berkowitz concedes to Young"](http://community.adn.com/adn/node/134635) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516125823/http://community.adn.com/adn/node/134635 \|date\=May 16, 2013 }}, community.adn.com; accessed May 15, 2017\. #### 2010–2020 In [2010](/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2010 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young ran for a 20th term.{{cite web\|author\=Sean Cockerham \|url\=http://www.adn.com/house/story/847677\.html\|title\=Young announces he'll seek 20th term in Congress: Politics\|publisher\=adn.com\|access\-date\=August 22, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713203050/http://www.adn.com/house/story/847677\.html\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2009}} He was challenged in the Republican primary by John R. Cox and Sheldon Fisher, a former telecommunications executive, winning with 74,117 votes (70\.36%). He defeated Democratic State Representative [Harry Crawford](/wiki/Harry_Crawford_%28politician%29 "Harry Crawford (politician)"){{cite web\|author\=Sean Cockerham\|url\=http://www.adn.com/house/story/929628\.html\|title\=Halcro says he'll challenge Young in GOP House primary: Politics\|publisher\=adn.com\|access\-date\=August 22, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914125943/http://www.adn.com/house/story/929628\.html\|archive\-date\=September 14, 2009}} in the general election, 175,384 votes (68\.96%) to 77,606 (30\.51%).["Election Night 2010: Incumbents Parnell and Young Re\-Elected, Possibly Murkowski"](http://aprn.org/2010/11/03/election-night-2010-incumbents-parnell-and-young-re-elected-possibly-murkowski), aprn.org, November 3, 2010\. In [2012](/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2012 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young drew two challengers in the Republican party, but defeated them with 58,789 votes (78\.59%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=726823\|title\=AK At\-Large – R Primary Race\|date\=August 28, 2012\|publisher\=Our Campaigns\|access\-date\=June 4, 2013}}{{cite news\|last\=Thiessen\|first\=Mark\|title\=Associated Press – Rep. Don Young wins GOP primary for US House seat\|url\=http://juneauempire.com/state/2012\-08\-28/rep\-don\-young\-wins\-gop\-primary\-us\-house\-seat\#.UEPDqkT\_LUQ\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|access\-date\=September 2, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831184801/http://juneauempire.com/state/2012\-08\-28/rep\-don\-young\-wins\-gop\-primary\-us\-house\-seat\#.UEPDqkT\_LUQ\|archive\-date\=August 31, 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} In the general election, he defeated State Representative [Sharon Cissna](/wiki/Sharon_Cissna "Sharon Cissna") by 185,296 votes (63\.94%) to 82,927 (28\.62%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=702119\|title\=AK – At\-Large Race\|date\=November 6, 2012\|publisher\=Our Campaigns\|access\-date\=June 4, 2013}} In [2014](/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2014 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young received 79,393 votes (74\.29%) in the Republican primary against three challengers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/14PRIM/data/results.htm \|title\=2014 Primary Elections August 19, 2014 Official Results \|publisher\=State of Alaska Division of Elections \|access\-date\=September 8, 2014}} In the general election, he defeated Democrat [Forrest Dunbar](/wiki/Forrest_Dunbar "Forrest Dunbar"), 142,572 votes (50\.97%) to 114,602 (40\.97%).{{cite web\|url\=http://elect.alaska.net/\|title\=State of Alaska Division of Elections\|website\=elect.alaska.net\|access\-date\=July 10, 2018}} Young was the only statewide incumbent in Alaska to win reelection that year,{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2022}} as Republican Governor [Sean Parnell](/wiki/Sean_Parnell "Sean Parnell") was [defeated](/wiki/Alaska_gubernatorial_election%2C_2014 "Alaska gubernatorial election, 2014") by Independent [Bill Walker](/wiki/Bill_Walker_%28American_politician%29 "Bill Walker (American politician)"), and Democratic U.S. Senator [Mark Begich](/wiki/Mark_Begich "Mark Begich") was [defeated](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska%2C_2014 "United States Senate election in Alaska, 2014") by Republican [Dan Sullivan](/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_%28U.S._Senator%29 "Dan Sullivan (U.S. Senator)"). In [2016](/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2016 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young received 38,998 votes (71\.5%) in the Republican primary against three challengers. In the general election, he won with 50\.32% of the vote against Democratic challenger Steve Lindbeck with 36\.02% and Libertarian Jim McDermott with 10\.31%.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.newsminer.com/news/alaska\_news/rep\-don\-young\-wins\-rd\-term\-in\-congress/article\_55435a9c\-a5c9\-11e6\-807d\-8f135e07b2cf.html\|title\=Rep. Don Young wins 23rd term in Congress\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|last\=Thiessen\|first\=Mark \|work\=Fairbanks Daily News\-Miner\|access\-date\=July 10, 2018\|language\=en}} In [2018](/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2018 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young defeated Alyse Galvin, an Independent candidate who had won the combined [Alaska Democratic Party](/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party "Alaska Democratic Party"), [Alaska Libertarian Party](/wiki/Alaska_Libertarian_Party "Alaska Libertarian Party") and [Alaskan Independence Party](/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party "Alaskan Independence Party") primary. He received 53\.08% of the vote to Galvin's 46\.5%.{{cite web \|last1\=Hopkins \|first1\=Kyle \|title\='I Never Head Doubts' Young Defeats Galvin in Alaska Congressional Race \|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2018/11/06/alaska\-voters\-wait\-for\-outcome\-of\-young\-galvin\-battle\-for\-alaskas\-sole\-u\-s\-house\-seat/\#8726 \|website\=adn.com \|publisher\=Anchorage Daily News \|access\-date\=November 7, 2018}} In [2020](/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2020 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young ran for a 25th term.[Alaska Rep. Don Young calls impeachment inquiry 'a waste of time'](https://www.adn.com/politics/2019/09/24/alaska-rep-don-young-calls-impeachment-inquiry-a-waste-of-time), *[Anchorage Daily News](/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News "Anchorage Daily News")*, James Brooks, September 24, 2019\. Retrieved November 12, 2019\. He won the Republican primary with 77% of the vote in a three\-way race.{{cite web \|last1\=Greenwood \|first1\=Max \|title\=Young wins Alaska GOP House primary \|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/512346\-young\-wins\-alaska\-gop\-house\-primary/ \|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]] \|date\=August 19, 2020 \|publisher\=Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. \|access\-date\=August 21, 2020}} In the general election, Young again defeated combined\-ticket nominee Alyse Galvin with 54\.4% of the vote.{{cite news \|title\=Alaska Election Results: At\-Large Congressional District \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results\-alaska\-house\-district\-at\-large.html \|website\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|access\-date\=January 27, 2021 \|date\=January 5, 2021}} ### Tenure At the start of the 116th Congress, Young was the longest\-serving current House member. Due to his long tenure in the House and that of former Senator [Ted Stevens](/wiki/Ted_Stevens "Ted Stevens"), Alaska was considered to have had clout in national politics far beyond its small population (it is the 4th smallest, ahead of only [North Dakota](/wiki/North_Dakota "North Dakota"), [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont "Vermont"), and [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming "Wyoming")). He was often called "Alaska's third senator".{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the\-ten\-worst\-members\-of\-the\-worst\-congress\-ever\-20120112?page\=3\|title\=The 10 Worst Congressmen\|access\-date\=September 18, 2015\|last\=Dickinson\|first\=Tim\|date\=October 17, 2006\|magazine\=Rolling Stone \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116133716/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the\-ten\-worst\-members\-of\-the\-worst\-congress\-ever\-20120112?page\=3 \|archive\-date\=November 16, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}} On March 5, 2019, he became the longest\-serving Republican in congressional history, surpassing [Joe Cannon](/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon "Joseph Gurney Cannon").[Don Young makes history as the longest\-serving House Republican](https://www.rollcall.com/news/don-young-makes-history-longest-serving-house-republican) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125195449/http://www.rollcall.com/news/don\-young\-makes\-history\-longest\-serving\-house\-republican \|date\=November 25, 2019 }}, *[Roll Call](/wiki/Roll_Call "Roll Call")*, Katherine Tully\-McManus, March 5, 2019\. Retrieved November 12, 2019\. #### 1990s [thumb\|right\|Young in the 1990s](/wiki/File:Don_Young%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_color.jpg "Don Young, official photo portrait, color.jpg") After the 1995 Republican takeover of the House, Young chaired the [Committee on Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources "United States House Committee on Natural Resources"), which he renamed the Committee on Resources. The name was changed back by Democrats in 2006 and has since been retained by Republican chairs. He chaired the committee until 2001, then chairing the [Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure "United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure") from 2001 to 2007\.{{cite web \|title\=Committee Assignments \|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/biography/committee\-assignments.htm \|website\=donyoung.house.gov \|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} During a 1994 House debate touching on the question of [Alaska Natives](/wiki/Alaska_Natives "Alaska Natives")' right to sell [sex organs](/wiki/Sex_organs "Sex organs") of [endangered animals](/wiki/Endangered_animals "Endangered animals") as [aphrodisiacs](/wiki/Aphrodisiacs "Aphrodisiacs"), he pulled out an 18\-inch [penis bone](/wiki/Baculum "Baculum") of a [walrus](/wiki/Walrus "Walrus"), better known as an "[oosik](/wiki/Oosik "Oosik")", and brandished it like a sword on the House floor at the face of the head of the [U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service](/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service").{{cite magazine \|title\= Waving an "Oosik" to Make a Point \|magazine\= New Republic \|publisher\= Tampa Bay Times \|date\= August 30, 2008 \|first\= Charles \|last\= Homans \|url\= http://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/waving\-an\-oosik\-to\-make\-a\-point/789802 \|access\-date\= March 29, 2013 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130406035622/http://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/waving\-an\-oosik\-to\-make\-a\-point/789802 \|archive\-date\= April 6, 2013 \|url\-status\= dead }}{{cite news \|title\= Ex\-aide to GOP's Don Young Goes to Work for Dems \|work\= Seattle Post\-Intelligencer \|date\= August 31, 2011 \|url\= http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2011/08/31/ex\-aide\-to\-gops\-don\-young\-goes\-to\-work\-with\-dems/ }} In March 1998, Young brought a bill to the House floor allowing voters in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") to vote on continuing its commonwealth status or becoming either a state or independent. The legislation passed by a single vote.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/05/us/house\-approves\-measure\-on\-self\-determination\-for\-puerto\-rico.html\|title\=House Approves Measure on Self\-Determination for Puerto Rico\|date\=March 5, 1998\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]}} #### 2000–2010 [thumb\|right\|Young in 2006](/wiki/File:Don_Young%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_color%2C_2006.jpg "Don Young, official photo portrait, color, 2006.jpg") In the [2005 Highway Bill](/wiki/Safe%2C_Accountable%2C_Flexible%2C_Efficient_Transportation_Equity_Act:A_Legacy_for_Users "A Legacy for Users"), Young helped secure $941 million for 119 special projects, including a $231 million bridge in [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska "Anchorage, Alaska") named Don Young's Way.{{cite news\|first\=Shailagh\|last\=Murray\|title\=After 2\-Year Wait, Passage Comes Easily\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2005/07/29/AR2005072900139\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\|page\=A09\|date\=July 30, 2005\|access\-date\=June 7, 2007}} In 2007, Young was investigated as a part of the [Alaska political corruption probe](/wiki/Alaska_political_corruption_probe "Alaska political corruption probe") for his ties to the oil and gas company [VECO Corporation](/wiki/VECO_Corporation "VECO Corporation"). He faced no charges.["Paper reports Young's Veco ties investigated"](http://www.adn.com/news/politics/fbi/story/9162143p-9077780c.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203044451/http://www.adn.com/news/politics/fbi/story/9162143p\-9077780c.html \|date\=December 3, 2007 }}, *Associated Press*, July 25, 2007\.{{cite news \|last1\=Weiner \|first1\=Rachel \|title\=Don Young: No stranger to controversy \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\-fix/wp/2013/03/29/don\-young\-no\-stranger\-to\-scandal/ \|access\-date\=May 21, 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|date\=March 29, 2013}} In July 2007, Representative [Scott Garrett](/wiki/Scott_Garrett "Scott Garrett") proposed an amendment to strike money in a spending bill for native Alaskan and Hawaiian educational programs.[North to Alaska](http://www.politico.com/blogs/thecrypt/0707/North_to_Alaska.html), *The Politico* dated July 17, 2007\. Young defended the funds on the House floor, saying, "You want my money, my money" and "Those who bite me will be bitten back." He also suggested that conservative Republicans such as Garrett lost the Republicans their majority in the 2006 election by challenging spending [earmarks](/wiki/Earmark_%28finance%29 "Earmark (finance)"), and made several critical remarks about Garrett's state, [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"). Garrett did not ask for an official reprimand, but other conservative Republicans took exception to Young's claim that the funds in question were "his" money. Members of the conservative [Republican Study Committee](/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee "Republican Study Committee") gave Garrett a standing ovation later in the day during the group's weekly meeting and [Virginia Foxx](/wiki/Virginia_Foxx "Virginia Foxx") of North Carolina compared Young's earmarks to "legal theft". In 2008, the [United States Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") investigated Young's role in steering $10 million into a Florida transportation project. In 2010, the investigation concluded with no charges against Young. In 2011, [Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington](/wiki/Citizens_for_Responsibility_and_Ethics_in_Washington "Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington") (CREW) filed a lawsuit seeking information on the investigation. Some documents were subsequently released, and a judge ordered the federal government to pay CREW $86,000 in legal fees.{{cite news \|last1\=Hess \|first1\=Hannah \|title\=CREW Awarded $86K After Court Fight for Don Young Documents \|url\=https://www.rollcall.com/2014/10/24/crew\-awarded\-86k\-after\-court\-fight\-for\-don\-young\-documents/ \|access\-date\=May 21, 2021 \|work\=Roll Call \|date\=October 24, 2014 \|language\=en}} In 2010, when Democrat [Charles Rangel](/wiki/Charles_Rangel "Charles Rangel") of New York was censured for ethical violations, Young and Representative [Peter T. King](/wiki/Peter_T._King "Peter T. King") were the only two Republicans voting against censure.{{cite news\|author\=Kocieniewski, David\|title\=Rangel Censured Over Violations of Ethics Rules\|page\=A1\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=December 3, 2010\|access\-date\=November 29, 2021\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/03/nyregion/03rangel.html}} #### 2011–2020 In the 112th Congress, Young signed [Americans for Tax Reform](/wiki/Taxpayer_Protection_Pledge "Taxpayer Protection Pledge")'s [Taxpayer Protection Pledge](/wiki/Taxpayer_Protection_Pledge "Taxpayer Protection Pledge").{{cite web\|title\=The Taxpayer Protection Pledge Signers 112th Congressional List\|url\=http://s3\.amazonaws.com/atrfiles/files/files/091411\-federalpledgesigners.pdf\|publisher\=Americans for Tax Reform\|access\-date\=November 30, 2011}} In 2012, Young endorsed then\-Representative [Mazie Hirono](/wiki/Mazie_Hirono "Mazie Hirono") in the Democratic primary for the United States Senate.{{cite web\|title\=Republican Don Young endorses Democrat Mazie Hironi in Hawaii\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/republican\-don\-young\-endorses\-democrat\-mazie\-hironi\-hawaii/story?id\=16847614\|access\-date\=February 27, 2021\|website\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]]\|language\=en}} In March 2013, the [House Ethics Committee](/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee "House Ethics Committee") created a special committee to investigate allegations that Young had improperly accepted gifts, used campaign funds for personal expenses, failed to report gifts in financial disclosure documents, and made false statements to federal officials.{{cite news\|title\= House Ethics Committee opens probes into Don Young, Rob Andrews\|first\=John\|last\=Bresnahan\|work\=\[\[Politico]]\|date\=March 19, 2013\|url\=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/03/house\-ethics\-committee\-opens\-probes\-into\-don\-young\-rob\-andrews\-89074\.html}} Young said, "it will go forever. I've been under a cloud all my life. I'm sort of like living in [Juneau](/wiki/Juneau "Juneau"). It rains on you all the time. You don't even notice it."{{cite news\|title\=Young Responds to New Ethics Investigation\|date\=March 28, 2013\|first\=Becky\|last\=Bohrer\|work\=Anchorage Daily News\|url\=http://www.adn.com/2013/03/28/2843697/young\-responds\-to\-new\-ethics\-investigation.html\#storylink\=cpy\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403091356/http://www.adn.com/2013/03/28/2843697/young\-responds\-to\-new\-ethics\-investigation.html\#storylink\=cpy\|archive\-date\=April 3, 2013}} In 2014, the committee rebuked Young after finding he had failed to disclose gifts totaling over $60,000 between 2001 and 2013\.{{cite web \|last1\=Mauer \|first1\=Richard \|title\=Alaska Rep. Don Young rebuked by Ethics Committee \|url\=https://www.adn.com/alaska\-news/article/alaska\-rep\-don\-young\-rebuked\-ethics\-committee/2014/06/20/ \|website\=ADN.com \|publisher\=ARC Publishing \|access\-date\=January 4, 2019}}[Don Young Cited for Personal Use of Campaign Money](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/us/politics/don-young-cited-for-personal-use-of-campaign-money.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw), nytimes.com, June 30, 2014\. In March 2013, Young used the [ethnic slur](/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs "List of ethnic slurs") "[wetbacks](/wiki/Wetback_%28slur%29 "Wetback (slur)")" during a radio interview to describe Latino migrants who worked at his father's ranch when he was growing up.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/don\-young\-wetbacks\_n\_2976351\.html?ref\=topbar\|title\=Don Young Uses 'Wetbacks' To Describe Latinos (AUDIO)\|publisher\=\[\[HuffPost]]\|date\=March 29, 2013\|access\-date\=June 4, 2013}} He issued a statement later that day saying that he "meant no disrespect" and that he "used a term that was commonly used during my days growing up on a farm in central California".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking\-news/ci\_22900702/alaska\-rep\-don\-young\-meant\-no\-disrespect\-by\|title\=Alaska Rep. Don Young 'meant no disrespect' by ethnic slur, but doesn't apologize\|author\=Jim Abrams\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=March 29, 2013}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/john\-boehner\-don\-young\_n\_2979277\.html\|title\=John Boehner On Don Young Racial Slur: 'There's No Excuse'\|publisher\=\[\[HuffPost]]\|date\=March 29, 2013\|access\-date\=March 29, 2013}} Young later formally apologized for his remarks, saying, "I apologize for the insensitive term" and that "it was a poor choice of words."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/03/29/don\-young\-migrant\-slur\-republican\-reaction/2035161\|title\=GOP's Don Young apologizes for racial slur\|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\|access\-date\=March 29, 2013\|first1\=Catalina\|last1\=Camia}} [thumb\|right\|Young and Rep. [Tulsi Gabbard](/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard "Tulsi Gabbard") speaking in support of the [Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act](/wiki/Ending_Federal_Marijuana_Prohibition_Act "Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act") in 2019](/wiki/File:Tulsi_Gabbard_Don_Young_NORML_cannabis_legalization.jpg "Tulsi Gabbard Don Young NORML cannabis legalization.jpg") In May 2016, Young wrote a letter to the [Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/Clerk_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives "Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives") stating that for 25 years he had failed to disclose his inherited interest in a family farm in California on which he and other family members had signed oil and gas leases; Young said the omissions to his financial reporting were accidental.Nathaniel Hertz, [U.S. Rep. Don Young's ownership in his family's farm with gas leases wasn't disclosed for years](http://www.adn.com/politics/2016/08/28/u-s-rep-don-youngs-ownership-in-his-familys-farm-with-gas-leases-wasnt-disclosed-for-years/), *[Alaska Dispatch News](/wiki/Alaska_Dispatch_News "Alaska Dispatch News")*, August 28, 2016; retrieved August 29, 2016\. On May 4, 2017, though he had indicated two months earlier that he would oppose repeal of the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act "Affordable Care Act"), he voted for its repeal. Governor [Bill Walker](/wiki/Bill_Walker_%28American_politician%29 "Bill Walker (American politician)") said Alaska "would be the most negatively affected if the proposed legislation is signed into law as is. Alaskans already pay the highest health care premiums in the country." U.S. Senator [Lisa Murkowski](/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski "Lisa Murkowski") opposed the removal of the provision in the act that eliminated discrimination against those with preexisting conditions, saying it was not "what Alaskans are telling me they think is an acceptable response." It was estimated that annual policy costs for coverage under the state's exchange would rise by $12,599\.Erica Martinson, "How Don Young went from 'no' to 'yes' on the House health care bill", *[Alaska Dispatch News](/wiki/Alaska_Dispatch_News "Alaska Dispatch News")*, May 4, 2017; retrieved May 5, 2017\. In 2017, former [Speaker of the United States House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives") [John Boehner](/wiki/John_Boehner "John Boehner") told *[Politico](/wiki/Politico "Politico")* that Young had once pinned him against a wall inside the House and held a 10\-inch knife to his throat.{{cite web\|url\=https://thehill.com/blogs/in\-the\-know/in\-the\-know/357743\-gop\-lawmaker\-once\-held\-a\-knife\-to\-boehners\-throat/\|title\=GOP lawmaker once held a knife to Boehner's throat\|last\=Thomsen\|first\=Jacqueline\|date\=October 29, 2017\|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]]\|language\=en\|access\-date\=February 1, 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=http://politi.co/2zhDZXN\|title\=John Boehner Unchained\|last\=Alberta\|first\=Tim\|website\=\[\[Politico]]\|language\=en\|access\-date\=February 1, 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rollcall.com/news/don\-young\-the\-kodiak\-bear\-of\-capitol\-hill\-video\|title\=Don Young: the Kodiak Bear of Capitol Hill (Video)\|last1\=Fuller\|first1\=Matt\|date\=October 16, 2014\|website\=Roll Call\|language\=en\|access\-date\=February 1, 2020}} In September 2017, during a House floor debate on an amendment to the 2018 government spending package for [wildlife management](/wiki/Wildlife_management "Wildlife management") and [national preserves](/wiki/National_preserve "National preserve") in Alaska, Young made critical comments about Representative [Pramila Jayapal](/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal "Pramila Jayapal"), including calling the 51\-year old Jayapal "young lady" and saying that she "doesn't know a damn thing what she's talking about" and that her speech on the amendment "was really nonsense. It was written by an interest group". The exchange led to a temporary suspension of proceedings: upon their resumption, Young acknowledged in an address to the floor that his comments were "out of order" and apologized to Jayapal; she accepted.{{cite web \|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/08/politics/congressman\-don\-young\-pramila\-jayapal/index.html \|title\=Congressman: 'Young lady' colleague 'doesn't know a damn thing' \|last\=Gren \|first\=Miranda \|date\=September 8, 2017 \|website\=\[\[CNN]] \|access\-date\=July 25, 2020}} Georgetown University's [McCourt School of Public Policy](/wiki/McCourt_School_of_Public_Policy "McCourt School of Public Policy") rated Young among the most bipartisan members of Congress for the 115th and 116th Congresses.{{cite web \|title\=The Lugar Center – McCourt School Bipartisan Index \|url\=https://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/2019%20BPI%20House%20Scores.pdf \|publisher\=Georgetown University \|access\-date\=May 21, 2021}} #### 2021–2022 On May 19, 2021, Young introduced H.R.3361, the [United States Ambassador at Large](/wiki/Ambassador-at-large%23United_States_ambassadors-at-large "Ambassador-at-large#United States ambassadors-at-large") for [Arctic](/wiki/Arctic "Arctic") Affairs Act of 2021, which would create a [presidentially appointed and Senate\-confirmed](/wiki/List_of_positions_filled_by_presidential_appointment_with_Senate_confirmation "List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation") Ambassador at Large for Arctic Affairs who would represent the U.S. in matters relating to the Arctic before international bodies of which the U.S. is a member, foreign nations, and multilateral negotiations. No votes have been held on the bill.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th\-congress/house\-bill/3361/text?r\=2\&s\=1 \|title\=H.R.3361 – United States Ambassador at Large for Arctic Affairs Act of 2021 \|website\=congress.gov \|date\=May 19, 2021 \|publisher\=\[\[United States Congress]] \|access\-date\=July 21, 2021}}{{cite report \|author\=((O'Rourke et al.)) \|date\=July 16, 2021 \|title\=Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress \|url\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153\.pdf \|publisher\=\[\[Congressional Research Service]] \|page\=9 \|access\-date\=July 21, 2021}} On November 5, 2021, Young was among the 13 House Republicans to break with their party and vote with a majority of Democrats for the [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act](/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act "Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act").{{cite news\|last\=Grayer \|first\=Annie \|title\=These 6 House Democrats voted against the infrastructure bill. These 13 Republicans voted for it.\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure\-bill\-house\-democrats\-voted\-no\-republicans\-voted\-yes/index.html\|date\=November 6, 2021\|access\-date\=January 19, 2022\|website\=\[\[CNN]]}} Former president [Donald J. Trump](/wiki/Donald_J._Trump "Donald J. Trump") castigated the 13 House Republicans who voted for the bill.[Republicans who voted for Biden's infrastructure bill come under fire from Trump](https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats-voted-no-republicans-voted-yes/index.html). *[CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN")*, Alex Rogers and Manu Raju, November 5, 2021\. Retrieved January 19, 2021\. At the time of his death, he was the oldest and longest\-tenured member of Congress.{{cite web \|last1\=Kizzia \|first1\=Tom \|title\=Gruff, warm, combustible, shrewd: For 49 years, Don Young's ideology was 'Alaska' \|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2022/03/19/gruff\-warm\-combustible\-shrewd\-for\-49\-years\-don\-youngs\-ideology\-was\-alaska/ \|website\=adn.com \|publisher\=Anchorage Daily News \|access\-date\=23 October 2022}} ### Committee assignments * [Committee on Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources "United States House Committee on Natural Resources"){{cite web\|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/biography/committee\-assignments.htm \|title\=Committee Assignments \| Congressman Don Young \|publisher\=Donyoung.house.gov \|date\= \|accessdate\=March 19, 2022}} + [Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands](/wiki/United_States_House_Natural_Resources_Subcommittee_on_National_Parks%2C_Forests_and_Public_Lands "United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands") + [Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States](/wiki/United_States_House_Natural_Resources_Subcommittee_on_Indigenous_Peoples_of_the_United_States "United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States") (Ranking Member) + [Subcommittee on Water, Oceans and Wildlife](/wiki/United_States_House_Natural_Resources_Subcommittee_on_Water%2C_Oceans_and_Wildlife "United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Water, Oceans and Wildlife") * [Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure "United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure") + [Subcommittee on Aviation](/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Aviation "United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Aviation") + [Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation](/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Coast_Guard_and_Maritime_Transportation "United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation") + [Subcommittee on Highways and Transit](/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Highways_and_Transit "United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Highways and Transit") ### Caucus memberships * Arthritis Caucus{{cite web\|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/biography/caucusmemberships.htm \|title\=Caucus Membership \| Congressman Don Young \|publisher\=Donyoung.house.gov \|date\= \|accessdate\=March 19, 2022}} * [Congressional Cannabis Caucus](/wiki/Congressional_Cannabis_Caucus "Congressional Cannabis Caucus"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2017/02/16/alaskas\-don\-young\-is\-a\-founding\-member\-of\-the\-bipartisan\-u\-s\-house\-cannabis\-caucus/\|title\=Alaska Rep. Young is a founding member of the U.S. House Cannabis Caucus\|work\=Alaska Dispatch News\|date\=February 16, 2017\|access\-date\=February 18, 2017}} * Congressional Unmanned Systems Caucus{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sctimes.com/story/news/local/2015/07/23/industries\-lawmakers\-discuss\-drones\-washington/30565949/ \|title\=Drone caucus, industries talk business in Washington \|publisher\=Sctimes.com \|date\=July 23, 2015 \|accessdate\=March 19, 2022}} * House Biomedical Research Caucus{{cite web\|url\=https://www.coalitionforlifesciences.org/learn/congressional\-biomedical\-research\-caucus/caucus\-members/ \|title\=Caucus Members \|publisher\=The Coalition for the Life Sciences \|date\= \|accessdate\=March 19, 2022}} * House Diabetes Caucus * [United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus](/wiki/United_States_Congressional_International_Conservation_Caucus "United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus"){{cite web\|title\=Our Members\|url\=https://royce.house.gov/internationalconservation/members.html\|publisher\=U.S. House of Representatives International Conservation Caucus\|access\-date\=August 5, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801155201/https://royce.house.gov/internationalconservation/members.html\|archive\-date\=August 1, 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} * Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus{{cite web\|author\=Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI) \|url\=https://www.eesi.org/caucuses\_reee \|title\=Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucuses \|publisher\=EESI \|date\= \|accessdate\=March 19, 2022}} * Sportsmen's Caucus{{cite web\|url\=https://congressionalsportsmen.org/the\-media\-room/news/congressional\-sportsmens\-caucus\-house\-leadership\-signs\-bipartisan\-letter\-in \|title\=Congressional Sportsmen's Caucus House Leadership Signs Bipartisan Letter in Support of Our Nation's 11 Million Saltwater Anglers \| Congressional Sportsmen's Foundation \|publisher\=Congressionalsportsmen.org \|date\=June 29, 2018 \|accessdate\=March 19, 2022}} * Congressional Cement Caucus * [Afterschool Caucuses](/wiki/Afterschool_Caucuses "Afterschool Caucuses"){{cite web\|title\=Members\|url\=http://www.afterschoolalliance.org/policyCongressionalCaucuses.cfm\|publisher\=Afterschool Alliance\|access\-date\=April 18, 2018}} * [Congressional Western Caucus](/wiki/Congressional_Western_Caucus "Congressional Western Caucus"){{cite web\|title\=Members\|url\=https://westerncaucus.house.gov/about/membership.htm\|publisher\=Congressional Western Caucus\|access\-date\=June 25, 2018}}
[ "U.S. House of Representatives\n-----------------------------", "### Elections", "{{Unreliable sources\\|1\\=section\\|date\\=September 2023}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\|Young speaking at the [Juneau\\-Douglas High School](/wiki/Juneau-Douglas_High_School \"Juneau-Douglas High School\") library during the 1972–1973 [school year](/wiki/School_year \"School year\")](/wiki/File:Don_Young_speaking_at_Juneau-Douglas_High_School%2C_1972-1973_school_year.jpg \"Don Young speaking at Juneau-Douglas High School, 1972-1973 school year.jpg\")", "In 1972, Young ran for Congress against incumbent Democrat [Nick Begich](/wiki/Nick_Begich \"Nick Begich\"). Weeks before the election, Begich and Representative [Hale Boggs](/wiki/Hale_Boggs \"Hale Boggs\") died in a fatal plane crash, but Begich's name remained on the ballot and he won the election. Begich's body was never found, and he was declared legally dead in December 1972\\.", "Young won the resulting special election to fill the seat in March 1973\\. He was reelected 24 times, usually without significant opposition, although he faced strong challenges in the 2008 primary election and in the 1974, 1990, and 1992 elections.", "He won his 2016 primary with more than 70% of the vote, and defeated Democrat Steve Lindbeck and Libertarian Jim McDermott in the general election with 50% of the vote to win his 23rd term in office.{{cite news \\|title\\=Alaska U.S. House At\\-Large Results: Don Young Wins \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=August 2017 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2016/results/alaska\\-house\\-district\\-1\\-young\\-lindbeck \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}} Young won again in 2018, against candidate [Alyse Galvin](/wiki/Alyse_Galvin \"Alyse Galvin\"), whose party was undeclared, taking 52\\.6% of the vote.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/18GENR/Map/index.shtml\\|title\\=Election Results\\|access\\-date\\= July 5, 2020}}", "Young was the [most senior U.S. Representative](/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_by_seniority \"List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority\") and, after [Jim Sensenbrenner](/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner \"Jim Sensenbrenner\") retired, the last member who had been in office since the 1970s. He was the second\\-highest\\-ranking Republican on the [Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources \"United States House Committee on Natural Resources\") and [Transportation and Infrastructure](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure \"United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure\") committees. He chaired the former from 1995 to 2001 and the latter from 2001 to 2007\\.", "Young was the subject of an extensive [FBI](/wiki/FBI \"FBI\") investigation but was not charged with wrongdoing.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Bresnahan \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=Young cleared in Alaska case \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/story/2010/08/young\\-cleared\\-in\\-alaska\\-case\\-040682 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]] \\|date\\=August 4, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}} He was subsequently the subject of a [House Ethics Committee](/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee \"House Ethics Committee\") probe.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Yager \\|first1\\=Jordy \\|title\\=Ethics Committee investigating Dem leader, Alaskan Republican \\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/145174\\-ethics\\-committee\\-investigating\\-dem\\-leader\\-alaskan\\-republican/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]] \\|date\\=March 19, 2013 \\|publisher\\=CAPITOL HILL PUBLISHING CORP. \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}}", "#### 1972–1974", "{{See also\\|1972 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young with President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\") and [Jack Coghill](/wiki/Jack_Coghill \"Jack Coghill\") in 1973](/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_with_Don_Young_and_Jack_Coghill%2C_March_15%2C_1973.jpeg \"Richard Nixon with Don Young and Jack Coghill, March 15, 1973.jpeg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young with President [Gerald Ford](/wiki/Gerald_Ford \"Gerald Ford\") and U.S. Senator [Ted Stevens](/wiki/Ted_Stevens \"Ted Stevens\") in 1975](/wiki/File:President_Gerald_Ford_stands_with_Don_Young_and_Ted_Stevens.jpg \"President Gerald Ford stands with Don Young and Ted Stevens.jpg\")\n[Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") State Senator [Nick Begich](/wiki/Nick_Begich \"Nick Begich\") was elected to the House of Representatives in 1970 to succeed Republican [Howard Pollock](/wiki/Howard_Pollock \"Howard Pollock\"), who ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for [governor of Alaska](/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska \"Governor of Alaska\"). Young ran against Begich in 1972 and placed second in the August 22 [open primary](/wiki/Open_primaries_in_the_United_States \"Open primaries in the United States\") with 13,958 votes (25\\.60%) to Begich's 37,873 (69\\.45%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=345006\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large – Open Primary 1972\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} Begich was lost in a plane crash on October 16, 1972 (along with [House Majority Leader](/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives \"Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives\") [Hale Boggs](/wiki/Hale_Boggs \"Hale Boggs\") of [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\")), 22 days before the general election. Although his body was never found, Begich won the general election with 53,651 votes (56\\.24%) to Young's 41,750 (43\\.76%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31063\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1972\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He was declared dead on December 29\\.", "Young ran in the special election on March 6, 1973, and defeated Democrat [Emil Notti](/wiki/Emil_Notti \"Emil Notti\"), 35,044 votes (51\\.41%) to 33,123 (48\\.59%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=175892\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large\\- Special Election 1973\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He won a full term in 1974 with 51,641 votes (53\\.84%) to Democratic State Senator [Willie Hensley](/wiki/Willie_Hensley \"Willie Hensley\")'s 44,280 (46\\.16%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=30932\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1974\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He was sworn into the House of Representatives on March 14, 1973\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-14 \\|title\\=Congressman Don Young Reflects on 43 Years of Service in the U.S. House of Representatives \\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=398656 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-02 \\|website\\=Congressman Don Young \\|language\\=en}} He credited his victory to his leadership of the fight for the [Trans\\-Alaskan Pipeline System](/wiki/Trans-Alaskan_Pipeline_System \"Trans-Alaskan Pipeline System\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://donyoung.house.gov/bio.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513062822/http://donyoung.house.gov/bio.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Congressman Don Young, Congressman For All Alaska: Biography\\|archive\\-date\\=May 13, 2009}}", "#### 1976–2006", "{{See also\\|2006 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young greeting President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") in 1981](/wiki/File:Reagan_Contact_Sheet_BW_2894_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Reagan Contact Sheet BW 2894 (cropped).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young greeting President [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\") in 1991](/wiki/File:Bush_Contact_Sheet_P19545_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Bush Contact Sheet P19545 (cropped).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young watches as President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") signs the [Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006](/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act \"Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act\")](/wiki/File:President_Bush_Signs_the_Magnuson-Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Reauthorization_Act_of_2006.jpg \"President Bush Signs the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young watches as President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") signs The Frank LoBiondo Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2018](/wiki/File:President_Donald_J._Trump_signs_S.140_The_Frank_LoBiondo_Coast_Guard_Authorization_Act_of_2018.jpg \"President Donald J. Trump signs S.140 The Frank LoBiondo Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2018.jpg\")\nYoung was reelected with at least 55% of the vote in each of the next seven elections. He defeated former State Senator [Eben Hopson](/wiki/Eben_Hopson \"Eben Hopson\") with 71% of the vote in 1976,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=30255\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1976\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} State Senator Patrick Rodey with 55\\.4% of the vote in 1978,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=30928\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1978\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} Kevin \"Pat\" Parnell with 73\\.8% of the vote in 1980,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31064\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1978\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} and Dave Carlson with 70\\.8% of the vote in 1982\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31065\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1982\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}}", "In 1984 and 1986, Young defeated Nick Begich's widow, Pegge Begich, 113,582 votes (55\\.02%) to 86,052 (41\\.68%), and 101,799 votes (56\\.47%) to 74,053 (41\\.08%), respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31066\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1984\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He defeated Peter Gruenstein with 62\\.5% of the vote in 1988{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31068\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1988\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} and then faced John Devens, the mayor of [Valdez](/wiki/Valdez%2C_Alaska \"Valdez, Alaska\"), in 1990 and 1992\\. Young defeated him by 99,003 votes (51\\.66%) to 91,677 (47\\.84%) in 1990{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31069\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1990\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} and then faced a serious challenge in 1992\\. He was challenged in the Republican primary by State Senator Virginia M. Collins and defeated her by 24,869 votes (52\\.98%) to 19,774 (42\\.12%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=361794\\|title\\= AK At\\-Large – R Primary 1992\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} In the general election, he defeated Devens, 111,849 votes (46\\.78%) to 102,378 (42\\.82%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=27488\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1992\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} This was both the lowest winning percentage of his career and the only time he won without a majority of the vote.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Martinson \\|first1\\=Erica \\|title\\=Don Young may have a 2016 challenger \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/article/don\\-young\\-may\\-have\\-2016\\-challenger/2016/03/21/ \\|website\\=adn.com \\|publisher\\=ARC Publishing \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}}", "Young defeated former [Alaska Commissioner of Economic Development](/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Commerce%2C_Community_and_Economic_Development \"Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development\") and [1992 Democratic U.S. Senate nominee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska%2C_1992 \"United States Senate election in Alaska, 1992\") Tony Smith with 56\\.92% of the vote in 1994,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=28703\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1994\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} State Senator [Georgianna Lincoln](/wiki/Georgianna_Lincoln \"Georgianna Lincoln\") with 59\\.41% of the vote in 1996,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=21247\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1996\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} and State Senator and former [Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives](/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Alaska_House_of_Representatives \"List of Speakers of the Alaska House of Representatives\") [Jim Duncan](/wiki/Jim_Duncan_%28Alaska_politician%29 \"Jim Duncan (Alaska politician)\") with 62\\.55% of the vote in 1998\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=3066\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1998\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He defeated attorney Clifford Mark Greene with 69\\.56% of the vote in 2000{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=254\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 2000\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} and with 74\\.66% of the vote in 2002, the largest winning percentage of his career.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=930\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 2002\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He received 213,216 votes (71\\.34%) against Thomas Higgins in 2004, the most votes he ever received in a single election.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=3992\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 2004\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} In 2006, he defeated writer, dramatist, and video production consultant [Diane E. Benson](/wiki/Diane_E._Benson \"Diane E. Benson\") with 56\\.57% of the vote.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=201449\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 2006\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}}", "#### 2008", "{{main\\|2008 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}}\nIncumbent Lieutenant Governor [Sean Parnell](/wiki/Sean_Parnell \"Sean Parnell\") announced his candidacy in the August 26 Republican primary. Parnell was strongly supported by Governor [Sarah Palin](/wiki/Sarah_Palin \"Sarah Palin\") and the [Club for Growth](/wiki/Club_for_Growth \"Club for Growth\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kraushaar \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Club for Growth endorses challenger to Young \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/blogs/politico\\-now/2008/06/club\\-for\\-growth\\-endorses\\-challenger\\-to\\-young\\-009501 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]] \\|date\\=June 6, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2021}} Young was endorsed by [Mike Huckabee](/wiki/Mike_Huckabee \"Mike Huckabee\")'s political action committee, Huck PAC, in June.Ben Pershing (July 1, 2008\\). [Don Young Brings Out the Big Guns](http://blog.washingtonpost.com/capitol-briefing/2008/07/don_young_brings_out_the_big_g.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523114700/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/capitol\\-briefing/2008/07/don\\_young\\_brings\\_out\\_the\\_big\\_g.html \\|date\\=May 23, 2011 }} *The Washington Post*, retrieved on July 15, 2008\\.", "Young won by 304 votes (0\\.28%), and Parnell declined to seek a recount.Anne Sutton, [\"No recount in GOP race for Alaska's House seat\"](http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5j_Jou0BRNSWPmplUuT8qwccyVvggD939B4HO1), Associated Press, September 18, 2008\\.{{dead link\\|date\\=November 2012\\|bot\\=Legobot}} Before the announcement of the unofficial results, both candidates had said that they would request a recount if they lost.Haplin, James. [\"GOP primary comes down to overseas ballots, likely recount\"](http://www.adn.com/front/story/520347.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920014557/http://www.adn.com/front/story/520347\\.html \\|date\\=September 20, 2008 }}. *Anchorage Daily News*. September 9, 2008\\. Retrieved September 18, 2008\\. The state of Alaska pays the costs of recounts when the difference is within a half percent, as it was in this primary election.Sutton, Anne. [\"Young wins Alaska House primary by 304 votes\"](http://www.adn.com/front/story/529646.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921043957/http://www.adn.com/front/story/529646\\.html \\|date\\=September 21, 2008 }}. *Anchorage Daily News*. September 18, 2008\\. Retrieved September 18, 2008\\.", "Young faced a challenge from [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") [Ethan Berkowitz](/wiki/Ethan_Berkowitz \"Ethan Berkowitz\"), the 46\\-year\\-old former minority leader in the [Alaska House of Representatives](/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives \"Alaska House of Representatives\"). Don Wright, the [Alaskan Independence Party](/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party \"Alaskan Independence Party\") nominee, also challenged Young.{{cite web \\|title\\=Don Young officially wins re\\-election \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/blogs/scorecard/1108/Don\\_Young\\_officially\\_wins\\_reelection.html \\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2021}} Young was reelected with 50% of the vote to Berkowitz's 45% and Wright's 5%.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\\-alaska\\-house\\-111208\\-2008nov12\\-story.html\\|title\\=Young retains US House seat in Alaska\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The San Diego Union\\-Tribune]]\\|date\\=November 12, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2022\\|last\\=Pemberton\\|first\\=Mary\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://kfor.com/2013/07/12/story\\-of\\-hope/\\|title\\=Story of Hope\\|date\\=July 12, 2013}} Berkowitz conceded on November 18\\.[\"The other congressional race – Berkowitz concedes to Young\"](http://community.adn.com/adn/node/134635) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516125823/http://community.adn.com/adn/node/134635 \\|date\\=May 16, 2013 }}, community.adn.com; accessed May 15, 2017\\.", "#### 2010–2020", "In [2010](/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2010 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young ran for a 20th term.{{cite web\\|author\\=Sean Cockerham \\|url\\=http://www.adn.com/house/story/847677\\.html\\|title\\=Young announces he'll seek 20th term in Congress: Politics\\|publisher\\=adn.com\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713203050/http://www.adn.com/house/story/847677\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2009}} He was challenged in the Republican primary by John R. Cox and Sheldon Fisher, a former telecommunications executive, winning with 74,117 votes (70\\.36%). He defeated Democratic State Representative [Harry Crawford](/wiki/Harry_Crawford_%28politician%29 \"Harry Crawford (politician)\"){{cite web\\|author\\=Sean Cockerham\\|url\\=http://www.adn.com/house/story/929628\\.html\\|title\\=Halcro says he'll challenge Young in GOP House primary: Politics\\|publisher\\=adn.com\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914125943/http://www.adn.com/house/story/929628\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=September 14, 2009}} in the general election, 175,384 votes (68\\.96%) to 77,606 (30\\.51%).[\"Election Night 2010: Incumbents Parnell and Young Re\\-Elected, Possibly Murkowski\"](http://aprn.org/2010/11/03/election-night-2010-incumbents-parnell-and-young-re-elected-possibly-murkowski), aprn.org, November 3, 2010\\.", "In [2012](/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2012 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young drew two challengers in the Republican party, but defeated them with 58,789 votes (78\\.59%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=726823\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large – R Primary Race\\|date\\=August 28, 2012\\|publisher\\=Our Campaigns\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2013}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Thiessen\\|first\\=Mark\\|title\\=Associated Press – Rep. Don Young wins GOP primary for US House seat\\|url\\=http://juneauempire.com/state/2012\\-08\\-28/rep\\-don\\-young\\-wins\\-gop\\-primary\\-us\\-house\\-seat\\#.UEPDqkT\\_LUQ\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831184801/http://juneauempire.com/state/2012\\-08\\-28/rep\\-don\\-young\\-wins\\-gop\\-primary\\-us\\-house\\-seat\\#.UEPDqkT\\_LUQ\\|archive\\-date\\=August 31, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In the general election, he defeated State Representative [Sharon Cissna](/wiki/Sharon_Cissna \"Sharon Cissna\") by 185,296 votes (63\\.94%) to 82,927 (28\\.62%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=702119\\|title\\=AK – At\\-Large Race\\|date\\=November 6, 2012\\|publisher\\=Our Campaigns\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2013}}", "In [2014](/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2014 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young received 79,393 votes (74\\.29%) in the Republican primary against three challengers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/14PRIM/data/results.htm \\|title\\=2014 Primary Elections August 19, 2014 Official Results \\|publisher\\=State of Alaska Division of Elections \\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2014}} In the general election, he defeated Democrat [Forrest Dunbar](/wiki/Forrest_Dunbar \"Forrest Dunbar\"), 142,572 votes (50\\.97%) to 114,602 (40\\.97%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://elect.alaska.net/\\|title\\=State of Alaska Division of Elections\\|website\\=elect.alaska.net\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2018}} Young was the only statewide incumbent in Alaska to win reelection that year,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2022}} as Republican Governor [Sean Parnell](/wiki/Sean_Parnell \"Sean Parnell\") was [defeated](/wiki/Alaska_gubernatorial_election%2C_2014 \"Alaska gubernatorial election, 2014\") by Independent [Bill Walker](/wiki/Bill_Walker_%28American_politician%29 \"Bill Walker (American politician)\"), and Democratic U.S. Senator [Mark Begich](/wiki/Mark_Begich \"Mark Begich\") was [defeated](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska%2C_2014 \"United States Senate election in Alaska, 2014\") by Republican [Dan Sullivan](/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_%28U.S._Senator%29 \"Dan Sullivan (U.S. Senator)\").", "In [2016](/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2016 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young received 38,998 votes (71\\.5%) in the Republican primary against three challengers. In the general election, he won with 50\\.32% of the vote against Democratic challenger Steve Lindbeck with 36\\.02% and Libertarian Jim McDermott with 10\\.31%.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.newsminer.com/news/alaska\\_news/rep\\-don\\-young\\-wins\\-rd\\-term\\-in\\-congress/article\\_55435a9c\\-a5c9\\-11e6\\-807d\\-8f135e07b2cf.html\\|title\\=Rep. Don Young wins 23rd term in Congress\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|last\\=Thiessen\\|first\\=Mark \\|work\\=Fairbanks Daily News\\-Miner\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2018\\|language\\=en}}", "In [2018](/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2018 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young defeated Alyse Galvin, an Independent candidate who had won the combined [Alaska Democratic Party](/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party \"Alaska Democratic Party\"), [Alaska Libertarian Party](/wiki/Alaska_Libertarian_Party \"Alaska Libertarian Party\") and [Alaskan Independence Party](/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party \"Alaskan Independence Party\") primary. He received 53\\.08% of the vote to Galvin's 46\\.5%.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hopkins \\|first1\\=Kyle \\|title\\='I Never Head Doubts' Young Defeats Galvin in Alaska Congressional Race \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2018/11/06/alaska\\-voters\\-wait\\-for\\-outcome\\-of\\-young\\-galvin\\-battle\\-for\\-alaskas\\-sole\\-u\\-s\\-house\\-seat/\\#8726 \\|website\\=adn.com \\|publisher\\=Anchorage Daily News \\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2018}}", "In [2020](/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2020 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young ran for a 25th term.[Alaska Rep. Don Young calls impeachment inquiry 'a waste of time'](https://www.adn.com/politics/2019/09/24/alaska-rep-don-young-calls-impeachment-inquiry-a-waste-of-time), *[Anchorage Daily News](/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News \"Anchorage Daily News\")*, James Brooks, September 24, 2019\\. Retrieved November 12, 2019\\. He won the Republican primary with 77% of the vote in a three\\-way race.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Greenwood \\|first1\\=Max \\|title\\=Young wins Alaska GOP House primary \\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/512346\\-young\\-wins\\-alaska\\-gop\\-house\\-primary/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]] \\|date\\=August 19, 2020 \\|publisher\\=Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. \\|access\\-date\\=August 21, 2020}} In the general election, Young again defeated combined\\-ticket nominee Alyse Galvin with 54\\.4% of the vote.{{cite news \\|title\\=Alaska Election Results: At\\-Large Congressional District \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results\\-alaska\\-house\\-district\\-at\\-large.html \\|website\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2021 \\|date\\=January 5, 2021}}", "### Tenure", "At the start of the 116th Congress, Young was the longest\\-serving current House member. Due to his long tenure in the House and that of former Senator [Ted Stevens](/wiki/Ted_Stevens \"Ted Stevens\"), Alaska was considered to have had clout in national politics far beyond its small population (it is the 4th smallest, ahead of only [North Dakota](/wiki/North_Dakota \"North Dakota\"), [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\"), and [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming \"Wyoming\")). He was often called \"Alaska's third senator\".{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the\\-ten\\-worst\\-members\\-of\\-the\\-worst\\-congress\\-ever\\-20120112?page\\=3\\|title\\=The 10 Worst Congressmen\\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2015\\|last\\=Dickinson\\|first\\=Tim\\|date\\=October 17, 2006\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116133716/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the\\-ten\\-worst\\-members\\-of\\-the\\-worst\\-congress\\-ever\\-20120112?page\\=3 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 16, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On March 5, 2019, he became the longest\\-serving Republican in congressional history, surpassing [Joe Cannon](/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon \"Joseph Gurney Cannon\").[Don Young makes history as the longest\\-serving House Republican](https://www.rollcall.com/news/don-young-makes-history-longest-serving-house-republican) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125195449/http://www.rollcall.com/news/don\\-young\\-makes\\-history\\-longest\\-serving\\-house\\-republican \\|date\\=November 25, 2019 }}, *[Roll Call](/wiki/Roll_Call \"Roll Call\")*, Katherine Tully\\-McManus, March 5, 2019\\. Retrieved November 12, 2019\\.", "#### 1990s", "[thumb\\|right\\|Young in the 1990s](/wiki/File:Don_Young%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_color.jpg \"Don Young, official photo portrait, color.jpg\")", "After the 1995 Republican takeover of the House, Young chaired the [Committee on Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources \"United States House Committee on Natural Resources\"), which he renamed the Committee on Resources. The name was changed back by Democrats in 2006 and has since been retained by Republican chairs. He chaired the committee until 2001, then chairing the [Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure \"United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure\") from 2001 to 2007\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Committee Assignments \\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/biography/committee\\-assignments.htm \\|website\\=donyoung.house.gov \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}}", "During a 1994 House debate touching on the question of [Alaska Natives](/wiki/Alaska_Natives \"Alaska Natives\")' right to sell [sex organs](/wiki/Sex_organs \"Sex organs\") of [endangered animals](/wiki/Endangered_animals \"Endangered animals\") as [aphrodisiacs](/wiki/Aphrodisiacs \"Aphrodisiacs\"), he pulled out an 18\\-inch [penis bone](/wiki/Baculum \"Baculum\") of a [walrus](/wiki/Walrus \"Walrus\"), better known as an \"[oosik](/wiki/Oosik \"Oosik\")\", and brandished it like a sword on the House floor at the face of the head of the [U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service](/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service \"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\").{{cite magazine \\|title\\= Waving an \"Oosik\" to Make a Point \\|magazine\\= New Republic \\|publisher\\= Tampa Bay Times \\|date\\= August 30, 2008 \\|first\\= Charles \\|last\\= Homans \\|url\\= http://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/waving\\-an\\-oosik\\-to\\-make\\-a\\-point/789802 \\|access\\-date\\= March 29, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130406035622/http://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/waving\\-an\\-oosik\\-to\\-make\\-a\\-point/789802 \\|archive\\-date\\= April 6, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}{{cite news \\|title\\= Ex\\-aide to GOP's Don Young Goes to Work for Dems \\|work\\= Seattle Post\\-Intelligencer \\|date\\= August 31, 2011 \\|url\\= http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2011/08/31/ex\\-aide\\-to\\-gops\\-don\\-young\\-goes\\-to\\-work\\-with\\-dems/ }}", "In March 1998, Young brought a bill to the House floor allowing voters in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\") to vote on continuing its commonwealth status or becoming either a state or independent. The legislation passed by a single vote.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/05/us/house\\-approves\\-measure\\-on\\-self\\-determination\\-for\\-puerto\\-rico.html\\|title\\=House Approves Measure on Self\\-Determination for Puerto Rico\\|date\\=March 5, 1998\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]}}", "#### 2000–2010", "[thumb\\|right\\|Young in 2006](/wiki/File:Don_Young%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_color%2C_2006.jpg \"Don Young, official photo portrait, color, 2006.jpg\")", "In the [2005 Highway Bill](/wiki/Safe%2C_Accountable%2C_Flexible%2C_Efficient_Transportation_Equity_Act:A_Legacy_for_Users \"A Legacy for Users\"), Young helped secure $941 million for 119 special projects, including a $231 million bridge in [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska \"Anchorage, Alaska\") named Don Young's Way.{{cite news\\|first\\=Shailagh\\|last\\=Murray\\|title\\=After 2\\-Year Wait, Passage Comes Easily\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2005/07/29/AR2005072900139\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|page\\=A09\\|date\\=July 30, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2007}}", "In 2007, Young was investigated as a part of the [Alaska political corruption probe](/wiki/Alaska_political_corruption_probe \"Alaska political corruption probe\") for his ties to the oil and gas company [VECO Corporation](/wiki/VECO_Corporation \"VECO Corporation\"). He faced no charges.[\"Paper reports Young's Veco ties investigated\"](http://www.adn.com/news/politics/fbi/story/9162143p-9077780c.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203044451/http://www.adn.com/news/politics/fbi/story/9162143p\\-9077780c.html \\|date\\=December 3, 2007 }}, *Associated Press*, July 25, 2007\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Weiner \\|first1\\=Rachel \\|title\\=Don Young: No stranger to controversy \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\\-fix/wp/2013/03/29/don\\-young\\-no\\-stranger\\-to\\-scandal/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|date\\=March 29, 2013}}", "In July 2007, Representative [Scott Garrett](/wiki/Scott_Garrett \"Scott Garrett\") proposed an amendment to strike money in a spending bill for native Alaskan and Hawaiian educational programs.[North to Alaska](http://www.politico.com/blogs/thecrypt/0707/North_to_Alaska.html), *The Politico* dated July 17, 2007\\. Young defended the funds on the House floor, saying, \"You want my money, my money\" and \"Those who bite me will be bitten back.\" He also suggested that conservative Republicans such as Garrett lost the Republicans their majority in the 2006 election by challenging spending [earmarks](/wiki/Earmark_%28finance%29 \"Earmark (finance)\"), and made several critical remarks about Garrett's state, [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"). Garrett did not ask for an official reprimand, but other conservative Republicans took exception to Young's claim that the funds in question were \"his\" money. Members of the conservative [Republican Study Committee](/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee \"Republican Study Committee\") gave Garrett a standing ovation later in the day during the group's weekly meeting and [Virginia Foxx](/wiki/Virginia_Foxx \"Virginia Foxx\") of North Carolina compared Young's earmarks to \"legal theft\".", "In 2008, the [United States Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") investigated Young's role in steering $10 million into a Florida transportation project. In 2010, the investigation concluded with no charges against Young. In 2011, [Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington](/wiki/Citizens_for_Responsibility_and_Ethics_in_Washington \"Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington\") (CREW) filed a lawsuit seeking information on the investigation. Some documents were subsequently released, and a judge ordered the federal government to pay CREW $86,000 in legal fees.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Hess \\|first1\\=Hannah \\|title\\=CREW Awarded $86K After Court Fight for Don Young Documents \\|url\\=https://www.rollcall.com/2014/10/24/crew\\-awarded\\-86k\\-after\\-court\\-fight\\-for\\-don\\-young\\-documents/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2021 \\|work\\=Roll Call \\|date\\=October 24, 2014 \\|language\\=en}}", "In 2010, when Democrat [Charles Rangel](/wiki/Charles_Rangel \"Charles Rangel\") of New York was censured for ethical violations, Young and Representative [Peter T. King](/wiki/Peter_T._King \"Peter T. King\") were the only two Republicans voting against censure.{{cite news\\|author\\=Kocieniewski, David\\|title\\=Rangel Censured Over Violations of Ethics Rules\\|page\\=A1\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=December 3, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2021\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/03/nyregion/03rangel.html}}", "#### 2011–2020", "In the 112th Congress, Young signed [Americans for Tax Reform](/wiki/Taxpayer_Protection_Pledge \"Taxpayer Protection Pledge\")'s [Taxpayer Protection Pledge](/wiki/Taxpayer_Protection_Pledge \"Taxpayer Protection Pledge\").{{cite web\\|title\\=The Taxpayer Protection Pledge Signers 112th Congressional List\\|url\\=http://s3\\.amazonaws.com/atrfiles/files/files/091411\\-federalpledgesigners.pdf\\|publisher\\=Americans for Tax Reform\\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2011}}", "In 2012, Young endorsed then\\-Representative [Mazie Hirono](/wiki/Mazie_Hirono \"Mazie Hirono\") in the Democratic primary for the United States Senate.{{cite web\\|title\\=Republican Don Young endorses Democrat Mazie Hironi in Hawaii\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/republican\\-don\\-young\\-endorses\\-democrat\\-mazie\\-hironi\\-hawaii/story?id\\=16847614\\|access\\-date\\=February 27, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]]\\|language\\=en}}", "In March 2013, the [House Ethics Committee](/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee \"House Ethics Committee\") created a special committee to investigate allegations that Young had improperly accepted gifts, used campaign funds for personal expenses, failed to report gifts in financial disclosure documents, and made false statements to federal officials.{{cite news\\|title\\= House Ethics Committee opens probes into Don Young, Rob Andrews\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Bresnahan\\|work\\=\\[\\[Politico]]\\|date\\=March 19, 2013\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/03/house\\-ethics\\-committee\\-opens\\-probes\\-into\\-don\\-young\\-rob\\-andrews\\-89074\\.html}} Young said, \"it will go forever. I've been under a cloud all my life. I'm sort of like living in [Juneau](/wiki/Juneau \"Juneau\"). It rains on you all the time. You don't even notice it.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Young Responds to New Ethics Investigation\\|date\\=March 28, 2013\\|first\\=Becky\\|last\\=Bohrer\\|work\\=Anchorage Daily News\\|url\\=http://www.adn.com/2013/03/28/2843697/young\\-responds\\-to\\-new\\-ethics\\-investigation.html\\#storylink\\=cpy\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403091356/http://www.adn.com/2013/03/28/2843697/young\\-responds\\-to\\-new\\-ethics\\-investigation.html\\#storylink\\=cpy\\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2013}} In 2014, the committee rebuked Young after finding he had failed to disclose gifts totaling over $60,000 between 2001 and 2013\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Mauer \\|first1\\=Richard \\|title\\=Alaska Rep. Don Young rebuked by Ethics Committee \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/alaska\\-news/article/alaska\\-rep\\-don\\-young\\-rebuked\\-ethics\\-committee/2014/06/20/ \\|website\\=ADN.com \\|publisher\\=ARC Publishing \\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2019}}[Don Young Cited for Personal Use of Campaign Money](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/us/politics/don-young-cited-for-personal-use-of-campaign-money.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw), nytimes.com, June 30, 2014\\.", "In March 2013, Young used the [ethnic slur](/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs \"List of ethnic slurs\") \"[wetbacks](/wiki/Wetback_%28slur%29 \"Wetback (slur)\")\" during a radio interview to describe Latino migrants who worked at his father's ranch when he was growing up.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/don\\-young\\-wetbacks\\_n\\_2976351\\.html?ref\\=topbar\\|title\\=Don Young Uses 'Wetbacks' To Describe Latinos (AUDIO)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]]\\|date\\=March 29, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2013}} He issued a statement later that day saying that he \"meant no disrespect\" and that he \"used a term that was commonly used during my days growing up on a farm in central California\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking\\-news/ci\\_22900702/alaska\\-rep\\-don\\-young\\-meant\\-no\\-disrespect\\-by\\|title\\=Alaska Rep. Don Young 'meant no disrespect' by ethnic slur, but doesn't apologize\\|author\\=Jim Abrams\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=March 29, 2013}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/john\\-boehner\\-don\\-young\\_n\\_2979277\\.html\\|title\\=John Boehner On Don Young Racial Slur: 'There's No Excuse'\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]]\\|date\\=March 29, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2013}} Young later formally apologized for his remarks, saying, \"I apologize for the insensitive term\" and that \"it was a poor choice of words.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/03/29/don\\-young\\-migrant\\-slur\\-republican\\-reaction/2035161\\|title\\=GOP's Don Young apologizes for racial slur\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2013\\|first1\\=Catalina\\|last1\\=Camia}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|Young and Rep. [Tulsi Gabbard](/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard \"Tulsi Gabbard\") speaking in support of the [Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act](/wiki/Ending_Federal_Marijuana_Prohibition_Act \"Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act\") in 2019](/wiki/File:Tulsi_Gabbard_Don_Young_NORML_cannabis_legalization.jpg \"Tulsi Gabbard Don Young NORML cannabis legalization.jpg\")", "In May 2016, Young wrote a letter to the [Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/Clerk_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives \"Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives\") stating that for 25 years he had failed to disclose his inherited interest in a family farm in California on which he and other family members had signed oil and gas leases; Young said the omissions to his financial reporting were accidental.Nathaniel Hertz, [U.S. Rep. Don Young's ownership in his family's farm with gas leases wasn't disclosed for years](http://www.adn.com/politics/2016/08/28/u-s-rep-don-youngs-ownership-in-his-familys-farm-with-gas-leases-wasnt-disclosed-for-years/), *[Alaska Dispatch News](/wiki/Alaska_Dispatch_News \"Alaska Dispatch News\")*, August 28, 2016; retrieved August 29, 2016\\.", "On May 4, 2017, though he had indicated two months earlier that he would oppose repeal of the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\"), he voted for its repeal. Governor [Bill Walker](/wiki/Bill_Walker_%28American_politician%29 \"Bill Walker (American politician)\") said Alaska \"would be the most negatively affected if the proposed legislation is signed into law as is. Alaskans already pay the highest health care premiums in the country.\" U.S. Senator [Lisa Murkowski](/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski \"Lisa Murkowski\") opposed the removal of the provision in the act that eliminated discrimination against those with preexisting conditions, saying it was not \"what Alaskans are telling me they think is an acceptable response.\" It was estimated that annual policy costs for coverage under the state's exchange would rise by $12,599\\.Erica Martinson, \"How Don Young went from 'no' to 'yes' on the House health care bill\", *[Alaska Dispatch News](/wiki/Alaska_Dispatch_News \"Alaska Dispatch News\")*, May 4, 2017; retrieved May 5, 2017\\.", "In 2017, former [Speaker of the United States House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives \"Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\") [John Boehner](/wiki/John_Boehner \"John Boehner\") told *[Politico](/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")* that Young had once pinned him against a wall inside the House and held a 10\\-inch knife to his throat.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/blogs/in\\-the\\-know/in\\-the\\-know/357743\\-gop\\-lawmaker\\-once\\-held\\-a\\-knife\\-to\\-boehners\\-throat/\\|title\\=GOP lawmaker once held a knife to Boehner's throat\\|last\\=Thomsen\\|first\\=Jacqueline\\|date\\=October 29, 2017\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://politi.co/2zhDZXN\\|title\\=John Boehner Unchained\\|last\\=Alberta\\|first\\=Tim\\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]]\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rollcall.com/news/don\\-young\\-the\\-kodiak\\-bear\\-of\\-capitol\\-hill\\-video\\|title\\=Don Young: the Kodiak Bear of Capitol Hill (Video)\\|last1\\=Fuller\\|first1\\=Matt\\|date\\=October 16, 2014\\|website\\=Roll Call\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2020}}", "In September 2017, during a House floor debate on an amendment to the 2018 government spending package for [wildlife management](/wiki/Wildlife_management \"Wildlife management\") and [national preserves](/wiki/National_preserve \"National preserve\") in Alaska, Young made critical comments about Representative [Pramila Jayapal](/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal \"Pramila Jayapal\"), including calling the 51\\-year old Jayapal \"young lady\" and saying that she \"doesn't know a damn thing what she's talking about\" and that her speech on the amendment \"was really nonsense. It was written by an interest group\". The exchange led to a temporary suspension of proceedings: upon their resumption, Young acknowledged in an address to the floor that his comments were \"out of order\" and apologized to Jayapal; she accepted.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/08/politics/congressman\\-don\\-young\\-pramila\\-jayapal/index.html \\|title\\=Congressman: 'Young lady' colleague 'doesn't know a damn thing' \\|last\\=Gren \\|first\\=Miranda \\|date\\=September 8, 2017 \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2020}}", "Georgetown University's [McCourt School of Public Policy](/wiki/McCourt_School_of_Public_Policy \"McCourt School of Public Policy\") rated Young among the most bipartisan members of Congress for the 115th and 116th Congresses.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Lugar Center – McCourt School Bipartisan Index \\|url\\=https://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/2019%20BPI%20House%20Scores.pdf \\|publisher\\=Georgetown University \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2021}}", "#### 2021–2022", "On May 19, 2021, Young introduced H.R.3361, the [United States Ambassador at Large](/wiki/Ambassador-at-large%23United_States_ambassadors-at-large \"Ambassador-at-large#United States ambassadors-at-large\") for [Arctic](/wiki/Arctic \"Arctic\") Affairs Act of 2021, which would create a [presidentially appointed and Senate\\-confirmed](/wiki/List_of_positions_filled_by_presidential_appointment_with_Senate_confirmation \"List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation\") Ambassador at Large for Arctic Affairs who would represent the U.S. in matters relating to the Arctic before international bodies of which the U.S. is a member, foreign nations, and multilateral negotiations. No votes have been held on the bill.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th\\-congress/house\\-bill/3361/text?r\\=2\\&s\\=1 \\|title\\=H.R.3361 – United States Ambassador at Large for Arctic Affairs Act of 2021 \\|website\\=congress.gov \\|date\\=May 19, 2021 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Congress]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2021}}{{cite report \\|author\\=((O'Rourke et al.)) \\|date\\=July 16, 2021 \\|title\\=Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress \\|url\\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Congressional Research Service]] \\|page\\=9 \\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2021}} On November 5, 2021, Young was among the 13 House Republicans to break with their party and vote with a majority of Democrats for the [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act](/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act \"Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Grayer \\|first\\=Annie \\|title\\=These 6 House Democrats voted against the infrastructure bill. These 13 Republicans voted for it.\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure\\-bill\\-house\\-democrats\\-voted\\-no\\-republicans\\-voted\\-yes/index.html\\|date\\=November 6, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=January 19, 2022\\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]]}} Former president [Donald J. Trump](/wiki/Donald_J._Trump \"Donald J. Trump\") castigated the 13 House Republicans who voted for the bill.[Republicans who voted for Biden's infrastructure bill come under fire from Trump](https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats-voted-no-republicans-voted-yes/index.html). *[CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")*, Alex Rogers and Manu Raju, November 5, 2021\\. Retrieved January 19, 2021\\.", "At the time of his death, he was the oldest and longest\\-tenured member of Congress.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kizzia \\|first1\\=Tom \\|title\\=Gruff, warm, combustible, shrewd: For 49 years, Don Young's ideology was 'Alaska' \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2022/03/19/gruff\\-warm\\-combustible\\-shrewd\\-for\\-49\\-years\\-don\\-youngs\\-ideology\\-was\\-alaska/ \\|website\\=adn.com \\|publisher\\=Anchorage Daily News \\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2022}}", "### Committee assignments", "* [Committee on Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources \"United States House Committee on Natural Resources\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/biography/committee\\-assignments.htm \\|title\\=Committee Assignments \\| Congressman Don Young \\|publisher\\=Donyoung.house.gov \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=March 19, 2022}}\n\t+ [Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands](/wiki/United_States_House_Natural_Resources_Subcommittee_on_National_Parks%2C_Forests_and_Public_Lands \"United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands\")\n\t+ [Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States](/wiki/United_States_House_Natural_Resources_Subcommittee_on_Indigenous_Peoples_of_the_United_States \"United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States\") (Ranking Member)\n\t+ [Subcommittee on Water, Oceans and Wildlife](/wiki/United_States_House_Natural_Resources_Subcommittee_on_Water%2C_Oceans_and_Wildlife \"United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Water, Oceans and Wildlife\")\n* [Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure \"United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure\")\n\t+ [Subcommittee on Aviation](/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Aviation \"United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Aviation\")\n\t+ [Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation](/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Coast_Guard_and_Maritime_Transportation \"United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation\")\n\t+ [Subcommittee on Highways and Transit](/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Highways_and_Transit \"United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Highways and Transit\")", "### Caucus memberships", "* Arthritis Caucus{{cite web\\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/biography/caucusmemberships.htm \\|title\\=Caucus Membership \\| Congressman Don Young \\|publisher\\=Donyoung.house.gov \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=March 19, 2022}}\n* [Congressional Cannabis Caucus](/wiki/Congressional_Cannabis_Caucus \"Congressional Cannabis Caucus\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2017/02/16/alaskas\\-don\\-young\\-is\\-a\\-founding\\-member\\-of\\-the\\-bipartisan\\-u\\-s\\-house\\-cannabis\\-caucus/\\|title\\=Alaska Rep. Young is a founding member of the U.S. House Cannabis Caucus\\|work\\=Alaska Dispatch News\\|date\\=February 16, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2017}}\n* Congressional Unmanned Systems Caucus{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sctimes.com/story/news/local/2015/07/23/industries\\-lawmakers\\-discuss\\-drones\\-washington/30565949/ \\|title\\=Drone caucus, industries talk business in Washington \\|publisher\\=Sctimes.com \\|date\\=July 23, 2015 \\|accessdate\\=March 19, 2022}}\n* House Biomedical Research Caucus{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.coalitionforlifesciences.org/learn/congressional\\-biomedical\\-research\\-caucus/caucus\\-members/ \\|title\\=Caucus Members \\|publisher\\=The Coalition for the Life Sciences \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=March 19, 2022}}\n* House Diabetes Caucus\n* [United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus](/wiki/United_States_Congressional_International_Conservation_Caucus \"United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus\"){{cite web\\|title\\=Our Members\\|url\\=https://royce.house.gov/internationalconservation/members.html\\|publisher\\=U.S. House of Representatives International Conservation Caucus\\|access\\-date\\=August 5, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801155201/https://royce.house.gov/internationalconservation/members.html\\|archive\\-date\\=August 1, 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus{{cite web\\|author\\=Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI) \\|url\\=https://www.eesi.org/caucuses\\_reee \\|title\\=Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucuses \\|publisher\\=EESI \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=March 19, 2022}}\n* Sportsmen's Caucus{{cite web\\|url\\=https://congressionalsportsmen.org/the\\-media\\-room/news/congressional\\-sportsmens\\-caucus\\-house\\-leadership\\-signs\\-bipartisan\\-letter\\-in \\|title\\=Congressional Sportsmen's Caucus House Leadership Signs Bipartisan Letter in Support of Our Nation's 11 Million Saltwater Anglers \\| Congressional Sportsmen's Foundation \\|publisher\\=Congressionalsportsmen.org \\|date\\=June 29, 2018 \\|accessdate\\=March 19, 2022}}\n* Congressional Cement Caucus\n* [Afterschool Caucuses](/wiki/Afterschool_Caucuses \"Afterschool Caucuses\"){{cite web\\|title\\=Members\\|url\\=http://www.afterschoolalliance.org/policyCongressionalCaucuses.cfm\\|publisher\\=Afterschool Alliance\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2018}}\n* [Congressional Western Caucus](/wiki/Congressional_Western_Caucus \"Congressional Western Caucus\"){{cite web\\|title\\=Members\\|url\\=https://westerncaucus.house.gov/about/membership.htm\\|publisher\\=Congressional Western Caucus\\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2018}}" ]
### Elections {{Unreliable sources\|1\=section\|date\=September 2023}} [thumb\|left\|upright\=0\.8\|Young speaking at the [Juneau\-Douglas High School](/wiki/Juneau-Douglas_High_School "Juneau-Douglas High School") library during the 1972–1973 [school year](/wiki/School_year "School year")](/wiki/File:Don_Young_speaking_at_Juneau-Douglas_High_School%2C_1972-1973_school_year.jpg "Don Young speaking at Juneau-Douglas High School, 1972-1973 school year.jpg") In 1972, Young ran for Congress against incumbent Democrat [Nick Begich](/wiki/Nick_Begich "Nick Begich"). Weeks before the election, Begich and Representative [Hale Boggs](/wiki/Hale_Boggs "Hale Boggs") died in a fatal plane crash, but Begich's name remained on the ballot and he won the election. Begich's body was never found, and he was declared legally dead in December 1972\. Young won the resulting special election to fill the seat in March 1973\. He was reelected 24 times, usually without significant opposition, although he faced strong challenges in the 2008 primary election and in the 1974, 1990, and 1992 elections. He won his 2016 primary with more than 70% of the vote, and defeated Democrat Steve Lindbeck and Libertarian Jim McDermott in the general election with 50% of the vote to win his 23rd term in office.{{cite news \|title\=Alaska U.S. House At\-Large Results: Don Young Wins \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=August 2017 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2016/results/alaska\-house\-district\-1\-young\-lindbeck \|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} Young won again in 2018, against candidate [Alyse Galvin](/wiki/Alyse_Galvin "Alyse Galvin"), whose party was undeclared, taking 52\.6% of the vote.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/18GENR/Map/index.shtml\|title\=Election Results\|access\-date\= July 5, 2020}} Young was the [most senior U.S. Representative](/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_by_seniority "List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority") and, after [Jim Sensenbrenner](/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner "Jim Sensenbrenner") retired, the last member who had been in office since the 1970s. He was the second\-highest\-ranking Republican on the [Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources "United States House Committee on Natural Resources") and [Transportation and Infrastructure](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure "United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure") committees. He chaired the former from 1995 to 2001 and the latter from 2001 to 2007\. Young was the subject of an extensive [FBI](/wiki/FBI "FBI") investigation but was not charged with wrongdoing.{{cite web \|last1\=Bresnahan \|first1\=John \|title\=Young cleared in Alaska case \|url\=https://www.politico.com/story/2010/08/young\-cleared\-in\-alaska\-case\-040682 \|website\=\[\[Politico]] \|date\=August 4, 2010 \|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} He was subsequently the subject of a [House Ethics Committee](/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee "House Ethics Committee") probe.{{cite web \|last1\=Yager \|first1\=Jordy \|title\=Ethics Committee investigating Dem leader, Alaskan Republican \|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/145174\-ethics\-committee\-investigating\-dem\-leader\-alaskan\-republican/ \|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]] \|date\=March 19, 2013 \|publisher\=CAPITOL HILL PUBLISHING CORP. \|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} #### 1972–1974 {{See also\|1972 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}} [thumb\|right\|Young with President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") and [Jack Coghill](/wiki/Jack_Coghill "Jack Coghill") in 1973](/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_with_Don_Young_and_Jack_Coghill%2C_March_15%2C_1973.jpeg "Richard Nixon with Don Young and Jack Coghill, March 15, 1973.jpeg") [thumb\|right\|Young with President [Gerald Ford](/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") and U.S. Senator [Ted Stevens](/wiki/Ted_Stevens "Ted Stevens") in 1975](/wiki/File:President_Gerald_Ford_stands_with_Don_Young_and_Ted_Stevens.jpg "President Gerald Ford stands with Don Young and Ted Stevens.jpg") [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") State Senator [Nick Begich](/wiki/Nick_Begich "Nick Begich") was elected to the House of Representatives in 1970 to succeed Republican [Howard Pollock](/wiki/Howard_Pollock "Howard Pollock"), who ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for [governor of Alaska](/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska "Governor of Alaska"). Young ran against Begich in 1972 and placed second in the August 22 [open primary](/wiki/Open_primaries_in_the_United_States "Open primaries in the United States") with 13,958 votes (25\.60%) to Begich's 37,873 (69\.45%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=345006\|title\=AK At\-Large – Open Primary 1972\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} Begich was lost in a plane crash on October 16, 1972 (along with [House Majority Leader](/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives") [Hale Boggs](/wiki/Hale_Boggs "Hale Boggs") of [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana")), 22 days before the general election. Although his body was never found, Begich won the general election with 53,651 votes (56\.24%) to Young's 41,750 (43\.76%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31063\|title\=AK At\-Large 1972\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He was declared dead on December 29\. Young ran in the special election on March 6, 1973, and defeated Democrat [Emil Notti](/wiki/Emil_Notti "Emil Notti"), 35,044 votes (51\.41%) to 33,123 (48\.59%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=175892\|title\=AK At\-Large\- Special Election 1973\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He won a full term in 1974 with 51,641 votes (53\.84%) to Democratic State Senator [Willie Hensley](/wiki/Willie_Hensley "Willie Hensley")'s 44,280 (46\.16%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=30932\|title\=AK At\-Large 1974\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He was sworn into the House of Representatives on March 14, 1973\.{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-03\-14 \|title\=Congressman Don Young Reflects on 43 Years of Service in the U.S. House of Representatives \|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=398656 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-02 \|website\=Congressman Don Young \|language\=en}} He credited his victory to his leadership of the fight for the [Trans\-Alaskan Pipeline System](/wiki/Trans-Alaskan_Pipeline_System "Trans-Alaskan Pipeline System").{{cite web\|url\=http://donyoung.house.gov/bio.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513062822/http://donyoung.house.gov/bio.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Congressman Don Young, Congressman For All Alaska: Biography\|archive\-date\=May 13, 2009}} #### 1976–2006 {{See also\|2006 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}} [thumb\|right\|Young greeting President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") in 1981](/wiki/File:Reagan_Contact_Sheet_BW_2894_%28cropped%29.jpg "Reagan Contact Sheet BW 2894 (cropped).jpg") [thumb\|right\|Young greeting President [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") in 1991](/wiki/File:Bush_Contact_Sheet_P19545_%28cropped%29.jpg "Bush Contact Sheet P19545 (cropped).jpg") [thumb\|right\|Young watches as President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") signs the [Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006](/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act "Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act")](/wiki/File:President_Bush_Signs_the_Magnuson-Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Reauthorization_Act_of_2006.jpg "President Bush Signs the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006.jpg") [thumb\|right\|Young watches as President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") signs The Frank LoBiondo Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2018](/wiki/File:President_Donald_J._Trump_signs_S.140_The_Frank_LoBiondo_Coast_Guard_Authorization_Act_of_2018.jpg "President Donald J. Trump signs S.140 The Frank LoBiondo Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2018.jpg") Young was reelected with at least 55% of the vote in each of the next seven elections. He defeated former State Senator [Eben Hopson](/wiki/Eben_Hopson "Eben Hopson") with 71% of the vote in 1976,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=30255\|title\=AK At\-Large 1976\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} State Senator Patrick Rodey with 55\.4% of the vote in 1978,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=30928\|title\=AK At\-Large 1978\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} Kevin "Pat" Parnell with 73\.8% of the vote in 1980,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31064\|title\=AK At\-Large 1978\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} and Dave Carlson with 70\.8% of the vote in 1982\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31065\|title\=AK At\-Large 1982\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} In 1984 and 1986, Young defeated Nick Begich's widow, Pegge Begich, 113,582 votes (55\.02%) to 86,052 (41\.68%), and 101,799 votes (56\.47%) to 74,053 (41\.08%), respectively.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31066\|title\=AK At\-Large 1984\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He defeated Peter Gruenstein with 62\.5% of the vote in 1988{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31068\|title\=AK At\-Large 1988\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} and then faced John Devens, the mayor of [Valdez](/wiki/Valdez%2C_Alaska "Valdez, Alaska"), in 1990 and 1992\. Young defeated him by 99,003 votes (51\.66%) to 91,677 (47\.84%) in 1990{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=31069\|title\=AK At\-Large 1990\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} and then faced a serious challenge in 1992\. He was challenged in the Republican primary by State Senator Virginia M. Collins and defeated her by 24,869 votes (52\.98%) to 19,774 (42\.12%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=361794\|title\= AK At\-Large – R Primary 1992\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} In the general election, he defeated Devens, 111,849 votes (46\.78%) to 102,378 (42\.82%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=27488\|title\=AK At\-Large 1992\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} This was both the lowest winning percentage of his career and the only time he won without a majority of the vote.{{cite web \|last1\=Martinson \|first1\=Erica \|title\=Don Young may have a 2016 challenger \|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/article/don\-young\-may\-have\-2016\-challenger/2016/03/21/ \|website\=adn.com \|publisher\=ARC Publishing \|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} Young defeated former [Alaska Commissioner of Economic Development](/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Commerce%2C_Community_and_Economic_Development "Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development") and [1992 Democratic U.S. Senate nominee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska%2C_1992 "United States Senate election in Alaska, 1992") Tony Smith with 56\.92% of the vote in 1994,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=28703\|title\=AK At\-Large 1994\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} State Senator [Georgianna Lincoln](/wiki/Georgianna_Lincoln "Georgianna Lincoln") with 59\.41% of the vote in 1996,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=21247\|title\=AK At\-Large 1996\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} and State Senator and former [Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives](/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Alaska_House_of_Representatives "List of Speakers of the Alaska House of Representatives") [Jim Duncan](/wiki/Jim_Duncan_%28Alaska_politician%29 "Jim Duncan (Alaska politician)") with 62\.55% of the vote in 1998\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=3066\|title\=AK At\-Large 1998\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He defeated attorney Clifford Mark Greene with 69\.56% of the vote in 2000{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=254\|title\=AK At\-Large 2000\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} and with 74\.66% of the vote in 2002, the largest winning percentage of his career.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=930\|title\=AK At\-Large 2002\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} He received 213,216 votes (71\.34%) against Thomas Higgins in 2004, the most votes he ever received in a single election.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=3992\|title\=AK At\-Large 2004\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} In 2006, he defeated writer, dramatist, and video production consultant [Diane E. Benson](/wiki/Diane_E._Benson "Diane E. Benson") with 56\.57% of the vote.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=201449\|title\=AK At\-Large 2006\|publisher\=OurCampaigns\|access\-date\=April 19, 2015}} #### 2008 {{main\|2008 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}} Incumbent Lieutenant Governor [Sean Parnell](/wiki/Sean_Parnell "Sean Parnell") announced his candidacy in the August 26 Republican primary. Parnell was strongly supported by Governor [Sarah Palin](/wiki/Sarah_Palin "Sarah Palin") and the [Club for Growth](/wiki/Club_for_Growth "Club for Growth").{{cite web \|last1\=Kraushaar \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Club for Growth endorses challenger to Young \|url\=https://www.politico.com/blogs/politico\-now/2008/06/club\-for\-growth\-endorses\-challenger\-to\-young\-009501 \|website\=\[\[Politico]] \|date\=June 6, 2008 \|access\-date\=September 11, 2021}} Young was endorsed by [Mike Huckabee](/wiki/Mike_Huckabee "Mike Huckabee")'s political action committee, Huck PAC, in June.Ben Pershing (July 1, 2008\). [Don Young Brings Out the Big Guns](http://blog.washingtonpost.com/capitol-briefing/2008/07/don_young_brings_out_the_big_g.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523114700/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/capitol\-briefing/2008/07/don\_young\_brings\_out\_the\_big\_g.html \|date\=May 23, 2011 }} *The Washington Post*, retrieved on July 15, 2008\. Young won by 304 votes (0\.28%), and Parnell declined to seek a recount.Anne Sutton, ["No recount in GOP race for Alaska's House seat"](http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5j_Jou0BRNSWPmplUuT8qwccyVvggD939B4HO1), Associated Press, September 18, 2008\.{{dead link\|date\=November 2012\|bot\=Legobot}} Before the announcement of the unofficial results, both candidates had said that they would request a recount if they lost.Haplin, James. ["GOP primary comes down to overseas ballots, likely recount"](http://www.adn.com/front/story/520347.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920014557/http://www.adn.com/front/story/520347\.html \|date\=September 20, 2008 }}. *Anchorage Daily News*. September 9, 2008\. Retrieved September 18, 2008\. The state of Alaska pays the costs of recounts when the difference is within a half percent, as it was in this primary election.Sutton, Anne. ["Young wins Alaska House primary by 304 votes"](http://www.adn.com/front/story/529646.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921043957/http://www.adn.com/front/story/529646\.html \|date\=September 21, 2008 }}. *Anchorage Daily News*. September 18, 2008\. Retrieved September 18, 2008\. Young faced a challenge from [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") [Ethan Berkowitz](/wiki/Ethan_Berkowitz "Ethan Berkowitz"), the 46\-year\-old former minority leader in the [Alaska House of Representatives](/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives "Alaska House of Representatives"). Don Wright, the [Alaskan Independence Party](/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party "Alaskan Independence Party") nominee, also challenged Young.{{cite web \|title\=Don Young officially wins re\-election \|url\=https://www.politico.com/blogs/scorecard/1108/Don\_Young\_officially\_wins\_reelection.html \|website\=\[\[Politico]] \|access\-date\=September 11, 2021}} Young was reelected with 50% of the vote to Berkowitz's 45% and Wright's 5%.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\-alaska\-house\-111208\-2008nov12\-story.html\|title\=Young retains US House seat in Alaska\|newspaper\=\[\[The San Diego Union\-Tribune]]\|date\=November 12, 2008\|access\-date\=December 9, 2022\|last\=Pemberton\|first\=Mary\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]}}{{cite web\|url\=https://kfor.com/2013/07/12/story\-of\-hope/\|title\=Story of Hope\|date\=July 12, 2013}} Berkowitz conceded on November 18\.["The other congressional race – Berkowitz concedes to Young"](http://community.adn.com/adn/node/134635) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516125823/http://community.adn.com/adn/node/134635 \|date\=May 16, 2013 }}, community.adn.com; accessed May 15, 2017\. #### 2010–2020 In [2010](/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2010 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young ran for a 20th term.{{cite web\|author\=Sean Cockerham \|url\=http://www.adn.com/house/story/847677\.html\|title\=Young announces he'll seek 20th term in Congress: Politics\|publisher\=adn.com\|access\-date\=August 22, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713203050/http://www.adn.com/house/story/847677\.html\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2009}} He was challenged in the Republican primary by John R. Cox and Sheldon Fisher, a former telecommunications executive, winning with 74,117 votes (70\.36%). He defeated Democratic State Representative [Harry Crawford](/wiki/Harry_Crawford_%28politician%29 "Harry Crawford (politician)"){{cite web\|author\=Sean Cockerham\|url\=http://www.adn.com/house/story/929628\.html\|title\=Halcro says he'll challenge Young in GOP House primary: Politics\|publisher\=adn.com\|access\-date\=August 22, 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914125943/http://www.adn.com/house/story/929628\.html\|archive\-date\=September 14, 2009}} in the general election, 175,384 votes (68\.96%) to 77,606 (30\.51%).["Election Night 2010: Incumbents Parnell and Young Re\-Elected, Possibly Murkowski"](http://aprn.org/2010/11/03/election-night-2010-incumbents-parnell-and-young-re-elected-possibly-murkowski), aprn.org, November 3, 2010\. In [2012](/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2012 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young drew two challengers in the Republican party, but defeated them with 58,789 votes (78\.59%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=726823\|title\=AK At\-Large – R Primary Race\|date\=August 28, 2012\|publisher\=Our Campaigns\|access\-date\=June 4, 2013}}{{cite news\|last\=Thiessen\|first\=Mark\|title\=Associated Press – Rep. Don Young wins GOP primary for US House seat\|url\=http://juneauempire.com/state/2012\-08\-28/rep\-don\-young\-wins\-gop\-primary\-us\-house\-seat\#.UEPDqkT\_LUQ\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|access\-date\=September 2, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831184801/http://juneauempire.com/state/2012\-08\-28/rep\-don\-young\-wins\-gop\-primary\-us\-house\-seat\#.UEPDqkT\_LUQ\|archive\-date\=August 31, 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} In the general election, he defeated State Representative [Sharon Cissna](/wiki/Sharon_Cissna "Sharon Cissna") by 185,296 votes (63\.94%) to 82,927 (28\.62%).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=702119\|title\=AK – At\-Large Race\|date\=November 6, 2012\|publisher\=Our Campaigns\|access\-date\=June 4, 2013}} In [2014](/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2014 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young received 79,393 votes (74\.29%) in the Republican primary against three challengers.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/14PRIM/data/results.htm \|title\=2014 Primary Elections August 19, 2014 Official Results \|publisher\=State of Alaska Division of Elections \|access\-date\=September 8, 2014}} In the general election, he defeated Democrat [Forrest Dunbar](/wiki/Forrest_Dunbar "Forrest Dunbar"), 142,572 votes (50\.97%) to 114,602 (40\.97%).{{cite web\|url\=http://elect.alaska.net/\|title\=State of Alaska Division of Elections\|website\=elect.alaska.net\|access\-date\=July 10, 2018}} Young was the only statewide incumbent in Alaska to win reelection that year,{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2022}} as Republican Governor [Sean Parnell](/wiki/Sean_Parnell "Sean Parnell") was [defeated](/wiki/Alaska_gubernatorial_election%2C_2014 "Alaska gubernatorial election, 2014") by Independent [Bill Walker](/wiki/Bill_Walker_%28American_politician%29 "Bill Walker (American politician)"), and Democratic U.S. Senator [Mark Begich](/wiki/Mark_Begich "Mark Begich") was [defeated](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska%2C_2014 "United States Senate election in Alaska, 2014") by Republican [Dan Sullivan](/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_%28U.S._Senator%29 "Dan Sullivan (U.S. Senator)"). In [2016](/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2016 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young received 38,998 votes (71\.5%) in the Republican primary against three challengers. In the general election, he won with 50\.32% of the vote against Democratic challenger Steve Lindbeck with 36\.02% and Libertarian Jim McDermott with 10\.31%.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.newsminer.com/news/alaska\_news/rep\-don\-young\-wins\-rd\-term\-in\-congress/article\_55435a9c\-a5c9\-11e6\-807d\-8f135e07b2cf.html\|title\=Rep. Don Young wins 23rd term in Congress\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|last\=Thiessen\|first\=Mark \|work\=Fairbanks Daily News\-Miner\|access\-date\=July 10, 2018\|language\=en}} In [2018](/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2018 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young defeated Alyse Galvin, an Independent candidate who had won the combined [Alaska Democratic Party](/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party "Alaska Democratic Party"), [Alaska Libertarian Party](/wiki/Alaska_Libertarian_Party "Alaska Libertarian Party") and [Alaskan Independence Party](/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party "Alaskan Independence Party") primary. He received 53\.08% of the vote to Galvin's 46\.5%.{{cite web \|last1\=Hopkins \|first1\=Kyle \|title\='I Never Head Doubts' Young Defeats Galvin in Alaska Congressional Race \|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2018/11/06/alaska\-voters\-wait\-for\-outcome\-of\-young\-galvin\-battle\-for\-alaskas\-sole\-u\-s\-house\-seat/\#8726 \|website\=adn.com \|publisher\=Anchorage Daily News \|access\-date\=November 7, 2018}} In [2020](/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska "2020 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska"), Young ran for a 25th term.[Alaska Rep. Don Young calls impeachment inquiry 'a waste of time'](https://www.adn.com/politics/2019/09/24/alaska-rep-don-young-calls-impeachment-inquiry-a-waste-of-time), *[Anchorage Daily News](/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News "Anchorage Daily News")*, James Brooks, September 24, 2019\. Retrieved November 12, 2019\. He won the Republican primary with 77% of the vote in a three\-way race.{{cite web \|last1\=Greenwood \|first1\=Max \|title\=Young wins Alaska GOP House primary \|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/512346\-young\-wins\-alaska\-gop\-house\-primary/ \|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]] \|date\=August 19, 2020 \|publisher\=Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. \|access\-date\=August 21, 2020}} In the general election, Young again defeated combined\-ticket nominee Alyse Galvin with 54\.4% of the vote.{{cite news \|title\=Alaska Election Results: At\-Large Congressional District \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results\-alaska\-house\-district\-at\-large.html \|website\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|access\-date\=January 27, 2021 \|date\=January 5, 2021}}
[ "### Elections", "{{Unreliable sources\\|1\\=section\\|date\\=September 2023}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\|Young speaking at the [Juneau\\-Douglas High School](/wiki/Juneau-Douglas_High_School \"Juneau-Douglas High School\") library during the 1972–1973 [school year](/wiki/School_year \"School year\")](/wiki/File:Don_Young_speaking_at_Juneau-Douglas_High_School%2C_1972-1973_school_year.jpg \"Don Young speaking at Juneau-Douglas High School, 1972-1973 school year.jpg\")", "In 1972, Young ran for Congress against incumbent Democrat [Nick Begich](/wiki/Nick_Begich \"Nick Begich\"). Weeks before the election, Begich and Representative [Hale Boggs](/wiki/Hale_Boggs \"Hale Boggs\") died in a fatal plane crash, but Begich's name remained on the ballot and he won the election. Begich's body was never found, and he was declared legally dead in December 1972\\.", "Young won the resulting special election to fill the seat in March 1973\\. He was reelected 24 times, usually without significant opposition, although he faced strong challenges in the 2008 primary election and in the 1974, 1990, and 1992 elections.", "He won his 2016 primary with more than 70% of the vote, and defeated Democrat Steve Lindbeck and Libertarian Jim McDermott in the general election with 50% of the vote to win his 23rd term in office.{{cite news \\|title\\=Alaska U.S. House At\\-Large Results: Don Young Wins \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=August 2017 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2016/results/alaska\\-house\\-district\\-1\\-young\\-lindbeck \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}} Young won again in 2018, against candidate [Alyse Galvin](/wiki/Alyse_Galvin \"Alyse Galvin\"), whose party was undeclared, taking 52\\.6% of the vote.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/18GENR/Map/index.shtml\\|title\\=Election Results\\|access\\-date\\= July 5, 2020}}", "Young was the [most senior U.S. Representative](/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_by_seniority \"List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority\") and, after [Jim Sensenbrenner](/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner \"Jim Sensenbrenner\") retired, the last member who had been in office since the 1970s. He was the second\\-highest\\-ranking Republican on the [Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources \"United States House Committee on Natural Resources\") and [Transportation and Infrastructure](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure \"United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure\") committees. He chaired the former from 1995 to 2001 and the latter from 2001 to 2007\\.", "Young was the subject of an extensive [FBI](/wiki/FBI \"FBI\") investigation but was not charged with wrongdoing.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Bresnahan \\|first1\\=John \\|title\\=Young cleared in Alaska case \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/story/2010/08/young\\-cleared\\-in\\-alaska\\-case\\-040682 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]] \\|date\\=August 4, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}} He was subsequently the subject of a [House Ethics Committee](/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee \"House Ethics Committee\") probe.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Yager \\|first1\\=Jordy \\|title\\=Ethics Committee investigating Dem leader, Alaskan Republican \\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/145174\\-ethics\\-committee\\-investigating\\-dem\\-leader\\-alaskan\\-republican/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]] \\|date\\=March 19, 2013 \\|publisher\\=CAPITOL HILL PUBLISHING CORP. \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}}", "#### 1972–1974", "{{See also\\|1972 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young with President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\") and [Jack Coghill](/wiki/Jack_Coghill \"Jack Coghill\") in 1973](/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_with_Don_Young_and_Jack_Coghill%2C_March_15%2C_1973.jpeg \"Richard Nixon with Don Young and Jack Coghill, March 15, 1973.jpeg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young with President [Gerald Ford](/wiki/Gerald_Ford \"Gerald Ford\") and U.S. Senator [Ted Stevens](/wiki/Ted_Stevens \"Ted Stevens\") in 1975](/wiki/File:President_Gerald_Ford_stands_with_Don_Young_and_Ted_Stevens.jpg \"President Gerald Ford stands with Don Young and Ted Stevens.jpg\")\n[Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") State Senator [Nick Begich](/wiki/Nick_Begich \"Nick Begich\") was elected to the House of Representatives in 1970 to succeed Republican [Howard Pollock](/wiki/Howard_Pollock \"Howard Pollock\"), who ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for [governor of Alaska](/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska \"Governor of Alaska\"). Young ran against Begich in 1972 and placed second in the August 22 [open primary](/wiki/Open_primaries_in_the_United_States \"Open primaries in the United States\") with 13,958 votes (25\\.60%) to Begich's 37,873 (69\\.45%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=345006\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large – Open Primary 1972\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} Begich was lost in a plane crash on October 16, 1972 (along with [House Majority Leader](/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives \"Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives\") [Hale Boggs](/wiki/Hale_Boggs \"Hale Boggs\") of [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\")), 22 days before the general election. Although his body was never found, Begich won the general election with 53,651 votes (56\\.24%) to Young's 41,750 (43\\.76%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31063\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1972\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He was declared dead on December 29\\.", "Young ran in the special election on March 6, 1973, and defeated Democrat [Emil Notti](/wiki/Emil_Notti \"Emil Notti\"), 35,044 votes (51\\.41%) to 33,123 (48\\.59%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=175892\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large\\- Special Election 1973\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He won a full term in 1974 with 51,641 votes (53\\.84%) to Democratic State Senator [Willie Hensley](/wiki/Willie_Hensley \"Willie Hensley\")'s 44,280 (46\\.16%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=30932\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1974\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He was sworn into the House of Representatives on March 14, 1973\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-14 \\|title\\=Congressman Don Young Reflects on 43 Years of Service in the U.S. House of Representatives \\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=398656 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-02 \\|website\\=Congressman Don Young \\|language\\=en}} He credited his victory to his leadership of the fight for the [Trans\\-Alaskan Pipeline System](/wiki/Trans-Alaskan_Pipeline_System \"Trans-Alaskan Pipeline System\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://donyoung.house.gov/bio.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513062822/http://donyoung.house.gov/bio.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Congressman Don Young, Congressman For All Alaska: Biography\\|archive\\-date\\=May 13, 2009}}", "#### 1976–2006", "{{See also\\|2006 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young greeting President [Ronald Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") in 1981](/wiki/File:Reagan_Contact_Sheet_BW_2894_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Reagan Contact Sheet BW 2894 (cropped).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young greeting President [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\") in 1991](/wiki/File:Bush_Contact_Sheet_P19545_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Bush Contact Sheet P19545 (cropped).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young watches as President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") signs the [Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006](/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act \"Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act\")](/wiki/File:President_Bush_Signs_the_Magnuson-Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Reauthorization_Act_of_2006.jpg \"President Bush Signs the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Young watches as President [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") signs The Frank LoBiondo Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2018](/wiki/File:President_Donald_J._Trump_signs_S.140_The_Frank_LoBiondo_Coast_Guard_Authorization_Act_of_2018.jpg \"President Donald J. Trump signs S.140 The Frank LoBiondo Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2018.jpg\")\nYoung was reelected with at least 55% of the vote in each of the next seven elections. He defeated former State Senator [Eben Hopson](/wiki/Eben_Hopson \"Eben Hopson\") with 71% of the vote in 1976,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=30255\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1976\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} State Senator Patrick Rodey with 55\\.4% of the vote in 1978,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=30928\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1978\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} Kevin \"Pat\" Parnell with 73\\.8% of the vote in 1980,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31064\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1978\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} and Dave Carlson with 70\\.8% of the vote in 1982\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31065\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1982\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}}", "In 1984 and 1986, Young defeated Nick Begich's widow, Pegge Begich, 113,582 votes (55\\.02%) to 86,052 (41\\.68%), and 101,799 votes (56\\.47%) to 74,053 (41\\.08%), respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31066\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1984\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He defeated Peter Gruenstein with 62\\.5% of the vote in 1988{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31068\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1988\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} and then faced John Devens, the mayor of [Valdez](/wiki/Valdez%2C_Alaska \"Valdez, Alaska\"), in 1990 and 1992\\. Young defeated him by 99,003 votes (51\\.66%) to 91,677 (47\\.84%) in 1990{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=31069\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1990\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} and then faced a serious challenge in 1992\\. He was challenged in the Republican primary by State Senator Virginia M. Collins and defeated her by 24,869 votes (52\\.98%) to 19,774 (42\\.12%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=361794\\|title\\= AK At\\-Large – R Primary 1992\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} In the general election, he defeated Devens, 111,849 votes (46\\.78%) to 102,378 (42\\.82%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=27488\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1992\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} This was both the lowest winning percentage of his career and the only time he won without a majority of the vote.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Martinson \\|first1\\=Erica \\|title\\=Don Young may have a 2016 challenger \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/article/don\\-young\\-may\\-have\\-2016\\-challenger/2016/03/21/ \\|website\\=adn.com \\|publisher\\=ARC Publishing \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}}", "Young defeated former [Alaska Commissioner of Economic Development](/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Commerce%2C_Community_and_Economic_Development \"Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development\") and [1992 Democratic U.S. Senate nominee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska%2C_1992 \"United States Senate election in Alaska, 1992\") Tony Smith with 56\\.92% of the vote in 1994,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=28703\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1994\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} State Senator [Georgianna Lincoln](/wiki/Georgianna_Lincoln \"Georgianna Lincoln\") with 59\\.41% of the vote in 1996,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=21247\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1996\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} and State Senator and former [Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives](/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Alaska_House_of_Representatives \"List of Speakers of the Alaska House of Representatives\") [Jim Duncan](/wiki/Jim_Duncan_%28Alaska_politician%29 \"Jim Duncan (Alaska politician)\") with 62\\.55% of the vote in 1998\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=3066\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 1998\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He defeated attorney Clifford Mark Greene with 69\\.56% of the vote in 2000{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=254\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 2000\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} and with 74\\.66% of the vote in 2002, the largest winning percentage of his career.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=930\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 2002\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} He received 213,216 votes (71\\.34%) against Thomas Higgins in 2004, the most votes he ever received in a single election.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=3992\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 2004\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} In 2006, he defeated writer, dramatist, and video production consultant [Diane E. Benson](/wiki/Diane_E._Benson \"Diane E. Benson\") with 56\\.57% of the vote.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=201449\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large 2006\\|publisher\\=OurCampaigns\\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}}", "#### 2008", "{{main\\|2008 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska}}\nIncumbent Lieutenant Governor [Sean Parnell](/wiki/Sean_Parnell \"Sean Parnell\") announced his candidacy in the August 26 Republican primary. Parnell was strongly supported by Governor [Sarah Palin](/wiki/Sarah_Palin \"Sarah Palin\") and the [Club for Growth](/wiki/Club_for_Growth \"Club for Growth\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kraushaar \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Club for Growth endorses challenger to Young \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/blogs/politico\\-now/2008/06/club\\-for\\-growth\\-endorses\\-challenger\\-to\\-young\\-009501 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]] \\|date\\=June 6, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2021}} Young was endorsed by [Mike Huckabee](/wiki/Mike_Huckabee \"Mike Huckabee\")'s political action committee, Huck PAC, in June.Ben Pershing (July 1, 2008\\). [Don Young Brings Out the Big Guns](http://blog.washingtonpost.com/capitol-briefing/2008/07/don_young_brings_out_the_big_g.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523114700/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/capitol\\-briefing/2008/07/don\\_young\\_brings\\_out\\_the\\_big\\_g.html \\|date\\=May 23, 2011 }} *The Washington Post*, retrieved on July 15, 2008\\.", "Young won by 304 votes (0\\.28%), and Parnell declined to seek a recount.Anne Sutton, [\"No recount in GOP race for Alaska's House seat\"](http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5j_Jou0BRNSWPmplUuT8qwccyVvggD939B4HO1), Associated Press, September 18, 2008\\.{{dead link\\|date\\=November 2012\\|bot\\=Legobot}} Before the announcement of the unofficial results, both candidates had said that they would request a recount if they lost.Haplin, James. [\"GOP primary comes down to overseas ballots, likely recount\"](http://www.adn.com/front/story/520347.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920014557/http://www.adn.com/front/story/520347\\.html \\|date\\=September 20, 2008 }}. *Anchorage Daily News*. September 9, 2008\\. Retrieved September 18, 2008\\. The state of Alaska pays the costs of recounts when the difference is within a half percent, as it was in this primary election.Sutton, Anne. [\"Young wins Alaska House primary by 304 votes\"](http://www.adn.com/front/story/529646.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921043957/http://www.adn.com/front/story/529646\\.html \\|date\\=September 21, 2008 }}. *Anchorage Daily News*. September 18, 2008\\. Retrieved September 18, 2008\\.", "Young faced a challenge from [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") [Ethan Berkowitz](/wiki/Ethan_Berkowitz \"Ethan Berkowitz\"), the 46\\-year\\-old former minority leader in the [Alaska House of Representatives](/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives \"Alaska House of Representatives\"). Don Wright, the [Alaskan Independence Party](/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party \"Alaskan Independence Party\") nominee, also challenged Young.{{cite web \\|title\\=Don Young officially wins re\\-election \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/blogs/scorecard/1108/Don\\_Young\\_officially\\_wins\\_reelection.html \\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]] \\|access\\-date\\=September 11, 2021}} Young was reelected with 50% of the vote to Berkowitz's 45% and Wright's 5%.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut\\-alaska\\-house\\-111208\\-2008nov12\\-story.html\\|title\\=Young retains US House seat in Alaska\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The San Diego Union\\-Tribune]]\\|date\\=November 12, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2022\\|last\\=Pemberton\\|first\\=Mary\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://kfor.com/2013/07/12/story\\-of\\-hope/\\|title\\=Story of Hope\\|date\\=July 12, 2013}} Berkowitz conceded on November 18\\.[\"The other congressional race – Berkowitz concedes to Young\"](http://community.adn.com/adn/node/134635) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516125823/http://community.adn.com/adn/node/134635 \\|date\\=May 16, 2013 }}, community.adn.com; accessed May 15, 2017\\.", "#### 2010–2020", "In [2010](/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2010 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young ran for a 20th term.{{cite web\\|author\\=Sean Cockerham \\|url\\=http://www.adn.com/house/story/847677\\.html\\|title\\=Young announces he'll seek 20th term in Congress: Politics\\|publisher\\=adn.com\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713203050/http://www.adn.com/house/story/847677\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2009}} He was challenged in the Republican primary by John R. Cox and Sheldon Fisher, a former telecommunications executive, winning with 74,117 votes (70\\.36%). He defeated Democratic State Representative [Harry Crawford](/wiki/Harry_Crawford_%28politician%29 \"Harry Crawford (politician)\"){{cite web\\|author\\=Sean Cockerham\\|url\\=http://www.adn.com/house/story/929628\\.html\\|title\\=Halcro says he'll challenge Young in GOP House primary: Politics\\|publisher\\=adn.com\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914125943/http://www.adn.com/house/story/929628\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=September 14, 2009}} in the general election, 175,384 votes (68\\.96%) to 77,606 (30\\.51%).[\"Election Night 2010: Incumbents Parnell and Young Re\\-Elected, Possibly Murkowski\"](http://aprn.org/2010/11/03/election-night-2010-incumbents-parnell-and-young-re-elected-possibly-murkowski), aprn.org, November 3, 2010\\.", "In [2012](/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2012 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young drew two challengers in the Republican party, but defeated them with 58,789 votes (78\\.59%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=726823\\|title\\=AK At\\-Large – R Primary Race\\|date\\=August 28, 2012\\|publisher\\=Our Campaigns\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2013}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Thiessen\\|first\\=Mark\\|title\\=Associated Press – Rep. Don Young wins GOP primary for US House seat\\|url\\=http://juneauempire.com/state/2012\\-08\\-28/rep\\-don\\-young\\-wins\\-gop\\-primary\\-us\\-house\\-seat\\#.UEPDqkT\\_LUQ\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831184801/http://juneauempire.com/state/2012\\-08\\-28/rep\\-don\\-young\\-wins\\-gop\\-primary\\-us\\-house\\-seat\\#.UEPDqkT\\_LUQ\\|archive\\-date\\=August 31, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In the general election, he defeated State Representative [Sharon Cissna](/wiki/Sharon_Cissna \"Sharon Cissna\") by 185,296 votes (63\\.94%) to 82,927 (28\\.62%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=702119\\|title\\=AK – At\\-Large Race\\|date\\=November 6, 2012\\|publisher\\=Our Campaigns\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2013}}", "In [2014](/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2014 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young received 79,393 votes (74\\.29%) in the Republican primary against three challengers.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/14PRIM/data/results.htm \\|title\\=2014 Primary Elections August 19, 2014 Official Results \\|publisher\\=State of Alaska Division of Elections \\|access\\-date\\=September 8, 2014}} In the general election, he defeated Democrat [Forrest Dunbar](/wiki/Forrest_Dunbar \"Forrest Dunbar\"), 142,572 votes (50\\.97%) to 114,602 (40\\.97%).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://elect.alaska.net/\\|title\\=State of Alaska Division of Elections\\|website\\=elect.alaska.net\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2018}} Young was the only statewide incumbent in Alaska to win reelection that year,{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2022}} as Republican Governor [Sean Parnell](/wiki/Sean_Parnell \"Sean Parnell\") was [defeated](/wiki/Alaska_gubernatorial_election%2C_2014 \"Alaska gubernatorial election, 2014\") by Independent [Bill Walker](/wiki/Bill_Walker_%28American_politician%29 \"Bill Walker (American politician)\"), and Democratic U.S. Senator [Mark Begich](/wiki/Mark_Begich \"Mark Begich\") was [defeated](/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska%2C_2014 \"United States Senate election in Alaska, 2014\") by Republican [Dan Sullivan](/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_%28U.S._Senator%29 \"Dan Sullivan (U.S. Senator)\").", "In [2016](/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2016 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young received 38,998 votes (71\\.5%) in the Republican primary against three challengers. In the general election, he won with 50\\.32% of the vote against Democratic challenger Steve Lindbeck with 36\\.02% and Libertarian Jim McDermott with 10\\.31%.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.newsminer.com/news/alaska\\_news/rep\\-don\\-young\\-wins\\-rd\\-term\\-in\\-congress/article\\_55435a9c\\-a5c9\\-11e6\\-807d\\-8f135e07b2cf.html\\|title\\=Rep. Don Young wins 23rd term in Congress\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|last\\=Thiessen\\|first\\=Mark \\|work\\=Fairbanks Daily News\\-Miner\\|access\\-date\\=July 10, 2018\\|language\\=en}}", "In [2018](/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2018 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young defeated Alyse Galvin, an Independent candidate who had won the combined [Alaska Democratic Party](/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party \"Alaska Democratic Party\"), [Alaska Libertarian Party](/wiki/Alaska_Libertarian_Party \"Alaska Libertarian Party\") and [Alaskan Independence Party](/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party \"Alaskan Independence Party\") primary. He received 53\\.08% of the vote to Galvin's 46\\.5%.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Hopkins \\|first1\\=Kyle \\|title\\='I Never Head Doubts' Young Defeats Galvin in Alaska Congressional Race \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2018/11/06/alaska\\-voters\\-wait\\-for\\-outcome\\-of\\-young\\-galvin\\-battle\\-for\\-alaskas\\-sole\\-u\\-s\\-house\\-seat/\\#8726 \\|website\\=adn.com \\|publisher\\=Anchorage Daily News \\|access\\-date\\=November 7, 2018}}", "In [2020](/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska \"2020 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska\"), Young ran for a 25th term.[Alaska Rep. Don Young calls impeachment inquiry 'a waste of time'](https://www.adn.com/politics/2019/09/24/alaska-rep-don-young-calls-impeachment-inquiry-a-waste-of-time), *[Anchorage Daily News](/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News \"Anchorage Daily News\")*, James Brooks, September 24, 2019\\. Retrieved November 12, 2019\\. He won the Republican primary with 77% of the vote in a three\\-way race.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Greenwood \\|first1\\=Max \\|title\\=Young wins Alaska GOP House primary \\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/512346\\-young\\-wins\\-alaska\\-gop\\-house\\-primary/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]] \\|date\\=August 19, 2020 \\|publisher\\=Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. \\|access\\-date\\=August 21, 2020}} In the general election, Young again defeated combined\\-ticket nominee Alyse Galvin with 54\\.4% of the vote.{{cite news \\|title\\=Alaska Election Results: At\\-Large Congressional District \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results\\-alaska\\-house\\-district\\-at\\-large.html \\|website\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 27, 2021 \\|date\\=January 5, 2021}}", "" ]
### Tenure At the start of the 116th Congress, Young was the longest\-serving current House member. Due to his long tenure in the House and that of former Senator [Ted Stevens](/wiki/Ted_Stevens "Ted Stevens"), Alaska was considered to have had clout in national politics far beyond its small population (it is the 4th smallest, ahead of only [North Dakota](/wiki/North_Dakota "North Dakota"), [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont "Vermont"), and [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming "Wyoming")). He was often called "Alaska's third senator".{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the\-ten\-worst\-members\-of\-the\-worst\-congress\-ever\-20120112?page\=3\|title\=The 10 Worst Congressmen\|access\-date\=September 18, 2015\|last\=Dickinson\|first\=Tim\|date\=October 17, 2006\|magazine\=Rolling Stone \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116133716/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the\-ten\-worst\-members\-of\-the\-worst\-congress\-ever\-20120112?page\=3 \|archive\-date\=November 16, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}} On March 5, 2019, he became the longest\-serving Republican in congressional history, surpassing [Joe Cannon](/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon "Joseph Gurney Cannon").[Don Young makes history as the longest\-serving House Republican](https://www.rollcall.com/news/don-young-makes-history-longest-serving-house-republican) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125195449/http://www.rollcall.com/news/don\-young\-makes\-history\-longest\-serving\-house\-republican \|date\=November 25, 2019 }}, *[Roll Call](/wiki/Roll_Call "Roll Call")*, Katherine Tully\-McManus, March 5, 2019\. Retrieved November 12, 2019\. #### 1990s [thumb\|right\|Young in the 1990s](/wiki/File:Don_Young%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_color.jpg "Don Young, official photo portrait, color.jpg") After the 1995 Republican takeover of the House, Young chaired the [Committee on Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources "United States House Committee on Natural Resources"), which he renamed the Committee on Resources. The name was changed back by Democrats in 2006 and has since been retained by Republican chairs. He chaired the committee until 2001, then chairing the [Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure "United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure") from 2001 to 2007\.{{cite web \|title\=Committee Assignments \|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/biography/committee\-assignments.htm \|website\=donyoung.house.gov \|access\-date\=February 8, 2020}} During a 1994 House debate touching on the question of [Alaska Natives](/wiki/Alaska_Natives "Alaska Natives")' right to sell [sex organs](/wiki/Sex_organs "Sex organs") of [endangered animals](/wiki/Endangered_animals "Endangered animals") as [aphrodisiacs](/wiki/Aphrodisiacs "Aphrodisiacs"), he pulled out an 18\-inch [penis bone](/wiki/Baculum "Baculum") of a [walrus](/wiki/Walrus "Walrus"), better known as an "[oosik](/wiki/Oosik "Oosik")", and brandished it like a sword on the House floor at the face of the head of the [U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service](/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service").{{cite magazine \|title\= Waving an "Oosik" to Make a Point \|magazine\= New Republic \|publisher\= Tampa Bay Times \|date\= August 30, 2008 \|first\= Charles \|last\= Homans \|url\= http://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/waving\-an\-oosik\-to\-make\-a\-point/789802 \|access\-date\= March 29, 2013 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130406035622/http://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/waving\-an\-oosik\-to\-make\-a\-point/789802 \|archive\-date\= April 6, 2013 \|url\-status\= dead }}{{cite news \|title\= Ex\-aide to GOP's Don Young Goes to Work for Dems \|work\= Seattle Post\-Intelligencer \|date\= August 31, 2011 \|url\= http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2011/08/31/ex\-aide\-to\-gops\-don\-young\-goes\-to\-work\-with\-dems/ }} In March 1998, Young brought a bill to the House floor allowing voters in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico "Puerto Rico") to vote on continuing its commonwealth status or becoming either a state or independent. The legislation passed by a single vote.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/05/us/house\-approves\-measure\-on\-self\-determination\-for\-puerto\-rico.html\|title\=House Approves Measure on Self\-Determination for Puerto Rico\|date\=March 5, 1998\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]}} #### 2000–2010 [thumb\|right\|Young in 2006](/wiki/File:Don_Young%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_color%2C_2006.jpg "Don Young, official photo portrait, color, 2006.jpg") In the [2005 Highway Bill](/wiki/Safe%2C_Accountable%2C_Flexible%2C_Efficient_Transportation_Equity_Act:A_Legacy_for_Users "A Legacy for Users"), Young helped secure $941 million for 119 special projects, including a $231 million bridge in [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska "Anchorage, Alaska") named Don Young's Way.{{cite news\|first\=Shailagh\|last\=Murray\|title\=After 2\-Year Wait, Passage Comes Easily\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2005/07/29/AR2005072900139\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\|page\=A09\|date\=July 30, 2005\|access\-date\=June 7, 2007}} In 2007, Young was investigated as a part of the [Alaska political corruption probe](/wiki/Alaska_political_corruption_probe "Alaska political corruption probe") for his ties to the oil and gas company [VECO Corporation](/wiki/VECO_Corporation "VECO Corporation"). He faced no charges.["Paper reports Young's Veco ties investigated"](http://www.adn.com/news/politics/fbi/story/9162143p-9077780c.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203044451/http://www.adn.com/news/politics/fbi/story/9162143p\-9077780c.html \|date\=December 3, 2007 }}, *Associated Press*, July 25, 2007\.{{cite news \|last1\=Weiner \|first1\=Rachel \|title\=Don Young: No stranger to controversy \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\-fix/wp/2013/03/29/don\-young\-no\-stranger\-to\-scandal/ \|access\-date\=May 21, 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|date\=March 29, 2013}} In July 2007, Representative [Scott Garrett](/wiki/Scott_Garrett "Scott Garrett") proposed an amendment to strike money in a spending bill for native Alaskan and Hawaiian educational programs.[North to Alaska](http://www.politico.com/blogs/thecrypt/0707/North_to_Alaska.html), *The Politico* dated July 17, 2007\. Young defended the funds on the House floor, saying, "You want my money, my money" and "Those who bite me will be bitten back." He also suggested that conservative Republicans such as Garrett lost the Republicans their majority in the 2006 election by challenging spending [earmarks](/wiki/Earmark_%28finance%29 "Earmark (finance)"), and made several critical remarks about Garrett's state, [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"). Garrett did not ask for an official reprimand, but other conservative Republicans took exception to Young's claim that the funds in question were "his" money. Members of the conservative [Republican Study Committee](/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee "Republican Study Committee") gave Garrett a standing ovation later in the day during the group's weekly meeting and [Virginia Foxx](/wiki/Virginia_Foxx "Virginia Foxx") of North Carolina compared Young's earmarks to "legal theft". In 2008, the [United States Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") investigated Young's role in steering $10 million into a Florida transportation project. In 2010, the investigation concluded with no charges against Young. In 2011, [Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington](/wiki/Citizens_for_Responsibility_and_Ethics_in_Washington "Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington") (CREW) filed a lawsuit seeking information on the investigation. Some documents were subsequently released, and a judge ordered the federal government to pay CREW $86,000 in legal fees.{{cite news \|last1\=Hess \|first1\=Hannah \|title\=CREW Awarded $86K After Court Fight for Don Young Documents \|url\=https://www.rollcall.com/2014/10/24/crew\-awarded\-86k\-after\-court\-fight\-for\-don\-young\-documents/ \|access\-date\=May 21, 2021 \|work\=Roll Call \|date\=October 24, 2014 \|language\=en}} In 2010, when Democrat [Charles Rangel](/wiki/Charles_Rangel "Charles Rangel") of New York was censured for ethical violations, Young and Representative [Peter T. King](/wiki/Peter_T._King "Peter T. King") were the only two Republicans voting against censure.{{cite news\|author\=Kocieniewski, David\|title\=Rangel Censured Over Violations of Ethics Rules\|page\=A1\|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=December 3, 2010\|access\-date\=November 29, 2021\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/03/nyregion/03rangel.html}} #### 2011–2020 In the 112th Congress, Young signed [Americans for Tax Reform](/wiki/Taxpayer_Protection_Pledge "Taxpayer Protection Pledge")'s [Taxpayer Protection Pledge](/wiki/Taxpayer_Protection_Pledge "Taxpayer Protection Pledge").{{cite web\|title\=The Taxpayer Protection Pledge Signers 112th Congressional List\|url\=http://s3\.amazonaws.com/atrfiles/files/files/091411\-federalpledgesigners.pdf\|publisher\=Americans for Tax Reform\|access\-date\=November 30, 2011}} In 2012, Young endorsed then\-Representative [Mazie Hirono](/wiki/Mazie_Hirono "Mazie Hirono") in the Democratic primary for the United States Senate.{{cite web\|title\=Republican Don Young endorses Democrat Mazie Hironi in Hawaii\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/republican\-don\-young\-endorses\-democrat\-mazie\-hironi\-hawaii/story?id\=16847614\|access\-date\=February 27, 2021\|website\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]]\|language\=en}} In March 2013, the [House Ethics Committee](/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee "House Ethics Committee") created a special committee to investigate allegations that Young had improperly accepted gifts, used campaign funds for personal expenses, failed to report gifts in financial disclosure documents, and made false statements to federal officials.{{cite news\|title\= House Ethics Committee opens probes into Don Young, Rob Andrews\|first\=John\|last\=Bresnahan\|work\=\[\[Politico]]\|date\=March 19, 2013\|url\=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/03/house\-ethics\-committee\-opens\-probes\-into\-don\-young\-rob\-andrews\-89074\.html}} Young said, "it will go forever. I've been under a cloud all my life. I'm sort of like living in [Juneau](/wiki/Juneau "Juneau"). It rains on you all the time. You don't even notice it."{{cite news\|title\=Young Responds to New Ethics Investigation\|date\=March 28, 2013\|first\=Becky\|last\=Bohrer\|work\=Anchorage Daily News\|url\=http://www.adn.com/2013/03/28/2843697/young\-responds\-to\-new\-ethics\-investigation.html\#storylink\=cpy\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403091356/http://www.adn.com/2013/03/28/2843697/young\-responds\-to\-new\-ethics\-investigation.html\#storylink\=cpy\|archive\-date\=April 3, 2013}} In 2014, the committee rebuked Young after finding he had failed to disclose gifts totaling over $60,000 between 2001 and 2013\.{{cite web \|last1\=Mauer \|first1\=Richard \|title\=Alaska Rep. Don Young rebuked by Ethics Committee \|url\=https://www.adn.com/alaska\-news/article/alaska\-rep\-don\-young\-rebuked\-ethics\-committee/2014/06/20/ \|website\=ADN.com \|publisher\=ARC Publishing \|access\-date\=January 4, 2019}}[Don Young Cited for Personal Use of Campaign Money](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/us/politics/don-young-cited-for-personal-use-of-campaign-money.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw), nytimes.com, June 30, 2014\. In March 2013, Young used the [ethnic slur](/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs "List of ethnic slurs") "[wetbacks](/wiki/Wetback_%28slur%29 "Wetback (slur)")" during a radio interview to describe Latino migrants who worked at his father's ranch when he was growing up.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/don\-young\-wetbacks\_n\_2976351\.html?ref\=topbar\|title\=Don Young Uses 'Wetbacks' To Describe Latinos (AUDIO)\|publisher\=\[\[HuffPost]]\|date\=March 29, 2013\|access\-date\=June 4, 2013}} He issued a statement later that day saying that he "meant no disrespect" and that he "used a term that was commonly used during my days growing up on a farm in central California".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking\-news/ci\_22900702/alaska\-rep\-don\-young\-meant\-no\-disrespect\-by\|title\=Alaska Rep. Don Young 'meant no disrespect' by ethnic slur, but doesn't apologize\|author\=Jim Abrams\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|date\=March 29, 2013}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/john\-boehner\-don\-young\_n\_2979277\.html\|title\=John Boehner On Don Young Racial Slur: 'There's No Excuse'\|publisher\=\[\[HuffPost]]\|date\=March 29, 2013\|access\-date\=March 29, 2013}} Young later formally apologized for his remarks, saying, "I apologize for the insensitive term" and that "it was a poor choice of words."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/03/29/don\-young\-migrant\-slur\-republican\-reaction/2035161\|title\=GOP's Don Young apologizes for racial slur\|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\|access\-date\=March 29, 2013\|first1\=Catalina\|last1\=Camia}} [thumb\|right\|Young and Rep. [Tulsi Gabbard](/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard "Tulsi Gabbard") speaking in support of the [Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act](/wiki/Ending_Federal_Marijuana_Prohibition_Act "Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act") in 2019](/wiki/File:Tulsi_Gabbard_Don_Young_NORML_cannabis_legalization.jpg "Tulsi Gabbard Don Young NORML cannabis legalization.jpg") In May 2016, Young wrote a letter to the [Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/Clerk_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives "Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives") stating that for 25 years he had failed to disclose his inherited interest in a family farm in California on which he and other family members had signed oil and gas leases; Young said the omissions to his financial reporting were accidental.Nathaniel Hertz, [U.S. Rep. Don Young's ownership in his family's farm with gas leases wasn't disclosed for years](http://www.adn.com/politics/2016/08/28/u-s-rep-don-youngs-ownership-in-his-familys-farm-with-gas-leases-wasnt-disclosed-for-years/), *[Alaska Dispatch News](/wiki/Alaska_Dispatch_News "Alaska Dispatch News")*, August 28, 2016; retrieved August 29, 2016\. On May 4, 2017, though he had indicated two months earlier that he would oppose repeal of the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act "Affordable Care Act"), he voted for its repeal. Governor [Bill Walker](/wiki/Bill_Walker_%28American_politician%29 "Bill Walker (American politician)") said Alaska "would be the most negatively affected if the proposed legislation is signed into law as is. Alaskans already pay the highest health care premiums in the country." U.S. Senator [Lisa Murkowski](/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski "Lisa Murkowski") opposed the removal of the provision in the act that eliminated discrimination against those with preexisting conditions, saying it was not "what Alaskans are telling me they think is an acceptable response." It was estimated that annual policy costs for coverage under the state's exchange would rise by $12,599\.Erica Martinson, "How Don Young went from 'no' to 'yes' on the House health care bill", *[Alaska Dispatch News](/wiki/Alaska_Dispatch_News "Alaska Dispatch News")*, May 4, 2017; retrieved May 5, 2017\. In 2017, former [Speaker of the United States House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives") [John Boehner](/wiki/John_Boehner "John Boehner") told *[Politico](/wiki/Politico "Politico")* that Young had once pinned him against a wall inside the House and held a 10\-inch knife to his throat.{{cite web\|url\=https://thehill.com/blogs/in\-the\-know/in\-the\-know/357743\-gop\-lawmaker\-once\-held\-a\-knife\-to\-boehners\-throat/\|title\=GOP lawmaker once held a knife to Boehner's throat\|last\=Thomsen\|first\=Jacqueline\|date\=October 29, 2017\|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]]\|language\=en\|access\-date\=February 1, 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=http://politi.co/2zhDZXN\|title\=John Boehner Unchained\|last\=Alberta\|first\=Tim\|website\=\[\[Politico]]\|language\=en\|access\-date\=February 1, 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rollcall.com/news/don\-young\-the\-kodiak\-bear\-of\-capitol\-hill\-video\|title\=Don Young: the Kodiak Bear of Capitol Hill (Video)\|last1\=Fuller\|first1\=Matt\|date\=October 16, 2014\|website\=Roll Call\|language\=en\|access\-date\=February 1, 2020}} In September 2017, during a House floor debate on an amendment to the 2018 government spending package for [wildlife management](/wiki/Wildlife_management "Wildlife management") and [national preserves](/wiki/National_preserve "National preserve") in Alaska, Young made critical comments about Representative [Pramila Jayapal](/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal "Pramila Jayapal"), including calling the 51\-year old Jayapal "young lady" and saying that she "doesn't know a damn thing what she's talking about" and that her speech on the amendment "was really nonsense. It was written by an interest group". The exchange led to a temporary suspension of proceedings: upon their resumption, Young acknowledged in an address to the floor that his comments were "out of order" and apologized to Jayapal; she accepted.{{cite web \|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/08/politics/congressman\-don\-young\-pramila\-jayapal/index.html \|title\=Congressman: 'Young lady' colleague 'doesn't know a damn thing' \|last\=Gren \|first\=Miranda \|date\=September 8, 2017 \|website\=\[\[CNN]] \|access\-date\=July 25, 2020}} Georgetown University's [McCourt School of Public Policy](/wiki/McCourt_School_of_Public_Policy "McCourt School of Public Policy") rated Young among the most bipartisan members of Congress for the 115th and 116th Congresses.{{cite web \|title\=The Lugar Center – McCourt School Bipartisan Index \|url\=https://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/2019%20BPI%20House%20Scores.pdf \|publisher\=Georgetown University \|access\-date\=May 21, 2021}} #### 2021–2022 On May 19, 2021, Young introduced H.R.3361, the [United States Ambassador at Large](/wiki/Ambassador-at-large%23United_States_ambassadors-at-large "Ambassador-at-large#United States ambassadors-at-large") for [Arctic](/wiki/Arctic "Arctic") Affairs Act of 2021, which would create a [presidentially appointed and Senate\-confirmed](/wiki/List_of_positions_filled_by_presidential_appointment_with_Senate_confirmation "List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation") Ambassador at Large for Arctic Affairs who would represent the U.S. in matters relating to the Arctic before international bodies of which the U.S. is a member, foreign nations, and multilateral negotiations. No votes have been held on the bill.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th\-congress/house\-bill/3361/text?r\=2\&s\=1 \|title\=H.R.3361 – United States Ambassador at Large for Arctic Affairs Act of 2021 \|website\=congress.gov \|date\=May 19, 2021 \|publisher\=\[\[United States Congress]] \|access\-date\=July 21, 2021}}{{cite report \|author\=((O'Rourke et al.)) \|date\=July 16, 2021 \|title\=Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress \|url\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153\.pdf \|publisher\=\[\[Congressional Research Service]] \|page\=9 \|access\-date\=July 21, 2021}} On November 5, 2021, Young was among the 13 House Republicans to break with their party and vote with a majority of Democrats for the [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act](/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act "Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act").{{cite news\|last\=Grayer \|first\=Annie \|title\=These 6 House Democrats voted against the infrastructure bill. These 13 Republicans voted for it.\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure\-bill\-house\-democrats\-voted\-no\-republicans\-voted\-yes/index.html\|date\=November 6, 2021\|access\-date\=January 19, 2022\|website\=\[\[CNN]]}} Former president [Donald J. Trump](/wiki/Donald_J._Trump "Donald J. Trump") castigated the 13 House Republicans who voted for the bill.[Republicans who voted for Biden's infrastructure bill come under fire from Trump](https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats-voted-no-republicans-voted-yes/index.html). *[CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN")*, Alex Rogers and Manu Raju, November 5, 2021\. Retrieved January 19, 2021\. At the time of his death, he was the oldest and longest\-tenured member of Congress.{{cite web \|last1\=Kizzia \|first1\=Tom \|title\=Gruff, warm, combustible, shrewd: For 49 years, Don Young's ideology was 'Alaska' \|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2022/03/19/gruff\-warm\-combustible\-shrewd\-for\-49\-years\-don\-youngs\-ideology\-was\-alaska/ \|website\=adn.com \|publisher\=Anchorage Daily News \|access\-date\=23 October 2022}}
[ "### Tenure", "At the start of the 116th Congress, Young was the longest\\-serving current House member. Due to his long tenure in the House and that of former Senator [Ted Stevens](/wiki/Ted_Stevens \"Ted Stevens\"), Alaska was considered to have had clout in national politics far beyond its small population (it is the 4th smallest, ahead of only [North Dakota](/wiki/North_Dakota \"North Dakota\"), [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\"), and [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming \"Wyoming\")). He was often called \"Alaska's third senator\".{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the\\-ten\\-worst\\-members\\-of\\-the\\-worst\\-congress\\-ever\\-20120112?page\\=3\\|title\\=The 10 Worst Congressmen\\|access\\-date\\=September 18, 2015\\|last\\=Dickinson\\|first\\=Tim\\|date\\=October 17, 2006\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116133716/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the\\-ten\\-worst\\-members\\-of\\-the\\-worst\\-congress\\-ever\\-20120112?page\\=3 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 16, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On March 5, 2019, he became the longest\\-serving Republican in congressional history, surpassing [Joe Cannon](/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon \"Joseph Gurney Cannon\").[Don Young makes history as the longest\\-serving House Republican](https://www.rollcall.com/news/don-young-makes-history-longest-serving-house-republican) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125195449/http://www.rollcall.com/news/don\\-young\\-makes\\-history\\-longest\\-serving\\-house\\-republican \\|date\\=November 25, 2019 }}, *[Roll Call](/wiki/Roll_Call \"Roll Call\")*, Katherine Tully\\-McManus, March 5, 2019\\. Retrieved November 12, 2019\\.", "#### 1990s", "[thumb\\|right\\|Young in the 1990s](/wiki/File:Don_Young%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_color.jpg \"Don Young, official photo portrait, color.jpg\")", "After the 1995 Republican takeover of the House, Young chaired the [Committee on Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources \"United States House Committee on Natural Resources\"), which he renamed the Committee on Resources. The name was changed back by Democrats in 2006 and has since been retained by Republican chairs. He chaired the committee until 2001, then chairing the [Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure \"United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure\") from 2001 to 2007\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Committee Assignments \\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/biography/committee\\-assignments.htm \\|website\\=donyoung.house.gov \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020}}", "During a 1994 House debate touching on the question of [Alaska Natives](/wiki/Alaska_Natives \"Alaska Natives\")' right to sell [sex organs](/wiki/Sex_organs \"Sex organs\") of [endangered animals](/wiki/Endangered_animals \"Endangered animals\") as [aphrodisiacs](/wiki/Aphrodisiacs \"Aphrodisiacs\"), he pulled out an 18\\-inch [penis bone](/wiki/Baculum \"Baculum\") of a [walrus](/wiki/Walrus \"Walrus\"), better known as an \"[oosik](/wiki/Oosik \"Oosik\")\", and brandished it like a sword on the House floor at the face of the head of the [U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service](/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service \"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\").{{cite magazine \\|title\\= Waving an \"Oosik\" to Make a Point \\|magazine\\= New Republic \\|publisher\\= Tampa Bay Times \\|date\\= August 30, 2008 \\|first\\= Charles \\|last\\= Homans \\|url\\= http://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/waving\\-an\\-oosik\\-to\\-make\\-a\\-point/789802 \\|access\\-date\\= March 29, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130406035622/http://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/waving\\-an\\-oosik\\-to\\-make\\-a\\-point/789802 \\|archive\\-date\\= April 6, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\= dead }}{{cite news \\|title\\= Ex\\-aide to GOP's Don Young Goes to Work for Dems \\|work\\= Seattle Post\\-Intelligencer \\|date\\= August 31, 2011 \\|url\\= http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2011/08/31/ex\\-aide\\-to\\-gops\\-don\\-young\\-goes\\-to\\-work\\-with\\-dems/ }}", "In March 1998, Young brought a bill to the House floor allowing voters in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\") to vote on continuing its commonwealth status or becoming either a state or independent. The legislation passed by a single vote.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/05/us/house\\-approves\\-measure\\-on\\-self\\-determination\\-for\\-puerto\\-rico.html\\|title\\=House Approves Measure on Self\\-Determination for Puerto Rico\\|date\\=March 5, 1998\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]}}", "#### 2000–2010", "[thumb\\|right\\|Young in 2006](/wiki/File:Don_Young%2C_official_photo_portrait%2C_color%2C_2006.jpg \"Don Young, official photo portrait, color, 2006.jpg\")", "In the [2005 Highway Bill](/wiki/Safe%2C_Accountable%2C_Flexible%2C_Efficient_Transportation_Equity_Act:A_Legacy_for_Users \"A Legacy for Users\"), Young helped secure $941 million for 119 special projects, including a $231 million bridge in [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage%2C_Alaska \"Anchorage, Alaska\") named Don Young's Way.{{cite news\\|first\\=Shailagh\\|last\\=Murray\\|title\\=After 2\\-Year Wait, Passage Comes Easily\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2005/07/29/AR2005072900139\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|page\\=A09\\|date\\=July 30, 2005\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2007}}", "In 2007, Young was investigated as a part of the [Alaska political corruption probe](/wiki/Alaska_political_corruption_probe \"Alaska political corruption probe\") for his ties to the oil and gas company [VECO Corporation](/wiki/VECO_Corporation \"VECO Corporation\"). He faced no charges.[\"Paper reports Young's Veco ties investigated\"](http://www.adn.com/news/politics/fbi/story/9162143p-9077780c.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203044451/http://www.adn.com/news/politics/fbi/story/9162143p\\-9077780c.html \\|date\\=December 3, 2007 }}, *Associated Press*, July 25, 2007\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Weiner \\|first1\\=Rachel \\|title\\=Don Young: No stranger to controversy \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the\\-fix/wp/2013/03/29/don\\-young\\-no\\-stranger\\-to\\-scandal/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|date\\=March 29, 2013}}", "In July 2007, Representative [Scott Garrett](/wiki/Scott_Garrett \"Scott Garrett\") proposed an amendment to strike money in a spending bill for native Alaskan and Hawaiian educational programs.[North to Alaska](http://www.politico.com/blogs/thecrypt/0707/North_to_Alaska.html), *The Politico* dated July 17, 2007\\. Young defended the funds on the House floor, saying, \"You want my money, my money\" and \"Those who bite me will be bitten back.\" He also suggested that conservative Republicans such as Garrett lost the Republicans their majority in the 2006 election by challenging spending [earmarks](/wiki/Earmark_%28finance%29 \"Earmark (finance)\"), and made several critical remarks about Garrett's state, [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"). Garrett did not ask for an official reprimand, but other conservative Republicans took exception to Young's claim that the funds in question were \"his\" money. Members of the conservative [Republican Study Committee](/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee \"Republican Study Committee\") gave Garrett a standing ovation later in the day during the group's weekly meeting and [Virginia Foxx](/wiki/Virginia_Foxx \"Virginia Foxx\") of North Carolina compared Young's earmarks to \"legal theft\".", "In 2008, the [United States Department of Justice](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice \"United States Department of Justice\") investigated Young's role in steering $10 million into a Florida transportation project. In 2010, the investigation concluded with no charges against Young. In 2011, [Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington](/wiki/Citizens_for_Responsibility_and_Ethics_in_Washington \"Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington\") (CREW) filed a lawsuit seeking information on the investigation. Some documents were subsequently released, and a judge ordered the federal government to pay CREW $86,000 in legal fees.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Hess \\|first1\\=Hannah \\|title\\=CREW Awarded $86K After Court Fight for Don Young Documents \\|url\\=https://www.rollcall.com/2014/10/24/crew\\-awarded\\-86k\\-after\\-court\\-fight\\-for\\-don\\-young\\-documents/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2021 \\|work\\=Roll Call \\|date\\=October 24, 2014 \\|language\\=en}}", "In 2010, when Democrat [Charles Rangel](/wiki/Charles_Rangel \"Charles Rangel\") of New York was censured for ethical violations, Young and Representative [Peter T. King](/wiki/Peter_T._King \"Peter T. King\") were the only two Republicans voting against censure.{{cite news\\|author\\=Kocieniewski, David\\|title\\=Rangel Censured Over Violations of Ethics Rules\\|page\\=A1\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=December 3, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2021\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/03/nyregion/03rangel.html}}", "#### 2011–2020", "In the 112th Congress, Young signed [Americans for Tax Reform](/wiki/Taxpayer_Protection_Pledge \"Taxpayer Protection Pledge\")'s [Taxpayer Protection Pledge](/wiki/Taxpayer_Protection_Pledge \"Taxpayer Protection Pledge\").{{cite web\\|title\\=The Taxpayer Protection Pledge Signers 112th Congressional List\\|url\\=http://s3\\.amazonaws.com/atrfiles/files/files/091411\\-federalpledgesigners.pdf\\|publisher\\=Americans for Tax Reform\\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2011}}", "In 2012, Young endorsed then\\-Representative [Mazie Hirono](/wiki/Mazie_Hirono \"Mazie Hirono\") in the Democratic primary for the United States Senate.{{cite web\\|title\\=Republican Don Young endorses Democrat Mazie Hironi in Hawaii\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/republican\\-don\\-young\\-endorses\\-democrat\\-mazie\\-hironi\\-hawaii/story?id\\=16847614\\|access\\-date\\=February 27, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]]\\|language\\=en}}", "In March 2013, the [House Ethics Committee](/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee \"House Ethics Committee\") created a special committee to investigate allegations that Young had improperly accepted gifts, used campaign funds for personal expenses, failed to report gifts in financial disclosure documents, and made false statements to federal officials.{{cite news\\|title\\= House Ethics Committee opens probes into Don Young, Rob Andrews\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Bresnahan\\|work\\=\\[\\[Politico]]\\|date\\=March 19, 2013\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/03/house\\-ethics\\-committee\\-opens\\-probes\\-into\\-don\\-young\\-rob\\-andrews\\-89074\\.html}} Young said, \"it will go forever. I've been under a cloud all my life. I'm sort of like living in [Juneau](/wiki/Juneau \"Juneau\"). It rains on you all the time. You don't even notice it.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Young Responds to New Ethics Investigation\\|date\\=March 28, 2013\\|first\\=Becky\\|last\\=Bohrer\\|work\\=Anchorage Daily News\\|url\\=http://www.adn.com/2013/03/28/2843697/young\\-responds\\-to\\-new\\-ethics\\-investigation.html\\#storylink\\=cpy\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403091356/http://www.adn.com/2013/03/28/2843697/young\\-responds\\-to\\-new\\-ethics\\-investigation.html\\#storylink\\=cpy\\|archive\\-date\\=April 3, 2013}} In 2014, the committee rebuked Young after finding he had failed to disclose gifts totaling over $60,000 between 2001 and 2013\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Mauer \\|first1\\=Richard \\|title\\=Alaska Rep. Don Young rebuked by Ethics Committee \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/alaska\\-news/article/alaska\\-rep\\-don\\-young\\-rebuked\\-ethics\\-committee/2014/06/20/ \\|website\\=ADN.com \\|publisher\\=ARC Publishing \\|access\\-date\\=January 4, 2019}}[Don Young Cited for Personal Use of Campaign Money](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/us/politics/don-young-cited-for-personal-use-of-campaign-money.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw), nytimes.com, June 30, 2014\\.", "In March 2013, Young used the [ethnic slur](/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs \"List of ethnic slurs\") \"[wetbacks](/wiki/Wetback_%28slur%29 \"Wetback (slur)\")\" during a radio interview to describe Latino migrants who worked at his father's ranch when he was growing up.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/don\\-young\\-wetbacks\\_n\\_2976351\\.html?ref\\=topbar\\|title\\=Don Young Uses 'Wetbacks' To Describe Latinos (AUDIO)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]]\\|date\\=March 29, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2013}} He issued a statement later that day saying that he \"meant no disrespect\" and that he \"used a term that was commonly used during my days growing up on a farm in central California\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking\\-news/ci\\_22900702/alaska\\-rep\\-don\\-young\\-meant\\-no\\-disrespect\\-by\\|title\\=Alaska Rep. Don Young 'meant no disrespect' by ethnic slur, but doesn't apologize\\|author\\=Jim Abrams\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|date\\=March 29, 2013}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/john\\-boehner\\-don\\-young\\_n\\_2979277\\.html\\|title\\=John Boehner On Don Young Racial Slur: 'There's No Excuse'\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]]\\|date\\=March 29, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2013}} Young later formally apologized for his remarks, saying, \"I apologize for the insensitive term\" and that \"it was a poor choice of words.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/03/29/don\\-young\\-migrant\\-slur\\-republican\\-reaction/2035161\\|title\\=GOP's Don Young apologizes for racial slur\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2013\\|first1\\=Catalina\\|last1\\=Camia}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|Young and Rep. [Tulsi Gabbard](/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard \"Tulsi Gabbard\") speaking in support of the [Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act](/wiki/Ending_Federal_Marijuana_Prohibition_Act \"Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act\") in 2019](/wiki/File:Tulsi_Gabbard_Don_Young_NORML_cannabis_legalization.jpg \"Tulsi Gabbard Don Young NORML cannabis legalization.jpg\")", "In May 2016, Young wrote a letter to the [Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/Clerk_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives \"Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives\") stating that for 25 years he had failed to disclose his inherited interest in a family farm in California on which he and other family members had signed oil and gas leases; Young said the omissions to his financial reporting were accidental.Nathaniel Hertz, [U.S. Rep. Don Young's ownership in his family's farm with gas leases wasn't disclosed for years](http://www.adn.com/politics/2016/08/28/u-s-rep-don-youngs-ownership-in-his-familys-farm-with-gas-leases-wasnt-disclosed-for-years/), *[Alaska Dispatch News](/wiki/Alaska_Dispatch_News \"Alaska Dispatch News\")*, August 28, 2016; retrieved August 29, 2016\\.", "On May 4, 2017, though he had indicated two months earlier that he would oppose repeal of the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\"), he voted for its repeal. Governor [Bill Walker](/wiki/Bill_Walker_%28American_politician%29 \"Bill Walker (American politician)\") said Alaska \"would be the most negatively affected if the proposed legislation is signed into law as is. Alaskans already pay the highest health care premiums in the country.\" U.S. Senator [Lisa Murkowski](/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski \"Lisa Murkowski\") opposed the removal of the provision in the act that eliminated discrimination against those with preexisting conditions, saying it was not \"what Alaskans are telling me they think is an acceptable response.\" It was estimated that annual policy costs for coverage under the state's exchange would rise by $12,599\\.Erica Martinson, \"How Don Young went from 'no' to 'yes' on the House health care bill\", *[Alaska Dispatch News](/wiki/Alaska_Dispatch_News \"Alaska Dispatch News\")*, May 4, 2017; retrieved May 5, 2017\\.", "In 2017, former [Speaker of the United States House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives \"Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\") [John Boehner](/wiki/John_Boehner \"John Boehner\") told *[Politico](/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")* that Young had once pinned him against a wall inside the House and held a 10\\-inch knife to his throat.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/blogs/in\\-the\\-know/in\\-the\\-know/357743\\-gop\\-lawmaker\\-once\\-held\\-a\\-knife\\-to\\-boehners\\-throat/\\|title\\=GOP lawmaker once held a knife to Boehner's throat\\|last\\=Thomsen\\|first\\=Jacqueline\\|date\\=October 29, 2017\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://politi.co/2zhDZXN\\|title\\=John Boehner Unchained\\|last\\=Alberta\\|first\\=Tim\\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]]\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rollcall.com/news/don\\-young\\-the\\-kodiak\\-bear\\-of\\-capitol\\-hill\\-video\\|title\\=Don Young: the Kodiak Bear of Capitol Hill (Video)\\|last1\\=Fuller\\|first1\\=Matt\\|date\\=October 16, 2014\\|website\\=Roll Call\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=February 1, 2020}}", "In September 2017, during a House floor debate on an amendment to the 2018 government spending package for [wildlife management](/wiki/Wildlife_management \"Wildlife management\") and [national preserves](/wiki/National_preserve \"National preserve\") in Alaska, Young made critical comments about Representative [Pramila Jayapal](/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal \"Pramila Jayapal\"), including calling the 51\\-year old Jayapal \"young lady\" and saying that she \"doesn't know a damn thing what she's talking about\" and that her speech on the amendment \"was really nonsense. It was written by an interest group\". The exchange led to a temporary suspension of proceedings: upon their resumption, Young acknowledged in an address to the floor that his comments were \"out of order\" and apologized to Jayapal; she accepted.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/08/politics/congressman\\-don\\-young\\-pramila\\-jayapal/index.html \\|title\\=Congressman: 'Young lady' colleague 'doesn't know a damn thing' \\|last\\=Gren \\|first\\=Miranda \\|date\\=September 8, 2017 \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2020}}", "Georgetown University's [McCourt School of Public Policy](/wiki/McCourt_School_of_Public_Policy \"McCourt School of Public Policy\") rated Young among the most bipartisan members of Congress for the 115th and 116th Congresses.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Lugar Center – McCourt School Bipartisan Index \\|url\\=https://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/2019%20BPI%20House%20Scores.pdf \\|publisher\\=Georgetown University \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2021}}", "#### 2021–2022", "On May 19, 2021, Young introduced H.R.3361, the [United States Ambassador at Large](/wiki/Ambassador-at-large%23United_States_ambassadors-at-large \"Ambassador-at-large#United States ambassadors-at-large\") for [Arctic](/wiki/Arctic \"Arctic\") Affairs Act of 2021, which would create a [presidentially appointed and Senate\\-confirmed](/wiki/List_of_positions_filled_by_presidential_appointment_with_Senate_confirmation \"List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation\") Ambassador at Large for Arctic Affairs who would represent the U.S. in matters relating to the Arctic before international bodies of which the U.S. is a member, foreign nations, and multilateral negotiations. No votes have been held on the bill.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th\\-congress/house\\-bill/3361/text?r\\=2\\&s\\=1 \\|title\\=H.R.3361 – United States Ambassador at Large for Arctic Affairs Act of 2021 \\|website\\=congress.gov \\|date\\=May 19, 2021 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Congress]] \\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2021}}{{cite report \\|author\\=((O'Rourke et al.)) \\|date\\=July 16, 2021 \\|title\\=Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress \\|url\\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Congressional Research Service]] \\|page\\=9 \\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2021}} On November 5, 2021, Young was among the 13 House Republicans to break with their party and vote with a majority of Democrats for the [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act](/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act \"Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Grayer \\|first\\=Annie \\|title\\=These 6 House Democrats voted against the infrastructure bill. These 13 Republicans voted for it.\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure\\-bill\\-house\\-democrats\\-voted\\-no\\-republicans\\-voted\\-yes/index.html\\|date\\=November 6, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=January 19, 2022\\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]]}} Former president [Donald J. Trump](/wiki/Donald_J._Trump \"Donald J. Trump\") castigated the 13 House Republicans who voted for the bill.[Republicans who voted for Biden's infrastructure bill come under fire from Trump](https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats-voted-no-republicans-voted-yes/index.html). *[CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\")*, Alex Rogers and Manu Raju, November 5, 2021\\. Retrieved January 19, 2021\\.", "At the time of his death, he was the oldest and longest\\-tenured member of Congress.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kizzia \\|first1\\=Tom \\|title\\=Gruff, warm, combustible, shrewd: For 49 years, Don Young's ideology was 'Alaska' \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2022/03/19/gruff\\-warm\\-combustible\\-shrewd\\-for\\-49\\-years\\-don\\-youngs\\-ideology\\-was\\-alaska/ \\|website\\=adn.com \\|publisher\\=Anchorage Daily News \\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2022}}", "" ]
Political positions ------------------- [thumb\|Congressman Donald Young visits the installation for the [F\-35](/wiki/F-35 "F-35") community showcase at [Eielson Air Force Base](/wiki/Eielson_Air_Force_Base "Eielson Air Force Base").](/wiki/File:U.S._Congressman_Donald_Young_visits_the_installation_for_the_F-35_community_showcase_at_Eielson_Air_Force_Base%2C_Alaska.jpg "U.S. Congressman Donald Young visits the installation for the F-35 community showcase at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska.jpg") ### Abortion Young believed that abortion should be legal only when the pregnancy is a result of incest or rape or when a woman's life is endangered by her pregnancy.{{cite web \|title\=Don Young on Abortion \|url\=https://www.ontheissues.org/house/Don\_Young\_Abortion.htm \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708021445/https://www.ontheissues.org/house/Don\_Young\_Abortion.htm \|archive\-date\=July 8, 2019 \|access\-date\=September 1, 2022 \|website\=OnTheIssues.org \|publisher\=On The Issues}} Young's views on abortion were largely [anti\-abortion](/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements "Anti-abortion movements") during his congressional career: he voted for the [Pain\-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act](/wiki/Pain-Capable_Unborn_Child_Protection_Act "Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act") while making exception for maternal endangerment and favored stripping federal funds from Planned Parenthood.{{Cite web \|last\=Bycoffe \|first\=Aaron \|date\=2017\-01\-30 \|title\=Tracking Congress In The Age Of Trump \|url\=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress\-trump\-score/ \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-01 \|website\=\[\[FiveThirtyEight]] \|language\=en}} On the other hand, Young did not oppose using [embryonic stem cells](/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell "Embryonic stem cell") in scientific research.{{Cite web \|title\=Don Young on the Issues \|url\=https://www.ontheissues.org/house/don\_young.htm \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-01 \|website\=www.ontheissues.org}} ### Arctic oil drilling When then\-U.S. president Donald Trump signed an executive order that rolled back Obama\-era restrictions on Arctic oil drilling, Young commended Trump for "recognizing the importance of development in the Arctic OCS".{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.ktuu.com/content/news/The\-Latest\-Trump\-signs\-order\-to\-expand\-ocean\-oil\-drilling\-420744503\.html\|title\=The Latest: Alaskans react to the executive order to expand ocean oil drilling\|last\=Sullivan\|first\=Associated Press / Leroy Polk / Sidney\|access\-date\=May 14, 2017\|language\=en}} The [Arctic Refuge drilling controversy](/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy "Arctic Refuge drilling controversy") repeatedly brought Young into the national spotlight. He was a longstanding supporter of opening lands within the [Arctic National Wildlife Refuge](/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge") to [oil exploration](/wiki/Oil_exploration "Oil exploration"). He included provisions to that effect in 12 bills that have passed the House,[Rep. Young Comments on Governor Parnell's Exploration Proposal for ANWR 1002 Area](http://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=334674), donyoung.house.gov but [environmentalists](/wiki/Environmentalists "Environmentalists") concerned with the impact of road\-building, pipelines and other development on the [Arctic tundra](/wiki/Arctic_tundra "Arctic tundra") landscape have successfully defeated such legislation in the Senate.[Amendment to open ANWR fails in U.S. Senate](http://www.newsminer.com/amendment-to-open-anwr-fails-in-u-s-senate/article_c3ce9d67-939c-573f-96d6-aee2d0adcdcd.html), Matt Buxton, [Fairbanks Daily News\-Miner](/wiki/Fairbanks_Daily_News-Miner "Fairbanks Daily News-Miner"), March 14, 2012\. ### Arts funding Young questioned public funding of the arts,{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.politico.com/story/2014/10/don\-young\-suicide\-government\-handouts\-112131\|title\=Young: Gov't handouts cause suicide\|work\=\[\[Politico]]\|access\-date\=May 15, 2017}} but in his later years supported legislation increasing funding for the [National Endowment for the Arts](/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts "National Endowment for the Arts") (NEA).{{cite web\|url\=https://news.artnet.com/art\-world/federal\-spending\-bill\-nea\-neh\-1251614\|title\=Trump Signs a New Spending Bill That Increases Funding for the NEA and NEH, Despite Threats to Veto\|date\=March 23, 2018\|website\=artnet News\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=January 18, 2019}} At an assembly at [Fairbanks](/wiki/Fairbanks "Fairbanks")' West Valley High School in 1995, Young was answering questions about cutting federal funding for the arts. He said that such funding had "photographs of people doing offensive things", and "things that are absolutely ridiculous." When asked for an example, Young quickly replied "[buttfucking](/wiki/Anal_sex "Anal sex")", in reference to [Robert Mapplethorpe](/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe "Robert Mapplethorpe")'s photographic exhibition *[The Perfect Moment](/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe%23The_Perfect_Moment_%281989_solo_exhibit_tour%29 "Robert Mapplethorpe#The Perfect Moment (1989 solo exhibit tour)")*.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/20130329/look\-back\-don\-youngs\-illustrious\-history\-pissing\-americans\|title\=A look back at Don Young's illustrious history of pissing off Americans\|last\=Medred\|first\=Craig\|date\=March 29, 2013\|work\=Alaska Dispatch\|access\-date\=March 31, 2013}} After receiving criticism for the use of that obscenity, Young explained his choice of words by saying he had tried "to educate" teens.[Young's Vulgarity Jars Teens](http://www.donyoungshistory.com/westvalleyassembly.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026102315/http://www.donyoungshistory.com/westvalleyassembly.html \|date\=October 26, 2015 }}, *[Anchorage Daily News](/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News "Anchorage Daily News") (AP)*, April 23, 1995\. Retrieved August 27, 2016\. ### Bridges #### "Bridge to Nowhere" In 2005, Young and Stevens earmarked $223 million for building the [Gravina Island Bridge](/wiki/Gravina_Island_Bridge "Gravina Island Bridge") from [Ketchikan](/wiki/Ketchikan "Ketchikan") to [Gravina Island](/wiki/Gravina_Island "Gravina Island"), which also contains Ketchikan's airport. The bridge would be used for access by emergency vehicles, as well as passengers. There is a small ferry for cars and passengers that travels the {{convert\|.25\|mi\|adj\=on}} crossing in three to seven minutes and runs every half\-hour. Critics assailed this as [pork barrel](/wiki/Pork_barrel "Pork barrel") spending at taxpayers' expense and *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* quoted Keith Ashdown, spokesman for the [Taxpayers for Common Sense](/wiki/Taxpayers_for_Common_Sense "Taxpayers for Common Sense"): "It's a gold\-plated bridge to nowhere." "At a time when we have bridges and roads crumbling around the United States, and traffic congestion worse than ever, why build a $200 million project that will serve only a few hundred people?"[Built With Steel, Perhaps, but Greased With Pork](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/10/us/built-with-steel-perhaps-but-greased-with-pork.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, Timothy Egan, April 10, 2004\. Retrieved October 24, 2020\.['Bridge to Nowhere' Timeline by ProPublica](https://www.propublica.org/article/bridge-to-nowhere-timeline) , *[ProPublica](/wiki/ProPublica "ProPublica")*, September 24, 2008\. Retrieved October 18, 2020\. The Gravina Island Bridge was awarded a Golden Fleece Award by that organization in 2003\.{{citation\|title\=Golden Fleece: $190 Million Bridge to Nowhere\|date\=June 9, 2003\|url\=http://www.taxpayer.net/user\_uploads/file/Awards/GoldenFleece/gravina.pdf\|access\-date\=June 21, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051548/http://www.taxpayer.net/user\_uploads/file/Awards/GoldenFleece/gravina.pdf\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} After criticism from citizens and others in Congress, lawmakers de\-funded the bridge and instead funneled the money to the [Alaska Department of Transportation](/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Transportation "Alaska Department of Transportation"), allowing the [governor of Alaska](/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska "Governor of Alaska") to build the [Gravina Island Highway](/wiki/Gravina_Island_Highway "Gravina Island Highway") after the Alaska legislature funded the project with the directed monies.{{cite news\|url\=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/08/09/bridges/index\_np.html\|title\=A bridge to nowhere\|last\=Clarren\|first\=Rebecca\|date\=August 9, 2005\|work\=\[\[Salon.com\|Salon]]\|access\-date\=June 7, 2007\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205092424/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/08/09/bridges/index\_np.html\|archive\-date\=February 5, 2007}} #### Knik Arm bridge The [Knik Arm Bridge](/wiki/Knik_Arm_Bridge "Knik Arm Bridge") was earmarked in the bill connects Anchorage to [Point Mackenzie](/wiki/Point_MacKenzie%2C_Alaska "Point MacKenzie, Alaska"), a lightly populated area in the [Matanuska\-Susitna Borough](/wiki/Matanuska-Susitna_Borough "Matanuska-Susitna Borough") that is less than four miles (6 km) across [Cook Inlet](/wiki/Cook_Inlet "Cook Inlet") from downtown [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage "Anchorage").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/22/us/22brfs\-ENDSOUGHTFOR\_BRF.html\|title\=Alaska: End Sought For 'bridge To Nowhere'\|date\=September 22, 2007\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]}} Anchorage is accessible from Point Mackenzie only by an {{convert\|80\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} route around [Knik Arm](/wiki/Knik_Arm "Knik Arm"), much of which was an unimproved road. The demise of this second bridge project has been suggested for years.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.taxpayer.net/library/article/final\-days\-of\-don\-youngs\-way\|title\=Final Days of Don Young's Way?\|date\=June 9, 2008\|publisher\=Taxpayers for Common Sense}} Part of the concern about the bridge is that if it were built, it would significantly enhance the value of property in which Young's son\-in\-law owned an interest.{{cite news\|url\=http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/story/7296442p\-7208142c.html\|title\=Bridge would help Young's son\-in\-law\|last\=Mauer\|first\=Richard\|date\=December 19, 2005\|work\=\[\[Anchorage Daily News]]\|quote\=To state Board of Fisheries chairman Art Nelson, Don Young's Way, the proposed Knik Arm crossing named after his father\-in\-law, is hardly a bridge to nowhere. For Nelson and his well\-connected partners in Point Bluff LLC, Rep. Don Young's span is in fact a bridge to somewhere: their 60 acres of unobstructed view property on the Point MacKenzie side of Cook Inlet.\|access\-date\=October 31, 2008\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505134608/http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/story/7296442p\-7208142c.html\|archive\-date\=May 5, 2008}} Young was listed as the third\-worst congressman by *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")*, and dubbed "Mr. Pork" due to his involvement in the [Gravina Island](/wiki/Gravina_Island_Bridge "Gravina Island Bridge") "Bridge to Nowhere". ### Cannabis [thumb\|Don Young with a cannabis plant at a facility in Alaska in 2019](/wiki/File:Don_Young_with_a_pot_plant.jpg "Don Young with a pot plant.jpg") Young supported a number of efforts to reform [cannabis](/wiki/Cannabis "Cannabis") laws in Congress. In 2019 he introduced the [Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act](/wiki/Ending_Federal_Marijuana_Prohibition_Act "Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act") to remove cannabis from the [Controlled Substances Act](/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act "Controlled Substances Act").{{cite news \|last1\=Rodrigo \|first1\=Chris Mills \|title\=Tulsi Gabbard, Don Young introduce marijuana reform bill \|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/433116\-gabbard\-don\-young\-introduce\-marijuana\-reform\-bill/ \|access\-date\=December 23, 2020 \|work\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]] \|date\=March 7, 2019}}{{cite press release \|date\=March 8, 2019 \|title\=Representatives Don Young and Tulsi Gabbard Introduce Landmark Bipartisan Marijuana Reform \|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=399291 \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|publisher\=house.gov \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105063914/https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=399291 \|archive\-date\=January 5, 2022 \|url\-status\=dead}} Other legislation Young introduced includes the [CARERS Act](/wiki/CARERS_Act "CARERS Act") in 2015 (to [reschedule cannabis](/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act "Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act") under the Controlled Substances Act){{cite press release \|last\=Shuckerow \|first\=Matthew \|date\=March 24, 2015 \|title\=Congressmen Young Introduces Bipartisan Legislation to Increase States' Rights to Regulate Medical Marijuana \|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=398181 \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|publisher\=house.gov \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319195146/https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=398181 \|archive\-date\=March 19, 2022 \|url\-status\=dead}} and the [SAFE Banking Act](/wiki/SAFE_Banking_Act "SAFE Banking Act") in 2017 (to improve access to banking services for cannabis businesses).{{cite press release \|last\=Shuckerow \|first\=Matthew \|date\=April 27, 2017 \|title\=Bipartisan Group in U.S. House Introduce Marijuana\-Related Banking Legislation \|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=398930 \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|publisher\=house.gov \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911095404/https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=398930 \|archive\-date\=September 11, 2021 \|url\-status\=dead}} In February 2017, Young launched the [Congressional Cannabis Caucus](/wiki/Congressional_Cannabis_Caucus "Congressional Cannabis Caucus") with Representatives [Earl Blumenauer](/wiki/Earl_Blumenauer "Earl Blumenauer"), [Dana Rohrabacher](/wiki/Dana_Rohrabacher "Dana Rohrabacher"), and [Jared Polis](/wiki/Jared_Polis "Jared Polis").{{cite news \|last1\=Martinson \|first1\=Erica \|title\=Alaska Rep. Young is a founding member of the U.S. House Cannabis Caucus \|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2017/02/16/alaskas\-don\-young\-is\-a\-founding\-member\-of\-the\-bipartisan\-u\-s\-house\-cannabis\-caucus/ \|access\-date\=December 16, 2019 \|work\=Anchorage Daily News \|date\=February 16, 2017}}{{cite press release \|last\=Shuckerow \|first\=Matthew \|date\=February 16, 2017 \|title\=Bipartisan Group Launches Congressional Cannabis Caucus \|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=398850 \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|publisher\=house.gov \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129123711/https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=398850 \|archive\-date\=November 29, 2021 \|url\-status\=dead}} He toured several cannabis facilities in Alaska in October 2019\.{{cite news \|last1\=Landfield \|first1\=Jeff \|title\=Congressman Don Young tours Alaska's budding marijuana joints \|url\=https://alaskalandmine.com/landmines/congressman\-don\-young\-tours\-alaskas\-budding\-marijuana\-joints/ \|access\-date\=December 16, 2019 \|work\=The Alaska Landmine \|date\=October 10, 2019}} In 2020, Young was one of only five House Republicans to vote for the [Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act](/wiki/Marijuana_Opportunity_Reinvestment_and_Expungement_%28MORE%29_Act "Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act").{{cite news \|title\=Alaska Rep. Don Young among few House Republicans to join Democrats in vote to decriminalize marijuana at federal level \|url\=https://www.adn.com/nation\-world/2020/12/04/house\-votes\-to\-decriminalize\-marijuana\-at\-federal\-level\-as\-republicans\-resist/ \|access\-date\=December 23, 2020 \|work\=Anchorage Daily News \|date\=December 4, 2020}}{{cite news \|title\=Alaska's Young among 5 in GOP who voted to decriminalize pot \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/alaska\-don\-young\-bills\-marijuana\-b8f0d6f860b8da4e3795bfc4e2438fdd \|access\-date\=December 23, 2020 \|work\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|date\=December 7, 2020}} The act aimed to "correct the historical injustices of failed drug policies that have disproportionately impacted communities of color"; it included provisions to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act, impose a federal tax on cannabis products, and use the proceeds of the tax to fund restorative justice programs.{{cite press release \|date\=December 4, 2020 \|title\=Chairman Nadler Applauds Historic House Passage of H.R. 3884, the MORE Act \|url\=https://nadler.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=394469 \|location\=Washington, D.C. \|publisher\=house.gov}} In 2021, Young introduced the Gun Rights and Marijuana (GRAM) Act to allow the ownership of firearms by people who use cannabis in accordance with state law.{{cite news \|last1\=Hersey \|first1\=Linda F. \|title\=Don Young bill aims to protect gun rights of cannabis users \|url\=https://www.newsminer.com/news/alaska\_news/don\-young\-bill\-aims\-to\-protect\-gun\-rights\-of\-cannabis\-users/article\_b76c5164\-a647\-11eb\-b103\-dfc35992ca32\.html \|access\-date\=May 17, 2021 \|work\=Fairbanks Daily News\-Miner \|date\=April 26, 2021}}{{cite news \|last1\=Adlin \|first1\=Ben \|title\=GOP Congressman's Bill Would Protect Marijuana Consumers' 2nd Amendment Rights \|url\=https://www.marijuanamoment.net/gop\-congressmans\-bill\-would\-protect\-marijuana\-consumers\-2nd\-amendment\-rights/ \|access\-date\=May 17, 2021 \|work\=Marijuana Moment \|date\=April 23, 2021}} Also in 2021, Young introduced the Cannabis Reform for Veterans, Small Businesses, and Medical Professionals Act to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act and direct federal agencies to develop regulations for cannabis similar to alcohol.{{cite news \|last1\=Eaton \|first1\=Sabrina \|title\=Rep. Dave Joyce, former prosecutor, introduces bill to take marijuana off the federal controlled substances list \|url\=https://www.cleveland.com/open/2021/05/rep\-dave\-joyce\-former\-prosecutor\-introduces\-bill\-to\-take\-marijuana\-off\-the\-federal\-controlled\-substances\-list.html \|access\-date\=May 17, 2021 \|work\=cleveland.com \|date\=May 15, 2021}}{{cite news \|last1\=Jaeger \|first1\=Kyle \|title\=Congressional Bill To Federally Legalize Marijuana Filed By Republican Lawmakers \|url\=https://www.marijuanamoment.net/congressional\-bill\-to\-federally\-legalize\-marijuana\-filed\-by\-republican\-lawmakers/ \|access\-date\=May 17, 2021 \|work\=Marijuana Moment \|date\=May 12, 2021}} Later in 2021 he was one of four original cosponsors of the Republican\-led States Reform Act to legalize cannabis federally.{{cite news \|last1\=Byrd \|first1\=Caitlin \|title\=SC Congresswoman Nancy Mace unveils GOP bill to legalize marijuana at federal level \|url\=https://www.thestate.com/news/politics\-government/article255830711\.html \|access\-date\=November 15, 2021 \|work\=The State \|date\=November 15, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203003812/https://www.thestate.com/news/politics\-government/article255830711\.html \|archive\-date\=December 3, 2021}} ### Civil liberties Young voted for the [Civil Liberties Act of 1988](/wiki/Civil_Liberties_Act_of_1988 "Civil Liberties Act of 1988"), which provided reparations for [Japanese Americans](/wiki/Japanese_Americans "Japanese Americans") imprisoned by the U.S. government during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). He attended Reagan's official signing ceremony for the bill.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.pacificcitizen.org/remembering\-h\-r\-442\-on\-its\-30th\-anniversary/ \|title\=Remembering H.R. 442 on its 30th anniversary – Pacific Citizen \|publisher\=Pacificcitizen.org \|date\=August 10, 1988 \|accessdate\=March 19, 2022}} Young also voted for the [Civil Rights Act of 1991](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1991 "Civil Rights Act of 1991"), which clarified the 1964 civil rights act in response to several controversial [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court "U.S. Supreme Court") cases.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/102\-1991/h386\|title\=S. 1745 (102nd): Civil Rights Act of 1991\|website\=govtrack.us\|date\=September 17, 1987\|access\-date\=November 8, 2021}} ### Climate change {{blockquote\|October is National Energy Awareness Month, and the topic of energy production and its role in driving climate change — very rightfully — is as important a topic as ever. While the United States is leading the way in developing energy in significantly cleaner ways than countries like Russia, Venezuela and China, Democrats continue to promote a policy agenda that would cripple our economy and cause energy prices to skyrocket for American families.\|Don Young, October 31, 2019 in ''\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]]''}} Young had previously said that he did not believe in anthropogenic climate change and that the idea of global warming is "the biggest scam since the [Teapot Dome](/wiki/Teapot_Dome "Teapot Dome")."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion\-la/la\-ol\-alaska\-climate\-change\-20120918\-photo.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721143245/http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion\-la/la\-ol\-alaska\-climate\-change\-20120918\-photo.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 21, 2014\|title\=Alaska\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|website\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|access\-date\=May 15, 2017}} Despite these public statements, Young signed a letter to Speaker [Nancy Pelosi](/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi "Nancy Pelosi") and Minority Leader [Kevin McCarthy](/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy "Kevin McCarthy") that recognized the urgency behind combating climate change, writing, "We are confronting multiple and intersecting crises—the COVID\-19 pandemic, an economy in turmoil, societal injustice, and, above all, the climate crisis—all of which demand swift and bold action."{{cite web\|last\=Dingell, Fitzpatrick, Young, and Tonko\|first\=Debbie\|date\=\|title\=Letter to House Leadership on Energy Innovator\|url\=https://debbiedingell.house.gov/uploadedfiles/final\_support\_leadership\_letter\_on\_cesa\_20210601\.pdf\|website\=U.S. Representative Debbie Dingell}} Young voted for the FY 2019 National Defense Authorization Act, which identifies climate change as a national security threat.{{cite web \|last1\=Werrell \|first1\=Caitlin \|last2\=Femia \|first2\=Francesco \|title\=U.S. Congress Addresses Climate Change and Security in the Latest Defense Bill \|url\=https://climateandsecurity.org/2018/08/13/u\-s\-congress\-addresses\-climate\-change\-and\-security\-in\-the\-latest\-defense\-bill/ \|website\=The Center for Climate \& Security \|access\-date\=November 13, 2020 \|date\=August 13, 2018}} In a 2019 op\-ed in *[The Hill](/wiki/The_Hill_%28newspaper%29 "The Hill (newspaper)")*, Young took a conciliatory position on climate change, and called for policy changes that could reduce carbon emissions.{{cite web\|url\=https://thehill.com/blogs/congress\-blog/energy\-environment/468171\-net\-zero\-emissions\-the\-math\-doesnt\-add\-up/\|title\=Net zero emissions — the math doesn't add up\|last\=Jordan\|first\=Chuck\|date\=October 31, 2019\|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]]\|language\=en\|access\-date\=February 9, 2020}} Young voted for the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act,{{cite web\|url\=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2019/roll095\.xml\|title\=Final Vote Results For Roll Call 95\|date\=February 26, 2019\|website\=Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives}} which included permanent reauthorization of the [Land and Water Conservation Fund](/wiki/Land_and_Water_Conservation_Fund "Land and Water Conservation Fund").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.conservationfund.org/news/press\-releases/2008\-land\-and\-water\-conservation\-fund\-permanently\-reestablished\|title\=Land And Water Conservation Fund Permanently Reestablished\|website\=The Conservation Fund\|language\=en\-gb\|access\-date\=October 26, 2019}} Young supported exempting the [Tongass National Forest](/wiki/Tongass_National_Forest "Tongass National Forest") from the [Roadless Rule](/wiki/Roadless_area_conservation "Roadless area conservation"), saying, "An exemption will not only bring great economic benefit to Alaska but will also help bolster the long\-term health of the Tongass National Forest. The Tongass is an invaluable natural resource and it requires active management. Unfortunately, the Roadless Rule has only prevented Alaskans from responsibly utilizing our resources."{{cite web\|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=401408\|title\=Congressman Don Young\|date\=August 28, 2019\|website\=Congressman Don Young\|access\-date\=October 26, 2019}} Young supported an increase in the federal gasoline tax to keep pace with the continued rise in gasoline efficiency of automobiles.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.alaskajournal.com/2016\-04\-06/young\-speaks\-out\-gop\-race\-gas\-taxes\-drug\-policy\|title\=Young speaks out on GOP race, gas taxes, drug policy\|last\=Jensen\|first\=Andrew\|date\=April 6, 2016\|website\=Alaska Journal\|language\=en\|access\-date\=October 27, 2019}} ### COVID\-19 {{see also\|COVID\-19 misinformation\|Corona (beer)\#COVID\-19 pandemic}} At a town hall in [Palmer, Alaska](/wiki/Palmer%2C_Alaska "Palmer, Alaska"), on March 13, 2020,{{cite news \|author1\=Tim Rockey \|title\=Congressman speaks to Chambers of Commerce at Mat\-Su Senior Center \|url\=https://www.frontiersman.com/news/coronavirus/congressman\-speaks\-to\-chambers\-of\-commerce\-at\-mat\-su\-senior/article\_aec3df7c\-6832\-11ea\-aea0\-f3dd1e60bb35\.html \|access\-date\=November 17, 2020 \|work\=Mat\-Su Valley Frontiersman \|date\=March 17, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320094710/https://www.frontiersman.com/news/coronavirus/congressman\-speaks\-to\-chambers\-of\-commerce\-at\-mat\-su\-senior/article\_aec3df7c\-6832\-11ea\-aea0\-f3dd1e60bb35\.html \|archive\-date\=March 20, 2020 \|language\=en\-US \|url\-status\=live}} Young said of the pandemic, "This is blown out of proportion about how deadly this is. He continued, "It's deadly but it's not nearly as deadly as the other viruses we have ... I call it the hysteria concept", as well calling it the "beer virus" (referencing the similarly\-named [Corona beer](/wiki/Corona_beer "Corona beer")). Young later clarified that he was attempting to urge calm.{{cite web\|date\=March 19, 2020\|title\=Rep. Don Young tells Alaska seniors 'beer virus' fears are overblown, skips vote on COVID\-19 relief\|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/03/19/rep\-don\-young\-tells\-alaska\-seniors\-beer\-virus\-fears\-are\-overblown\-skips\-vote\-on\-covid\-19\-relief/\|access\-date\=November 23, 2020\|website\=Anchorage Daily News\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319063214/https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/03/19/rep\-don\-young\-tells\-alaska\-seniors\-beer\-virus\-fears\-are\-overblown\-skips\-vote\-on\-covid\-19\-relief/\|archive\-date\=March 19, 2020\|url\-status\=live}} On March 17, 2020, as the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") spread rapidly in the U.S., he missed the vote on a $2 trillion bill to deal with pandemic, instead attending a [National Rifle Association of America](/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America "National Rifle Association of America") fundraiser.{{cite web\|last\=Hopkins \|first\=Kyle \|url\=https://www.propublica.org/article/a\-congressman\-skipped\-the\-coronavirus\-relief\-vote\-instead\-he\-went\-home\-to\-tell\-senior\-citizens\-to\-blame\-mass\-media \|title\=A Congressman Skipped the Coronavirus Relief Vote. Instead, He Went Home to Tell Senior Citizens to Blame Mass Media. — ProPublica \|publisher\=Propublica.org \|date\=March 19, 2020 \|accessdate\=March 19, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319222005/https://www.propublica.org/article/a\-congressman\-skipped\-the\-coronavirus\-relief\-vote\-instead\-he\-went\-home\-to\-tell\-senior\-citizens\-to\-blame\-mass\-media \|archive\-date\=March 19, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} As public awareness of the pandemic's severity grew, Young walked back his comments. By March 25, in a video message, he said the impact of COVID\-19 is "very real, growing", and was reshaping our daily lives. Urging Americans to stay home, he continued, "Weeks ago, I did not truly grasp the severity of this crisis, but clearly we are in the midst of an urgent public health emergency."['Arrogant' and 'ashamed': The coronavirus mea culpas from people who once thought it was no big deal](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/03/27/coronavirus-apologies/), *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, Meagan Flynn, March 27, 2020\. Retrieved November 12, 2000\. On November 6, 2020, Young was photographed maskless at a birthday party for a staff member in an Anchorage restaurant. Numerous well\-known political operatives who attended, including former Lieutenant Governor [Mead Treadwell](/wiki/Mead_Treadwell "Mead Treadwell"), soon tested positive for [COVID\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19").{{cite web \|last1\=Choi \|first1\=Joseph \|title\=Alaska Congressman Don Young tests positive for COVID\-19 \|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/525754\-alaska\-rep\-don\-young\-positive\-for\-covid\-19/ \|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]] \|date\=November 12, 2020 \|publisher\=Capitol Hill Publishing Corp. \|access\-date\=November 13, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113030726/https://thehill.com/homenews/news/525754\-alaska\-rep\-don\-young\-positive\-for\-covid\-19 \|archive\-date\=November 13, 2020 \|url\-status\=live}} On November 12, Young was diagnosed with COVID\-19\. He was admitted to [Providence Alaska Medical Center](/wiki/Providence_Alaska_Medical_Center "Providence Alaska Medical Center") in Anchorage that day and released on November 15, writing, "Very frankly, I had not felt this sick in a very long time, and I am grateful to everyone who has kept me in their thoughts and prayers." He confirmed to a *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* reporter that "many" of his campaign staff had been infected, as well as his wife, who he said was asymptomatic.[Rep. Young released from hospital and recovering from COVID\-19](https://www.alaskapublic.org/2020/11/16/rep-young-released-from-hospital-recovering-from-covid-19/), *[Alaska Public Media](/wiki/Alaska_Public_Media "Alaska Public Media")*, Liz Ruskin, November 16, 2020\. Retrieved November 17, 2020\. ### Donald Trump During the 2016 Republican presidential primary, Young originally supported [Jeb Bush](/wiki/Jeb_Bush "Jeb Bush"), and later [John Kasich](/wiki/John_Kasich "John Kasich").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/article/don\-young\-opens\-presidential\-election\-and\-progressive\-mind\-control/2016/04/03/\|title\=Rep. Don Young reveals his choice for president\|date\=April 3, 2016\|work\=Alaska Dispatch News\|access\-date\=May 14, 2017\|language\=en\-US}} In April 2016, he said, "I'm not supporting Donald Trump", and when asked about Trump's success in the primaries, said that it was due to "a bunch of idiots following a pied piper over the edge of the cliff" and that he blamed the people who voted for Trump.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.alaskapublic.org/2016/04/06/rep\-young\-blames\-bunch\-of\-idiots\-for\-choosing\-trump\|title\=Rep. Young blames 'bunch of idiots' for Trump phenomenom\|last\=Media\|first\=Liz Ruskin, Alaska Public\|website\=Alaska Public Media\|date\=April 7, 2016\|access\-date\=May 14, 2017}} By December 2016, he was more supportive of Trump's accomplishments and proposed policies.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ktoo.org/2016/12/29/alaskas\-don\-young\-changes\-course\-striking\-trump\-like\-note\-reflects\-2016/\|title\=Alaska's Don Young strikes Trump\-like note reflecting on 2016\|first\=Liz \|last\=Ruskin\|date\=December 29, 2016\|website\=KTOO\|access\-date\=May 14, 2017}} In September 2019, Young called the investigation and the Trump impeachment inquiry "a waste of time". He voted against the [first](/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment of Donald Trump"){{cite web\|last\=O'Key \|first\=Sean \|url\=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/12/politics/house\-impeachment\-vote/ \|title\=How each member of the House of Representatives voted on impeachment \|publisher\=\[\[CNN]] \|date\=December 18, 2019 \|accessdate\=March 19, 2022}} and [second](/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment of Donald Trump") impeachments of Trump.{{cite web\|last\=Brooks \|first\=James \|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2021/01/13/alaska\-rep\-don\-young\-votes\-against\-president\-trumps\-second\-impeachment/ \|title\=Alaska Rep. Don Young votes against President Trump's second impeachment \|publisher\=Adn.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=March 19, 2022}} ### Joe Biden [thumb\|Congressman Young joins President Biden and Alaska senators [Lisa Murkowski](/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski "Lisa Murkowski") and [Dan Sullivan](/wiki/Senator_Dan_Sullivan "Senator Dan Sullivan") in the Oval Office as he signs Young's Alaska Tourism Restoration Act into law.](/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_signs_the_Alaska_Tourism_Restoration_Act_into_law.jpg "President Joe Biden signs the Alaska Tourism Restoration Act into law.jpg") On November 7, 2020, Young was one of the first Republicans to acknowledge and congratulate [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") on his victory in the [2020 presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/11/07/alaska\-rep\-young\-biden\-it\-is\-time\-to\-put\-the\-election\-behind\-us/\|title\=Alaska Rep. Don Young on Biden win: 'It is time to put the election behind us'\|date\=November 7, 2020\|website\=Anchorage Daily News}} On January 6, 2021, Young affirmed Biden's victory by voting against the objections to [counting electoral votes](/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2021 United States Electoral College vote count") from Arizona and Pennsylvania.{{cite web\|url\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/202110\|title\=Roll Call 10 Roll Call 10, MOTION, 117th Congress, 1st Session\|date\=January 6, 2021\|website\=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives}}{{cite web\|url\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/202111\|title\=Roll Call 11 Roll Call 11, MOTION, 117th Congress, 1st Session\|date\=January 7, 2021\|website\=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives}} Young was a strong supporter of Biden's nominee for United States Secretary of the Interior, [Deb Haaland](/wiki/Deb_Haaland "Deb Haaland"). He called Haaland, a Democrat, a friend and said it was "a long time overdue" for the U.S. to have a Native American interior secretary.{{cite news \|last1\=Fears \|first1\=Darryl \|title\=Hearing for Haaland, first Native American pick to run Interior Dept., focuses on fossil fuels \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate\-environment/2021/02/23/deb\-haaland\-interior\-secretary\-hearing/ \|access\-date\=February 24, 2021 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|date\=February 24, 2021}}{{cite web\|last\=Noisecat\|first\=Julian Brave\|title\=What a Joe Biden Cabinet Pick Might Mean for Native Americans—and Democrats\|url\=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/11/30/deb\-haaland\-native\-americans\-interior\-biden\-440916\|access\-date\=February 27, 2021\|website\=\[\[Politico]]\|date\=November 30, 2020 \|language\=en}} Haaland asked Young to introduce her at her confirmation hearing before the [United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources "United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources"). Senator [Joe Manchin](/wiki/Joe_Manchin "Joe Manchin"), a crucial swing vote, cited Young's support of Haaland as a reason for his support.{{cite web\|date\=February 24, 2021\|title\=Manchin Will Vote To Confirm Haaland\|url\=https://www.energy.senate.gov/2021/2/manchin\-will\-vote\-to\-confirm\-haaland\|access\-date\=February 27, 2021\|website\=U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources\|language\=en}} As of October 2021, Young had voted in line with [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")'s stated position 30\.6% of the time.{{cite web \|last1\=Bycoffe \|first1\=Anna Wiederkehr and Aaron \|title\=Does Your Member Of Congress Vote With Or Against Biden? \|url\=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden\-congress\-votes/don\-young/\|website\=\[\[FiveThirtyEight]] \|access\-date\=October 27, 2021 \|language\=en \|date\=October 22, 2021}} ### Environmental regulation Young said he believed the [Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency "United States Environmental Protection Agency") should not regulate [greenhouse gases](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas "Greenhouse gas"), and that it kills jobs.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.politico.com/story/2012/03/obamas\-epa\-is\-a\-jobs\-killer\-074072\|title\=Obama's EPA is a jobs killer\|work\=\[\[Politico]]\|access\-date\=May 15, 2017}} He said, "Environmentalists are a self\-centered bunch of waffle\-stomping, Harvard\-graduating, intellectual idiots" who "are not Americans, never have been Americans, never will be Americans." But Young supported omnibus spending bills that maintain current EPA funding levels despite calls from the Trump Administration to cut such funding.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060077131\|title\=APPROPRIATIONS: Omnibus rejects big EPA cuts, hikes Energy and Interior funds\|website\=www.eenews.net\|language\=en\|access\-date\=January 18, 2019}} In 2019, Young and [Debbie Dingell](/wiki/Debbie_Dingell "Debbie Dingell") introduced legislation providing for a long\-term reauthorization of the [National Fish and Wildlife Foundation](/wiki/National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Foundation "National Fish and Wildlife Foundation").{{cite web\|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=401438\|title\=Congressman Don Young\|date\=October 24, 2019\|website\=Congressman Don Young\|access\-date\=October 27, 2019}} ### Healthcare legislation Young said he wanted to see a clean repeal of the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act "Affordable Care Act") (ACA),{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2017/03/24/don\-young\-canceling\-the\-health\-care\-vote\-was\-a\-victory\-for\-alaska/\|title\=Don Young: Canceling the health care vote was a 'victory for Alaska'\|date\=March 25, 2017\|work\=Alaska Dispatch News\|access\-date\=May 11, 2017\|language\=en\-US}} but said in March 2017 that he would not vote on an earlier version of the AHCA (a healthcare plan to repeal and revise parts of the ACA) because it would have too negative an impact on health care costs in Alaska. According to the [Center on Budget and Policy Priorities](/wiki/Center_on_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities "Center on Budget and Policy Priorities"), the AHCA would raise health care costs in Alaska more than in any other state, and by 2020, on average Alaskans would receive $10,243 less per year under the AHCA compared to the ACA for the same coverage, almost double the cost increase of any other state (the next being North Carolina with consumers receiving $5,360 less per year).{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2017/03/10/what\-the\-new\-house\-healthcare\-plan\-means\-for\-alaska/\|title\=What the House health care plan means for Alaska\|date\=March 11, 2017\|work\=Alaska Dispatch News\|access\-date\=May 11, 2017\|language\=en\-US}} Young said, "Nothing in this new bill addressed the real problems of health care." The AHCA would also stop the Medicaid expansion [Obamacare](/wiki/Obamacare "Obamacare") provided, which gives health coverage to more than 27,000 of Young's constituents, about 3\.7% of the Alaska population. For those reasons, Young was a key House member preventing the AHCA from going to a vote. When the AHCA did not pass, Young said it was a "victory for Alaska". But despite those statements, and being officially "undecided" because of the disproportionate impact on Alaskans, Young voted for the AHCA on May 4, 2017, without any significant changes to improving Alaska subsidies.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2017/05/04/don\-young\-votes\-yes\-as\-house\-passes\-obamacare\-replacement/\|title\=How Don Young went from no to yes on the House health care bill\|date\=May 4, 2017\|work\=Alaska Dispatch News\|access\-date\=May 11, 2017\|language\=en\-US}} An organization called Save My Care spent $500,000 to release a series of attack ads against 24 House members who voted for the AHCA, including one about Young that decried his vote, claiming it would raise health care costs for Alaskans.{{Cite news\|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/332352\-liberal\-group\-funds\-500k\-in\-attack\-ads\-after\-healthcare\-vote/\|title\=Liberal group funds $500K in attack ads after healthcare vote\|last\=Sommer\|first\=Will\|date\=May 8, 2017\|work\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]]\|access\-date\=May 11, 2017}}{{Citation\|last\=Save My Care\|title\=Disastrous AK 01 Young Don\|date\=May 7, 2017\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=X48Sw2jv4\_o \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/X48Sw2jv4\_o\| archive\-date\=December 12, 2021 \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=May 11, 2017}}{{cbignore}} ### Gay rights In 2007, Young voted against the [Employment Non\-Discrimination Act](/wiki/Employment_Non-Discrimination_Act "Employment Non-Discrimination Act") (E.N.D.A.). In a 2014 debate, he said he would "probably" vote for E.N.D.A.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/31/don\-young\-lgbt\-enda\_n\_6079918\.html\|title\=Don Young Says He'd 'Probably' Vote For ENDA\|last\=Sheppard\|first\=Kate\|date\=October 31, 2014\|work\=\[\[HuffPost]]\|access\-date\=May 15, 2017\|language\=en\-US}} In 2015, Young was one of 60 Republicans voting to uphold President Barack Obama’s 2014 executive order banning federal contractors from making hiring decisions that discriminate based on [sexual orientation](/wiki/Sexual_orientation "Sexual orientation") or [gender identity](/wiki/Gender_identity "Gender identity").{{Cite web \|title\=Final Vote Results For Roll Call 326 \|url\=https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2015/roll326\.xml \|website\=Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives}} In 2015, Young issued a statement saying that while he believed marriage should be between a man and a woman, he recognizes that the law is settled on this issue, and stated that he accepts the Supreme Court decision ruling [same\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage "Same-sex marriage") bans as unconstitutional.{{cite web\|date\=June 26, 2015\|title\=Congressman Young Shares Thoughts on Supreme Court Decision on Marriage\|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=398327\|access\-date\=November 23, 2020\|website\=Congressman Don Young\|language\=en}} In 2021, Young was one of 29 Republicans to vote to reauthorize the [Violence Against Women Act](/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act "Violence Against Women Act").{{cite web\|date\=March 17, 2021\|title\=Roll Call 86 Roll Call 86, Bill Number: H. R. 1620, 117th Congress, 1st Session\|url\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/202186\|access\-date\=June 4, 2021\|website\=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\|language\=en}} This bill expanded legal protections for transgender people, and contained provisions allowing transgender women to use women's shelters and serve time in prisons matching their gender identity.{{cite web\|title\=House Renews Violence Against Women Act, But Senate Hurdles Remain\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2021/03/17/977842441/house\-renews\-violence\-against\-women\-act\-but\-senate\-hurdles\-remain\|access\-date\=June 4, 2021\|website\=\[\[NPR]]\|date\=March 17, 2021\|language\=en\|last1\=Davis\|first1\=Susan}} In 2021, Young was one of 33 Republicans to vote for the LGBTQ Business Equal Credit Enforcement and Investment Act.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/117\-2021/h182\|title \= H.R. 1443: LGBTQ Business Equal Credit Enforcement and Investment Act – House Vote \#182 – Jun 24, 2021}} ### Organized labor Young frequently earned the support of organized labor, and in the 116th Congress, voted in support of the pro\-union [PRO Act](/wiki/Protecting_the_Right_to_Organize_Act "Protecting the Right to Organize Act"), which would make it easier for workers to certify unions, augment how employers classify laborers and prevent laborers from being denied rights on the basis of their immigration status.{{cite web \|title\=House approves pro\-union labor bill \|url\=https://thehill.com/business\-a\-lobbying/business\-a\-lobbying/481967\-house\-approves\-pro\-union\-labor\-bill/ \|website\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]]\|date\=February 6, 2020 }} ### Policing and criminal justice reform Young voted to make [lynching](/wiki/Lynching "Lynching") a federal crime and supported House passage of the [First Step Act](/wiki/First_Step_Act "First Step Act"),{{Cite web\|url\=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2018/roll215\.xml\|title\=House Clerk}} which reforms sentencing laws to reduce recidivism and decrease the federal inmate population. In the aftermath of the 2020 protests related to the murder of [George Floyd](/wiki/George_Floyd "George Floyd"), Young voted for{{cite web\|date\=July 21, 2020\|title\=Roll Call 152 Roll Call 152, Bill Number: H. R. 6395, 116th Congress, 2nd Session\|url\=http://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2020152\|access\-date\=July 22, 2020\|website\=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\|language\=en}} the 2021 [National Defense Authorization Act](/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act "National Defense Authorization Act"), which would remove [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America "Confederate States of America") names from U.S. military installations.{{cite news\|author\=Haley Byrd\|title\=House passes $740 billion funding bill that would remove Confederate names from military bases\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/21/politics/house\-to\-vote\-ndaa\-confederate\-names\-military\-bases/index.html\|access\-date\=July 22, 2020\|website\=\[\[CNN]]}} Young voted for legislation authorizing the creation of a [Commission on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys](/wiki/Commission_on_the_Social_Status_of_Black_Men_and_Boys "Commission on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys").{{cite web\|date\=July 27, 2020\|title\=Roll Call 167 Roll Call 167, Bill Number: S. 2163, 116th Congress, 2nd Session\|url\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2020167\|access\-date\=August 22, 2020\|website\=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\|language\=en}} In 2020, the bill was signed into law. The commission is intended to examine societal disparities that black men and boys face at disproportionately high rates. In 2021, Young cosponsored and voted for the EQUAL Act, which eliminates the federal sentencing disparity between [crack cocaine](/wiki/Crack_cocaine "Crack cocaine") and [powdered cocaine](/wiki/Powdered_cocaine "Powdered cocaine").{{cite web\|date\=September 28, 2021\|title\=Congressman Don Young Helps House Pass Landmark Legislation Eliminating the Sentencing Disparity Between Crack and Powdered Cocaine\|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=402050\|access\-date\=October 2, 2021\|website\=Congressman Don Young\|language\=en}} ### Post Office On August 22, 2020, Young was one of 26 Republicans to vote for a $25 billion relief package for the [U.S. Post Office](/wiki/U.S._Post_Office "U.S. Post Office").{{cite web\|last\=Brooks \|first\=James \|url\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/08/22/rep\-young\-votes\-in\-favor\-as\-us\-house\-passes\-postal\-service\-protection\-bill/ \|title\=Rep. Young votes in favor as U.S. House passes Postal Service protection bill \|publisher\=Adn.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=March 19, 2022}} ### Suicide rate in Alaska When asked about the fact that Alaska has the highest per capita suicide rate in the U.S., Young said that he believed it is at least partially the result of government handouts, and that "this suicide problem didn't exist until we got largesse from the government." He believed Alaska needs to cut public assistance programs. In response to an increase in suicides among active\-duty service members at [Fort Wainwright](/wiki/Fort_Wainwright "Fort Wainwright") in 2019, Young called on the [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army "U.S. Army") to investigate the cause of the increased suicide rate.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ktva.com/story/40115837/young\-asks\-army\-to\-investigate\-fort\-wainwright\-suicides\|title\=Young asks Army to investigate Fort Wainwright suicides\|website\=www.ktva.com\|language\=en\|access\-date\=October 27, 2019}} On October 21, 2014, Young addressed an assembly of students at [Wasilla High School](/wiki/Wasilla_High_School "Wasilla High School") shortly after a student there committed suicide. During a question and answer session, he said a lack of support from family and friends had caused the student's suicide. During the assembly, Young also recalled a story about drinking alcohol in Paris, and used profanity several times, officials from the school reported. When a student criticized Young for his comments on suicide, Young called him an "asshole". Young apologized for these comments on October 24, saying, "I am profoundly and genuinely sorry for the pain it has caused the Alaskan people."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.adn.com/article/20141023/murkowski\-asks\-young\-apology\-suicide\-comments\|title\=Murkowski asks for Young apology on suicide comments\|date\=October 23, 2014\|publisher\=Alaska Dispatch News\|access\-date\=October 26, 2014}}{{cite news\|url\=http://onpolitics.usatoday.com/2014/10/25/don\-young\-suicide\-apology\-alaska/\|title\=GOP Rep. Don Young apologizes for suicide comments\|date\=October 25, 2014\|work\=\[\[USA Today]]\|access\-date\=October 26, 2014}} ### Missing and murdered indigenous women and girls In the 116th Congress, Young helped introduce the BADGES Act to help solve the crisis of missing and murdered indigenous women.{{cite news \|title\=Bipartisan House Members Co\-lead Solutions to MMIW Crisis \|url\=https://www.nativeknot.com/news/Native\-American\-News/Bipartisan\-House\-Members\-Colead\-Solutions\-to\-Missing\-and\-Murdere.html \|access\-date\=November 13, 2020 \|work\=Native Knot \|date\=September 17, 2019 \|language\=en}} He was one of 33 Republicans to vote to reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act,{{Cite web\|url\=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2019/roll156\.xml\|title\=Clerk of the House}} which included his amendment to help end violence against indigenous women.{{cite web\|url\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\=401338\|title\=Congressman Don Young Votes for Reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act\|date\=April 4, 2019\|website\=Congressman Don Young}} ### Town halls Young said he did not believe in conducting [town halls](/wiki/Town_hall "Town hall") (district meetings for officials to meet and speak with constituents in a town hall setting). When he was asked for a face\-to\-face meeting with his constituents in April 2017, an aide said, "The modern town hall has taken an unfortunate turn as a 'show' for the media and are \[sic] unproductive for meaningful dialogue." Young's meetings in Alaska were primarily with elected officials, business groups, service clubs, and gatherings of Republicans. On April 20, 2017, residents started a town hall meeting by themselves, speaking to Young through a video camera with a color photo of Young to represent him.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.adn.com/opinions/2017/04/20/don\-young\-in\-absentia\-at\-fairbanks\-town\-hall\-still\-gets\-an\-earful/\|title\=Don Young, in absentia at Fairbanks town hall, still gets an earful\|date\=April 20, 2017\|work\=Alaska Dispatch News\|access\-date\=May 15, 2017\|language\=en\-US}} In Juneau, while speaking to the Alaska Municipal League in 2018, Young asked the crowd, "How many millions of people were shot and killed because they were unarmed? Fifty million in Russia because their citizens were unarmed." Facing criticism, Young's office insisted that his comments were taken out of context, stating, "He was referencing the fact that when Hitler confiscated firearms from Jewish Germans, those communities were less able to defend themselves. He was not implying that an armed Jewish population would have been able to prevent the horrors of the Holocaust, but his intended message is that disarming citizens can have detrimental consequences."{{cite web\|title\=GOP lawmaker suggests armed Jews could have stopped Nazis\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics\-news/alaska\-rep\-don\-young\-suggests\-jews\-could\-have\-stopped\-nazis\-n851956\|access\-date\=November 23, 2020\|website\=\[\[NBC News]]\|date\=February 28, 2018 \|language\=en}} ### Migrant detention facilities In 2019, Young was the sole Republican to vote for the Humanitarian Standards for Individuals in Customs and Border Protection Custody Act, which set minimum standards for Customs and Border Patrol detention facilities, including requiring health screenings and ensuring that basic needs of detained migrants, such as access to food and water for detainees, are met.{{cite web\|url\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/454646\-house\-passes\-bill\-requiring\-cbp\-to\-enact\-safety\-hygiene\-standards/ \|title\=House passes bill requiring CBP to enact safety, hygiene standards \|publisher\=\[\[The Hill (newspaper)\|The Hill]] \|date\= July 24, 2019\|access\-date\=March 19, 2022}} [thumb\|Don Young and Ann Garland Walton on their wedding day in 2015\. [John Boehner](/wiki/John_Boehner "John Boehner") was Young's best man.](/wiki/File:Don_Young_wedding.jpg "Don Young wedding.jpg")
[ "Political positions\n-------------------", "[thumb\\|Congressman Donald Young visits the installation for the [F\\-35](/wiki/F-35 \"F-35\") community showcase at [Eielson Air Force Base](/wiki/Eielson_Air_Force_Base \"Eielson Air Force Base\").](/wiki/File:U.S._Congressman_Donald_Young_visits_the_installation_for_the_F-35_community_showcase_at_Eielson_Air_Force_Base%2C_Alaska.jpg \"U.S. Congressman Donald Young visits the installation for the F-35 community showcase at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska.jpg\")", "### Abortion", "Young believed that abortion should be legal only when the pregnancy is a result of incest or rape or when a woman's life is endangered by her pregnancy.{{cite web \\|title\\=Don Young on Abortion \\|url\\=https://www.ontheissues.org/house/Don\\_Young\\_Abortion.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708021445/https://www.ontheissues.org/house/Don\\_Young\\_Abortion.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=July 8, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2022 \\|website\\=OnTheIssues.org \\|publisher\\=On The Issues}} Young's views on abortion were largely [anti\\-abortion](/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements \"Anti-abortion movements\") during his congressional career: he voted for the [Pain\\-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act](/wiki/Pain-Capable_Unborn_Child_Protection_Act \"Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act\") while making exception for maternal endangerment and favored stripping federal funds from Planned Parenthood.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bycoffe \\|first\\=Aaron \\|date\\=2017\\-01\\-30 \\|title\\=Tracking Congress In The Age Of Trump \\|url\\=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress\\-trump\\-score/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-01 \\|website\\=\\[\\[FiveThirtyEight]] \\|language\\=en}} On the other hand, Young did not oppose using [embryonic stem cells](/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell \"Embryonic stem cell\") in scientific research.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Don Young on the Issues \\|url\\=https://www.ontheissues.org/house/don\\_young.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-01 \\|website\\=www.ontheissues.org}}", "### Arctic oil drilling", "When then\\-U.S. president Donald Trump signed an executive order that rolled back Obama\\-era restrictions on Arctic oil drilling, Young commended Trump for \"recognizing the importance of development in the Arctic OCS\".{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.ktuu.com/content/news/The\\-Latest\\-Trump\\-signs\\-order\\-to\\-expand\\-ocean\\-oil\\-drilling\\-420744503\\.html\\|title\\=The Latest: Alaskans react to the executive order to expand ocean oil drilling\\|last\\=Sullivan\\|first\\=Associated Press / Leroy Polk / Sidney\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2017\\|language\\=en}}", "The [Arctic Refuge drilling controversy](/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy \"Arctic Refuge drilling controversy\") repeatedly brought Young into the national spotlight. He was a longstanding supporter of opening lands within the [Arctic National Wildlife Refuge](/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge \"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge\") to [oil exploration](/wiki/Oil_exploration \"Oil exploration\"). He included provisions to that effect in 12 bills that have passed the House,[Rep. Young Comments on Governor Parnell's Exploration Proposal for ANWR 1002 Area](http://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=334674), donyoung.house.gov but [environmentalists](/wiki/Environmentalists \"Environmentalists\") concerned with the impact of road\\-building, pipelines and other development on the [Arctic tundra](/wiki/Arctic_tundra \"Arctic tundra\") landscape have successfully defeated such legislation in the Senate.[Amendment to open ANWR fails in U.S. Senate](http://www.newsminer.com/amendment-to-open-anwr-fails-in-u-s-senate/article_c3ce9d67-939c-573f-96d6-aee2d0adcdcd.html), Matt Buxton, [Fairbanks Daily News\\-Miner](/wiki/Fairbanks_Daily_News-Miner \"Fairbanks Daily News-Miner\"), March 14, 2012\\.", "### Arts funding", "Young questioned public funding of the arts,{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/story/2014/10/don\\-young\\-suicide\\-government\\-handouts\\-112131\\|title\\=Young: Gov't handouts cause suicide\\|work\\=\\[\\[Politico]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2017}} but in his later years supported legislation increasing funding for the [National Endowment for the Arts](/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts \"National Endowment for the Arts\") (NEA).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.artnet.com/art\\-world/federal\\-spending\\-bill\\-nea\\-neh\\-1251614\\|title\\=Trump Signs a New Spending Bill That Increases Funding for the NEA and NEH, Despite Threats to Veto\\|date\\=March 23, 2018\\|website\\=artnet News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2019}}", "At an assembly at [Fairbanks](/wiki/Fairbanks \"Fairbanks\")' West Valley High School in 1995, Young was answering questions about cutting federal funding for the arts. He said that such funding had \"photographs of people doing offensive things\", and \"things that are absolutely ridiculous.\" When asked for an example, Young quickly replied \"[buttfucking](/wiki/Anal_sex \"Anal sex\")\", in reference to [Robert Mapplethorpe](/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe \"Robert Mapplethorpe\")'s photographic exhibition *[The Perfect Moment](/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe%23The_Perfect_Moment_%281989_solo_exhibit_tour%29 \"Robert Mapplethorpe#The Perfect Moment (1989 solo exhibit tour)\")*.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/20130329/look\\-back\\-don\\-youngs\\-illustrious\\-history\\-pissing\\-americans\\|title\\=A look back at Don Young's illustrious history of pissing off Americans\\|last\\=Medred\\|first\\=Craig\\|date\\=March 29, 2013\\|work\\=Alaska Dispatch\\|access\\-date\\=March 31, 2013}} After receiving criticism for the use of that obscenity, Young explained his choice of words by saying he had tried \"to educate\" teens.[Young's Vulgarity Jars Teens](http://www.donyoungshistory.com/westvalleyassembly.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026102315/http://www.donyoungshistory.com/westvalleyassembly.html \\|date\\=October 26, 2015 }}, *[Anchorage Daily News](/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News \"Anchorage Daily News\") (AP)*, April 23, 1995\\. Retrieved August 27, 2016\\.", "### Bridges", "#### \"Bridge to Nowhere\"", "In 2005, Young and Stevens earmarked $223 million for building the [Gravina Island Bridge](/wiki/Gravina_Island_Bridge \"Gravina Island Bridge\") from [Ketchikan](/wiki/Ketchikan \"Ketchikan\") to [Gravina Island](/wiki/Gravina_Island \"Gravina Island\"), which also contains Ketchikan's airport. The bridge would be used for access by emergency vehicles, as well as passengers. There is a small ferry for cars and passengers that travels the {{convert\\|.25\\|mi\\|adj\\=on}} crossing in three to seven minutes and runs every half\\-hour. Critics assailed this as [pork barrel](/wiki/Pork_barrel \"Pork barrel\") spending at taxpayers' expense and *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* quoted Keith Ashdown, spokesman for the [Taxpayers for Common Sense](/wiki/Taxpayers_for_Common_Sense \"Taxpayers for Common Sense\"): \"It's a gold\\-plated bridge to nowhere.\" \"At a time when we have bridges and roads crumbling around the United States, and traffic congestion worse than ever, why build a $200 million project that will serve only a few hundred people?\"[Built With Steel, Perhaps, but Greased With Pork](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/10/us/built-with-steel-perhaps-but-greased-with-pork.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, Timothy Egan, April 10, 2004\\. Retrieved October 24, 2020\\.['Bridge to Nowhere' Timeline by ProPublica](https://www.propublica.org/article/bridge-to-nowhere-timeline) , *[ProPublica](/wiki/ProPublica \"ProPublica\")*, September 24, 2008\\. Retrieved October 18, 2020\\. The Gravina Island Bridge was awarded a Golden Fleece Award by that organization in 2003\\.{{citation\\|title\\=Golden Fleece: $190 Million Bridge to Nowhere\\|date\\=June 9, 2003\\|url\\=http://www.taxpayer.net/user\\_uploads/file/Awards/GoldenFleece/gravina.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051548/http://www.taxpayer.net/user\\_uploads/file/Awards/GoldenFleece/gravina.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} After criticism from citizens and others in Congress, lawmakers de\\-funded the bridge and instead funneled the money to the [Alaska Department of Transportation](/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Transportation \"Alaska Department of Transportation\"), allowing the [governor of Alaska](/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska \"Governor of Alaska\") to build the [Gravina Island Highway](/wiki/Gravina_Island_Highway \"Gravina Island Highway\") after the Alaska legislature funded the project with the directed monies.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/08/09/bridges/index\\_np.html\\|title\\=A bridge to nowhere\\|last\\=Clarren\\|first\\=Rebecca\\|date\\=August 9, 2005\\|work\\=\\[\\[Salon.com\\|Salon]]\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205092424/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/08/09/bridges/index\\_np.html\\|archive\\-date\\=February 5, 2007}}", "#### Knik Arm bridge", "The [Knik Arm Bridge](/wiki/Knik_Arm_Bridge \"Knik Arm Bridge\") was earmarked in the bill connects Anchorage to [Point Mackenzie](/wiki/Point_MacKenzie%2C_Alaska \"Point MacKenzie, Alaska\"), a lightly populated area in the [Matanuska\\-Susitna Borough](/wiki/Matanuska-Susitna_Borough \"Matanuska-Susitna Borough\") that is less than four miles (6 km) across [Cook Inlet](/wiki/Cook_Inlet \"Cook Inlet\") from downtown [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage \"Anchorage\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/22/us/22brfs\\-ENDSOUGHTFOR\\_BRF.html\\|title\\=Alaska: End Sought For 'bridge To Nowhere'\\|date\\=September 22, 2007\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]}} Anchorage is accessible from Point Mackenzie only by an {{convert\\|80\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} route around [Knik Arm](/wiki/Knik_Arm \"Knik Arm\"), much of which was an unimproved road. The demise of this second bridge project has been suggested for years.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.taxpayer.net/library/article/final\\-days\\-of\\-don\\-youngs\\-way\\|title\\=Final Days of Don Young's Way?\\|date\\=June 9, 2008\\|publisher\\=Taxpayers for Common Sense}}", "Part of the concern about the bridge is that if it were built, it would significantly enhance the value of property in which Young's son\\-in\\-law owned an interest.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/story/7296442p\\-7208142c.html\\|title\\=Bridge would help Young's son\\-in\\-law\\|last\\=Mauer\\|first\\=Richard\\|date\\=December 19, 2005\\|work\\=\\[\\[Anchorage Daily News]]\\|quote\\=To state Board of Fisheries chairman Art Nelson, Don Young's Way, the proposed Knik Arm crossing named after his father\\-in\\-law, is hardly a bridge to nowhere. \nFor Nelson and his well\\-connected partners in Point Bluff LLC, Rep. Don Young's span is in fact a bridge to somewhere: their 60 acres of unobstructed view property on the Point MacKenzie side of Cook Inlet.\\|access\\-date\\=October 31, 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505134608/http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/story/7296442p\\-7208142c.html\\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2008}} Young was listed as the third\\-worst congressman by *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")*, and dubbed \"Mr. Pork\" due to his involvement in the [Gravina Island](/wiki/Gravina_Island_Bridge \"Gravina Island Bridge\") \"Bridge to Nowhere\".", "### Cannabis", "[thumb\\|Don Young with a cannabis plant at a facility in Alaska in 2019](/wiki/File:Don_Young_with_a_pot_plant.jpg \"Don Young with a pot plant.jpg\")\nYoung supported a number of efforts to reform [cannabis](/wiki/Cannabis \"Cannabis\") laws in Congress. In 2019 he introduced the [Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act](/wiki/Ending_Federal_Marijuana_Prohibition_Act \"Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act\") to remove cannabis from the [Controlled Substances Act](/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act \"Controlled Substances Act\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Rodrigo \\|first1\\=Chris Mills \\|title\\=Tulsi Gabbard, Don Young introduce marijuana reform bill \\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/433116\\-gabbard\\-don\\-young\\-introduce\\-marijuana\\-reform\\-bill/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 23, 2020 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]] \\|date\\=March 7, 2019}}{{cite press release \\|date\\=March 8, 2019 \\|title\\=Representatives Don Young and Tulsi Gabbard Introduce Landmark Bipartisan Marijuana Reform \\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=399291 \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|publisher\\=house.gov \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105063914/https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=399291 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 5, 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Other legislation Young introduced includes the [CARERS Act](/wiki/CARERS_Act \"CARERS Act\") in 2015 (to [reschedule cannabis](/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act \"Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act\") under the Controlled Substances Act){{cite press release \\|last\\=Shuckerow \\|first\\=Matthew \\|date\\=March 24, 2015 \\|title\\=Congressmen Young Introduces Bipartisan Legislation to Increase States' Rights to Regulate Medical Marijuana \\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=398181 \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|publisher\\=house.gov \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319195146/https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=398181 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 19, 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and the [SAFE Banking Act](/wiki/SAFE_Banking_Act \"SAFE Banking Act\") in 2017 (to improve access to banking services for cannabis businesses).{{cite press release \\|last\\=Shuckerow \\|first\\=Matthew \\|date\\=April 27, 2017 \\|title\\=Bipartisan Group in U.S. House Introduce Marijuana\\-Related Banking Legislation \\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=398930 \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|publisher\\=house.gov \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911095404/https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=398930 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 11, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In February 2017, Young launched the [Congressional Cannabis Caucus](/wiki/Congressional_Cannabis_Caucus \"Congressional Cannabis Caucus\") with Representatives [Earl Blumenauer](/wiki/Earl_Blumenauer \"Earl Blumenauer\"), [Dana Rohrabacher](/wiki/Dana_Rohrabacher \"Dana Rohrabacher\"), and [Jared Polis](/wiki/Jared_Polis \"Jared Polis\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Martinson \\|first1\\=Erica \\|title\\=Alaska Rep. Young is a founding member of the U.S. House Cannabis Caucus \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2017/02/16/alaskas\\-don\\-young\\-is\\-a\\-founding\\-member\\-of\\-the\\-bipartisan\\-u\\-s\\-house\\-cannabis\\-caucus/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2019 \\|work\\=Anchorage Daily News \\|date\\=February 16, 2017}}{{cite press release \\|last\\=Shuckerow \\|first\\=Matthew \\|date\\=February 16, 2017 \\|title\\=Bipartisan Group Launches Congressional Cannabis Caucus \\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=398850 \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|publisher\\=house.gov \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129123711/https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=398850 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 29, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He toured several cannabis facilities in Alaska in October 2019\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Landfield \\|first1\\=Jeff \\|title\\=Congressman Don Young tours Alaska's budding marijuana joints \\|url\\=https://alaskalandmine.com/landmines/congressman\\-don\\-young\\-tours\\-alaskas\\-budding\\-marijuana\\-joints/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2019 \\|work\\=The Alaska Landmine \\|date\\=October 10, 2019}}", "In 2020, Young was one of only five House Republicans to vote for the [Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act](/wiki/Marijuana_Opportunity_Reinvestment_and_Expungement_%28MORE%29_Act \"Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Alaska Rep. Don Young among few House Republicans to join Democrats in vote to decriminalize marijuana at federal level \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/nation\\-world/2020/12/04/house\\-votes\\-to\\-decriminalize\\-marijuana\\-at\\-federal\\-level\\-as\\-republicans\\-resist/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 23, 2020 \\|work\\=Anchorage Daily News \\|date\\=December 4, 2020}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Alaska's Young among 5 in GOP who voted to decriminalize pot \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/alaska\\-don\\-young\\-bills\\-marijuana\\-b8f0d6f860b8da4e3795bfc4e2438fdd \\|access\\-date\\=December 23, 2020 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|date\\=December 7, 2020}} The act aimed to \"correct the historical injustices of failed drug policies that have disproportionately impacted communities of color\"; it included provisions to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act, impose a federal tax on cannabis products, and use the proceeds of the tax to fund restorative justice programs.{{cite press release \\|date\\=December 4, 2020 \\|title\\=Chairman Nadler Applauds Historic House Passage of H.R. 3884, the MORE Act \\|url\\=https://nadler.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=394469 \\|location\\=Washington, D.C. \\|publisher\\=house.gov}}", "In 2021, Young introduced the Gun Rights and Marijuana (GRAM) Act to allow the ownership of firearms by people who use cannabis in accordance with state law.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Hersey \\|first1\\=Linda F. \\|title\\=Don Young bill aims to protect gun rights of cannabis users \\|url\\=https://www.newsminer.com/news/alaska\\_news/don\\-young\\-bill\\-aims\\-to\\-protect\\-gun\\-rights\\-of\\-cannabis\\-users/article\\_b76c5164\\-a647\\-11eb\\-b103\\-dfc35992ca32\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2021 \\|work\\=Fairbanks Daily News\\-Miner \\|date\\=April 26, 2021}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Adlin \\|first1\\=Ben \\|title\\=GOP Congressman's Bill Would Protect Marijuana Consumers' 2nd Amendment Rights \\|url\\=https://www.marijuanamoment.net/gop\\-congressmans\\-bill\\-would\\-protect\\-marijuana\\-consumers\\-2nd\\-amendment\\-rights/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2021 \\|work\\=Marijuana Moment \\|date\\=April 23, 2021}} Also in 2021, Young introduced the Cannabis Reform for Veterans, Small Businesses, and Medical Professionals Act to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act and direct federal agencies to develop regulations for cannabis similar to alcohol.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Eaton \\|first1\\=Sabrina \\|title\\=Rep. Dave Joyce, former prosecutor, introduces bill to take marijuana off the federal controlled substances list \\|url\\=https://www.cleveland.com/open/2021/05/rep\\-dave\\-joyce\\-former\\-prosecutor\\-introduces\\-bill\\-to\\-take\\-marijuana\\-off\\-the\\-federal\\-controlled\\-substances\\-list.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2021 \\|work\\=cleveland.com \\|date\\=May 15, 2021}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Jaeger \\|first1\\=Kyle \\|title\\=Congressional Bill To Federally Legalize Marijuana Filed By Republican Lawmakers \\|url\\=https://www.marijuanamoment.net/congressional\\-bill\\-to\\-federally\\-legalize\\-marijuana\\-filed\\-by\\-republican\\-lawmakers/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 17, 2021 \\|work\\=Marijuana Moment \\|date\\=May 12, 2021}} Later in 2021 he was one of four original cosponsors of the Republican\\-led States Reform Act to legalize cannabis federally.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Byrd \\|first1\\=Caitlin \\|title\\=SC Congresswoman Nancy Mace unveils GOP bill to legalize marijuana at federal level \\|url\\=https://www.thestate.com/news/politics\\-government/article255830711\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2021 \\|work\\=The State \\|date\\=November 15, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203003812/https://www.thestate.com/news/politics\\-government/article255830711\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 3, 2021}}", "### Civil liberties", "Young voted for the [Civil Liberties Act of 1988](/wiki/Civil_Liberties_Act_of_1988 \"Civil Liberties Act of 1988\"), which provided reparations for [Japanese Americans](/wiki/Japanese_Americans \"Japanese Americans\") imprisoned by the U.S. government during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). He attended Reagan's official signing ceremony for the bill.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pacificcitizen.org/remembering\\-h\\-r\\-442\\-on\\-its\\-30th\\-anniversary/ \\|title\\=Remembering H.R. 442 on its 30th anniversary – Pacific Citizen \\|publisher\\=Pacificcitizen.org \\|date\\=August 10, 1988 \\|accessdate\\=March 19, 2022}} Young also voted for the [Civil Rights Act of 1991](/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1991 \"Civil Rights Act of 1991\"), which clarified the 1964 civil rights act in response to several controversial [U.S. Supreme Court](/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court \"U.S. Supreme Court\") cases.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/102\\-1991/h386\\|title\\=S. 1745 (102nd): Civil Rights Act of 1991\\|website\\=govtrack.us\\|date\\=September 17, 1987\\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2021}}", "### Climate change", "{{blockquote\\|October is National Energy Awareness Month, and the topic of energy production and its role in driving climate change — very rightfully — is as important a topic as ever. While the United States is leading the way in developing energy in significantly cleaner ways than countries like Russia, Venezuela and China, Democrats continue to promote a policy agenda that would cripple our economy and cause energy prices to skyrocket for American families.\\|Don Young, October 31, 2019 in ''\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]''}}", "Young had previously said that he did not believe in anthropogenic climate change and that the idea of global warming is \"the biggest scam since the [Teapot Dome](/wiki/Teapot_Dome \"Teapot Dome\").\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion\\-la/la\\-ol\\-alaska\\-climate\\-change\\-20120918\\-photo.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721143245/http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion\\-la/la\\-ol\\-alaska\\-climate\\-change\\-20120918\\-photo.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 21, 2014\\|title\\=Alaska\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|website\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2017}} Despite these public statements, Young signed a letter to Speaker [Nancy Pelosi](/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi \"Nancy Pelosi\") and Minority Leader [Kevin McCarthy](/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy \"Kevin McCarthy\") that recognized the urgency behind combating climate change, writing, \"We are confronting multiple and intersecting crises—the COVID\\-19 pandemic, an economy in turmoil, societal injustice, and, above all, the climate crisis—all of which demand swift and bold action.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Dingell, Fitzpatrick, Young, and Tonko\\|first\\=Debbie\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Letter to House Leadership on Energy Innovator\\|url\\=https://debbiedingell.house.gov/uploadedfiles/final\\_support\\_leadership\\_letter\\_on\\_cesa\\_20210601\\.pdf\\|website\\=U.S. Representative Debbie Dingell}} Young voted for the FY 2019 National Defense Authorization Act, which identifies climate change as a national security threat.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Werrell \\|first1\\=Caitlin \\|last2\\=Femia \\|first2\\=Francesco \\|title\\=U.S. Congress Addresses Climate Change and Security in the Latest Defense Bill \\|url\\=https://climateandsecurity.org/2018/08/13/u\\-s\\-congress\\-addresses\\-climate\\-change\\-and\\-security\\-in\\-the\\-latest\\-defense\\-bill/ \\|website\\=The Center for Climate \\& Security \\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2020 \\|date\\=August 13, 2018}} In a 2019 op\\-ed in *[The Hill](/wiki/The_Hill_%28newspaper%29 \"The Hill (newspaper)\")*, Young took a conciliatory position on climate change, and called for policy changes that could reduce carbon emissions.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/blogs/congress\\-blog/energy\\-environment/468171\\-net\\-zero\\-emissions\\-the\\-math\\-doesnt\\-add\\-up/\\|title\\=Net zero emissions — the math doesn't add up\\|last\\=Jordan\\|first\\=Chuck\\|date\\=October 31, 2019\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2020}}", "Young voted for the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2019/roll095\\.xml\\|title\\=Final Vote Results For Roll Call 95\\|date\\=February 26, 2019\\|website\\=Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives}} which included permanent reauthorization of the [Land and Water Conservation Fund](/wiki/Land_and_Water_Conservation_Fund \"Land and Water Conservation Fund\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.conservationfund.org/news/press\\-releases/2008\\-land\\-and\\-water\\-conservation\\-fund\\-permanently\\-reestablished\\|title\\=Land And Water Conservation Fund Permanently Reestablished\\|website\\=The Conservation Fund\\|language\\=en\\-gb\\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2019}}", "Young supported exempting the [Tongass National Forest](/wiki/Tongass_National_Forest \"Tongass National Forest\") from the [Roadless Rule](/wiki/Roadless_area_conservation \"Roadless area conservation\"), saying, \"An exemption will not only bring great economic benefit to Alaska but will also help bolster the long\\-term health of the Tongass National Forest. The Tongass is an invaluable natural resource and it requires active management. Unfortunately, the Roadless Rule has only prevented Alaskans from responsibly utilizing our resources.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=401408\\|title\\=Congressman Don Young\\|date\\=August 28, 2019\\|website\\=Congressman Don Young\\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2019}}", "Young supported an increase in the federal gasoline tax to keep pace with the continued rise in gasoline efficiency of automobiles.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.alaskajournal.com/2016\\-04\\-06/young\\-speaks\\-out\\-gop\\-race\\-gas\\-taxes\\-drug\\-policy\\|title\\=Young speaks out on GOP race, gas taxes, drug policy\\|last\\=Jensen\\|first\\=Andrew\\|date\\=April 6, 2016\\|website\\=Alaska Journal\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=October 27, 2019}}", "### COVID\\-19", "{{see also\\|COVID\\-19 misinformation\\|Corona (beer)\\#COVID\\-19 pandemic}}\nAt a town hall in [Palmer, Alaska](/wiki/Palmer%2C_Alaska \"Palmer, Alaska\"), on March 13, 2020,{{cite news \\|author1\\=Tim Rockey \\|title\\=Congressman speaks to Chambers of Commerce at Mat\\-Su Senior Center \\|url\\=https://www.frontiersman.com/news/coronavirus/congressman\\-speaks\\-to\\-chambers\\-of\\-commerce\\-at\\-mat\\-su\\-senior/article\\_aec3df7c\\-6832\\-11ea\\-aea0\\-f3dd1e60bb35\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 17, 2020 \\|work\\=Mat\\-Su Valley Frontiersman \\|date\\=March 17, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320094710/https://www.frontiersman.com/news/coronavirus/congressman\\-speaks\\-to\\-chambers\\-of\\-commerce\\-at\\-mat\\-su\\-senior/article\\_aec3df7c\\-6832\\-11ea\\-aea0\\-f3dd1e60bb35\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=March 20, 2020 \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Young said of the pandemic, \"This is blown out of proportion about how deadly this is. He continued, \"It's deadly but it's not nearly as deadly as the other viruses we have ... I call it the hysteria concept\", as well calling it the \"beer virus\" (referencing the similarly\\-named [Corona beer](/wiki/Corona_beer \"Corona beer\")). Young later clarified that he was attempting to urge calm.{{cite web\\|date\\=March 19, 2020\\|title\\=Rep. Don Young tells Alaska seniors 'beer virus' fears are overblown, skips vote on COVID\\-19 relief\\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/03/19/rep\\-don\\-young\\-tells\\-alaska\\-seniors\\-beer\\-virus\\-fears\\-are\\-overblown\\-skips\\-vote\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-relief/\\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2020\\|website\\=Anchorage Daily News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319063214/https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/03/19/rep\\-don\\-young\\-tells\\-alaska\\-seniors\\-beer\\-virus\\-fears\\-are\\-overblown\\-skips\\-vote\\-on\\-covid\\-19\\-relief/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 19, 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On March 17, 2020, as the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") spread rapidly in the U.S., he missed the vote on a $2 trillion bill to deal with pandemic, instead attending a [National Rifle Association of America](/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America \"National Rifle Association of America\") fundraiser.{{cite web\\|last\\=Hopkins \\|first\\=Kyle \\|url\\=https://www.propublica.org/article/a\\-congressman\\-skipped\\-the\\-coronavirus\\-relief\\-vote\\-instead\\-he\\-went\\-home\\-to\\-tell\\-senior\\-citizens\\-to\\-blame\\-mass\\-media \\|title\\=A Congressman Skipped the Coronavirus Relief Vote. Instead, He Went Home to Tell Senior Citizens to Blame Mass Media. — ProPublica \\|publisher\\=Propublica.org \\|date\\=March 19, 2020 \\|accessdate\\=March 19, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319222005/https://www.propublica.org/article/a\\-congressman\\-skipped\\-the\\-coronavirus\\-relief\\-vote\\-instead\\-he\\-went\\-home\\-to\\-tell\\-senior\\-citizens\\-to\\-blame\\-mass\\-media \\|archive\\-date\\=March 19, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} As public awareness of the pandemic's severity grew, Young walked back his comments. By March 25, in a video message, he said the impact of COVID\\-19 is \"very real, growing\", and was reshaping our daily lives. Urging Americans to stay home, he continued, \"Weeks ago, I did not truly grasp the severity of this crisis, but clearly we are in the midst of an urgent public health emergency.\"['Arrogant' and 'ashamed': The coronavirus mea culpas from people who once thought it was no big deal](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/03/27/coronavirus-apologies/), *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*, Meagan Flynn, March 27, 2020\\. Retrieved November 12, 2000\\.", "On November 6, 2020, Young was photographed maskless at a birthday party for a staff member in an Anchorage restaurant. Numerous well\\-known political operatives who attended, including former Lieutenant Governor [Mead Treadwell](/wiki/Mead_Treadwell \"Mead Treadwell\"), soon tested positive for [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Choi \\|first1\\=Joseph \\|title\\=Alaska Congressman Don Young tests positive for COVID\\-19 \\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/525754\\-alaska\\-rep\\-don\\-young\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]] \\|date\\=November 12, 2020 \\|publisher\\=Capitol Hill Publishing Corp. \\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113030726/https://thehill.com/homenews/news/525754\\-alaska\\-rep\\-don\\-young\\-positive\\-for\\-covid\\-19 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 13, 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} On November 12, Young was diagnosed with COVID\\-19\\. He was admitted to [Providence Alaska Medical Center](/wiki/Providence_Alaska_Medical_Center \"Providence Alaska Medical Center\") in Anchorage that day and released on November 15, writing, \"Very frankly, I had not felt this sick in a very long time, and I am grateful to everyone who has kept me in their thoughts and prayers.\" He confirmed to a *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* reporter that \"many\" of his campaign staff had been infected, as well as his wife, who he said was asymptomatic.[Rep. Young released from hospital and recovering from COVID\\-19](https://www.alaskapublic.org/2020/11/16/rep-young-released-from-hospital-recovering-from-covid-19/), *[Alaska Public Media](/wiki/Alaska_Public_Media \"Alaska Public Media\")*, Liz Ruskin, November 16, 2020\\. Retrieved November 17, 2020\\.", "### Donald Trump", "During the 2016 Republican presidential primary, Young originally supported [Jeb Bush](/wiki/Jeb_Bush \"Jeb Bush\"), and later [John Kasich](/wiki/John_Kasich \"John Kasich\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/article/don\\-young\\-opens\\-presidential\\-election\\-and\\-progressive\\-mind\\-control/2016/04/03/\\|title\\=Rep. Don Young reveals his choice for president\\|date\\=April 3, 2016\\|work\\=Alaska Dispatch News\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2017\\|language\\=en\\-US}} In April 2016, he said, \"I'm not supporting Donald Trump\", and when asked about Trump's success in the primaries, said that it was due to \"a bunch of idiots following a pied piper over the edge of the cliff\" and that he blamed the people who voted for Trump.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.alaskapublic.org/2016/04/06/rep\\-young\\-blames\\-bunch\\-of\\-idiots\\-for\\-choosing\\-trump\\|title\\=Rep. Young blames 'bunch of idiots' for Trump phenomenom\\|last\\=Media\\|first\\=Liz Ruskin, Alaska Public\\|website\\=Alaska Public Media\\|date\\=April 7, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2017}} By December 2016, he was more supportive of Trump's accomplishments and proposed policies.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ktoo.org/2016/12/29/alaskas\\-don\\-young\\-changes\\-course\\-striking\\-trump\\-like\\-note\\-reflects\\-2016/\\|title\\=Alaska's Don Young strikes Trump\\-like note reflecting on 2016\\|first\\=Liz \\|last\\=Ruskin\\|date\\=December 29, 2016\\|website\\=KTOO\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2017}}", "In September 2019, Young called the investigation and the Trump impeachment inquiry \"a waste of time\". He voted against the [first](/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump \"First impeachment of Donald Trump\"){{cite web\\|last\\=O'Key \\|first\\=Sean \\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/12/politics/house\\-impeachment\\-vote/ \\|title\\=How each member of the House of Representatives voted on impeachment \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|date\\=December 18, 2019 \\|accessdate\\=March 19, 2022}} and [second](/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump \"Second impeachment of Donald Trump\") impeachments of Trump.{{cite web\\|last\\=Brooks \\|first\\=James \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2021/01/13/alaska\\-rep\\-don\\-young\\-votes\\-against\\-president\\-trumps\\-second\\-impeachment/ \\|title\\=Alaska Rep. Don Young votes against President Trump's second impeachment \\|publisher\\=Adn.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=March 19, 2022}}", "### Joe Biden", "[thumb\\|Congressman Young joins President Biden and Alaska senators [Lisa Murkowski](/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski \"Lisa Murkowski\") and [Dan Sullivan](/wiki/Senator_Dan_Sullivan \"Senator Dan Sullivan\") in the Oval Office as he signs Young's Alaska Tourism Restoration Act into law.](/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_signs_the_Alaska_Tourism_Restoration_Act_into_law.jpg \"President Joe Biden signs the Alaska Tourism Restoration Act into law.jpg\")\nOn November 7, 2020, Young was one of the first Republicans to acknowledge and congratulate [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\") on his victory in the [2020 presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election \"2020 United States presidential election\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/11/07/alaska\\-rep\\-young\\-biden\\-it\\-is\\-time\\-to\\-put\\-the\\-election\\-behind\\-us/\\|title\\=Alaska Rep. Don Young on Biden win: 'It is time to put the election behind us'\\|date\\=November 7, 2020\\|website\\=Anchorage Daily News}} On January 6, 2021, Young affirmed Biden's victory by voting against the objections to [counting electoral votes](/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count \"2021 United States Electoral College vote count\") from Arizona and Pennsylvania.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/202110\\|title\\=Roll Call 10 Roll Call 10, MOTION, 117th Congress, 1st Session\\|date\\=January 6, 2021\\|website\\=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/202111\\|title\\=Roll Call 11 Roll Call 11, MOTION, 117th Congress, 1st Session\\|date\\=January 7, 2021\\|website\\=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives}}", "Young was a strong supporter of Biden's nominee for United States Secretary of the Interior, [Deb Haaland](/wiki/Deb_Haaland \"Deb Haaland\"). He called Haaland, a Democrat, a friend and said it was \"a long time overdue\" for the U.S. to have a Native American interior secretary.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Fears \\|first1\\=Darryl \\|title\\=Hearing for Haaland, first Native American pick to run Interior Dept., focuses on fossil fuels \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate\\-environment/2021/02/23/deb\\-haaland\\-interior\\-secretary\\-hearing/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2021 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|date\\=February 24, 2021}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Noisecat\\|first\\=Julian Brave\\|title\\=What a Joe Biden Cabinet Pick Might Mean for Native Americans—and Democrats\\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/11/30/deb\\-haaland\\-native\\-americans\\-interior\\-biden\\-440916\\|access\\-date\\=February 27, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]]\\|date\\=November 30, 2020 \\|language\\=en}} Haaland asked Young to introduce her at her confirmation hearing before the [United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources \"United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources\"). Senator [Joe Manchin](/wiki/Joe_Manchin \"Joe Manchin\"), a crucial swing vote, cited Young's support of Haaland as a reason for his support.{{cite web\\|date\\=February 24, 2021\\|title\\=Manchin Will Vote To Confirm Haaland\\|url\\=https://www.energy.senate.gov/2021/2/manchin\\-will\\-vote\\-to\\-confirm\\-haaland\\|access\\-date\\=February 27, 2021\\|website\\=U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources\\|language\\=en}}", "As of October 2021, Young had voted in line with [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\")'s stated position 30\\.6% of the time.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Bycoffe \\|first1\\=Anna Wiederkehr and Aaron \\|title\\=Does Your Member Of Congress Vote With Or Against Biden? \\|url\\=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden\\-congress\\-votes/don\\-young/\\|website\\=\\[\\[FiveThirtyEight]] \\|access\\-date\\=October 27, 2021 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=October 22, 2021}}", "### Environmental regulation", "Young said he believed the [Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency \"United States Environmental Protection Agency\") should not regulate [greenhouse gases](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas \"Greenhouse gas\"), and that it kills jobs.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.politico.com/story/2012/03/obamas\\-epa\\-is\\-a\\-jobs\\-killer\\-074072\\|title\\=Obama's EPA is a jobs killer\\|work\\=\\[\\[Politico]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2017}} He said, \"Environmentalists are a self\\-centered bunch of waffle\\-stomping, Harvard\\-graduating, intellectual idiots\" who \"are not Americans, never have been Americans, never will be Americans.\" But Young supported omnibus spending bills that maintain current EPA funding levels despite calls from the Trump Administration to cut such funding.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060077131\\|title\\=APPROPRIATIONS: Omnibus rejects big EPA cuts, hikes Energy and Interior funds\\|website\\=www.eenews.net\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=January 18, 2019}}", "In 2019, Young and [Debbie Dingell](/wiki/Debbie_Dingell \"Debbie Dingell\") introduced legislation providing for a long\\-term reauthorization of the [National Fish and Wildlife Foundation](/wiki/National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Foundation \"National Fish and Wildlife Foundation\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=401438\\|title\\=Congressman Don Young\\|date\\=October 24, 2019\\|website\\=Congressman Don Young\\|access\\-date\\=October 27, 2019}}", "### Healthcare legislation", "Young said he wanted to see a clean repeal of the [Affordable Care Act](/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act \"Affordable Care Act\") (ACA),{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2017/03/24/don\\-young\\-canceling\\-the\\-health\\-care\\-vote\\-was\\-a\\-victory\\-for\\-alaska/\\|title\\=Don Young: Canceling the health care vote was a 'victory for Alaska'\\|date\\=March 25, 2017\\|work\\=Alaska Dispatch News\\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2017\\|language\\=en\\-US}} but said in March 2017 that he would not vote on an earlier version of the AHCA (a healthcare plan to repeal and revise parts of the ACA) because it would have too negative an impact on health care costs in Alaska.", "According to the [Center on Budget and Policy Priorities](/wiki/Center_on_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities \"Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\"), the AHCA would raise health care costs in Alaska more than in any other state, and by 2020, on average Alaskans would receive $10,243 less per year under the AHCA compared to the ACA for the same coverage, almost double the cost increase of any other state (the next being North Carolina with consumers receiving $5,360 less per year).{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2017/03/10/what\\-the\\-new\\-house\\-healthcare\\-plan\\-means\\-for\\-alaska/\\|title\\=What the House health care plan means for Alaska\\|date\\=March 11, 2017\\|work\\=Alaska Dispatch News\\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2017\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Young said, \"Nothing in this new bill addressed the real problems of health care.\"", "The AHCA would also stop the Medicaid expansion [Obamacare](/wiki/Obamacare \"Obamacare\") provided, which gives health coverage to more than 27,000 of Young's constituents, about 3\\.7% of the Alaska population. For those reasons, Young was a key House member preventing the AHCA from going to a vote. When the AHCA did not pass, Young said it was a \"victory for Alaska\". But despite those statements, and being officially \"undecided\" because of the disproportionate impact on Alaskans, Young voted for the AHCA on May 4, 2017, without any significant changes to improving Alaska subsidies.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2017/05/04/don\\-young\\-votes\\-yes\\-as\\-house\\-passes\\-obamacare\\-replacement/\\|title\\=How Don Young went from no to yes on the House health care bill\\|date\\=May 4, 2017\\|work\\=Alaska Dispatch News\\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2017\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "An organization called Save My Care spent $500,000 to release a series of attack ads against 24 House members who voted for the AHCA, including one about Young that decried his vote, claiming it would raise health care costs for Alaskans.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/332352\\-liberal\\-group\\-funds\\-500k\\-in\\-attack\\-ads\\-after\\-healthcare\\-vote/\\|title\\=Liberal group funds $500K in attack ads after healthcare vote\\|last\\=Sommer\\|first\\=Will\\|date\\=May 8, 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2017}}{{Citation\\|last\\=Save My Care\\|title\\=Disastrous AK 01 Young Don\\|date\\=May 7, 2017\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=X48Sw2jv4\\_o \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/X48Sw2jv4\\_o\\| archive\\-date\\=December 12, 2021 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2017}}{{cbignore}}", "### Gay rights", "In 2007, Young voted against the [Employment Non\\-Discrimination Act](/wiki/Employment_Non-Discrimination_Act \"Employment Non-Discrimination Act\") (E.N.D.A.). In a 2014 debate, he said he would \"probably\" vote for E.N.D.A.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/31/don\\-young\\-lgbt\\-enda\\_n\\_6079918\\.html\\|title\\=Don Young Says He'd 'Probably' Vote For ENDA\\|last\\=Sheppard\\|first\\=Kate\\|date\\=October 31, 2014\\|work\\=\\[\\[HuffPost]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2017\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In 2015, Young was one of 60 Republicans voting to uphold President Barack Obama’s 2014 executive order banning federal contractors from making hiring decisions that discriminate based on [sexual orientation](/wiki/Sexual_orientation \"Sexual orientation\") or [gender identity](/wiki/Gender_identity \"Gender identity\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Final Vote Results For Roll Call 326 \\|url\\=https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2015/roll326\\.xml \\|website\\=Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives}}", "In 2015, Young issued a statement saying that while he believed marriage should be between a man and a woman, he recognizes that the law is settled on this issue, and stated that he accepts the Supreme Court decision ruling [same\\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage \"Same-sex marriage\") bans as unconstitutional.{{cite web\\|date\\=June 26, 2015\\|title\\=Congressman Young Shares Thoughts on Supreme Court Decision on Marriage\\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=398327\\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2020\\|website\\=Congressman Don Young\\|language\\=en}}", "In 2021, Young was one of 29 Republicans to vote to reauthorize the [Violence Against Women Act](/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act \"Violence Against Women Act\").{{cite web\\|date\\=March 17, 2021\\|title\\=Roll Call 86 Roll Call 86, Bill Number: H. R. 1620, 117th Congress, 1st Session\\|url\\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/202186\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2021\\|website\\=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\\|language\\=en}} This bill expanded legal protections for transgender people, and contained provisions allowing transgender women to use women's shelters and serve time in prisons matching their gender identity.{{cite web\\|title\\=House Renews Violence Against Women Act, But Senate Hurdles Remain\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2021/03/17/977842441/house\\-renews\\-violence\\-against\\-women\\-act\\-but\\-senate\\-hurdles\\-remain\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[NPR]]\\|date\\=March 17, 2021\\|language\\=en\\|last1\\=Davis\\|first1\\=Susan}}", "In 2021, Young was one of 33 Republicans to vote for the LGBTQ Business Equal Credit Enforcement and Investment Act.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/117\\-2021/h182\\|title \\= H.R. 1443: LGBTQ Business Equal Credit Enforcement and Investment Act – House Vote \\#182 – Jun 24, 2021}}", "### Organized labor", "Young frequently earned the support of organized labor, and in the 116th Congress, voted in support of the pro\\-union [PRO Act](/wiki/Protecting_the_Right_to_Organize_Act \"Protecting the Right to Organize Act\"), which would make it easier for workers to certify unions, augment how employers classify laborers and prevent laborers from being denied rights on the basis of their immigration status.{{cite web \\|title\\=House approves pro\\-union labor bill \\|url\\=https://thehill.com/business\\-a\\-lobbying/business\\-a\\-lobbying/481967\\-house\\-approves\\-pro\\-union\\-labor\\-bill/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]]\\|date\\=February 6, 2020 }}", "### Policing and criminal justice reform", "Young voted to make [lynching](/wiki/Lynching \"Lynching\") a federal crime and supported House passage of the [First Step Act](/wiki/First_Step_Act \"First Step Act\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2018/roll215\\.xml\\|title\\=House Clerk}} which reforms sentencing laws to reduce recidivism and decrease the federal inmate population.", "In the aftermath of the 2020 protests related to the murder of [George Floyd](/wiki/George_Floyd \"George Floyd\"), Young voted for{{cite web\\|date\\=July 21, 2020\\|title\\=Roll Call 152 Roll Call 152, Bill Number: H. R. 6395, 116th Congress, 2nd Session\\|url\\=http://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2020152\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2020\\|website\\=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\\|language\\=en}} the 2021 [National Defense Authorization Act](/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act \"National Defense Authorization Act\"), which would remove [Confederate](/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America \"Confederate States of America\") names from U.S. military installations.{{cite news\\|author\\=Haley Byrd\\|title\\=House passes $740 billion funding bill that would remove Confederate names from military bases\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/21/politics/house\\-to\\-vote\\-ndaa\\-confederate\\-names\\-military\\-bases/index.html\\|access\\-date\\=July 22, 2020\\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]]}}", "Young voted for legislation authorizing the creation of a [Commission on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys](/wiki/Commission_on_the_Social_Status_of_Black_Men_and_Boys \"Commission on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys\").{{cite web\\|date\\=July 27, 2020\\|title\\=Roll Call 167 Roll Call 167, Bill Number: S. 2163, 116th Congress, 2nd Session\\|url\\=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2020167\\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2020\\|website\\=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\\|language\\=en}} In 2020, the bill was signed into law. The commission is intended to examine societal disparities that black men and boys face at disproportionately high rates.", "In 2021, Young cosponsored and voted for the EQUAL Act, which eliminates the federal sentencing disparity between [crack cocaine](/wiki/Crack_cocaine \"Crack cocaine\") and [powdered cocaine](/wiki/Powdered_cocaine \"Powdered cocaine\").{{cite web\\|date\\=September 28, 2021\\|title\\=Congressman Don Young Helps House Pass Landmark Legislation Eliminating the Sentencing Disparity Between Crack and Powdered Cocaine\\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=402050\\|access\\-date\\=October 2, 2021\\|website\\=Congressman Don Young\\|language\\=en}}", "### Post Office", "On August 22, 2020, Young was one of 26 Republicans to vote for a $25 billion relief package for the [U.S. Post Office](/wiki/U.S._Post_Office \"U.S. Post Office\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Brooks \\|first\\=James \\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/08/22/rep\\-young\\-votes\\-in\\-favor\\-as\\-us\\-house\\-passes\\-postal\\-service\\-protection\\-bill/ \\|title\\=Rep. Young votes in favor as U.S. House passes Postal Service protection bill \\|publisher\\=Adn.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=March 19, 2022}}", "### Suicide rate in Alaska", "When asked about the fact that Alaska has the highest per capita suicide rate in the U.S., Young said that he believed it is at least partially the result of government handouts, and that \"this suicide problem didn't exist until we got largesse from the government.\" He believed Alaska needs to cut public assistance programs.", "In response to an increase in suicides among active\\-duty service members at [Fort Wainwright](/wiki/Fort_Wainwright \"Fort Wainwright\") in 2019, Young called on the [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army \"U.S. Army\") to investigate the cause of the increased suicide rate.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ktva.com/story/40115837/young\\-asks\\-army\\-to\\-investigate\\-fort\\-wainwright\\-suicides\\|title\\=Young asks Army to investigate Fort Wainwright suicides\\|website\\=www.ktva.com\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=October 27, 2019}}", "On October 21, 2014, Young addressed an assembly of students at [Wasilla High School](/wiki/Wasilla_High_School \"Wasilla High School\") shortly after a student there committed suicide. During a question and answer session, he said a lack of support from family and friends had caused the student's suicide. During the assembly, Young also recalled a story about drinking alcohol in Paris, and used profanity several times, officials from the school reported.", "When a student criticized Young for his comments on suicide, Young called him an \"asshole\". Young apologized for these comments on October 24, saying, \"I am profoundly and genuinely sorry for the pain it has caused the Alaskan people.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.adn.com/article/20141023/murkowski\\-asks\\-young\\-apology\\-suicide\\-comments\\|title\\=Murkowski asks for Young apology on suicide comments\\|date\\=October 23, 2014\\|publisher\\=Alaska Dispatch News\\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2014}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://onpolitics.usatoday.com/2014/10/25/don\\-young\\-suicide\\-apology\\-alaska/\\|title\\=GOP Rep. Don Young apologizes for suicide comments\\|date\\=October 25, 2014\\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2014}}", "### Missing and murdered indigenous women and girls", "In the 116th Congress, Young helped introduce the BADGES Act to help solve the crisis of missing and murdered indigenous women.{{cite news \\|title\\=Bipartisan House Members Co\\-lead Solutions to MMIW Crisis \\|url\\=https://www.nativeknot.com/news/Native\\-American\\-News/Bipartisan\\-House\\-Members\\-Colead\\-Solutions\\-to\\-Missing\\-and\\-Murdere.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2020 \\|work\\=Native Knot \\|date\\=September 17, 2019 \\|language\\=en}} He was one of 33 Republicans to vote to reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2019/roll156\\.xml\\|title\\=Clerk of the House}} which included his amendment to help end violence against indigenous women.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://donyoung.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID\\=401338\\|title\\=Congressman Don Young Votes for Reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act\\|date\\=April 4, 2019\\|website\\=Congressman Don Young}}", "### Town halls", "Young said he did not believe in conducting [town halls](/wiki/Town_hall \"Town hall\") (district meetings for officials to meet and speak with constituents in a town hall setting). When he was asked for a face\\-to\\-face meeting with his constituents in April 2017, an aide said, \"The modern town hall has taken an unfortunate turn as a 'show' for the media and are \\[sic] unproductive for meaningful dialogue.\" Young's meetings in Alaska were primarily with elected officials, business groups, service clubs, and gatherings of Republicans. On April 20, 2017, residents started a town hall meeting by themselves, speaking to Young through a video camera with a color photo of Young to represent him.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.adn.com/opinions/2017/04/20/don\\-young\\-in\\-absentia\\-at\\-fairbanks\\-town\\-hall\\-still\\-gets\\-an\\-earful/\\|title\\=Don Young, in absentia at Fairbanks town hall, still gets an earful\\|date\\=April 20, 2017\\|work\\=Alaska Dispatch News\\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2017\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In Juneau, while speaking to the Alaska Municipal League in 2018, Young asked the crowd, \"How many millions of people were shot and killed because they were unarmed? Fifty million in Russia because their citizens were unarmed.\" Facing criticism, Young's office insisted that his comments were taken out of context, stating, \"He was referencing the fact that when Hitler confiscated firearms from Jewish Germans, those communities were less able to defend themselves. He was not implying that an armed Jewish population would have been able to prevent the horrors of the Holocaust, but his intended message is that disarming citizens can have detrimental consequences.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=GOP lawmaker suggests armed Jews could have stopped Nazis\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics\\-news/alaska\\-rep\\-don\\-young\\-suggests\\-jews\\-could\\-have\\-stopped\\-nazis\\-n851956\\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2020\\|website\\=\\[\\[NBC News]]\\|date\\=February 28, 2018 \\|language\\=en}}", "### Migrant detention facilities", "In 2019, Young was the sole Republican to vote for the Humanitarian Standards for Individuals in Customs and Border Protection Custody Act, which set minimum standards for Customs and Border Patrol detention facilities, including requiring health screenings and ensuring that basic needs of detained migrants, such as access to food and water for detainees, are met.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/454646\\-house\\-passes\\-bill\\-requiring\\-cbp\\-to\\-enact\\-safety\\-hygiene\\-standards/ \\|title\\=House passes bill requiring CBP to enact safety, hygiene standards \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Hill (newspaper)\\|The Hill]] \\|date\\= July 24, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2022}}", "[thumb\\|Don Young and Ann Garland Walton on their wedding day in 2015\\. [John Boehner](/wiki/John_Boehner \"John Boehner\") was Young's best man.](/wiki/File:Don_Young_wedding.jpg \"Don Young wedding.jpg\")", "" ]
History ------- [left\|thumb\|Eugene Fitzalan, botanist on the Dalrymple Expedition of 1861](/wiki/File:Eugene_Fitzalan%2C_botanist_on_the_Dalrymple_Expedition_of_1861.tiff "Eugene Fitzalan, botanist on the Dalrymple Expedition of 1861.tiff") The Flecker Botanic Gardens, a public reserve south of Mt Islay in the Mt Whitfield Range, was established in the mid\-1880s as part of a recreation reserve, just a decade after the town of Cairns was first surveyed in 1876 as a port to service the [Hodgkinson goldfield](/wiki/Hodgkinson_goldfield "Hodgkinson goldfield"). Although never officially gazetted for botanic garden purposes, botanic gardens were developed in the recreation reserve at its inception. The work of botanist [Eugene Fitzalan](/wiki/Eugene_Fitzalan "Eugene Fitzalan") in the 1880s and 1890s, [Cairns City Council](/wiki/Cairns_City%2C_Queensland "Cairns City, Queensland") nurserymen and curators from the 1920s and naturalist Dr [Hugo Flecker](/wiki/Hugo_Flecker "Hugo Flecker") from the 1930s to the 1950s, has contributed to the development of the gardens as a significant botanic and recreation space in Cairns. Of cultural heritage significance the garden area is bounded by Collins Avenue and McCormack, Goodwin and McDonnell Streets. [left\|thumb\|Hugo Flecker, at the microscope in his laboratory, 1953](/wiki/File:Hugo_Flecker%2C_at_the_microscope_in_his_laboratory.JPG "Hugo Flecker, at the microscope in his laboratory.JPG") In 1884 the Cairns Progress Association had advocated for a botanic garden to be established in the vicinity of Cairns. During the 19th and early 20th centuries botanic gardens were considered important for recreation, the preservation of indigenous vegetation, the display of native flora and fauna, and the [acclimatisation](/wiki/Acclimatization "Acclimatization") of economically useful plants. In November 1886 an area of about {{convert\|71\|acre}} west and south of Mount Islay, comprising suburban sections 71, 74, 75 and 76 (surveyed in 1885\), was gazetted as a temporary reserve for recreation under the control of [Cairns Municipal Council](/wiki/Cairns_Municipal_Council "Cairns Municipal Council") (established in 1885\). This land comprised the southern and western foothills of Mt Islay and a lowland swamp. Previous non\-indigenous use of the land had been restricted to timber cutting, the forming of tracks through the rainforest scrub to assist with timber extraction, and Chinese market garden cultivation in the northeast corner of the reserve. The site was located approximately {{convert\|3\|mi\|spell\=in}} from the centre of Cairns adjacent to the recently surveyed [Cairns to Kuranda railway](/wiki/Tablelands_railway_line%2C_Queensland "Tablelands railway line, Queensland") right of way, which would make it publicly accessible. In April 1887 suburban section 68 was added, to create a reserve of over {{convert\|97\|acre}}. A further {{convert\|11\|acre}} was added in May 1892, when swampy land lying between the recreation reserve and the railway line was incorporated into the reserve, including an area at the foot of Mount Islay, west of Saltwater Creek, previously cultivated by Chinese market gardeners under special lease. In December 1886 the Cairns Municipal Council came to an agreement with Eugene Fitzalan, a trained botanist, to establish an ornamental garden on the recreation reserve, sufficiently attractive to entice the public. In return Fitzalan was permitted to sell refreshments (which would enhance the public appeal of the gardens) and to operate a private commercial nursery from the reserve. He was appointed caretaker of the reserve with a nominal annual salary of {{A£\|5}}. [Eugene Fitzherbert Albini Fitzalan](/wiki/Eugene_Fitzherbert_Albini_Fitzalan "Eugene Fitzherbert Albini Fitzalan") (1830–1911\) was born in [Derry](/wiki/Derry "Derry"), Ireland and was a botanical collector in England and Mexico before arriving in Australia in 1849\. He was a keen [orchid](/wiki/Orchidaceae "Orchidaceae") collector, and on at least one occasion collected with [Baron von Mueller](/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Mueller "Ferdinand von Mueller"), who regarded Fitzalan's specimens very highly. Fitzalan had at least two orchids named after him by von Mueller. He made many botanical expeditions in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 "Victoria (Australia)") and along the Queensland coast on the [Spitfire](/wiki/HMS_Spitfire "HMS Spitfire") in 1860, at Mount Elliot with botanist [John Dallachy](/wiki/John_Dallachy "John Dallachy") in 1863 and in the [Daintree](/wiki/Daintree%2C_Queensland "Daintree, Queensland") area in 1875, before arriving in Cairns in 1886\. He developed nurseries in [Geelong](/wiki/Geelong "Geelong"), [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane") and [Bowen](/wiki/Bowen%2C_Queensland "Bowen, Queensland") and collected specimens for the [Herbarium of Victoria](/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria "National Herbarium of Victoria"). A number of Fitzalan's specimens were sent to [Kew Gardens](/wiki/Kew_Gardens "Kew Gardens"), London, where they were examined by taxonomist [George Bentham](/wiki/George_Bentham "George Bentham") for inclusion in the botanical volumes of [Flora australiensis](/wiki/Flora_Australiensis "Flora Australiensis"). At least nine plant specimens were named after him: *[Pinalia fitzalanii](/wiki/Pinalia_fitzalanii "Pinalia fitzalanii")*, *[Eulophia fitzalanii](/wiki/Eulophia_fitzalanii "Eulophia fitzalanii")*, *[Lepistemon fitzalanii](/wiki/Lepistemon_fitzalanii "Lepistemon fitzalanii")*, *[Macropteranthes fitzalanii](/wiki/Macropteranthes_fitzalanii "Macropteranthes fitzalanii")*, *[Musa fitzalanii](/wiki/Musa_fitzalanii "Musa fitzalanii")*, *[Psychotria fitzalanii](/wiki/Psychotria_fitzalanii "Psychotria fitzalanii")*, and *[Atractocarpus fitzalanii](/wiki/Atractocarpus_fitzalanii "Atractocarpus fitzalanii")*. The last of these is a native gardenia that has been extensively planted as a street tree in Cairns.{{cite web \|title\=TreePlotter \|url\=https://au.pg\-cloud.com/Cairns/ \|website\=Cairns Regional Council’s Street and Park Tree Database \|access\-date\=27 November 2022}} Fitzalan developed about {{convert\|5\|acre}} in the northeast of the reserve as an ornamental botanic garden (known variously as Rosebank or Fitzalan's Botanical Gardens), largely on the site of earlier Chinese market gardens. An 1891 survey plan indicates that Fitzalan's early gardens were located on section 75, just south of Collins Avenue, below what is now the [Tanks Arts Centre](/wiki/WWII_RAN_Fuel_Installation%2C_Edge_Hill "WWII RAN Fuel Installation, Edge Hill"). This was a short distance from the railway line near the cutting at the Three Mile, where the Edge Hill railway station was constructed in 1888–1889\. Access to the gardens was made easier in 1887 when a crossing was made over Saltwater Creek. Between 1887 and 1891 Fitzalan landscaped the ground, planted colourful garden beds and constructed a perimeter fence to keep out goats. He built a small cottage in the garden and established the Edge Hill Nursery, constructing a long shed roofed with coarse canvas in which he raised seedlings and cuttings and in 1887 cut a main garden path, about {{convert\|9\|ft}} wide, through the reserve at his own expense, planting specimen and fruit trees along its length. In 1891 this pathway was surveyed as Edge Hill Road (Collins Avenue from 1934\). He also formed other paths opening off this track, including a circular walking track through the rainforest. Among the plants cultivated by Fitzalan were 50 varieties of roses, 11 varieties of hibiscus, orchids, ferns, rain trees, native myrtle and local plants from the adjacent Mt Whitfield Range. He also grew coffee, and grafted orange, lemons and mangoes, which he made available to residents of the area. He exported large numbers of orchids, palms and palm seeds, ferns and other plants to Europe, and received specimens from other parts of Australia to trial in a tropical environment. Fitzalan relinquished his caretaker role in 1897 due to poor health. In 1906 the Cairns Council Nursery was established. The function of this nursery was the propagation of plants and shrubs to supply municipal needs. Fitzalan's garden and nursery continued on this site under the curatorship of James Morgan (1897 \- 1900\) and Charles Gurd (1901 \- 1906\) until it was moved to its current site in 1906\. Charles Gurd continued as curator until 1923 when Les Wright was appointed nurseryman. In December 1921 the reserve was declared a permanent recreation reserve of {{convert\|109\.5\|acre}} under the trusteeship of [Cairns Town Council](/wiki/Town_of_Cairns "Town of Cairns"). In 1923 Les Wright was appointed as Council's nurseryman a position he held until 1947\. Wright was permitted to construct a house (no longer standing) on the reserve, adjacent to the nursery. From the early 1930s there were community calls for the establishment of a formal botanical garden within the recreation reserve. Momentum came largely from Dr Hugo Flecker (1884 \- 1957\) and the North Queensland Naturalist Club, which he founded in 1932\. Melbourne\-born Flecker was a radiologist with a strong interest in natural history, especially toxic plants and animals. He undertook valuable work on the Queensland Finger Cherry and the Tar Tree and identified the deadly box jelly, [Chironex fleckeri](/wiki/Chironex_fleckeri "Chironex fleckeri"). From 1935 he contributed a weekly column to the [Cairns Post](/wiki/The_Cairns_Post "The Cairns Post") on behalf of the Naturalist Club, in which he publicly advocated the establishment of a botanic garden at the recreation reserve. In 1933, with encouragement from the Queensland Government Botanist, [Cyril White](/wiki/Cyril_Tenison_White "Cyril Tenison White"), Flecker established the North Queensland Naturalists' Club Herbarium in the grounds of the council's nursery in the recreation reserve. The club's collection grew from around 1,600 specimens in 1937 to about 5,000 in 1950 and an estimated final collection size of around 10,680 specimens. The collection proved popular with visitors, enhancing their experiences of the gardens. Until 1949 specimens were housed at the gardens in a storeroom supplied and erected by the Cairns City Council, then the collection was moved to the former Kuranda Barracks on the Cairns Esplanade. It returned briefly to the Cairns Botanic Gardens from 1967 to 1971, but is now fully incorporated in the general collection at the [CSIRO](/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation "Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation") Division of Forest Research at [Atherton](/wiki/Atherton%2C_Queensland "Atherton, Queensland"). In 1934\-35 a significant advance was made with around {{convert\|25\|acre}} of the reserve on the lower slopes of Mt Islay cleared of heavy undergrowth and planted with young trees. The mayor of Cairns advised that the reserve would be planted with "permanent trees which are noteworthy for their ornamentation and their regularity of design, planted at pre\-determined distances, so that they will provide permanent avenues of great beauty." Trees and shrubs of a less "permanent" nature were to be removed and relocated to other parts of the reserve allowing for the development of avenues lined with pine, acacia, palms, Poinciana and others. This project continued until 1940 when part of the recreation reserve (suburban section 74, north of the council nursery) was converted to a Quarry Reserve for war purposes and part of the 1930s gardens work was destroyed by quarrying. It appears that oil palms, poincianas, hoop pines, two rubber trees, a Dillenia, a Schizolobium, an Indian mango, a Wongi plum, a Terminalia and a Malay Apple were planted during this period by Les Wright. As part of the re\-development and in common with formal Botanic gardens, in 1936 the Cairns City Council established a zoological garden in the reserve, to display native birds and animals. This enhanced the appeal of the gardens to visitors, locals and tourists alike, and was popular with American and Australian soldiers during [World War Two](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). Les Wright was appointed curator. Succeeding curators continued to build up the collection but the zoo was closed in 1953 for economic reasons. Following Wright's death in 1947, Tom Mitchell was appointed to the curator's position. He held this position until his death in 1953\. A red brick house was built for Mitchell in the early 1950s. This house today houses the Garden's information centre and administration offices. Mitchell died in 1953 and the position was taken up by Jim Gould until 1966\. In 1966, Cairns City Council appointed Vince Winkel as Curator of Parks, Gardens and Reserves, a position he held until 1984, and in March 1967 adopted a five\-year plan to develop {{convert\|8\|acre}} in the northwest of the Edge Hill reserve as a small botanical gardens. Collins Avenue and McCormack, Goodwin and McDonnell streets bordered the site. Winkel designed the new garden, laying out a figure\-of\-eight walkway. The site was cut diagonally by a small creek over which a bridge was erected, and the banks of the creek were planted with various trees including Cassia, Bauhinias, Parka, Caesalpina, Tabebuia and Semecarpus australiensis, known as the Tar tree. Galvanised pipe railings were placed as needed and where necessary banks were retained with a variety of materials, predominantly small concrete slabs. Garden beds and path edges were built up and retained with flat and smooth river stones. A variety of materials were used for paving in this area: bricks, broken concrete slabs set into the path, and concrete "[crazy paving](/wiki/Crazy_paving "Crazy paving")". Walking areas such as footbridges and steps were rendered "non\-slip" with the application of exposed aggregate concrete. The focal point in the centre of the figure of eight was a [fernery](/wiki/Fernery "Fernery"), constructed in 1968 to house the fern collection of the early and influential Munro\-Martin family. It featured a miniature waterfall and pond with water lilies and fish. Near the fernery was the Curator's office which housed the Flecker Herbarium, a grass hut used as a shelter shed, and a picnic area with swings and a large [dug out canoe](/wiki/Dugout_canoe "Dugout canoe") for children to play in. [thumb\|Botanic Gardens, 2018](/wiki/File:Cairns_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Edge_Hill%2C_2018_05.jpg "Cairns Botanic Gardens, Edge Hill, 2018 05.jpg") In 1971, the Cairns City Council named its new garden the Flecker Botanic Gardens to commemorate Dr Flecker's contribution to botany. (The name has since been applied to the whole of the recreation reserve). At this time there was a collection of over 100 different species of native orchids growing on a line of palms, and over 100 species of palms including oil palms and royal palms in the area facing Collins Avenue. North of this area and facing McCormack Street was a densely wooded area containing earlier plantings. After 1966 this area was cleared of lantana and undergrowth and pathways established. Among the plantings at this time were coffee, tea, cocoa, turmeric, ginger, curry leaf and other medicinal plants including Taraktogenos from Burma. The largest tree in this area at this time was the [Samanea saman](/wiki/Samanea_saman "Samanea saman") or Rain Tree from South America, and well advanced were two [Hevea brasiliensis](/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis "Hevea brasiliensis"), a source of rubber, ready for tapping. A "fine specimen" of breadfruit was growing in front of the curator's office in 1973\. In 1974, the Flecker Botanic Gardens was listed in the International Directory of Botanical Gardens, following an invitation received from the Association of Botanical Gardens (now The Botanic Gardens Conservation International) in [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh"). At this period the gardens held an amazing variety and quantity of ferns, some of which were exceptionally rare. Flecker Botanic Gardens remains a member of this Association. During the 1970s the Flecker Botanic Gardens contributed to plant exchanges with overseas agencies, the acclimatisation of plants, and cataloguing plants for ready reference. Visitor experience and enjoyment was enhanced with the addition of aviaries in 1974 to house pheasants, peacocks and bush turkeys, and the children's playground was extended with the installation of a tree house. [thumb\|Entrance, 2018](/wiki/File:Cairns_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Edge_Hill%2C_2018_01.jpg "Cairns Botanic Gardens, Edge Hill, 2018 01.jpg") In 1982, new entrance gates were erected at the 1971 Flecker Botanic Gardens to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the North Queensland Naturalists' Club. Cyclones have had a significant and devastating effect on the flora of the botanical gardens. In February 1986 [Cyclone Winifred](/wiki/Cyclone_Winifred "Cyclone Winifred") caused extensive damage and many trees, some nearly 100 years old, were severely damaged. A number of plants were lost at this time to theft. Following the cyclone a three\-year plan was implemented by Cairns City Council to upgrade the gardens. This included the redevelopment of the Munro\-Martin Fernery and the orchid propagation house; tree labelling including [Braille](/wiki/Braille "Braille") tree labels; continuation of botanic records; construction of paving; and an Aboriginal wild food walk. A restaurant was constructed near the curator's office, opening in January 1987\. At this time tourist operators considered the Flecker Botanic Gardens the third most popular tourist attraction in the region, with a visitor rate of 100,000 per annum. Public awareness of the gardens increased with the formation of the Friends of the Botanical Gardens in 1989\. During the 1990s the educative function of the botanic garden was emphasised. Interpretative services and guided walks were introduced and an annual Botanical Garden Festival introduced. Flecker Botanic Gardens continues its important botanic role, extending its collection of endangered species from the [Wet Tropics World Heritage Area](/wiki/Wet_Tropics_World_Heritage_Area "Wet Tropics World Heritage Area") and providing assistance to both national and international scientific work. The garden maintains national and international memberships such as the Royal Australian Institute of Parks and Recreation, and [Botanic Gardens Conservation International](/wiki/Botanic_Gardens_Conservation_International "Botanic Gardens Conservation International"), and is noted nationally and internationally for its collections of palms, gingers and aroids.
[ "History\n-------", "[left\\|thumb\\|Eugene Fitzalan, botanist on the Dalrymple Expedition of 1861](/wiki/File:Eugene_Fitzalan%2C_botanist_on_the_Dalrymple_Expedition_of_1861.tiff \"Eugene Fitzalan, botanist on the Dalrymple Expedition of 1861.tiff\")\nThe Flecker Botanic Gardens, a public reserve south of Mt Islay in the Mt Whitfield Range, was established in the mid\\-1880s as part of a recreation reserve, just a decade after the town of Cairns was first surveyed in 1876 as a port to service the [Hodgkinson goldfield](/wiki/Hodgkinson_goldfield \"Hodgkinson goldfield\"). Although never officially gazetted for botanic garden purposes, botanic gardens were developed in the recreation reserve at its inception. The work of botanist [Eugene Fitzalan](/wiki/Eugene_Fitzalan \"Eugene Fitzalan\") in the 1880s and 1890s, [Cairns City Council](/wiki/Cairns_City%2C_Queensland \"Cairns City, Queensland\") nurserymen and curators from the 1920s and naturalist Dr [Hugo Flecker](/wiki/Hugo_Flecker \"Hugo Flecker\") from the 1930s to the 1950s, has contributed to the development of the gardens as a significant botanic and recreation space in Cairns. Of cultural heritage significance the garden area is bounded by Collins Avenue and McCormack, Goodwin and McDonnell Streets.\n[left\\|thumb\\|Hugo Flecker, at the microscope in his laboratory, 1953](/wiki/File:Hugo_Flecker%2C_at_the_microscope_in_his_laboratory.JPG \"Hugo Flecker, at the microscope in his laboratory.JPG\")\nIn 1884 the Cairns Progress Association had advocated for a botanic garden to be established in the vicinity of Cairns. During the 19th and early 20th centuries botanic gardens were considered important for recreation, the preservation of indigenous vegetation, the display of native flora and fauna, and the [acclimatisation](/wiki/Acclimatization \"Acclimatization\") of economically useful plants. In November 1886 an area of about {{convert\\|71\\|acre}} west and south of Mount Islay, comprising suburban sections 71, 74, 75 and 76 (surveyed in 1885\\), was gazetted as a temporary reserve for recreation under the control of [Cairns Municipal Council](/wiki/Cairns_Municipal_Council \"Cairns Municipal Council\") (established in 1885\\). This land comprised the southern and western foothills of Mt Islay and a lowland swamp.", "Previous non\\-indigenous use of the land had been restricted to timber cutting, the forming of tracks through the rainforest scrub to assist with timber extraction, and Chinese market garden cultivation in the northeast corner of the reserve. The site was located approximately {{convert\\|3\\|mi\\|spell\\=in}} from the centre of Cairns adjacent to the recently surveyed [Cairns to Kuranda railway](/wiki/Tablelands_railway_line%2C_Queensland \"Tablelands railway line, Queensland\") right of way, which would make it publicly accessible. In April 1887 suburban section 68 was added, to create a reserve of over {{convert\\|97\\|acre}}. A further {{convert\\|11\\|acre}} was added in May 1892, when swampy land lying between the recreation reserve and the railway line was incorporated into the reserve, including an area at the foot of Mount Islay, west of Saltwater Creek, previously cultivated by Chinese market gardeners under special lease.", "In December 1886 the Cairns Municipal Council came to an agreement with Eugene Fitzalan, a trained botanist, to establish an ornamental garden on the recreation reserve, sufficiently attractive to entice the public. In return Fitzalan was permitted to sell refreshments (which would enhance the public appeal of the gardens) and to operate a private commercial nursery from the reserve. He was appointed caretaker of the reserve with a nominal annual salary of {{A£\\|5}}.", "[Eugene Fitzherbert Albini Fitzalan](/wiki/Eugene_Fitzherbert_Albini_Fitzalan \"Eugene Fitzherbert Albini Fitzalan\") (1830–1911\\) was born in [Derry](/wiki/Derry \"Derry\"), Ireland and was a botanical collector in England and Mexico before arriving in Australia in 1849\\. He was a keen [orchid](/wiki/Orchidaceae \"Orchidaceae\") collector, and on at least one occasion collected with [Baron von Mueller](/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Mueller \"Ferdinand von Mueller\"), who regarded Fitzalan's specimens very highly. Fitzalan had at least two orchids named after him by von Mueller. He made many botanical expeditions in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 \"Victoria (Australia)\") and along the Queensland coast on the [Spitfire](/wiki/HMS_Spitfire \"HMS Spitfire\") in 1860, at Mount Elliot with botanist [John Dallachy](/wiki/John_Dallachy \"John Dallachy\") in 1863 and in the [Daintree](/wiki/Daintree%2C_Queensland \"Daintree, Queensland\") area in 1875, before arriving in Cairns in 1886\\. He developed nurseries in [Geelong](/wiki/Geelong \"Geelong\"), [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\") and [Bowen](/wiki/Bowen%2C_Queensland \"Bowen, Queensland\") and collected specimens for the [Herbarium of Victoria](/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria \"National Herbarium of Victoria\"). A number of Fitzalan's specimens were sent to [Kew Gardens](/wiki/Kew_Gardens \"Kew Gardens\"), London, where they were examined by taxonomist [George Bentham](/wiki/George_Bentham \"George Bentham\") for inclusion in the botanical volumes of [Flora australiensis](/wiki/Flora_Australiensis \"Flora Australiensis\"). At least nine plant specimens were named after him: *[Pinalia fitzalanii](/wiki/Pinalia_fitzalanii \"Pinalia fitzalanii\")*, *[Eulophia fitzalanii](/wiki/Eulophia_fitzalanii \"Eulophia fitzalanii\")*, *[Lepistemon fitzalanii](/wiki/Lepistemon_fitzalanii \"Lepistemon fitzalanii\")*, *[Macropteranthes fitzalanii](/wiki/Macropteranthes_fitzalanii \"Macropteranthes fitzalanii\")*, *[Musa fitzalanii](/wiki/Musa_fitzalanii \"Musa fitzalanii\")*, *[Psychotria fitzalanii](/wiki/Psychotria_fitzalanii \"Psychotria fitzalanii\")*, and *[Atractocarpus fitzalanii](/wiki/Atractocarpus_fitzalanii \"Atractocarpus fitzalanii\")*. The last of these is a native gardenia that has been extensively planted as a street tree in Cairns.{{cite web \\|title\\=TreePlotter \\|url\\=https://au.pg\\-cloud.com/Cairns/ \\|website\\=Cairns Regional Council’s Street and Park Tree Database \\|access\\-date\\=27 November 2022}}", "Fitzalan developed about {{convert\\|5\\|acre}} in the northeast of the reserve as an ornamental botanic garden (known variously as Rosebank or Fitzalan's Botanical Gardens), largely on the site of earlier Chinese market gardens. An 1891 survey plan indicates that Fitzalan's early gardens were located on section 75, just south of Collins Avenue, below what is now the [Tanks Arts Centre](/wiki/WWII_RAN_Fuel_Installation%2C_Edge_Hill \"WWII RAN Fuel Installation, Edge Hill\"). This was a short distance from the railway line near the cutting at the Three Mile, where the Edge Hill railway station was constructed in 1888–1889\\. Access to the gardens was made easier in 1887 when a crossing was made over Saltwater Creek.", "Between 1887 and 1891 Fitzalan landscaped the ground, planted colourful garden beds and constructed a perimeter fence to keep out goats. He built a small cottage in the garden and established the Edge Hill Nursery, constructing a long shed roofed with coarse canvas in which he raised seedlings and cuttings and in 1887 cut a main garden path, about {{convert\\|9\\|ft}} wide, through the reserve at his own expense, planting specimen and fruit trees along its length. In 1891 this pathway was surveyed as Edge Hill Road (Collins Avenue from 1934\\). He also formed other paths opening off this track, including a circular walking track through the rainforest.", "Among the plants cultivated by Fitzalan were 50 varieties of roses, 11 varieties of hibiscus, orchids, ferns, rain trees, native myrtle and local plants from the adjacent Mt Whitfield Range. He also grew coffee, and grafted orange, lemons and mangoes, which he made available to residents of the area. He exported large numbers of orchids, palms and palm seeds, ferns and other plants to Europe, and received specimens from other parts of Australia to trial in a tropical environment. Fitzalan relinquished his caretaker role in 1897 due to poor health. In 1906 the Cairns Council Nursery was established. The function of this nursery was the propagation of plants and shrubs to supply municipal needs.", "Fitzalan's garden and nursery continued on this site under the curatorship of James Morgan (1897 \\- 1900\\) and Charles Gurd (1901 \\- 1906\\) until it was moved to its current site in 1906\\. Charles Gurd continued as curator until 1923 when Les Wright was appointed nurseryman.", "In December 1921 the reserve was declared a permanent recreation reserve of {{convert\\|109\\.5\\|acre}} under the trusteeship of [Cairns Town Council](/wiki/Town_of_Cairns \"Town of Cairns\"). In 1923 Les Wright was appointed as Council's nurseryman a position he held until 1947\\. Wright was permitted to construct a house (no longer standing) on the reserve, adjacent to the nursery.", "From the early 1930s there were community calls for the establishment of a formal botanical garden within the recreation reserve. Momentum came largely from Dr Hugo Flecker (1884 \\- 1957\\) and the North Queensland Naturalist Club, which he founded in 1932\\. Melbourne\\-born Flecker was a radiologist with a strong interest in natural history, especially toxic plants and animals. He undertook valuable work on the Queensland Finger Cherry and the Tar Tree and identified the deadly box jelly, [Chironex fleckeri](/wiki/Chironex_fleckeri \"Chironex fleckeri\"). From 1935 he contributed a weekly column to the [Cairns Post](/wiki/The_Cairns_Post \"The Cairns Post\") on behalf of the Naturalist Club, in which he publicly advocated the establishment of a botanic garden at the recreation reserve.", "In 1933, with encouragement from the Queensland Government Botanist, [Cyril White](/wiki/Cyril_Tenison_White \"Cyril Tenison White\"), Flecker established the North Queensland Naturalists' Club Herbarium in the grounds of the council's nursery in the recreation reserve. The club's collection grew from around 1,600 specimens in 1937 to about 5,000 in 1950 and an estimated final collection size of around 10,680 specimens. The collection proved popular with visitors, enhancing their experiences of the gardens. Until 1949 specimens were housed at the gardens in a storeroom supplied and erected by the Cairns City Council, then the collection was moved to the former Kuranda Barracks on the Cairns Esplanade. It returned briefly to the Cairns Botanic Gardens from 1967 to 1971, but is now fully incorporated in the general collection at the [CSIRO](/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation \"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation\") Division of Forest Research at [Atherton](/wiki/Atherton%2C_Queensland \"Atherton, Queensland\").", "In 1934\\-35 a significant advance was made with around {{convert\\|25\\|acre}} of the reserve on the lower slopes of Mt Islay cleared of heavy undergrowth and planted with young trees. The mayor of Cairns advised that the reserve would be planted with \"permanent trees which are noteworthy for their ornamentation and their regularity of design, planted at pre\\-determined distances, so that they will provide permanent avenues of great beauty.\" Trees and shrubs of a less \"permanent\" nature were to be removed and relocated to other parts of the reserve allowing for the development of avenues lined with pine, acacia, palms, Poinciana and others. This project continued until 1940 when part of the recreation reserve (suburban section 74, north of the council nursery) was converted to a Quarry Reserve for war purposes and part of the 1930s gardens work was destroyed by quarrying. It appears that oil palms, poincianas, hoop pines, two rubber trees, a Dillenia, a Schizolobium, an Indian mango, a Wongi plum, a Terminalia and a Malay Apple were planted during this period by Les Wright.", "As part of the re\\-development and in common with formal Botanic gardens, in 1936 the Cairns City Council established a zoological garden in the reserve, to display native birds and animals. This enhanced the appeal of the gardens to visitors, locals and tourists alike, and was popular with American and Australian soldiers during [World War Two](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). Les Wright was appointed curator. Succeeding curators continued to build up the collection but the zoo was closed in 1953 for economic reasons.", "Following Wright's death in 1947, Tom Mitchell was appointed to the curator's position. He held this position until his death in 1953\\. A red brick house was built for Mitchell in the early 1950s. This house today houses the Garden's information centre and administration offices. Mitchell died in 1953 and the position was taken up by Jim Gould until 1966\\.", "In 1966, Cairns City Council appointed Vince Winkel as Curator of Parks, Gardens and Reserves, a position he held until 1984, and in March 1967 adopted a five\\-year plan to develop {{convert\\|8\\|acre}} in the northwest of the Edge Hill reserve as a small botanical gardens. Collins Avenue and McCormack, Goodwin and McDonnell streets bordered the site. Winkel designed the new garden, laying out a figure\\-of\\-eight walkway. The site was cut diagonally by a small creek over which a bridge was erected, and the banks of the creek were planted with various trees including Cassia, Bauhinias, Parka, Caesalpina, Tabebuia and Semecarpus australiensis, known as the Tar tree.", "Galvanised pipe railings were placed as needed and where necessary banks were retained with a variety of materials, predominantly small concrete slabs. Garden beds and path edges were built up and retained with flat and smooth river stones. A variety of materials were used for paving in this area: bricks, broken concrete slabs set into the path, and concrete \"[crazy paving](/wiki/Crazy_paving \"Crazy paving\")\". Walking areas such as footbridges and steps were rendered \"non\\-slip\" with the application of exposed aggregate concrete.", "The focal point in the centre of the figure of eight was a [fernery](/wiki/Fernery \"Fernery\"), constructed in 1968 to house the fern collection of the early and influential Munro\\-Martin family. It featured a miniature waterfall and pond with water lilies and fish. Near the fernery was the Curator's office which housed the Flecker Herbarium, a grass hut used as a shelter shed, and a picnic area with swings and a large [dug out canoe](/wiki/Dugout_canoe \"Dugout canoe\") for children to play in.\n[thumb\\|Botanic Gardens, 2018](/wiki/File:Cairns_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Edge_Hill%2C_2018_05.jpg \"Cairns Botanic Gardens, Edge Hill, 2018 05.jpg\")\nIn 1971, the Cairns City Council named its new garden the Flecker Botanic Gardens to commemorate Dr Flecker's contribution to botany. (The name has since been applied to the whole of the recreation reserve). At this time there was a collection of over 100 different species of native orchids growing on a line of palms, and over 100 species of palms including oil palms and royal palms in the area facing Collins Avenue. North of this area and facing McCormack Street was a densely wooded area containing earlier plantings. After 1966 this area was cleared of lantana and undergrowth and pathways established. Among the plantings at this time were coffee, tea, cocoa, turmeric, ginger, curry leaf and other medicinal plants including Taraktogenos from Burma. The largest tree in this area at this time was the [Samanea saman](/wiki/Samanea_saman \"Samanea saman\") or Rain Tree from South America, and well advanced were two [Hevea brasiliensis](/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis \"Hevea brasiliensis\"), a source of rubber, ready for tapping. A \"fine specimen\" of breadfruit was growing in front of the curator's office in 1973\\.", "In 1974, the Flecker Botanic Gardens was listed in the International Directory of Botanical Gardens, following an invitation received from the Association of Botanical Gardens (now The Botanic Gardens Conservation International) in [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\"). At this period the gardens held an amazing variety and quantity of ferns, some of which were exceptionally rare. Flecker Botanic Gardens remains a member of this Association.", "During the 1970s the Flecker Botanic Gardens contributed to plant exchanges with overseas agencies, the acclimatisation of plants, and cataloguing plants for ready reference. Visitor experience and enjoyment was enhanced with the addition of aviaries in 1974 to house pheasants, peacocks and bush turkeys, and the children's playground was extended with the installation of a tree house.\n[thumb\\|Entrance, 2018](/wiki/File:Cairns_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Edge_Hill%2C_2018_01.jpg \"Cairns Botanic Gardens, Edge Hill, 2018 01.jpg\")\nIn 1982, new entrance gates were erected at the 1971 Flecker Botanic Gardens to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the North Queensland Naturalists' Club.", "Cyclones have had a significant and devastating effect on the flora of the botanical gardens. In February 1986 [Cyclone Winifred](/wiki/Cyclone_Winifred \"Cyclone Winifred\") caused extensive damage and many trees, some nearly 100 years old, were severely damaged. A number of plants were lost at this time to theft.", "Following the cyclone a three\\-year plan was implemented by Cairns City Council to upgrade the gardens. This included the redevelopment of the Munro\\-Martin Fernery and the orchid propagation house; tree labelling including [Braille](/wiki/Braille \"Braille\") tree labels; continuation of botanic records; construction of paving; and an Aboriginal wild food walk. A restaurant was constructed near the curator's office, opening in January 1987\\. At this time tourist operators considered the Flecker Botanic Gardens the third most popular tourist attraction in the region, with a visitor rate of 100,000 per annum.", "Public awareness of the gardens increased with the formation of the Friends of the Botanical Gardens in 1989\\. During the 1990s the educative function of the botanic garden was emphasised. Interpretative services and guided walks were introduced and an annual Botanical Garden Festival introduced.", "Flecker Botanic Gardens continues its important botanic role, extending its collection of endangered species from the [Wet Tropics World Heritage Area](/wiki/Wet_Tropics_World_Heritage_Area \"Wet Tropics World Heritage Area\") and providing assistance to both national and international scientific work. The garden maintains national and international memberships such as the Royal Australian Institute of Parks and Recreation, and [Botanic Gardens Conservation International](/wiki/Botanic_Gardens_Conservation_International \"Botanic Gardens Conservation International\"), and is noted nationally and internationally for its collections of palms, gingers and aroids.", "" ]
Description ----------- [thumb\|Botanic Gardens, 2018](/wiki/File:Cairns_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Edge_Hill%2C_2018_08.jpg "Cairns Botanic Gardens, Edge Hill, 2018 08.jpg") The Flecker Botanic Gardens is bounded by Collins Avenue and McCormack, Goodwin and MacDonnell streets. Some plantings in this area need to be considered with respect to their possible age. The corner of Collins Avenue and McCormack Street along the western boundary has a group planting including two very large hoop pines [Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii "Araucaria cunninghamii"), a Cook pine [Araucaria columnaris](/wiki/Araucaria_columnaris "Araucaria columnaris"), a sausage tree [Kigelia pinnata](/wiki/Kigelia_pinnata "Kigelia pinnata"), and a large fig tree [Ficus](/wiki/Ficus "Ficus") spp. The association of these species in botanical gardens was not uncommon in the late 19th century, as at [Queens Park](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park%2C_Maryborough "Queen's Park, Maryborough"), [Maryborough](/wiki/Maryborough%2C_Queensland "Maryborough, Queensland"). Further north of this group of plants, towards Goodwin Street, the association of a particularly large rain tree with a [blue quandong](/wiki/Blue_Quandong "Blue Quandong"), a [damson plum](/wiki/Damson "Damson"), a clump of bamboo of the same species as that in the Fitzalan Gardens and mature mangoes, is seen. Rainforest understorey plants line the creek bank and pathways in this area and again the association of a blue quandong, paperbarks and a [Leichhardt tree](/wiki/Leichhardt_tree "Leichhardt tree") is seen. The 1960s figure\-of\-eight walkway has persisted and Fitzalan Creek is crossed by two footbridges. The southern portion of the gully area has the oldest paving. A variety of paving materials are used, including bricks, concrete slabs and concrete "crazy paving." Retaining walls reflect this pattern: log retaining walls and concrete stone pitching in southern parts give way to block walls in northern areas. The materials used in this work are simple in contrast to the workmanship evident in its execution, which is of an outstanding quality. Railings made of galvanised pipe are placed as needed. Over time a number of these have been replaced with timber railings. Where necessary banks are retained with a variety of materials, predominantly small concrete slabs approximately {{convert\|75\|mm}} high x {{convert\|300\|mm}} long x {{convert\|250\|mm}} deep, laid into the banks. Garden beds and path edges are built up and retained with flat and smooth rivers stones, generally the size (but not the shape) of lawn bowls balls, bedded horizontally. Walking areas such as footbridges and steps are rendered "non\-slip" with the application of exposed aggregate concrete utilising large river\-washed pebbles approximately 20 to {{convert\|20\|to\|50\|mm}} in diameter. Understorey plantings in the Fitzalan Creek gully area have no doubt changed over time. Today aroids, gingers and Asian species dominate the head of the gully and a variety of tropical ground cover species enjoy the canopy provided in the lower area of the gully by remnant vegetation including impressive specimens of the paperbark [Melaleuca leucadendron](/wiki/Melaleuca_leucadendra "Melaleuca leucadendra"), damson plum and Leichhardt trees. [thumb\|Botanic Gardens, 2018](/wiki/File:Cairns_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Edge_Hill%2C_2018_07.jpg "Cairns Botanic Gardens, Edge Hill, 2018 07.jpg") There are three open lawn areas within the Flecker Botanic Gardens: an area immediately adjacent to the main entry off Collins Avenue; a large open space used for open\-air performances and large gatherings in the northeast area of the site adjacent to McDonnell Street; and a tree and shrub lined linear space along Goodwin Street. The main entry lawn has a large teak tree [Tectona Grandis](/wiki/Tectona_grandis "Tectona grandis"), planted in 1946, as the centre lawn specimen and the remnants of a large yellow poinciana [Peltophorum pterocarpum](/wiki/Peltophorum_pterocarpum "Peltophorum pterocarpum") to the northeast of this. The latter tree shows the scars of significant storm damage over time and today provides the support for a collection of [epiphytic](/wiki/Epiphyte "Epiphyte") plants. Along the MacDonnell Street boundary and immediately adjacent to the open\-air performance area, are a number of very large and mature trees including a Bayur tree [Pterospermum acerifolium](/wiki/Pterospermum_acerifolium "Pterospermum acerifolium"), a multi\-trunked mock orange [Murraya exotica](/wiki/Murraya_exotica "Murraya exotica"), a [Cassia javanica](/wiki/Cassia_javanica "Cassia javanica"), and a multi\-trunked Tar tree. These specimens are particularly mature and are species that could well have been used in earlier planting schemes. [thumb\|Botanic Gardens, 2018](/wiki/File:Cairns_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Edge_Hill%2C_2018_02.jpg "Cairns Botanic Gardens, Edge Hill, 2018 02.jpg") Buildings have a minimal visual presence on this site. The 1968 Munro\-Martin Fernery is constructed of galvanised pipe framing approximately {{convert\|50\|mm}} in diameter with a central barrel vault and side [aisle](/wiki/Aisle "Aisle") areas sheeted with galvanised steel mesh and enclosed externally with shade cloth. Timber lattice panels flank the front entrance. The fernery is in clear view across the lawn from the main entrance gate to the Flecker Botanic Gardens. Adjoining the Munro\-Martin Fernery to the west is the George Watkins Orchid House (1986\) constructed from similar materials but on a smaller scale. Neither of the structures housing the fernery or the orchid collection is considered to be of cultural heritage significance. The commemorative entrance gates (1982\) are constructed with decorative stonework. Other built elements in this area of the gardens lie buried under the exuberant foliage and are "discovered" when wandering the various pathways. These include the red brick curator's office and information centre (1950s), a restaurant (1987\) and two toilet blocks. The placement and scale of these buildings on the site is significant, rendering them unobtrusive in the landscape. However, the structures themselves are not considered to be of high cultural heritage significance. Fencing around this area of the gardens is not significant.
[ "Description\n-----------", "[thumb\\|Botanic Gardens, 2018](/wiki/File:Cairns_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Edge_Hill%2C_2018_08.jpg \"Cairns Botanic Gardens, Edge Hill, 2018 08.jpg\")\nThe Flecker Botanic Gardens is bounded by Collins Avenue and McCormack, Goodwin and MacDonnell streets. Some plantings in this area need to be considered with respect to their possible age. The corner of Collins Avenue and McCormack Street along the western boundary has a group planting including two very large hoop pines [Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii \"Araucaria cunninghamii\"), a Cook pine [Araucaria columnaris](/wiki/Araucaria_columnaris \"Araucaria columnaris\"), a sausage tree [Kigelia pinnata](/wiki/Kigelia_pinnata \"Kigelia pinnata\"), and a large fig tree [Ficus](/wiki/Ficus \"Ficus\") spp. The association of these species in botanical gardens was not uncommon in the late 19th century, as at [Queens Park](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park%2C_Maryborough \"Queen's Park, Maryborough\"), [Maryborough](/wiki/Maryborough%2C_Queensland \"Maryborough, Queensland\").", "Further north of this group of plants, towards Goodwin Street, the association of a particularly large rain tree with a [blue quandong](/wiki/Blue_Quandong \"Blue Quandong\"), a [damson plum](/wiki/Damson \"Damson\"), a clump of bamboo of the same species as that in the Fitzalan Gardens and mature mangoes, is seen.", "Rainforest understorey plants line the creek bank and pathways in this area and again the association of a blue quandong, paperbarks and a [Leichhardt tree](/wiki/Leichhardt_tree \"Leichhardt tree\") is seen. The 1960s figure\\-of\\-eight walkway has persisted and Fitzalan Creek is crossed by two footbridges. The southern portion of the gully area has the oldest paving. A variety of paving materials are used, including bricks, concrete slabs and concrete \"crazy paving.\" Retaining walls reflect this pattern: log retaining walls and concrete stone pitching in southern parts give way to block walls in northern areas.", "The materials used in this work are simple in contrast to the workmanship evident in its execution, which is of an outstanding quality. Railings made of galvanised pipe are placed as needed. Over time a number of these have been replaced with timber railings. Where necessary banks are retained with a variety of materials, predominantly small concrete slabs approximately {{convert\\|75\\|mm}} high x {{convert\\|300\\|mm}} long x {{convert\\|250\\|mm}} deep, laid into the banks. Garden beds and path edges are built up and retained with flat and smooth rivers stones, generally the size (but not the shape) of lawn bowls balls, bedded horizontally.", "Walking areas such as footbridges and steps are rendered \"non\\-slip\" with the application of exposed aggregate concrete utilising large river\\-washed pebbles approximately 20 to {{convert\\|20\\|to\\|50\\|mm}} in diameter.", "Understorey plantings in the Fitzalan Creek gully area have no doubt changed over time. Today aroids, gingers and Asian species dominate the head of the gully and a variety of tropical ground cover species enjoy the canopy provided in the lower area of the gully by remnant vegetation including impressive specimens of the paperbark [Melaleuca leucadendron](/wiki/Melaleuca_leucadendra \"Melaleuca leucadendra\"), damson plum and Leichhardt trees.\n[thumb\\|Botanic Gardens, 2018](/wiki/File:Cairns_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Edge_Hill%2C_2018_07.jpg \"Cairns Botanic Gardens, Edge Hill, 2018 07.jpg\")\nThere are three open lawn areas within the Flecker Botanic Gardens: an area immediately adjacent to the main entry off Collins Avenue; a large open space used for open\\-air performances and large gatherings in the northeast area of the site adjacent to McDonnell Street; and a tree and shrub lined linear space along Goodwin Street. The main entry lawn has a large teak tree [Tectona Grandis](/wiki/Tectona_grandis \"Tectona grandis\"), planted in 1946, as the centre lawn specimen and the remnants of a large yellow poinciana [Peltophorum pterocarpum](/wiki/Peltophorum_pterocarpum \"Peltophorum pterocarpum\") to the northeast of this. The latter tree shows the scars of significant storm damage over time and today provides the support for a collection of [epiphytic](/wiki/Epiphyte \"Epiphyte\") plants.", "Along the MacDonnell Street boundary and immediately adjacent to the open\\-air performance area, are a number of very large and mature trees including a Bayur tree [Pterospermum acerifolium](/wiki/Pterospermum_acerifolium \"Pterospermum acerifolium\"), a multi\\-trunked mock orange [Murraya exotica](/wiki/Murraya_exotica \"Murraya exotica\"), a [Cassia javanica](/wiki/Cassia_javanica \"Cassia javanica\"), and a multi\\-trunked Tar tree. These specimens are particularly mature and are species that could well have been used in earlier planting schemes.\n[thumb\\|Botanic Gardens, 2018](/wiki/File:Cairns_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Edge_Hill%2C_2018_02.jpg \"Cairns Botanic Gardens, Edge Hill, 2018 02.jpg\")\nBuildings have a minimal visual presence on this site. The 1968 Munro\\-Martin Fernery is constructed of galvanised pipe framing approximately {{convert\\|50\\|mm}} in diameter with a central barrel vault and side [aisle](/wiki/Aisle \"Aisle\") areas sheeted with galvanised steel mesh and enclosed externally with shade cloth. Timber lattice panels flank the front entrance. The fernery is in clear view across the lawn from the main entrance gate to the Flecker Botanic Gardens. Adjoining the Munro\\-Martin Fernery to the west is the George Watkins Orchid House (1986\\) constructed from similar materials but on a smaller scale. Neither of the structures housing the fernery or the orchid collection is considered to be of cultural heritage significance. The commemorative entrance gates (1982\\) are constructed with decorative stonework.", "Other built elements in this area of the gardens lie buried under the exuberant foliage and are \"discovered\" when wandering the various pathways. These include the red brick curator's office and information centre (1950s), a restaurant (1987\\) and two toilet blocks. The placement and scale of these buildings on the site is significant, rendering them unobtrusive in the landscape. However, the structures themselves are not considered to be of high cultural heritage significance. Fencing around this area of the gardens is not significant.", "" ]
Heritage listing ---------------- Flecker Botanical Gardens was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 February 2007 having satisfied the following criteria. **The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.** The place demonstrates the development and continued management of a botanic garden in a regional city as a theme in the evolution and pattern of Queensland's history. The Flecker Botanic Gardens (earlier Cairns Botanical Gardens) was established in 1886 as part of a recreation reserve. From the 1930s the Flecker Botanic Gardens has fulfilled the traditional functions of a botanical gardens, including increasing horticultural knowledge about local plants with a view to developing their economic potential, sharing of this knowledge and seed stock with like\-minded institutions nationally and internationally, providing an attractive and educative venue for public recreation, and in some instances providing plant material to the public. **The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.** The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial wet tropics public botanical gardens that has evolved over time, including early groupings of exotic and indigenous plantings (early to mid 20th century) and the botanical display garden, designed and developed by curator Vince Winkel in the 1960s. Important characteristics also include: infrastructure associated with displaying the gardens, especially that dating from the 1960s\-1980s (including the figure\-of\-eight walkway, other pathways, retaining walls, footbridges, paving, railings, drainage systems, and raised and built up garden beds); the provision of specialist displays; specimen plantings of trees and shrubs; and the incorporation of open lawn areas within the design. The current Gardens, developed during the 1960s demonstrate plantings, displays, plant collections, bridges and visitor facilities similar in concept to other regional botanic gardens. **The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.** The visual display of the plant material in the Flecker Botanic Gardens captures the exuberant ambience associated with imagery of the "lush tropics". Large trees, both native to this habitat and exotic, provide the planting structure and canopy framework for the understorey collection and display of colourful orchids, gingers, aroids and ferns. The natural topography of gentle foothill and slopes, creek, gully and swampland has been sensitively incorporated into the design of the display. The aesthetic of the site has quietly evolved with, and emerged from, its natural environment rather than being designed to dominate and overpower its space in the landscape. This contributes to the enduring charm of the place as a recreational venue. **The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.** The place has a special association with the work of naturalist Dr Hugo Flecker in the mid\-20th century. The North Queensland Naturalist Club was established in 1932 by Dr Flecker. He housed its extensive herbarium collection in the gardens from 1933 until 1949\. This collection returned to the Flecker Botanic Gardens briefly from 1967 to 1971\. It is now incorporated into the CSIRO collection. Since the 1930s, the place has had a special association with the work of the Cairns City Council in developing and promoting the Botanic gardens as a place of recreation and, since the 1960s, as an internationally recognised source of scientific information and education in the wet tropics of Australia.
[ "Heritage listing\n----------------", "Flecker Botanical Gardens was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 February 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.", "**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**", "The place demonstrates the development and continued management of a botanic garden in a regional city as a theme in the evolution and pattern of Queensland's history. The Flecker Botanic Gardens (earlier Cairns Botanical Gardens) was established in 1886 as part of a recreation reserve. From the 1930s the Flecker Botanic Gardens has fulfilled the traditional functions of a botanical gardens, including increasing horticultural knowledge about local plants with a view to developing their economic potential, sharing of this knowledge and seed stock with like\\-minded institutions nationally and internationally, providing an attractive and educative venue for public recreation, and in some instances providing plant material to the public.", "**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**", "The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial wet tropics public botanical gardens that has evolved over time, including early groupings of exotic and indigenous plantings (early to mid 20th century) and the botanical display garden, designed and developed by curator Vince Winkel in the 1960s. Important characteristics also include: infrastructure associated with displaying the gardens, especially that dating from the 1960s\\-1980s (including the figure\\-of\\-eight walkway, other pathways, retaining walls, footbridges, paving, railings, drainage systems, and raised and built up garden beds); the provision of specialist displays; specimen plantings of trees and shrubs; and the incorporation of open lawn areas within the design. The current Gardens, developed during the 1960s demonstrate plantings, displays, plant collections, bridges and visitor facilities similar in concept to other regional botanic gardens.", "**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**", "The visual display of the plant material in the Flecker Botanic Gardens captures the exuberant ambience associated with imagery of the \"lush tropics\". Large trees, both native to this habitat and exotic, provide the planting structure and canopy framework for the understorey collection and display of colourful orchids, gingers, aroids and ferns. The natural topography of gentle foothill and slopes, creek, gully and swampland has been sensitively incorporated into the design of the display. The aesthetic of the site has quietly evolved with, and emerged from, its natural environment rather than being designed to dominate and overpower its space in the landscape. This contributes to the enduring charm of the place as a recreational venue.", "**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**", "The place has a special association with the work of naturalist Dr Hugo Flecker in the mid\\-20th century. The North Queensland Naturalist Club was established in 1932 by Dr Flecker. He housed its extensive herbarium collection in the gardens from 1933 until 1949\\. This collection returned to the Flecker Botanic Gardens briefly from 1967 to 1971\\. It is now incorporated into the CSIRO collection.\nSince the 1930s, the place has had a special association with the work of the Cairns City Council in developing and promoting the Botanic gardens as a place of recreation and, since the 1960s, as an internationally recognised source of scientific information and education in the wet tropics of Australia.", "" ]
Archaeology ----------- [Archaeologic](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") [excavation](/wiki/Excavation_%28archaeology%29 "Excavation (archaeology)") began at Town Creek in 1927 on an amateur basis,. In 1937 professional archaeologists began a [Works Progress Administration](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration "Works Progress Administration") (WPA)\-funded project during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"). The scholarly excavations continued regularly until 1987\.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.sandhills.org/history/mound.htm \| title \= Town Creek Indian Mound \| access\-date \= 2007\-07\-31 \| publisher \= \[\[Sandhills Publishing Company\|Sandhills]] Online}} In the years prior to 1927, local residents had known the site as a place to collect Indian [arrowheads](/wiki/Arrowhead "Arrowhead") and other relics. With little knowledge of archaeological practices, they likely caused some permanent damage to the site. The amateur group used a scraper pulled by a mule to uncover artifacts, including animal and human bones, and shards of [pottery](/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery "Mississippian culture pottery"). Today excavations continue on a limited basis. During the 1930s the land was owned by L. D. Frutchey. He allowed exploratory work to begin in 1937 by a team from the [University of North Carolina\-Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina-Chapel_Hill "University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill"), funded by the WPA of the President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") administration. Frutchey donated the mound and about an acre of surrounding land to the state of North Carolina, and it was called Frutchey State Park for several years. The name was changed to Town Creek in the 1940s, and it has been administered by the [North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources](/wiki/North_Carolina_Department_of_Cultural_Resources "North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources"). Town Creek was the first state historic site to be developed for interpretation for visitors. The Pee Dee left no written record, so the archaeology work has been vital in uncovering and interpreting their history. Joffre Coe of the [University of North Carolina\-Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina-Chapel_Hill "University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill") was the lead archaeologist at Town Creek beginning in 1937\. Coe and his team uncovered various [artifacts](/wiki/Artifact_%28archaeology%29 "Artifact (archaeology)") and burial vaults, and also found the remains of a defensive wooden [palisade](/wiki/Palisade "Palisade") that once surrounded the town and mound. Evidence suggests this palisade was rebuilt at least five times. Further excavations revealed that the mound, which had not been destroyed over the years despite widespread farming in the area, was the site of three separate structures. The earliest structure was a rectangular [earth lodge](/wiki/Earth_lodge "Earth lodge") that had collapsed with age. The second structure was built over the fallen lodge; it was a temple. After the temple burned, the Pee Dee built another ceremonial structure on the same spot on top of the mound. This building had an eastward\-facing ramp that provided access to the surrounding plaza. The flat, graded plaza in front of the mound served as the site for ceremonies and other public meetings. The archaeologists discovered the remains of several support buildings in the vicinity of the plaza, including a burial and [mortuary](/wiki/Mortuary "Mortuary") house. It is believed that the burial house was significant for a specific [clan](/wiki/Clan "Clan"). The mound, burial, mortuary houses and many family homes were surrounded by a protective palisade. The remains of two gates and guard towers have been discovered on the north and south ends of the palisade, with archaeological evidence pointing to the successive construction and destruction of at least five protective walls. This is a pattern seen at other Mississippian sites, such as [Cahokia](/wiki/Cahokia "Cahokia"), a major center located in present\-day southwestern Illinois across the Mississippi River and near [Saint Louis, Missouri](/wiki/Saint_Louis%2C_Missouri "Saint Louis, Missouri"). A total of 563 burials have been found at Town Creek Indian Mound; they are believed to be Pee Dee people. Many of the burial sites appear to have been fairly simple and common, with the bodies casually placed in the graves.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hs/town/pee\-dee.htm \| title \= The Pee Dee Culture \| access\-date \= 2007\-07\-31 \| publisher \= North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Office of Archives \& History }} Some of the remains were found buried with the bodies fully extended, while others may have been re\-buried in a bundle of bones. The remains of young children and infants have been found tightly wrapped in deerskins and placed within large pottery vessels which archeologists have called burial urns. Coe served as the lead archaeologist for Town Creek Indian Mound for more than 50 years.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hs/town/about.htm \| title \= About the site: Town Creek Indian Mound \| access\-date \= 2007\-07\-31 \| author \= Leland G. Ferguson \| publisher \= North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Office of Archives \& History }} His extensive work at Town Creek has resulted in the development of deep knowledge about the past of Town Creek. Traditionally, historic excavations have taken place over a much shorter period of time, and artifacts are often moved to a distant research facility. Coe maintained his center of operations at Town Creek for over 50 years, allowing him to establish a consistent plan of research and study.
[ "Archaeology\n-----------", "[Archaeologic](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") [excavation](/wiki/Excavation_%28archaeology%29 \"Excavation (archaeology)\") began at Town Creek in 1927 on an amateur basis,. In 1937 professional archaeologists began a [Works Progress Administration](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration \"Works Progress Administration\") (WPA)\\-funded project during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"). The scholarly excavations continued regularly until 1987\\.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.sandhills.org/history/mound.htm \\| title \\= Town Creek Indian Mound \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-07\\-31 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Sandhills Publishing Company\\|Sandhills]] Online}} In the years prior to 1927, local residents had known the site as a place to collect Indian [arrowheads](/wiki/Arrowhead \"Arrowhead\") and other relics. With little knowledge of archaeological practices, they likely caused some permanent damage to the site. The amateur group used a scraper pulled by a mule to uncover artifacts, including animal and human bones, and shards of [pottery](/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery \"Mississippian culture pottery\"). Today excavations continue on a limited basis.", "During the 1930s the land was owned by L. D. Frutchey. He allowed exploratory work to begin in 1937 by a team from the [University of North Carolina\\-Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina-Chapel_Hill \"University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill\"), funded by the WPA of the President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") administration. Frutchey donated the mound and about an acre of surrounding land to the state of North Carolina, and it was called Frutchey State Park for several years. The name was changed to Town Creek in the 1940s, and it has been administered by the [North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources](/wiki/North_Carolina_Department_of_Cultural_Resources \"North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources\"). Town Creek was the first state historic site to be developed for interpretation for visitors.", "The Pee Dee left no written record, so the archaeology work has been vital in uncovering and interpreting their history. Joffre Coe of the [University of North Carolina\\-Chapel Hill](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina-Chapel_Hill \"University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill\") was the lead archaeologist at Town Creek beginning in 1937\\. Coe and his team uncovered various [artifacts](/wiki/Artifact_%28archaeology%29 \"Artifact (archaeology)\") and burial vaults, and also found the remains of a defensive wooden [palisade](/wiki/Palisade \"Palisade\") that once surrounded the town and mound. Evidence suggests this palisade was rebuilt at least five times.", "Further excavations revealed that the mound, which had not been destroyed over the years despite widespread farming in the area, was the site of three separate structures. The earliest structure was a rectangular [earth lodge](/wiki/Earth_lodge \"Earth lodge\") that had collapsed with age. The second structure was built over the fallen lodge; it was a temple. After the temple burned, the Pee Dee built another ceremonial structure on the same spot on top of the mound. This building had an eastward\\-facing ramp that provided access to the surrounding plaza.", "The flat, graded plaza in front of the mound served as the site for ceremonies and other public meetings. The archaeologists discovered the remains of several support buildings in the vicinity of the plaza, including a burial and [mortuary](/wiki/Mortuary \"Mortuary\") house. It is believed that the burial house was significant for a specific [clan](/wiki/Clan \"Clan\"). The mound, burial, mortuary houses and many family homes were surrounded by a protective palisade. The remains of two gates and guard towers have been discovered on the north and south ends of the palisade, with archaeological evidence pointing to the successive construction and destruction of at least five protective walls. This is a pattern seen at other Mississippian sites, such as [Cahokia](/wiki/Cahokia \"Cahokia\"), a major center located in present\\-day southwestern Illinois across the Mississippi River and near [Saint Louis, Missouri](/wiki/Saint_Louis%2C_Missouri \"Saint Louis, Missouri\").", "A total of 563 burials have been found at Town Creek Indian Mound; they are believed to be Pee Dee people. Many of the burial sites appear to have been fairly simple and common, with the bodies casually placed in the graves.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hs/town/pee\\-dee.htm \\| title \\= The Pee Dee Culture \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-07\\-31 \\| publisher \\= North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Office of Archives \\& History }} Some of the remains were found buried with the bodies fully extended, while others may have been re\\-buried in a bundle of bones. The remains of young children and infants have been found tightly wrapped in deerskins and placed within large pottery vessels which archeologists have called burial urns.", "Coe served as the lead archaeologist for Town Creek Indian Mound for more than 50 years.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hs/town/about.htm \\| title \\= About the site: Town Creek Indian Mound \\| access\\-date \\= 2007\\-07\\-31 \\| author \\= Leland G. Ferguson \\| publisher \\= North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Office of Archives \\& History }} His extensive work at Town Creek has resulted in the development of deep knowledge about the past of Town Creek. Traditionally, historic excavations have taken place over a much shorter period of time, and artifacts are often moved to a distant research facility. Coe maintained his center of operations at Town Creek for over 50 years, allowing him to establish a consistent plan of research and study.", "" ]
Biography --------- Wettberg was born on 10 November 1941 in Friesack, near [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"). Wettberg joined the [German postal service](/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost "Deutsche Bundespost"), who he worked for until his retirement in July 2002\. He entered local politics in April that year, being elected to his local [district council](/wiki/Districts_of_Germany%23District_council "Districts of Germany#District council") in [Kelheim](/wiki/Kelheim "Kelheim"). He was an unsuccessful candidate in the [2008](/wiki/2008_Bavaria_state_election "2008 Bavaria state election") [Bavarian Landtag](/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria "Landtag of Bavaria") elections for the [Social Democratic Party of Germany](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany").[Karsten Wettberg website – Biografie](http://www.karsten-wettberg.de/?cat=bio) {{in lang\|de}} accessed: 28 June 2009 Wettberg spent his playing career exclusively with [Bavarian](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") amateur clubs, eventually becoming player coach of SV Saal. He entered the top league of Bavarian football for the first time in 1980, when he took over as manager of [MTV Ingolstadt](/wiki/MTV_Ingolstadt "MTV Ingolstadt"), the club just having been relegated from the [2\. Bundesliga Süd](/wiki/2._Bundesliga_S%C3%BCd_%281974%E2%80%9381%29 "2. Bundesliga Süd (1974–81)"). With MTV, he won the Bayernliga in its first season there but in that season, 1980–81, no promotion from the third to the second tier was available as the 2\. Bundesliga was reduced from two to one division. He stayed with the club until 1983\. He coached local rival [ESV Ingolstadt](/wiki/ESV_Ingolstadt "ESV Ingolstadt") after this, a club that had just dropped from the second to the fourth division in two seasons. He won the tier\-four [Landesliga Bayern\-Süd](/wiki/Landesliga_Bayern-S%C3%BCd "Landesliga Bayern-Süd") with ESV in 1984 and earned promotion to the Bayernliga. ESV, a club in decline, finished eighth in the league in 1985, but came only 16th in 1986, disappearing from the Bayernliga for good.*Die Bayernliga 1945–1997* {{in lang\|de}} publisher: [DSFS](/wiki/DSFS "DSFS"), published: 1998, page: 121, accessed: 28 June 2009 Wettberg coached [SpVgg Landshut](/wiki/SpVgg_Landshut "SpVgg Landshut") in 1986–87, the club having won the Bayernliga title in 1985–86 but not having been prepared to take the risk of turning professional and declined the right to take part in the 2nd Bundesliga promotion round. He coached [SpVgg Unterhaching](/wiki/SpVgg_Unterhaching "SpVgg Unterhaching") after this, who he won two more Bayernliga titles with, in 1988 and 1989\. In his second attempt with the club, he also earned promotion to the 2\. Bundesliga. He continued as coach of the club in the second division but departed in January 1990, the club suffering relegation at the end of the season. He became manager of [1860 Munich](/wiki/TSV_1860_Munich "TSV 1860 Munich") in February 1990, when the club was playing in the tier\-three [Bayernliga](/wiki/Oberliga_Bayern "Oberliga Bayern"). At this point, 1860 had attempted to return to professional football since their forced relegation in 1982\.[TSV 1860 Munich – Difficult years](http://www.muenchen.de/Stadtleben/Sport_Fitness/239002/tsv1860munich.html) Muenchen.de, accessed: 28 June 2009 He finished second with the club in 1990 and won the Bayernliga the year after. Under his guidance, from February 1990 to the end of the Bayernliga season in June 1991, the club did not lose a game, remaining unbeaten for 54 games. For his achievement with the Munich club, the then\-major of [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"), [Georg Kronawitter](/wiki/Georg_Kronawitter "Georg Kronawitter"), crowned Wettberg the *König von Giesing*, the *King of [Giesing](/wiki/Giesing "Giesing")*. In the [2\. Bundesliga](/wiki/2._Bundesliga "2. Bundesliga"), Wettberg was not as successful with the club, being sacked after a loss to [VfB Leipzig](/wiki/VfB_Leipzig "VfB Leipzig"). *1860* had been battling against relegation all season long and was relegated after Wettbergs departure. After a brief stint at [Jahn Regensburg](/wiki/Jahn_Regensburg "Jahn Regensburg") in 1992, he returned to SpVgg Landshut from 1992 to 1993, the club winning promotion back to the Bayernliga then. He managed MTV Ingolstadt once more in 1993–94, taking this club back to the Bayernliga, too. His next club was [SG Post/Süd Regensburg](/wiki/SG_Post/S%C3%BCd_Regensburg "SG Post/Süd Regensburg") in the [Landesliga Bayern\-Mitte](/wiki/Landesliga_Bayern-Mitte "Landesliga Bayern-Mitte"). Wettberg coached [FC Augsburg](/wiki/FC_Augsburg "FC Augsburg") in the [Regionalliga Süd](/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCd_%281994%E2%80%932012%29 "Regionalliga Süd (1994–2012)") from July 1995 to September 1996 before returning to SG Post/Süd. With this club, he achieved an excellent third place in the Bayernliga 1997–98 and moved then on, across town, to Jahn Regensburg. The Jahn, a club in decline since the mid\-1970s, experienced a revival under Wettberg, first winning the Landesliga Bayern\-Mitte in 1999 and then taking out the Bayernliga title the year after and earning promotion to the Regionalliga. He left the Jahn at the end of the 2000–01 season, after a 12th place in the Regionalliga and returned to Landshut for a third time. With this club, he won the Landesliga once more. In 2003, he joined [ASV Cham](/wiki/ASV_Cham "ASV Cham") for a season, a club that had once been a [second division](/wiki/2nd_Oberliga_S%C3%BCd "2nd Oberliga Süd") outfit but now had become a long\-term Landesliga club. From there, he went to TuS Regensburg, also in the Landesliga, and managed to take them to second place in the league, his last coaching engagement for the time. For his engagement in football, he was awarded the [Bundesverdienstkreuz](/wiki/Bundesverdienstkreuz "Bundesverdienstkreuz") in 2006\. From 28 March 2007 to 27 May 2008, Wettberg was [Vice president](/wiki/Vice_president "Vice president") of TSV 1860 Munich, a club he is still connected to. In April 2009, Wettberg returned to managing, taking over [SV Seligenporten](/wiki/SV_Seligenporten "SV Seligenporten"), a team which had not won a game in seven months and sat on a relegation rank. He successfully navigated the team through four relegation deciders, maintaining Seligenportens league place. The final game was a 1–0 win over SpVgg Landshut, a team he had coached three times before. With this win, Wettberg continues his run of never having been relegated with a club he coached.[Kloster\-Kicker als Relegations\-Könige](http://www.spvgg-bayreuth.de/index.php/allgemeine-fussball-nachrichten/63-bayernliga/215-seligenporten-als-relegations-koenige.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717002049/http://www.spvgg\-bayreuth.de/index.php/allgemeine\-fussball\-nachrichten/63\-bayernliga/215\-seligenporten\-als\-relegations\-koenige.html \|date\=17 July 2011 }} {{in lang\|de}} Article on SV Seligenportens survival, accessed: 28 June 2009 Wettberg successfully took Seligenporten into the [Regionalliga Bayern](/wiki/Regionalliga_Bayern "Regionalliga Bayern"), stepping down from his role at the end of the 2012–13 season to take up coaching at amateur club ATSV 1871 Kelheim.[Sensation: Wettberg coacht ATSV Kelheim](http://www.fupa.net/berichte/sensation-wettberg-coacht-atsv-kelheim-61974.html) {{in lang\|de}} www.fupa.net, published: 8 May 2013, accessed: 9 May 2013
[ "Biography\n---------", "Wettberg was born on 10 November 1941 in Friesack, near [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\").", "Wettberg joined the [German postal service](/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost \"Deutsche Bundespost\"), who he worked for until his retirement in July 2002\\. He entered local politics in April that year, being elected to his local [district council](/wiki/Districts_of_Germany%23District_council \"Districts of Germany#District council\") in [Kelheim](/wiki/Kelheim \"Kelheim\"). He was an unsuccessful candidate in the [2008](/wiki/2008_Bavaria_state_election \"2008 Bavaria state election\") [Bavarian Landtag](/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria \"Landtag of Bavaria\") elections for the [Social Democratic Party of Germany](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany \"Social Democratic Party of Germany\").[Karsten Wettberg website – Biografie](http://www.karsten-wettberg.de/?cat=bio) {{in lang\\|de}} accessed: 28 June 2009", "Wettberg spent his playing career exclusively with [Bavarian](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") amateur clubs, eventually becoming player coach of SV Saal. He entered the top league of Bavarian football for the first time in 1980, when he took over as manager of [MTV Ingolstadt](/wiki/MTV_Ingolstadt \"MTV Ingolstadt\"), the club just having been relegated from the [2\\. Bundesliga Süd](/wiki/2._Bundesliga_S%C3%BCd_%281974%E2%80%9381%29 \"2. Bundesliga Süd (1974–81)\"). With MTV, he won the Bayernliga in its first season there but in that season, 1980–81, no promotion from the third to the second tier was available as the 2\\. Bundesliga was reduced from two to one division. He stayed with the club until 1983\\.", "He coached local rival [ESV Ingolstadt](/wiki/ESV_Ingolstadt \"ESV Ingolstadt\") after this, a club that had just dropped from the second to the fourth division in two seasons. He won the tier\\-four [Landesliga Bayern\\-Süd](/wiki/Landesliga_Bayern-S%C3%BCd \"Landesliga Bayern-Süd\") with ESV in 1984 and earned promotion to the Bayernliga. ESV, a club in decline, finished eighth in the league in 1985, but came only 16th in 1986, disappearing from the Bayernliga for good.*Die Bayernliga 1945–1997* {{in lang\\|de}} publisher: [DSFS](/wiki/DSFS \"DSFS\"), published: 1998, page: 121, accessed: 28 June 2009", "Wettberg coached [SpVgg Landshut](/wiki/SpVgg_Landshut \"SpVgg Landshut\") in 1986–87, the club having won the Bayernliga title in 1985–86 but not having been prepared to take the risk of turning professional and declined the right to take part in the 2nd Bundesliga promotion round.", "He coached [SpVgg Unterhaching](/wiki/SpVgg_Unterhaching \"SpVgg Unterhaching\") after this, who he won two more Bayernliga titles with, in 1988 and 1989\\. In his second attempt with the club, he also earned promotion to the 2\\. Bundesliga. He continued as coach of the club in the second division but departed in January 1990, the club suffering relegation at the end of the season.", "He became manager of [1860 Munich](/wiki/TSV_1860_Munich \"TSV 1860 Munich\") in February 1990, when the club was playing in the tier\\-three [Bayernliga](/wiki/Oberliga_Bayern \"Oberliga Bayern\"). At this point, 1860 had attempted to return to professional football since their forced relegation in 1982\\.[TSV 1860 Munich – Difficult years](http://www.muenchen.de/Stadtleben/Sport_Fitness/239002/tsv1860munich.html) Muenchen.de, accessed: 28 June 2009 He finished second with the club in 1990 and won the Bayernliga the year after. Under his guidance, from February 1990 to the end of the Bayernliga season in June 1991, the club did not lose a game, remaining unbeaten for 54 games. For his achievement with the Munich club, the then\\-major of [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"), [Georg Kronawitter](/wiki/Georg_Kronawitter \"Georg Kronawitter\"), crowned Wettberg the *König von Giesing*, the *King of [Giesing](/wiki/Giesing \"Giesing\")*. In the [2\\. Bundesliga](/wiki/2._Bundesliga \"2. Bundesliga\"), Wettberg was not as successful with the club, being sacked after a loss to [VfB Leipzig](/wiki/VfB_Leipzig \"VfB Leipzig\"). *1860* had been battling against relegation all season long and was relegated after Wettbergs departure.", "After a brief stint at [Jahn Regensburg](/wiki/Jahn_Regensburg \"Jahn Regensburg\") in 1992, he returned to SpVgg Landshut from 1992 to 1993, the club winning promotion back to the Bayernliga then. He managed MTV Ingolstadt once more in 1993–94, taking this club back to the Bayernliga, too. His next club was [SG Post/Süd Regensburg](/wiki/SG_Post/S%C3%BCd_Regensburg \"SG Post/Süd Regensburg\") in the [Landesliga Bayern\\-Mitte](/wiki/Landesliga_Bayern-Mitte \"Landesliga Bayern-Mitte\").", "Wettberg coached [FC Augsburg](/wiki/FC_Augsburg \"FC Augsburg\") in the [Regionalliga Süd](/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCd_%281994%E2%80%932012%29 \"Regionalliga Süd (1994–2012)\") from July 1995 to September 1996 before returning to SG Post/Süd. With this club, he achieved an excellent third place in the Bayernliga 1997–98 and moved then on, across town, to Jahn Regensburg. The Jahn, a club in decline since the mid\\-1970s, experienced a revival under Wettberg, first winning the Landesliga Bayern\\-Mitte in 1999 and then taking out the Bayernliga title the year after and earning promotion to the Regionalliga. He left the Jahn at the end of the 2000–01 season, after a 12th place in the Regionalliga and returned to Landshut for a third time. With this club, he won the Landesliga once more.", "In 2003, he joined [ASV Cham](/wiki/ASV_Cham \"ASV Cham\") for a season, a club that had once been a [second division](/wiki/2nd_Oberliga_S%C3%BCd \"2nd Oberliga Süd\") outfit but now had become a long\\-term Landesliga club. From there, he went to TuS Regensburg, also in the Landesliga, and managed to take them to second place in the league, his last coaching engagement for the time.", "For his engagement in football, he was awarded the [Bundesverdienstkreuz](/wiki/Bundesverdienstkreuz \"Bundesverdienstkreuz\") in 2006\\.", "From 28 March 2007 to 27 May 2008, Wettberg was [Vice president](/wiki/Vice_president \"Vice president\") of TSV 1860 Munich, a club he is still connected to.", "In April 2009, Wettberg returned to managing, taking over [SV Seligenporten](/wiki/SV_Seligenporten \"SV Seligenporten\"), a team which had not won a game in seven months and sat on a relegation rank. He successfully navigated the team through four relegation deciders, maintaining Seligenportens league place. The final game was a 1–0 win over SpVgg Landshut, a team he had coached three times before. With this win, Wettberg continues his run of never having been relegated with a club he coached.[Kloster\\-Kicker als Relegations\\-Könige](http://www.spvgg-bayreuth.de/index.php/allgemeine-fussball-nachrichten/63-bayernliga/215-seligenporten-als-relegations-koenige.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717002049/http://www.spvgg\\-bayreuth.de/index.php/allgemeine\\-fussball\\-nachrichten/63\\-bayernliga/215\\-seligenporten\\-als\\-relegations\\-koenige.html \\|date\\=17 July 2011 }} {{in lang\\|de}} Article on SV Seligenportens survival, accessed: 28 June 2009 Wettberg successfully took Seligenporten into the [Regionalliga Bayern](/wiki/Regionalliga_Bayern \"Regionalliga Bayern\"), stepping down from his role at the end of the 2012–13 season to take up coaching at amateur club ATSV 1871 Kelheim.[Sensation: Wettberg coacht ATSV Kelheim](http://www.fupa.net/berichte/sensation-wettberg-coacht-atsv-kelheim-61974.html) {{in lang\\|de}} www.fupa.net, published: 8 May 2013, accessed: 9 May 2013", "" ]
Sub\-clades ----------- {{Disputed\|date\=August 2020}} ### R1b1a1a2a (R\-L23\) R\-L23\* (R1b1a1a2a\*) is now most commonly found in Europe, Anatolia, the Caucasus. ### R1b1a1a2a1 (R\-L51\) R\-L51\* (R1b1a1a2a1\*) is now concentrated in a geographical cluster centred on southern [France](/wiki/France "France") and northern [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). ### R1b1a1a2a1a (R\-L151\) {{main\|Haplogroup R\-L151}} R\-L151 (L151/PF6542, CTS7650/FGC44/PF6544/S1164, L11, L52/PF6541, P310/PF6546/S129, P311/PF6545/S128\) also known as R1b1a1a2a1, and its subclades, include most males with R1b in Western Europe. ### R1b1a1a2a1a1 (R\-U106\) This subclade is defined by the presence of the SNP U106, also known as S21 and M405\.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J \| title \= Sub\-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y\-SNPs \| journal \= Human Mutation \| volume \= 28 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 97 \| date \= January 2007 \| pmid \= 17154278 \| doi \= 10\.1002/humu.9469 \| s2cid \= 34556775 \| doi\-access \= free }} It appears to represent over 25% of R1b in Europe. In terms of percentage of total population, its epicenter is [Friesland](/wiki/Friesland "Friesland"), where it makes up 44% of the population.{{cite web \| title \= Origins of R\-M269 Diversity in Europe \| url \= https://gap.familytreedna.com/media/docs/2013/Hammer\_M269\_Diversity\_in\_Europe.pdf }} In terms of total population numbers, its epicenter is [Central Europe](/wiki/Central_Europe "Central Europe"), where it comprises 60% of [R1](/wiki/Haplogroup_R1 "Haplogroup R1") combined. See also [Haplogroup R\-Z18](/wiki/Haplogroup_R-Z18 "Haplogroup R-Z18") {{Clade \| label1\=U106/S21/M405 \| 1\={{Clade \| label1\=un\-defined \| 1\=R\-U106\* (R\-U106\-\*) \| label2\=FGC3861 \| 2\=R\-FGC3861 (R1b1a2a1a1a) \| label3\=Z18 \| 3\=R\-Z18 (R1b1a2a1a1b) \| label4\=Z381 \| 4\={{Clade \| label1\=S264 \| 1\=R\-S264 (R1b1a2a1a1c1\) \| label2\=S499 \| 2\=R\-S499 (R1b1a2a1a1c2\) \| label3\=M1994 \| 3\=R\-M1994 (R1b1a2a1a1c3\)}} \| label5\=FGC396 \| 5\=R\-FGC396 (R1b1a2a1a1d) \| label6\=S12025 \|6\=R\-S12025 (R1b1a2a1a1e)}} }} While this sub\-clade of R1b is frequently discussed amongst [genetic genealogists](/wiki/Genetic_genealogy "Genetic genealogy"), the following table represents the [peer\-reviewed](/wiki/Peer_review "Peer review") findings published so far in the 2007 articles of Myres et al. and Sims et al.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Myres NM, Ekins JE, Lin AA, Cavalli\-Sforza LL, Woodward SR, Underhill PA \| title \= Y\-chromosome short tandem repeat DYS458\.2 non\-consensus alleles occur independently in both binary haplogroups J1\-M267 and R1b3\-M405 \| journal \= Croatian Medical Journal \| volume \= 48 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 450–9 \| date \= August 2007 \| pmid \= 17696299 \| pmc \= 2080563 \| url \= http://www.cmj.hr/2007/48/4/17696299\.htm }} | **Population** | **Sample size** | **R\-M269** | **R\-U106** | **R\-U106\-1** | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Austria | 22 | 27% | 23% | 0\.0% | | Central/South America | 33 | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | | Czech Republic | 36 | 28% | 14% | 0\.0% | | Denmark | 113 | 34% | 17% | 0\.9% | | Eastern Europe | 44 | 5% | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | | England | 138 | 57% | 20% | 1\.4% | | France | 56 | 52% | 7% | 0\.0% | | Germany | 332 | 43% | 19% | 1\.8% | | Ireland | 102 | 80% | 6% | 0\.0% | | Italy | 34 | 53% | 6% | 0\.0% | | Jordan | 76 | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | | Middle\-East | 43 | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | | Netherlands | 94 | 54% | 35% | 2\.1% | | Oceania | 43 | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | | Oman | 29 | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | | Pakistan | 177 | 3% | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | | Palestine | 47 | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | 0\.0% | | Poland | 110 | 23% | 8% | 0\.0% | | Russia | 56 | 21% | 5\.4% | 1\.8% | | Slovenia | 105 | 17% | 4% | 0\.0% | | Switzerland | 90 | 58% | 13% | 0\.0% | | Turkey | 523 | 14% | 0\.4% | 0\.0% | | Ukraine | 32 | 25% | 9% | 0\.0% | | United States (European) | 125 | 46% | 15% | 0\.8% | | United States (Afroamerican) | 118 | 14% | 2\.5% | 0\.8% | ### R\-P312 R1b1a1a2a1a2, better known as R\-P312 (or R\-S116\) is one of the most common types of R\-M269 in Europe, alongside R\-U106\. Myres et al. described it as originating in and spreading from the west of the Rhine basin. R\-P312 has been the subject of significant, ongoing study concerning its complex internal structure. {{Clade \| label1\=P312 \| 1\={{Clade \| label1\= \| 1\=R\-P312\* \| label2\=\[\[Haplogroup\_R\-DF27\|DF27]] \| 2\={{Clade \|1\=R\-S227/Z196 \|2\=R\-Z2552 \|3\=R\-L881 \|4\=R\-A431 }} \| label3\=U152 \| 3\={{Clade \| 1\=R\-L2 \| 2\=R\-S206 \| 3\=R\-Z56 }} \| label4\=\[\[Haplogroup\_R\-L21\|L21]] \| 4\={{Clade \| 1\=R\-A7905 \| 2\=R\-A5846 \| 3\=R\-DF63 (R\-S522\) \| 4\=R\-DF13 (R\-CTS241/R\-S521\) }} \| 5\=R\-L238 \| 6\=R\-DF19 \| 7\=R\-DF99 }}}} #### R\-DF27 {{main\|R\-DF27}} **R\-M153** R\-M153 is a subclade of R\-DF27 that has been found mostly in [Basques](/wiki/Basques "Basques") and [Gascons](/wiki/Gascony "Gascony"), among whom it represents a sizeable fraction of the Y\-DNA pool,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López\-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez\-Jarreta B, Quintana\-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA \| title \= The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula \| journal \= American Journal of Human Genetics \| volume \= 83 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 725–36 \| date \= December 2008 \| pmid \= 19061982 \| pmc \= 2668061 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.ajhg.2008\.11\.007 \| display\-authors \= 6 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= López\-Parra AM, Gusmão L, Tavares L, Baeza C, Amorim A, Mesa MS, Prata MJ, Arroyo\-Pardo E \| title \= In search of the pre\- and post\-neolithic genetic substrates in Iberia: evidence from Y\-chromosome in Pyrenean populations \| journal \= Annals of Human Genetics \| volume \= 73 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 42–53 \| date \= January 2009 \| pmid \= 18803634 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1469\-1809\.2008\.00478\.x \| s2cid \= 43273988 }} though is also found occasionally among Iberians in general. The first time it was located (Bosch 2001{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J \| title \= High\-resolution analysis of human Y\-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula \| journal \= American Journal of Human Genetics \| volume \= 68 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 1019–29 \| date \= April 2001 \| pmid \= 11254456 \| pmc \= 1275654 \| doi \= 10\.1086/319521 }}) it was described as H102 and included seven Basques and one [Andalusian](/wiki/Andalusia "Andalusia"). **[R\-M167](/wiki/R-M167 "R-M167")** R\-M167 is a subclade of R\-DF27 defined by the presence of the marker M167\. The first author to test for this marker (long before current haplogroup nomenclature existed) was Hurles in 1999, who tested 1158 men in various populations.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Hurles ME, Veitia R, Arroyo E, Armenteros M, Bertranpetit J, Pérez\-Lezaun A, Bosch E, Shlumukova M, Cambon\-Thomsen A, McElreavey K, López De Munain A, Röhl A, Wilson IJ, Singh L, Pandya A, Santos FR, Tyler\-Smith C, Jobling MA \| title \= Recent male\-mediated gene flow over a linguistic barrier in Iberia, suggested by analysis of a Y\-chromosomal DNA polymorphism \| journal \= American Journal of Human Genetics \| volume \= 65 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 1437–48 \| date \= November 1999 \| pmid \= 10521311 \| pmc \= 1288297 \| doi \= 10\.1086/302617 \| display\-authors \= 6 }} He found it relatively common among Basques (13/117: 11%) and [Catalans](/wiki/Catalonia "Catalonia") (7/32: 22%). Other occurrences were found among other French, British, Spaniards, [Béarnais](/wiki/B%C3%A9arn "Béarn"), and [Germans](/wiki/Germany "Germany"). In 2000 Rosser et al., in a study which tested 3616 men in various populations{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, Arroyo E, Barbujani G, Beckman G, Beckman L, Bertranpetit J, Bosch E, Bradley DG, Brede G, Cooper G, Côrte\-Real HB, de Knijff P, Decorte R, Dubrova YE, Evgrafov O, Gilissen A, Glisic S, Gölge M, Hill EW, Jeziorowska A, Kalaydjieva L, Kayser M, Kivisild T, Kravchenko SA, Krumina A, Kucinskas V, Lavinha J, Livshits LA, Malaspina P, Maria S, McElreavey K, Meitinger TA, Mikelsaar AV, Mitchell RJ, Nafa K, Nicholson J, Nørby S, Pandya A, Parik J, Patsalis PC, Pereira L, Peterlin B, Pielberg G, Prata MJ, Previderé C, Roewer L, Rootsi S, Rubinsztein DC, Saillard J, Santos FR, Stefanescu G, Sykes BC, Tolun A, Villems R, Tyler\-Smith C, Jobling MA \| title \= Y\-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language \| journal \= American Journal of Human Genetics \| volume \= 67 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 1526–43 \| date \= December 2000 \| pmid \= 11078479 \| pmc \= 1287948 \| doi \= 10\.1086/316890 \| display\-authors \= 6 }} also tested for that same marker, naming the haplogroup Hg22, and again it was found mainly among Basques (19%), in lower frequencies among French (5%), [Bavarians](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") (3%), Spaniards (2%), Southern Portuguese (2%), and in single occurrences among Romanians, Slovenians, Dutch, Belgians and English.::In 2001 Bosch described this marker as H103, in 5 Basques and 5 Catalans. Further regional studies have located it in significant amounts in [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias "Asturias"), [Cantabria](/wiki/Cantabria "Cantabria") and [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29 "Galicia (Spain)"), as well as again among Basques. Cases in the [Azores](/wiki/Azores "Azores") have been reported.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2011}} In 2008 two research papers by López\-Parra and Adams, respectively, confirmed a strong association with all or most of the [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees "Pyrenees") and Eastern Iberia. In a larger study of Portugal in 2006, with 657 men tested, Beleza et al. confirmed similar low levels in all the major regions, from 1\.5%–3\.5%.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Beleza S, Gusmão L, Lopes A, Alves C, Gomes I, Giouzeli M, Calafell F, Carracedo A, Amorim A \| title \= Micro\-phylogeographic and demographic history of Portuguese male lineages \| journal \= Annals of Human Genetics \| volume \= 70 \| issue \= Pt 2 \| pages \= 181–94 \| date \= March 2006 \| pmid \= 16626329 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1529\-8817\.2005\.00221\.x \| s2cid \= 4652154 \| quote \= 395/657 \| display\-authors \= 6 }} **R\-L165** This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker S68, also known as L165\. It is found in England, Scandinavia, and Scotland (in this country it is mostly found in the [Northern Isles](/wiki/Northern_Isles "Northern Isles") and [Outer Hebrides](/wiki/Outer_Hebrides "Outer Hebrides")). It has been suggested, therefore, that it arrived in the British Isles with Vikings.{{Cite book \| vauthors \= Moffat A, Wilson JF \|author1\-link\=Alistair Moffat \|title\=The Scots: a genetic journey \|url\= https://archive.org/details/scotsgeneticjour0000moff \|url\-access\=registration \|publisher\=\[\[Birlinn (publisher)\|Birlinn]] \|year\=2011 \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/scotsgeneticjour0000moff/page/181 181]–182, 192 \|isbn\=978\-0\-85790\-020\-3 }} #### R\-U152 {{anchor\|R\-U152}} **R\-U152** is defined by the presence of the marker U152, also called S28\. Its existence was confirmed by Sims et al. (2007\). Myres et al. report this clade "is most frequent (20–44%) in Switzerland, Italy, France and Western Poland, with additional instances exceeding 15% in some regions of England and Germany." Similarly Cruciani et al. (2010\){{cite journal\|vauthors\=Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Antonelli C, Pascone R, Valesini G, Scalzi V, Vona G, Melegh B, Zagradisnik B, Assum G, Efremov GD, Sellitto D, Scozzari R\|date\=June 2011\|title\=Strong intra\- and inter\-continental differentiation revealed by Y chromosome SNPs M269, U106 and U152\|journal\=Forensic Science International. Genetics\|volume\=5\|issue\=3\|pages\=e49–52\|doi\=10\.1016/j.fsigen.2010\.07\.006\|pmid\=20732840}} reported frequency peaks in Northern and Central Italy and France. Out of a sample of 135 men in Tyrol, Austria, 9 tested positive for U152/S28\.{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Niederstätter H, Berger B, Erhart D, Parson W \|title\=Recently introduced Y\-SNPs improve the resolution within Y\-chromosome haplogroup R1b in a central European population sample (Tyrol, Austria)\|doi\=10\.1016/j.fsigss.2007\.10\.158\| date\=August 2008\| journal\=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series\|volume\=1\|pages\=226–227\|doi\-access\=free}} Far removed from this apparent core area, Myres *et al.* also mention a sub\-population in north [Bashkortostan](/wiki/Bashkortostan "Bashkortostan"), where 71% of 70 men tested belong to R\-U152\. They propose this to be the result of an isolated [founder effect](/wiki/Founder_effect "Founder effect"). King *et al.* (2014\) reported four living descendants of [Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort](/wiki/Henry_Somerset%2C_5th_Duke_of_Beaufort "Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort") in the male line tested positive for U\-152\.Henry Somerset was in turn descended in the patrilineal line from [John of Gaunt](/wiki/John_of_Gaunt "John of Gaunt") (1340–1399\), a son of King [Edward III](/wiki/Edward_III "Edward III") (1312–1377\). In the context of the [analysis of the remains of Richard III](/wiki/Exhumation_and_reburial_of_Richard_III_of_England "Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England"), which proved to belong to haplogroup G2, the possibility of a [false\-paternity event](/wiki/False-paternity_event "False-paternity event"), most likely between Edward III and Henry Somerset, was discussed; possibly confirming rumors to the effect that John of Gaunt was illegitimate (Jonathan Sumption, *Divided Houses: The Hundred Years War III*, 2009, p. 274\). {{cite journal \| vauthors \= King TE, Fortes GG, Balaresque P, Thomas MG, Balding D, Maisano Delser P, Neumann R, Parson W, Knapp M, Walsh S, Tonasso L, Holt J, Kayser M, Appleby J, Forster P, Ekserdjian D, Hofreiter M, Schürer K \| title \= Identification of the remains of King Richard III \| journal \= Nature Communications \| volume \= 5 \| issue \= 5631 \| pages \= 5631 \| date \= December 2014 \| pmid \= 25463651 \| pmc \= 4268703 \| doi \= 10\.1038/ncomms6631 \| bibcode \= 2014NatCo...5\.5631K }} "Y\-chromosome haplotypes from male\-line relatives and the remains do not match, which could be attributed to a false\-paternity event occurring in any of the intervening generations." Ancient samples from the central European [Bell Beaker](/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture "Bell Beaker culture"), [Hallstatt](/wiki/Hallstatt_culture "Hallstatt culture") and [Tumulus cultures](/wiki/Tumulus_culture "Tumulus culture") belonged to this subclade.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, Schroeder H, Ahlström T, Vinner L, Malaspinas AS, Margaryan A, Higham T, Chivall D, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, Baron J, Della Casa P, Dąbrowski P, Duffy PR, Ebel AV, Epimakhov A, Frei K, Furmanek M, Gralak T, Gromov A, Gronkiewicz S, Grupe G, Hajdu T, Jarysz R, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kiss V, Kolář J, Kriiska A, Lasak I, Longhi C, McGlynn G, Merkevicius A, Merkyte I, Metspalu M, Mkrtchyan R, Moiseyev V, Paja L, Pálfi G, Pokutta D, Pospieszny Ł, Price TD, Saag L, Sablin M, Shishlina N, Smrčka V, Soenov VI, Szeverényi V, Tóth G, Trifanova SV, Varul L, Vicze M, Yepiskoposyan L, Zhitenev V, Orlando L, Sicheritz\-Pontén T, Brunak S, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 522 \| issue \= 7555 \| pages \= 167–72 \| date \= June 2015 \| pmid \= 26062507 \| doi \= 10\.1038/nature14507 \| s2cid \= 4399103 \| bibcode \= 2015Natur.522\..167A \| url \= https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Damgaard PB, Marchi N, Rasmussen S, Peyrot M, Renaud G, Korneliussen T, Moreno\-Mayar JV, Pedersen MW, Goldberg A, Usmanova E, Baimukhanov N, Loman V, Hedeager L, Pedersen AG, Nielsen K, Afanasiev G, Akmatov K, Aldashev A, Alpaslan A, Baimbetov G, Bazaliiskii VI, Beisenov A, Boldbaatar B, Boldgiv B, Dorzhu C, Ellingvag S, Erdenebaatar D, Dajani R, Dmitriev E, Evdokimov V, Frei KM, Gromov A, Goryachev A, Hakonarson H, Hegay T, Khachatryan Z, Khaskhanov R, Kitov E, Kolbina A, Kubatbek T, Kukushkin A, Kukushkin I, Lau N, Margaryan A, Merkyte I, Mertz IV, Mertz VK, Mijiddorj E, Moiyesev V, Mukhtarova G, Nurmukhanbetov B, Orozbekova Z, Panyushkina I, Pieta K, Smrčka V, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Sjögren KG, Štolcová T, Taravella AM, Tashbaeva K, Tkachev A, Tulegenov T, Voyakin D, Yepiskoposyan L, Undrakhbold S, Varfolomeev V, Weber A, Wilson Sayres MA, Kradin N, Allentoft ME, Orlando L, Nielsen R, Sikora M, Heyer E, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 557 \| issue \= 7705 \| pages \= 369–374 \| date \= May 2018 \| pmid \= 29743675 \| doi \= 10\.1038/s41586\-018\-0094\-2 \| s2cid \= 13670282 \| bibcode \= 2018Natur.557\..369D \| hdl \= 1887/3202709 \| hdl\-access \= free }} Analyzed Iron Age [Latins](/wiki/Latins_%28Italic_tribe%29 "Latins (Italic tribe)") and [Etruscans](/wiki/Etruscan_civilization "Etruscan civilization") dating between 1000 and 100 BCE belonged primarily to haplogroup R1b\-U152 (including the clades L2, Z56 and Z193\).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 366 \| issue \= 6466 \| pages \= 708–714 \| date \= November 2019 \| pmid \= 31699931 \| pmc \= 7093155 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.aay6826 \| bibcode \= 2019Sci...366\..708A }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Posth C, Zaro V, Spyrou MA, Vai S, Gnecchi\-Ruscone GA, Modi A, Peltzer A, Mötsch A, Nägele K, Vågene ÅJ, Nelson EA, Radzevičiūtė R, Freund C, Bondioli LM, Cappuccini L, Frenzel H, Pacciani E, Boschin F, Capecchi G, Martini I, Moroni A, Ricci S, Sperduti A, Turchetti MA, Riga A, Zavattaro M, Zifferero A, Heyne HO, Fernández\-Domínguez E, Kroonen GJ, McCormick M, Haak W, Lari M, Barbujani G, Bondioli L, Bos KI, Caramelli D, Krause J \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000\-year archeogenomic time transect \| language \= English \| journal \= Science Advances \| volume \= 7 \| issue \= 39 \| pages \= eabi7673 \| date \= September 2021 \| pmid \= 34559560 \| pmc \= 8462907 \| doi \= 10\.1126/sciadv.abi7673 \| publisher \= American Association for the Advancement of Science \| bibcode \= 2021SciA....7\.7673P }} #### R\-L21 {{main\|Haplogroup R\-L21}} R\-L21, also known as R\-M529 and R\-S145, is most common in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") and [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales") (i.e. at least 25–50% of their male populations. R\-L21 has two primary subclades: **R\-A5846** and **R\-S552**. **R\-DF13** A primary subclade of R\-S552, **R\-DF13** – also known as R\-S521, R\-Z2542 and R\-CTS8221 – is one of the most common subclades of R\-L21\. At least one study estimated that R\-DF13 would be found among more than 50% of living Irish males. The following are among the most common subclades within R\-DF13\. * **R\-DF21**, a primary subclade of R\-DF13, defined by the presence of the marker DF21 a.k.a. S192\. R\-DF21 makes up about 10% of all L21 men and is circa 3000 years old.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R\-DF21/default.aspx \|title\=R\-DF21 and Subclades Project}} * **R\-L159\.2** is a subclade of R\-DF13, defined by the marker L159/S169\. It is known as R\-L159\.2 because of an unrelated parallel mutation (L159\.1\), found within haplogroup [I2a1a1a](/wiki/Haplogroup_I2_%28Y-DNA%29%23I2a1 "Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)#I2a1") (a.k.a. I\-L158 or I\-M26\). Consequently, some Y\-DNA trees exclude L159/S169 completely, on the basis that it may be an unreliable marker. For instance, as of 2024, Yfull refers to an equivalent subclade as **R\-FGC80001** (i.e. R\-L21 \> R\-S552 \> R\-DF13 \> R\-Z255 \> R\-FGC80001\). [*Yfull*, 2012–24, *R\-FGC80001*](https://www.yfull.com/live/tree/R-FGC80001/)(Access: 9 April 2024\.) R\-L159\.2 appears to be associated with the [Laigin](/wiki/Laigin "Laigin"), an [ethno\-tribal group](/wiki/Ethnicity "Ethnicity"), after whom the [Kingdom of Leinster](/wiki/Kings_of_Leinster "Kings of Leinster") was named. It is common in males from coastal areas surrounding the [Irish Sea](/wiki/Irish_Sea "Irish Sea"), including western [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales"), the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man "Isle of Man") and the [Hebrides](/wiki/Hebrides "Hebrides"); R\-L159\.2 has also been found at significant levels in [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), western and southern [Scottish mainland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), parts of [England](/wiki/England "England"), northwest [France](/wiki/France "France"), and northern [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1b\-L159\.2/default.aspx?section\=goals \|title\=R\-L159 Project Goals }} * **R\-L193**: this subclade within R\-DF13 is defined by the presence of the marker L193\. Many surnames with this marker are associated geographically with the western "Border Region" of Scotland. A few other surnames have a Highland association. R\-L193 is a relatively young subclade likely born within the last 2000 years. * **R\-L226**, under R\-DF13, is defined by the presence of the marker L226, also known as S168\. Commonly referred to as Irish Type III, it is concentrated in central western Ireland and associated with the [Dál gCais](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_gCais "Dál gCais") kindred.{{Cite journal\|title\=A Set of Distinctive Marker Values Defines a Y\-STR Signature for Gaelic Dalcassian Families\|url\=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Wright.htm\|vauthors\=Wright DM\|year\=2009\|journal\=Journal of Genetic Genealogy\|access\-date\=2017\-03\-17\|archive\-date\=2012\-08\-24\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824020357/http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Wright.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} * **R\-L371**: a subclade within R\-DF13 defined by the presence of the marker L371 – sometimes referred to as the "Welsh modal haplotype". It is associated with ancient Welsh kings and princes.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/dafydd\-iwan\-discovers\-impressive\-celtic\-7829517\|title\=Dafydd Iwan's rare genetic roots unveiled in new project\| vauthors \= Bevan N \|date\=2014\-09\-25\|work\=walesonline\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-05}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north\-wales\-news/dafydd\-iwan\-descended\-welsh\-kings\-7838225\|title\=Dafydd Iwan 'descended from Welsh kings' who ruled in England\| vauthors \= Bodden T \|date\=2014\-09\-26\|work\=northwales\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-05}}{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.familytreedna.com/public/R\-17\-14\-10/ \|title\=Family Tree DNA \- My FamilyTree DNA Project Website Title\|website\=www.familytreedna.com\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-05}}
[ "Sub\\-clades\n-----------", "{{Disputed\\|date\\=August 2020}}", "### R1b1a1a2a (R\\-L23\\)", "R\\-L23\\* (R1b1a1a2a\\*) is now most commonly found in Europe, Anatolia, the Caucasus.", "### R1b1a1a2a1 (R\\-L51\\)", "R\\-L51\\* (R1b1a1a2a1\\*) is now concentrated in a geographical cluster centred on southern [France](/wiki/France \"France\") and northern [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\").", "### R1b1a1a2a1a (R\\-L151\\)", "{{main\\|Haplogroup R\\-L151}}\nR\\-L151 (L151/PF6542, CTS7650/FGC44/PF6544/S1164, L11, L52/PF6541, P310/PF6546/S129, P311/PF6545/S128\\) also known as R1b1a1a2a1, and its subclades, include most males with R1b in Western Europe.", "### R1b1a1a2a1a1 (R\\-U106\\)", "This subclade is defined by the presence of the SNP U106, also known as S21 and M405\\.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J \\| title \\= Sub\\-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y\\-SNPs \\| journal \\= Human Mutation \\| volume \\= 28 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 97 \\| date \\= January 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17154278 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1002/humu.9469 \\| s2cid \\= 34556775 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }} It appears to represent over 25% of R1b in Europe. In terms of percentage of total population, its epicenter is [Friesland](/wiki/Friesland \"Friesland\"), where it makes up 44% of the population.{{cite web \\| title \\= Origins of R\\-M269 Diversity in Europe \\| url \\= https://gap.familytreedna.com/media/docs/2013/Hammer\\_M269\\_Diversity\\_in\\_Europe.pdf }} In terms of total population numbers, its epicenter is [Central Europe](/wiki/Central_Europe \"Central Europe\"), where it comprises 60% of [R1](/wiki/Haplogroup_R1 \"Haplogroup R1\") combined. See also [Haplogroup R\\-Z18](/wiki/Haplogroup_R-Z18 \"Haplogroup R-Z18\")", "{{Clade\n \\| label1\\=U106/S21/M405\n \\| 1\\={{Clade\n \\| label1\\=un\\-defined\n \\| 1\\=R\\-U106\\* (R\\-U106\\-\\*)\n \\| label2\\=FGC3861\n \\| 2\\=R\\-FGC3861 (R1b1a2a1a1a)\n \\| label3\\=Z18\n \\| 3\\=R\\-Z18 (R1b1a2a1a1b)\n \\| label4\\=Z381\n \\| 4\\={{Clade\n \\| label1\\=S264\n \\| 1\\=R\\-S264 (R1b1a2a1a1c1\\)\n \\| label2\\=S499\n \\| 2\\=R\\-S499 (R1b1a2a1a1c2\\)\n \\| label3\\=M1994\n \\| 3\\=R\\-M1994 (R1b1a2a1a1c3\\)}}\n \\| label5\\=FGC396\n \\| 5\\=R\\-FGC396 (R1b1a2a1a1d)\n \\| label6\\=S12025\n \\|6\\=R\\-S12025 (R1b1a2a1a1e)}}\n}}", "While this sub\\-clade of R1b is frequently discussed amongst [genetic genealogists](/wiki/Genetic_genealogy \"Genetic genealogy\"), the following table represents the [peer\\-reviewed](/wiki/Peer_review \"Peer review\") findings published so far in the 2007 articles of Myres et al. and Sims et al.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Myres NM, Ekins JE, Lin AA, Cavalli\\-Sforza LL, Woodward SR, Underhill PA \\| title \\= Y\\-chromosome short tandem repeat DYS458\\.2 non\\-consensus alleles occur independently in both binary haplogroups J1\\-M267 and R1b3\\-M405 \\| journal \\= Croatian Medical Journal \\| volume \\= 48 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 450–9 \\| date \\= August 2007 \\| pmid \\= 17696299 \\| pmc \\= 2080563 \\| url \\= http://www.cmj.hr/2007/48/4/17696299\\.htm }}", "", "| **Population** | **Sample size** | **R\\-M269** | **R\\-U106** | **R\\-U106\\-1** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Austria | 22 | 27% | 23% | 0\\.0% |\n| Central/South America | 33 | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% |\n| Czech Republic | 36 | 28% | 14% | 0\\.0% |\n| Denmark | 113 | 34% | 17% | 0\\.9% |\n| Eastern Europe | 44 | 5% | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% |\n| England | 138 | 57% | 20% | 1\\.4% |\n| France | 56 | 52% | 7% | 0\\.0% |\n| Germany | 332 | 43% | 19% | 1\\.8% |\n| Ireland | 102 | 80% | 6% | 0\\.0% |\n| Italy | 34 | 53% | 6% | 0\\.0% |\n| Jordan | 76 | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% |\n| Middle\\-East | 43 | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% |\n| Netherlands | 94 | 54% | 35% | 2\\.1% |\n| Oceania | 43 | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% |\n| Oman | 29 | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% |\n| Pakistan | 177 | 3% | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% |\n| Palestine | 47 | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% | 0\\.0% |\n| Poland | 110 | 23% | 8% | 0\\.0% |\n| Russia | 56 | 21% | 5\\.4% | 1\\.8% |\n| Slovenia | 105 | 17% | 4% | 0\\.0% |\n| Switzerland | 90 | 58% | 13% | 0\\.0% |\n| Turkey | 523 | 14% | 0\\.4% | 0\\.0% |\n| Ukraine | 32 | 25% | 9% | 0\\.0% |\n| United States (European) | 125 | 46% | 15% | 0\\.8% |\n| United States (Afroamerican) | 118 | 14% | 2\\.5% | 0\\.8% |", "### R\\-P312", "R1b1a1a2a1a2, better known as R\\-P312 (or R\\-S116\\) is one of the most common types of R\\-M269 in Europe, alongside R\\-U106\\. Myres et al. described it as originating in and spreading from the west of the Rhine basin.", "R\\-P312 has been the subject of significant, ongoing study concerning its complex internal structure.", "{{Clade\n \\| label1\\=P312\n \\| 1\\={{Clade\n \\| label1\\=\n \\| 1\\=R\\-P312\\*\n \\| label2\\=\\[\\[Haplogroup\\_R\\-DF27\\|DF27]]\n \\| 2\\={{Clade\n \\|1\\=R\\-S227/Z196\n \\|2\\=R\\-Z2552\n \\|3\\=R\\-L881\n \\|4\\=R\\-A431 }}\n \\| label3\\=U152\n \\| 3\\={{Clade\n \\| 1\\=R\\-L2 \n \\| 2\\=R\\-S206 \n \\| 3\\=R\\-Z56 }}\n \\| label4\\=\\[\\[Haplogroup\\_R\\-L21\\|L21]]\n \\| 4\\={{Clade\n \\| 1\\=R\\-A7905\n \\| 2\\=R\\-A5846 \n \\| 3\\=R\\-DF63 (R\\-S522\\) \n \\| 4\\=R\\-DF13 (R\\-CTS241/R\\-S521\\) }}\n \\| 5\\=R\\-L238 \n \\| 6\\=R\\-DF19 \n \\| 7\\=R\\-DF99 }}}}", "#### R\\-DF27", "{{main\\|R\\-DF27}}", "**R\\-M153**", "R\\-M153 is a subclade of R\\-DF27 that has been found mostly in [Basques](/wiki/Basques \"Basques\") and [Gascons](/wiki/Gascony \"Gascony\"), among whom it represents a sizeable fraction of the Y\\-DNA pool,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López\\-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez\\-Jarreta B, Quintana\\-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA \\| title \\= The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula \\| journal \\= American Journal of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 83 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 725–36 \\| date \\= December 2008 \\| pmid \\= 19061982 \\| pmc \\= 2668061 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.ajhg.2008\\.11\\.007 \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= López\\-Parra AM, Gusmão L, Tavares L, Baeza C, Amorim A, Mesa MS, Prata MJ, Arroyo\\-Pardo E \\| title \\= In search of the pre\\- and post\\-neolithic genetic substrates in Iberia: evidence from Y\\-chromosome in Pyrenean populations \\| journal \\= Annals of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 73 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 42–53 \\| date \\= January 2009 \\| pmid \\= 18803634 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1469\\-1809\\.2008\\.00478\\.x \\| s2cid \\= 43273988 }} though is also found occasionally among Iberians in general. The first time it was located (Bosch 2001{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J \\| title \\= High\\-resolution analysis of human Y\\-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula \\| journal \\= American Journal of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 68 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 1019–29 \\| date \\= April 2001 \\| pmid \\= 11254456 \\| pmc \\= 1275654 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1086/319521 }}) it was described as H102 and included seven Basques and one [Andalusian](/wiki/Andalusia \"Andalusia\").", "**[R\\-M167](/wiki/R-M167 \"R-M167\")**", "R\\-M167 is a subclade of R\\-DF27 defined by the presence of the marker M167\\. The first author to test for this marker (long before current haplogroup nomenclature existed) was Hurles in 1999, who tested 1158 men in various populations.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Hurles ME, Veitia R, Arroyo E, Armenteros M, Bertranpetit J, Pérez\\-Lezaun A, Bosch E, Shlumukova M, Cambon\\-Thomsen A, McElreavey K, López De Munain A, Röhl A, Wilson IJ, Singh L, Pandya A, Santos FR, Tyler\\-Smith C, Jobling MA \\| title \\= Recent male\\-mediated gene flow over a linguistic barrier in Iberia, suggested by analysis of a Y\\-chromosomal DNA polymorphism \\| journal \\= American Journal of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 65 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 1437–48 \\| date \\= November 1999 \\| pmid \\= 10521311 \\| pmc \\= 1288297 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1086/302617 \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 }} He found it relatively common among Basques (13/117: 11%) and [Catalans](/wiki/Catalonia \"Catalonia\") (7/32: 22%). Other occurrences were found among other French, British, Spaniards, [Béarnais](/wiki/B%C3%A9arn \"Béarn\"), and [Germans](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\").", "In 2000 Rosser et al., in a study which tested 3616 men in various populations{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, Arroyo E, Barbujani G, Beckman G, Beckman L, Bertranpetit J, Bosch E, Bradley DG, Brede G, Cooper G, Côrte\\-Real HB, de Knijff P, Decorte R, Dubrova YE, Evgrafov O, Gilissen A, Glisic S, Gölge M, Hill EW, Jeziorowska A, Kalaydjieva L, Kayser M, Kivisild T, Kravchenko SA, Krumina A, Kucinskas V, Lavinha J, Livshits LA, Malaspina P, Maria S, McElreavey K, Meitinger TA, Mikelsaar AV, Mitchell RJ, Nafa K, Nicholson J, Nørby S, Pandya A, Parik J, Patsalis PC, Pereira L, Peterlin B, Pielberg G, Prata MJ, Previderé C, Roewer L, Rootsi S, Rubinsztein DC, Saillard J, Santos FR, Stefanescu G, Sykes BC, Tolun A, Villems R, Tyler\\-Smith C, Jobling MA \\| title \\= Y\\-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language \\| journal \\= American Journal of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 67 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 1526–43 \\| date \\= December 2000 \\| pmid \\= 11078479 \\| pmc \\= 1287948 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1086/316890 \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 }} also tested for that same marker, naming the haplogroup Hg22, and again it was found mainly among Basques (19%), in lower frequencies among French (5%), [Bavarians](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") (3%), Spaniards (2%), Southern Portuguese (2%), and in single occurrences among Romanians, Slovenians, Dutch, Belgians and English.::In 2001 Bosch described this marker as H103, in 5 Basques and 5 Catalans. Further regional studies have located it in significant amounts in [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias \"Asturias\"), [Cantabria](/wiki/Cantabria \"Cantabria\") and [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29 \"Galicia (Spain)\"), as well as again among Basques. Cases in the [Azores](/wiki/Azores \"Azores\") have been reported.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2011}} In 2008 two research papers by López\\-Parra and Adams, respectively, confirmed a strong association with all or most of the [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees \"Pyrenees\") and Eastern Iberia.", "In a larger study of Portugal in 2006, with 657 men tested, Beleza et al. confirmed similar low levels in all the major regions, from 1\\.5%–3\\.5%.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Beleza S, Gusmão L, Lopes A, Alves C, Gomes I, Giouzeli M, Calafell F, Carracedo A, Amorim A \\| title \\= Micro\\-phylogeographic and demographic history of Portuguese male lineages \\| journal \\= Annals of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 70 \\| issue \\= Pt 2 \\| pages \\= 181–94 \\| date \\= March 2006 \\| pmid \\= 16626329 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1529\\-8817\\.2005\\.00221\\.x \\| s2cid \\= 4652154 \\| quote \\= 395/657 \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 }}", "**R\\-L165**", "This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker S68, also known as L165\\. It is found in England, Scandinavia, and Scotland (in this country it is mostly found in the [Northern Isles](/wiki/Northern_Isles \"Northern Isles\") and [Outer Hebrides](/wiki/Outer_Hebrides \"Outer Hebrides\")). It has been suggested, therefore, that it arrived in the British Isles with Vikings.{{Cite book \\| vauthors \\= Moffat A, Wilson JF \\|author1\\-link\\=Alistair Moffat \\|title\\=The Scots: a genetic journey \\|url\\= https://archive.org/details/scotsgeneticjour0000moff \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Birlinn (publisher)\\|Birlinn]] \\|year\\=2011 \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/scotsgeneticjour0000moff/page/181 181]–182, 192 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-85790\\-020\\-3 }}", "#### R\\-U152", "{{anchor\\|R\\-U152}}\n**R\\-U152** is defined by the presence of the marker U152, also called S28\\. Its existence was confirmed by Sims et al. (2007\\). Myres et al. report this clade \"is most frequent (20–44%) in Switzerland, Italy, France and Western Poland, with additional instances exceeding 15% in some regions of England and Germany.\" Similarly Cruciani et al. (2010\\){{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Antonelli C, Pascone R, Valesini G, Scalzi V, Vona G, Melegh B, Zagradisnik B, Assum G, Efremov GD, Sellitto D, Scozzari R\\|date\\=June 2011\\|title\\=Strong intra\\- and inter\\-continental differentiation revealed by Y chromosome SNPs M269, U106 and U152\\|journal\\=Forensic Science International. Genetics\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=e49–52\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.fsigen.2010\\.07\\.006\\|pmid\\=20732840}} reported frequency peaks in Northern and Central Italy and France. Out of a sample of 135 men in Tyrol, Austria, 9 tested positive for U152/S28\\.{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Niederstätter H, Berger B, Erhart D, Parson W \\|title\\=Recently introduced Y\\-SNPs improve the resolution within Y\\-chromosome haplogroup R1b in a central European population sample (Tyrol, Austria)\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.fsigss.2007\\.10\\.158\\| date\\=August 2008\\| journal\\=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series\\|volume\\=1\\|pages\\=226–227\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} Far removed from this apparent core area, Myres *et al.* also mention a sub\\-population in north [Bashkortostan](/wiki/Bashkortostan \"Bashkortostan\"), where 71% of 70 men tested belong to R\\-U152\\. They propose this to be the result of an isolated [founder effect](/wiki/Founder_effect \"Founder effect\"). King *et al.* (2014\\) reported four living descendants of [Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort](/wiki/Henry_Somerset%2C_5th_Duke_of_Beaufort \"Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort\") in the male line tested positive for U\\-152\\.Henry Somerset was in turn descended in the patrilineal line from [John of Gaunt](/wiki/John_of_Gaunt \"John of Gaunt\") (1340–1399\\), a son of King [Edward III](/wiki/Edward_III \"Edward III\") (1312–1377\\). In the context of the [analysis of the remains of Richard III](/wiki/Exhumation_and_reburial_of_Richard_III_of_England \"Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England\"), which proved to belong to haplogroup G2, the possibility of a [false\\-paternity event](/wiki/False-paternity_event \"False-paternity event\"), most likely between Edward III and Henry Somerset, was discussed; possibly confirming rumors to the effect that John of Gaunt was illegitimate (Jonathan Sumption, *Divided Houses: The Hundred Years War III*, 2009, p. 274\\).\n{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= King TE, Fortes GG, Balaresque P, Thomas MG, Balding D, Maisano Delser P, Neumann R, Parson W, Knapp M, Walsh S, Tonasso L, Holt J, Kayser M, Appleby J, Forster P, Ekserdjian D, Hofreiter M, Schürer K \\| title \\= Identification of the remains of King Richard III \\| journal \\= Nature Communications \\| volume \\= 5 \\| issue \\= 5631 \\| pages \\= 5631 \\| date \\= December 2014 \\| pmid \\= 25463651 \\| pmc \\= 4268703 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/ncomms6631 \\| bibcode \\= 2014NatCo...5\\.5631K }}\n\"Y\\-chromosome haplotypes from male\\-line relatives and the remains do not match, which could be attributed to a false\\-paternity event occurring in any of the intervening generations.\" Ancient samples from the central European [Bell Beaker](/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture \"Bell Beaker culture\"), [Hallstatt](/wiki/Hallstatt_culture \"Hallstatt culture\") and [Tumulus cultures](/wiki/Tumulus_culture \"Tumulus culture\") belonged to this subclade.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, Schroeder H, Ahlström T, Vinner L, Malaspinas AS, Margaryan A, Higham T, Chivall D, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, Baron J, Della Casa P, Dąbrowski P, Duffy PR, Ebel AV, Epimakhov A, Frei K, Furmanek M, Gralak T, Gromov A, Gronkiewicz S, Grupe G, Hajdu T, Jarysz R, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kiss V, Kolář J, Kriiska A, Lasak I, Longhi C, McGlynn G, Merkevicius A, Merkyte I, Metspalu M, Mkrtchyan R, Moiseyev V, Paja L, Pálfi G, Pokutta D, Pospieszny Ł, Price TD, Saag L, Sablin M, Shishlina N, Smrčka V, Soenov VI, Szeverényi V, Tóth G, Trifanova SV, Varul L, Vicze M, Yepiskoposyan L, Zhitenev V, Orlando L, Sicheritz\\-Pontén T, Brunak S, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 522 \\| issue \\= 7555 \\| pages \\= 167–72 \\| date \\= June 2015 \\| pmid \\= 26062507 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/nature14507 \\| s2cid \\= 4399103 \\| bibcode \\= 2015Natur.522\\..167A \\| url \\= https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Damgaard PB, Marchi N, Rasmussen S, Peyrot M, Renaud G, Korneliussen T, Moreno\\-Mayar JV, Pedersen MW, Goldberg A, Usmanova E, Baimukhanov N, Loman V, Hedeager L, Pedersen AG, Nielsen K, Afanasiev G, Akmatov K, Aldashev A, Alpaslan A, Baimbetov G, Bazaliiskii VI, Beisenov A, Boldbaatar B, Boldgiv B, Dorzhu C, Ellingvag S, Erdenebaatar D, Dajani R, Dmitriev E, Evdokimov V, Frei KM, Gromov A, Goryachev A, Hakonarson H, Hegay T, Khachatryan Z, Khaskhanov R, Kitov E, Kolbina A, Kubatbek T, Kukushkin A, Kukushkin I, Lau N, Margaryan A, Merkyte I, Mertz IV, Mertz VK, Mijiddorj E, Moiyesev V, Mukhtarova G, Nurmukhanbetov B, Orozbekova Z, Panyushkina I, Pieta K, Smrčka V, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Sjögren KG, Štolcová T, Taravella AM, Tashbaeva K, Tkachev A, Tulegenov T, Voyakin D, Yepiskoposyan L, Undrakhbold S, Varfolomeev V, Weber A, Wilson Sayres MA, Kradin N, Allentoft ME, Orlando L, Nielsen R, Sikora M, Heyer E, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 557 \\| issue \\= 7705 \\| pages \\= 369–374 \\| date \\= May 2018 \\| pmid \\= 29743675 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/s41586\\-018\\-0094\\-2 \\| s2cid \\= 13670282 \\| bibcode \\= 2018Natur.557\\..369D \\| hdl \\= 1887/3202709 \\| hdl\\-access \\= free }} Analyzed Iron Age [Latins](/wiki/Latins_%28Italic_tribe%29 \"Latins (Italic tribe)\") and [Etruscans](/wiki/Etruscan_civilization \"Etruscan civilization\") dating between 1000 and 100 BCE belonged primarily to haplogroup R1b\\-U152 (including the clades L2, Z56 and Z193\\).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 366 \\| issue \\= 6466 \\| pages \\= 708–714 \\| date \\= November 2019 \\| pmid \\= 31699931 \\| pmc \\= 7093155 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.aay6826 \\| bibcode \\= 2019Sci...366\\..708A }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Posth C, Zaro V, Spyrou MA, Vai S, Gnecchi\\-Ruscone GA, Modi A, Peltzer A, Mötsch A, Nägele K, Vågene ÅJ, Nelson EA, Radzevičiūtė R, Freund C, Bondioli LM, Cappuccini L, Frenzel H, Pacciani E, Boschin F, Capecchi G, Martini I, Moroni A, Ricci S, Sperduti A, Turchetti MA, Riga A, Zavattaro M, Zifferero A, Heyne HO, Fernández\\-Domínguez E, Kroonen GJ, McCormick M, Haak W, Lari M, Barbujani G, Bondioli L, Bos KI, Caramelli D, Krause J \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000\\-year archeogenomic time transect \\| language \\= English \\| journal \\= Science Advances \\| volume \\= 7 \\| issue \\= 39 \\| pages \\= eabi7673 \\| date \\= September 2021 \\| pmid \\= 34559560 \\| pmc \\= 8462907 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/sciadv.abi7673 \\| publisher \\= American Association for the Advancement of Science \\| bibcode \\= 2021SciA....7\\.7673P }}", "#### R\\-L21", "{{main\\|Haplogroup R\\-L21}}", "R\\-L21, also known as R\\-M529 and R\\-S145, is most common in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") and [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\") (i.e. at least 25–50% of their male populations. R\\-L21 has two primary subclades: **R\\-A5846** and **R\\-S552**.", "**R\\-DF13**", "A primary subclade of R\\-S552, **R\\-DF13** – also known as R\\-S521, R\\-Z2542 and R\\-CTS8221 – is one of the most common subclades of R\\-L21\\. At least one study estimated that R\\-DF13 would be found among more than 50% of living Irish males. The following are among the most common subclades within R\\-DF13\\.\n* **R\\-DF21**, a primary subclade of R\\-DF13, defined by the presence of the marker DF21 a.k.a. S192\\. R\\-DF21 makes up about 10% of all L21 men and is circa 3000 years old.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R\\-DF21/default.aspx \\|title\\=R\\-DF21 and Subclades Project}}\n* **R\\-L159\\.2** is a subclade of R\\-DF13, defined by the marker L159/S169\\. It is known as R\\-L159\\.2 because of an unrelated parallel mutation (L159\\.1\\), found within haplogroup [I2a1a1a](/wiki/Haplogroup_I2_%28Y-DNA%29%23I2a1 \"Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)#I2a1\") (a.k.a. I\\-L158 or I\\-M26\\). Consequently, some Y\\-DNA trees exclude L159/S169 completely, on the basis that it may be an unreliable marker. For instance, as of 2024, Yfull refers to an equivalent subclade as **R\\-FGC80001** (i.e. R\\-L21 \\> R\\-S552 \\> R\\-DF13 \\> R\\-Z255 \\> R\\-FGC80001\\). [*Yfull*, 2012–24, *R\\-FGC80001*](https://www.yfull.com/live/tree/R-FGC80001/)(Access: 9 April 2024\\.) R\\-L159\\.2 appears to be associated with the [Laigin](/wiki/Laigin \"Laigin\"), an [ethno\\-tribal group](/wiki/Ethnicity \"Ethnicity\"), after whom the [Kingdom of Leinster](/wiki/Kings_of_Leinster \"Kings of Leinster\") was named. It is common in males from coastal areas surrounding the [Irish Sea](/wiki/Irish_Sea \"Irish Sea\"), including western [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\"), the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\") and the [Hebrides](/wiki/Hebrides \"Hebrides\"); R\\-L159\\.2 has also been found at significant levels in [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), western and southern [Scottish mainland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), parts of [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), northwest [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), and northern [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1b\\-L159\\.2/default.aspx?section\\=goals \\|title\\=R\\-L159 Project Goals }}\n* **R\\-L193**: this subclade within R\\-DF13 is defined by the presence of the marker L193\\. Many surnames with this marker are associated geographically with the western \"Border Region\" of Scotland. A few other surnames have a Highland association. R\\-L193 is a relatively young subclade likely born within the last 2000 years.\n* **R\\-L226**, under R\\-DF13, is defined by the presence of the marker L226, also known as S168\\. Commonly referred to as Irish Type III, it is concentrated in central western Ireland and associated with the [Dál gCais](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_gCais \"Dál gCais\") kindred.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=A Set of Distinctive Marker Values Defines a Y\\-STR Signature for Gaelic Dalcassian Families\\|url\\=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Wright.htm\\|vauthors\\=Wright DM\\|year\\=2009\\|journal\\=Journal of Genetic Genealogy\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-17\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-08\\-24\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824020357/http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Wright.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* **R\\-L371**: a subclade within R\\-DF13 defined by the presence of the marker L371 – sometimes referred to as the \"Welsh modal haplotype\". It is associated with ancient Welsh kings and princes.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/dafydd\\-iwan\\-discovers\\-impressive\\-celtic\\-7829517\\|title\\=Dafydd Iwan's rare genetic roots unveiled in new project\\| vauthors \\= Bevan N \\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-25\\|work\\=walesonline\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-05}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north\\-wales\\-news/dafydd\\-iwan\\-descended\\-welsh\\-kings\\-7838225\\|title\\=Dafydd Iwan 'descended from Welsh kings' who ruled in England\\| vauthors \\= Bodden T \\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-26\\|work\\=northwales\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-05}}{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.familytreedna.com/public/R\\-17\\-14\\-10/ \\|title\\=Family Tree DNA \\- My FamilyTree DNA Project Website Title\\|website\\=www.familytreedna.com\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-05}}", "" ]
### R\-P312 R1b1a1a2a1a2, better known as R\-P312 (or R\-S116\) is one of the most common types of R\-M269 in Europe, alongside R\-U106\. Myres et al. described it as originating in and spreading from the west of the Rhine basin. R\-P312 has been the subject of significant, ongoing study concerning its complex internal structure. {{Clade \| label1\=P312 \| 1\={{Clade \| label1\= \| 1\=R\-P312\* \| label2\=\[\[Haplogroup\_R\-DF27\|DF27]] \| 2\={{Clade \|1\=R\-S227/Z196 \|2\=R\-Z2552 \|3\=R\-L881 \|4\=R\-A431 }} \| label3\=U152 \| 3\={{Clade \| 1\=R\-L2 \| 2\=R\-S206 \| 3\=R\-Z56 }} \| label4\=\[\[Haplogroup\_R\-L21\|L21]] \| 4\={{Clade \| 1\=R\-A7905 \| 2\=R\-A5846 \| 3\=R\-DF63 (R\-S522\) \| 4\=R\-DF13 (R\-CTS241/R\-S521\) }} \| 5\=R\-L238 \| 6\=R\-DF19 \| 7\=R\-DF99 }}}} #### R\-DF27 {{main\|R\-DF27}} **R\-M153** R\-M153 is a subclade of R\-DF27 that has been found mostly in [Basques](/wiki/Basques "Basques") and [Gascons](/wiki/Gascony "Gascony"), among whom it represents a sizeable fraction of the Y\-DNA pool,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López\-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez\-Jarreta B, Quintana\-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA \| title \= The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula \| journal \= American Journal of Human Genetics \| volume \= 83 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 725–36 \| date \= December 2008 \| pmid \= 19061982 \| pmc \= 2668061 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.ajhg.2008\.11\.007 \| display\-authors \= 6 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= López\-Parra AM, Gusmão L, Tavares L, Baeza C, Amorim A, Mesa MS, Prata MJ, Arroyo\-Pardo E \| title \= In search of the pre\- and post\-neolithic genetic substrates in Iberia: evidence from Y\-chromosome in Pyrenean populations \| journal \= Annals of Human Genetics \| volume \= 73 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 42–53 \| date \= January 2009 \| pmid \= 18803634 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1469\-1809\.2008\.00478\.x \| s2cid \= 43273988 }} though is also found occasionally among Iberians in general. The first time it was located (Bosch 2001{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J \| title \= High\-resolution analysis of human Y\-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula \| journal \= American Journal of Human Genetics \| volume \= 68 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 1019–29 \| date \= April 2001 \| pmid \= 11254456 \| pmc \= 1275654 \| doi \= 10\.1086/319521 }}) it was described as H102 and included seven Basques and one [Andalusian](/wiki/Andalusia "Andalusia"). **[R\-M167](/wiki/R-M167 "R-M167")** R\-M167 is a subclade of R\-DF27 defined by the presence of the marker M167\. The first author to test for this marker (long before current haplogroup nomenclature existed) was Hurles in 1999, who tested 1158 men in various populations.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Hurles ME, Veitia R, Arroyo E, Armenteros M, Bertranpetit J, Pérez\-Lezaun A, Bosch E, Shlumukova M, Cambon\-Thomsen A, McElreavey K, López De Munain A, Röhl A, Wilson IJ, Singh L, Pandya A, Santos FR, Tyler\-Smith C, Jobling MA \| title \= Recent male\-mediated gene flow over a linguistic barrier in Iberia, suggested by analysis of a Y\-chromosomal DNA polymorphism \| journal \= American Journal of Human Genetics \| volume \= 65 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 1437–48 \| date \= November 1999 \| pmid \= 10521311 \| pmc \= 1288297 \| doi \= 10\.1086/302617 \| display\-authors \= 6 }} He found it relatively common among Basques (13/117: 11%) and [Catalans](/wiki/Catalonia "Catalonia") (7/32: 22%). Other occurrences were found among other French, British, Spaniards, [Béarnais](/wiki/B%C3%A9arn "Béarn"), and [Germans](/wiki/Germany "Germany"). In 2000 Rosser et al., in a study which tested 3616 men in various populations{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, Arroyo E, Barbujani G, Beckman G, Beckman L, Bertranpetit J, Bosch E, Bradley DG, Brede G, Cooper G, Côrte\-Real HB, de Knijff P, Decorte R, Dubrova YE, Evgrafov O, Gilissen A, Glisic S, Gölge M, Hill EW, Jeziorowska A, Kalaydjieva L, Kayser M, Kivisild T, Kravchenko SA, Krumina A, Kucinskas V, Lavinha J, Livshits LA, Malaspina P, Maria S, McElreavey K, Meitinger TA, Mikelsaar AV, Mitchell RJ, Nafa K, Nicholson J, Nørby S, Pandya A, Parik J, Patsalis PC, Pereira L, Peterlin B, Pielberg G, Prata MJ, Previderé C, Roewer L, Rootsi S, Rubinsztein DC, Saillard J, Santos FR, Stefanescu G, Sykes BC, Tolun A, Villems R, Tyler\-Smith C, Jobling MA \| title \= Y\-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language \| journal \= American Journal of Human Genetics \| volume \= 67 \| issue \= 6 \| pages \= 1526–43 \| date \= December 2000 \| pmid \= 11078479 \| pmc \= 1287948 \| doi \= 10\.1086/316890 \| display\-authors \= 6 }} also tested for that same marker, naming the haplogroup Hg22, and again it was found mainly among Basques (19%), in lower frequencies among French (5%), [Bavarians](/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") (3%), Spaniards (2%), Southern Portuguese (2%), and in single occurrences among Romanians, Slovenians, Dutch, Belgians and English.::In 2001 Bosch described this marker as H103, in 5 Basques and 5 Catalans. Further regional studies have located it in significant amounts in [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias "Asturias"), [Cantabria](/wiki/Cantabria "Cantabria") and [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29 "Galicia (Spain)"), as well as again among Basques. Cases in the [Azores](/wiki/Azores "Azores") have been reported.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2011}} In 2008 two research papers by López\-Parra and Adams, respectively, confirmed a strong association with all or most of the [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees "Pyrenees") and Eastern Iberia. In a larger study of Portugal in 2006, with 657 men tested, Beleza et al. confirmed similar low levels in all the major regions, from 1\.5%–3\.5%.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Beleza S, Gusmão L, Lopes A, Alves C, Gomes I, Giouzeli M, Calafell F, Carracedo A, Amorim A \| title \= Micro\-phylogeographic and demographic history of Portuguese male lineages \| journal \= Annals of Human Genetics \| volume \= 70 \| issue \= Pt 2 \| pages \= 181–94 \| date \= March 2006 \| pmid \= 16626329 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1529\-8817\.2005\.00221\.x \| s2cid \= 4652154 \| quote \= 395/657 \| display\-authors \= 6 }} **R\-L165** This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker S68, also known as L165\. It is found in England, Scandinavia, and Scotland (in this country it is mostly found in the [Northern Isles](/wiki/Northern_Isles "Northern Isles") and [Outer Hebrides](/wiki/Outer_Hebrides "Outer Hebrides")). It has been suggested, therefore, that it arrived in the British Isles with Vikings.{{Cite book \| vauthors \= Moffat A, Wilson JF \|author1\-link\=Alistair Moffat \|title\=The Scots: a genetic journey \|url\= https://archive.org/details/scotsgeneticjour0000moff \|url\-access\=registration \|publisher\=\[\[Birlinn (publisher)\|Birlinn]] \|year\=2011 \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/scotsgeneticjour0000moff/page/181 181]–182, 192 \|isbn\=978\-0\-85790\-020\-3 }} #### R\-U152 {{anchor\|R\-U152}} **R\-U152** is defined by the presence of the marker U152, also called S28\. Its existence was confirmed by Sims et al. (2007\). Myres et al. report this clade "is most frequent (20–44%) in Switzerland, Italy, France and Western Poland, with additional instances exceeding 15% in some regions of England and Germany." Similarly Cruciani et al. (2010\){{cite journal\|vauthors\=Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Antonelli C, Pascone R, Valesini G, Scalzi V, Vona G, Melegh B, Zagradisnik B, Assum G, Efremov GD, Sellitto D, Scozzari R\|date\=June 2011\|title\=Strong intra\- and inter\-continental differentiation revealed by Y chromosome SNPs M269, U106 and U152\|journal\=Forensic Science International. Genetics\|volume\=5\|issue\=3\|pages\=e49–52\|doi\=10\.1016/j.fsigen.2010\.07\.006\|pmid\=20732840}} reported frequency peaks in Northern and Central Italy and France. Out of a sample of 135 men in Tyrol, Austria, 9 tested positive for U152/S28\.{{Cite journal \| vauthors \= Niederstätter H, Berger B, Erhart D, Parson W \|title\=Recently introduced Y\-SNPs improve the resolution within Y\-chromosome haplogroup R1b in a central European population sample (Tyrol, Austria)\|doi\=10\.1016/j.fsigss.2007\.10\.158\| date\=August 2008\| journal\=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series\|volume\=1\|pages\=226–227\|doi\-access\=free}} Far removed from this apparent core area, Myres *et al.* also mention a sub\-population in north [Bashkortostan](/wiki/Bashkortostan "Bashkortostan"), where 71% of 70 men tested belong to R\-U152\. They propose this to be the result of an isolated [founder effect](/wiki/Founder_effect "Founder effect"). King *et al.* (2014\) reported four living descendants of [Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort](/wiki/Henry_Somerset%2C_5th_Duke_of_Beaufort "Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort") in the male line tested positive for U\-152\.Henry Somerset was in turn descended in the patrilineal line from [John of Gaunt](/wiki/John_of_Gaunt "John of Gaunt") (1340–1399\), a son of King [Edward III](/wiki/Edward_III "Edward III") (1312–1377\). In the context of the [analysis of the remains of Richard III](/wiki/Exhumation_and_reburial_of_Richard_III_of_England "Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England"), which proved to belong to haplogroup G2, the possibility of a [false\-paternity event](/wiki/False-paternity_event "False-paternity event"), most likely between Edward III and Henry Somerset, was discussed; possibly confirming rumors to the effect that John of Gaunt was illegitimate (Jonathan Sumption, *Divided Houses: The Hundred Years War III*, 2009, p. 274\). {{cite journal \| vauthors \= King TE, Fortes GG, Balaresque P, Thomas MG, Balding D, Maisano Delser P, Neumann R, Parson W, Knapp M, Walsh S, Tonasso L, Holt J, Kayser M, Appleby J, Forster P, Ekserdjian D, Hofreiter M, Schürer K \| title \= Identification of the remains of King Richard III \| journal \= Nature Communications \| volume \= 5 \| issue \= 5631 \| pages \= 5631 \| date \= December 2014 \| pmid \= 25463651 \| pmc \= 4268703 \| doi \= 10\.1038/ncomms6631 \| bibcode \= 2014NatCo...5\.5631K }} "Y\-chromosome haplotypes from male\-line relatives and the remains do not match, which could be attributed to a false\-paternity event occurring in any of the intervening generations." Ancient samples from the central European [Bell Beaker](/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture "Bell Beaker culture"), [Hallstatt](/wiki/Hallstatt_culture "Hallstatt culture") and [Tumulus cultures](/wiki/Tumulus_culture "Tumulus culture") belonged to this subclade.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, Schroeder H, Ahlström T, Vinner L, Malaspinas AS, Margaryan A, Higham T, Chivall D, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, Baron J, Della Casa P, Dąbrowski P, Duffy PR, Ebel AV, Epimakhov A, Frei K, Furmanek M, Gralak T, Gromov A, Gronkiewicz S, Grupe G, Hajdu T, Jarysz R, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kiss V, Kolář J, Kriiska A, Lasak I, Longhi C, McGlynn G, Merkevicius A, Merkyte I, Metspalu M, Mkrtchyan R, Moiseyev V, Paja L, Pálfi G, Pokutta D, Pospieszny Ł, Price TD, Saag L, Sablin M, Shishlina N, Smrčka V, Soenov VI, Szeverényi V, Tóth G, Trifanova SV, Varul L, Vicze M, Yepiskoposyan L, Zhitenev V, Orlando L, Sicheritz\-Pontén T, Brunak S, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 522 \| issue \= 7555 \| pages \= 167–72 \| date \= June 2015 \| pmid \= 26062507 \| doi \= 10\.1038/nature14507 \| s2cid \= 4399103 \| bibcode \= 2015Natur.522\..167A \| url \= https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Damgaard PB, Marchi N, Rasmussen S, Peyrot M, Renaud G, Korneliussen T, Moreno\-Mayar JV, Pedersen MW, Goldberg A, Usmanova E, Baimukhanov N, Loman V, Hedeager L, Pedersen AG, Nielsen K, Afanasiev G, Akmatov K, Aldashev A, Alpaslan A, Baimbetov G, Bazaliiskii VI, Beisenov A, Boldbaatar B, Boldgiv B, Dorzhu C, Ellingvag S, Erdenebaatar D, Dajani R, Dmitriev E, Evdokimov V, Frei KM, Gromov A, Goryachev A, Hakonarson H, Hegay T, Khachatryan Z, Khaskhanov R, Kitov E, Kolbina A, Kubatbek T, Kukushkin A, Kukushkin I, Lau N, Margaryan A, Merkyte I, Mertz IV, Mertz VK, Mijiddorj E, Moiyesev V, Mukhtarova G, Nurmukhanbetov B, Orozbekova Z, Panyushkina I, Pieta K, Smrčka V, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Sjögren KG, Štolcová T, Taravella AM, Tashbaeva K, Tkachev A, Tulegenov T, Voyakin D, Yepiskoposyan L, Undrakhbold S, Varfolomeev V, Weber A, Wilson Sayres MA, Kradin N, Allentoft ME, Orlando L, Nielsen R, Sikora M, Heyer E, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes \| journal \= Nature \| volume \= 557 \| issue \= 7705 \| pages \= 369–374 \| date \= May 2018 \| pmid \= 29743675 \| doi \= 10\.1038/s41586\-018\-0094\-2 \| s2cid \= 13670282 \| bibcode \= 2018Natur.557\..369D \| hdl \= 1887/3202709 \| hdl\-access \= free }} Analyzed Iron Age [Latins](/wiki/Latins_%28Italic_tribe%29 "Latins (Italic tribe)") and [Etruscans](/wiki/Etruscan_civilization "Etruscan civilization") dating between 1000 and 100 BCE belonged primarily to haplogroup R1b\-U152 (including the clades L2, Z56 and Z193\).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 366 \| issue \= 6466 \| pages \= 708–714 \| date \= November 2019 \| pmid \= 31699931 \| pmc \= 7093155 \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.aay6826 \| bibcode \= 2019Sci...366\..708A }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Posth C, Zaro V, Spyrou MA, Vai S, Gnecchi\-Ruscone GA, Modi A, Peltzer A, Mötsch A, Nägele K, Vågene ÅJ, Nelson EA, Radzevičiūtė R, Freund C, Bondioli LM, Cappuccini L, Frenzel H, Pacciani E, Boschin F, Capecchi G, Martini I, Moroni A, Ricci S, Sperduti A, Turchetti MA, Riga A, Zavattaro M, Zifferero A, Heyne HO, Fernández\-Domínguez E, Kroonen GJ, McCormick M, Haak W, Lari M, Barbujani G, Bondioli L, Bos KI, Caramelli D, Krause J \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000\-year archeogenomic time transect \| language \= English \| journal \= Science Advances \| volume \= 7 \| issue \= 39 \| pages \= eabi7673 \| date \= September 2021 \| pmid \= 34559560 \| pmc \= 8462907 \| doi \= 10\.1126/sciadv.abi7673 \| publisher \= American Association for the Advancement of Science \| bibcode \= 2021SciA....7\.7673P }} #### R\-L21 {{main\|Haplogroup R\-L21}} R\-L21, also known as R\-M529 and R\-S145, is most common in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") and [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales") (i.e. at least 25–50% of their male populations. R\-L21 has two primary subclades: **R\-A5846** and **R\-S552**. **R\-DF13** A primary subclade of R\-S552, **R\-DF13** – also known as R\-S521, R\-Z2542 and R\-CTS8221 – is one of the most common subclades of R\-L21\. At least one study estimated that R\-DF13 would be found among more than 50% of living Irish males. The following are among the most common subclades within R\-DF13\. * **R\-DF21**, a primary subclade of R\-DF13, defined by the presence of the marker DF21 a.k.a. S192\. R\-DF21 makes up about 10% of all L21 men and is circa 3000 years old.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R\-DF21/default.aspx \|title\=R\-DF21 and Subclades Project}} * **R\-L159\.2** is a subclade of R\-DF13, defined by the marker L159/S169\. It is known as R\-L159\.2 because of an unrelated parallel mutation (L159\.1\), found within haplogroup [I2a1a1a](/wiki/Haplogroup_I2_%28Y-DNA%29%23I2a1 "Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)#I2a1") (a.k.a. I\-L158 or I\-M26\). Consequently, some Y\-DNA trees exclude L159/S169 completely, on the basis that it may be an unreliable marker. For instance, as of 2024, Yfull refers to an equivalent subclade as **R\-FGC80001** (i.e. R\-L21 \> R\-S552 \> R\-DF13 \> R\-Z255 \> R\-FGC80001\). [*Yfull*, 2012–24, *R\-FGC80001*](https://www.yfull.com/live/tree/R-FGC80001/)(Access: 9 April 2024\.) R\-L159\.2 appears to be associated with the [Laigin](/wiki/Laigin "Laigin"), an [ethno\-tribal group](/wiki/Ethnicity "Ethnicity"), after whom the [Kingdom of Leinster](/wiki/Kings_of_Leinster "Kings of Leinster") was named. It is common in males from coastal areas surrounding the [Irish Sea](/wiki/Irish_Sea "Irish Sea"), including western [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales"), the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man "Isle of Man") and the [Hebrides](/wiki/Hebrides "Hebrides"); R\-L159\.2 has also been found at significant levels in [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), western and southern [Scottish mainland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), parts of [England](/wiki/England "England"), northwest [France](/wiki/France "France"), and northern [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1b\-L159\.2/default.aspx?section\=goals \|title\=R\-L159 Project Goals }} * **R\-L193**: this subclade within R\-DF13 is defined by the presence of the marker L193\. Many surnames with this marker are associated geographically with the western "Border Region" of Scotland. A few other surnames have a Highland association. R\-L193 is a relatively young subclade likely born within the last 2000 years. * **R\-L226**, under R\-DF13, is defined by the presence of the marker L226, also known as S168\. Commonly referred to as Irish Type III, it is concentrated in central western Ireland and associated with the [Dál gCais](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_gCais "Dál gCais") kindred.{{Cite journal\|title\=A Set of Distinctive Marker Values Defines a Y\-STR Signature for Gaelic Dalcassian Families\|url\=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Wright.htm\|vauthors\=Wright DM\|year\=2009\|journal\=Journal of Genetic Genealogy\|access\-date\=2017\-03\-17\|archive\-date\=2012\-08\-24\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824020357/http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Wright.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} * **R\-L371**: a subclade within R\-DF13 defined by the presence of the marker L371 – sometimes referred to as the "Welsh modal haplotype". It is associated with ancient Welsh kings and princes.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/dafydd\-iwan\-discovers\-impressive\-celtic\-7829517\|title\=Dafydd Iwan's rare genetic roots unveiled in new project\| vauthors \= Bevan N \|date\=2014\-09\-25\|work\=walesonline\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-05}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north\-wales\-news/dafydd\-iwan\-descended\-welsh\-kings\-7838225\|title\=Dafydd Iwan 'descended from Welsh kings' who ruled in England\| vauthors \= Bodden T \|date\=2014\-09\-26\|work\=northwales\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-05}}{{Cite web \|url\= https://www.familytreedna.com/public/R\-17\-14\-10/ \|title\=Family Tree DNA \- My FamilyTree DNA Project Website Title\|website\=www.familytreedna.com\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-05}}
[ "### R\\-P312", "R1b1a1a2a1a2, better known as R\\-P312 (or R\\-S116\\) is one of the most common types of R\\-M269 in Europe, alongside R\\-U106\\. Myres et al. described it as originating in and spreading from the west of the Rhine basin.", "R\\-P312 has been the subject of significant, ongoing study concerning its complex internal structure.", "{{Clade\n \\| label1\\=P312\n \\| 1\\={{Clade\n \\| label1\\=\n \\| 1\\=R\\-P312\\*\n \\| label2\\=\\[\\[Haplogroup\\_R\\-DF27\\|DF27]]\n \\| 2\\={{Clade\n \\|1\\=R\\-S227/Z196\n \\|2\\=R\\-Z2552\n \\|3\\=R\\-L881\n \\|4\\=R\\-A431 }}\n \\| label3\\=U152\n \\| 3\\={{Clade\n \\| 1\\=R\\-L2 \n \\| 2\\=R\\-S206 \n \\| 3\\=R\\-Z56 }}\n \\| label4\\=\\[\\[Haplogroup\\_R\\-L21\\|L21]]\n \\| 4\\={{Clade\n \\| 1\\=R\\-A7905\n \\| 2\\=R\\-A5846 \n \\| 3\\=R\\-DF63 (R\\-S522\\) \n \\| 4\\=R\\-DF13 (R\\-CTS241/R\\-S521\\) }}\n \\| 5\\=R\\-L238 \n \\| 6\\=R\\-DF19 \n \\| 7\\=R\\-DF99 }}}}", "#### R\\-DF27", "{{main\\|R\\-DF27}}", "**R\\-M153**", "R\\-M153 is a subclade of R\\-DF27 that has been found mostly in [Basques](/wiki/Basques \"Basques\") and [Gascons](/wiki/Gascony \"Gascony\"), among whom it represents a sizeable fraction of the Y\\-DNA pool,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López\\-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez\\-Jarreta B, Quintana\\-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA \\| title \\= The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula \\| journal \\= American Journal of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 83 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 725–36 \\| date \\= December 2008 \\| pmid \\= 19061982 \\| pmc \\= 2668061 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.ajhg.2008\\.11\\.007 \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= López\\-Parra AM, Gusmão L, Tavares L, Baeza C, Amorim A, Mesa MS, Prata MJ, Arroyo\\-Pardo E \\| title \\= In search of the pre\\- and post\\-neolithic genetic substrates in Iberia: evidence from Y\\-chromosome in Pyrenean populations \\| journal \\= Annals of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 73 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 42–53 \\| date \\= January 2009 \\| pmid \\= 18803634 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1469\\-1809\\.2008\\.00478\\.x \\| s2cid \\= 43273988 }} though is also found occasionally among Iberians in general. The first time it was located (Bosch 2001{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J \\| title \\= High\\-resolution analysis of human Y\\-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula \\| journal \\= American Journal of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 68 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 1019–29 \\| date \\= April 2001 \\| pmid \\= 11254456 \\| pmc \\= 1275654 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1086/319521 }}) it was described as H102 and included seven Basques and one [Andalusian](/wiki/Andalusia \"Andalusia\").", "**[R\\-M167](/wiki/R-M167 \"R-M167\")**", "R\\-M167 is a subclade of R\\-DF27 defined by the presence of the marker M167\\. The first author to test for this marker (long before current haplogroup nomenclature existed) was Hurles in 1999, who tested 1158 men in various populations.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Hurles ME, Veitia R, Arroyo E, Armenteros M, Bertranpetit J, Pérez\\-Lezaun A, Bosch E, Shlumukova M, Cambon\\-Thomsen A, McElreavey K, López De Munain A, Röhl A, Wilson IJ, Singh L, Pandya A, Santos FR, Tyler\\-Smith C, Jobling MA \\| title \\= Recent male\\-mediated gene flow over a linguistic barrier in Iberia, suggested by analysis of a Y\\-chromosomal DNA polymorphism \\| journal \\= American Journal of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 65 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 1437–48 \\| date \\= November 1999 \\| pmid \\= 10521311 \\| pmc \\= 1288297 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1086/302617 \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 }} He found it relatively common among Basques (13/117: 11%) and [Catalans](/wiki/Catalonia \"Catalonia\") (7/32: 22%). Other occurrences were found among other French, British, Spaniards, [Béarnais](/wiki/B%C3%A9arn \"Béarn\"), and [Germans](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\").", "In 2000 Rosser et al., in a study which tested 3616 men in various populations{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, Arroyo E, Barbujani G, Beckman G, Beckman L, Bertranpetit J, Bosch E, Bradley DG, Brede G, Cooper G, Côrte\\-Real HB, de Knijff P, Decorte R, Dubrova YE, Evgrafov O, Gilissen A, Glisic S, Gölge M, Hill EW, Jeziorowska A, Kalaydjieva L, Kayser M, Kivisild T, Kravchenko SA, Krumina A, Kucinskas V, Lavinha J, Livshits LA, Malaspina P, Maria S, McElreavey K, Meitinger TA, Mikelsaar AV, Mitchell RJ, Nafa K, Nicholson J, Nørby S, Pandya A, Parik J, Patsalis PC, Pereira L, Peterlin B, Pielberg G, Prata MJ, Previderé C, Roewer L, Rootsi S, Rubinsztein DC, Saillard J, Santos FR, Stefanescu G, Sykes BC, Tolun A, Villems R, Tyler\\-Smith C, Jobling MA \\| title \\= Y\\-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language \\| journal \\= American Journal of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 67 \\| issue \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 1526–43 \\| date \\= December 2000 \\| pmid \\= 11078479 \\| pmc \\= 1287948 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1086/316890 \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 }} also tested for that same marker, naming the haplogroup Hg22, and again it was found mainly among Basques (19%), in lower frequencies among French (5%), [Bavarians](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\") (3%), Spaniards (2%), Southern Portuguese (2%), and in single occurrences among Romanians, Slovenians, Dutch, Belgians and English.::In 2001 Bosch described this marker as H103, in 5 Basques and 5 Catalans. Further regional studies have located it in significant amounts in [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias \"Asturias\"), [Cantabria](/wiki/Cantabria \"Cantabria\") and [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29 \"Galicia (Spain)\"), as well as again among Basques. Cases in the [Azores](/wiki/Azores \"Azores\") have been reported.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2011}} In 2008 two research papers by López\\-Parra and Adams, respectively, confirmed a strong association with all or most of the [Pyrenees](/wiki/Pyrenees \"Pyrenees\") and Eastern Iberia.", "In a larger study of Portugal in 2006, with 657 men tested, Beleza et al. confirmed similar low levels in all the major regions, from 1\\.5%–3\\.5%.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Beleza S, Gusmão L, Lopes A, Alves C, Gomes I, Giouzeli M, Calafell F, Carracedo A, Amorim A \\| title \\= Micro\\-phylogeographic and demographic history of Portuguese male lineages \\| journal \\= Annals of Human Genetics \\| volume \\= 70 \\| issue \\= Pt 2 \\| pages \\= 181–94 \\| date \\= March 2006 \\| pmid \\= 16626329 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1529\\-8817\\.2005\\.00221\\.x \\| s2cid \\= 4652154 \\| quote \\= 395/657 \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 }}", "**R\\-L165**", "This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker S68, also known as L165\\. It is found in England, Scandinavia, and Scotland (in this country it is mostly found in the [Northern Isles](/wiki/Northern_Isles \"Northern Isles\") and [Outer Hebrides](/wiki/Outer_Hebrides \"Outer Hebrides\")). It has been suggested, therefore, that it arrived in the British Isles with Vikings.{{Cite book \\| vauthors \\= Moffat A, Wilson JF \\|author1\\-link\\=Alistair Moffat \\|title\\=The Scots: a genetic journey \\|url\\= https://archive.org/details/scotsgeneticjour0000moff \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Birlinn (publisher)\\|Birlinn]] \\|year\\=2011 \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/scotsgeneticjour0000moff/page/181 181]–182, 192 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-85790\\-020\\-3 }}", "#### R\\-U152", "{{anchor\\|R\\-U152}}\n**R\\-U152** is defined by the presence of the marker U152, also called S28\\. Its existence was confirmed by Sims et al. (2007\\). Myres et al. report this clade \"is most frequent (20–44%) in Switzerland, Italy, France and Western Poland, with additional instances exceeding 15% in some regions of England and Germany.\" Similarly Cruciani et al. (2010\\){{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Antonelli C, Pascone R, Valesini G, Scalzi V, Vona G, Melegh B, Zagradisnik B, Assum G, Efremov GD, Sellitto D, Scozzari R\\|date\\=June 2011\\|title\\=Strong intra\\- and inter\\-continental differentiation revealed by Y chromosome SNPs M269, U106 and U152\\|journal\\=Forensic Science International. Genetics\\|volume\\=5\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=e49–52\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.fsigen.2010\\.07\\.006\\|pmid\\=20732840}} reported frequency peaks in Northern and Central Italy and France. Out of a sample of 135 men in Tyrol, Austria, 9 tested positive for U152/S28\\.{{Cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Niederstätter H, Berger B, Erhart D, Parson W \\|title\\=Recently introduced Y\\-SNPs improve the resolution within Y\\-chromosome haplogroup R1b in a central European population sample (Tyrol, Austria)\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.fsigss.2007\\.10\\.158\\| date\\=August 2008\\| journal\\=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series\\|volume\\=1\\|pages\\=226–227\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} Far removed from this apparent core area, Myres *et al.* also mention a sub\\-population in north [Bashkortostan](/wiki/Bashkortostan \"Bashkortostan\"), where 71% of 70 men tested belong to R\\-U152\\. They propose this to be the result of an isolated [founder effect](/wiki/Founder_effect \"Founder effect\"). King *et al.* (2014\\) reported four living descendants of [Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort](/wiki/Henry_Somerset%2C_5th_Duke_of_Beaufort \"Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort\") in the male line tested positive for U\\-152\\.Henry Somerset was in turn descended in the patrilineal line from [John of Gaunt](/wiki/John_of_Gaunt \"John of Gaunt\") (1340–1399\\), a son of King [Edward III](/wiki/Edward_III \"Edward III\") (1312–1377\\). In the context of the [analysis of the remains of Richard III](/wiki/Exhumation_and_reburial_of_Richard_III_of_England \"Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England\"), which proved to belong to haplogroup G2, the possibility of a [false\\-paternity event](/wiki/False-paternity_event \"False-paternity event\"), most likely between Edward III and Henry Somerset, was discussed; possibly confirming rumors to the effect that John of Gaunt was illegitimate (Jonathan Sumption, *Divided Houses: The Hundred Years War III*, 2009, p. 274\\).\n{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= King TE, Fortes GG, Balaresque P, Thomas MG, Balding D, Maisano Delser P, Neumann R, Parson W, Knapp M, Walsh S, Tonasso L, Holt J, Kayser M, Appleby J, Forster P, Ekserdjian D, Hofreiter M, Schürer K \\| title \\= Identification of the remains of King Richard III \\| journal \\= Nature Communications \\| volume \\= 5 \\| issue \\= 5631 \\| pages \\= 5631 \\| date \\= December 2014 \\| pmid \\= 25463651 \\| pmc \\= 4268703 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/ncomms6631 \\| bibcode \\= 2014NatCo...5\\.5631K }}\n\"Y\\-chromosome haplotypes from male\\-line relatives and the remains do not match, which could be attributed to a false\\-paternity event occurring in any of the intervening generations.\" Ancient samples from the central European [Bell Beaker](/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture \"Bell Beaker culture\"), [Hallstatt](/wiki/Hallstatt_culture \"Hallstatt culture\") and [Tumulus cultures](/wiki/Tumulus_culture \"Tumulus culture\") belonged to this subclade.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, Schroeder H, Ahlström T, Vinner L, Malaspinas AS, Margaryan A, Higham T, Chivall D, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, Baron J, Della Casa P, Dąbrowski P, Duffy PR, Ebel AV, Epimakhov A, Frei K, Furmanek M, Gralak T, Gromov A, Gronkiewicz S, Grupe G, Hajdu T, Jarysz R, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kiss V, Kolář J, Kriiska A, Lasak I, Longhi C, McGlynn G, Merkevicius A, Merkyte I, Metspalu M, Mkrtchyan R, Moiseyev V, Paja L, Pálfi G, Pokutta D, Pospieszny Ł, Price TD, Saag L, Sablin M, Shishlina N, Smrčka V, Soenov VI, Szeverényi V, Tóth G, Trifanova SV, Varul L, Vicze M, Yepiskoposyan L, Zhitenev V, Orlando L, Sicheritz\\-Pontén T, Brunak S, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 522 \\| issue \\= 7555 \\| pages \\= 167–72 \\| date \\= June 2015 \\| pmid \\= 26062507 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/nature14507 \\| s2cid \\= 4399103 \\| bibcode \\= 2015Natur.522\\..167A \\| url \\= https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Damgaard PB, Marchi N, Rasmussen S, Peyrot M, Renaud G, Korneliussen T, Moreno\\-Mayar JV, Pedersen MW, Goldberg A, Usmanova E, Baimukhanov N, Loman V, Hedeager L, Pedersen AG, Nielsen K, Afanasiev G, Akmatov K, Aldashev A, Alpaslan A, Baimbetov G, Bazaliiskii VI, Beisenov A, Boldbaatar B, Boldgiv B, Dorzhu C, Ellingvag S, Erdenebaatar D, Dajani R, Dmitriev E, Evdokimov V, Frei KM, Gromov A, Goryachev A, Hakonarson H, Hegay T, Khachatryan Z, Khaskhanov R, Kitov E, Kolbina A, Kubatbek T, Kukushkin A, Kukushkin I, Lau N, Margaryan A, Merkyte I, Mertz IV, Mertz VK, Mijiddorj E, Moiyesev V, Mukhtarova G, Nurmukhanbetov B, Orozbekova Z, Panyushkina I, Pieta K, Smrčka V, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Sjögren KG, Štolcová T, Taravella AM, Tashbaeva K, Tkachev A, Tulegenov T, Voyakin D, Yepiskoposyan L, Undrakhbold S, Varfolomeev V, Weber A, Wilson Sayres MA, Kradin N, Allentoft ME, Orlando L, Nielsen R, Sikora M, Heyer E, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes \\| journal \\= Nature \\| volume \\= 557 \\| issue \\= 7705 \\| pages \\= 369–374 \\| date \\= May 2018 \\| pmid \\= 29743675 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1038/s41586\\-018\\-0094\\-2 \\| s2cid \\= 13670282 \\| bibcode \\= 2018Natur.557\\..369D \\| hdl \\= 1887/3202709 \\| hdl\\-access \\= free }} Analyzed Iron Age [Latins](/wiki/Latins_%28Italic_tribe%29 \"Latins (Italic tribe)\") and [Etruscans](/wiki/Etruscan_civilization \"Etruscan civilization\") dating between 1000 and 100 BCE belonged primarily to haplogroup R1b\\-U152 (including the clades L2, Z56 and Z193\\).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean \\| journal \\= Science \\| volume \\= 366 \\| issue \\= 6466 \\| pages \\= 708–714 \\| date \\= November 2019 \\| pmid \\= 31699931 \\| pmc \\= 7093155 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.aay6826 \\| bibcode \\= 2019Sci...366\\..708A }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Posth C, Zaro V, Spyrou MA, Vai S, Gnecchi\\-Ruscone GA, Modi A, Peltzer A, Mötsch A, Nägele K, Vågene ÅJ, Nelson EA, Radzevičiūtė R, Freund C, Bondioli LM, Cappuccini L, Frenzel H, Pacciani E, Boschin F, Capecchi G, Martini I, Moroni A, Ricci S, Sperduti A, Turchetti MA, Riga A, Zavattaro M, Zifferero A, Heyne HO, Fernández\\-Domínguez E, Kroonen GJ, McCormick M, Haak W, Lari M, Barbujani G, Bondioli L, Bos KI, Caramelli D, Krause J \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000\\-year archeogenomic time transect \\| language \\= English \\| journal \\= Science Advances \\| volume \\= 7 \\| issue \\= 39 \\| pages \\= eabi7673 \\| date \\= September 2021 \\| pmid \\= 34559560 \\| pmc \\= 8462907 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/sciadv.abi7673 \\| publisher \\= American Association for the Advancement of Science \\| bibcode \\= 2021SciA....7\\.7673P }}", "#### R\\-L21", "{{main\\|Haplogroup R\\-L21}}", "R\\-L21, also known as R\\-M529 and R\\-S145, is most common in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") and [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\") (i.e. at least 25–50% of their male populations. R\\-L21 has two primary subclades: **R\\-A5846** and **R\\-S552**.", "**R\\-DF13**", "A primary subclade of R\\-S552, **R\\-DF13** – also known as R\\-S521, R\\-Z2542 and R\\-CTS8221 – is one of the most common subclades of R\\-L21\\. At least one study estimated that R\\-DF13 would be found among more than 50% of living Irish males. The following are among the most common subclades within R\\-DF13\\.\n* **R\\-DF21**, a primary subclade of R\\-DF13, defined by the presence of the marker DF21 a.k.a. S192\\. R\\-DF21 makes up about 10% of all L21 men and is circa 3000 years old.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R\\-DF21/default.aspx \\|title\\=R\\-DF21 and Subclades Project}}\n* **R\\-L159\\.2** is a subclade of R\\-DF13, defined by the marker L159/S169\\. It is known as R\\-L159\\.2 because of an unrelated parallel mutation (L159\\.1\\), found within haplogroup [I2a1a1a](/wiki/Haplogroup_I2_%28Y-DNA%29%23I2a1 \"Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)#I2a1\") (a.k.a. I\\-L158 or I\\-M26\\). Consequently, some Y\\-DNA trees exclude L159/S169 completely, on the basis that it may be an unreliable marker. For instance, as of 2024, Yfull refers to an equivalent subclade as **R\\-FGC80001** (i.e. R\\-L21 \\> R\\-S552 \\> R\\-DF13 \\> R\\-Z255 \\> R\\-FGC80001\\). [*Yfull*, 2012–24, *R\\-FGC80001*](https://www.yfull.com/live/tree/R-FGC80001/)(Access: 9 April 2024\\.) R\\-L159\\.2 appears to be associated with the [Laigin](/wiki/Laigin \"Laigin\"), an [ethno\\-tribal group](/wiki/Ethnicity \"Ethnicity\"), after whom the [Kingdom of Leinster](/wiki/Kings_of_Leinster \"Kings of Leinster\") was named. It is common in males from coastal areas surrounding the [Irish Sea](/wiki/Irish_Sea \"Irish Sea\"), including western [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\"), the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\") and the [Hebrides](/wiki/Hebrides \"Hebrides\"); R\\-L159\\.2 has also been found at significant levels in [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), western and southern [Scottish mainland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), parts of [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), northwest [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), and northern [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1b\\-L159\\.2/default.aspx?section\\=goals \\|title\\=R\\-L159 Project Goals }}\n* **R\\-L193**: this subclade within R\\-DF13 is defined by the presence of the marker L193\\. Many surnames with this marker are associated geographically with the western \"Border Region\" of Scotland. A few other surnames have a Highland association. R\\-L193 is a relatively young subclade likely born within the last 2000 years.\n* **R\\-L226**, under R\\-DF13, is defined by the presence of the marker L226, also known as S168\\. Commonly referred to as Irish Type III, it is concentrated in central western Ireland and associated with the [Dál gCais](/wiki/D%C3%A1l_gCais \"Dál gCais\") kindred.{{Cite journal\\|title\\=A Set of Distinctive Marker Values Defines a Y\\-STR Signature for Gaelic Dalcassian Families\\|url\\=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Wright.htm\\|vauthors\\=Wright DM\\|year\\=2009\\|journal\\=Journal of Genetic Genealogy\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-03\\-17\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-08\\-24\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824020357/http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Wright.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n* **R\\-L371**: a subclade within R\\-DF13 defined by the presence of the marker L371 – sometimes referred to as the \"Welsh modal haplotype\". It is associated with ancient Welsh kings and princes.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/dafydd\\-iwan\\-discovers\\-impressive\\-celtic\\-7829517\\|title\\=Dafydd Iwan's rare genetic roots unveiled in new project\\| vauthors \\= Bevan N \\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-25\\|work\\=walesonline\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-05}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north\\-wales\\-news/dafydd\\-iwan\\-descended\\-welsh\\-kings\\-7838225\\|title\\=Dafydd Iwan 'descended from Welsh kings' who ruled in England\\| vauthors \\= Bodden T \\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-26\\|work\\=northwales\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-05}}{{Cite web \\|url\\= https://www.familytreedna.com/public/R\\-17\\-14\\-10/ \\|title\\=Family Tree DNA \\- My FamilyTree DNA Project Website Title\\|website\\=www.familytreedna.com\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-05}}", "" ]
Causes of human\-related decline -------------------------------- {{IUCN mammal chart}} {{See also\|List of recently extinct mammals}} As the [human population](/wiki/Human_population "Human population") grew and [colonization](/wiki/Colonization "Colonization") pushed deeper around the globe, and as the [environmental footprint](/wiki/Environmental_footprint "Environmental footprint") of the average human has grown, so has the pressure on [ecosystems](/wiki/Ecosystem "Ecosystem"), and their inhabitants, including wild mammals.{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO \|date\=May 30, 2014\|title\=The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection\|journal\=Science\|volume\=344 \|issue\=6187\|pages\=1246752\-1–1246752\-10\|pmid\=24876501\|s2cid\=206552746 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.1246752\|quote\=The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption. \|url\=http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm\+et\+al.\+2014\.pdf}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Ceballos\|first1\=Gerardo\|last2\=Ehrlich\|first2\=Paul R.\|last3\= Raven\|first3\=Peter H.\|date\=June 1, 2020\|title\=Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction\|journal\=\[\[PNAS]]\|volume\=117\|issue\=24\|pages\=13596–13602\|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1922686117\|doi\-access\=free\|pmid\=32482862\|pmc\=7306750\|bibcode\=2020PNAS..11713596C}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Ceballos\|first1\=Gerardo\|last2\=Ehrlich\|first2\=Paul R.\|last3\=Dirzo \|first3\=Rodolfo\|date\=May 23, 2017\|title\=Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines\|journal\=\[\[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\|PNAS]] \|volume\=114\|issue\=30\|pages\=E6089–E6096 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1704949114\|quote\=Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly\|pmc\=5544311 \|pmid\=28696295\|bibcode\=2017PNAS..114E6089C \|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.science.org/content/article/landmark\-analysis\-documents\-alarming\-global\-decline\-nature\|title\=Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature \|last\=Stokstad\|first\=Erik\|date\=May 5, 2019 \|website\=\[\[Science (journal)\|Science]]\|publisher\=\[\[American Association for the Advancement of Science\|AAAS]]\|access\-date\=August 26, 2020 }} Over the past several centuries, wild mammal extinctions tended to be concentrated among the small island species, whose [endemic](/wiki/Endemic "Endemic") populations are constrained in size and range by their limited habitat,{{cite book\|url\={{Google books\|plainurl\=yes\|id\=JmSsNuwMAxgC\|page\=225}}\|title\=Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands\|last1\=van der Geer\|first1\=Alexandra\|last2\=Lyras\|first2\=George\|last3\=de Vos\|first3\=John\|last4\=Dermitzakis\|first4\=Michael\|publisher\=Wiley\-Blackwell\|year\=2010\|isbn\=978\-1\-4051\-9009\-1\|location\=Oxford\|pages\=225–227}} and in Australia, where similar dynamics have played out. Since the [European settlement](/wiki/History_of_Australia_%281788%E2%80%931850%29 "History of Australia (1788–1850)") 10% of Australia's 273 terrestrial mammals went extinct, (a loss of one to two species per decade). Currently, 21% of Australia's mammals are [threatened](/wiki/Threatened_species "Threatened species"), and unlike in most other continents, the main cause is predation by [feral species](/wiki/Feral_species "Feral species"), such as [cats](/wiki/Feral_cat "Feral cat").{{cite journal\|last1\=Woinarskia\|first1\=John C. Z.\|last2\=Burbidge\|first2\=Andrew A.\|last3\=Harrison\|first3\=Peter L.\|year\=2015\|title\=Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: Decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement\|url\=http://www.pnas.org/content/112/15/4531\.full.pdf\|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\|volume\=112\|pages\=4531–4540\|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1417301112\|number\=5\|pmid\=25675493\|pmc\=4403217\|bibcode\=2015PNAS..112\.4531W\|doi\-access\=free}} In general, [habitat degradation](/wiki/Habitat_degradation "Habitat degradation"), through activities such as [deforestation](/wiki/Deforestation "Deforestation") for [land development](/wiki/Land_development "Land development"), is currently the main [anthropogenic](/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment "Human impact on the environment") cause of species extinctions. The main cause of habitat degradation worldwide is agriculture, with [urban sprawl](/wiki/Urban_sprawl "Urban sprawl"), logging, mining and some fishing practices close behind.{{cite book\|title\=Essentials of Conservation Biology\|last\=Primack\|first\=R. B.\|publisher\=Sinauer Associates\|year\=2006\|isbn\=978\-0\-87893\-720\-2\|edition\=4th\|location\=Sunderland, MA.\|pages\=177–188\|chapter\=Habitat destruction}} Disease can also be a factor: [white nose syndrome](/wiki/White_nose_syndrome "White nose syndrome") in bats, for example, is causing a substantial decline in their populations and may even lead to the extinction of a species.{{cite journal\|last\=Langwig\|first\=K.E.\|year\=2012\|title\=Sociality, density\-dependence and microclimates determine the persistence of populations suffering from a novel fungal disease, white\-nose syndrome\|journal\=Ecology Letters\|volume\=15\|issue\=1\|pages\=1050–1057\|doi\=10\.1111/j.1461\-0248\.2012\.01829\.x\|pmid\=22747672\|author2\=W.F. Frick\|author3\=J.T. Bried\|author4\=A.C. Hicks\|author5\=T.H. Kunz\|author6\=A.M. Kilpatrick\|bibcode\=2012EcolL..15\.1050L }} Another example is the [Devil facial tumour disease](/wiki/Devil_facial_tumour_disease "Devil facial tumour disease"), which has devastated populations of [Tasmanian devils](/wiki/Tasmanian_devil "Tasmanian devil").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lachish S, McCallum H, Jones M \| title \= Demography, disease and the devil: life\-history changes in a disease\-affected population of Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) \| journal \= The Journal of Animal Ecology \| volume \= 78 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 427–36 \| date \= March 2009 \| pmid \= 19021786 \| doi \= 10\.1111/j.1365\-2656\.2008\.01494\.x \| jstor \= 27696382 \| doi\-access \= free \| bibcode \= 2009JAnEc..78\..427L }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= McCallum H, Jones M, Hawkins C, Hamede R, Lachish S, Sinn DL, Beeton N, Lazenby B \| display\-authors \= 6 \| title \= Transmission dynamics of Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease may lead to disease\-induced extinction \| journal \= Ecology \| volume \= 90 \| issue \= 12 \| pages \= 3379–92 \| date \= December 2009 \| pmid \= 20120807 \| doi \= 10\.1890/08\-1763\.1 \| bibcode \= 2009Ecol...90\.3379M \| url \= http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:191153/UQ191153\_OA.pdf \| hdl \= 10072/33909 \| hdl\-access \= free }} For wild mammals, [overhunting](/wiki/Overhunting "Overhunting") can have a proportionally greater impact than on the other wild animals. Terrestrial mammals, such as the tiger and [deer](/wiki/Deer "Deer"), are mainly hunted for their [pelts](/wiki/Pelt "Pelt") and in some cases meat, and [marine mammals](/wiki/Marine_mammal "Marine mammal") can be hunted for their oil and leather. Specific targeting of one species can resonate through the wider ecosystem due to [coextinction](/wiki/Coextinction "Coextinction") processes, especially if the targeted species is a [keystone species](/wiki/Keystone_species "Keystone species"). [Sea otters](/wiki/Sea_otter "Sea otter"), for example, were hunted in the [maritime fur trade](/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade "Maritime fur trade"), and their drop in population led to the rise in [sea urchins](/wiki/Sea_urchin "Sea urchin")—their main food source—which decreased the population of kelp—the sea urchin's and [Steller's sea cow](/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_cow "Steller's sea cow")'s main food source—leading to the extinction of the Steller's sea cow.{{cite journal\|last1\=Estes\|first1\=James A.\|last2\=Burdin\|first2\=Alexander\|last3\=Doak\|first3\=Daniel F.\|year\=2016\|title\=Sea otters, kelp forests, and the extinction of Steller's sea cow\|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\|volume\=113\|issue\=4\|pages\=880–885\|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1502552112\|pmc\=4743786 \|pmid\=26504217\|bibcode\=2016PNAS..113\..880E\|doi\-access\=free}} The hunting of an already limited species can easily lead to its extinction, as with the [bluebuck](/wiki/Bluebuck "Bluebuck") whose range was confined to {{convert\|1700\|sqmi\|sqkm}} and which was hunted into extinction soon after discovery by European settlers.{{cite journal\|last1\=Husson\|first1\=A. M.\|last2\=Holthuis\|first2\=L. B.\|year\=1969\|title\=On the type of ''Antilope leucophaea'' preserved in the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie Leiden\|journal\=Zoologische Mededelingen\|volume\=44\|pages\=147–157}} Such pressures on wild species can be alleviated through [wildlife conservation](/wiki/Wildlife_conservation "Wildlife conservation") efforts, such as the establishment of [protected areas](/wiki/Protected_areas "Protected areas"). From 1996 to 2008, conservation efforts in 109 countries reduced the extinction risk of their wild mammals and birds by 29%, while conservation action throughout 2010s lowered the average extinction risk of birds, mammals and [amphibians](/wiki/Amphibian "Amphibian") by at least 20%. Some mammal\-specific successes include the conservation of [ungulates](/wiki/Ungulate "Ungulate"), 6% of which would have likely been [extinct](/wiki/Extinct "Extinct") or [extinct in the wild](/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild "Extinct in the wild") without them. Another example is the rebound of [wolf](/wiki/Wolf "Wolf") populations across much of Europe and North America, including through measures such as [Repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States](/wiki/Repopulation_of_wolves_in_Midwestern_United_States "Repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States").{{cite web\|title\=Wolf Recovery under the Endangered Species Act\|publisher\=US Fish and Wildlife Service\|date\=February 2007\|access\-date\=September 1, 2019\|url\=https://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray\_wolf\_factsheet\-region2\-rev.pdf\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803112427/https://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray\_wolf\_factsheet\-region2\-rev.pdf\|archive\-date\=August 3, 2019\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite book\|editor\-last\=Mech\|editor\-first\=L. David\|editor2\-last\=Boitani\|editor2\-first\=Luigi\|title\=Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation\|publisher\=\[\[University of Chicago Press]]\|year\=2003\|isbn\=978\-0\-226\-51696\-7\|url\={{Google books\|plainurl\=yes\|id\=zhwfmQEACAAJ}}}} On sea, the decline of [whaling](/wiki/Whaling "Whaling") had seen rebounds of a range of species, such as [blue whales](/wiki/Blue_whale "Blue whale") and [humpback whales](/wiki/Humpback_whale "Humpback whale").{{Cite web\|last\=Michelson \|first\=Molly \|title\=Blue whale population rebounding \|url\=https://www.calacademy.org/explore\-science/blue\-whale\-population\-rebounding \|date\=September 8, 2014 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023\|website\=\[\[California Academy of Sciences]] \|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|last\=Davidson \|first\=Helen \|title\=Humpback Whales Make a Comeback in Australian Waters as Numbers Rebound \|url\=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/humpback\-whales\-make\-a\-comeback\-in\-australian\-waters\-as\-numbers\-rebound \|date\=August 15, 2015 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023\|website\=\[\[United Nations University]] \|language\=en}} However, about a third of [marine mammals](/wiki/Marine_mammal "Marine mammal") are still considered to be at risk of extinction. There is some debate over the severity of declining trends in the global mammal and the broader [vertebrate](/wiki/Vertebrate "Vertebrate") population: while the *[Living Planet Report](/wiki/Living_Planet_Report "Living Planet Report")* of the [World Wide Fund for Nature](/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature "World Wide Fund for Nature") reported a 68% decline in the aggregate wild vertebrate populations since 1970,{{cite news\|last\=Greenfield \|first\=Patrick\|date\=September 9, 2020\|title\=Humans exploiting and destroying nature on unprecedented scale – report\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/10/humans\-exploiting\-and\-destroying\-nature\-on\-unprecedented\-scale\-report\-aoe\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=September 10, 2020}}{{cite news\|last\=Briggs\|first\=Helen\|date\=September 10, 2020\|title\=Wildlife in 'catastrophic decline' due to human destruction, scientists warn \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/science\-environment\-54091048\|work\=BBC\|access\-date\=September 10, 2020}}{{cite news\|last\=Lewis \|first\=Sophie\|date\=September 9, 2020\|title\=Animal populations worldwide have declined by almost 70% in just 50 years, new report says\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biodiversity\-endangered\-species\-animal\-population\-decline\-world\-wildlife\-fund\-report\-2020\-09\-09/\|work\=\[\[CBS News]]\|access\-date\=October 22, 2020}} a scientific reanalysis of its data in [Nature](/wiki/Nature_%28magazine%29 "Nature (magazine)") found that 98\.6% of vertebrate populations show no global trend over that period, with vertebrate declines disproportionately driven by 1% of the species, mostly clustered in the [Indo\-Pacific](/wiki/Indo-Pacific "Indo-Pacific") region and among several reptile and amphibian groups. Even so, that "extremely declining" cluster also includes many "larger animals", which are often mammals.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Leung\|first1\=Brian\|last2\=Hargreaves\|first2\=Anna L. \|last3\=Greenberg\|first3\=Dan A.\|last4\=McGill\|first4\=Brian\|last5\=Dornelas\|first5\=Maria\|last6\=Freeman \|first6\=Robin \|date\=December 2020\|title\=Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines \|journal\=Nature\|volume\=588\|issue\=7837\|pages\=267–271 \|doi\=10\.1038/s41586\-020\-2920\-6\|pmid\=33208939 \|bibcode\=2020Natur.588\..267L \|hdl\=10023/23213\|s2cid\=227065128\|issn\=1476\-4687\|url\=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10116420/3/Freeman\_Leung\_et\_al\_Vertebrate\_Declines\_final3e.pdf \|hdl\-access\=free}} A separate analysis of 177 mammal species with the most\-detailed data found that all of them have lost over 30% of their geographic range, and over 40% retain less than a fifth of their past range, which is impossible without a severe decline in population. Examples of notable mammals with declining populations include [pangolins](/wiki/Pangolin "Pangolin"), cheetahs (around 7,000 individuals) and [Sumatran](/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan "Sumatran orangutan") and [Borneo](/wiki/Borneo "Borneo") [orangutans](/wiki/Orangutan "Orangutan") (no more than 5,000 combined), or even the 43% drop for the [African lion](/wiki/African_lion "African lion") population since 1993 due to declines in West Africa. Globally, 27% of mammal species are threatened with extinction, while 233 species are [critically endangered](/wiki/Critically_endangered "Critically endangered"). 74 mammal species are believed to be "on the brink", meaning that they retain fewer than 1000 members, with many of those possessing fewer than 250 members. ### Climate change [thumb\|In 2012, there was a large spike in reindeer mortality in Svalbard, after sudden winter warming caused an extreme rain\-on\-snow event.](/wiki/File:Hansen_2014_reindeer_mortality.jpg "Hansen 2014 reindeer mortality.jpg") Current climate change influences species survival in a given area. Some of the first studies of the influence of climatic variables on wild mammals took place in the United States in 1960s. They analysed the impacts of severe winter weather events on the survival and reproduction of species such as [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri "Missouri") [cottontails](/wiki/Cottontail "Cottontail") and northern [Montana](/wiki/Montana "Montana") [Pronghorns](/wiki/Pronghorn "Pronghorn").,{{Cite journal\|last\=Martinka\|first\=C. J.\|date\=1967\|title\=Mortality of Northern Montana Pronghorns in a Severe Winter\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3798371\|journal\=The Journal of Wildlife Management\|volume\=31\|issue\=1\|pages\=159–164\|doi\=10\.2307/3798371\|jstor\=3798371\|issn\=0022\-541X}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Wight\|first1\=Howard M.\|last2\=Conaway\|first2\=Clinton H.\|date\=1961\|title\=Weather Influences on the Onset of Breeding in Missouri Cottontails\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3796998\|journal\=The Journal of Wildlife Management\|volume\=25\|issue\=1\|pages\=87–89\|doi\=10\.2307/3796998\|jstor\=3796998\|issn\=0022\-541X}} sometimes using radio transmitters.{{Cite journal\|last\=Stoddart\|first\=L. Charles\|date\=1985\|title\=Severe Weather Related Mortality of Black\-Tailed Jack Rabbits\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3801697\|journal\=The Journal of Wildlife Management\|volume\=49\|issue\=3\|pages\=696–698\|doi\=10\.2307/3801697\|jstor\=3801697\|issn\=0022\-541X}} As the warming progressed, such severe winter weather decreased,{{Cite journal \|last1\=van Oldenborgh \|first1\=Geert Jan \|last2\=Mitchell\-Larson \|first2\=Eli \|last3\=Vecchi \|first3\=Gabriel A. \|last4\=de Vries\|first4\=Hylke \|last5\=Vautar \|first5\=Robert \|last6\=Otto \|first6\=Friederike \|date\=November 22, 2019 \|title\=Cold waves are getting milder in the northern midlatitudes \|url\=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10\.1088/1748\-9326/ab4867 \|journal\=Environmental Research Letters \|language\=en \|volume\=14 \|issue\=11 \|page\=114004 \|doi\=10\.1088/1748\-9326/ab4867\|bibcode\=2019ERL....14k4004V \|s2cid\=204420462 }} and instead, warming of previously very cold places, such as the High [Arctic](/wiki/Arctic "Arctic") can wreak havoc with the ecosystems. For instance, warming\-driven increase in [precipitation](/wiki/Precipitation "Precipitation") causes warm rain to fall onto the [permafrost](/wiki/Permafrost "Permafrost"), which becomes unstable and can collapse from the mountainsides in [avalanches](/wiki/Avalanche "Avalanche"). On multiple instances, this has blocked the winter food supply of [reindeer](/wiki/Reindeer "Reindeer") populations, and led to their mass starvation in places like the [Svalbard](/wiki/Svalbard "Svalbard") of [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway") and the [Yamal Peninsula](/wiki/Yamal_Peninsula "Yamal Peninsula") of Russia: in the latter area, 61,000 reindeer died over the 2013–2014 winter as the result.{{Cite journal\|last\=Hansen\|first\=Brage\|date\=November 20, 2014\|title\=Warmer and wetter winters: characteristics and implications of an extreme weather event in the High Arctic\|url\=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10\.1088/1748\-9326/9/11/114021/meta\|journal\=Environmental Research Letters\|volume\=9\|issue\=11\|page\=114021\|doi\=10\.1088/1748\-9326/9/11/114021\|bibcode\=2014ERL.....9k4021H\|hdl\=11250/276669\|s2cid\=62816279 \|hdl\-access\=free}}{{Cite web\|last\=Kater \|first\= Ilona \|title\=Mass starvation of reindeer linked to climate change and habitat loss \|url\=https://theconversation.com/mass\-starvation\-of\-reindeer\-linked\-to\-climate\-change\-and\-habitat\-loss\-121452 \|date\=August 6, 2019 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023\|website\=The Conversation\|language\=en}} In 2019, historical records from the past 300 years were used to quantify both anthropogenic and climate stressors and their role in te local extinction of 11 medium\- and large\-sized animals in China.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Wan\|first1\=Xinru\|last2\=Jiang\|first2\=Guangshun\|last3\=Yan\|first3\=Chuan\|last4\=He\|first4\=Fangliang \|last5\=Wen\|first5\=Rongsheng\|last6\=Gu\|first6\=Jiayin\|last7\=Li\|first7\=Xinhai\|last8\=Ma\|first8\=Jianzhang\|last9\=Stenseth\|first9\=Nils Chr\|last10\=Zhang\|first10\=Zhibin\|date\=September 17, 2019\|title\=Historical records reveal the distinctive associations of human disturbance and extreme climate change with local extinction of mammals\|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|language\=en\|volume\=116\|issue\=38\|pages\=19001–19008\|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1818019116\|issn\=0027\-8424\|pmc\=6754601\|pmid\=31481618\|bibcode\=2019PNAS..11619001W \|doi\-access\=free}} Both climate warming and cooling can cause range shifts and local extinction of animals, but quantitative evidence is rare due to the lack of long\-term spatial\-temporal data. In Extreme temperature change was negatively associated with increased local extinction of mammals such as the [gibbon](/wiki/Gibbon "Gibbon"), [macaque](/wiki/Macaque "Macaque"), tiger, and [water deer](/wiki/Water_deer "Water deer"). Researchers concluded that while premodern cooling trend may have contributed to extinctions of tiger subspecies in the west and north of China, the recent global warming might contribute to the complete extinction of tigers in southern China. [thumb\|left\|The impact of temperature on Brazilian free\-tailed bat phenology in Brazil.](/wiki/File:Frick_2012_bat_emergence.png "Frick 2012 bat emergence.png") In all, [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") is already believed to have had negative impacts on 47% of flightless land mammals. While "flightless" excludes bats, there's also substantial evidence of them being negatively affected. For instance, [Brazilian free\-tailed bats](/wiki/Brazilian_free-tailed_bat "Brazilian free-tailed bat") are forced to emerge to feed earlier in the evening as their region becomes drier, even if it exposes them to more [predators](/wiki/Predator "Predator") or competitor [insectivores](/wiki/Insectivore "Insectivore").{{cite journal \|last1\=Frick \|first1\=W. F. \|last2\=Stepanian \|first2\=P. M. \|last3\=Kelly \|first3\=J. F. \|last4\=Howard \|first4\=K. W. \|last5\=Kuster \|first5\=C. M. \|last6\=Kunz \|first6\=T. H. \|last7\=Chilson \|first7\=P. B. \|date\=2012 \|title\=Climate and Weather Impact Timing of Emergence of Bats \|journal\=PLOS ONE \|volume\=7 \|issue\=8 \|pages\=e42737 \|bibcode\=2012PLoSO...742737F \|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0042737 \|pmc\=3411708 \|pmid\=22876331 \|doi\-access\=free}} In other places, bats have been exposed to increased mortality due to [heat stress](/wiki/Heat_stress "Heat stress"). In Australia, [flying foxes](/wiki/Flying_fox "Flying fox") live comfortably below {{cvt\|42\|C\|F}}, but climate change caused a [heatwave](/wiki/Heatwave "Heatwave") in 2014, which led to thousands of flying fox deaths. Mass mortality was highly visible, to the point [fire trucks](/wiki/Fire_truck "Fire truck") were deployed to spray the bats in an attempt to cool them down. A third of the entire species is believed to have been lost in that event.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Ratnayake\|first1\=H. U.\|last2\=Kearney\|first2\=M. R.\|last3\=Govekar\|first3\=P.\|last4\=Karoly\|first4\=D.\|last5\=Welbergen\|first5\=J. A.\|date\=2019\|title\=Forecasting wildlife die\-offs from extreme heat events\|url\=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\.1111/acv.12476\|journal\=Animal Conservation\|language\=en\|volume\=22\|issue\=4\|pages\=386–395\|doi\=10\.1111/acv.12476\|bibcode\=2019AnCon..22\..386R \|hdl\=11343/285331\|s2cid\=91262470\|issn\=1469\-1795\|hdl\-access\=free}}{{Cite news\|last\=Mao\|first\=Frances\|title\=How one heatwave killed 'a third' of a bat species in Australia \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-australia\-46859000 \|date\=January 15, 2019 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023\|website\=\[\[BBC News]]}} [2019–2020 Australia bushfire season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season "2019–20 Australian bushfire season") had killed over 1 billion animals and displaced around 2 billion more, including large numbers of threatened or endangered mammal species such as [koalas](/wiki/Koala "Koala").{{Cite journal\|last1\=van Oldenborgh\|first1\=Geert Jan\|last2\=Krikken\|first2\=Folmer \|last3\=Lewis\|first3\=Sophie\|last4\=Leach\|first4\=Nicholas J.\|last5\=Lehner\|first5\=Flavio\|last6\=Saunders\|first6\=Kate R.\|last7\=van Weele\|first7\=Michiel\|last8\=Haustein\|first8\=Karsten\|last9\=Li\|first9\=Sihan\|last10\=Wallom\|first10\=David\|last11\=Sparrow\|first11\=Sarah\|date\=March 11, 2021\|title\=Attribution of the Australian bushfire risk to anthropogenic climate change\|url\=https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/21/941/2021/\|journal\=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences\|language\=en\|volume\=21\|issue\=3\|pages\=941–960 \|doi\=10\.5194/nhess\-21\-941\-2021\|bibcode\=2021NHESS..21\..941V\|issn\=1561\-8633\|hdl\=20\.500\.11850/475524\|s2cid\=233738164\|hdl\-access\=free \|doi\-access\=free }} And in the wake of [2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires](/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires "2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires"), the [World Wildlife Fund](/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund "World Wildlife Fund") concluded that the [jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar "Jaguar") is already "near threatened" and the loss of food supplies and habitat due to the fires make the situation more critical.{{cite web\|website\=CNN World\|title\=What the Amazon's fires mean for its animals\|author\=Hira Humayun\|date\=August 28, 2019 \|access\-date\=February 8, 2020\|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/28/americas/amazonian\-wildlife\-future\-in\-fires\-intl/index.html}} The fires affect water chemistry (such as decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water), temperature, and erosion rates, which in turn affects fish and mammals that depend on fish, such as the [giant otter](/wiki/Giant_otter "Giant otter") (*Pteronura brasiliensis*). Relative to the rate of climate change, evolutionary change is usually considered to be too slow to allow for genetic adaptation among species. However, [microevolution](/wiki/Microevolution "Microevolution") is a genetic adaptation that deals with heritable shifts in allele frequencies in a population and is not characterized by the slow process of speciation, or the formation of a new distinct species.{{Cite journal\|doi \= 10\.1126/science.1127000\|title \= Evolutionary Response to Rapid Climate Change\|year \= 2006\|last1 \= Bradshaw\|first1 \= William E.\|last2 \= Holzapfel\|first2 \= Christina M.\|journal \= Science\|volume \= 312\|issue \= 5779\|pages \= 1477–1478\|pmid \= 16763134\|s2cid \= 126606246}} However, larger terrestrial animals (including many mammals) usually cannot adapt with microevolution, as the rate of climate change is still too fast for this evolutionary process. Some, like the [kangaroo](/wiki/Kangaroo "Kangaroo"), can still benefit from a very broad climatic tolerance.{{cite web \|title\=How Do Kangaroos Survive The Aussie Outback? \|url\=https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/animals/how\-do\-kangaroos\-survive\-the\-aussie\-outback.aspx \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706031418/http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/animals/how\-do\-kangaroos\-survive\-the\-aussie\-outback.aspx \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=July 6, 2016 \|website\=www.nationalgeographic.com.au \|publisher\=CHOOK DIGITAL AGENCY. \|access\-date\=March 21, 2019}} Others would have to rely on [phenotypic plasticity](/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity "Phenotypic plasticity").{{Cite journal\|doi \= 10\.4161/temp.29651\|title \= Responses of large mammals to climate change\|year \= 2014\|last1 \= Hetem\|first1 \= Robyn S.\|last2 \= Fuller\|first2 \= Andrea\|last3 \= Maloney\|first3 \= Shane K.\|last4 \= Mitchell\|first4 \= Duncan\|journal \= Temperature\|volume \= 1\|issue \= 2\|pages \= 115–127\|pmid \= 27583293\|pmc \= 4977165}} A plastic response to climate change includes expressing a different [phenotype](/wiki/Phenotype "Phenotype") that may lead to differing morphology, phenology, or rate of activity .{{Cite journal\|doi \= 10\.1098/rstb.2018\.0178\|title \= Phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change: the importance of cue variation.\|year \= 2019\|last1 \= Bonamour\|first1 \= S.\|last2 \= Chevin\|first2 \= L.\-M.\|last3 \= Charmantier\|first3 \= A.\|last4 \= Teplitsky\|first4 \= C.\|journal \= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences\|volume \= 274\|issue \= 1768\|pages \= 20180178 \| pmid\=30966957 \| pmc\=6365871 \| s2cid\=91543555}} Unlike genetic adaptation, phenotypic plasticity allows the animal itself to respond to climate change without a change in its genetic makeup. This mechanism that allows this process involves changes in DNA packaging in the nucleus that alters the chance of a particular gene being expressed.{{cite journal \| year\=2009 \| issue\=7 \| volume\=22 \| first\=R. \| last\=Lande \| publisher\=\[\[John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.]] (\[\[European Society for Evolutionary Biology]]) \| issn\=1010\-061X \| journal\=\[\[Journal of Evolutionary Biology]] \| s2cid\=39358852 \| pages\=1435–1446 \| doi\=10\.1111/j.1420\-9101\.2009\.01754\.x \| title\=Adaptation to an extraordinary environment by evolution of phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation\| pmid\=19467134 }}{{Cite journal\|doi \= 10\.1242/jeb.02244\|title \= Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution\|year \= 2006\|last1 \= Garland\|first1 \= Theodore\|last2 \= Kelly\|first2 \= Scott A.\|journal \= Journal of Experimental Biology\|volume \= 209\|issue \= 12\|pages \= 2344–2361\|pmid \= 16731811\|s2cid \= 10350443}} Phenological changes are observed and taken as evidence that species are adjusting to environmental changes. Although species may adapt to changing climates, either through genetic or phenotypic adaptation, all species have limits to their capacity for adaptive response to changing temperatures.{{Cite journal\|doi \= 10\.1126/science.aai9214\|title \= Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well\-being\|year \= 2017\|last1 \= Pecl\|first1 \= Gretta T.\|last2 \= Araújo\|first2 \= Miguel B.\|last3 \= Bell\|first3 \= Johann D.\|last4 \= Blanchard\|first4 \= Julia\|last5 \= Bonebrake\|first5 \= Timothy C.\|last6 \= Chen\|first6 \= I\-Ching\|last7 \= Clark\|first7 \= Timothy D.\|last8 \= Colwell\|first8 \= Robert K.\|last9 \= Danielsen\|first9 \= Finn\|last10 \= Evengård\|first10 \= Birgitta\|last11 \= Falconi\|first11 \= Lorena\|last12 \= Ferrier\|first12 \= Simon\|last13 \= Frusher\|first13 \= Stewart\|last14 \= Garcia\|first14 \= Raquel A.\|last15 \= Griffis\|first15 \= Roger B.\|last16 \= Hobday\|first16 \= Alistair J.\|last17 \= Janion\-Scheepers\|first17 \= Charlene\|last18 \= Jarzyna\|first18 \= Marta A.\|last19 \= Jennings\|first19 \= Sarah\|last20 \= Lenoir\|first20 \= Jonathan\|last21 \= Linnetved\|first21 \= Hlif I.\|last22 \= Martin\|first22 \= Victoria Y.\|last23 \= McCormack\|first23 \= Phillipa C.\|last24 \= McDonald\|first24 \= Jan\|last25 \= Mitchell\|first25 \= Nicola J.\|last26 \= Mustonen\|first26 \= Tero\|last27 \= Pandolfi\|first27 \= John M.\|last28 \= Pettorelli\|first28 \= Nathalie\|last29 \= Popova\|first29 \= Ekaterina\|last30 \= Robinson\|first30 \= Sharon A.\|journal \= Science\|volume \= 355\|issue \= 6332\|pmid \= 28360268\|hdl \= 10019\.1/120851\|s2cid \= 206653576\| url\=http://ecite.utas.edu.au/115569 \|display\-authors \= 1\|hdl\-access \= free}} However, only around 4% of all mammals that are deemed climate sensitive by the IUC have been studied in regards to linking their demographic composition (i.e. survival, development, and reproduction) to climate change.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Paniw \|first1\=Maria \|last2\=James \|first2\=Tamora D. \|last3\=Archer \|first3\=C. Ruth \|last4\=Römer \|first4\=Gesa \|last5\=Levin \|first5\=Sam \|last6\=Compagnoni \|first6\=Aldo \|last7\=Che\-Castaldo \|first7\=Judy \|last8\=Bennett \|first8\=Joanne M. \|last9\=Mooney \|first9\=Andrew \|last10\=Childs \|first10\=Dylan Z. \|last11\=Ozgul \|first11\=Arpat \|last12\=Jones \|first12\=Owen R. \|last13\=Burns \|first13\=Jean H. \|last14\=Beckerman \|first14\=Andrew P. \|last15\=Patwary \|first15\=Abir \|last16\=Sanchez\-Gassen \|first16\=Nora \|last17\=Knight \|first17\=Tiffany M. \|last18\=Salguero\-Gómez \|first18\=Roberto \|date\=April 6, 2021 \|title\=The myriad of complex demographic responses of terrestrial mammals to climate change and gaps of knowledge: A global analysis \|journal\=Journal of Animal Ecology \|volume\=90 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=1398–1407 \|doi\=10\.1111/1365\-2656\.13467\|pmid\=33825186 \|bibcode\=2021JAnEc..90\.1398P \|s2cid\=233173861 \|url\=https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/182492050/1365\_2656\.13467\.pdf }} There is a large discrepancy between the locations of demographic studies and the species that are currently assessed as most [vulnerable to climate change](/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability "Climate change vulnerability"). It is also incredibly difficult for studies to focus specifically and determine a straightforward relationship between limited tolerance to high temperatures and local extinction, as a diverse set of factors, such as food abundance, human activity, and mismatched timing, can all play a role in a species’ local or mass extinction.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Cahill\|first1\=Abigail E.\|last2\=Aiello\-Lammens\|first2\=Matthew E.\|last3\=Fisher\-Reid\|first3\=M. Caitlin\|last4\=Hua\|first4\=Xia\|last5\=Karanewsky\|first5\=Caitlin J.\|last6\=Yeong Ryu\|first6\=Hae\|last7\=Sbeglia\|first7\=Gena C.\|last8\=Spagnolo\|first8\=Fabrizio\|last9\=Waldron\|first9\=John B.\|last10\=Warsi\|first10\=Omar\|last11\=Wiens\|first11\=John J.\|date\=January 7, 2013\|title\=How does climate change cause extinction?\|url\= \|journal\=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences\|volume\=280\|issue\=1750\|pages\=20121890\|doi\=10\.1098/rspb.2012\.1890\|pmc\=3574421\|pmid\=23075836}} To assess population viability under climate change, more coordinated actions need to be prioritized and taken to collect data on how different species’ demographic rates can persist and respond to climate change. #### Specific predictions of population decline or extinction {{excerpt\|Extinction risk from climate change\#Mammals}}
[ "Causes of human\\-related decline\n--------------------------------", "{{IUCN mammal chart}}\n{{See also\\|List of recently extinct mammals}}\nAs the [human population](/wiki/Human_population \"Human population\") grew and [colonization](/wiki/Colonization \"Colonization\") pushed deeper around the globe, and as the [environmental footprint](/wiki/Environmental_footprint \"Environmental footprint\") of the average human has grown, so has the pressure on [ecosystems](/wiki/Ecosystem \"Ecosystem\"), and their inhabitants, including wild mammals.{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO \\|date\\=May 30, 2014\\|title\\=The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection\\|journal\\=Science\\|volume\\=344 \\|issue\\=6187\\|pages\\=1246752\\-1–1246752\\-10\\|pmid\\=24876501\\|s2cid\\=206552746 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.1246752\\|quote\\=The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption. \\|url\\=http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm\\+et\\+al.\\+2014\\.pdf}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Ceballos\\|first1\\=Gerardo\\|last2\\=Ehrlich\\|first2\\=Paul R.\\|last3\\= Raven\\|first3\\=Peter H.\\|date\\=June 1, 2020\\|title\\=Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction\\|journal\\=\\[\\[PNAS]]\\|volume\\=117\\|issue\\=24\\|pages\\=13596–13602\\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1922686117\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|pmid\\=32482862\\|pmc\\=7306750\\|bibcode\\=2020PNAS..11713596C}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Ceballos\\|first1\\=Gerardo\\|last2\\=Ehrlich\\|first2\\=Paul R.\\|last3\\=Dirzo \\|first3\\=Rodolfo\\|date\\=May 23, 2017\\|title\\=Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\\|PNAS]] \\|volume\\=114\\|issue\\=30\\|pages\\=E6089–E6096 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1704949114\\|quote\\=Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly\\|pmc\\=5544311 \\|pmid\\=28696295\\|bibcode\\=2017PNAS..114E6089C \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.science.org/content/article/landmark\\-analysis\\-documents\\-alarming\\-global\\-decline\\-nature\\|title\\=Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature \\|last\\=Stokstad\\|first\\=Erik\\|date\\=May 5, 2019 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Science (journal)\\|Science]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American Association for the Advancement of Science\\|AAAS]]\\|access\\-date\\=August 26, 2020 }} Over the past several centuries, wild mammal extinctions tended to be concentrated among the small island species, whose [endemic](/wiki/Endemic \"Endemic\") populations are constrained in size and range by their limited habitat,{{cite book\\|url\\={{Google books\\|plainurl\\=yes\\|id\\=JmSsNuwMAxgC\\|page\\=225}}\\|title\\=Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands\\|last1\\=van der Geer\\|first1\\=Alexandra\\|last2\\=Lyras\\|first2\\=George\\|last3\\=de Vos\\|first3\\=John\\|last4\\=Dermitzakis\\|first4\\=Michael\\|publisher\\=Wiley\\-Blackwell\\|year\\=2010\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4051\\-9009\\-1\\|location\\=Oxford\\|pages\\=225–227}} and in Australia, where similar dynamics have played out. Since the [European settlement](/wiki/History_of_Australia_%281788%E2%80%931850%29 \"History of Australia (1788–1850)\") 10% of Australia's 273 terrestrial mammals went extinct, (a loss of one to two species per decade). Currently, 21% of Australia's mammals are [threatened](/wiki/Threatened_species \"Threatened species\"), and unlike in most other continents, the main cause is predation by [feral species](/wiki/Feral_species \"Feral species\"), such as [cats](/wiki/Feral_cat \"Feral cat\").{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Woinarskia\\|first1\\=John C. Z.\\|last2\\=Burbidge\\|first2\\=Andrew A.\\|last3\\=Harrison\\|first3\\=Peter L.\\|year\\=2015\\|title\\=Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: Decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement\\|url\\=http://www.pnas.org/content/112/15/4531\\.full.pdf\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\\|volume\\=112\\|pages\\=4531–4540\\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1417301112\\|number\\=5\\|pmid\\=25675493\\|pmc\\=4403217\\|bibcode\\=2015PNAS..112\\.4531W\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}", "In general, [habitat degradation](/wiki/Habitat_degradation \"Habitat degradation\"), through activities such as [deforestation](/wiki/Deforestation \"Deforestation\") for [land development](/wiki/Land_development \"Land development\"), is currently the main [anthropogenic](/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment \"Human impact on the environment\") cause of species extinctions. The main cause of habitat degradation worldwide is agriculture, with [urban sprawl](/wiki/Urban_sprawl \"Urban sprawl\"), logging, mining and some fishing practices close behind.{{cite book\\|title\\=Essentials of Conservation Biology\\|last\\=Primack\\|first\\=R. B.\\|publisher\\=Sinauer Associates\\|year\\=2006\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-87893\\-720\\-2\\|edition\\=4th\\|location\\=Sunderland, MA.\\|pages\\=177–188\\|chapter\\=Habitat destruction}}\nDisease can also be a factor: [white nose syndrome](/wiki/White_nose_syndrome \"White nose syndrome\") in bats, for example, is causing a substantial decline in their populations and may even lead to the extinction of a species.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Langwig\\|first\\=K.E.\\|year\\=2012\\|title\\=Sociality, density\\-dependence and microclimates determine the persistence of populations suffering from a novel fungal disease, white\\-nose syndrome\\|journal\\=Ecology Letters\\|volume\\=15\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=1050–1057\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1461\\-0248\\.2012\\.01829\\.x\\|pmid\\=22747672\\|author2\\=W.F. Frick\\|author3\\=J.T. Bried\\|author4\\=A.C. Hicks\\|author5\\=T.H. Kunz\\|author6\\=A.M. Kilpatrick\\|bibcode\\=2012EcolL..15\\.1050L }} Another example is the [Devil facial tumour disease](/wiki/Devil_facial_tumour_disease \"Devil facial tumour disease\"), which has devastated populations of [Tasmanian devils](/wiki/Tasmanian_devil \"Tasmanian devil\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lachish S, McCallum H, Jones M \\| title \\= Demography, disease and the devil: life\\-history changes in a disease\\-affected population of Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) \\| journal \\= The Journal of Animal Ecology \\| volume \\= 78 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 427–36 \\| date \\= March 2009 \\| pmid \\= 19021786 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2656\\.2008\\.01494\\.x \\| jstor \\= 27696382 \\| doi\\-access \\= free \\| bibcode \\= 2009JAnEc..78\\..427L }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= McCallum H, Jones M, Hawkins C, Hamede R, Lachish S, Sinn DL, Beeton N, Lazenby B \\| display\\-authors \\= 6 \\| title \\= Transmission dynamics of Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease may lead to disease\\-induced extinction \\| journal \\= Ecology \\| volume \\= 90 \\| issue \\= 12 \\| pages \\= 3379–92 \\| date \\= December 2009 \\| pmid \\= 20120807 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1890/08\\-1763\\.1 \\| bibcode \\= 2009Ecol...90\\.3379M \\| url \\= http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:191153/UQ191153\\_OA.pdf \\| hdl \\= 10072/33909 \\| hdl\\-access \\= free }} For wild mammals, [overhunting](/wiki/Overhunting \"Overhunting\") can have a proportionally greater impact than on the other wild animals. Terrestrial mammals, such as the tiger and [deer](/wiki/Deer \"Deer\"), are mainly hunted for their [pelts](/wiki/Pelt \"Pelt\") and in some cases meat, and [marine mammals](/wiki/Marine_mammal \"Marine mammal\") can be hunted for their oil and leather. Specific targeting of one species can resonate through the wider ecosystem due to [coextinction](/wiki/Coextinction \"Coextinction\") processes, especially if the targeted species is a [keystone species](/wiki/Keystone_species \"Keystone species\"). [Sea otters](/wiki/Sea_otter \"Sea otter\"), for example, were hunted in the [maritime fur trade](/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade \"Maritime fur trade\"), and their drop in population led to the rise in [sea urchins](/wiki/Sea_urchin \"Sea urchin\")—their main food source—which decreased the population of kelp—the sea urchin's and [Steller's sea cow](/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_cow \"Steller's sea cow\")'s main food source—leading to the extinction of the Steller's sea cow.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Estes\\|first1\\=James A.\\|last2\\=Burdin\\|first2\\=Alexander\\|last3\\=Doak\\|first3\\=Daniel F.\\|year\\=2016\\|title\\=Sea otters, kelp forests, and the extinction of Steller's sea cow\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\\|volume\\=113\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=880–885\\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1502552112\\|pmc\\=4743786 \\|pmid\\=26504217\\|bibcode\\=2016PNAS..113\\..880E\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} The hunting of an already limited species can easily lead to its extinction, as with the [bluebuck](/wiki/Bluebuck \"Bluebuck\") whose range was confined to {{convert\\|1700\\|sqmi\\|sqkm}} and which was hunted into extinction soon after discovery by European settlers.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Husson\\|first1\\=A. M.\\|last2\\=Holthuis\\|first2\\=L. B.\\|year\\=1969\\|title\\=On the type of ''Antilope leucophaea'' preserved in the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie Leiden\\|journal\\=Zoologische Mededelingen\\|volume\\=44\\|pages\\=147–157}}", "Such pressures on wild species can be alleviated through [wildlife conservation](/wiki/Wildlife_conservation \"Wildlife conservation\") efforts, such as the establishment of [protected areas](/wiki/Protected_areas \"Protected areas\"). From 1996 to 2008, conservation efforts in 109 countries reduced the extinction risk of their wild mammals and birds by 29%, while conservation action throughout 2010s lowered the average extinction risk of birds, mammals and [amphibians](/wiki/Amphibian \"Amphibian\") by at least 20%. Some mammal\\-specific successes include the conservation of [ungulates](/wiki/Ungulate \"Ungulate\"), 6% of which would have likely been [extinct](/wiki/Extinct \"Extinct\") or [extinct in the wild](/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild \"Extinct in the wild\") without them. Another example is the rebound of [wolf](/wiki/Wolf \"Wolf\") populations across much of Europe and North America, including through measures such as [Repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States](/wiki/Repopulation_of_wolves_in_Midwestern_United_States \"Repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Wolf Recovery under the Endangered Species Act\\|publisher\\=US Fish and Wildlife Service\\|date\\=February 2007\\|access\\-date\\=September 1, 2019\\|url\\=https://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray\\_wolf\\_factsheet\\-region2\\-rev.pdf\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803112427/https://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray\\_wolf\\_factsheet\\-region2\\-rev.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=August 3, 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite book\\|editor\\-last\\=Mech\\|editor\\-first\\=L. David\\|editor2\\-last\\=Boitani\\|editor2\\-first\\=Luigi\\|title\\=Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of Chicago Press]]\\|year\\=2003\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-226\\-51696\\-7\\|url\\={{Google books\\|plainurl\\=yes\\|id\\=zhwfmQEACAAJ}}}} On sea, the decline of [whaling](/wiki/Whaling \"Whaling\") had seen rebounds of a range of species, such as [blue whales](/wiki/Blue_whale \"Blue whale\") and [humpback whales](/wiki/Humpback_whale \"Humpback whale\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Michelson \\|first\\=Molly \\|title\\=Blue whale population rebounding \\|url\\=https://www.calacademy.org/explore\\-science/blue\\-whale\\-population\\-rebounding \\|date\\=September 8, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023\\|website\\=\\[\\[California Academy of Sciences]] \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Davidson \\|first\\=Helen \\|title\\=Humpback Whales Make a Comeback in Australian Waters as Numbers Rebound \\|url\\=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/humpback\\-whales\\-make\\-a\\-comeback\\-in\\-australian\\-waters\\-as\\-numbers\\-rebound \\|date\\=August 15, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023\\|website\\=\\[\\[United Nations University]] \\|language\\=en}} However, about a third of [marine mammals](/wiki/Marine_mammal \"Marine mammal\") are still considered to be at risk of extinction.", "There is some debate over the severity of declining trends in the global mammal and the broader [vertebrate](/wiki/Vertebrate \"Vertebrate\") population: while the *[Living Planet Report](/wiki/Living_Planet_Report \"Living Planet Report\")* of the [World Wide Fund for Nature](/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature \"World Wide Fund for Nature\") reported a 68% decline in the aggregate wild vertebrate populations since 1970,{{cite news\\|last\\=Greenfield \\|first\\=Patrick\\|date\\=September 9, 2020\\|title\\=Humans exploiting and destroying nature on unprecedented scale – report\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/10/humans\\-exploiting\\-and\\-destroying\\-nature\\-on\\-unprecedented\\-scale\\-report\\-aoe\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2020}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Briggs\\|first\\=Helen\\|date\\=September 10, 2020\\|title\\=Wildlife in 'catastrophic decline' due to human destruction, scientists warn \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/science\\-environment\\-54091048\\|work\\=BBC\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2020}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Lewis \\|first\\=Sophie\\|date\\=September 9, 2020\\|title\\=Animal populations worldwide have declined by almost 70% in just 50 years, new report says\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biodiversity\\-endangered\\-species\\-animal\\-population\\-decline\\-world\\-wildlife\\-fund\\-report\\-2020\\-09\\-09/\\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS News]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 22, 2020}} a scientific reanalysis of its data in [Nature](/wiki/Nature_%28magazine%29 \"Nature (magazine)\") found that 98\\.6% of vertebrate populations show no global trend over that period, with vertebrate declines disproportionately driven by 1% of the species, mostly clustered in the [Indo\\-Pacific](/wiki/Indo-Pacific \"Indo-Pacific\") region and among several reptile and amphibian groups. Even so, that \"extremely declining\" cluster also includes many \"larger animals\", which are often mammals.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Leung\\|first1\\=Brian\\|last2\\=Hargreaves\\|first2\\=Anna L. \\|last3\\=Greenberg\\|first3\\=Dan A.\\|last4\\=McGill\\|first4\\=Brian\\|last5\\=Dornelas\\|first5\\=Maria\\|last6\\=Freeman \\|first6\\=Robin \\|date\\=December 2020\\|title\\=Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines \\|journal\\=Nature\\|volume\\=588\\|issue\\=7837\\|pages\\=267–271 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s41586\\-020\\-2920\\-6\\|pmid\\=33208939 \\|bibcode\\=2020Natur.588\\..267L \\|hdl\\=10023/23213\\|s2cid\\=227065128\\|issn\\=1476\\-4687\\|url\\=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10116420/3/Freeman\\_Leung\\_et\\_al\\_Vertebrate\\_Declines\\_final3e.pdf \\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} A separate analysis of 177 mammal species with the most\\-detailed data found that all of them have lost over 30% of their geographic range, and over 40% retain less than a fifth of their past range, which is impossible without a severe decline in population. Examples of notable mammals with declining populations include [pangolins](/wiki/Pangolin \"Pangolin\"), cheetahs (around 7,000 individuals) and [Sumatran](/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan \"Sumatran orangutan\") and [Borneo](/wiki/Borneo \"Borneo\") [orangutans](/wiki/Orangutan \"Orangutan\") (no more than 5,000 combined), or even the 43% drop for the [African lion](/wiki/African_lion \"African lion\") population since 1993 due to declines in West Africa. Globally, 27% of mammal species are threatened with extinction, while 233 species are [critically endangered](/wiki/Critically_endangered \"Critically endangered\"). 74 mammal species are believed to be \"on the brink\", meaning that they retain fewer than 1000 members, with many of those possessing fewer than 250 members.", "### Climate change", "[thumb\\|In 2012, there was a large spike in reindeer mortality in Svalbard, after sudden winter warming caused an extreme rain\\-on\\-snow event.](/wiki/File:Hansen_2014_reindeer_mortality.jpg \"Hansen 2014 reindeer mortality.jpg\")\nCurrent climate change influences species survival in a given area. Some of the first studies of the influence of climatic variables on wild mammals took place in the United States in 1960s. They analysed the impacts of severe winter weather events on the survival and reproduction of species such as [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri \"Missouri\") [cottontails](/wiki/Cottontail \"Cottontail\") and northern [Montana](/wiki/Montana \"Montana\") [Pronghorns](/wiki/Pronghorn \"Pronghorn\").,{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Martinka\\|first\\=C. J.\\|date\\=1967\\|title\\=Mortality of Northern Montana Pronghorns in a Severe Winter\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3798371\\|journal\\=The Journal of Wildlife Management\\|volume\\=31\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=159–164\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3798371\\|jstor\\=3798371\\|issn\\=0022\\-541X}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Wight\\|first1\\=Howard M.\\|last2\\=Conaway\\|first2\\=Clinton H.\\|date\\=1961\\|title\\=Weather Influences on the Onset of Breeding in Missouri Cottontails\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3796998\\|journal\\=The Journal of Wildlife Management\\|volume\\=25\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=87–89\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3796998\\|jstor\\=3796998\\|issn\\=0022\\-541X}} sometimes using radio transmitters.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Stoddart\\|first\\=L. Charles\\|date\\=1985\\|title\\=Severe Weather Related Mortality of Black\\-Tailed Jack Rabbits\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3801697\\|journal\\=The Journal of Wildlife Management\\|volume\\=49\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=696–698\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3801697\\|jstor\\=3801697\\|issn\\=0022\\-541X}} As the warming progressed, such severe winter weather decreased,{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=van Oldenborgh \\|first1\\=Geert Jan \\|last2\\=Mitchell\\-Larson \\|first2\\=Eli \\|last3\\=Vecchi \\|first3\\=Gabriel A. \\|last4\\=de Vries\\|first4\\=Hylke \\|last5\\=Vautar \\|first5\\=Robert \\|last6\\=Otto \\|first6\\=Friederike \\|date\\=November 22, 2019 \\|title\\=Cold waves are getting milder in the northern midlatitudes \\|url\\=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10\\.1088/1748\\-9326/ab4867 \\|journal\\=Environmental Research Letters \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=11 \\|page\\=114004 \\|doi\\=10\\.1088/1748\\-9326/ab4867\\|bibcode\\=2019ERL....14k4004V \\|s2cid\\=204420462 }} and instead, warming of previously very cold places, such as the High [Arctic](/wiki/Arctic \"Arctic\") can wreak havoc with the ecosystems. For instance, warming\\-driven increase in [precipitation](/wiki/Precipitation \"Precipitation\") causes warm rain to fall onto the [permafrost](/wiki/Permafrost \"Permafrost\"), which becomes unstable and can collapse from the mountainsides in [avalanches](/wiki/Avalanche \"Avalanche\"). On multiple instances, this has blocked the winter food supply of [reindeer](/wiki/Reindeer \"Reindeer\") populations, and led to their mass starvation in places like the [Svalbard](/wiki/Svalbard \"Svalbard\") of [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") and the [Yamal Peninsula](/wiki/Yamal_Peninsula \"Yamal Peninsula\") of Russia: in the latter area, 61,000 reindeer died over the 2013–2014 winter as the result.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Hansen\\|first\\=Brage\\|date\\=November 20, 2014\\|title\\=Warmer and wetter winters: characteristics and implications of an extreme weather event in the High Arctic\\|url\\=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10\\.1088/1748\\-9326/9/11/114021/meta\\|journal\\=Environmental Research Letters\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=11\\|page\\=114021\\|doi\\=10\\.1088/1748\\-9326/9/11/114021\\|bibcode\\=2014ERL.....9k4021H\\|hdl\\=11250/276669\\|s2cid\\=62816279 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kater \\|first\\= Ilona \\|title\\=Mass starvation of reindeer linked to climate change and habitat loss \\|url\\=https://theconversation.com/mass\\-starvation\\-of\\-reindeer\\-linked\\-to\\-climate\\-change\\-and\\-habitat\\-loss\\-121452 \\|date\\=August 6, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023\\|website\\=The Conversation\\|language\\=en}}", "In 2019, historical records from the past 300 years were used to quantify both anthropogenic and climate stressors and their role in te local extinction of 11 medium\\- and large\\-sized animals in China.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Wan\\|first1\\=Xinru\\|last2\\=Jiang\\|first2\\=Guangshun\\|last3\\=Yan\\|first3\\=Chuan\\|last4\\=He\\|first4\\=Fangliang \\|last5\\=Wen\\|first5\\=Rongsheng\\|last6\\=Gu\\|first6\\=Jiayin\\|last7\\=Li\\|first7\\=Xinhai\\|last8\\=Ma\\|first8\\=Jianzhang\\|last9\\=Stenseth\\|first9\\=Nils Chr\\|last10\\=Zhang\\|first10\\=Zhibin\\|date\\=September 17, 2019\\|title\\=Historical records reveal the distinctive associations of human disturbance and extreme climate change with local extinction of mammals\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=116\\|issue\\=38\\|pages\\=19001–19008\\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1818019116\\|issn\\=0027\\-8424\\|pmc\\=6754601\\|pmid\\=31481618\\|bibcode\\=2019PNAS..11619001W \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} Both climate warming and cooling can cause range shifts and local extinction of animals, but quantitative evidence is rare due to the lack of long\\-term spatial\\-temporal data. In Extreme temperature change was negatively associated with increased local extinction of mammals such as the [gibbon](/wiki/Gibbon \"Gibbon\"), [macaque](/wiki/Macaque \"Macaque\"), tiger, and [water deer](/wiki/Water_deer \"Water deer\"). Researchers concluded that while premodern cooling trend may have contributed to extinctions of tiger subspecies in the west and north of China, the recent global warming might contribute to the complete extinction of tigers in southern China.\n[thumb\\|left\\|The impact of temperature on Brazilian free\\-tailed bat phenology in Brazil.](/wiki/File:Frick_2012_bat_emergence.png \"Frick 2012 bat emergence.png\")\nIn all, [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\") is already believed to have had negative impacts on 47% of flightless land mammals. While \"flightless\" excludes bats, there's also substantial evidence of them being negatively affected. For instance, [Brazilian free\\-tailed bats](/wiki/Brazilian_free-tailed_bat \"Brazilian free-tailed bat\") are forced to emerge to feed earlier in the evening as their region becomes drier, even if it exposes them to more [predators](/wiki/Predator \"Predator\") or competitor [insectivores](/wiki/Insectivore \"Insectivore\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Frick \\|first1\\=W. F. \\|last2\\=Stepanian \\|first2\\=P. M. \\|last3\\=Kelly \\|first3\\=J. F. \\|last4\\=Howard \\|first4\\=K. W. \\|last5\\=Kuster \\|first5\\=C. M. \\|last6\\=Kunz \\|first6\\=T. H. \\|last7\\=Chilson \\|first7\\=P. B. \\|date\\=2012 \\|title\\=Climate and Weather Impact Timing of Emergence of Bats \\|journal\\=PLOS ONE \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=8 \\|pages\\=e42737 \\|bibcode\\=2012PLoSO...742737F \\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0042737 \\|pmc\\=3411708 \\|pmid\\=22876331 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} In other places, bats have been exposed to increased mortality due to [heat stress](/wiki/Heat_stress \"Heat stress\"). In Australia, [flying foxes](/wiki/Flying_fox \"Flying fox\") live comfortably below {{cvt\\|42\\|C\\|F}}, but climate change caused a [heatwave](/wiki/Heatwave \"Heatwave\") in 2014, which led to thousands of flying fox deaths. Mass mortality was highly visible, to the point [fire trucks](/wiki/Fire_truck \"Fire truck\") were deployed to spray the bats in an attempt to cool them down. A third of the entire species is believed to have been lost in that event.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Ratnayake\\|first1\\=H. U.\\|last2\\=Kearney\\|first2\\=M. R.\\|last3\\=Govekar\\|first3\\=P.\\|last4\\=Karoly\\|first4\\=D.\\|last5\\=Welbergen\\|first5\\=J. A.\\|date\\=2019\\|title\\=Forecasting wildlife die\\-offs from extreme heat events\\|url\\=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\\.1111/acv.12476\\|journal\\=Animal Conservation\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=22\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=386–395\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/acv.12476\\|bibcode\\=2019AnCon..22\\..386R \\|hdl\\=11343/285331\\|s2cid\\=91262470\\|issn\\=1469\\-1795\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=Mao\\|first\\=Frances\\|title\\=How one heatwave killed 'a third' of a bat species in Australia \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-australia\\-46859000 \\|date\\=January 15, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023\\|website\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]}} [2019–2020 Australia bushfire season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season \"2019–20 Australian bushfire season\") had killed over 1 billion animals and displaced around 2 billion more, including large numbers of threatened or endangered mammal species such as [koalas](/wiki/Koala \"Koala\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=van Oldenborgh\\|first1\\=Geert Jan\\|last2\\=Krikken\\|first2\\=Folmer \\|last3\\=Lewis\\|first3\\=Sophie\\|last4\\=Leach\\|first4\\=Nicholas J.\\|last5\\=Lehner\\|first5\\=Flavio\\|last6\\=Saunders\\|first6\\=Kate R.\\|last7\\=van Weele\\|first7\\=Michiel\\|last8\\=Haustein\\|first8\\=Karsten\\|last9\\=Li\\|first9\\=Sihan\\|last10\\=Wallom\\|first10\\=David\\|last11\\=Sparrow\\|first11\\=Sarah\\|date\\=March 11, 2021\\|title\\=Attribution of the Australian bushfire risk to anthropogenic climate change\\|url\\=https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/21/941/2021/\\|journal\\=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=21\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=941–960 \\|doi\\=10\\.5194/nhess\\-21\\-941\\-2021\\|bibcode\\=2021NHESS..21\\..941V\\|issn\\=1561\\-8633\\|hdl\\=20\\.500\\.11850/475524\\|s2cid\\=233738164\\|hdl\\-access\\=free \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} And in the wake of [2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires](/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires \"2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires\"), the [World Wildlife Fund](/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund \"World Wildlife Fund\") concluded that the [jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar \"Jaguar\") is already \"near threatened\" and the loss of food supplies and habitat due to the fires make the situation more critical.{{cite web\\|website\\=CNN World\\|title\\=What the Amazon's fires mean for its animals\\|author\\=Hira Humayun\\|date\\=August 28, 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2020\\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/28/americas/amazonian\\-wildlife\\-future\\-in\\-fires\\-intl/index.html}} The fires affect water chemistry (such as decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water), temperature, and erosion rates, which in turn affects fish and mammals that depend on fish, such as the [giant otter](/wiki/Giant_otter \"Giant otter\") (*Pteronura brasiliensis*).", "Relative to the rate of climate change, evolutionary change is usually considered to be too slow to allow for genetic adaptation among species. However, [microevolution](/wiki/Microevolution \"Microevolution\") is a genetic adaptation that deals with heritable shifts in allele frequencies in a population and is not characterized by the slow process of speciation, or the formation of a new distinct species.{{Cite journal\\|doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.1127000\\|title \\= Evolutionary Response to Rapid Climate Change\\|year \\= 2006\\|last1 \\= Bradshaw\\|first1 \\= William E.\\|last2 \\= Holzapfel\\|first2 \\= Christina M.\\|journal \\= Science\\|volume \\= 312\\|issue \\= 5779\\|pages \\= 1477–1478\\|pmid \\= 16763134\\|s2cid \\= 126606246}} However, larger terrestrial animals (including many mammals) usually cannot adapt with microevolution, as the rate of climate change is still too fast for this evolutionary process. Some, like the [kangaroo](/wiki/Kangaroo \"Kangaroo\"), can still benefit from a very broad climatic tolerance.{{cite web \\|title\\=How Do Kangaroos Survive The Aussie Outback? \\|url\\=https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/animals/how\\-do\\-kangaroos\\-survive\\-the\\-aussie\\-outback.aspx \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706031418/http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/animals/how\\-do\\-kangaroos\\-survive\\-the\\-aussie\\-outback.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=July 6, 2016 \\|website\\=www.nationalgeographic.com.au \\|publisher\\=CHOOK DIGITAL AGENCY. \\|access\\-date\\=March 21, 2019}} Others would have to rely on [phenotypic plasticity](/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity \"Phenotypic plasticity\").{{Cite journal\\|doi \\= 10\\.4161/temp.29651\\|title \\= Responses of large mammals to climate change\\|year \\= 2014\\|last1 \\= Hetem\\|first1 \\= Robyn S.\\|last2 \\= Fuller\\|first2 \\= Andrea\\|last3 \\= Maloney\\|first3 \\= Shane K.\\|last4 \\= Mitchell\\|first4 \\= Duncan\\|journal \\= Temperature\\|volume \\= 1\\|issue \\= 2\\|pages \\= 115–127\\|pmid \\= 27583293\\|pmc \\= 4977165}} A plastic response to climate change includes expressing a different [phenotype](/wiki/Phenotype \"Phenotype\") that may lead to differing morphology, phenology, or rate of activity .{{Cite journal\\|doi \\= 10\\.1098/rstb.2018\\.0178\\|title \\= Phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change: the importance of cue variation.\\|year \\= 2019\\|last1 \\= Bonamour\\|first1 \\= S.\\|last2 \\= Chevin\\|first2 \\= L.\\-M.\\|last3 \\= Charmantier\\|first3 \\= A.\\|last4 \\= Teplitsky\\|first4 \\= C.\\|journal \\= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences\\|volume \\= 274\\|issue \\= 1768\\|pages \\= 20180178 \\| pmid\\=30966957 \\| pmc\\=6365871 \\| s2cid\\=91543555}} Unlike genetic adaptation, phenotypic plasticity allows the animal itself to respond to climate change without a change in its genetic makeup. This mechanism that allows this process involves changes in DNA packaging in the nucleus that alters the chance of a particular gene being expressed.{{cite journal \\| year\\=2009 \\| issue\\=7 \\| volume\\=22 \\| first\\=R. \\| last\\=Lande \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[John Wiley \\& Sons, Inc.]] (\\[\\[European Society for Evolutionary Biology]]) \\| issn\\=1010\\-061X \\| journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Evolutionary Biology]] \\| s2cid\\=39358852 \\| pages\\=1435–1446 \\| doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1420\\-9101\\.2009\\.01754\\.x \\| title\\=Adaptation to an extraordinary environment by evolution of phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation\\| pmid\\=19467134 }}{{Cite journal\\|doi \\= 10\\.1242/jeb.02244\\|title \\= Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution\\|year \\= 2006\\|last1 \\= Garland\\|first1 \\= Theodore\\|last2 \\= Kelly\\|first2 \\= Scott A.\\|journal \\= Journal of Experimental Biology\\|volume \\= 209\\|issue \\= 12\\|pages \\= 2344–2361\\|pmid \\= 16731811\\|s2cid \\= 10350443}} Phenological changes are observed and taken as evidence that species are adjusting to environmental changes.", "Although species may adapt to changing climates, either through genetic or phenotypic adaptation, all species have limits to their capacity for adaptive response to changing temperatures.{{Cite journal\\|doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.aai9214\\|title \\= Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well\\-being\\|year \\= 2017\\|last1 \\= Pecl\\|first1 \\= Gretta T.\\|last2 \\= Araújo\\|first2 \\= Miguel B.\\|last3 \\= Bell\\|first3 \\= Johann D.\\|last4 \\= Blanchard\\|first4 \\= Julia\\|last5 \\= Bonebrake\\|first5 \\= Timothy C.\\|last6 \\= Chen\\|first6 \\= I\\-Ching\\|last7 \\= Clark\\|first7 \\= Timothy D.\\|last8 \\= Colwell\\|first8 \\= Robert K.\\|last9 \\= Danielsen\\|first9 \\= Finn\\|last10 \\= Evengård\\|first10 \\= Birgitta\\|last11 \\= Falconi\\|first11 \\= Lorena\\|last12 \\= Ferrier\\|first12 \\= Simon\\|last13 \\= Frusher\\|first13 \\= Stewart\\|last14 \\= Garcia\\|first14 \\= Raquel A.\\|last15 \\= Griffis\\|first15 \\= Roger B.\\|last16 \\= Hobday\\|first16 \\= Alistair J.\\|last17 \\= Janion\\-Scheepers\\|first17 \\= Charlene\\|last18 \\= Jarzyna\\|first18 \\= Marta A.\\|last19 \\= Jennings\\|first19 \\= Sarah\\|last20 \\= Lenoir\\|first20 \\= Jonathan\\|last21 \\= Linnetved\\|first21 \\= Hlif I.\\|last22 \\= Martin\\|first22 \\= Victoria Y.\\|last23 \\= McCormack\\|first23 \\= Phillipa C.\\|last24 \\= McDonald\\|first24 \\= Jan\\|last25 \\= Mitchell\\|first25 \\= Nicola J.\\|last26 \\= Mustonen\\|first26 \\= Tero\\|last27 \\= Pandolfi\\|first27 \\= John M.\\|last28 \\= Pettorelli\\|first28 \\= Nathalie\\|last29 \\= Popova\\|first29 \\= Ekaterina\\|last30 \\= Robinson\\|first30 \\= Sharon A.\\|journal \\= Science\\|volume \\= 355\\|issue \\= 6332\\|pmid \\= 28360268\\|hdl \\= 10019\\.1/120851\\|s2cid \\= 206653576\\| url\\=http://ecite.utas.edu.au/115569 \\|display\\-authors \\= 1\\|hdl\\-access \\= free}} However, only around 4% of all mammals that are deemed climate sensitive by the IUC have been studied in regards to linking their demographic composition (i.e. survival, development, and reproduction) to climate change.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Paniw \\|first1\\=Maria \\|last2\\=James \\|first2\\=Tamora D. \\|last3\\=Archer \\|first3\\=C. Ruth \\|last4\\=Römer \\|first4\\=Gesa \\|last5\\=Levin \\|first5\\=Sam \\|last6\\=Compagnoni \\|first6\\=Aldo \\|last7\\=Che\\-Castaldo \\|first7\\=Judy \\|last8\\=Bennett \\|first8\\=Joanne M. \\|last9\\=Mooney \\|first9\\=Andrew \\|last10\\=Childs \\|first10\\=Dylan Z. \\|last11\\=Ozgul \\|first11\\=Arpat \\|last12\\=Jones \\|first12\\=Owen R. \\|last13\\=Burns \\|first13\\=Jean H. \\|last14\\=Beckerman \\|first14\\=Andrew P. \\|last15\\=Patwary \\|first15\\=Abir \\|last16\\=Sanchez\\-Gassen \\|first16\\=Nora \\|last17\\=Knight \\|first17\\=Tiffany M. \\|last18\\=Salguero\\-Gómez \\|first18\\=Roberto \\|date\\=April 6, 2021 \\|title\\=The myriad of complex demographic responses of terrestrial mammals to climate change and gaps of knowledge: A global analysis \\|journal\\=Journal of Animal Ecology \\|volume\\=90 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=1398–1407 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/1365\\-2656\\.13467\\|pmid\\=33825186 \\|bibcode\\=2021JAnEc..90\\.1398P \\|s2cid\\=233173861 \\|url\\=https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/182492050/1365\\_2656\\.13467\\.pdf }} There is a large discrepancy between the locations of demographic studies and the species that are currently assessed as most [vulnerable to climate change](/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability \"Climate change vulnerability\"). It is also incredibly difficult for studies to focus specifically and determine a straightforward relationship between limited tolerance to high temperatures and local extinction, as a diverse set of factors, such as food abundance, human activity, and mismatched timing, can all play a role in a species’ local or mass extinction.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Cahill\\|first1\\=Abigail E.\\|last2\\=Aiello\\-Lammens\\|first2\\=Matthew E.\\|last3\\=Fisher\\-Reid\\|first3\\=M. Caitlin\\|last4\\=Hua\\|first4\\=Xia\\|last5\\=Karanewsky\\|first5\\=Caitlin J.\\|last6\\=Yeong Ryu\\|first6\\=Hae\\|last7\\=Sbeglia\\|first7\\=Gena C.\\|last8\\=Spagnolo\\|first8\\=Fabrizio\\|last9\\=Waldron\\|first9\\=John B.\\|last10\\=Warsi\\|first10\\=Omar\\|last11\\=Wiens\\|first11\\=John J.\\|date\\=January 7, 2013\\|title\\=How does climate change cause extinction?\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences\\|volume\\=280\\|issue\\=1750\\|pages\\=20121890\\|doi\\=10\\.1098/rspb.2012\\.1890\\|pmc\\=3574421\\|pmid\\=23075836}} To assess population viability under climate change, more coordinated actions need to be prioritized and taken to collect data on how different species’ demographic rates can persist and respond to climate change.", "#### Specific predictions of population decline or extinction", "{{excerpt\\|Extinction risk from climate change\\#Mammals}}", "" ]
Nicknames --------- ### Bulldogs [thumb\|right\|150px\|Tech XX](/wiki/File:Techxx.JPG "Techxx.JPG") The legend of the Louisiana Tech Bulldog dates back to the Fall of 1899\. The story involves five Tech students on their way home from class. When they reached the edge of campus, they noticed a quiet old bulldog sitting alone under a tree. Assuming the dog was a stray, they fed him all the food they had with them and continued on their way. When the young men had reached the boarding house where they were living, one of them discovered that the bulldog had followed them. They all liked the bulldog and decided not to send him away. They received permission from the owner of the house to keep the dog and to let him sleep in the kitchen for the night. However, they would have to make other plans the next day. During the night, a fire broke out in the house and the bulldog was the first to be awakened. The old dog became alarmed and ran from room to room tugging at the sheets of the bed to wake the students and the owner. Once the owner and the students had assembled outside, they were horrified to discover that one boy was still in the house. By this time, the house was almost completely full of smoke. Before the boys had time to react, they saw the bulldog run back into the burning house. Moments later, the final student ran out to safety. They all waited for the bulldog to come back out, but it never did. By dawn the fire was out and the boys searched what remained of the house in hopes of finding the old bulldog alive. After a short time, they found the old dog lying in an unburned corner of the house. The smoke and heat had been too much, and the heroic dog just did not make it. With tears in their eyes, the young men picked up the lifeless body, and without saying a word, began to walk back to the campus. When they reached the tree where they had met the bulldog only the day before, they began to dig a grave. Soon, the news of the stray old bulldog spread across the Tech campus. Everyone grieved and felt a closeness to the bulldog that most of them never knew. A loving old bulldog had become the first Tech hero. A year after the death of the bulldog, Tech began making plans to start its first football team and needed a mascot. The students voted unanimously to become the Bulldogs in honor of Tech's first hero. Today, no one is sure where the old bulldog is buried or of the names of the young men who saved it. However, one thing is certain. The spirit of the dog is still very much alive, and the love and loyalty it displayed has been a trademark of Tech people for many generations. Questions about the events long ago will always exist, but be assured that somewhere on the Tech campus are the remains of a brave old bulldog. ### Lady Techsters {{rquote\|right\|I just didn't want us to be the Lady Bulldogs. I could hear people saying, "There comes Coach Hogg and all of her little b!\+¢\#ə$."\|Former head coach \[\[Sonja Hogg]] on the Lady Techsters nickname in 2009{{Citation \| title\=Sonja Hogg built the Louisiana Tech women's basketball program into a powerhouse \| author\=Jim Rapier \| date\=June 24, 2009 \| publisher\=The Times\-Picayune \| url\=http://blog.nola.com/tpsports/2009/06/sonja\_hogg\_built\_the\_louisiana.html}}}} In 1974, Louisiana Tech President [F. Jay Taylor](/wiki/F._Jay_Taylor "F. Jay Taylor") established the university's first women's athletic program, a women's basketball team. He hired a 28\-year\-old P.E. teacher at [Ruston High School](/wiki/Ruston_High_School "Ruston High School"), [Sonja Hogg](/wiki/Sonja_Hogg "Sonja Hogg"), as the program's first head coach. However, Hogg refused to call her team the Lady Bulldogs after the La Tech men's nickname. She asserted that [bulldogs](/wiki/Bulldog "Bulldog") were "unfeminine" and that "a lady dog is a b!\+¢\#." For that reason, her first initiative as head coach was to nix the nickname Bulldogs from any connection with her team. Thus, Hogg decided to change her team's nickname to the Lady Techsters. {{rquote\|right\|We always have to look like ladies.\|Point guard \[\[Kim Mulkey]] on being a Lady Techster in 1983}} Hogg would not allow her Lady Techsters to wear knee or elbow pads because they were unladylike. Additionally, she designed the Lady Techster jerseys with sleeves because she did not like her ladies showing their armpits or bra straps. By requiring her players to be ladylike, Hogg created an "almost antebellum image" of the Lady Techsters. A 1986 *[Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated "Sports Illustrated")* article stated, "A Lady Techster is likely to be a good student and a devout [Christian](/wiki/Christians "Christians"), probably favors needlepoint over [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna_%28entertainer%29 "Madonna (entertainer)") tapes on airplanes and fears a drug test about as much as she does an airport metal detector."
[ "Nicknames\n---------", "### Bulldogs", "[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|Tech XX](/wiki/File:Techxx.JPG \"Techxx.JPG\")\nThe legend of the Louisiana Tech Bulldog dates back to the Fall of 1899\\. The story involves five Tech students on their way home from class. When they reached the edge of campus, they noticed a quiet old bulldog sitting alone under a tree. Assuming the dog was a stray, they fed him all the food they had with them and continued on their way.", "When the young men had reached the boarding house where they were living, one of them discovered that the bulldog had followed them. They all liked the bulldog and decided not to send him away. They received permission from the owner of the house to keep the dog and to let him sleep in the kitchen for the night. However, they would have to make other plans the next day.", "During the night, a fire broke out in the house and the bulldog was the first to be awakened. The old dog became alarmed and ran from room to room tugging at the sheets of the bed to wake the students and the owner. Once the owner and the students had assembled outside, they were horrified to discover that one boy was still in the house. By this time, the house was almost completely full of smoke. Before the boys had time to react, they saw the bulldog run back into the burning house. Moments later, the final student ran out to safety. They all waited for the bulldog to come back out, but it never did.", "By dawn the fire was out and the boys searched what remained of the house in hopes of finding the old bulldog alive. After a short time, they found the old dog lying in an unburned corner of the house. The smoke and heat had been too much, and the heroic dog just did not make it.", "With tears in their eyes, the young men picked up the lifeless body, and without saying a word, began to walk back to the campus. When they reached the tree where they had met the bulldog only the day before, they began to dig a grave.", "Soon, the news of the stray old bulldog spread across the Tech campus. Everyone grieved and felt a closeness to the bulldog that most of them never knew. A loving old bulldog had become the first Tech hero.", "A year after the death of the bulldog, Tech began making plans to start its first football team and needed a mascot. The students voted unanimously to become the Bulldogs in honor of Tech's first hero.", "Today, no one is sure where the old bulldog is buried or of the names of the young men who saved it. However, one thing is certain. The spirit of the dog is still very much alive, and the love and loyalty it displayed has been a trademark of Tech people for many generations. Questions about the events long ago will always exist, but be assured that somewhere on the Tech campus are the remains of a brave old bulldog.", "### Lady Techsters", "{{rquote\\|right\\|I just didn't want us to be the Lady Bulldogs. I could hear people saying, \"There comes Coach Hogg and all of her little b!\\+¢\\#ə$.\"\\|Former head coach \\[\\[Sonja Hogg]] on the Lady Techsters nickname in 2009{{Citation \\| title\\=Sonja Hogg built the Louisiana Tech women's basketball program into a powerhouse \\| author\\=Jim Rapier \\| date\\=June 24, 2009 \\| publisher\\=The Times\\-Picayune \\| url\\=http://blog.nola.com/tpsports/2009/06/sonja\\_hogg\\_built\\_the\\_louisiana.html}}}}\nIn 1974, Louisiana Tech President [F. Jay Taylor](/wiki/F._Jay_Taylor \"F. Jay Taylor\") established the university's first women's athletic program, a women's basketball team. He hired a 28\\-year\\-old P.E. teacher at [Ruston High School](/wiki/Ruston_High_School \"Ruston High School\"), [Sonja Hogg](/wiki/Sonja_Hogg \"Sonja Hogg\"), as the program's first head coach. However, Hogg refused to call her team the Lady Bulldogs after the La Tech men's nickname. She asserted that [bulldogs](/wiki/Bulldog \"Bulldog\") were \"unfeminine\" and that \"a lady dog is a b!\\+¢\\#.\" For that reason, her first initiative as head coach was to nix the nickname Bulldogs from any connection with her team. Thus, Hogg decided to change her team's nickname to the Lady Techsters.\n{{rquote\\|right\\|We always have to look like ladies.\\|Point guard \\[\\[Kim Mulkey]] on being a Lady Techster in 1983}}\nHogg would not allow her Lady Techsters to wear knee or elbow pads because they were unladylike. Additionally, she designed the Lady Techster jerseys with sleeves because she did not like her ladies showing their armpits or bra straps. By requiring her players to be ladylike, Hogg created an \"almost antebellum image\" of the Lady Techsters. A 1986 *[Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated \"Sports Illustrated\")* article stated, \"A Lady Techster is likely to be a good student and a devout [Christian](/wiki/Christians \"Christians\"), probably favors needlepoint over [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna_%28entertainer%29 \"Madonna (entertainer)\") tapes on airplanes and fears a drug test about as much as she does an airport metal detector.\"", "" ]
### Bulldogs [thumb\|right\|150px\|Tech XX](/wiki/File:Techxx.JPG "Techxx.JPG") The legend of the Louisiana Tech Bulldog dates back to the Fall of 1899\. The story involves five Tech students on their way home from class. When they reached the edge of campus, they noticed a quiet old bulldog sitting alone under a tree. Assuming the dog was a stray, they fed him all the food they had with them and continued on their way. When the young men had reached the boarding house where they were living, one of them discovered that the bulldog had followed them. They all liked the bulldog and decided not to send him away. They received permission from the owner of the house to keep the dog and to let him sleep in the kitchen for the night. However, they would have to make other plans the next day. During the night, a fire broke out in the house and the bulldog was the first to be awakened. The old dog became alarmed and ran from room to room tugging at the sheets of the bed to wake the students and the owner. Once the owner and the students had assembled outside, they were horrified to discover that one boy was still in the house. By this time, the house was almost completely full of smoke. Before the boys had time to react, they saw the bulldog run back into the burning house. Moments later, the final student ran out to safety. They all waited for the bulldog to come back out, but it never did. By dawn the fire was out and the boys searched what remained of the house in hopes of finding the old bulldog alive. After a short time, they found the old dog lying in an unburned corner of the house. The smoke and heat had been too much, and the heroic dog just did not make it. With tears in their eyes, the young men picked up the lifeless body, and without saying a word, began to walk back to the campus. When they reached the tree where they had met the bulldog only the day before, they began to dig a grave. Soon, the news of the stray old bulldog spread across the Tech campus. Everyone grieved and felt a closeness to the bulldog that most of them never knew. A loving old bulldog had become the first Tech hero. A year after the death of the bulldog, Tech began making plans to start its first football team and needed a mascot. The students voted unanimously to become the Bulldogs in honor of Tech's first hero. Today, no one is sure where the old bulldog is buried or of the names of the young men who saved it. However, one thing is certain. The spirit of the dog is still very much alive, and the love and loyalty it displayed has been a trademark of Tech people for many generations. Questions about the events long ago will always exist, but be assured that somewhere on the Tech campus are the remains of a brave old bulldog.
[ "### Bulldogs", "[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|Tech XX](/wiki/File:Techxx.JPG \"Techxx.JPG\")\nThe legend of the Louisiana Tech Bulldog dates back to the Fall of 1899\\. The story involves five Tech students on their way home from class. When they reached the edge of campus, they noticed a quiet old bulldog sitting alone under a tree. Assuming the dog was a stray, they fed him all the food they had with them and continued on their way.", "When the young men had reached the boarding house where they were living, one of them discovered that the bulldog had followed them. They all liked the bulldog and decided not to send him away. They received permission from the owner of the house to keep the dog and to let him sleep in the kitchen for the night. However, they would have to make other plans the next day.", "During the night, a fire broke out in the house and the bulldog was the first to be awakened. The old dog became alarmed and ran from room to room tugging at the sheets of the bed to wake the students and the owner. Once the owner and the students had assembled outside, they were horrified to discover that one boy was still in the house. By this time, the house was almost completely full of smoke. Before the boys had time to react, they saw the bulldog run back into the burning house. Moments later, the final student ran out to safety. They all waited for the bulldog to come back out, but it never did.", "By dawn the fire was out and the boys searched what remained of the house in hopes of finding the old bulldog alive. After a short time, they found the old dog lying in an unburned corner of the house. The smoke and heat had been too much, and the heroic dog just did not make it.", "With tears in their eyes, the young men picked up the lifeless body, and without saying a word, began to walk back to the campus. When they reached the tree where they had met the bulldog only the day before, they began to dig a grave.", "Soon, the news of the stray old bulldog spread across the Tech campus. Everyone grieved and felt a closeness to the bulldog that most of them never knew. A loving old bulldog had become the first Tech hero.", "A year after the death of the bulldog, Tech began making plans to start its first football team and needed a mascot. The students voted unanimously to become the Bulldogs in honor of Tech's first hero.", "Today, no one is sure where the old bulldog is buried or of the names of the young men who saved it. However, one thing is certain. The spirit of the dog is still very much alive, and the love and loyalty it displayed has been a trademark of Tech people for many generations. Questions about the events long ago will always exist, but be assured that somewhere on the Tech campus are the remains of a brave old bulldog.", "" ]
History ------- Although the Cavendish [family estates](/wiki/Family_seat "Family seat") are centred in [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire "Derbyshire"), they hold the titles of "Duke of [Devonshire](/wiki/Devonshire "Devonshire")" and their subsidiary title of [earldom of Devonshire](/wiki/Earl_of_Devonshire "Earl of Devonshire") (neither peerage is related to the ancient title of [Earl of Devon](/wiki/Earl_of_Devon "Earl of Devon")). The first Earl may have chosen "Devonshire" simply because places and lands he was associated with were already attached to existing peerages at the [College of Arms](/wiki/College_of_Arms "College of Arms").{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=2sXyPiWJMxgC\&pg\=PA90\|title\=The Devonshires: The Story of a Family and a Nation\|isbn\= 9780701186241\|publisher\= Chatto \& Windus\|page\=90\|authorlink\= Roy Hattersley\|first\=Roy \|last\=Hattersley\|year\=2013 }} The title remains associated with "Devonshire" even though in modern usage it is the [county](/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom "Counties of the United Kingdom") of [Devon](/wiki/Devon "Devon"). Another reason for the choice of a non\-local or regional name was to avoid antagonising the powerful [Stanley family](/wiki/Stanley_family "Stanley family") from the [Midlands](/wiki/Midlands "Midlands") who had strong associations with Derbyshire since their ancestors had been gifted estates in the county by [William the Conqueror](/wiki/William_the_Conqueror "William the Conqueror"), and they had also been the [Earls of Derby](/wiki/Earl_of_Derby "Earl of Derby") since the late 15th century.{{cite book\|url\=https://www.british\-history.ac.uk/magna\-britannia/vol5/xlviii\-lxii\|title\=Magna Britannia\|volume \=5\|publisher\= T Cadell and W Davies, London\|year\= 1817}} (See [British peerage ranks](/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom%23Ranks "Peerages in the United Kingdom#Ranks").) Every Duke of Devonshire has so far been appointed a [Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter](/wiki/Knight_Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter "Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter"), except ({{as of \| 2023\|lc \= on}}) the present one. ### Cavendish knights, and the 1st Earl of Devonshire [thumb\|right\|[William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire "William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire") briefly Prime Minister between 1756 and 1757\.](/wiki/Image:4th_Duke_of_Devonshire_after_Hudson.jpg "4th Duke of Devonshire after Hudson.jpg") The Cavendish family descends from [Sir John Cavendish](/wiki/John_Cavendish "John Cavendish"), who took his name from the village of [Cavendish, Suffolk](/wiki/Cavendish%2C_Suffolk "Cavendish, Suffolk"), where he held an estate in the 14th century.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.europeanheraldry.org/united\-kingdom/families/families\-f/house\-cavendish/\|title\=European Heraldry :: House of Cavendish (Devonshire)\|website\=europeanheraldry.org\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-09\|archive\-date\=9 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211028/http://www.europeanheraldry.org/united\-kingdom/families/families\-f/house\-cavendish/\|url\-status\=dead}} He served as [Chief Justice of the King's Bench](/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_King%27s_Bench "Chief Justice of the King's Bench") from 1372 to 1381, and was killed in the [Peasants' Revolt](/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt "Peasants' Revolt") in 1381\. Two of his great\-grandsons were [George Cavendish](/wiki/George_Cavendish_%28writer%29 "George Cavendish (writer)"), [Cardinal Thomas Wolsey](/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey "Thomas Wolsey")'s biographer, and George's younger brother [Sir William Cavendish](/wiki/William_Cavendish_%28courtier%29 "William Cavendish (courtier)").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.cheshirenow.co.uk/cavendish\_family.html\|title\=The Cavendish Family\- Dukes of Devonshire\|website\=cheshirenow.co.uk\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-09}} Sir William gained great wealth from his position in the [Exchequer](/wiki/Exchequer "Exchequer") and also (allegedly) from unfairly taking advantage of the [dissolution of the Monasteries](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries "Dissolution of the Monasteries"). He married (1547\) as his third wife the famous [Bess of Hardwick](/wiki/Bess_of_Hardwick "Bess of Hardwick"), with whom he had eight children. One of their sons, Sir Charles Cavendish (1553–1617\), was the father of [William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle\-upon\-Tyne](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne "William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne") (1592–1676; see [Duke of Newcastle\-upon\-Tyne](/wiki/Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne "Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne") for more information on this branch of the family), while another son, Henry Cavendish, was the ancestor of the [Barons Waterpark](/wiki/Baron_Waterpark "Baron Waterpark"). Yet another son, [William Cavendish](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_1st_Earl_of_Devonshire "William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire") (1552–1626\), was a politician and a supporter of the colonization of [Virginia](/wiki/Colony_and_Dominion_of_Virginia "Colony and Dominion of Virginia"). In 1605 he was raised to the peerage as **Baron Cavendish**, of Hardwicke in the County of Derby, and in 1618 he was further honoured when he was made **Earl of Devonshire**. Both titles are in the [Peerage of England](/wiki/Peerage_of_England "Peerage of England"). ### The 2nd Earl of Devonshire and the first five Dukes of Devonshire He was succeeded by his eldest son, [William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Devonshire "William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire"), who served as [Lord\-Lieutenant of Derbyshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Derbyshire "Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire") and was a patron of the philosopher [Thomas Hobbes](/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes "Thomas Hobbes") (1588–1679\). On his early death in 1628 the titles passed to his son, [William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Devonshire "William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire"), who also served as Lord\-Lieutenant of Derbyshire. He was succeeded by his son, the [fourth Earl](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_1st_Duke_of_Devonshire "William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire"). He was a strong supporter of the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution "Glorious Revolution") of 1688 and later served under [William III](/wiki/William_III_of_England "William III of England") and [Mary II](/wiki/Mary_II_of_England "Mary II of England") as [Lord Steward of the Household](/wiki/Lord_Steward_of_the_Household "Lord Steward of the Household"). In 1694 he was created **Marquess of Hartington** and **Duke of Devonshire** in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the [second Duke](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Devonshire "William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire"), who held political office as [Lord President of the Council](/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council "Lord President of the Council") and [Lord Privy Seal](/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal "Lord Privy Seal") and was also Lord\-Lieutenant of Devonshire. His eldest son, the [third Duke](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_3rd_Duke_of_Devonshire "William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire"), served as [Lord Privy Seal](/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal "Lord Privy Seal"), as Lord Steward of the Household and (from 1737 to 1745\) as [Lord\-Lieutenant of Ireland](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Ireland "Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland"). On his death the titles passed to his eldest son, the [fourth Duke](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire "William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire"), who was a prominent politician. He was summoned to the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") through a [writ of acceleration](/wiki/Writ_of_acceleration "Writ of acceleration") in his father's junior title of Baron Cavendish, of Hardwicke in 1751 and served as [First Lord of the Treasury](/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury "First Lord of the Treasury") and titular [Prime Minister of Great Britain](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain "Prime Minister of Great Britain") from 1756 to 1757\. Devonshire married [Charlotte Boyle, 6th Baroness Clifford](/wiki/Charlotte_Cavendish%2C_6th_Baroness_Clifford "Charlotte Cavendish, 6th Baroness Clifford"), daughter of the famous architect [Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington](/wiki/Richard_Boyle%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington "Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington") (on whose death in 1753 the earldom of Burlington became extinct). Their third and youngest son [Lord George Cavendish](/wiki/George_Cavendish%2C_1st_Earl_of_Burlington "George Cavendish, 1st Earl of Burlington") was recreated [Earl of Burlington](/wiki/Earl_of_Burlington "Earl of Burlington") in 1831\. Devonshire was succeeded by his eldest son, [William Cavendish](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_5th_Duke_of_Devonshire "William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire"), who became the fifth Duke of Devonshire. He had already succeeded his mother as seventh [Baron Clifford](/wiki/Baron_Clifford "Baron Clifford") in 1754\. He served as [Lord\-Lieutenant of Derbyshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Derbyshire "Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire") from 1782 to 1811 but is best remembered[The Duchess](/wiki/The_Duchess_%28film%29 "The Duchess (film)") for his first marriage (1774\) to [Lady Georgiana Spencer](/wiki/Georgiana_Cavendish%2C_Duchess_of_Devonshire "Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire") (1757–1806\), the celebrated beauty and society hostess. ### The sixth, seventh and eighth Dukes [thumb\|right\|Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire](/wiki/Image:GG_Duke_of_Devonshire.jpg "GG Duke of Devonshire.jpg") Their only son, [the sixth Duke](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_6th_Duke_of_Devonshire "William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire"), served as [Lord Chamberlain of the Household](/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain_of_the_Household "Lord Chamberlain of the Household") from 1827 to 1828 and from 1830 to 1834\. Known as the "Bachelor Duke", he never married and on his death in 1858 the barony of Clifford fell into abeyance between his sisters. He was succeeded in the other titles by his first cousin once removed, the second Earl of Burlington, who became [the seventh Duke](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_7th_Duke_of_Devonshire "William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire") (see the [Earl of Burlington](/wiki/Earl_of_Burlington "Earl of Burlington") for earlier history of this branch of the family). He was the son of [William Cavendish](/wiki/William_Cavendish_%281783%E2%80%931812%29 "William Cavendish (1783–1812)"), eldest son of the aforementioned first Earl of Burlington, youngest son of the fourth Duke. He was [Lord\-Lieutenant of Lancashire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Lancashire "Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire") and Derbyshire and Chancellor of the [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London "University of London") and of the [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge"). He was succeeded by his second, but eldest surviving son, [the eighth Duke](/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish%2C_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire "Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire"). The eighth Duke was a noted statesman and the most famous member of the Cavendish family. Known under his [courtesy title](/wiki/Courtesy_titles_in_the_United_Kingdom "Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom") of Marquess of Hartington until 1891, he held political office for a period spanning 40 years, notably as [Secretary of State for India](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India "Secretary of State for India") and as [Secretary of State for War](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War "Secretary of State for War"), and three times declined to become [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"). He married [Louise, Dowager Duchess of Manchester](/wiki/Louisa_Cavendish%2C_Duchess_of_Devonshire "Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire"), who became known as the "Double Duchess". ### The ninth, tenth and eleventh Dukes Devonshire died childless and was succeeded by his nephew, the ninth Duke. He was the eldest son of [Lord Edward Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Edward_Cavendish "Lord Edward Cavendish"), third son of the seventh Duke. He was a [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 "Conservative Party (UK)") politician and served as [Governor\-General of Canada](/wiki/Governor-General_of_Canada "Governor-General of Canada") from 1916 to 1921 and as [Secretary of State for the Colonies](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies "Secretary of State for the Colonies") from 1922 to 1924\. His elder son, the tenth Duke, also a Conservative politician, served as [Under\-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs](/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs "Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs"), as [Under\-Secretary of State for India and Burma](/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_India_and_Burma "Under-Secretary of State for India and Burma") and as [Under\-Secretary of State for the Colonies](/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies "Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies"). He married [Lady Mary Gascoyne\-Cecil](/wiki/Mary_Cavendish%2C_Duchess_of_Devonshire "Mary Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire"), who was [Mistress of the Robes](/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Robes "Mistress of the Robes") to [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II "Queen Elizabeth II") from 1953 to 1966\.{{CN\|date\=May 2024}} Their elder son and heir apparent [William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_Marquess_of_Hartington "William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington"), married [Kathleen Kennedy](/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish%2C_Marchioness_of_Hartington "Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington"), daughter of [Joseph Kennedy](/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy "Joseph Kennedy") and sister of the future [President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States"), [John Fitzgerald Kennedy](/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy "John Fitzgerald Kennedy"). Lord Hartington was killed in the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") in 1944 shortly after the marriage. The couple had no children. Devonshire was therefore succeeded by his second and only surviving son, the [eleventh Duke](/wiki/Andrew_Cavendish%2C_11th_Duke_of_Devonshire "Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire"). He sat on the Conservative benches in the House of Lords and held political office (under his uncle [Harold Macmillan](/wiki/Harold_Macmillan "Harold Macmillan") and later under [Sir Alec Douglas\-Home](/wiki/Sir_Alec_Douglas-Home "Sir Alec Douglas-Home")) from 1960 to 1964\. Devonshire married the Hon. [Deborah Mitford](/wiki/Deborah_Cavendish%2C_Duchess_of_Devonshire "Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire"), the youngest of the famous [Mitford sisters](/wiki/Mitford_sisters "Mitford sisters"). As of 2022, the titles are held by their second and only surviving son, [Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire](/wiki/Peregrine_Cavendish%2C_12th_Duke_of_Devonshire "Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire"), who succeeded in 2004\. The ninth and tenth dukes both served as [Chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_%28education%29 "Chancellor (education)") of the [University of Leeds](/wiki/University_of_Leeds "University of Leeds"). ### Other notable members of the Cavendish family Numerous other members of the Cavendish family have also gained distinction. [Lord Henry Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Henry_Cavendish "Lord Henry Cavendish") (1673–1700\), second son of the first Duke, was Member of Parliament for [Derby](/wiki/Derby_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Derby (UK Parliament constituency)"). [Lord James Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_James_Cavendish_%28died_1751%29 "Lord James Cavendish (died 1751)") (died 1751\), third son of the first Duke, also represented this constituency in the [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons "British House of Commons"). [Lord Charles Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Charles_Cavendish "Lord Charles Cavendish") (1704–1783\), second son of the second Duke, was a politician and scientist. His son [Henry Cavendish](/wiki/Henry_Cavendish "Henry Cavendish") (1731–1810\) was an influential scientist noted for his discovery of [hydrogen](/wiki/Hydrogen "Hydrogen"). [Lord James Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_James_Cavendish_%28d._1741%29 "Lord James Cavendish (d. 1741)") (1701–1741\), third son of the second Duke, was a soldier and briefly represented [Malton](/wiki/Malton_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Malton (UK Parliament constituency)") in Parliament. [Lord George Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_George_Cavendish_%28d._1794%29 "Lord George Cavendish (d. 1794)") (died 1794\), second son of the third Duke, was a long\-standing Member of Parliament and served as [Comptroller of the Household](/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Household "Comptroller of the Household") from 1761 to 1762\. [Lord Frederick Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Cavendish_%28soldier%29 "Lord Frederick Cavendish (soldier)"), third son of the third Duke, was a [Field Marshal](/wiki/Field_Marshal_%28UK%29 "Field Marshal (UK)") in the Army. [Lord John Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish "Lord John Cavendish"), fourth son of the third Duke, was a politician and served as [Chancellor of the Exchequer](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer "Chancellor of the Exchequer") in 1782 and 1783\. [thumb\|350px\|right\|[Chatsworth House](/wiki/Chatsworth_House "Chatsworth House"), the ancestral seat of the Dukes of Devonshire](/wiki/Image:Chatsworth_showing_hunting_tower.jpg "Chatsworth showing hunting tower.jpg") [Lord Richard Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Richard_Cavendish_%281752%E2%80%931781%29 "Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781)"), second son of the fourth Duke, represented [Lancaster](/wiki/Lancaster_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Lancaster (UK Parliament constituency)") and [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency)") in the House of Commons. [Lady Dorothy Cavendish](/wiki/Dorothy_Bentinck%2C_Duchess_of_Portland "Dorothy Bentinck, Duchess of Portland"), daughter of the fourth Duke, married Prime Minister [William Cavendish\-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland](/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck%2C_3rd_Duke_of_Portland "William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland") (who assumed the additional surname of Cavendish). [Augustus Clifford](/wiki/Sir_Augustus_Clifford%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Augustus Clifford, 1st Baronet"), illegitimate son by the fifth Duke and his mistress and later second wife [Elizabeth Hervey](/wiki/Elizabeth_Cavendish%2C_Duchess_of_Devonshire "Elizabeth Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire"), was a naval commander and was created a baronet in 1838 (see [Clifford baronets](/wiki/Clifford_baronets "Clifford baronets")). [William Cavendish](/wiki/William_Cavendish_%281783%E2%80%931812%29 "William Cavendish (1783–1812)"), eldest son of the first Earl of Burlington and father of the seventh Duke, represented [Aylesbury](/wiki/Aylesbury_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)") and Derby in Parliament. [George Henry Compton Cavendish](/wiki/George_Henry_Compton_Cavendish "George Henry Compton Cavendish"), second son of the first Earl of Burlington, was Member of Parliament for Aylesbury. The Hon. [Henry Frederick Compton Cavendish](/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Compton_Cavendish "Henry Frederick Compton Cavendish"), third son of the first Earl of Burlington, was a [general](/wiki/General "General") in the Army. The Hon. [Charles Compton Cavendish](/wiki/Charles_Cavendish%2C_1st_Baron_Chesham "Charles Cavendish, 1st Baron Chesham"), fourth son of the first Earl of Burlington, was created [Baron Chesham](/wiki/Baron_Chesham "Baron Chesham") in 1858\. [Lord Frederick Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Cavendish "Lord Frederick Cavendish"), third son of the seventh Duke, was a [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 "Liberal Party (UK)") politician. He had just been appointed [Chief Secretary for Ireland](/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland "Chief Secretary for Ireland") in 1882 when he was assassinated by nationalists in [Phoenix Park](/wiki/Phoenix_Park "Phoenix Park"), [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin "Dublin"). His wife [Lady Frederick (Lucy) Cavendish](/wiki/Lucy_Cavendish "Lucy Cavendish") was a pioneer of women's education. [Lord Edward Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Edward_Cavendish "Lord Edward Cavendish"), fourth and youngest son of the seventh Duke, sat as Member of Parliament for several constituencies. His second son [Lord Richard Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Richard_Cavendish_%281871%E2%80%931946%29 "Lord Richard Cavendish (1871–1946)") represented [North Lonsdale](/wiki/North_Lonsdale_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 "North Lonsdale (UK Parliament constituency)") in Parliament. In 1911 he was one of the proposed recipients of peerages in case the Bill that was to become the [Parliament Act 1911](/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911 "Parliament Act 1911") was not accepted by the House of Lords. His grandson [Hugh Cavendish](/wiki/Hugh_Cavendish%2C_Baron_Cavendish_of_Furness "Hugh Cavendish, Baron Cavendish of Furness") was created a [life peer](/wiki/Life_peer "Life peer") as Baron Cavendish of Furness in 1990\. [Lady Dorothy Cavendish](/wiki/Lady_Dorothy_Macmillan "Lady Dorothy Macmillan"), daughter of the ninth Duke, was the wife of Prime Minister [Harold Macmillan](/wiki/Harold_Macmillan "Harold Macmillan"). ### Courtesy titles and family seats The Duke of Devonshire's eldest son may use the [courtesy title](/wiki/Courtesy_title "Courtesy title") *Marquess of Hartington*, whilst the eldest son of the eldest son may use the title *Earl of Burlington*, and his eldest son may use the title *Lord Cavendish*. [thumb\|[St Peter's Church, Edensor](/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church%2C_Edensor "St Peter's Church, Edensor"), Cavendish family plot with the graves of the Dukes of Devonshire](/wiki/File:St_Peter%27s_Churchyard%2C_Edensor_-_Cavendish_family_plot1.JPG "St Peter's Churchyard, Edensor - Cavendish family plot1.JPG") The family seats are [Chatsworth House](/wiki/Chatsworth_House "Chatsworth House"), [Bolton Abbey](/wiki/Bolton_Abbey "Bolton Abbey") in [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire "Yorkshire"), and [Lismore Castle](/wiki/Lismore_Castle "Lismore Castle") in [County Waterford](/wiki/County_Waterford "County Waterford"), in the [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"). [Compton Place](/wiki/Compton_Place "Compton Place") in [Eastbourne](/wiki/Eastbourne "Eastbourne") belongs to the family (which developed Eastbourne as a seaside resort in the 19th century) but is let. In 1908 [Holker Hall](/wiki/Holker_Hall "Holker Hall"), then in [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire "Lancashire"), now in [Cumbria](/wiki/Cumbria "Cumbria"), was left to a junior branch of the family. The family previously owned [Londesborough Hall](/wiki/Londesborough_Hall "Londesborough Hall"), [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire "Yorkshire"); [Hardwick Hall](/wiki/Hardwick_Hall "Hardwick Hall"), [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire "Derbyshire"); [Chiswick House](/wiki/Chiswick_House "Chiswick House"), [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex "Middlesex"); and two [London](/wiki/London "London") mansions on [Piccadilly](/wiki/Piccadilly "Piccadilly"): [Devonshire House](/wiki/Devonshire_House "Devonshire House") and [Burlington House](/wiki/Burlington_House "Burlington House"). In 1907 the Duke owned 192,322 acres across the [British Isles](/wiki/British_Isles "British Isles"), principally in [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire "Derbyshire"), [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire "Yorkshire"), [County Cork](/wiki/County_Cork "County Cork") and [County Waterford](/wiki/County_Waterford "County Waterford").H. Evans, 'Cavendish', *Our old nobility* (Рипол Классик), 132\. The traditional burial place of the Dukes of Devonshire is at [St Peter's Church, Edensor](/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church%2C_Edensor "St Peter's Church, Edensor"), in the closest village to [Chatsworth House](/wiki/Chatsworth_House "Chatsworth House"). The ducal graves can be found on the highest spot of Edensor's churchyard in the Cavendish family plot.
[ "History\n-------", "Although the Cavendish [family estates](/wiki/Family_seat \"Family seat\") are centred in [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire \"Derbyshire\"), they hold the titles of \"Duke of [Devonshire](/wiki/Devonshire \"Devonshire\")\" and their subsidiary title of [earldom of Devonshire](/wiki/Earl_of_Devonshire \"Earl of Devonshire\") (neither peerage is related to the ancient title of [Earl of Devon](/wiki/Earl_of_Devon \"Earl of Devon\")). The first Earl may have chosen \"Devonshire\" simply because places and lands he was associated with were already attached to existing peerages at the [College of Arms](/wiki/College_of_Arms \"College of Arms\").{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=2sXyPiWJMxgC\\&pg\\=PA90\\|title\\=The Devonshires: The Story of a Family and a Nation\\|isbn\\= 9780701186241\\|publisher\\= Chatto \\& Windus\\|page\\=90\\|authorlink\\= Roy Hattersley\\|first\\=Roy \\|last\\=Hattersley\\|year\\=2013 }} The title remains associated with \"Devonshire\" even though in modern usage it is the [county](/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Counties of the United Kingdom\") of [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\"). Another reason for the choice of a non\\-local or regional name was to avoid antagonising the powerful [Stanley family](/wiki/Stanley_family \"Stanley family\") from the [Midlands](/wiki/Midlands \"Midlands\") who had strong associations with Derbyshire since their ancestors had been gifted estates in the county by [William the Conqueror](/wiki/William_the_Conqueror \"William the Conqueror\"), and they had also been the [Earls of Derby](/wiki/Earl_of_Derby \"Earl of Derby\") since the late 15th century.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/magna\\-britannia/vol5/xlviii\\-lxii\\|title\\=Magna Britannia\\|volume \\=5\\|publisher\\= T Cadell and W Davies, London\\|year\\= 1817}} (See [British peerage ranks](/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom%23Ranks \"Peerages in the United Kingdom#Ranks\").)", "Every Duke of Devonshire has so far been appointed a [Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter](/wiki/Knight_Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter \"Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter\"), except ({{as of \\| 2023\\|lc \\= on}}) the present one.", "### Cavendish knights, and the 1st Earl of Devonshire", "[thumb\\|right\\|[William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire \"William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire\") briefly Prime Minister between 1756 and 1757\\.](/wiki/Image:4th_Duke_of_Devonshire_after_Hudson.jpg \"4th Duke of Devonshire after Hudson.jpg\")", "The Cavendish family descends from [Sir John Cavendish](/wiki/John_Cavendish \"John Cavendish\"), who took his name from the village of [Cavendish, Suffolk](/wiki/Cavendish%2C_Suffolk \"Cavendish, Suffolk\"), where he held an estate in the 14th century.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.europeanheraldry.org/united\\-kingdom/families/families\\-f/house\\-cavendish/\\|title\\=European Heraldry :: House of Cavendish (Devonshire)\\|website\\=europeanheraldry.org\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-09\\|archive\\-date\\=9 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211028/http://www.europeanheraldry.org/united\\-kingdom/families/families\\-f/house\\-cavendish/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He served as [Chief Justice of the King's Bench](/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_King%27s_Bench \"Chief Justice of the King's Bench\") from 1372 to 1381, and was killed in the [Peasants' Revolt](/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt \"Peasants' Revolt\") in 1381\\. Two of his great\\-grandsons were [George Cavendish](/wiki/George_Cavendish_%28writer%29 \"George Cavendish (writer)\"), [Cardinal Thomas Wolsey](/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey \"Thomas Wolsey\")'s biographer, and George's younger brother [Sir William Cavendish](/wiki/William_Cavendish_%28courtier%29 \"William Cavendish (courtier)\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cheshirenow.co.uk/cavendish\\_family.html\\|title\\=The Cavendish Family\\- Dukes of Devonshire\\|website\\=cheshirenow.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-09}} Sir William gained great wealth from his position in the [Exchequer](/wiki/Exchequer \"Exchequer\") and also (allegedly) from unfairly taking advantage of the [dissolution of the Monasteries](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries \"Dissolution of the Monasteries\"). He married (1547\\) as his third wife the famous [Bess of Hardwick](/wiki/Bess_of_Hardwick \"Bess of Hardwick\"), with whom he had eight children. One of their sons, Sir Charles Cavendish (1553–1617\\), was the father of [William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle\\-upon\\-Tyne](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne \"William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne\") (1592–1676; see [Duke of Newcastle\\-upon\\-Tyne](/wiki/Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne \"Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne\") for more information on this branch of the family), while another son, Henry Cavendish, was the ancestor of the [Barons Waterpark](/wiki/Baron_Waterpark \"Baron Waterpark\"). Yet another son, [William Cavendish](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_1st_Earl_of_Devonshire \"William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire\") (1552–1626\\), was a politician and a supporter of the colonization of [Virginia](/wiki/Colony_and_Dominion_of_Virginia \"Colony and Dominion of Virginia\"). In 1605 he was raised to the peerage as **Baron Cavendish**, of Hardwicke in the County of Derby, and in 1618 he was further honoured when he was made **Earl of Devonshire**. Both titles are in the [Peerage of England](/wiki/Peerage_of_England \"Peerage of England\").", "### The 2nd Earl of Devonshire and the first five Dukes of Devonshire", "He was succeeded by his eldest son, [William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Devonshire \"William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire\"), who served as [Lord\\-Lieutenant of Derbyshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Derbyshire \"Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire\") and was a patron of the philosopher [Thomas Hobbes](/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes \"Thomas Hobbes\") (1588–1679\\). On his early death in 1628 the titles passed to his son, [William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Devonshire \"William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire\"), who also served as Lord\\-Lieutenant of Derbyshire. He was succeeded by his son, the [fourth Earl](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_1st_Duke_of_Devonshire \"William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire\"). He was a strong supporter of the [Glorious Revolution](/wiki/Glorious_Revolution \"Glorious Revolution\") of 1688 and later served under [William III](/wiki/William_III_of_England \"William III of England\") and [Mary II](/wiki/Mary_II_of_England \"Mary II of England\") as [Lord Steward of the Household](/wiki/Lord_Steward_of_the_Household \"Lord Steward of the Household\"). In 1694 he was created **Marquess of Hartington** and **Duke of Devonshire** in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the [second Duke](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_2nd_Duke_of_Devonshire \"William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire\"), who held political office as [Lord President of the Council](/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council \"Lord President of the Council\") and [Lord Privy Seal](/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal \"Lord Privy Seal\") and was also Lord\\-Lieutenant of Devonshire. His eldest son, the [third Duke](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_3rd_Duke_of_Devonshire \"William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire\"), served as [Lord Privy Seal](/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal \"Lord Privy Seal\"), as Lord Steward of the Household and (from 1737 to 1745\\) as [Lord\\-Lieutenant of Ireland](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Ireland \"Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland\").", "On his death the titles passed to his eldest son, the [fourth Duke](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire \"William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire\"), who was a prominent politician. He was summoned to the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\") through a [writ of acceleration](/wiki/Writ_of_acceleration \"Writ of acceleration\") in his father's junior title of Baron Cavendish, of Hardwicke in 1751 and served as [First Lord of the Treasury](/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury \"First Lord of the Treasury\") and titular [Prime Minister of Great Britain](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain \"Prime Minister of Great Britain\") from 1756 to 1757\\. Devonshire married [Charlotte Boyle, 6th Baroness Clifford](/wiki/Charlotte_Cavendish%2C_6th_Baroness_Clifford \"Charlotte Cavendish, 6th Baroness Clifford\"), daughter of the famous architect [Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington](/wiki/Richard_Boyle%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington \"Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington\") (on whose death in 1753 the earldom of Burlington became extinct). Their third and youngest son [Lord George Cavendish](/wiki/George_Cavendish%2C_1st_Earl_of_Burlington \"George Cavendish, 1st Earl of Burlington\") was recreated [Earl of Burlington](/wiki/Earl_of_Burlington \"Earl of Burlington\") in 1831\\. Devonshire was succeeded by his eldest son, [William Cavendish](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_5th_Duke_of_Devonshire \"William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire\"), who became the fifth Duke of Devonshire. He had already succeeded his mother as seventh [Baron Clifford](/wiki/Baron_Clifford \"Baron Clifford\") in 1754\\. He served as [Lord\\-Lieutenant of Derbyshire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Derbyshire \"Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire\") from 1782 to 1811 but is best remembered[The Duchess](/wiki/The_Duchess_%28film%29 \"The Duchess (film)\") for his first marriage (1774\\) to [Lady Georgiana Spencer](/wiki/Georgiana_Cavendish%2C_Duchess_of_Devonshire \"Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire\") (1757–1806\\), the celebrated beauty and society hostess.", "### The sixth, seventh and eighth Dukes", "[thumb\\|right\\|Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire](/wiki/Image:GG_Duke_of_Devonshire.jpg \"GG Duke of Devonshire.jpg\") \nTheir only son, [the sixth Duke](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_6th_Duke_of_Devonshire \"William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire\"), served as [Lord Chamberlain of the Household](/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain_of_the_Household \"Lord Chamberlain of the Household\") from 1827 to 1828 and from 1830 to 1834\\. Known as the \"Bachelor Duke\", he never married and on his death in 1858 the barony of Clifford fell into abeyance between his sisters. He was succeeded in the other titles by his first cousin once removed, the second Earl of Burlington, who became [the seventh Duke](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_7th_Duke_of_Devonshire \"William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire\") (see the [Earl of Burlington](/wiki/Earl_of_Burlington \"Earl of Burlington\") for earlier history of this branch of the family). He was the son of [William Cavendish](/wiki/William_Cavendish_%281783%E2%80%931812%29 \"William Cavendish (1783–1812)\"), eldest son of the aforementioned first Earl of Burlington, youngest son of the fourth Duke. He was [Lord\\-Lieutenant of Lancashire](/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Lancashire \"Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire\") and Derbyshire and Chancellor of the [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London \"University of London\") and of the [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\"). He was succeeded by his second, but eldest surviving son, [the eighth Duke](/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish%2C_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire \"Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire\"). The eighth Duke was a noted statesman and the most famous member of the Cavendish family. Known under his [courtesy title](/wiki/Courtesy_titles_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom\") of Marquess of Hartington until 1891, he held political office for a period spanning 40 years, notably as [Secretary of State for India](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India \"Secretary of State for India\") and as [Secretary of State for War](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War \"Secretary of State for War\"), and three times declined to become [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\"). He married [Louise, Dowager Duchess of Manchester](/wiki/Louisa_Cavendish%2C_Duchess_of_Devonshire \"Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire\"), who became known as the \"Double Duchess\".", "### The ninth, tenth and eleventh Dukes", "Devonshire died childless and was succeeded by his nephew, the ninth Duke. He was the eldest son of [Lord Edward Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Edward_Cavendish \"Lord Edward Cavendish\"), third son of the seventh Duke. He was a [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\") politician and served as [Governor\\-General of Canada](/wiki/Governor-General_of_Canada \"Governor-General of Canada\") from 1916 to 1921 and as [Secretary of State for the Colonies](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies \"Secretary of State for the Colonies\") from 1922 to 1924\\.", "His elder son, the tenth Duke, also a Conservative politician, served as [Under\\-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs](/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs \"Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs\"), as [Under\\-Secretary of State for India and Burma](/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_India_and_Burma \"Under-Secretary of State for India and Burma\") and as [Under\\-Secretary of State for the Colonies](/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies \"Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies\"). He married [Lady Mary Gascoyne\\-Cecil](/wiki/Mary_Cavendish%2C_Duchess_of_Devonshire \"Mary Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire\"), who was [Mistress of the Robes](/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Robes \"Mistress of the Robes\") to [Queen Elizabeth II](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II \"Queen Elizabeth II\") from 1953 to 1966\\.{{CN\\|date\\=May 2024}} Their elder son and heir apparent [William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington](/wiki/William_Cavendish%2C_Marquess_of_Hartington \"William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington\"), married [Kathleen Kennedy](/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish%2C_Marchioness_of_Hartington \"Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington\"), daughter of [Joseph Kennedy](/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy \"Joseph Kennedy\") and sister of the future [President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\"), [John Fitzgerald Kennedy](/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy \"John Fitzgerald Kennedy\"). Lord Hartington was killed in the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") in 1944 shortly after the marriage. The couple had no children.", "Devonshire was therefore succeeded by his second and only surviving son, the [eleventh Duke](/wiki/Andrew_Cavendish%2C_11th_Duke_of_Devonshire \"Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire\"). He sat on the Conservative benches in the House of Lords and held political office (under his uncle [Harold Macmillan](/wiki/Harold_Macmillan \"Harold Macmillan\") and later under [Sir Alec Douglas\\-Home](/wiki/Sir_Alec_Douglas-Home \"Sir Alec Douglas-Home\")) from 1960 to 1964\\. Devonshire married the Hon. [Deborah Mitford](/wiki/Deborah_Cavendish%2C_Duchess_of_Devonshire \"Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire\"), the youngest of the famous [Mitford sisters](/wiki/Mitford_sisters \"Mitford sisters\"). As of 2022, the titles are held by their second and only surviving son, [Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire](/wiki/Peregrine_Cavendish%2C_12th_Duke_of_Devonshire \"Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire\"), who succeeded in 2004\\.", "The ninth and tenth dukes both served as [Chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_%28education%29 \"Chancellor (education)\") of the [University of Leeds](/wiki/University_of_Leeds \"University of Leeds\").", "### Other notable members of the Cavendish family", "Numerous other members of the Cavendish family have also gained distinction. [Lord Henry Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Henry_Cavendish \"Lord Henry Cavendish\") (1673–1700\\), second son of the first Duke, was Member of Parliament for [Derby](/wiki/Derby_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Derby (UK Parliament constituency)\"). [Lord James Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_James_Cavendish_%28died_1751%29 \"Lord James Cavendish (died 1751)\") (died 1751\\), third son of the first Duke, also represented this constituency in the [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons \"British House of Commons\"). [Lord Charles Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Charles_Cavendish \"Lord Charles Cavendish\") (1704–1783\\), second son of the second Duke, was a politician and scientist. His son [Henry Cavendish](/wiki/Henry_Cavendish \"Henry Cavendish\") (1731–1810\\) was an influential scientist noted for his discovery of [hydrogen](/wiki/Hydrogen \"Hydrogen\"). [Lord James Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_James_Cavendish_%28d._1741%29 \"Lord James Cavendish (d. 1741)\") (1701–1741\\), third son of the second Duke, was a soldier and briefly represented [Malton](/wiki/Malton_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Malton (UK Parliament constituency)\") in Parliament. [Lord George Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_George_Cavendish_%28d._1794%29 \"Lord George Cavendish (d. 1794)\") (died 1794\\), second son of the third Duke, was a long\\-standing Member of Parliament and served as [Comptroller of the Household](/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Household \"Comptroller of the Household\") from 1761 to 1762\\. [Lord Frederick Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Cavendish_%28soldier%29 \"Lord Frederick Cavendish (soldier)\"), third son of the third Duke, was a [Field Marshal](/wiki/Field_Marshal_%28UK%29 \"Field Marshal (UK)\") in the Army. [Lord John Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish \"Lord John Cavendish\"), fourth son of the third Duke, was a politician and served as [Chancellor of the Exchequer](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer \"Chancellor of the Exchequer\") in 1782 and 1783\\.", "[thumb\\|350px\\|right\\|[Chatsworth House](/wiki/Chatsworth_House \"Chatsworth House\"), the ancestral seat of the Dukes of Devonshire](/wiki/Image:Chatsworth_showing_hunting_tower.jpg \"Chatsworth showing hunting tower.jpg\")\n[Lord Richard Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Richard_Cavendish_%281752%E2%80%931781%29 \"Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781)\"), second son of the fourth Duke, represented [Lancaster](/wiki/Lancaster_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Lancaster (UK Parliament constituency)\") and [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency)\") in the House of Commons. [Lady Dorothy Cavendish](/wiki/Dorothy_Bentinck%2C_Duchess_of_Portland \"Dorothy Bentinck, Duchess of Portland\"), daughter of the fourth Duke, married Prime Minister [William Cavendish\\-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland](/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck%2C_3rd_Duke_of_Portland \"William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland\") (who assumed the additional surname of Cavendish). [Augustus Clifford](/wiki/Sir_Augustus_Clifford%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Augustus Clifford, 1st Baronet\"), illegitimate son by the fifth Duke and his mistress and later second wife [Elizabeth Hervey](/wiki/Elizabeth_Cavendish%2C_Duchess_of_Devonshire \"Elizabeth Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire\"), was a naval commander and was created a baronet in 1838 (see [Clifford baronets](/wiki/Clifford_baronets \"Clifford baronets\")). [William Cavendish](/wiki/William_Cavendish_%281783%E2%80%931812%29 \"William Cavendish (1783–1812)\"), eldest son of the first Earl of Burlington and father of the seventh Duke, represented [Aylesbury](/wiki/Aylesbury_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Aylesbury (UK Parliament constituency)\") and Derby in Parliament. [George Henry Compton Cavendish](/wiki/George_Henry_Compton_Cavendish \"George Henry Compton Cavendish\"), second son of the first Earl of Burlington, was Member of Parliament for Aylesbury. The Hon. [Henry Frederick Compton Cavendish](/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Compton_Cavendish \"Henry Frederick Compton Cavendish\"), third son of the first Earl of Burlington, was a [general](/wiki/General \"General\") in the Army. The Hon. [Charles Compton Cavendish](/wiki/Charles_Cavendish%2C_1st_Baron_Chesham \"Charles Cavendish, 1st Baron Chesham\"), fourth son of the first Earl of Burlington, was created [Baron Chesham](/wiki/Baron_Chesham \"Baron Chesham\") in 1858\\.", "[Lord Frederick Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Cavendish \"Lord Frederick Cavendish\"), third son of the seventh Duke, was a [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Party (UK)\") politician. He had just been appointed [Chief Secretary for Ireland](/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland \"Chief Secretary for Ireland\") in 1882 when he was assassinated by nationalists in [Phoenix Park](/wiki/Phoenix_Park \"Phoenix Park\"), [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\"). His wife [Lady Frederick (Lucy) Cavendish](/wiki/Lucy_Cavendish \"Lucy Cavendish\") was a pioneer of women's education. [Lord Edward Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Edward_Cavendish \"Lord Edward Cavendish\"), fourth and youngest son of the seventh Duke, sat as Member of Parliament for several constituencies. His second son [Lord Richard Cavendish](/wiki/Lord_Richard_Cavendish_%281871%E2%80%931946%29 \"Lord Richard Cavendish (1871–1946)\") represented [North Lonsdale](/wiki/North_Lonsdale_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"North Lonsdale (UK Parliament constituency)\") in Parliament. In 1911 he was one of the proposed recipients of peerages in case the Bill that was to become the [Parliament Act 1911](/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911 \"Parliament Act 1911\") was not accepted by the House of Lords. His grandson [Hugh Cavendish](/wiki/Hugh_Cavendish%2C_Baron_Cavendish_of_Furness \"Hugh Cavendish, Baron Cavendish of Furness\") was created a [life peer](/wiki/Life_peer \"Life peer\") as Baron Cavendish of Furness in 1990\\. [Lady Dorothy Cavendish](/wiki/Lady_Dorothy_Macmillan \"Lady Dorothy Macmillan\"), daughter of the ninth Duke, was the wife of Prime Minister [Harold Macmillan](/wiki/Harold_Macmillan \"Harold Macmillan\").", "### Courtesy titles and family seats", "The Duke of Devonshire's eldest son may use the [courtesy title](/wiki/Courtesy_title \"Courtesy title\") *Marquess of Hartington*, whilst the eldest son of the eldest son may use the title *Earl of Burlington*, and his eldest son may use the title *Lord Cavendish*.", "[thumb\\|[St Peter's Church, Edensor](/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church%2C_Edensor \"St Peter's Church, Edensor\"), Cavendish family plot with the graves of the Dukes of Devonshire](/wiki/File:St_Peter%27s_Churchyard%2C_Edensor_-_Cavendish_family_plot1.JPG \"St Peter's Churchyard, Edensor - Cavendish family plot1.JPG\")\nThe family seats are [Chatsworth House](/wiki/Chatsworth_House \"Chatsworth House\"), [Bolton Abbey](/wiki/Bolton_Abbey \"Bolton Abbey\") in [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire \"Yorkshire\"), and [Lismore Castle](/wiki/Lismore_Castle \"Lismore Castle\") in [County Waterford](/wiki/County_Waterford \"County Waterford\"), in the [Republic of Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\"). [Compton Place](/wiki/Compton_Place \"Compton Place\") in [Eastbourne](/wiki/Eastbourne \"Eastbourne\") belongs to the family (which developed Eastbourne as a seaside resort in the 19th century) but is let. In 1908 [Holker Hall](/wiki/Holker_Hall \"Holker Hall\"), then in [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire \"Lancashire\"), now in [Cumbria](/wiki/Cumbria \"Cumbria\"), was left to a junior branch of the family. The family previously owned [Londesborough Hall](/wiki/Londesborough_Hall \"Londesborough Hall\"), [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire \"Yorkshire\"); [Hardwick Hall](/wiki/Hardwick_Hall \"Hardwick Hall\"), [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire \"Derbyshire\"); [Chiswick House](/wiki/Chiswick_House \"Chiswick House\"), [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex \"Middlesex\"); and two [London](/wiki/London \"London\") mansions on [Piccadilly](/wiki/Piccadilly \"Piccadilly\"): [Devonshire House](/wiki/Devonshire_House \"Devonshire House\") and [Burlington House](/wiki/Burlington_House \"Burlington House\"). In 1907 the Duke owned 192,322 acres across the [British Isles](/wiki/British_Isles \"British Isles\"), principally in [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire \"Derbyshire\"), [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire \"Yorkshire\"), [County Cork](/wiki/County_Cork \"County Cork\") and [County Waterford](/wiki/County_Waterford \"County Waterford\").H. Evans, 'Cavendish', *Our old nobility* (Рипол Классик), 132\\.", "The traditional burial place of the Dukes of Devonshire is at [St Peter's Church, Edensor](/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church%2C_Edensor \"St Peter's Church, Edensor\"), in the closest village to [Chatsworth House](/wiki/Chatsworth_House \"Chatsworth House\"). The ducal graves can be found on the highest spot of Edensor's churchyard in the Cavendish family plot.", "" ]
History ------- Islamic College of Malaya (*Malay*: *Kolej Islam Malaya*, KIM) was founded in 1955 (1374 [AH](/wiki/Hijri_year "Hijri year")).{{Cite web \|last\=LIM \|first\=RUBY \|title\=UIM celebrates past achievements \|url\=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2017/04/08/uim\-celebrates\-past\-achievements\-its\-62nd\-anniversary\-marks\-a\-significant\-milestone\-in\-education\-his \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-08 \|website\=The Star \|language\=en}} KIM was built on a plot of land measuring approximately 14\.3 acres located at Jalan Kota Raja, about half a mile from [Klang](/wiki/Klang_%28city%29 "Klang (city)"). The college originated as a palace, later donated by [Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al\-Haj](/wiki/Hisamuddin_of_Selangor "Hisamuddin of Selangor"), hoping that it would give birth to scholars who follow Allah's guidance, illuminating society with the spirit of Islam and to eliminate every form of injustice and ignorance. In 1966 (1386 AH), the college moved to a new building in [Petaling Jaya](/wiki/Petaling_Jaya "Petaling Jaya") (the current [International Islamic University Malaysia](/wiki/International_Islamic_University_Malaysia "International Islamic University Malaysia") Centre for Foundation Studies) and [Bangi](/wiki/Bangi%2C_Malaysia "Bangi, Malaysia") (the current [National University of Malaysia](/wiki/National_University_of_Malaysia "National University of Malaysia") Faculty of Islamic Studies), yet still continued its preparation courses in Klang. In 1967, the college, taken by the Ministry of Education was converted into a government\-aided school known as Klang Islamic College (*Malay*: *Kolej Islam Klang*, KIK).{{citation needed\|date\=May 2017}} Finally, in 1972, it was turned into a fully residential school with great facilities until today. In 1989, KIK was renamed Sultan Alam Shah Islamic College (*Malay*: *Kolej Islam Sultan Alam Shah*, KISAS) by [Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah al\-Haj](/wiki/Salahuddin_of_Selangor "Salahuddin of Selangor"). Until now, the former [Sultan](/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor "Sultan of Selangor")'s palace is still standing. KISAS was recognised as a [Cluster School](/wiki/Cluster_school "Cluster school"){{Cite web\|url\=http://eputra.com/sekolah\-kluster\-2007/\|title\=Sekolah Kluster 2007\|date\=8 June 2008}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y\=2007\&dt\=0324\&pub\=Utusan\_Malaysia\&sec\=Rencana\&pg\=re\_01\.htm \|title\=Sekolah kluster milik rakyat \|website\=www.utusan.com.my \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150229/http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y\=2007\&dt\=0324\&pub\=Utusan\_Malaysia\&sec\=Rencana\&pg\=re\_01\.htm \|archive\-date\=2014\-04\-13}} in 2007 and as a [High\-Performing School](/wiki/Sekolah_Berprestasi_Tinggi "Sekolah Berprestasi Tinggi") in 2010\.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file\=%2f2010%2f1%2f26%2fnation%2f5543554\&sec\=nation\| url\-status \= dead\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20131105213159/http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file\=%2f2010%2f1%2f26%2fnation%2f5543554\&sec\=nation\| archive\-date \= 2013\-11\-05\| title \= Archives {{!}} The Star Online.}}
[ "History\n-------", "Islamic College of Malaya (*Malay*: *Kolej Islam Malaya*, KIM) was founded in 1955 (1374 [AH](/wiki/Hijri_year \"Hijri year\")).{{Cite web \\|last\\=LIM \\|first\\=RUBY \\|title\\=UIM celebrates past achievements \\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2017/04/08/uim\\-celebrates\\-past\\-achievements\\-its\\-62nd\\-anniversary\\-marks\\-a\\-significant\\-milestone\\-in\\-education\\-his \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-08 \\|website\\=The Star \\|language\\=en}} KIM was built on a plot of land measuring approximately 14\\.3 acres located at Jalan Kota Raja, about half a mile from [Klang](/wiki/Klang_%28city%29 \"Klang (city)\").", "The college originated as a palace, later donated by [Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al\\-Haj](/wiki/Hisamuddin_of_Selangor \"Hisamuddin of Selangor\"), hoping that it would give birth to scholars who follow Allah's guidance, illuminating society with the spirit of Islam and to eliminate every form of injustice and ignorance.", "In 1966 (1386 AH), the college moved to a new building in [Petaling Jaya](/wiki/Petaling_Jaya \"Petaling Jaya\") (the current [International Islamic University Malaysia](/wiki/International_Islamic_University_Malaysia \"International Islamic University Malaysia\") Centre for Foundation Studies) and [Bangi](/wiki/Bangi%2C_Malaysia \"Bangi, Malaysia\") (the current [National University of Malaysia](/wiki/National_University_of_Malaysia \"National University of Malaysia\") Faculty of Islamic Studies), yet still continued its preparation courses in Klang.", "In 1967, the college, taken by the Ministry of Education was converted into a government\\-aided school known as Klang Islamic College (*Malay*: *Kolej Islam Klang*, KIK).{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2017}} Finally, in 1972, it was turned into a fully residential school with great facilities until today.", "In 1989, KIK was renamed Sultan Alam Shah Islamic College (*Malay*: *Kolej Islam Sultan Alam Shah*, KISAS) by [Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah al\\-Haj](/wiki/Salahuddin_of_Selangor \"Salahuddin of Selangor\"). Until now, the former [Sultan](/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor \"Sultan of Selangor\")'s palace is still standing.", "KISAS was recognised as a [Cluster School](/wiki/Cluster_school \"Cluster school\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://eputra.com/sekolah\\-kluster\\-2007/\\|title\\=Sekolah Kluster 2007\\|date\\=8 June 2008}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y\\=2007\\&dt\\=0324\\&pub\\=Utusan\\_Malaysia\\&sec\\=Rencana\\&pg\\=re\\_01\\.htm \\|title\\=Sekolah kluster milik rakyat \\|website\\=www.utusan.com.my \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150229/http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y\\=2007\\&dt\\=0324\\&pub\\=Utusan\\_Malaysia\\&sec\\=Rencana\\&pg\\=re\\_01\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-04\\-13}} in 2007 and as a [High\\-Performing School](/wiki/Sekolah_Berprestasi_Tinggi \"Sekolah Berprestasi Tinggi\") in 2010\\.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file\\=%2f2010%2f1%2f26%2fnation%2f5543554\\&sec\\=nation\\| url\\-status \\= dead\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131105213159/http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file\\=%2f2010%2f1%2f26%2fnation%2f5543554\\&sec\\=nation\\| archive\\-date \\= 2013\\-11\\-05\\| title \\= Archives {{!}} The Star Online.}}", "", "", "" ]
Biography --------- Born to the family of a medical doctor of [Finnish Swedish](/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland "Swedish-speaking population of Finland") descent and a [Baltic German](/wiki/Baltic_German "Baltic German") mother, he was initially named Wilhelm Sesemann and attended the Lutheran school (Katharinenschule) in [St Petersburg](/wiki/St_Petersburg "St Petersburg"). As he grew up, he adopted a more Russian identity, changing Wilhelm to Wassilij (Vasily) and embracing [Russian Orthodox Christianity](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Christianity "Russian Orthodox Christianity"). After two years of medical studies he turned to philosophy, fervently studying classical authors under [Nikolay Lossky](/wiki/Nikolay_Lossky "Nikolay Lossky") and classical languages under [Tadeusz Stefan Zieliński](/wiki/Tadeusz_Stefan_Zieli%C5%84ski "Tadeusz Stefan Zieliński") at [University of St. Petersburg](/wiki/St_Petersburg_University "St Petersburg University"). In 1909\-1911 the university sent him to Germany to prepare him for a teaching career. In Berlin and Marburg, he took courses in philosophy, psychology, and pedagogics under [Hermann Cohen](/wiki/Hermann_Cohen "Hermann Cohen"), [Paul Natorp](/wiki/Paul_Natorp "Paul Natorp"), [Ernst Cassirer](/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer "Ernst Cassirer"), [Hermann Alexander Diels](/wiki/Hermann_Alexander_Diels "Hermann Alexander Diels"), and [Heinrich Wölfflin](/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflin "Heinrich Wölfflin"). In Germany he also met [José Ortega y Gasset](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset "José Ortega y Gasset") who made a great impression on him, and re\-established a lifelong friendship with [Nicolai Hartmann](/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann "Nicolai Hartmann") who in St Petersburg had influenced Vasily's decision to switch from medicine to philosophy. Upon his return to St. Petersburg, Seseman taught philosophy and classical languages until [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), when he enlisted as a volunteer in the Russian army. From 1915 to 1917 he taught philosophy as a [privatdozent](/wiki/Privatdozent "Privatdozent") at the University of St. Petersburg, and from 1918 to 1919 at the Viatka Pedagogical Institute. He received a docentship in Saratov, where he worked (together with Viktor Zhirmunsky) until 1921\. Later Seseman, as a Finnish citizen, emigrated to Finland and then to Berlin, where he finally found a teaching position at the Russian Institute. In 1923 Seseman was invited to become a professor at [Kaunas University](/wiki/Kaunas_University "Kaunas University") in Lithuania. When Vilnius was [regained by Lithuania](/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Mutual_Assistance_Treaty%23In_Vilnius_Region "Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty#In Vilnius Region"), he moved there and worked at the [University of Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius_University "Vilnius University") until the Nazis closed it down in 1943\. He worked as a [German language](/wiki/German_language "German language") teacher during the [German occupation](/wiki/Occupation_of_Lithuania_by_Nazi_Germany%23German_occupation "Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany#German occupation"), and led a philosophy course in the Jewish ghetto. According to his stepdaughter's interview, while living in poverty, at his place in central Vilnius he also hid from the Nazis a Jewish girl (who later disappeared), and supplied ghetto Jews with false documents allowing emigration. He made a narrow escape from being burnt alive for being a supporter of the Jews while the Nazi troops were abandoning the city for the Soviet troops. His efforts on behalf of the Jews were posthumously recognized by the Lithuanian government awarding him a medal. He spent 1945\-1950 teaching at the University of Vilnius again, but then was arrested by the Soviet authorities, accused of “anti\-Soviet activities” and “relations with Zionist organizations” and sentenced to 15 years of labor camps. In Siberia he met a [Buddhist tantra](/wiki/Buddhist_tantra "Buddhist tantra") practitioner [Bidia Dandaron](/wiki/Bidia_Dandaron "Bidia Dandaron") who learned a lot from Seseman, as a result embracing Kantian ideas and developing his own synthesis of Tibetan Buddhist and European philosophical thought in his writings. Their friendship continued after they were released. In 1956 Seseman was released, in 1958 [rehabilitated](/wiki/Political_rehabilitation "Political rehabilitation") and resumed his professorship at Vilnius where he taught for the rest of his life.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Born to the family of a medical doctor of [Finnish Swedish](/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland \"Swedish-speaking population of Finland\") descent and a [Baltic German](/wiki/Baltic_German \"Baltic German\") mother, he was initially named Wilhelm Sesemann and attended the Lutheran school (Katharinenschule) in [St Petersburg](/wiki/St_Petersburg \"St Petersburg\"). As he grew up, he adopted a more Russian identity, changing Wilhelm to Wassilij (Vasily) and embracing [Russian Orthodox Christianity](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Christianity \"Russian Orthodox Christianity\").", "After two years of medical studies he turned to philosophy, fervently studying classical authors under [Nikolay Lossky](/wiki/Nikolay_Lossky \"Nikolay Lossky\") and classical languages under [Tadeusz Stefan Zieliński](/wiki/Tadeusz_Stefan_Zieli%C5%84ski \"Tadeusz Stefan Zieliński\") at [University of St. Petersburg](/wiki/St_Petersburg_University \"St Petersburg University\"). In 1909\\-1911 the university sent him to Germany to prepare him for a teaching career. In Berlin and Marburg, he took courses in philosophy, psychology, and pedagogics under [Hermann Cohen](/wiki/Hermann_Cohen \"Hermann Cohen\"), [Paul Natorp](/wiki/Paul_Natorp \"Paul Natorp\"), [Ernst Cassirer](/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer \"Ernst Cassirer\"), [Hermann Alexander Diels](/wiki/Hermann_Alexander_Diels \"Hermann Alexander Diels\"), and [Heinrich Wölfflin](/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflin \"Heinrich Wölfflin\"). In Germany he also met [José Ortega y Gasset](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset \"José Ortega y Gasset\") who made a great impression on him, and re\\-established a lifelong friendship with [Nicolai Hartmann](/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann \"Nicolai Hartmann\") who in St Petersburg had influenced Vasily's decision to switch from medicine to philosophy.", "Upon his return to St. Petersburg, Seseman taught philosophy and classical languages until [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), when he enlisted as a volunteer in the Russian army.", "From 1915 to 1917 he taught philosophy as a [privatdozent](/wiki/Privatdozent \"Privatdozent\") at the University of St. Petersburg, and from 1918 to 1919 at the Viatka Pedagogical Institute. He received a docentship in Saratov, where he worked (together with Viktor Zhirmunsky) until 1921\\.", "Later Seseman, as a Finnish citizen, emigrated to Finland and then to Berlin, where he finally found a teaching position at the Russian Institute.", "In 1923 Seseman was invited to become a professor at [Kaunas University](/wiki/Kaunas_University \"Kaunas University\") in Lithuania. When Vilnius was [regained by Lithuania](/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Mutual_Assistance_Treaty%23In_Vilnius_Region \"Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty#In Vilnius Region\"), he moved there and worked at the [University of Vilnius](/wiki/Vilnius_University \"Vilnius University\") until the Nazis closed it down in 1943\\. He worked as a [German language](/wiki/German_language \"German language\") teacher during the [German occupation](/wiki/Occupation_of_Lithuania_by_Nazi_Germany%23German_occupation \"Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany#German occupation\"), and led a philosophy course in the Jewish ghetto.", "According to his stepdaughter's interview, while living in poverty, at his place in central Vilnius he also hid from the Nazis a Jewish girl (who later disappeared), and supplied ghetto Jews with false documents allowing emigration. He made a narrow escape from being burnt alive for being a supporter of the Jews while the Nazi troops were abandoning the city for the Soviet troops. His efforts on behalf of the Jews were posthumously recognized by the Lithuanian government awarding him a medal.", "He spent 1945\\-1950 teaching at the University of Vilnius again, but then was arrested by the Soviet authorities, accused of “anti\\-Soviet activities” and “relations with Zionist organizations” and sentenced to 15 years of labor camps. In Siberia he met a [Buddhist tantra](/wiki/Buddhist_tantra \"Buddhist tantra\") practitioner [Bidia Dandaron](/wiki/Bidia_Dandaron \"Bidia Dandaron\") who learned a lot from Seseman, as a result embracing Kantian ideas and developing his own synthesis of Tibetan Buddhist and European philosophical thought in his writings. Their friendship continued after they were released.", "In 1956 Seseman was released, in 1958 [rehabilitated](/wiki/Political_rehabilitation \"Political rehabilitation\") and resumed his professorship at Vilnius where he taught for the rest of his life.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### Jacksonville Jaguars Wynn was selected in the first round (21st overall) of the [1997 NFL draft](/wiki/1997_NFL_draft "1997 NFL draft") by the [Jacksonville Jaguars](/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars "Jacksonville Jaguars").{{Cite web \|title\=1997 NFL Draft Listing \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/years/1997/draft.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-30 \|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \|language\=en}} In 1997, Wynn was named to All\-Rookie teams chosen by [Pro Football Writers Association](/wiki/Pro_Football_Writers_Association "Pro Football Writers Association")/[Pro Football Weekly](/wiki/Pro_Football_Weekly "Pro Football Weekly"), [Football News](/wiki/Football_News "Football News") and College \& Pro Football Newsweekly. He played in all 16 games with eight starts. He finished tenth on the team with 60 tackles, as well as two tackles for a loss, 2\.5 sacks, and one fumble recovery. In 1998, he started in the first 15 games of the season at all four defensive line positions. Wynn finished the year with 58 tackles, one sack, and one fumble recovery. During the 1999 season, he started in 10 of 12 games played finishing with 37 tackles, 1\.5 sacks, one forced fumble and one fumble recovery. He started the season's final seven games and both playoff games and finished the postseason with five tackles. In 2000, he started 14 games at strongside defensive end compiling 55 tackles, 3\.5 sacks, two tackles for a loss, and one forced fumble. In the 2001 season, Wynn ranked sixth on the Jacksonville Jaguars with 75 tackles and tied for fifth with five sacks, both career highs. He started in all 16 games for the first time in his career. ### First stint with Redskins Wynn then moved to the Washington Redskins for the 2002 season. He was immediately inserted into the starting lineup at [defensive end](/wiki/Defensive_end "Defensive end"). He started and played in all 16 games for the second straight season. He posted 42 tackles, recorded 2\.5 sacks for 19 yards of loss, three forced fumbles, and one fumble recovery. In 2003, Wynn played and started all 16 games for the third time in his career. He was voted as team captain by his teammates, and Wynn posted 30 tackles and two sacks for the season. During the 2004 season, Wynn had another solid campaign, starting and playing in all 16 games. He recorded 58 tackles and three sacks on the season. On September 3, 2007, the Redskins released him. ### New Orleans Saints Wynn then signed with the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints "New Orleans Saints") on September 7, 2007\. He appeared in 12 games for the Saints that season including one start, recording 13 tackles and 3\.5 sacks. He became a free agent in the 2008 offseason. ### New York Giants In May 2008, Wynn visited with the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants "New York Giants"). He agreed to terms on a contract with the team on June 1, 2008\. The move reunited him with Giants head coach [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin "Tom Coughlin"), who was head coach of the [Jacksonville Jaguars](/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars "Jacksonville Jaguars") when Wynn was drafted by the team in 1997\. ### Second stint with Redskins Wynn was re\-signed to a one\-year contract by the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins "Washington Redskins") on March 16, 2009\.{{cite web \| last\=Pasquarelli \| first\=Len \| title\=Wynn agrees to deal, heads back to Redskins \| website\=ESPN.com \| date\=2009\-03\-17 \| url\=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id\=3990007 \| access\-date\=2024\-08\-13}} He was released on October 10 to make room for punter [Glenn Pakulak](/wiki/Glenn_Pakulak "Glenn Pakulak"), and was re\-signed on October 12 when Pakulak was waived. He was released again on October 17, to make room for Pakulak. ### Omaha Nighthawks Wynn signed with the [Omaha Nighthawks](/wiki/Omaha_Nighthawks "Omaha Nighthawks") of the [United Football League](/wiki/United_Football_League_%282009%29 "United Football League (2009)") on October 25, 2010\.
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### Jacksonville Jaguars", "Wynn was selected in the first round (21st overall) of the [1997 NFL draft](/wiki/1997_NFL_draft \"1997 NFL draft\") by the [Jacksonville Jaguars](/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars \"Jacksonville Jaguars\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=1997 NFL Draft Listing \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/years/1997/draft.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-30 \\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}} In 1997, Wynn was named to All\\-Rookie teams chosen by [Pro Football Writers Association](/wiki/Pro_Football_Writers_Association \"Pro Football Writers Association\")/[Pro Football Weekly](/wiki/Pro_Football_Weekly \"Pro Football Weekly\"), [Football News](/wiki/Football_News \"Football News\") and College \\& Pro Football Newsweekly. He played in all 16 games with eight starts. He finished tenth on the team with 60 tackles, as well as two tackles for a loss, 2\\.5 sacks, and one fumble recovery. In 1998, he started in the first 15 games of the season at all four defensive line positions. Wynn finished the year with 58 tackles, one sack, and one fumble recovery. During the 1999 season, he started in 10 of 12 games played finishing with 37 tackles, 1\\.5 sacks, one forced fumble and one fumble recovery. He started the season's final seven games and both playoff games and finished the postseason with five tackles. In 2000, he started 14 games at strongside defensive end compiling 55 tackles, 3\\.5 sacks, two tackles for a loss, and one forced fumble. In the 2001 season, Wynn ranked sixth on the Jacksonville Jaguars with 75 tackles and tied for fifth with five sacks, both career highs. He started in all 16 games for the first time in his career.", "### First stint with Redskins", "Wynn then moved to the Washington Redskins for the 2002 season. He was immediately inserted into the starting lineup at [defensive end](/wiki/Defensive_end \"Defensive end\"). He started and played in all 16 games for the second straight season. He posted 42 tackles, recorded 2\\.5 sacks for 19 yards of loss, three forced fumbles, and one fumble recovery. In 2003, Wynn played and started all 16 games for the third time in his career. He was voted as team captain by his teammates, and Wynn posted 30 tackles and two sacks for the season. During the 2004 season, Wynn had another solid campaign, starting and playing in all 16 games. He recorded 58 tackles and three sacks on the season.", "On September 3, 2007, the Redskins released him.", "### New Orleans Saints", "Wynn then signed with the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints \"New Orleans Saints\") on September 7, 2007\\. He appeared in 12 games for the Saints that season including one start, recording 13 tackles and 3\\.5 sacks. He became a free agent in the 2008 offseason.", "### New York Giants", "In May 2008, Wynn visited with the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants \"New York Giants\"). He agreed to terms on a contract with the team on June 1, 2008\\. The move reunited him with Giants head coach [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin \"Tom Coughlin\"), who was head coach of the [Jacksonville Jaguars](/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars \"Jacksonville Jaguars\") when Wynn was drafted by the team in 1997\\.", "### Second stint with Redskins", "Wynn was re\\-signed to a one\\-year contract by the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins \"Washington Redskins\") on March 16, 2009\\.{{cite web \\| last\\=Pasquarelli \\| first\\=Len \\| title\\=Wynn agrees to deal, heads back to Redskins \\| website\\=ESPN.com \\| date\\=2009\\-03\\-17 \\| url\\=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id\\=3990007 \\| access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-13}} He was released on October 10 to make room for punter [Glenn Pakulak](/wiki/Glenn_Pakulak \"Glenn Pakulak\"), and was re\\-signed on October 12 when Pakulak was waived. He was released again on October 17, to make room for Pakulak.", "### Omaha Nighthawks", "Wynn signed with the [Omaha Nighthawks](/wiki/Omaha_Nighthawks \"Omaha Nighthawks\") of the [United Football League](/wiki/United_Football_League_%282009%29 \"United Football League (2009)\") on October 25, 2010\\.", "" ]
First Manchester team to win a trophy \- FA Cup champions and League runners\-up (1904\) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [thumb\|left\|220px\|The Manchester City team which [won the FA Cup in 1904](/wiki/1904_FA_Cup_Final "1904 FA Cup Final")](/wiki/File:ManCity1904.jpg "ManCity1904.jpg") The club went on to claim its first major honour on 23 April 1904, beating [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") 1–0 at [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_National_Sports_Centre "Crystal Palace National Sports Centre") to win the most prestigious [knockout tournament](/wiki/Knockout_tournament "Knockout tournament") in English football, the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup"), and narrowly missing out on a League and Cup [double](/wiki/Double_%28association_football%29 "Double (association football)") by finishing runners\-up in the League. [thumb\|left\|200px\|The "*Welsh Wizard*" \- Meredith played as an [outside forward](/wiki/Outside_forward "Outside forward") who played 367 times and scored 128 goals for City in two spells at the club](/wiki/File:Billy_meredith_city.jpg "Billy meredith city.jpg") ### Abrupt end to early success with corruption allegations (1904–05\) {{main\|English football bribery scandal}} In the 1904–05 season Manchester City were level on points with [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United "Newcastle United") in the league and needed to beat Aston Villa on the final day of the season to seal [the First Division championship](/wiki/1904%E2%80%9305_Football_League "1904–05 Football League"). Villa won the game 3–2 at [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park "Villa Park") and City finished third overall in the league, two points behind eventual champions Newcastle United. After the game [Alec Leake](/wiki/Alec_Leake "Alec Leake"), the captain of Aston Villa, claimed that Billy Meredith had offered him £10 to throw the game.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/sep/10/manchester\-city\-dogged\-by\-the\-new\-neighbours\|title\=How Manchester City were dogged by the new neighbours\|last\=Murray\|first\=Scott\|date\=2017\-09\-10\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=2018\-12\-13\|language\=en}} Meredith was found guilty of this offence by the Football Association and was fined and suspended from playing football for a year. Whilst Manchester City refused to provide financial help for Meredith and so he decided to go public about claimed that City were breaking the rules: "*What was the secret of the success of the Manchester City team? In my opinion, the fact that the club put aside the rule that no player should receive more than four pounds a week ... The team delivered the goods, the club paid for the goods delivered and both sides were satisfied.*"The Billy Meredith Story by John Harding contains a lengthy quote from a letter Meredith subsequently wrote to the Athletic News referring to his "severe punishment" for the attempted bribe: "Why ME ALONE? when I was only the spokesman of others equally guilty." This statement roused suspicion as the [Football League](/wiki/Football_League "Football League") had imposed [a £4 a week cap on wages on all clubs in 1901](/wiki/Association_Footballers%27_Union%23Failure_of_the_AFU "Association Footballers' Union#Failure of the AFU"), whereas Meredith alleged publicly that City broke this rule. The [Football Association](/wiki/Football_Association "Football Association") now carried out a thorough investigation into the financial activities of Manchester City and they came to the conclusion that City had been making additional payments to all their players. [Tom Maley](/wiki/Tom_Maley "Tom Maley"), the manager, was suspended from football for life and City was fined £250\. Seventeen players were fined and suspended until January 1907 whilst City were forced to sell their players and at an auction at the Queen's Hotel in Manchester. The [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United "Manchester United") manager, [Ernest Mangnall](/wiki/Ernest_Mangnall "Ernest Mangnall") signed the outstandingly gifted, Billy Meredith for only £500\. Mangnall also purchased three other talented members of the City side, [Herbert Burgess](/wiki/Herbert_Burgess "Herbert Burgess"), [Sandy Turnbull](/wiki/Sandy_Turnbull "Sandy Turnbull") and [Jimmy Bannister](/wiki/Jimmy_Bannister "Jimmy Bannister"). These former City players became the core of the side that won the Football League championship in the 1907–08 season. Journalists were aware that most clubs in the Football League was making illegitimate payments to its players. Football writers based in Manchester argued that the club, being a northern side, were being made an example of, and thousands of people complained to the [Football Association](/wiki/Football_Association "Football Association"), who refused to reduce the bans and fines. Nevertheless, the unfair ban in some eyes brought a young and very potentially a successful team to an abrupt halt, although the whistle\-blower Meredith did return to City later on in his career. ### Move from Hyde Road to Maine Road (1923\) {{See also\|Maine Road\|Manchester Central F.C.}} In 1920, the ground became the first football venue outside London to be visited by a reigning monarch; [King George V](/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom "George V of the United Kingdom") attended the ground to watch a match between Manchester City and [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/default.sps?syndicatorguid\={7EB24EFC\-E397\-48B3\-977A\-BC40E4795300}\&rmasiteinstanceguid\={5B147D34\-2BCF\-448D\-976C\-AE1944ED09F5}\&pagegid\={20E7C2B7\-4832\-46D1\-B772\-AB8CCA2FD0D5}\&pcpageid\=14773 \|title\=Stadium History \|access\-date\=2008\-06\-15 \|publisher\=Manchester City FC \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184906/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/default.sps?syndicatorguid\=%7B7EB24EFC\-E397\-48B3\-977A\-BC40E4795300%7D\&rmasiteinstanceguid\=%7B5B147D34\-2BCF\-448D\-976C\-AE1944ED09F5%7D\&pagegid\=%7B20E7C2B7\-4832\-46D1\-B772\-AB8CCA2FD0D5%7D\&pcpageid\=14773 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} In November a fire caused by a cigarette end destroyed the Main Stand, and Manchester City began to seek a new home. Initial discussions raised the possibility of sharing [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28football%29 "Old Trafford (football)") with neighbours [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C."), but United's proposed rent was prohibitive, so repair work was undertaken and Manchester City continued to play at Hyde Road.James, *Manchester: The Greatest City*, p480 Plans for the club to move to a new ground—[Maine Road](/wiki/Maine_Road "Maine Road")—in [Moss Side](/wiki/Moss_Side "Moss Side") were announced in 1922\. The final Manchester City match at Hyde Road was a league fixture against [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C.") on 28 April 1923,James, *Manchester: The Greatest City*, p104 and in August 1923 a public practice game was the last football match played at Hyde Road. Manchester City began the [1923–24 season](/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_in_English_football "1923–24 in English football") at Maine Road, which had an 80,000 capacity. The plans to move away from east Manchester to south Manchester in [Moss Side](/wiki/Moss_Side "Moss Side") upset some, and John Ayrton, a Manchester City director split from the club and founded [Manchester Central F.C.](/wiki/Manchester_Central_F.C. "Manchester Central F.C.") feeling the city needed a team from east Manchester. Parts of Hyde Road were used elsewhere; the roof of the Main Stand was sold to [Halifax Town](/wiki/Halifax_Town_F.C. "Halifax Town F.C."), and erected at [The Shay](/wiki/The_Shay "The Shay"), where even in the 21st century, part of the Hyde Road roof is still in place.Clayton, *Everything under the blue moon*, p107 Within a decade of its demolition, all traces of the football ground had disappeared from Hyde Road. As of 2008, the site of the pitch is a bus depot, where training exercises for drivers take place.Clayton, *Everything under the blue moon*, p108 ### 31 goals in 5 matches en route to FA Cup Final and lose (1926\) {{See also\|1926 FA Cup Final}} The club reached the [1926 FA Cup Final](/wiki/1926_FA_Cup_Final "1926 FA Cup Final"), scoring 31 goals in 5 matches en route to the final. However the form to the final counted for nothing as City were [beaten 1–0](/wiki/1926_FA_Cup_Final "1926 FA Cup Final") by [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C."). Further disappointment followed in the league, when after a campaign characterised by erratic form, City were relegated on the final day of the season. The following 1926/27 season featured a close fought battle for promotion as the club sought an immediate return to the top division. The race for promotion went to the final match, with Manchester City and [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. "Portsmouth F.C.") both in contention for the second of two promotion places. Manchester City's final match was a resounding 8–0 win against [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C. "Bradford City A.F.C."). The watching crowd believed the result to be sufficient for promotion, but Portsmouth's match had been delayed by 15 minutes and was still in progress. A late Portsmouth goal meant the final scoreline in their match was a 5–1 win, enough to give Portsmouth second place on [goal average](/wiki/Goal_average "Goal average") by a margin of one two\-hundredth of a goal.James, *Manchester City \- The Complete Record*, p. 116\. The club won the [Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division "Football League Second Division") championship in the 1927/28 following season, gaining [promotion](/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation "Promotion and relegation") to the top flight.
[ "First Manchester team to win a trophy \\- FA Cup champions and League runners\\-up (1904\\)\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------", "[thumb\\|left\\|220px\\|The Manchester City team which [won the FA Cup in 1904](/wiki/1904_FA_Cup_Final \"1904 FA Cup Final\")](/wiki/File:ManCity1904.jpg \"ManCity1904.jpg\") \nThe club went on to claim its first major honour on 23 April 1904, beating [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") 1–0 at [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_National_Sports_Centre \"Crystal Palace National Sports Centre\") to win the most prestigious [knockout tournament](/wiki/Knockout_tournament \"Knockout tournament\") in English football, the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\"), and narrowly missing out on a League and Cup [double](/wiki/Double_%28association_football%29 \"Double (association football)\") by finishing runners\\-up in the League.", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|The \"*Welsh Wizard*\" \\- Meredith played as an [outside forward](/wiki/Outside_forward \"Outside forward\") who played 367 times and scored 128 goals for City in two spells at the club](/wiki/File:Billy_meredith_city.jpg \"Billy meredith city.jpg\")", "### Abrupt end to early success with corruption allegations (1904–05\\)", "{{main\\|English football bribery scandal}}\nIn the 1904–05 season Manchester City were level on points with [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United \"Newcastle United\") in the league and needed to beat Aston Villa on the final day of the season to seal [the First Division championship](/wiki/1904%E2%80%9305_Football_League \"1904–05 Football League\"). Villa won the game 3–2 at [Villa Park](/wiki/Villa_Park \"Villa Park\") and City finished third overall in the league, two points behind eventual champions Newcastle United. After the game [Alec Leake](/wiki/Alec_Leake \"Alec Leake\"), the captain of Aston Villa, claimed that Billy Meredith had offered him £10 to throw the game.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/sep/10/manchester\\-city\\-dogged\\-by\\-the\\-new\\-neighbours\\|title\\=How Manchester City were dogged by the new neighbours\\|last\\=Murray\\|first\\=Scott\\|date\\=2017\\-09\\-10\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-13\\|language\\=en}}", "Meredith was found guilty of this offence by the Football Association and was fined and suspended from playing football for a year. Whilst Manchester City refused to provide financial help for Meredith and so he decided to go public about claimed that City were breaking the rules: \"*What was the secret of the success of the Manchester City team? In my opinion, the fact that the club put aside the rule that no player should receive more than four pounds a week ... The team delivered the goods, the club paid for the goods delivered and both sides were satisfied.*\"The Billy Meredith Story by John Harding contains a lengthy quote from a letter Meredith subsequently wrote to the Athletic News referring to his \"severe punishment\" for the attempted bribe: \"Why ME ALONE? when I was only the spokesman of others equally guilty.\" This statement roused suspicion as the [Football League](/wiki/Football_League \"Football League\") had imposed [a £4 a week cap on wages on all clubs in 1901](/wiki/Association_Footballers%27_Union%23Failure_of_the_AFU \"Association Footballers' Union#Failure of the AFU\"), whereas Meredith alleged publicly that City broke this rule.", "The [Football Association](/wiki/Football_Association \"Football Association\") now carried out a thorough investigation into the financial activities of Manchester City and they came to the conclusion that City had been making additional payments to all their players. [Tom Maley](/wiki/Tom_Maley \"Tom Maley\"), the manager, was suspended from football for life and City was fined £250\\. Seventeen players were fined and suspended until January 1907 whilst City were forced to sell their players and at an auction at the Queen's Hotel in Manchester. The [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United \"Manchester United\") manager, [Ernest Mangnall](/wiki/Ernest_Mangnall \"Ernest Mangnall\") signed the outstandingly gifted, Billy Meredith for only £500\\. Mangnall also purchased three other talented members of the City side, [Herbert Burgess](/wiki/Herbert_Burgess \"Herbert Burgess\"), [Sandy Turnbull](/wiki/Sandy_Turnbull \"Sandy Turnbull\") and [Jimmy Bannister](/wiki/Jimmy_Bannister \"Jimmy Bannister\"). These former City players became the core of the side that won the Football League championship in the 1907–08 season.", "Journalists were aware that most clubs in the Football League was making illegitimate payments to its players. Football writers based in Manchester argued that the club, being a northern side, were being made an example of, and thousands of people complained to the [Football Association](/wiki/Football_Association \"Football Association\"), who refused to reduce the bans and fines. Nevertheless, the unfair ban in some eyes brought a young and very potentially a successful team to an abrupt halt, although the whistle\\-blower Meredith did return to City later on in his career.", "### Move from Hyde Road to Maine Road (1923\\)", "{{See also\\|Maine Road\\|Manchester Central F.C.}}", "In 1920, the ground became the first football venue outside London to be visited by a reigning monarch; [King George V](/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom \"George V of the United Kingdom\") attended the ground to watch a match between Manchester City and [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\").{{cite web\n \\|url\\=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/default.sps?syndicatorguid\\={7EB24EFC\\-E397\\-48B3\\-977A\\-BC40E4795300}\\&rmasiteinstanceguid\\={5B147D34\\-2BCF\\-448D\\-976C\\-AE1944ED09F5}\\&pagegid\\={20E7C2B7\\-4832\\-46D1\\-B772\\-AB8CCA2FD0D5}\\&pcpageid\\=14773\n \\|title\\=Stadium History\n \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-15\n \\|publisher\\=Manchester City FC\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184906/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/default.sps?syndicatorguid\\=%7B7EB24EFC\\-E397\\-48B3\\-977A\\-BC40E4795300%7D\\&rmasiteinstanceguid\\=%7B5B147D34\\-2BCF\\-448D\\-976C\\-AE1944ED09F5%7D\\&pagegid\\=%7B20E7C2B7\\-4832\\-46D1\\-B772\\-AB8CCA2FD0D5%7D\\&pcpageid\\=14773\n \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2007\n \\|url\\-status\\=dead\n}} In November a fire caused by a cigarette end destroyed the Main Stand, and Manchester City began to seek a new home. Initial discussions raised the possibility of sharing [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28football%29 \"Old Trafford (football)\") with neighbours [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\"), but United's proposed rent was prohibitive, so repair work was undertaken and Manchester City continued to play at Hyde Road.James, *Manchester: The Greatest City*, p480", "Plans for the club to move to a new ground—[Maine Road](/wiki/Maine_Road \"Maine Road\")—in [Moss Side](/wiki/Moss_Side \"Moss Side\") were announced in 1922\\. The final Manchester City match at Hyde Road was a league fixture against [Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. \"Newcastle United F.C.\") on 28 April 1923,James, *Manchester: The Greatest City*, p104 and in August 1923 a public practice game was the last football match played at Hyde Road. Manchester City began the [1923–24 season](/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_in_English_football \"1923–24 in English football\") at Maine Road, which had an 80,000 capacity.", "The plans to move away from east Manchester to south Manchester in [Moss Side](/wiki/Moss_Side \"Moss Side\") upset some, and John Ayrton, a Manchester City director split from the club and founded [Manchester Central F.C.](/wiki/Manchester_Central_F.C. \"Manchester Central F.C.\") feeling the city needed a team from east Manchester.", "Parts of Hyde Road were used elsewhere; the roof of the Main Stand was sold to [Halifax Town](/wiki/Halifax_Town_F.C. \"Halifax Town F.C.\"), and erected at [The Shay](/wiki/The_Shay \"The Shay\"), where even in the 21st century, part of the Hyde Road roof is still in place.Clayton, *Everything under the blue moon*, p107 Within a decade of its demolition, all traces of the football ground had disappeared from Hyde Road. As of 2008, the site of the pitch is a bus depot, where training exercises for drivers take place.Clayton, *Everything under the blue moon*, p108", "### 31 goals in 5 matches en route to FA Cup Final and lose (1926\\)", "{{See also\\|1926 FA Cup Final}}\nThe club reached the [1926 FA Cup Final](/wiki/1926_FA_Cup_Final \"1926 FA Cup Final\"), scoring 31 goals in 5 matches en route to the final. However the form to the final counted for nothing as City were [beaten 1–0](/wiki/1926_FA_Cup_Final \"1926 FA Cup Final\") by [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\"). Further disappointment followed in the league, when after a campaign characterised by erratic form, City were relegated on the final day of the season.", "The following 1926/27 season featured a close fought battle for promotion as the club sought an immediate return to the top division. The race for promotion went to the final match, with Manchester City and [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. \"Portsmouth F.C.\") both in contention for the second of two promotion places. Manchester City's final match was a resounding 8–0 win against [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C. \"Bradford City A.F.C.\"). The watching crowd believed the result to be sufficient for promotion, but Portsmouth's match had been delayed by 15 minutes and was still in progress. A late Portsmouth goal meant the final scoreline in their match was a 5–1 win, enough to give Portsmouth second place on [goal average](/wiki/Goal_average \"Goal average\") by a margin of one two\\-hundredth of a goal.James, *Manchester City \\- The Complete Record*, p. 116\\.", "The club won the [Second Division](/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division \"Football League Second Division\") championship in the 1927/28 following season, gaining [promotion](/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation \"Promotion and relegation\") to the top flight.", "" ]
History ------- In 1836, individuals from various tribes of native people signed the [Treaty of Washington](/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_%281836%29 "Treaty of Washington (1836)"), which ceded the northwest portion of the [Lower Peninsula of Michigan](/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan "Lower Peninsula of Michigan") to the United States. At the time, native people lived in the Bear Lake area, evidence remaining in various burial mounds of the region, including one at [Pierport](/wiki/Pierport%2C_Michigan "Pierport, Michigan"). The next year, in 1837, Michigan became a state. In 1841, John Stronach and party came to the Manistee area and started a lumber mill. During the following twenty years, the city of Manistee grew as virgin forests were cut, and the logs put into the Manistee rivers to float to the mills on Manistee Lake.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.bearlakemichigan.org/history.html\|title\=History\|website\=Village of Bear Lake\|access\-date\=January 12, 2018}} ### Homesteading On May 20, 1862, President Lincoln signed into law the [Homestead Act](/wiki/Homestead_Act "Homestead Act"), which offered {{convert\|160\|acre\|km2}} of undeveloped federal land to anyone who filed an application, create a farm, and apply for a deed. Almost immediately, people began exploring the area between Manistee and [Traverse City](/wiki/Traverse_City%2C_Michigan "Traverse City, Michigan"), looking for prime farmland. In 1863, Russell Smith, D.E. Sibley, Elisha Richmond, George W. Hopkins, Simeon Anderson, and others came to Bear Lake on such scouting expeditions. At the time, the region was entirely heavily forested with white pine and hardwoods, and with only a single walking trail. Smith and Sibley both moved their families to the area that year, and began their homesteads. Sibley's homestead was on the north side of Bear Lake; Smith's was on the south side, and included the present village. By 1864, Simeon Anderson and about 25 other families had started homesteads in the Bear Lake area. In that year Elisha Richmond made his first failed attempt to move his large family to the area from [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"). In 1865, the township of Bear Lake, also including the area of [Pleasanton](/wiki/Pleasanton%2C_Michigan "Pleasanton, Michigan"), was created, formerly being part of [Brown Township](/wiki/Brown_Township%2C_Michigan "Brown Township, Michigan"). A township council was formed. By 1867, many more families had established homesteads, and two\-thirds of the prime farming land had been claimed. A post office was established, and the Elisha Richmond family completed the eleven\-week journey to Bear Lake. In this year, George W. Hopkins, wife Ella Hopkins, brother David H. Hopkins, and sister Martha (Mattie) Hopkins arrived in Manistee to begin a brick manufacturing plant. About this time, Russell Smith made an offer of some of his land to anyone who would set up a saw mill to turn the trees into lumber and a gristmill to create flour from grain. The offer was taken by Mr. Carpenter and Mr. Harrington, and rudimentary mills for each were constructed. Carpenter and Harrington then subdivided the land and offered it for sale. Stores were established by Anderson, Tillson, Erb, Lewis and A.H. Cook. By 1870, the Hopkins family had switched from brick manufacturing to lumber, primarily putting logs in the Manistee rivers, and floating them to the mills for sale. Homesteaders in Bear Lake were cutting the trees, and burning all the trees that they couldn't use, in order to clear the land. There was no one interested in buying the trees, and no way to get cut logs or lumber to market. Prior to the sawmill, boards were brought by boat from Manistee to Portage Lake and then carried, or carted, to Bear Lake. In 1873, the Hopkins family company purchased {{convert\|88\|acre\|m2}} of the Smith property. The Bear Lake Tram Railway was built from the south side of Bear Lake down to [Lake Michigan](/wiki/Lake_Michigan "Lake Michigan") at Pierport. The railway was made of maple wood rails with steel strapping, and horse\-drawn trailers were built and put on the rails. This railway enabled the transport of lumber cut in the Bear Lake sawmill to be moved to Lake Michigan, and then sold to the various markets in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") and [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee "Milwaukee"). In 1874, the Hopkins built a large sawmill, a brickyard, a [gristmill](/wiki/Gristmill "Gristmill"), and a store. ### Lumber boom years On September 25, 1874, the original subdivision or plat map of the village was filed by the Hopkins family members including [George W. Hopkins](/wiki/George_W._Hopkins "George W. Hopkins"), Ella Hopkins, David H. Hopkins, Maurice M. Hopkins, and Mattie E. "Martha" Hopkins. This plat was amended in 1877, including a slight change to the position of Stuart Street. The village was platted with 299 lots, and included almost all of the land bordered by the lake on the north, Smith Street on the east, Potter Road on the south, and West Street (which originally ran due north from the current Potter Road – US\-31 intersection) on the west. The southwest corner of this rectangle was added to the village as the Hopkins Addition in 1881 with 95 more lots. Most of the Hopkins Addition lots are now occupied by the school, and to the south of the school, owned by the village. In 1879, prior to the Hopkins Addition, the Smith Addition, which was then owned by Harriet L. Smith, Elisha J. Richmond, and Clara Richmond, added 25 lots to the northeast of the Smith Street – Main Street intersection. (Six additional plats, the most recent in 1949, expanded the village to its current size, adding all the land between Smith Street and Russell Street. Numerous other plats around the lake created lots for lakeside homes and cottages.) The 1880 census shows 1,258 people living in Bear Lake and Pleasanton townships, growing by 1890 to 1,880 people. In 1877, Tyler W. Richmond established the Richmond Drug Company, which, after his death, was run by his wife, children, and grandson until Carl Richmond's death in 1967\. The store was in operation until 2020\. In fall 1893, the Village of Bear Lake was incorporated by action of the Board of Supervisors of Manistee County. The 1900 census shows 2,087 people in the two townships, with 448 of them living in the village. By June 9, 1902, all of the trees in the area had been cut. George W. Hopkins purchased over a hundred thousand acres in [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") (near [Cape Canaveral](/wiki/Cape_Canaveral "Cape Canaveral")) and he moved his business there, along with parts of the railway.Merrill, Uledene. "Railroad that Disappeared". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University Term Paper, 1957\. (Manistee) ### Post lumber Industry shifted to predominantly agriculture, and later, summer tourism.
[ "History\n-------", "In 1836, individuals from various tribes of native people signed the [Treaty of Washington](/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_%281836%29 \"Treaty of Washington (1836)\"), which ceded the northwest portion of the [Lower Peninsula of Michigan](/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan \"Lower Peninsula of Michigan\") to the United States. At the time, native people lived in the Bear Lake area, evidence remaining in various burial mounds of the region, including one at [Pierport](/wiki/Pierport%2C_Michigan \"Pierport, Michigan\").", "The next year, in 1837, Michigan became a state.", "In 1841, John Stronach and party came to the Manistee area and started a lumber mill. During the following twenty years, the city of Manistee grew as virgin forests were cut, and the logs put into the Manistee rivers to float to the mills on Manistee Lake.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bearlakemichigan.org/history.html\\|title\\=History\\|website\\=Village of Bear Lake\\|access\\-date\\=January 12, 2018}}", "### Homesteading", "On May 20, 1862, President Lincoln signed into law the [Homestead Act](/wiki/Homestead_Act \"Homestead Act\"), which offered {{convert\\|160\\|acre\\|km2}} of undeveloped federal land to anyone who filed an application, create a farm, and apply for a deed. Almost immediately, people began exploring the area between Manistee and [Traverse City](/wiki/Traverse_City%2C_Michigan \"Traverse City, Michigan\"), looking for prime farmland.", "In 1863, Russell Smith, D.E. Sibley, Elisha Richmond, George W. Hopkins, Simeon Anderson, and others came to Bear Lake on such scouting expeditions. At the time, the region was entirely heavily forested with white pine and hardwoods, and with only a single walking trail. Smith and Sibley both moved their families to the area that year, and began their homesteads. Sibley's homestead was on the north side of Bear Lake; Smith's was on the south side, and included the present village.", "By 1864, Simeon Anderson and about 25 other families had started homesteads in the Bear Lake area. In that year Elisha Richmond made his first failed attempt to move his large family to the area from [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\").", "In 1865, the township of Bear Lake, also including the area of [Pleasanton](/wiki/Pleasanton%2C_Michigan \"Pleasanton, Michigan\"), was created, formerly being part of [Brown Township](/wiki/Brown_Township%2C_Michigan \"Brown Township, Michigan\"). A township council was formed.", "By 1867, many more families had established homesteads, and two\\-thirds of the prime farming land had been claimed. A post office was established, and the Elisha Richmond family completed the eleven\\-week journey to Bear Lake. In this year, George W. Hopkins, wife Ella Hopkins, brother David H. Hopkins, and sister Martha (Mattie) Hopkins arrived in Manistee to begin a brick manufacturing plant.", "About this time, Russell Smith made an offer of some of his land to anyone who would set up a saw mill to turn the trees into lumber and a gristmill to create flour from grain. The offer was taken by Mr. Carpenter and Mr. Harrington, and rudimentary mills for each were constructed. Carpenter and Harrington then subdivided the land and offered it for sale. Stores were established by Anderson, Tillson, Erb, Lewis and A.H. Cook.", "By 1870, the Hopkins family had switched from brick manufacturing to lumber, primarily putting logs in the Manistee rivers, and floating them to the mills for sale.", "Homesteaders in Bear Lake were cutting the trees, and burning all the trees that they couldn't use, in order to clear the land. There was no one interested in buying the trees, and no way to get cut logs or lumber to market. Prior to the sawmill, boards were brought by boat from Manistee to Portage Lake and then carried, or carted, to Bear Lake.", "In 1873, the Hopkins family company purchased {{convert\\|88\\|acre\\|m2}} of the Smith property. The Bear Lake Tram Railway was built from the south side of Bear Lake down to [Lake Michigan](/wiki/Lake_Michigan \"Lake Michigan\") at Pierport. The railway was made of maple wood rails with steel strapping, and horse\\-drawn trailers were built and put on the rails. This railway enabled the transport of lumber cut in the Bear Lake sawmill to be moved to Lake Michigan, and then sold to the various markets in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") and [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee \"Milwaukee\").", "In 1874, the Hopkins built a large sawmill, a brickyard, a [gristmill](/wiki/Gristmill \"Gristmill\"), and a store.", "### Lumber boom years", "On September 25, 1874, the original subdivision or plat map of the village was filed by the Hopkins family members including [George W. Hopkins](/wiki/George_W._Hopkins \"George W. Hopkins\"), Ella Hopkins, David H. Hopkins, Maurice M. Hopkins, and Mattie E. \"Martha\" Hopkins. This plat was amended in 1877, including a slight change to the position of Stuart Street.", "The village was platted with 299 lots, and included almost all of the land bordered by the lake on the north, Smith Street on the east, Potter Road on the south, and West Street (which originally ran due north from the current Potter Road – US\\-31 intersection) on the west. The southwest corner of this rectangle was added to the village as the Hopkins Addition in 1881 with 95 more lots. Most of the Hopkins Addition lots are now occupied by the school, and to the south of the school, owned by the village.", "In 1879, prior to the Hopkins Addition, the Smith Addition, which was then owned by Harriet L. Smith, Elisha J. Richmond, and Clara Richmond, added 25 lots to the northeast of the Smith Street – Main Street intersection.", "(Six additional plats, the most recent in 1949, expanded the village to its current size, adding all the land between Smith Street and Russell Street. Numerous other plats around the lake created lots for lakeside homes and cottages.)", "The 1880 census shows 1,258 people living in Bear Lake and Pleasanton townships, growing by 1890 to 1,880 people.", "In 1877, Tyler W. Richmond established the Richmond Drug Company, which, after his death, was run by his wife, children, and grandson until Carl Richmond's death in 1967\\. The store was in operation until 2020\\.", "In fall 1893, the Village of Bear Lake was incorporated by action of the Board of Supervisors of Manistee County.", "The 1900 census shows 2,087 people in the two townships, with 448 of them living in the village.", "By June 9, 1902, all of the trees in the area had been cut. George W. Hopkins purchased over a hundred thousand acres in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") (near [Cape Canaveral](/wiki/Cape_Canaveral \"Cape Canaveral\")) and he moved his business there, along with parts of the railway.Merrill, Uledene. \"Railroad that Disappeared\". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University Term Paper, 1957\\. (Manistee)", "### Post lumber", "Industry shifted to predominantly agriculture, and later, summer tourism.", "" ]
### Homesteading On May 20, 1862, President Lincoln signed into law the [Homestead Act](/wiki/Homestead_Act "Homestead Act"), which offered {{convert\|160\|acre\|km2}} of undeveloped federal land to anyone who filed an application, create a farm, and apply for a deed. Almost immediately, people began exploring the area between Manistee and [Traverse City](/wiki/Traverse_City%2C_Michigan "Traverse City, Michigan"), looking for prime farmland. In 1863, Russell Smith, D.E. Sibley, Elisha Richmond, George W. Hopkins, Simeon Anderson, and others came to Bear Lake on such scouting expeditions. At the time, the region was entirely heavily forested with white pine and hardwoods, and with only a single walking trail. Smith and Sibley both moved their families to the area that year, and began their homesteads. Sibley's homestead was on the north side of Bear Lake; Smith's was on the south side, and included the present village. By 1864, Simeon Anderson and about 25 other families had started homesteads in the Bear Lake area. In that year Elisha Richmond made his first failed attempt to move his large family to the area from [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois "Illinois"). In 1865, the township of Bear Lake, also including the area of [Pleasanton](/wiki/Pleasanton%2C_Michigan "Pleasanton, Michigan"), was created, formerly being part of [Brown Township](/wiki/Brown_Township%2C_Michigan "Brown Township, Michigan"). A township council was formed. By 1867, many more families had established homesteads, and two\-thirds of the prime farming land had been claimed. A post office was established, and the Elisha Richmond family completed the eleven\-week journey to Bear Lake. In this year, George W. Hopkins, wife Ella Hopkins, brother David H. Hopkins, and sister Martha (Mattie) Hopkins arrived in Manistee to begin a brick manufacturing plant. About this time, Russell Smith made an offer of some of his land to anyone who would set up a saw mill to turn the trees into lumber and a gristmill to create flour from grain. The offer was taken by Mr. Carpenter and Mr. Harrington, and rudimentary mills for each were constructed. Carpenter and Harrington then subdivided the land and offered it for sale. Stores were established by Anderson, Tillson, Erb, Lewis and A.H. Cook. By 1870, the Hopkins family had switched from brick manufacturing to lumber, primarily putting logs in the Manistee rivers, and floating them to the mills for sale. Homesteaders in Bear Lake were cutting the trees, and burning all the trees that they couldn't use, in order to clear the land. There was no one interested in buying the trees, and no way to get cut logs or lumber to market. Prior to the sawmill, boards were brought by boat from Manistee to Portage Lake and then carried, or carted, to Bear Lake. In 1873, the Hopkins family company purchased {{convert\|88\|acre\|m2}} of the Smith property. The Bear Lake Tram Railway was built from the south side of Bear Lake down to [Lake Michigan](/wiki/Lake_Michigan "Lake Michigan") at Pierport. The railway was made of maple wood rails with steel strapping, and horse\-drawn trailers were built and put on the rails. This railway enabled the transport of lumber cut in the Bear Lake sawmill to be moved to Lake Michigan, and then sold to the various markets in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") and [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee "Milwaukee"). In 1874, the Hopkins built a large sawmill, a brickyard, a [gristmill](/wiki/Gristmill "Gristmill"), and a store.
[ "### Homesteading", "On May 20, 1862, President Lincoln signed into law the [Homestead Act](/wiki/Homestead_Act \"Homestead Act\"), which offered {{convert\\|160\\|acre\\|km2}} of undeveloped federal land to anyone who filed an application, create a farm, and apply for a deed. Almost immediately, people began exploring the area between Manistee and [Traverse City](/wiki/Traverse_City%2C_Michigan \"Traverse City, Michigan\"), looking for prime farmland.", "In 1863, Russell Smith, D.E. Sibley, Elisha Richmond, George W. Hopkins, Simeon Anderson, and others came to Bear Lake on such scouting expeditions. At the time, the region was entirely heavily forested with white pine and hardwoods, and with only a single walking trail. Smith and Sibley both moved their families to the area that year, and began their homesteads. Sibley's homestead was on the north side of Bear Lake; Smith's was on the south side, and included the present village.", "By 1864, Simeon Anderson and about 25 other families had started homesteads in the Bear Lake area. In that year Elisha Richmond made his first failed attempt to move his large family to the area from [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\").", "In 1865, the township of Bear Lake, also including the area of [Pleasanton](/wiki/Pleasanton%2C_Michigan \"Pleasanton, Michigan\"), was created, formerly being part of [Brown Township](/wiki/Brown_Township%2C_Michigan \"Brown Township, Michigan\"). A township council was formed.", "By 1867, many more families had established homesteads, and two\\-thirds of the prime farming land had been claimed. A post office was established, and the Elisha Richmond family completed the eleven\\-week journey to Bear Lake. In this year, George W. Hopkins, wife Ella Hopkins, brother David H. Hopkins, and sister Martha (Mattie) Hopkins arrived in Manistee to begin a brick manufacturing plant.", "About this time, Russell Smith made an offer of some of his land to anyone who would set up a saw mill to turn the trees into lumber and a gristmill to create flour from grain. The offer was taken by Mr. Carpenter and Mr. Harrington, and rudimentary mills for each were constructed. Carpenter and Harrington then subdivided the land and offered it for sale. Stores were established by Anderson, Tillson, Erb, Lewis and A.H. Cook.", "By 1870, the Hopkins family had switched from brick manufacturing to lumber, primarily putting logs in the Manistee rivers, and floating them to the mills for sale.", "Homesteaders in Bear Lake were cutting the trees, and burning all the trees that they couldn't use, in order to clear the land. There was no one interested in buying the trees, and no way to get cut logs or lumber to market. Prior to the sawmill, boards were brought by boat from Manistee to Portage Lake and then carried, or carted, to Bear Lake.", "In 1873, the Hopkins family company purchased {{convert\\|88\\|acre\\|m2}} of the Smith property. The Bear Lake Tram Railway was built from the south side of Bear Lake down to [Lake Michigan](/wiki/Lake_Michigan \"Lake Michigan\") at Pierport. The railway was made of maple wood rails with steel strapping, and horse\\-drawn trailers were built and put on the rails. This railway enabled the transport of lumber cut in the Bear Lake sawmill to be moved to Lake Michigan, and then sold to the various markets in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") and [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee \"Milwaukee\").", "In 1874, the Hopkins built a large sawmill, a brickyard, a [gristmill](/wiki/Gristmill \"Gristmill\"), and a store.", "" ]
### Lumber boom years On September 25, 1874, the original subdivision or plat map of the village was filed by the Hopkins family members including [George W. Hopkins](/wiki/George_W._Hopkins "George W. Hopkins"), Ella Hopkins, David H. Hopkins, Maurice M. Hopkins, and Mattie E. "Martha" Hopkins. This plat was amended in 1877, including a slight change to the position of Stuart Street. The village was platted with 299 lots, and included almost all of the land bordered by the lake on the north, Smith Street on the east, Potter Road on the south, and West Street (which originally ran due north from the current Potter Road – US\-31 intersection) on the west. The southwest corner of this rectangle was added to the village as the Hopkins Addition in 1881 with 95 more lots. Most of the Hopkins Addition lots are now occupied by the school, and to the south of the school, owned by the village. In 1879, prior to the Hopkins Addition, the Smith Addition, which was then owned by Harriet L. Smith, Elisha J. Richmond, and Clara Richmond, added 25 lots to the northeast of the Smith Street – Main Street intersection. (Six additional plats, the most recent in 1949, expanded the village to its current size, adding all the land between Smith Street and Russell Street. Numerous other plats around the lake created lots for lakeside homes and cottages.) The 1880 census shows 1,258 people living in Bear Lake and Pleasanton townships, growing by 1890 to 1,880 people. In 1877, Tyler W. Richmond established the Richmond Drug Company, which, after his death, was run by his wife, children, and grandson until Carl Richmond's death in 1967\. The store was in operation until 2020\. In fall 1893, the Village of Bear Lake was incorporated by action of the Board of Supervisors of Manistee County. The 1900 census shows 2,087 people in the two townships, with 448 of them living in the village. By June 9, 1902, all of the trees in the area had been cut. George W. Hopkins purchased over a hundred thousand acres in [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida") (near [Cape Canaveral](/wiki/Cape_Canaveral "Cape Canaveral")) and he moved his business there, along with parts of the railway.Merrill, Uledene. "Railroad that Disappeared". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University Term Paper, 1957\. (Manistee)
[ "### Lumber boom years", "On September 25, 1874, the original subdivision or plat map of the village was filed by the Hopkins family members including [George W. Hopkins](/wiki/George_W._Hopkins \"George W. Hopkins\"), Ella Hopkins, David H. Hopkins, Maurice M. Hopkins, and Mattie E. \"Martha\" Hopkins. This plat was amended in 1877, including a slight change to the position of Stuart Street.", "The village was platted with 299 lots, and included almost all of the land bordered by the lake on the north, Smith Street on the east, Potter Road on the south, and West Street (which originally ran due north from the current Potter Road – US\\-31 intersection) on the west. The southwest corner of this rectangle was added to the village as the Hopkins Addition in 1881 with 95 more lots. Most of the Hopkins Addition lots are now occupied by the school, and to the south of the school, owned by the village.", "In 1879, prior to the Hopkins Addition, the Smith Addition, which was then owned by Harriet L. Smith, Elisha J. Richmond, and Clara Richmond, added 25 lots to the northeast of the Smith Street – Main Street intersection.", "(Six additional plats, the most recent in 1949, expanded the village to its current size, adding all the land between Smith Street and Russell Street. Numerous other plats around the lake created lots for lakeside homes and cottages.)", "The 1880 census shows 1,258 people living in Bear Lake and Pleasanton townships, growing by 1890 to 1,880 people.", "In 1877, Tyler W. Richmond established the Richmond Drug Company, which, after his death, was run by his wife, children, and grandson until Carl Richmond's death in 1967\\. The store was in operation until 2020\\.", "In fall 1893, the Village of Bear Lake was incorporated by action of the Board of Supervisors of Manistee County.", "The 1900 census shows 2,087 people in the two townships, with 448 of them living in the village.", "By June 9, 1902, all of the trees in the area had been cut. George W. Hopkins purchased over a hundred thousand acres in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") (near [Cape Canaveral](/wiki/Cape_Canaveral \"Cape Canaveral\")) and he moved his business there, along with parts of the railway.Merrill, Uledene. \"Railroad that Disappeared\". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University Term Paper, 1957\\. (Manistee)", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1880\= 236 \|1890\= 432 \|1900\= 448 \|1910\= 504 \|1920\= 323 \|1930\= 325 \|1940\= 327 \|1950\= 364 \|1960\= 323 \|1970\= 376 \|1980\= 388 \|1990\= 339 \|2000\= 318 \|2010\= 286 \|2020\= 342 \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=November 25, 2012}} of 2010, there were 286 people, 118 households, and 78 families residing in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|922\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 169 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|545\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 94\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 3\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), 1\.0% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.4% of the population. There were 118 households, of which 27\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 15\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 9\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33\.9% were non\-families. 28\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.42 and the average family size was 2\.90\. The median household income was 26,964\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|title\=U.S. Census website\|last\=Bureau\|first\=U.S. Census\|website\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|language\=en\|access\-date\=January 12, 2018}} The median age in the village was 40\.6 years. 23\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25\.1% were from 25 to 44; 25\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 18\.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49\.0% male and 51\.0% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web \|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=January 31, 2008 \|title\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 318 people, 132 households, and 85 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert\|1,011\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 161 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|511\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 93\.71% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 1\.89% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 2\.52% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.31% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.57% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 4\.72% of the population. There were 132 households, out of which 30\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 8\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35\.6% were non\-families. 32\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.41 and the average family size was 2\.99\. In the village, the population was spread out, with 26\.4% under the age of 18, 7\.2% from 18 to 24, 25\.2% from 25 to 44, 21\.4% from 45 to 64, and 19\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 101\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\.2 males. The median income for a household in the village was $31,389, and the median income for a family was $35,139\. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $22,083 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the village was $15,170\. About 9\.2% of families and 12\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 25\.0% of those under age 18 and 8\.3% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1880\\= 236\n\\|1890\\= 432\n\\|1900\\= 448\n\\|1910\\= 504\n\\|1920\\= 323\n\\|1930\\= 325\n\\|1940\\= 327\n\\|1950\\= 364\n\\|1960\\= 323\n\\|1970\\= 376\n\\|1980\\= 388\n\\|1990\\= 339\n\\|2000\\= 318\n\\|2010\\= 286\n\\|2020\\= 342\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2012}} of 2010, there were 286 people, 118 households, and 78 families residing in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|922\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 169 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|545\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 94\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 3\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.0% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.4% of the population.", "There were 118 households, of which 27\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 15\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 9\\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33\\.9% were non\\-families. 28\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.42 and the average family size was 2\\.90\\. The median household income was 26,964\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|last\\=Bureau\\|first\\=U.S. Census\\|website\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=January 12, 2018}}", "The median age in the village was 40\\.6 years. 23\\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25\\.1% were from 25 to 44; 25\\.4% were from 45 to 64; and 18\\.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49\\.0% male and 51\\.0% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2008 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 318 people, 132 households, and 85 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert\\|1,011\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 161 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|511\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 93\\.71% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.89% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.52% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.31% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.57% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 4\\.72% of the population.", "There were 132 households, out of which 30\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35\\.6% were non\\-families. 32\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.41 and the average family size was 2\\.99\\.", "In the village, the population was spread out, with 26\\.4% under the age of 18, 7\\.2% from 18 to 24, 25\\.2% from 25 to 44, 21\\.4% from 45 to 64, and 19\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 101\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\\.2 males.", "The median income for a household in the village was $31,389, and the median income for a family was $35,139\\. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $22,083 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $15,170\\. About 9\\.2% of families and 12\\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 25\\.0% of those under age 18 and 8\\.3% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
History ------- The Committee on Climate Change was formally launched as a statutory committee in December 2008 with [Lord Turner](/wiki/Adair_Turner%2C_Baron_Turner_of_Ecchinswell "Adair Turner, Baron Turner of Ecchinswell") as its chair. An Adaptation Sub\-Committee was set up in 2009 to provide advice to Government about adaptation, meaning the steps the government and devolved administrations of the United Kingdom should be taking to prepare for [climate change impacts](/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change "Effects of climate change"). On 1 December 2008 the committee published its first major report entitled "Building a [low\-carbon economy](/wiki/Low-carbon_economy "Low-carbon economy") – the UK's contribution to [tackling climate change](/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation "Climate change mitigation")".{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/building\-a\-low\-carbon\-economy\-the\-uks\-contribution\-to\-tackling\-climate\-change\-2/ \|title\=Building a low\-carbon economy – the UK's contribution to tackling climate change \|publisher\=Committee on Climate Change \|date\=2008\-12\-01 \|access\-date\=2008\-12\-01 }} This recommended that the UK adopt a long\-term target to reduce emissions of all greenhouse gases by at least 80% by 2050, in order to tackle climate change. It recommended the level of three five\-yearly carbon budgets to cover the periods 2008–2012, 2013\-2017 and 2018–2022\. In line with the recommendations in the committee's report, in April 2009 the Government set a requirement for a 34% cut in carbon emissions by 2020\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/apr/22/carbon\-emissions\-budget\-20091\|title\=Budget 2009: Darling promises 34% emissions cuts with world's first binding carbon budgets\|first\=Juliette\|last\=Jowit\|date\=22 April 2009\|newspaper\=The Guardian}} In December 2010 the Committee recommended a [4th Carbon Budget](http://www.theccc.org.uk/reports/fourth-carbon-budget) to cover the period from 2023 to 2027\. They recommended that the Government aims to cut emissions by at least 60% by 2030 to ensure that the UK is on track to meet the 2050 target, with Parliament to debate the contents and proposals of this report before the summer's recess. A recommendation on the [5th Carbon Budget](https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-fifth-carbon-budget-the-next-step-towards-a-low-carbon-economy/) was published in November 2015 and [adopted by the UK Government](https://www.theccc.org.uk/2016/06/30/ccc-welcomes-government-backing-for-fifth-carbon-budget-and-continued-ambition-to-meet-2050-target/) on 30 June 2016\. In addition to reports to advise on the level of carbon budgets, the CCC also provides annual progress reports to Parliament which provide an update on Government's progress towards meeting climate targets. The CCC has published Progress Reports [for 2009](http://www.theccc.org.uk/reports/1st-progress-report), [2010](https://web.archive.org/web/20110215215342/http://www.theccc.org.uk/reports/2nd-progress-report), and every year since. The first biennial [joint progress report](https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/reducing-emissions-and-preparing-for-climate-change-2015-progress-report-to-parliament/) from the Committee on Climate Change and the Adaptation Sub\-Committee was presented to the UK Parliament on 30 June 2015\. The joint progress reports include an assessment of the UK Government's [National Adaptation Programme](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/adapting-to-climate-change-national-adaptation-programme) by the Adaptation Sub\-Committee. The Adaptation Sub\-Committee published in July 2016 the [Evidence Report](https://www.theccc.org.uk/uk-climate-change-risk-assessment-2017/) to inform the UK Government's second UK Climate Change Risk Assessment due to be presented to Parliament in January 2017\. On 15 October 2018, Energy and Climate Change Minister Claire Perry formally wrote to the CCC requesting advice on a date for achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions across the economy.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk\-climate\-targets\-request\-for\-advice\-from\-the\-committee\-on\-climate\-change\|title\=UK climate targets: request for advice from the Committee on Climate Change\|website\=GOV.UK\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-01}} This came seven days after the publication of a [special report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)](https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/) on the impact of global warming of 1\.5 °C above pre\-industrial levels. The CCC published its advice on 2 May 2019\. In December 2020, the CCC published its advice for the sixth Carbon Budget (2033 to 2037\). The sixth carbon budget is the first to be advised on since Parliament legislated for a target of Net Zero carbon emissions by 2050 in 2019\. The recommended pathway is consistent with the Net Zero target and requires a 78% reduction in UK territorial emissions between 1990 and 2035\. In effect, this brings forward the UK's previous 80% target by nearly 15 years.{{Cite web\|title\=Sixth Carbon Budget\|url\=https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/sixth\-carbon\-budget/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-30\|website\=Climate Change Committee\|language\=en\-US}} The Government formally accepted the recommendation from the CCC (965[Mt](/wiki/Tonne%23Derived_units "Tonne#Derived units") of [Carbon dioxide equivalent](/wiki/Global_warming_potential%23Carbon_dioxide_equivalent "Global warming potential#Carbon dioxide equivalent") in the budgetary period 2033 to 2037\) in April 2021,{{Cite web\|title\=UK enshrines new target in law to slash emissions by 78% by 2035\|url\=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk\-enshrines\-new\-target\-in\-law\-to\-slash\-emissions\-by\-78\-by\-2035\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-02\|website\=GOV.UK\|language\=en}} and Parliament passed the relevant [statutory instrument](/wiki/Statutory_instrument_%28UK%29 "Statutory instrument (UK)") in June 2021\.{{Cite legislation UK\|type\=si\|year\=2021\|number\=750\|si\=The Carbon Budget Order 2021\|section\=\|accessdate\=2 October 2021\|date\=23 June 2021}} Separately in December 2020, following a request for advice from the [Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business_and_Trade "Secretary of State for Business and Trade") [Alok Sharma](/wiki/Alok_Sharma "Alok Sharma"), the CCC recommended that the government adopt a commitment to reduce UK territorial carbon emissions by at least 68% from 1990 to 2030**,** as part of the UK's nationally determined contribution (NDC) to the UN process as specified in the [Paris Agreement](/wiki/Paris_Agreement "Paris Agreement").{{Cite web\|title\=Letter: Advice on the UK's 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)\|url\=https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/letter\-advice\-on\-the\-uks\-2030\-nationally\-determined\-contribution\-ndc/\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-30\|website\=Climate Change Committee\|language\=en\-US}} Under the Paris agreement signatory countries have discretion to set their own NDCs, and some environmental activist groups had previously called for a UK NDC of a 75% reduction, whilst [Professor Lord (Nicholas) Stern](/wiki/Nicholas_Stern%2C_Baron_Stern_of_Brentford "Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford") (speaking in an academic capacity as chair of the [Grantham Institute](/wiki/Grantham_Research_Institute_on_Climate_Change_and_the_Environment "Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment") at the [London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics "London School of Economics")) had suggested 70%.{{Cite news \|last\=Harvey \|first\=Fiona \|author\-link\=Fiona Harvey \|date\=2020\-11\-20 \|title\=Pressure grows on Boris Johnson over UK carbon emissions plan \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/20/pressure\-grows\-on\-boris\-johnson\-over\-uk\-carbon\-emissions\-plan \|access\-date\=2020\-12\-30 \|work\=The Guardian \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0261\-3077}} The [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") made the 69% commitment the same day as the CCC published its recommendation (3 December) and stated "We have proven we can reduce our emissions and create hundreds of thousands of jobs in the process. We are taking the lead with an ambitious new target to reduce our emissions by 2030, faster than any major economy ... The UK is urging world leaders to bring forward their own ambitious plans to cut emissions and set net zero \[carbon] targets."{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-12\-04\|title\=UK vows to outdo other economies with 68% emissions cuts by 2030\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/03/uk\-vows\-outdo\-other\-major\-economies\-emissions\-cuts\-by\-2030\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-30\|website\=the Guardian\|language\=en}} In December 2020, the Committee was formally renamed as the Climate Change Committee.{{Cite web\|title\=TEMPLO\|url\=http://templo.co.uk/work/climate\-change\-committee\-naming\-rebrand\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-30\|website\=templo.co.uk}}
[ "History\n-------", "The Committee on Climate Change was formally launched as a statutory committee in December 2008 with [Lord Turner](/wiki/Adair_Turner%2C_Baron_Turner_of_Ecchinswell \"Adair Turner, Baron Turner of Ecchinswell\") as its chair.", "An Adaptation Sub\\-Committee was set up in 2009 to provide advice to Government about adaptation, meaning the steps the government and devolved administrations of the United Kingdom should be taking to prepare for [climate change impacts](/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change \"Effects of climate change\").", "On 1 December 2008 the committee published its first major report entitled \"Building a [low\\-carbon economy](/wiki/Low-carbon_economy \"Low-carbon economy\") – the UK's contribution to [tackling climate change](/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation \"Climate change mitigation\")\".{{cite web\n\\|url\\=https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/building\\-a\\-low\\-carbon\\-economy\\-the\\-uks\\-contribution\\-to\\-tackling\\-climate\\-change\\-2/\n\\|title\\=Building a low\\-carbon economy – the UK's contribution to tackling climate change\n\\|publisher\\=Committee on Climate Change\n\\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-01\n\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-01\n}} This recommended that the UK adopt a long\\-term target to reduce emissions of all greenhouse gases by at least 80% by 2050, in order to tackle climate change. It recommended the level of three five\\-yearly carbon budgets to cover the periods 2008–2012, 2013\\-2017 and 2018–2022\\.", "In line with the recommendations in the committee's report, in April 2009 the Government set a requirement for a 34% cut in carbon emissions by 2020\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/apr/22/carbon\\-emissions\\-budget\\-20091\\|title\\=Budget 2009: Darling promises 34% emissions cuts with world's first binding carbon budgets\\|first\\=Juliette\\|last\\=Jowit\\|date\\=22 April 2009\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian}}", "In December 2010 the Committee recommended a [4th Carbon Budget](http://www.theccc.org.uk/reports/fourth-carbon-budget) to cover the period from 2023 to 2027\\. They recommended that the Government aims to cut emissions by at least 60% by 2030 to ensure that the UK is on track to meet the 2050 target, with Parliament to debate the contents and proposals of this report before the summer's recess. A recommendation on the [5th Carbon Budget](https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-fifth-carbon-budget-the-next-step-towards-a-low-carbon-economy/) was published in November 2015 and [adopted by the UK Government](https://www.theccc.org.uk/2016/06/30/ccc-welcomes-government-backing-for-fifth-carbon-budget-and-continued-ambition-to-meet-2050-target/) on 30 June 2016\\.", "In addition to reports to advise on the level of carbon budgets, the CCC also provides annual progress reports to Parliament which provide an update on Government's progress towards meeting climate targets. The CCC has published Progress Reports [for 2009](http://www.theccc.org.uk/reports/1st-progress-report), [2010](https://web.archive.org/web/20110215215342/http://www.theccc.org.uk/reports/2nd-progress-report), and every year since. The first biennial [joint progress report](https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/reducing-emissions-and-preparing-for-climate-change-2015-progress-report-to-parliament/) from the Committee on Climate Change and the Adaptation Sub\\-Committee was presented to the UK Parliament on 30 June 2015\\. The joint progress reports include an assessment of the UK Government's [National Adaptation Programme](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/adapting-to-climate-change-national-adaptation-programme) by the Adaptation Sub\\-Committee.", "The Adaptation Sub\\-Committee published in July 2016 the [Evidence Report](https://www.theccc.org.uk/uk-climate-change-risk-assessment-2017/) to inform the UK Government's second UK Climate Change Risk Assessment due to be presented to Parliament in January 2017\\.", "On 15 October 2018, Energy and Climate Change Minister Claire Perry formally wrote to the CCC requesting advice on a date for achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions across the economy.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk\\-climate\\-targets\\-request\\-for\\-advice\\-from\\-the\\-committee\\-on\\-climate\\-change\\|title\\=UK climate targets: request for advice from the Committee on Climate Change\\|website\\=GOV.UK\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-01}} This came seven days after the publication of a [special report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)](https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/) on the impact of global warming of 1\\.5 °C above pre\\-industrial levels. The CCC published its advice on 2 May 2019\\.", "In December 2020, the CCC published its advice for the sixth Carbon Budget (2033 to 2037\\). The sixth carbon budget is the first to be advised on since Parliament legislated for a target of Net Zero carbon emissions by 2050 in 2019\\. The recommended pathway is consistent with the Net Zero target and requires a 78% reduction in UK territorial emissions between 1990 and 2035\\. In effect, this brings forward the UK's previous 80% target by nearly 15 years.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sixth Carbon Budget\\|url\\=https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/sixth\\-carbon\\-budget/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-30\\|website\\=Climate Change Committee\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The Government formally accepted the recommendation from the CCC (965[Mt](/wiki/Tonne%23Derived_units \"Tonne#Derived units\") of [Carbon dioxide equivalent](/wiki/Global_warming_potential%23Carbon_dioxide_equivalent \"Global warming potential#Carbon dioxide equivalent\") in the budgetary period 2033 to 2037\\) in April 2021,{{Cite web\\|title\\=UK enshrines new target in law to slash emissions by 78% by 2035\\|url\\=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk\\-enshrines\\-new\\-target\\-in\\-law\\-to\\-slash\\-emissions\\-by\\-78\\-by\\-2035\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-02\\|website\\=GOV.UK\\|language\\=en}} and Parliament passed the relevant [statutory instrument](/wiki/Statutory_instrument_%28UK%29 \"Statutory instrument (UK)\") in June 2021\\.{{Cite legislation UK\\|type\\=si\\|year\\=2021\\|number\\=750\\|si\\=The Carbon Budget Order 2021\\|section\\=\\|accessdate\\=2 October 2021\\|date\\=23 June 2021}}", "Separately in December 2020, following a request for advice from the [Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy](/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business_and_Trade \"Secretary of State for Business and Trade\") [Alok Sharma](/wiki/Alok_Sharma \"Alok Sharma\"), the CCC recommended that the government adopt a commitment to reduce UK territorial carbon emissions by at least 68% from 1990 to 2030**,** as part of the UK's nationally determined contribution (NDC) to the UN process as specified in the [Paris Agreement](/wiki/Paris_Agreement \"Paris Agreement\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Letter: Advice on the UK's 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)\\|url\\=https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/letter\\-advice\\-on\\-the\\-uks\\-2030\\-nationally\\-determined\\-contribution\\-ndc/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-30\\|website\\=Climate Change Committee\\|language\\=en\\-US}} Under the Paris agreement signatory countries have discretion to set their own NDCs, and some environmental activist groups had previously called for a UK NDC of a 75% reduction, whilst [Professor Lord (Nicholas) Stern](/wiki/Nicholas_Stern%2C_Baron_Stern_of_Brentford \"Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford\") (speaking in an academic capacity as chair of the [Grantham Institute](/wiki/Grantham_Research_Institute_on_Climate_Change_and_the_Environment \"Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment\") at the [London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics \"London School of Economics\")) had suggested 70%.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Harvey \\|first\\=Fiona \\|author\\-link\\=Fiona Harvey \\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-20 \\|title\\=Pressure grows on Boris Johnson over UK carbon emissions plan \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/20/pressure\\-grows\\-on\\-boris\\-johnson\\-over\\-uk\\-carbon\\-emissions\\-plan \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-30 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} The [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") [Boris Johnson](/wiki/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\") made the 69% commitment the same day as the CCC published its recommendation (3 December) and stated \"We have proven we can reduce our emissions and create hundreds of thousands of jobs in the process. We are taking the lead with an ambitious new target to reduce our emissions by 2030, faster than any major economy ... The UK is urging world leaders to bring forward their own ambitious plans to cut emissions and set net zero \\[carbon] targets.\"{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-04\\|title\\=UK vows to outdo other economies with 68% emissions cuts by 2030\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/03/uk\\-vows\\-outdo\\-other\\-major\\-economies\\-emissions\\-cuts\\-by\\-2030\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-30\\|website\\=the Guardian\\|language\\=en}}", "In December 2020, the Committee was formally renamed as the Climate Change Committee.{{Cite web\\|title\\=TEMPLO\\|url\\=http://templo.co.uk/work/climate\\-change\\-committee\\-naming\\-rebrand\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-30\\|website\\=templo.co.uk}}", "" ]
Biography --------- [thumb\|250px\|*Cesare Mormile Addresses the People Rebelling against the Decrees of the Inquisition*](/wiki/File:Cesare_Mormile_Marinelli_Castel_Nuovo_Napoli_n01.jpg "Cesare Mormile Marinelli Castel Nuovo Napoli n01.jpg") Marinelli was born in [San Martino d'Agri](/wiki/San_Martino_d%27Agri "San Martino d'Agri") near [Potenza](/wiki/Potenza "Potenza"). His father was a surgeon and a dedicated Jacobin.[Encyclopedia Treccani](http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vincenzo-marinelli_(Dizionario-Biografico)/), Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani \- Volume 70 (2007\) entry by Rosalba Dinoia. At the age of 17, he moved to Naples to complete his literary and scientific studies. By the age of 22, he dedicated himself to painting, and studied under [Costanzo Angelini](/wiki/Costanzo_Angelini "Costanzo Angelini") at the [Royal Institute of Fine Arts of Naples](/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Fine_Arts_of_Naples "Royal Institute of Fine Arts of Naples"). Obtaining a scholarship from the [Province of Basilicata](/wiki/Basilicata "Basilicata"), from 1842 to 1848, he studied in Rome at the Academy under [Tommaso Minardi](/wiki/Tommaso_Minardi "Tommaso Minardi"). Returning to Naples after the restoration, he traveled through Greece working for [Otto, King of Greece](/wiki/Otto%2C_King_of_Greece "Otto, King of Greece"). He visited the Greek isles, and painted for the Cathedral of Rethymno in Crete. He then traveled to Egypt, where he completed works for the Ottoman [Khedive](/wiki/Khedive "Khedive"), [Muhammad Sa'id Pasha](/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt "Sa'id of Egypt"), accompanying him on a nine\-month trip to Sudan. Back in Naples in 1859, ten years later he was invited to the inauguration of the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal "Suez Canal"), he returned to Egypt and traveled up to the first cataract of the Nile. Again returning to Italy, he won a contest in 1875 to become Professor of design and figure at the Royal Institute of Fine Arts a Naples, and in 1881, upon the resignation of [Domenico Morelli](/wiki/Domenico_Morelli "Domenico Morelli"), he was named professor of painting of Royal Institute. He taught from 1865 to 1887 at the Royal Educandato Femminile Regina Maria Pia. He died in Naples on 18 January 1892\. Among his works are: *Parnassus and Great Poets of Antiquity* in 17 life size canvases for the Royal Palace in Athens; two large altarpieces: *Assumption of the Virgin* and *Baptism of Christ in the Jordan* for the Cathedral of San Antonio of Padua in [Rethymno](/wiki/Rethymno "Rethymno"); a canvas of recollecting his trip to Sudan, *Khedive Said Pasha ordering the caravan to form*, *Ballo dell' ape nell Harem* (Dance of the Bee in the Harem), and *le Baiadere* exhibited in 1862 at the first International Exposition of London; *Cleopatra and her handmaidens receive Antonio*;*Cleopatra and her handmaidens* was commissioned by King Vittorio Emanuele and once found next to *Ballo dell'ape* in the [Pinacoteca di Capodimonte](/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Capodimonte "Pinacoteca di Capodimonte"). *Cesare Mormile addresses the people rebelling against the decrees of the Inquisition*; *Un episodio del Cantico dei cantici*; *Il ritorno del tappeto dalla Mecca*; and *The Kamsin* once in the Gladstone House at Liverpool; *Henry IV at Canossa*; *Un corteo nuziale arabo* and *Una fiera di schiavi nel deserto*. His *Ballo dell'ape* garnered notoriety in prior centuries for its exotic and sensuous tone; modern attention is likely more to be disturbed by the depiction of an African courtesan, likely a slave, dancing half\-naked for her Arab ruler. For his *{{ill\|Ferrante Carafa\|it}} riding through the streets of Naples with [Masaniello](/wiki/Masaniello "Masaniello"), the popular hero, seated on the horse behind him* (1870, Exhibition at Parma),[History of Modern Italian Art](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLs9AQAAMAAJ) by Ashton Rollins Willard, 1902, pp. 388–390\. awarded a gold medal at the Exhibition of Parma and a thousand lire by the Ministry of Public Education. For this latter work, he was awarded the cross of the [Order of the Crown of Italy](/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy "Order of the Crown of Italy") and the painting was moved to the Pinacoteca of the city of Turin.[*Dizionario degli Artisti Italiani Viventi: pittori, scultori, e Architetti*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0bAAAAYAAJ), by [Angelo de Gubernatis](/wiki/Angelo_de_Gubernatis "Angelo de Gubernatis"). Tipe dei Successori Le Monnier, 1889, pp. 281–282\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "[thumb\\|250px\\|*Cesare Mormile Addresses the People Rebelling against the Decrees of the Inquisition*](/wiki/File:Cesare_Mormile_Marinelli_Castel_Nuovo_Napoli_n01.jpg \"Cesare Mormile Marinelli Castel Nuovo Napoli n01.jpg\")\nMarinelli was born in [San Martino d'Agri](/wiki/San_Martino_d%27Agri \"San Martino d'Agri\") near [Potenza](/wiki/Potenza \"Potenza\"). His father was a surgeon and a dedicated Jacobin.[Encyclopedia Treccani](http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vincenzo-marinelli_(Dizionario-Biografico)/), Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani \\- Volume 70 (2007\\) entry by Rosalba Dinoia. At the age of 17, he moved to Naples to complete his literary and scientific studies. By the age of 22, he dedicated himself to painting, and studied under [Costanzo Angelini](/wiki/Costanzo_Angelini \"Costanzo Angelini\") at the [Royal Institute of Fine Arts of Naples](/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Fine_Arts_of_Naples \"Royal Institute of Fine Arts of Naples\"). Obtaining a scholarship from the [Province of Basilicata](/wiki/Basilicata \"Basilicata\"), from 1842 to 1848, he studied in Rome at the Academy under [Tommaso Minardi](/wiki/Tommaso_Minardi \"Tommaso Minardi\").", "Returning to Naples after the restoration, he traveled through Greece working for [Otto, King of Greece](/wiki/Otto%2C_King_of_Greece \"Otto, King of Greece\"). He visited the Greek isles, and painted for the Cathedral of Rethymno in Crete. He then traveled to Egypt, where he completed works for the Ottoman [Khedive](/wiki/Khedive \"Khedive\"), [Muhammad Sa'id Pasha](/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt \"Sa'id of Egypt\"), accompanying him on a nine\\-month trip to Sudan. Back in Naples in 1859, ten years later he was invited to the inauguration of the [Suez Canal](/wiki/Suez_Canal \"Suez Canal\"), he returned to Egypt and traveled up to the first cataract of the Nile.", "Again returning to Italy, he won a contest in 1875 to become Professor of design and figure at the Royal Institute of Fine Arts a Naples, and in 1881, upon the resignation of [Domenico Morelli](/wiki/Domenico_Morelli \"Domenico Morelli\"), he was named professor of painting of Royal Institute. He taught from 1865 to 1887 at the Royal Educandato Femminile Regina Maria Pia. He died in Naples on 18 January 1892\\.", "Among his works are: *Parnassus and Great Poets of Antiquity* in 17 life size canvases for the Royal Palace in Athens; two large altarpieces: *Assumption of the Virgin* and *Baptism of Christ in the Jordan* for the Cathedral of San Antonio of Padua in [Rethymno](/wiki/Rethymno \"Rethymno\"); a canvas of recollecting his trip to Sudan, *Khedive Said Pasha ordering the caravan to form*, *Ballo dell' ape nell Harem* (Dance of the Bee in the Harem), and *le Baiadere* exhibited in 1862 at the first International Exposition of London; *Cleopatra and her handmaidens receive Antonio*;*Cleopatra and her handmaidens* was commissioned by King Vittorio Emanuele and once found next to *Ballo dell'ape* in the [Pinacoteca di Capodimonte](/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Capodimonte \"Pinacoteca di Capodimonte\"). *Cesare Mormile addresses the people rebelling against the decrees of the Inquisition*; *Un episodio del Cantico dei cantici*; *Il ritorno del tappeto dalla Mecca*; and *The Kamsin* once in the Gladstone House at Liverpool; *Henry IV at Canossa*; *Un corteo nuziale arabo* and *Una fiera di schiavi nel deserto*.", "His *Ballo dell'ape* garnered notoriety in prior centuries for its exotic and sensuous tone; modern attention is likely more to be disturbed by the depiction of an African courtesan, likely a slave, dancing half\\-naked for her Arab ruler.", "For his *{{ill\\|Ferrante Carafa\\|it}} riding through the streets of Naples with [Masaniello](/wiki/Masaniello \"Masaniello\"), the popular hero, seated on the horse behind him* (1870, Exhibition at Parma),[History of Modern Italian Art](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLs9AQAAMAAJ) by Ashton Rollins Willard, 1902, pp. 388–390\\. awarded a gold medal at the Exhibition of Parma and a thousand lire by the Ministry of Public Education. For this latter work, he was awarded the cross of the [Order of the Crown of Italy](/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy \"Order of the Crown of Italy\") and the painting was moved to the Pinacoteca of the city of Turin.[*Dizionario degli Artisti Italiani Viventi: pittori, scultori, e Architetti*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0bAAAAYAAJ), by [Angelo de Gubernatis](/wiki/Angelo_de_Gubernatis \"Angelo de Gubernatis\"). Tipe dei Successori Le Monnier, 1889, pp. 281–282\\.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early career Nordebäck began figure skating in 2007\. During his early career, he was coached by Tanja Magnusson and Daniel Peinado, before eventually switching to Danil Efintsev. ### 2017–18 season Making his junior international debut, Nordebäck began the season by competing at the [2017 Volvo Open Cup](/wiki/Volvo_Open_Cup "Volvo Open Cup"), where he placed fifth. He went on to compete at the [2017 CS Tallinn Trophy](/wiki/2017_CS_Tallinn_Trophy "2017 CS Tallinn Trophy"), finishing sixth. At the [2018 Swedish Junior Championships](/wiki/Swedish_Figure_Skating_Championships "Swedish Figure Skating Championships"), Nordebäck won the bronze medal. He then won the gold medal at the [2018 Nordic Junior Championships](/wiki/Nordic_Figure_Skating_Championships "Nordic Figure Skating Championships"). He closed the season with fourth\-place finish at the [2018 International Challenge Cup](/wiki/International_Challenge_Cup "International Challenge Cup"). ### 2018–19 season Debuting on the [Junior Grand Prix](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix "2018–19 ISU Junior Grand Prix") series, Nordebäck finished ninth at both the [2018 JGP Czech Republic](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_the_Czech_Republic "ISU Junior Grand Prix in the Czech Republic") and [2018 JGP Slovenia](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Slovenia "ISU Junior Grand Prix in Slovenia"). He then won the silver medal at the [2018 Golden Bear of Zagreb](/wiki/Golden_Bear_of_Zagreb "Golden Bear of Zagreb"). At the [2019 Swedish Junior Championships](/wiki/Swedish_Figure_Skating_Championships "Swedish Figure Skating Championships"), Nordebäck won the gold medal. Competing at the [2019 European Youth Olympic Festival](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2019_European_Youth_Olympic_Winter_Festival "Figure skating at the 2019 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival"), he finished fifth. Following the season, Nordebäck switched coaches from Danil Efintsev to Mélanie Joseph. ### 2019–20 season Nordebäck competed on the [Junior Grand Prix](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix "2019–20 ISU Junior Grand Prix") series, finishing fourteenth at the [2019 JGP Poland](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Poland "ISU Junior Grand Prix in Poland") and fifteenth at the [2019 JGP Italy](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Italy "ISU Junior Grand Prix in Italy"). At the [2020 Swedish Junior Championships](/wiki/Swedish_Figure_Skating_Championships "Swedish Figure Skating Championships"), Nordebäck won the junior national title for the second year in a row. He then competed at the [2020 Bavarian Open](/wiki/Bavarian_Open "Bavarian Open"), where he placed seventh. ### 2020–21 season Nordebäck did not compete during this season. He performed in the Exhibition Gala at the [2021 World Championships](/wiki/2021_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "2021 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"). ### 2021–22 season Competing on the [Junior Grand Prix](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix "2021–22 ISU Junior Grand Prix") series, Nordebäck placed ninth at the [2021 JGP Russia](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Russia "ISU Junior Grand Prix in Russia") and fifth at the [2021 JGP Austria](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Austria "ISU Junior Grand Prix in Austria"). He then went on to win the gold medal at the [2021 Tallinn Trophy](/wiki/Tallinn_Trophy "Tallinn Trophy") and at the [2022 Nordic Championships](/wiki/Nordic_Figure_Skating_Championships "Nordic Figure Skating Championships"). Selected to compete at the [2022 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2022_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "2022 World Junior Figure Skating Championships") in [Tallinn](/wiki/Tallinn "Tallinn"), [Estonia](/wiki/Estonia "Estonia"), Nordebäck finished tenth. ### 2022–23 season Nordebäck began the season by competing on the [Junior Grand Prix](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix "2022–23 ISU Junior Grand Prix") series, winning the bronze medal at the [2022 JGP Czech Republic](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_the_Czech_Republic "ISU Junior Grand Prix in the Czech Republic") and seventh at the [2022 JGP Italy](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Italy "ISU Junior Grand Prix in Italy"). Making his senior international debut, Nordebäck won the bronze medal at the [2022 CS Finlandia Trophy](/wiki/2022_CS_Finlandia_Trophy "2022 CS Finlandia Trophy") and silver medal at the [2022 CS Ice Challenge](/wiki/2022_CS_Ice_Challenge "2022 CS Ice Challenge"). At the [2023 Swedish Championships](/wiki/Swedish_Figure_Skating_Championships "Swedish Figure Skating Championships"), Nordebäck won his first senior national title. He also went on to win gold at the [2023 Nordic Championships](/wiki/Nordic_Figure_Skating_Championships "Nordic Figure Skating Championships"). Selected to compete at the [2023 European Championships](/wiki/2023_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "2023 European Figure Skating Championships") in [Espoo](/wiki/Espoo "Espoo"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), Nordebäck finished ninth. He then went on to compete at the [2023 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2023_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships "2023 World Junior Figure Skating Championships") in [Calgary](/wiki/Calgary "Calgary"), [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta "Alberta"), and placed eleventh. Making his World Championship debut at the [2023 World Championships](/wiki/2023_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "2023 World Figure Skating Championships") in [Saitama](/wiki/Saitama_%28city%29 "Saitama (city)"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"), Nordebäck finished eighteenth. ### 2023–24 season Nordebäck began the season with an eleventh\-place finish at the [2023 CS Finlandia Trophy](/wiki/2023_CS_Finlandia_Trophy "2023 CS Finlandia Trophy"). On the [Grand Prix](/wiki/2023-24_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating "2023-24 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating"), he was twelfth of twelve skaters at the [2023 Skate America](/wiki/2023_Skate_America "2023 Skate America"). In the second half of the season Nordebäck came twenty\-second at the [2024 European Championships](/wiki/2024_European_Figure_Skating_Championships "2024 European Figure Skating Championships") and twenty\-third at the [2024 World Championships](/wiki/2024_World_Figure_Skating_Championships "2024 World Figure Skating Championships").
[ "Career\n------", "### Early career", "Nordebäck began figure skating in 2007\\. During his early career, he was coached by Tanja Magnusson and Daniel Peinado, before eventually switching to Danil Efintsev.", "### 2017–18 season", "Making his junior international debut, Nordebäck began the season by competing at the [2017 Volvo Open Cup](/wiki/Volvo_Open_Cup \"Volvo Open Cup\"), where he placed fifth. He went on to compete at the [2017 CS Tallinn Trophy](/wiki/2017_CS_Tallinn_Trophy \"2017 CS Tallinn Trophy\"), finishing sixth.", "At the [2018 Swedish Junior Championships](/wiki/Swedish_Figure_Skating_Championships \"Swedish Figure Skating Championships\"), Nordebäck won the bronze medal. He then won the gold medal at the [2018 Nordic Junior Championships](/wiki/Nordic_Figure_Skating_Championships \"Nordic Figure Skating Championships\"). He closed the season with fourth\\-place finish at the [2018 International Challenge Cup](/wiki/International_Challenge_Cup \"International Challenge Cup\").", "### 2018–19 season", "Debuting on the [Junior Grand Prix](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix \"2018–19 ISU Junior Grand Prix\") series, Nordebäck finished ninth at both the [2018 JGP Czech Republic](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_the_Czech_Republic \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in the Czech Republic\") and [2018 JGP Slovenia](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Slovenia \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in Slovenia\"). He then won the silver medal at the [2018 Golden Bear of Zagreb](/wiki/Golden_Bear_of_Zagreb \"Golden Bear of Zagreb\").", "At the [2019 Swedish Junior Championships](/wiki/Swedish_Figure_Skating_Championships \"Swedish Figure Skating Championships\"), Nordebäck won the gold medal. Competing at the [2019 European Youth Olympic Festival](/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2019_European_Youth_Olympic_Winter_Festival \"Figure skating at the 2019 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival\"), he finished fifth.", "Following the season, Nordebäck switched coaches from Danil Efintsev to Mélanie Joseph.", "### 2019–20 season", "Nordebäck competed on the [Junior Grand Prix](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix \"2019–20 ISU Junior Grand Prix\") series, finishing fourteenth at the [2019 JGP Poland](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Poland \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in Poland\") and fifteenth at the [2019 JGP Italy](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Italy \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in Italy\").", "At the [2020 Swedish Junior Championships](/wiki/Swedish_Figure_Skating_Championships \"Swedish Figure Skating Championships\"), Nordebäck won the junior national title for the second year in a row. He then competed at the [2020 Bavarian Open](/wiki/Bavarian_Open \"Bavarian Open\"), where he placed seventh.", "### 2020–21 season", "Nordebäck did not compete during this season. He performed in the Exhibition Gala at the [2021 World Championships](/wiki/2021_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2021 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\").", "### 2021–22 season", "Competing on the [Junior Grand Prix](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix \"2021–22 ISU Junior Grand Prix\") series, Nordebäck placed ninth at the [2021 JGP Russia](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Russia \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in Russia\") and fifth at the [2021 JGP Austria](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Austria \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in Austria\"). He then went on to win the gold medal at the [2021 Tallinn Trophy](/wiki/Tallinn_Trophy \"Tallinn Trophy\") and at the [2022 Nordic Championships](/wiki/Nordic_Figure_Skating_Championships \"Nordic Figure Skating Championships\").", "Selected to compete at the [2022 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2022_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2022 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\") in [Tallinn](/wiki/Tallinn \"Tallinn\"), [Estonia](/wiki/Estonia \"Estonia\"), Nordebäck finished tenth.", "### 2022–23 season", "Nordebäck began the season by competing on the [Junior Grand Prix](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix \"2022–23 ISU Junior Grand Prix\") series, winning the bronze medal at the [2022 JGP Czech Republic](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_the_Czech_Republic \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in the Czech Republic\") and seventh at the [2022 JGP Italy](/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Italy \"ISU Junior Grand Prix in Italy\"). Making his senior international debut, Nordebäck won the bronze medal at the [2022 CS Finlandia Trophy](/wiki/2022_CS_Finlandia_Trophy \"2022 CS Finlandia Trophy\") and silver medal at the [2022 CS Ice Challenge](/wiki/2022_CS_Ice_Challenge \"2022 CS Ice Challenge\").", "At the [2023 Swedish Championships](/wiki/Swedish_Figure_Skating_Championships \"Swedish Figure Skating Championships\"), Nordebäck won his first senior national title. He also went on to win gold at the [2023 Nordic Championships](/wiki/Nordic_Figure_Skating_Championships \"Nordic Figure Skating Championships\").", "Selected to compete at the [2023 European Championships](/wiki/2023_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2023 European Figure Skating Championships\") in [Espoo](/wiki/Espoo \"Espoo\"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), Nordebäck finished ninth. He then went on to compete at the [2023 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2023_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2023 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\") in [Calgary](/wiki/Calgary \"Calgary\"), [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\"), and placed eleventh.", "Making his World Championship debut at the [2023 World Championships](/wiki/2023_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2023 World Figure Skating Championships\") in [Saitama](/wiki/Saitama_%28city%29 \"Saitama (city)\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), Nordebäck finished eighteenth.", "### 2023–24 season", "Nordebäck began the season with an eleventh\\-place finish at the [2023 CS Finlandia Trophy](/wiki/2023_CS_Finlandia_Trophy \"2023 CS Finlandia Trophy\"). On the [Grand Prix](/wiki/2023-24_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating \"2023-24 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating\"), he was twelfth of twelve skaters at the [2023 Skate America](/wiki/2023_Skate_America \"2023 Skate America\"). In the second half of the season Nordebäck came twenty\\-second at the [2024 European Championships](/wiki/2024_European_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2024 European Figure Skating Championships\") and twenty\\-third at the [2024 World Championships](/wiki/2024_World_Figure_Skating_Championships \"2024 World Figure Skating Championships\").", "" ]
Clinical significance --------------------- ### Regulation of blood pressure With respect to the regulation of blood pressure as well as the kidneys' regulation of salt and water absorption (which contributes to blood pressure regulation), EETS are counterpoises to another CYP\-derived arachidonic acid metabolite, [20\-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid](/wiki/20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid "20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid") (20\-HETE). In humans, the major CYPs making 20\-HETE are [CYP4A11](/wiki/CYP4A11 "CYP4A11"), [CYP4F2](/wiki/CYP4F2 "CYP4F2"), and [CYP4F3](/wiki/CYP4F3 "CYP4F3"). In animal models, 20\-HETE raises blood pressure by contracting arteries and stimulating the kidney to reabsorb salt and water to increase the intravascular volume (see [20\-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid](/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid")). EETs have the opposite effects. They are one type of [endothelium\-derived hyperpolarizing factor](/wiki/Endothelium-derived_hyperpolarizing_factor "Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor"), i.e. a substance and/or electrical signal synthesized or generated in and released from the vascular endothelium that hyperpolarize nearby vascular smooth muscle cells. This causes these cells to relax and thereby lowers blood pressure. In animal (primarily rodent) models, EETs dilate smaller sized resistance arteries involved in causing hypertension as well as cardiac and renal arteries. They cause smooth muscle hyperpolarization by opening vascular smooth muscle [large\-conductance calcium\-activated potassium channels](/wiki/Large-conductance_calcium-activated_potassium_channels "Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels"), opening certain vascular smooth muscle [transient receptor potential channels](/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channels "Transient receptor potential channels"), or facilitating the movement of excitatory signals through [gap junctions](/wiki/Gap_junctions "Gap junctions") between endothelium and smooth muscles or between smooth muscles. The actual mechanism(s) involved in these EET\-induced effects have not been fully elucidated although some studies implicate EET binding to an unidentified [cell surface receptor](/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor "Cell surface receptor") and/or [Gs protein](/wiki/Gs_protein "Gs protein")\-linked [G protein–coupled receptor](/wiki/G_protein%E2%80%93coupled_receptor "G protein–coupled receptor") to initiate the signal pathway(s) leading to the cited channel and gap junction changes. With respect to the kidney, studies in rodents find that 20\-HETE increases sodium and water reabsorption while the EETs, which are made in the proximal tubules and cortical collecting ducts, reduce sodium ion and water transport at both sites by inhibiting kidney [sodium–hydrogen antiporter](/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93hydrogen_antiporter "Sodium–hydrogen antiporter") (i.e. Na\+/H\+ exchanger) and/or [epithelial sodium channels](/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel "Epithelial sodium channel").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Fan F, Muroya Y, Roman RJ \| title \= Cytochrome P450 eicosanoids in hypertension and renal disease \| journal \= Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension \| volume \= 24 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 37–46 \| date \= Jan 2015 \| pmid \= 25427230 \| doi \= 10\.1097/MNH.0000000000000088 \| pmc\=4260681}} Mice lacking either of the EET\-producing Cyp2c44 or Cyp4ac44 genes (by [gene knockout](/wiki/Gene_knockout "Gene knockout")) develop hypertension when fed high sodium or high potassium diets. These and large number of other studies included in the cited references implicate the EETs in the control of at least certain forms of hypertension in rodents. In humans, vascular endothelium production of EETs involves mainly CYP2C9 and numerous indirect studies have implicated CYP epoxygenase, possibly CYP2C9, in producing a product which causes vasodilation. These studies find that selective (but not entirely specific) CYP epoxygenase\-inhibiting drugs reduce human vasodilation responses elicited by the vasodilators [bradykinin](/wiki/Bradykinin "Bradykinin"), [acetylcholine](/wiki/Acetylcholine "Acetylcholine"), and [methacholine](/wiki/Methacholine "Methacholine"); this suggests that these vasodilators operate by stimulation the production of EETs. Human studies also find that Caucasian but not African American subjects who have the Lys55Arg [single nucleotide polymorphism](/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphism "Single nucleotide polymorphism") variant in the polyunsaturated fatty epoxide\-inactivating enzyme, sEH, express hyperactive sEH and show reduced vasodilation responses to bradykinin. Other studies find that women with [pregnancy\-induced hypertension](/wiki/Pregnancy-induced_hypertension "Pregnancy-induced hypertension") and subjects with [renovascular hypertension](/wiki/Renovascular_hypertension "Renovascular hypertension") exhibit low plasma ETE levels. Finally, 11,12\-EET has been shown to relax the internal mammary artery in women, indicating that at least this EET has direct vasodilating actions in humans. On the other hand, several studies in humans with [single nucleotide polymorphism](/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphism "Single nucleotide polymorphism") in CYP epxoygenase genes have given negative or confusing results. The most common variant of CYP2J2, rs890293, similarly contradictive or negative results are reported in studies on the rs11572082 (Arg1391Lys){{cite web\|url\=https://www.pharmgkb.org/variant/rs11572082\|title \= PharmGKB}} variant of CYP2C8 and the rs1799853 (Arg144Cys){{cite web \| url \= https://www.pharmgkb.org/variant/rs1799853?previousQuery\=rs1799853 \| title \= rs1799853 at chr10:96702047 in CYP2C9 \| work \= PharmGKB }} and rs1057910 (Ile359Leu){{cite web \| url \= https://www.pharmgkb.org/variant/rs1057910?previousQuery\=rs1057910 \| title \= rs1057910 at chr10:96741053 in CYP2C9 \| work \= PharmGKB }} variants of CYP2C9, all of which code for an epoxygenase with reduced arachidonic acid\-metabolizing and EET\-forming activities.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Fava C, Ricci M, Melander O, Minuz P \| title \= Hypertension, cardiovascular risk and polymorphisms in genes controlling the cytochrome P450 pathway of arachidonic acid: A sex\-specific relation? \| journal \= Prostaglandins \& Other Lipid Mediators \| volume \= 98 \| issue \= 3–4 \| pages \= 75–85 \| year \= 2012 \| pmid \= 22173545 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011\.11\.007 \| s2cid \= 7528853 \| url \= http://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/4264285/2376199\.pdf }} While many of the cited studies suggest that one or more of the EETs released by vascular endothelial cells are responsible for the actions of the vasodilators and that deficiencies in EET production or excessive EET inactivation by sEH underlie certain types of hypertension in humans, they are not conclusive. They do not exclude a possibility that other polyunsaturated fatty acid epoxides such as those derived from eicosatetraenoic, docosatetraenoic, or linoleic acids made by CYP2C9 or other CYP [epoxygenases](/wiki/Epoxygenase "Epoxygenase") contribute in small or large part to vasodilation responses and by this action promote blood flow to tissues and function in lowering high blood pressures. Furthermore, the genetic studies conducted to date on SNP variants do not give strong support for an antihypertensive role for the EETs or EET\-forming epoxygenases in humans. Recently developed drugs which are metabolically stable analogs of the EETs and thereby mimic the EETs actions or, alternatively of drugs which inhibit sEH and thereby increase EET levels are in the [pre\-clinical development](/wiki/Pre-clinical_development "Pre-clinical development") stage for treating human hypertension. Testing for their usefulness in treating human hypertension is made difficult because of: **1\)** the large number of CYP epoxygenases along with their differing tissue distributions and sensitivities to drug inhibitors; **2\)** the diversity of EETs made by the CYP epoxygenases, some of which differ in activities; **3\)** the diversity of fatty acid substrates metabolized by the CYP epoxygenases some of which are converted to epoxides (e.g. the epoxide metabolites of linoleic, docosahexaenoic, eicosapentaenoic acids), which have different activities than the EETs or may even be overtly toxic to humans (see [Coronaric acid](/wiki/Coronaric_acid "Coronaric acid")); **4\)** the sEH\-derived dihydroxy metabolites of the EETs some of which have potent vasodilating effects in the certain vascular networks in rodents and therefore potentially in humans; and **5\)** the non\-specificity and side effects of the latter drugs.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Konkel A, Schunck WH \| title \= Role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the bioactivation of polyunsaturated fatty acids \| journal \= Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) \- Proteins and Proteomics \| volume \= 1814 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 210–22 \| date \= Jan 2011 \| pmid \= 20869469 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.bbapap.2010\.09\.009 }}{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Lazaar AL, Yang L, Boardley RL, Goyal NS, Robertson J, Baldwin SJ, Newby DE, Wilkinson IB, Tal\-Singer R, Mayer RJ, Cheriyan J \| title \= Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of GSK2256294, a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor \| journal \= British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology \| date \= Dec 2015 \| pmid \= 26620151 \| doi \= 10\.1111/bcp.12855 \| volume\=81 \| issue \= 5 \| pages\=971–9\| pmc \= 4834590 }} As indicated on the ClinicalTrials.gov web site, a [National Institutes of Health](/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health")\-sponsored clinical trial entitled "Evaluation of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase (s\-EH) Inhibitor in Patients With Mild to Moderate Hypertension and Impaired Glucose Tolerance" has not been completed or reported on although started in 2009\.{{ClinicalTrialsGov\|NCT00847899\|Evaluation of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase (s\-EH) Inhibitor in Patients With Mild to Moderate Hypertension and Impaired Glucose Tolerance}} ### Heart disease As indicated elsewhere on this page, EETs inhibit inflammation, inhibit [blood clot](/wiki/Blood_clot "Blood clot") formation, inhibit [platelet](/wiki/Platelet "Platelet") activation, dilate blood vessels including the [coronary arteries](/wiki/Coronary_arteries "Coronary arteries"), reduce certain types of [hypertension](/wiki/Hypertension "Hypertension"), stimulate the survival of vascular endothelial and cardiac muscle cells by inhibiting [apoptosis](/wiki/Apoptosis "Apoptosis"), promote blood vessel growth (i.e. [angiogenesis](/wiki/Angiogenesis "Angiogenesis")), and stimulate smooth muscle cell migration; these activities may protect the heart. Indeed, studies on in vivo animal and in vitro animal and human cell model systems indicate that the ETEs reduce [infarct](/wiki/Infarct "Infarct") (i.e. injured tissue) size, reduce cardiac arrhythmias, and improve the strength of left ventricle contraction immediately after blockade of coronary artery blood flow in animal models of ischemia\-[reperfusion injury](/wiki/Reperfusion_injury "Reperfusion injury"); EETs also reduce the size of heart enlargement that occurs long after these experiment\-induced injuries.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Oni\-Orisan A, Alsaleh N, Lee CR, Seubert JM \| title \= Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and cardioprotection: the road to translation \| journal \= Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology \| volume \= 74 \| pages \= 199–208 \| date \= Sep 2014 \| pmid \= 24893205 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.yjmcc.2014\.05\.016 \| pmc\=4115045}} Humans with established [coronary artery disease](/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease "Coronary artery disease") have higher levels of plasma EETs and higher ratios of 14,15\-EET to 14,15\-diHETrE (14,15\-diHETrE is the less active or inactive metabolite 14,15\-EET). This suggests that the EETs serve a protective role in this setting and that these plasma changes were a result of a reduction in cardiac sEH activity. Furthermore, [coronary artery disease](/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease "Coronary artery disease") patients who had lower levels of EETs/14,15\-di\-ETE ratios exhibited evidence of a poorer prognosis based on the presence of poor prognostic indicators, cigarette smoking, obesity, old age, and elevation in inflammation markers. ### Strokes and seizures Indirect studies in animal models suggest that EETs have protective effects in [strokes](/wiki/Stroke "Stroke") (i.e. cerbrovasular accidents). Thus, sEH inhibitors and sEH\-[gene knockout](/wiki/Gene_knockout "Gene knockout") have been shown to reduce the damage to brain that occurs in several different models of [ischemic stroke](/wiki/Ischemic_stroke "Ischemic stroke"); this protective effect appears due to a reduction in systemic blood pressure and maintenance of blood flow to ischemic areas of the brain by arteriole dilation as a presumed consequence of inhibiting the degradation of EETs (and/or other fatty acid epoxides).{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Huang H, Al\-Shabrawey M, Wang MH \| title \= Cyclooxygenase\- and cytochrome P450\-derived eicosanoids in stroke \| journal \= Prostaglandins \& Other Lipid Mediators \| volume \= 122 \| pages \= 45–53 \| date \= Jan 2016 \| pmid \= 26747234 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015\.12\.007 \| pmc \= 4779674 }} sEH\-gene knockout mice were also protected from that brain damage that followed induced\-[subarachnoid hemorrhage](/wiki/Subarachnoid_hemorrhage "Subarachnoid hemorrhage"); this protective effect appeared due to a reduction in cerebral edema which was also presumable due to the prolongation of EET half\-lives. 14,15\-EET levels have been shown to be elevated in the [cerebrospinal fluid](/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid "Cerebrospinal fluid") of humans suffering subarachnoid hemorrhage.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Siler DA, Berlow YA, Kukino A, Davis CM, Nelson JW, Grafe MR, Ono H, Cetas JS, Pike M, Alkayed NJ \| title \= Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in Hydrocephalus, Cerebral Edema, and Vascular Inflammation After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage \| journal \= Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation \| volume \= 46 \| issue \= 7 \| pages \= 1916–22 \| date \= Jul 2015 \| pmid \= 25991416 \| doi \= 10\.1161/STROKEAHA.114\.008560 \| pmc\=4480190}} sEH inhibitors and gene knockout also reduce the number and severity of [epileptic seizures](/wiki/Epileptic_seizure "Epileptic seizure") in several animal models; this effect is presumed due to the actions of EETs (and other epoxide fatty acids) in reducing cerebral blood flow changes, and reducing neuron production of [neuroactive steroids](/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid "Neuroactive steroid"), reducing neuroinflammation,{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Hung YW, Hung SW, Wu YC, Wong LK, Lai MT, Shih YH, Lee TS, Lin YY \| title \= Soluble epoxide hydrolase activity regulates inflammatory responses and seizure generation in two mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy \| journal \= Brain, Behavior, and Immunity \| volume \= 43 \| pages \= 118–29 \| date \= Jan 2015 \| pmid \= 25135858 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.bbi.2014\.07\.016 \| s2cid \= 26049920 }} ### Portal hypertension Portal hypertension or hypertension in the venous [hepatic portal system](/wiki/Hepatic_portal_system "Hepatic portal system") of blood flow is defined as an increase in portal pressure above normal values of 10 [millimeter of mercury](/wiki/Millimeter_of_mercury "Millimeter of mercury"). It is a serious, sometimes life\-threatening complication of various diseases such as liver [cirrhosis](/wiki/Cirrhosis "Cirrhosis"), [liver fibrosis](/wiki/Liver_fibrosis "Liver fibrosis"), massive [fatty liver](/wiki/Fatty_liver "Fatty liver"), [portal vein thrombosis](/wiki/Portal_vein_thrombosis "Portal vein thrombosis"), liver [schistosomiasis](/wiki/Schistosomiasis "Schistosomiasis"), massive liver involvement in [miliary tuberculosis](/wiki/Miliary_tuberculosis "Miliary tuberculosis") or [sarcoidosis](/wiki/Sarcoidosis "Sarcoidosis"), and obstruction of the venous circuit at any level between liver and right heart (see [Portal hypertension](/wiki/Portal_hypertension "Portal hypertension")). Vascular contraction in the portal system is mediated by several agents: [nitric oxide](/wiki/Nitric_oxide "Nitric oxide"), [carbon monoxide](/wiki/Carbon_monoxide "Carbon monoxide"), [prostacyclin](/wiki/Prostacyclin "Prostacyclin") I2, and [endothelium\-derived hyperpolarizing factors](/wiki/Endothelium-derived_hyperpolarizing_factor "Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor") (EDHFs). EDHFs include [endothelin](/wiki/Endothelin "Endothelin"), [angiotensin II](/wiki/Angiotensin_II "Angiotensin II"), [thromboxane A2](/wiki/Thromboxane_A2 "Thromboxane A2"), certain [leukotrienes](/wiki/Leukotriene "Leukotriene"), and the EETs. In portal hypertension, portal vein endothelium appears to be dysfunctional in that it overproduces EDHFs.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Sacerdoti D, Mania D, Jiang H, Pesce P, Gaiani S, Gatta A, Bolognesi M \| title \= Increased EETs participate in peripheral endothelial dysfunction of cirrhosis \| journal \= Prostaglandins \& Other Lipid Mediators \| volume \= 98 \| issue \= 3–4 \| pages \= 129–32 \| year \= 2012 \| pmid \= 22245571 \| pmc \= 4547526 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011\.12\.008 }} The EETs, particularly 11,12\-EET, have a quite different effect on the [liver sinusoidal](/wiki/Liver_sinusoid "Liver sinusoid") veins than on arteries of the [systemic circulation](/wiki/Systemic_circulation "Systemic circulation"): they constrict the sinusoids.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Sacerdoti D, Gatta A, McGiff JC \| title \= Role of cytochrome P450\-dependent arachidonic acid metabolites in liver physiology and pathophysiology \| journal \= Prostaglandins \& Other Lipid Mediators \| volume \= 72 \| issue \= 1–2 \| pages \= 51–71 \| date \= Oct 2003 \| pmid \= 14626496 \| doi\=10\.1016/s1098\-8823(03\)00077\-7}} Levels of EETs in the plasma and liver of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension are reportedly elevated compared to normal subjects. These and other findings have led to the proposal that portal endothelium\-derived EETs, perhaps acting in cooperation with another EDHF, endothelin, contribute to portal hypertension.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Sacerdoti D, Jiang H, Gaiani S, McGiff JC, Gatta A, Bolognesi M \| title \= 11,12\-EET increases porto\-sinusoidal resistance and may play a role in endothelial dysfunction of portal hypertension \| journal \= Prostaglandins \& Other Lipid Mediators \| volume \= 96 \| issue \= 1–4 \| pages \= 72–5 \| year \= 2011 \| pmid \= 21856435 \| pmc \= 4540347 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011\.08\.002 }} ### Cancer The forced over\-expression of CYP2J2 in or the addition of an EET to cultured human Tca\-8113 oral squamous cancer cells, lung cancer [A549 cells](/wiki/A549_cell "A549 cell") and [NCL\-H446](/wiki/NCL-H446 "NCL-H446") cells, [HepG2](/wiki/HepG2 "HepG2") liver cancer cells, [LS\-174](/wiki/LS-174 "LS-174") colon cancer cells, [SiHa](/wiki/SiHa "SiHa") uterine cervix cancer cells, [U251](/wiki/U251 "U251") [glioblastoma](/wiki/Glioblastoma "Glioblastoma") cancer cells, [ScaBER](/wiki/ScaBER "ScaBER") urinary bladder cancer cells, and [K562](/wiki/K562 "K562") [erythroleukemia](/wiki/Erythroleukemia "Erythroleukemia") and [HL\-60](/wiki/HL-60 "HL-60") [promyelocyte](/wiki/Promyelocyte "Promyelocyte") leukemic blood cancer cells caused an increase in their survival and proliferation. {{cite journal \| vauthors \= Jiang JG, Chen CL, Card JW, Yang S, Chen JX, Fu XN, Ning YG, Xiao X, Zeldin DC, Wang DW \| title \= Cytochrome P450 2J2 promotes the neoplastic phenotype of carcinoma cells and is up\-regulated in human tumors \| journal \= Cancer Research \| volume \= 65 \| issue \= 11 \| pages \= 4707–15 \| year \= 2005 \| pmid \= 15930289 \| doi \= 10\.1158/0008\-5472\.CAN\-04\-4173 \| doi\-access \= }} {{cite journal \| vauthors \= Panigrahy D, Greene ER, Pozzi A, Wang DW, Zeldin DC \| title \= EET signaling in cancer \| journal \= Cancer and Metastasis Reviews \| volume \= 30 \| issue \= 3–4 \| pages \= 525–40 \| year \= 2011 \| pmid \= 22009066 \| pmc \= 3804913 \| doi \= 10\.1007/s10555\-011\-9315\-y }} Putative inhibitors of CYP2J2 inhibit the growth in culture of several human cancer cell lines that express relatively high levels of CYP2J2 viz., Tca\-8113 cells, [HeLa](/wiki/HeLa "HeLa") uterine cervix cell lines, [A549](/wiki/A549_%28cell_line%29 "A549 (cell line)") cells, [MDA\-MB\-435](/wiki/MDA-MB-435 "MDA-MB-435") breast cells, and [HepG2](/wiki/HepG2 "HepG2") cells but they had no significant inhibitory effects on two cell lines that expressed little or no CYP2J2\. {{cite journal \| pmid \= 19289568 \| pmc \= 2683771 \| year \= 2009 \| last1 \= Chen \| first1 \= C \| title \= Selective inhibitors of CYP2J2 related to terfenadine exhibit strong activity against human cancers in vitro and in vivo \| journal \= Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics \| volume \= 329 \| issue \= 3 \| pages \= 908–18 \| last2 \= Li \| first2 \= G \| last3 \= Liao \| first3 \= W \| last4 \= Wu \| first4 \= J \| last5 \= Liu \| first5 \= L \| last6 \= Ma \| first6 \= D \| last7 \= Zhou \| first7 \= J \| last8 \= Elbekai \| first8 \= R. H. \| last9 \= Edin \| first9 \= M. L. \| last10 \= Zeldin \| first10 \= D. C. \| last11 \= Wang \| first11 \= D. W. \| doi \= 10\.1124/jpet.109\.152017 }} A putative inhibitor of CYPJ2 also inhibited the growth of human [K562](/wiki/K562 "K562") erythroleukemia in a [mice](/wiki/Severe_combined_immunodeficiency_%28non-human%29%23mice "Severe combined immunodeficiency (non-human)#mice") model as well as the growth of mouse el4 lymphoma cells in mice that were forced to overexpress CYP2J2 cells in their vascular epithelium. Forced expression of CYP2J2 also enhanced, while forced inhibition of its expression (using [Small interfering RNA](/wiki/Small_interfering_RNA "Small interfering RNA")) reduced, the survival, growth, and metastasis of [MDA\-MB\-231](/wiki/MDA-MB-231 "MDA-MB-231") human breast carcinoma cells in the mouse model and likewise enhanced or reduced, respectively, the survival and growth of these cells in culture. {{cite journal \| pmid \= 21030485 \| pmc \= 3033713 \| year \= 2011 \| last1 \= Chen \| first1 \= C \| title \= Cytochrome P450 2J2 is highly expressed in hematologic malignant diseases and promotes tumor cell growth \| journal \= Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics \| volume \= 336 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 344–55 \| last2 \= Wei \| first2 \= X \| last3 \= Rao \| first3 \= X \| last4 \= Wu \| first4 \= J \| last5 \= Yang \| first5 \= S \| last6 \= Chen \| first6 \= F \| last7 \= Ma \| first7 \= D \| last8 \= Zhou \| first8 \= J \| last9 \= Dackor \| first9 \= R. T. \| last10 \= Zeldin \| first10 \= D. C. \| last11 \= Wang \| first11 \= D. W. \| doi \= 10\.1124/jpet.110\.174805 }} Further studies found that the expression of CYP2J2 was in increased in the malignant cells, relative to the nearby normal cells, in the following specimens taken from humans suffering [squamous\-cell carcinoma](/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma "Squamous-cell carcinoma") and [adenocarcinoma](/wiki/Adenocarcinoma "Adenocarcinoma") types of [esophageal cancer](/wiki/Esophageal_cancer "Esophageal cancer") and [lung cancer](/wiki/Lung_cancer "Lung cancer"), [small cell lung carcinoma](/wiki/Small_cell_lung_carcinoma "Small cell lung carcinoma"), [breast cancer](/wiki/Breast_cancer "Breast cancer"), [stomach cancer](/wiki/Stomach_cancer "Stomach cancer"), [liver cancer](/wiki/Liver_cancer "Liver cancer"), and [colon adenocarcinoma](/wiki/Colon_adenocarcinoma "Colon adenocarcinoma"); this CYP was also highly expressed in the malignant cells of patients with acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, and lymphoma. {{cite journal \| pmid \= 21477627 \| year \= 2011 \| last1 \= Xu \| first1 \= X \| title \= The roles of CYP450 epoxygenases and metabolites, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, in cardiovascular and malignant diseases \| journal \= Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews \| volume \= 63 \| issue \= 8 \| pages \= 597–609 \| last2 \= Zhang \| first2 \= X. A. \| last3 \= Wang \| first3 \= D. W. \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.addr.2011\.03\.006 }} As a group, patients with these cancers exhibited increased levels of EETs in their urine and blood samples. Studies of the CYP epoxygenases have not been restricted to the CYP2J subfamily. Reduction in the expression of CYP3A4 or CYP2C using small interfering RNA inhibits the growth of cultured [MCF7](/wiki/MCF7 "MCF7"), [T47D](/wiki/T47D "T47D"), and MDA\-MB\-231 human breast cancer cells; in these studies 14,15\-EET stimulated the proliferation of cultured [MCF7](/wiki/MCF7 "MCF7") cells, reduction in the expression of CYP3A4 by small interference RNA methods, inhibited these cells from proliferating, and 14,15\-ETE reversed the effect of CYP3A4 interference; in other studies, the forced overexpression of CYP3A4 stimulated the growth of human liver cancer ([hepatoma](/wiki/Hepatoma "Hepatoma")) cell line, Hep3 . {{cite journal \| pmid \= 21402692 \| pmc \= 3093829 \| year \= 2011 \| last1 \= Mitra \| first1 \= R \| title \= CYP3A4 mediates growth of estrogen receptor\-positive breast cancer cells in part by inducing nuclear translocation of phospho\-Stat3 through biosynthesis of (±)\-14,15\-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) \| journal \= Journal of Biological Chemistry \| volume \= 286 \| issue \= 20 \| pages \= 17543–59 \| last2 \= Guo \| first2 \= Z \| last3 \= Milani \| first3 \= M \| last4 \= Mesaros \| first4 \= C \| last5 \= Rodriguez \| first5 \= M \| last6 \= Nguyen \| first6 \= J \| last7 \= Luo \| first7 \= X \| last8 \= Clarke \| first8 \= D \| last9 \= Lamba \| first9 \= J \| last10 \= Schuetz \| first10 \= E \| last11 \= Donner \| first11 \= D. B. \| last12 \= Puli \| first12 \= N \| last13 \= Falck \| first13 \= J. R. \| last14 \= Capdevila \| first14 \= J \| last15 \= Gupta \| first15 \= K \| last16 \= Blair \| first16 \= I. A. \| last17 \= Potter \| first17 \= D. A. \| doi \= 10\.1074/jbc.M110\.198515 \| doi\-access \= free }} In human breast cancer, not only CYP2J2 but also CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 levels appear elevated while sEH levels appear reduced in malignant compared to nearby normal tissues; associated with this finding, the levels of 14,15\-EET as well as the levels of 14,15\-EET plus 14,15\-dihydroxy\-EET were significantly elevated in the cancerous compared to noncancerous cells and the levels of CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 proteins correlated positively and sEH levels correlated negatively with the tumor cells rate of proliferation as accessed by their [Ki67](/wiki/Ki67 "Ki67") levels while CYP2J2 levels correlated positively with poorer prognosis as predicted tumor histological grade and tumor size.{{cite book \|pmid\=26233908 \|year\=2015 \|vauthors\=Chen C, Wang DW \|veditors\=Hardwick JP \|title\=Cytochrome P450 Function and Pharmacological Roles in Inflammation and Cancer \|volume\=74 \|pages\=193–221 \|doi\=10\.1016/bs.apha.2015\.04\.005 \|chapter\=Cytochrome P450\-CYP2 Family\-Epoxygenase Role in Inflammation and Cancer \|series\=Advances in Pharmacology \|isbn\=9780128031193}} The cited findings suggest that various CYP epoxygenases along with the epoxide metabolites which they make promote the growth and spread of diverse types of cancer in animals and humans. Their effects may reflect the ability of the epoxide metabolites to stimulate the proliferation and survival of the target cancer cells but perhaps also to stimulate these cells to trigger new capillary formation (see {{slink\|Angiogenesis\|Tumor angiogenesis}}), invade new tissues, and [metastasize](/wiki/Metastasize "Metastasize").{{cite web \|last\=yönetici \|title\=Blue Marine Pro \- Ultra Esnek Epoksi Marin Zemin Kaplama \|url\=https://www.bluemarinepro.com/ \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-13 \|website\=www.bluemarinepro.com/ \|language\=tr\-TR}} A series of drugs derived from [Terfenadine](/wiki/Terfenadine "Terfenadine") have been shown to inhibit CYP2J2 and to suppress the proliferation and cause the [apoptosis](/wiki/Apoptosis "Apoptosis") of various types of human cancer cell lines in culture as well as in animal models. However, clinical studies targeting CYP epoxygenases and EETs and to successfully suppress cancer in humans have not been reported. Pro\-angiogenic and tumor promoting effects of EETs have been attributed to downstream [cyclooxygenase](/wiki/Cyclooxygenase "Cyclooxygenase") (COX)\-derived metabolites. Dual sEH/COX inhibitors or sEH inhibitors supplemented with an enhanced [omega\-3 fatty acid](/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid "Omega-3 fatty acid") diet and a depleted [omega\-6 fatty acid](/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid "Omega-6 fatty acid") diet have been shown to induce significant anti\-angiogenic effects and blunt tumor growth.{{cite book \|last1\=Singh \| first1\=Nalin \| last2\=Hammock \| first2\=Bruce \| editor\-last1\=Offermanns \| editor\-first1\=Stefan \|editor\-last2\=Rosenthal \|editor\-first2\=Walter \|title\=Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology \| publisher\=Springer, Cham \|date\=March 30, 2020 \| chapter\=Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase \|doi \= 10\.1007/978\-3\-030\-21573\-6 \| hdl\=10138/346042 \| isbn\=978\-3\-030\-21573\-6\| s2cid\=171511522 }} ### Inflammation In vitro and animal model studies indicate that the EETs possess [anti\-inflammatory](/wiki/Anti-inflammatory "Anti-inflammatory") activity that is directed toward reducing, resolving, and limiting the damage caused by inflammation. Most of these studies have focused on circulating [leukocytes](/wiki/Leukocytes "Leukocytes"), blood vessel endothelium, and the occlusion of blood vessels due to pathological blood clotting. EETs **a)** inhibit vascular endothelial cells from expressing [cell adhesion molecules](/wiki/Cell_adhesion_molecule "Cell adhesion molecule") such as [VCAM\-1](/wiki/VCAM-1 "VCAM-1"), [ICAM\-1](/wiki/ICAM-1 "ICAM-1"), and [E\-selectin](/wiki/E-selectin "E-selectin") thereby limiting circulating [leukocytes](/wiki/Leukocytes "Leukocytes") from adhering to blood vessel endothelium and migrating across this endothelium into tissues; **2\)** inhibit the expression and activity of [cyclooxygenase\-2](/wiki/Cyclooxygenase-2 "Cyclooxygenase-2") in blood [monocytes](/wiki/Monocytes "Monocytes") thereby reducing their production of pro\-inflammatory metabolites of arachidonic acid such as [prostaglandin E2](/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2 "Prostaglandin E2"); **3\)** inhibit platelet aggregation thereby reducing [thrombus](/wiki/Thrombus "Thrombus") (i.e. blood clot) formation; **4\)** promote [fibrinolysis](/wiki/Fibrinolysis "Fibrinolysis") thereby dissolving blood clots; and **5\)** inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation thereby reducing blood vessel [hypertrophy](/wiki/Hypertrophy "Hypertrophy") and narrowing. ### Diabetes, non\-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and kidney disease EETs, pharmacological inhibition of sEH, and/or inhibition of sEH expression enhance insulin actions on animal tissues in vitro and have protective effects in ameliorating insulin resistance as well as many of the neurological and kidney complications of diabetes in various animal models of diabetes; the studies suggest that the EETs have beneficial effects in [type I diabetes](/wiki/Type_I_diabetes "Type I diabetes") as well as [type II diabetes](/wiki/Type_II_diabetes "Type II diabetes").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= He J, Wang C, Zhu Y, Ai D \| title \= Soluble epoxide hydrolase: A potential target for metabolic diseases \| journal \= Journal of Diabetes \| date \= Dec 2015 \| pmid \= 26621325 \| doi \= 10\.1111/1753\-0407\.12358 \| volume\=8 \| issue \= 3 \| pages\=305–13\| doi\-access \= free }} Treatment of EET analog is beneficial for hepatic insulin signaling in mouse model of insulin resistance.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Ghoshal K et al \| title \= EET Analog Treatment Improves Insulin Signaling in a Genetic Mouse Model of Insulin Resistance \| journal \= Diabetes \| volume \= 71 \| pages\= 83–92\| date \= 2022 \| issue \= 1 \| pmid \= 34675004 \| doi \= 10\.2337/db21\-0298 \| s2cid \= 239455907 \| pmc \= 8763872 }} These interventions also gave beneficial results in animal models of [non\-alcoholic fatty liver disease](/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease") and certain types inflammation\-related kidney diseases including chronic kidney disease, renal ischemia\-reperfusion injury, and [polycystic kidney disease](/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease "Polycystic kidney disease"). The protective role of EETs in these animal model diseases may reflect, at least in part, their anti\-inflammatory actions. ### Pain EETs have been shown to have anti\-hyperalgesic and pain\-relieving activity in several animal models of pain including [nociception](/wiki/Nociception "Nociception") resulting from tissue injury, [inflammation](/wiki/Inflammation "Inflammation"), and [peripheral neuropathy](/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy "Peripheral neuropathy") (see [Neuropathic pain](/wiki/Neuropathic_pain "Neuropathic pain")) including pain secondary to experimentally induced [diabetes](/wiki/Diabetes "Diabetes") in mice.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Pillarisetti S, Khanna I \| title \= Targeting soluble epoxide hydrolase for inflammation and pain \- an overview of pharmacology and the inhibitors \| journal \= Inflammation \& Allergy \- Drug Targets \| volume \= 11 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 143–58 \| year \= 2012 \| pmid \= 22280237 \| doi \= 10\.2174/187152812800392823}} The epoxides of omega\-3 fatty acids appear far stronger and more involved in the relief of pain than the EETs (see [Epoxydocosapentaenoic acid](/wiki/Epoxydocosapentaenoic_acid "Epoxydocosapentaenoic acid")).
[ "Clinical significance\n---------------------", "### Regulation of blood pressure", "With respect to the regulation of blood pressure as well as the kidneys' regulation of salt and water absorption (which contributes to blood pressure regulation), EETS are counterpoises to another CYP\\-derived arachidonic acid metabolite, [20\\-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid](/wiki/20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid \"20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid\") (20\\-HETE). In humans, the major CYPs making 20\\-HETE are [CYP4A11](/wiki/CYP4A11 \"CYP4A11\"), [CYP4F2](/wiki/CYP4F2 \"CYP4F2\"), and [CYP4F3](/wiki/CYP4F3 \"CYP4F3\"). In animal models, 20\\-HETE raises blood pressure by contracting arteries and stimulating the kidney to reabsorb salt and water to increase the intravascular volume (see [20\\-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid](/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid \"20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid\")). EETs have the opposite effects. They are one type of [endothelium\\-derived hyperpolarizing factor](/wiki/Endothelium-derived_hyperpolarizing_factor \"Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor\"), i.e. a substance and/or electrical signal synthesized or generated in and released from the vascular endothelium that hyperpolarize nearby vascular smooth muscle cells. This causes these cells to relax and thereby lowers blood pressure. In animal (primarily rodent) models, EETs dilate smaller sized resistance arteries involved in causing hypertension as well as cardiac and renal arteries. They cause smooth muscle hyperpolarization by opening vascular smooth muscle [large\\-conductance calcium\\-activated potassium channels](/wiki/Large-conductance_calcium-activated_potassium_channels \"Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels\"), opening certain vascular smooth muscle [transient receptor potential channels](/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channels \"Transient receptor potential channels\"), or facilitating the movement of excitatory signals through [gap junctions](/wiki/Gap_junctions \"Gap junctions\") between endothelium and smooth muscles or between smooth muscles. The actual mechanism(s) involved in these EET\\-induced effects have not been fully elucidated although some studies implicate EET binding to an unidentified [cell surface receptor](/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor \"Cell surface receptor\") and/or [Gs protein](/wiki/Gs_protein \"Gs protein\")\\-linked [G protein–coupled receptor](/wiki/G_protein%E2%80%93coupled_receptor \"G protein–coupled receptor\") to initiate the signal pathway(s) leading to the cited channel and gap junction changes. With respect to the kidney, studies in rodents find that 20\\-HETE increases sodium and water reabsorption while the EETs, which are made in the proximal tubules and cortical collecting ducts, reduce sodium ion and water transport at both sites by inhibiting kidney [sodium–hydrogen antiporter](/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93hydrogen_antiporter \"Sodium–hydrogen antiporter\") (i.e. Na\\+/H\\+ exchanger) and/or [epithelial sodium channels](/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel \"Epithelial sodium channel\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Fan F, Muroya Y, Roman RJ \\| title \\= Cytochrome P450 eicosanoids in hypertension and renal disease \\| journal \\= Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension \\| volume \\= 24 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 37–46 \\| date \\= Jan 2015 \\| pmid \\= 25427230 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1097/MNH.0000000000000088 \\| pmc\\=4260681}} Mice lacking either of the EET\\-producing Cyp2c44 or Cyp4ac44 genes (by [gene knockout](/wiki/Gene_knockout \"Gene knockout\")) develop hypertension when fed high sodium or high potassium diets. These and large number of other studies included in the cited references implicate the EETs in the control of at least certain forms of hypertension in rodents.", "In humans, vascular endothelium production of EETs involves mainly CYP2C9 and numerous indirect studies have implicated CYP epoxygenase, possibly CYP2C9, in producing a product which causes vasodilation. These studies find that selective (but not entirely specific) CYP epoxygenase\\-inhibiting drugs reduce human vasodilation responses elicited by the vasodilators [bradykinin](/wiki/Bradykinin \"Bradykinin\"), [acetylcholine](/wiki/Acetylcholine \"Acetylcholine\"), and [methacholine](/wiki/Methacholine \"Methacholine\"); this suggests that these vasodilators operate by stimulation the production of EETs. Human studies also find that Caucasian but not African American subjects who have the Lys55Arg [single nucleotide polymorphism](/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphism \"Single nucleotide polymorphism\") variant in the polyunsaturated fatty epoxide\\-inactivating enzyme, sEH, express hyperactive sEH and show reduced vasodilation responses to bradykinin. Other studies find that women with [pregnancy\\-induced hypertension](/wiki/Pregnancy-induced_hypertension \"Pregnancy-induced hypertension\") and subjects with [renovascular hypertension](/wiki/Renovascular_hypertension \"Renovascular hypertension\") exhibit low plasma ETE levels. Finally, 11,12\\-EET has been shown to relax the internal mammary artery in women, indicating that at least this EET has direct vasodilating actions in humans. On the other hand, several studies in humans with [single nucleotide polymorphism](/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphism \"Single nucleotide polymorphism\") in CYP epxoygenase genes have given negative or confusing results. The most common variant of CYP2J2, rs890293, similarly contradictive or negative results are reported in studies on the rs11572082 (Arg1391Lys){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pharmgkb.org/variant/rs11572082\\|title \\= PharmGKB}} variant of CYP2C8 and the rs1799853 (Arg144Cys){{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.pharmgkb.org/variant/rs1799853?previousQuery\\=rs1799853 \\| title \\= rs1799853 at chr10:96702047 in CYP2C9 \\| work \\= PharmGKB }} and rs1057910 (Ile359Leu){{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.pharmgkb.org/variant/rs1057910?previousQuery\\=rs1057910 \\| title \\= rs1057910 at chr10:96741053 in CYP2C9 \\| work \\= PharmGKB }} variants of CYP2C9, all of which code for an epoxygenase with reduced arachidonic acid\\-metabolizing and EET\\-forming activities.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Fava C, Ricci M, Melander O, Minuz P \\| title \\= Hypertension, cardiovascular risk and polymorphisms in genes controlling the cytochrome P450 pathway of arachidonic acid: A sex\\-specific relation? \\| journal \\= Prostaglandins \\& Other Lipid Mediators \\| volume \\= 98 \\| issue \\= 3–4 \\| pages \\= 75–85 \\| year \\= 2012 \\| pmid \\= 22173545 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011\\.11\\.007 \\| s2cid \\= 7528853 \\| url \\= http://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/4264285/2376199\\.pdf }}", "While many of the cited studies suggest that one or more of the EETs released by vascular endothelial cells are responsible for the actions of the vasodilators and that deficiencies in EET production or excessive EET inactivation by sEH underlie certain types of hypertension in humans, they are not conclusive. They do not exclude a possibility that other polyunsaturated fatty acid epoxides such as those derived from eicosatetraenoic, docosatetraenoic, or linoleic acids made by CYP2C9 or other CYP [epoxygenases](/wiki/Epoxygenase \"Epoxygenase\") contribute in small or large part to vasodilation responses and by this action promote blood flow to tissues and function in lowering high blood pressures. Furthermore, the genetic studies conducted to date on SNP variants do not give strong support for an antihypertensive role for the EETs or EET\\-forming epoxygenases in humans. Recently developed drugs which are metabolically stable analogs of the EETs and thereby mimic the EETs actions or, alternatively of drugs which inhibit sEH and thereby increase EET levels are in the [pre\\-clinical development](/wiki/Pre-clinical_development \"Pre-clinical development\") stage for treating human hypertension. Testing for their usefulness in treating human hypertension is made difficult because of: **1\\)** the large number of CYP epoxygenases along with their differing tissue distributions and sensitivities to drug inhibitors; **2\\)** the diversity of EETs made by the CYP epoxygenases, some of which differ in activities; **3\\)** the diversity of fatty acid substrates metabolized by the CYP epoxygenases some of which are converted to epoxides (e.g. the epoxide metabolites of linoleic, docosahexaenoic, eicosapentaenoic acids), which have different activities than the EETs or may even be overtly toxic to humans (see [Coronaric acid](/wiki/Coronaric_acid \"Coronaric acid\")); **4\\)** the sEH\\-derived dihydroxy metabolites of the EETs some of which have potent vasodilating effects in the certain vascular networks in rodents and therefore potentially in humans; and **5\\)** the non\\-specificity and side effects of the latter drugs.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Konkel A, Schunck WH \\| title \\= Role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the bioactivation of polyunsaturated fatty acids \\| journal \\= Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) \\- Proteins and Proteomics \\| volume \\= 1814 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 210–22 \\| date \\= Jan 2011 \\| pmid \\= 20869469 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.bbapap.2010\\.09\\.009 }}{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Lazaar AL, Yang L, Boardley RL, Goyal NS, Robertson J, Baldwin SJ, Newby DE, Wilkinson IB, Tal\\-Singer R, Mayer RJ, Cheriyan J \\| title \\= Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of GSK2256294, a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor \\| journal \\= British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology \\| date \\= Dec 2015 \\| pmid \\= 26620151 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/bcp.12855 \\| volume\\=81 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages\\=971–9\\| pmc \\= 4834590 }}", "As indicated on the ClinicalTrials.gov web site, a [National Institutes of Health](/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\")\\-sponsored clinical trial entitled \"Evaluation of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase (s\\-EH) Inhibitor in Patients With Mild to Moderate Hypertension and Impaired Glucose Tolerance\" has not been completed or reported on although started in 2009\\.{{ClinicalTrialsGov\\|NCT00847899\\|Evaluation of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase (s\\-EH) Inhibitor in Patients With Mild to Moderate Hypertension and Impaired Glucose Tolerance}}", "### Heart disease", "As indicated elsewhere on this page, EETs inhibit inflammation, inhibit [blood clot](/wiki/Blood_clot \"Blood clot\") formation, inhibit [platelet](/wiki/Platelet \"Platelet\") activation, dilate blood vessels including the [coronary arteries](/wiki/Coronary_arteries \"Coronary arteries\"), reduce certain types of [hypertension](/wiki/Hypertension \"Hypertension\"), stimulate the survival of vascular endothelial and cardiac muscle cells by inhibiting [apoptosis](/wiki/Apoptosis \"Apoptosis\"), promote blood vessel growth (i.e. [angiogenesis](/wiki/Angiogenesis \"Angiogenesis\")), and stimulate smooth muscle cell migration; these activities may protect the heart. Indeed, studies on in vivo animal and in vitro animal and human cell model systems indicate that the ETEs reduce [infarct](/wiki/Infarct \"Infarct\") (i.e. injured tissue) size, reduce cardiac arrhythmias, and improve the strength of left ventricle contraction immediately after blockade of coronary artery blood flow in animal models of ischemia\\-[reperfusion injury](/wiki/Reperfusion_injury \"Reperfusion injury\"); EETs also reduce the size of heart enlargement that occurs long after these experiment\\-induced injuries.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Oni\\-Orisan A, Alsaleh N, Lee CR, Seubert JM \\| title \\= Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and cardioprotection: the road to translation \\| journal \\= Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology \\| volume \\= 74 \\| pages \\= 199–208 \\| date \\= Sep 2014 \\| pmid \\= 24893205 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.yjmcc.2014\\.05\\.016 \\| pmc\\=4115045}}", "Humans with established [coronary artery disease](/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease \"Coronary artery disease\") have higher levels of plasma EETs and higher ratios of 14,15\\-EET to 14,15\\-diHETrE (14,15\\-diHETrE is the less active or inactive metabolite 14,15\\-EET). This suggests that the EETs serve a protective role in this setting and that these plasma changes were a result of a reduction in cardiac sEH activity. Furthermore, [coronary artery disease](/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease \"Coronary artery disease\") patients who had lower levels of EETs/14,15\\-di\\-ETE ratios exhibited evidence of a poorer prognosis based on the presence of poor prognostic indicators, cigarette smoking, obesity, old age, and elevation in inflammation markers.", "### Strokes and seizures", "Indirect studies in animal models suggest that EETs have protective effects in [strokes](/wiki/Stroke \"Stroke\") (i.e. cerbrovasular accidents). Thus, sEH inhibitors and sEH\\-[gene knockout](/wiki/Gene_knockout \"Gene knockout\") have been shown to reduce the damage to brain that occurs in several different models of [ischemic stroke](/wiki/Ischemic_stroke \"Ischemic stroke\"); this protective effect appears due to a reduction in systemic blood pressure and maintenance of blood flow to ischemic areas of the brain by arteriole dilation as a presumed consequence of inhibiting the degradation of EETs (and/or other fatty acid epoxides).{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Huang H, Al\\-Shabrawey M, Wang MH \\| title \\= Cyclooxygenase\\- and cytochrome P450\\-derived eicosanoids in stroke \\| journal \\= Prostaglandins \\& Other Lipid Mediators \\| volume \\= 122 \\| pages \\= 45–53 \\| date \\= Jan 2016 \\| pmid \\= 26747234 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015\\.12\\.007 \\| pmc \\= 4779674 }} sEH\\-gene knockout mice were also protected from that brain damage that followed induced\\-[subarachnoid hemorrhage](/wiki/Subarachnoid_hemorrhage \"Subarachnoid hemorrhage\"); this protective effect appeared due to a reduction in cerebral edema which was also presumable due to the prolongation of EET half\\-lives. 14,15\\-EET levels have been shown to be elevated in the [cerebrospinal fluid](/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid \"Cerebrospinal fluid\") of humans suffering subarachnoid hemorrhage.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Siler DA, Berlow YA, Kukino A, Davis CM, Nelson JW, Grafe MR, Ono H, Cetas JS, Pike M, Alkayed NJ \\| title \\= Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in Hydrocephalus, Cerebral Edema, and Vascular Inflammation After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage \\| journal \\= Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation \\| volume \\= 46 \\| issue \\= 7 \\| pages \\= 1916–22 \\| date \\= Jul 2015 \\| pmid \\= 25991416 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1161/STROKEAHA.114\\.008560 \\| pmc\\=4480190}}", "sEH inhibitors and gene knockout also reduce the number and severity of [epileptic seizures](/wiki/Epileptic_seizure \"Epileptic seizure\") in several animal models; this effect is presumed due to the actions of EETs (and other epoxide fatty acids) in reducing cerebral blood flow changes, and reducing neuron production of [neuroactive steroids](/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid \"Neuroactive steroid\"), reducing neuroinflammation,{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Hung YW, Hung SW, Wu YC, Wong LK, Lai MT, Shih YH, Lee TS, Lin YY \\| title \\= Soluble epoxide hydrolase activity regulates inflammatory responses and seizure generation in two mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy \\| journal \\= Brain, Behavior, and Immunity \\| volume \\= 43 \\| pages \\= 118–29 \\| date \\= Jan 2015 \\| pmid \\= 25135858 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.bbi.2014\\.07\\.016 \\| s2cid \\= 26049920 }}", "### Portal hypertension", "Portal hypertension or hypertension in the venous [hepatic portal system](/wiki/Hepatic_portal_system \"Hepatic portal system\") of blood flow is defined as an increase in portal pressure above normal values of 10 [millimeter of mercury](/wiki/Millimeter_of_mercury \"Millimeter of mercury\"). It is a serious, sometimes life\\-threatening complication of various diseases such as liver [cirrhosis](/wiki/Cirrhosis \"Cirrhosis\"), [liver fibrosis](/wiki/Liver_fibrosis \"Liver fibrosis\"), massive [fatty liver](/wiki/Fatty_liver \"Fatty liver\"), [portal vein thrombosis](/wiki/Portal_vein_thrombosis \"Portal vein thrombosis\"), liver [schistosomiasis](/wiki/Schistosomiasis \"Schistosomiasis\"), massive liver involvement in [miliary tuberculosis](/wiki/Miliary_tuberculosis \"Miliary tuberculosis\") or [sarcoidosis](/wiki/Sarcoidosis \"Sarcoidosis\"), and obstruction of the venous circuit at any level between liver and right heart (see [Portal hypertension](/wiki/Portal_hypertension \"Portal hypertension\")). Vascular contraction in the portal system is mediated by several agents: [nitric oxide](/wiki/Nitric_oxide \"Nitric oxide\"), [carbon monoxide](/wiki/Carbon_monoxide \"Carbon monoxide\"), [prostacyclin](/wiki/Prostacyclin \"Prostacyclin\") I2, and [endothelium\\-derived hyperpolarizing factors](/wiki/Endothelium-derived_hyperpolarizing_factor \"Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor\") (EDHFs). EDHFs include [endothelin](/wiki/Endothelin \"Endothelin\"), [angiotensin II](/wiki/Angiotensin_II \"Angiotensin II\"), [thromboxane A2](/wiki/Thromboxane_A2 \"Thromboxane A2\"), certain [leukotrienes](/wiki/Leukotriene \"Leukotriene\"), and the EETs. In portal hypertension, portal vein endothelium appears to be dysfunctional in that it overproduces EDHFs.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Sacerdoti D, Mania D, Jiang H, Pesce P, Gaiani S, Gatta A, Bolognesi M \\| title \\= Increased EETs participate in peripheral endothelial dysfunction of cirrhosis \\| journal \\= Prostaglandins \\& Other Lipid Mediators \\| volume \\= 98 \\| issue \\= 3–4 \\| pages \\= 129–32 \\| year \\= 2012 \\| pmid \\= 22245571 \\| pmc \\= 4547526 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011\\.12\\.008 }} The EETs, particularly 11,12\\-EET, have a quite different effect on the [liver sinusoidal](/wiki/Liver_sinusoid \"Liver sinusoid\") veins than on arteries of the [systemic circulation](/wiki/Systemic_circulation \"Systemic circulation\"): they constrict the sinusoids.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Sacerdoti D, Gatta A, McGiff JC \\| title \\= Role of cytochrome P450\\-dependent arachidonic acid metabolites in liver physiology and pathophysiology \\| journal \\= Prostaglandins \\& Other Lipid Mediators \\| volume \\= 72 \\| issue \\= 1–2 \\| pages \\= 51–71 \\| date \\= Oct 2003 \\| pmid \\= 14626496 \\| doi\\=10\\.1016/s1098\\-8823(03\\)00077\\-7}} Levels of EETs in the plasma and liver of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension are reportedly elevated compared to normal subjects. These and other findings have led to the proposal that portal endothelium\\-derived EETs, perhaps acting in cooperation with another EDHF, endothelin, contribute to portal hypertension.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Sacerdoti D, Jiang H, Gaiani S, McGiff JC, Gatta A, Bolognesi M \\| title \\= 11,12\\-EET increases porto\\-sinusoidal resistance and may play a role in endothelial dysfunction of portal hypertension \\| journal \\= Prostaglandins \\& Other Lipid Mediators \\| volume \\= 96 \\| issue \\= 1–4 \\| pages \\= 72–5 \\| year \\= 2011 \\| pmid \\= 21856435 \\| pmc \\= 4540347 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011\\.08\\.002 }}", "### Cancer", "The forced over\\-expression of CYP2J2 in or the addition of an EET to cultured human Tca\\-8113 oral squamous cancer cells, lung cancer [A549 cells](/wiki/A549_cell \"A549 cell\") and [NCL\\-H446](/wiki/NCL-H446 \"NCL-H446\") cells, [HepG2](/wiki/HepG2 \"HepG2\") liver cancer cells, [LS\\-174](/wiki/LS-174 \"LS-174\") colon cancer cells, [SiHa](/wiki/SiHa \"SiHa\") uterine cervix cancer cells, [U251](/wiki/U251 \"U251\") [glioblastoma](/wiki/Glioblastoma \"Glioblastoma\") cancer cells, [ScaBER](/wiki/ScaBER \"ScaBER\") urinary bladder cancer cells, and [K562](/wiki/K562 \"K562\") [erythroleukemia](/wiki/Erythroleukemia \"Erythroleukemia\") and [HL\\-60](/wiki/HL-60 \"HL-60\") [promyelocyte](/wiki/Promyelocyte \"Promyelocyte\") leukemic blood cancer cells caused an increase in their survival and proliferation.\n{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Jiang JG, Chen CL, Card JW, Yang S, Chen JX, Fu XN, Ning YG, Xiao X, Zeldin DC, Wang DW \\| title \\= Cytochrome P450 2J2 promotes the neoplastic phenotype of carcinoma cells and is up\\-regulated in human tumors \\| journal \\= Cancer Research \\| volume \\= 65 \\| issue \\= 11 \\| pages \\= 4707–15 \\| year \\= 2005 \\| pmid \\= 15930289 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1158/0008\\-5472\\.CAN\\-04\\-4173 \\| doi\\-access \\= }}", "{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Panigrahy D, Greene ER, Pozzi A, Wang DW, Zeldin DC \\| title \\= EET signaling in cancer \\| journal \\= Cancer and Metastasis Reviews \\| volume \\= 30 \\| issue \\= 3–4 \\| pages \\= 525–40 \\| year \\= 2011 \\| pmid \\= 22009066 \\| pmc \\= 3804913 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/s10555\\-011\\-9315\\-y }}\n \nPutative inhibitors of CYP2J2 inhibit the growth in culture of several human cancer cell lines that express relatively high levels of CYP2J2 viz., Tca\\-8113 cells, [HeLa](/wiki/HeLa \"HeLa\") uterine cervix cell lines, [A549](/wiki/A549_%28cell_line%29 \"A549 (cell line)\") cells, [MDA\\-MB\\-435](/wiki/MDA-MB-435 \"MDA-MB-435\") breast cells, and [HepG2](/wiki/HepG2 \"HepG2\") cells but they had no significant inhibitory effects on two cell lines that expressed little or no CYP2J2\\.\n{{cite journal \\| pmid \\= 19289568 \\| pmc \\= 2683771 \\| year \\= 2009 \\| last1 \\= Chen \\| first1 \\= C \\| title \\= Selective inhibitors of CYP2J2 related to terfenadine exhibit strong activity against human cancers in vitro and in vivo \\| journal \\= Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics \\| volume \\= 329 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages \\= 908–18 \\| last2 \\= Li \\| first2 \\= G \\| last3 \\= Liao \\| first3 \\= W \\| last4 \\= Wu \\| first4 \\= J \\| last5 \\= Liu \\| first5 \\= L \\| last6 \\= Ma \\| first6 \\= D \\| last7 \\= Zhou \\| first7 \\= J \\| last8 \\= Elbekai \\| first8 \\= R. H. \\| last9 \\= Edin \\| first9 \\= M. L. \\| last10 \\= Zeldin \\| first10 \\= D. C. \\| last11 \\= Wang \\| first11 \\= D. W. \\| doi \\= 10\\.1124/jpet.109\\.152017 }}", "A putative inhibitor of CYPJ2 also inhibited the growth of human [K562](/wiki/K562 \"K562\") erythroleukemia in a [mice](/wiki/Severe_combined_immunodeficiency_%28non-human%29%23mice \"Severe combined immunodeficiency (non-human)#mice\") model as well as the growth of mouse el4 lymphoma cells in mice that were forced to overexpress CYP2J2 cells in their vascular epithelium. \nForced expression of CYP2J2 also enhanced, while forced inhibition of its expression (using [Small interfering RNA](/wiki/Small_interfering_RNA \"Small interfering RNA\")) reduced, the survival, growth, and metastasis of [MDA\\-MB\\-231](/wiki/MDA-MB-231 \"MDA-MB-231\") human breast carcinoma cells in the mouse model and likewise enhanced or reduced, respectively, the survival and growth of these cells in culture.\n{{cite journal \\| pmid \\= 21030485 \\| pmc \\= 3033713 \\| year \\= 2011 \\| last1 \\= Chen \\| first1 \\= C \\| title \\= Cytochrome P450 2J2 is highly expressed in hematologic malignant diseases and promotes tumor cell growth \\| journal \\= Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics \\| volume \\= 336 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 344–55 \\| last2 \\= Wei \\| first2 \\= X \\| last3 \\= Rao \\| first3 \\= X \\| last4 \\= Wu \\| first4 \\= J \\| last5 \\= Yang \\| first5 \\= S \\| last6 \\= Chen \\| first6 \\= F \\| last7 \\= Ma \\| first7 \\= D \\| last8 \\= Zhou \\| first8 \\= J \\| last9 \\= Dackor \\| first9 \\= R. T. \\| last10 \\= Zeldin \\| first10 \\= D. C. \\| last11 \\= Wang \\| first11 \\= D. W. \\| doi \\= 10\\.1124/jpet.110\\.174805 }}\n \nFurther studies found that the expression of CYP2J2 was in increased in the malignant cells, relative to the nearby normal cells, in the following specimens taken from humans suffering [squamous\\-cell carcinoma](/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma \"Squamous-cell carcinoma\") and [adenocarcinoma](/wiki/Adenocarcinoma \"Adenocarcinoma\") types of [esophageal cancer](/wiki/Esophageal_cancer \"Esophageal cancer\") and [lung cancer](/wiki/Lung_cancer \"Lung cancer\"), [small cell lung carcinoma](/wiki/Small_cell_lung_carcinoma \"Small cell lung carcinoma\"), [breast cancer](/wiki/Breast_cancer \"Breast cancer\"), [stomach cancer](/wiki/Stomach_cancer \"Stomach cancer\"), [liver cancer](/wiki/Liver_cancer \"Liver cancer\"), and [colon adenocarcinoma](/wiki/Colon_adenocarcinoma \"Colon adenocarcinoma\");\nthis CYP was also highly expressed in the malignant cells of patients with acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, and lymphoma.\n{{cite journal \\| pmid \\= 21477627 \\| year \\= 2011 \\| last1 \\= Xu \\| first1 \\= X \\| title \\= The roles of CYP450 epoxygenases and metabolites, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, in cardiovascular and malignant diseases \\| journal \\= Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews \\| volume \\= 63 \\| issue \\= 8 \\| pages \\= 597–609 \\| last2 \\= Zhang \\| first2 \\= X. A. \\| last3 \\= Wang \\| first3 \\= D. W. \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.addr.2011\\.03\\.006 }}\n \nAs a group, patients with these cancers exhibited increased levels of EETs in their urine and blood samples.", "Studies of the CYP epoxygenases have not been restricted to the CYP2J subfamily.\nReduction in the expression of CYP3A4 or CYP2C using small interfering RNA inhibits the growth of cultured [MCF7](/wiki/MCF7 \"MCF7\"), [T47D](/wiki/T47D \"T47D\"), and MDA\\-MB\\-231 human breast cancer cells; in these studies 14,15\\-EET stimulated the proliferation of cultured [MCF7](/wiki/MCF7 \"MCF7\") cells, reduction in the expression of CYP3A4 by small interference RNA methods, inhibited these cells from proliferating, and 14,15\\-ETE reversed the effect of CYP3A4 interference;\nin other studies, the forced overexpression of CYP3A4 stimulated the growth of human liver cancer ([hepatoma](/wiki/Hepatoma \"Hepatoma\")) cell line, Hep3 .\n{{cite journal \\| pmid \\= 21402692 \\| pmc \\= 3093829 \\| year \\= 2011 \\| last1 \\= Mitra \\| first1 \\= R \\| title \\= CYP3A4 mediates growth of estrogen receptor\\-positive breast cancer cells in part by inducing nuclear translocation of phospho\\-Stat3 through biosynthesis of (±)\\-14,15\\-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) \\| journal \\= Journal of Biological Chemistry \\| volume \\= 286 \\| issue \\= 20 \\| pages \\= 17543–59 \\| last2 \\= Guo \\| first2 \\= Z \\| last3 \\= Milani \\| first3 \\= M \\| last4 \\= Mesaros \\| first4 \\= C \\| last5 \\= Rodriguez \\| first5 \\= M \\| last6 \\= Nguyen \\| first6 \\= J \\| last7 \\= Luo \\| first7 \\= X \\| last8 \\= Clarke \\| first8 \\= D \\| last9 \\= Lamba \\| first9 \\= J \\| last10 \\= Schuetz \\| first10 \\= E \\| last11 \\= Donner \\| first11 \\= D. B. \\| last12 \\= Puli \\| first12 \\= N \\| last13 \\= Falck \\| first13 \\= J. R. \\| last14 \\= Capdevila \\| first14 \\= J \\| last15 \\= Gupta \\| first15 \\= K \\| last16 \\= Blair \\| first16 \\= I. A. \\| last17 \\= Potter \\| first17 \\= D. A. \\| doi \\= 10\\.1074/jbc.M110\\.198515 \\| doi\\-access \\= free }}\n \nIn human breast cancer, not only CYP2J2 but also CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 levels appear elevated while sEH levels appear reduced in malignant compared to nearby normal tissues; associated with this finding, the levels of 14,15\\-EET as well as the levels of 14,15\\-EET plus 14,15\\-dihydroxy\\-EET were significantly elevated in the cancerous compared to noncancerous cells and the levels of CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 proteins correlated positively and sEH levels correlated negatively with the tumor cells rate of proliferation as accessed by their [Ki67](/wiki/Ki67 \"Ki67\") levels while CYP2J2 levels correlated positively with poorer prognosis as predicted tumor histological grade and tumor size.{{cite book \\|pmid\\=26233908 \\|year\\=2015 \\|vauthors\\=Chen C, Wang DW \\|veditors\\=Hardwick JP \\|title\\=Cytochrome P450 Function and Pharmacological Roles in Inflammation and Cancer \\|volume\\=74 \\|pages\\=193–221 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/bs.apha.2015\\.04\\.005 \\|chapter\\=Cytochrome P450\\-CYP2 Family\\-Epoxygenase Role in Inflammation and Cancer \\|series\\=Advances in Pharmacology \\|isbn\\=9780128031193}}", "", "The cited findings suggest that various CYP epoxygenases along with the epoxide metabolites which they make promote the growth and spread of diverse types of cancer in animals and humans. Their effects may reflect the ability of the epoxide metabolites to stimulate the proliferation and survival of the target cancer cells but perhaps also to stimulate these cells to trigger new capillary formation (see {{slink\\|Angiogenesis\\|Tumor angiogenesis}}), invade new tissues, and [metastasize](/wiki/Metastasize \"Metastasize\").{{cite web \\|last\\=yönetici \\|title\\=Blue Marine Pro \\- Ultra Esnek Epoksi Marin Zemin Kaplama \\|url\\=https://www.bluemarinepro.com/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-13 \\|website\\=www.bluemarinepro.com/ \\|language\\=tr\\-TR}}", "A series of drugs derived from [Terfenadine](/wiki/Terfenadine \"Terfenadine\") have been shown to inhibit CYP2J2 and to suppress the proliferation and cause the [apoptosis](/wiki/Apoptosis \"Apoptosis\") of various types of human cancer cell lines in culture as well as in animal models. However, clinical studies targeting CYP epoxygenases and EETs and to successfully suppress cancer in humans have not been reported.", "Pro\\-angiogenic and tumor promoting effects of EETs have been attributed to downstream [cyclooxygenase](/wiki/Cyclooxygenase \"Cyclooxygenase\") (COX)\\-derived metabolites. Dual sEH/COX inhibitors or sEH inhibitors supplemented with an enhanced [omega\\-3 fatty acid](/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid \"Omega-3 fatty acid\") diet and a depleted [omega\\-6 fatty acid](/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid \"Omega-6 fatty acid\") diet have been shown to induce significant anti\\-angiogenic effects and blunt tumor growth.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Singh \\| first1\\=Nalin \\| last2\\=Hammock \\| first2\\=Bruce \\| editor\\-last1\\=Offermanns \\| editor\\-first1\\=Stefan \\|editor\\-last2\\=Rosenthal \\|editor\\-first2\\=Walter \\|title\\=Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology \\| publisher\\=Springer, Cham \\|date\\=March 30, 2020 \\| chapter\\=Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase \\|doi \\= 10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-030\\-21573\\-6 \\| hdl\\=10138/346042 \\| isbn\\=978\\-3\\-030\\-21573\\-6\\| s2cid\\=171511522 }}", "### Inflammation", "In vitro and animal model studies indicate that the EETs possess [anti\\-inflammatory](/wiki/Anti-inflammatory \"Anti-inflammatory\") activity that is directed toward reducing, resolving, and limiting the damage caused by inflammation. Most of these studies have focused on circulating [leukocytes](/wiki/Leukocytes \"Leukocytes\"), blood vessel endothelium, and the occlusion of blood vessels due to pathological blood clotting. EETs **a)** inhibit vascular endothelial cells from expressing [cell adhesion molecules](/wiki/Cell_adhesion_molecule \"Cell adhesion molecule\") such as [VCAM\\-1](/wiki/VCAM-1 \"VCAM-1\"), [ICAM\\-1](/wiki/ICAM-1 \"ICAM-1\"), and [E\\-selectin](/wiki/E-selectin \"E-selectin\") thereby limiting circulating [leukocytes](/wiki/Leukocytes \"Leukocytes\") from adhering to blood vessel endothelium and migrating across this endothelium into tissues; **2\\)** inhibit the expression and activity of [cyclooxygenase\\-2](/wiki/Cyclooxygenase-2 \"Cyclooxygenase-2\") in blood [monocytes](/wiki/Monocytes \"Monocytes\") thereby reducing their production of pro\\-inflammatory metabolites of arachidonic acid such as [prostaglandin E2](/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2 \"Prostaglandin E2\"); **3\\)** inhibit platelet aggregation thereby reducing [thrombus](/wiki/Thrombus \"Thrombus\") (i.e. blood clot) formation; **4\\)** promote [fibrinolysis](/wiki/Fibrinolysis \"Fibrinolysis\") thereby dissolving blood clots; and **5\\)** inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation thereby reducing blood vessel [hypertrophy](/wiki/Hypertrophy \"Hypertrophy\") and narrowing.", "### Diabetes, non\\-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and kidney disease", "EETs, pharmacological inhibition of sEH, and/or inhibition of sEH expression enhance insulin actions on animal tissues in vitro and have protective effects in ameliorating insulin resistance as well as many of the neurological and kidney complications of diabetes in various animal models of diabetes; the studies suggest that the EETs have beneficial effects in [type I diabetes](/wiki/Type_I_diabetes \"Type I diabetes\") as well as [type II diabetes](/wiki/Type_II_diabetes \"Type II diabetes\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= He J, Wang C, Zhu Y, Ai D \\| title \\= Soluble epoxide hydrolase: A potential target for metabolic diseases \\| journal \\= Journal of Diabetes \\| date \\= Dec 2015 \\| pmid \\= 26621325 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1111/1753\\-0407\\.12358 \\| volume\\=8 \\| issue \\= 3 \\| pages\\=305–13\\| doi\\-access \\= free }} Treatment of EET analog is beneficial for hepatic insulin signaling in mouse model of insulin resistance.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Ghoshal K et al \\| title \\= EET Analog Treatment Improves Insulin Signaling in a Genetic Mouse Model of Insulin Resistance \\| journal \\= Diabetes \\| volume \\= 71 \\| pages\\= 83–92\\| date \\= 2022 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pmid \\= 34675004 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2337/db21\\-0298 \\| s2cid \\= 239455907 \\| pmc \\= 8763872 }} These interventions also gave beneficial results in animal models of [non\\-alcoholic fatty liver disease](/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease \"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\") and certain types inflammation\\-related kidney diseases including chronic kidney disease, renal ischemia\\-reperfusion injury, and [polycystic kidney disease](/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease \"Polycystic kidney disease\"). The protective role of EETs in these animal model diseases may reflect, at least in part, their anti\\-inflammatory actions.", "### Pain", "EETs have been shown to have anti\\-hyperalgesic and pain\\-relieving activity in several animal models of pain including [nociception](/wiki/Nociception \"Nociception\") resulting from tissue injury, [inflammation](/wiki/Inflammation \"Inflammation\"), and [peripheral neuropathy](/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy \"Peripheral neuropathy\") (see [Neuropathic pain](/wiki/Neuropathic_pain \"Neuropathic pain\")) including pain secondary to experimentally induced [diabetes](/wiki/Diabetes \"Diabetes\") in mice.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Pillarisetti S, Khanna I \\| title \\= Targeting soluble epoxide hydrolase for inflammation and pain \\- an overview of pharmacology and the inhibitors \\| journal \\= Inflammation \\& Allergy \\- Drug Targets \\| volume \\= 11 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 143–58 \\| year \\= 2012 \\| pmid \\= 22280237 \\| doi \\= 10\\.2174/187152812800392823}} The epoxides of omega\\-3 fatty acids appear far stronger and more involved in the relief of pain than the EETs (see [Epoxydocosapentaenoic acid](/wiki/Epoxydocosapentaenoic_acid \"Epoxydocosapentaenoic acid\")).", "" ]
History ------- ### Early history In 2001, Phoenix Championship Wrestling was established in [Toms River, New Jersey](/wiki/Toms_River%2C_New_Jersey "Toms River, New Jersey") by [wrestling manager](/wiki/Wrestling_manager "Wrestling manager") Don Bucci and his twin brother Mike Bucci, then wrestling for [Extreme Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling "Extreme Championship Wrestling") as [Super Nova](/wiki/Mike_Bucci%23Extreme_Championship_Wrestling_%281996%E2%80%932001%29 "Mike Bucci#Extreme Championship Wrestling (1996–2001)"). Don Bucci, a 10\-year veteran who had managed a number of wrestlers in the [National Wrestling Alliance](/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance "National Wrestling Alliance") during the 1990s, was the primary promoter for PCW and ran the day\-to\-day operations up until its close. He had originally decided to form PCW, according to a later interview, after *"watching all the other bad indies out there, especially in this area. I was tired of seeing the people get ripped off."* He was especially supportive of allowing more [creative control](/wiki/Artistic_control "Artistic control") by wrestlers, providing [fair pay](/wiki/Fair_pay "Fair pay") and a [safe working environment](/wiki/Working_conditions "Working conditions").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/16789 \|title\=411's Indy Spotlight 02\.01\.02: Donnie B. \|author\=Nason, Josh \|date\=2002\-02\-01 \|work\=Columns \|publisher\=411mania.com }} Bucci claimed to have gotten the idea for the "Phoenix" name while driving behind a [Firebird](/wiki/Pontiac_Firebird "Pontiac Firebird") and noticed the car's emblem.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/16789 \|title\=411 Interview Exclusive: Donnie B \|author\=Monroe, Seth \|date\=2002\-08\-21 \|work\=News \|publisher\=411mania.com }} Having had previous experience as a booker and promoter in the New York\-New Jersey area for the National Wrestling Alliance and the [World Wide Wrestling Alliance](/wiki/World_Wide_Wrestling_Alliance "World Wide Wrestling Alliance"), as well running occasional shows under *Big Buc Productions* in the Toms River area since 1999, Don Bucci was able to bring in independent stars he had previously worked with including [Harley Lewis](/wiki/Harley_Lewis "Harley Lewis"), The Wall, Donnie Bon Jovi, Slayer, Father Ozzy, Matt Vandal, Mike Preston and [Prodigy](/wiki/Tom_Marquez "Tom Marquez"). Though his brother Mike, Frankie Kazarian, Christopher Daniels and [Samoa Joe](/wiki/Samoa_Joe "Samoa Joe") also agreed to appearances for the promotion. Kazarain, who would have a successful stint in the promotion, later said in a November 2002 interview that PCW was one of his favorite places to work and *"definitely one of the best Indy feds in the country."*{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cagematch.de/hauptseite/?id\=555\&nr\=519 \|title\=Frankie Kazarian (english) \|date\=2002\-11\-14 \|work\=Interview \|publisher\=Cagematch.de }} The promotion's heavyweight title was introduced at its first card in [Stanhope, New Jersey](/wiki/Stanhope%2C_New_Jersey "Stanhope, New Jersey") on March 3, 2001, and won by [Harley Lewis](/wiki/Harley_Lewis "Harley Lewis") in a singles match against Dr. Hurtz. This would be one of Hurtz's final wrestling matches before retiring several months later but would remain with PCW as a manager and later became the promotion's commissioner.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.ddtdigest.com/updates/h0000300\.htm \|title\=Phoenix Championship Wrestling's Farewell to Nova \- Friday, 05/17/02 \|date\=2002\-05\-17 \|publisher\=DDTdigest.com }} Also at that event, [The Backseat Boyz](/wiki/The_Backseat_Boyz "The Backseat Boyz") ([Trent Acid](/wiki/Trent_Acid "Trent Acid") and [Johnny Kashmere](/wiki/Johnny_Kashmere "Johnny Kashmere")) were crowned the first tag team champions after defeating [Combat Zone Wrestling](/wiki/Combat_Zone_Wrestling "Combat Zone Wrestling")'s Ric Blade and Nicky Benz. They would eventually lose the titles to **Evolution** (Nova and Frankie Kazarian) in a [3\-Way Dance](/wiki/3-Way_Dance "3-Way Dance") with Joey Matthews \& Christian York in [Monroeville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Monroeville%2C_Pennsylvania "Monroeville, Pennsylvania") four months later. On August 9, the promotion held the "Battle of the Bay" supercard in [Lavalette, New Jersey](/wiki/Lavalette%2C_New_Jersey "Lavalette, New Jersey") with The Wall in the main event.Quiñones, Eric. "Angle will be good to the last drop." *[The Star\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Star-Ledger "The Star-Ledger")*. 8 Aug. 2001 (Newark, New Jersey): 32\. The following month, The Wall also joined [Crowbar](/wiki/Crowbar_%28wrestler%29 "Crowbar (wrestler)") and [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer "Tommy Dreamer") for an event at [Toms River High School East](/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_East "Toms River High School East") on September 28, 2001\.Quiñones, Eric. "Austin still WWF's leading man." *The Star\-Ledger*. 27 Sept. 2001 (Newark, New Jersey): 48\. ### Fire Bird TV The promotion soon began a weekly Public\-access television series on [Comcast Cable](/wiki/Comcast_Cable "Comcast Cable")\-affiliate Channel 21, *Fire Bird TV*, which aired in Toms River as well as the [Seaside Heights](/wiki/Seaside_Heights%2C_New_Jersey "Seaside Heights, New Jersey"), [Seaside Park](/wiki/Seaside_Park%2C_New_Jersey "Seaside Park, New Jersey"), [Beachwood](/wiki/Beachwood%2C_New_Jersey "Beachwood, New Jersey"), and [Bayville areas](/wiki/Bayville%2C_New_Jersey "Bayville, New Jersey"). Around this time, both Extreme Championship Wrestling and [World Championship Wrestling](/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling "World Championship Wrestling") had folded and a large number of its former stars were forced to work on the independent circuit. Bucci believed that with the abundance of talent and high quality television production of Fire Bird TV would help gain an edge over his other competitors. This formula, Bucci later claimed, was "borrowed" by other independent promotions. [Eddy Guerrero](/wiki/Eddy_Guerrero "Eddy Guerrero"), [Jerry Lynn](/wiki/Jerry_Lynn "Jerry Lynn"), [Gangrel](/wiki/Gangrel_%28wrestler%29 "Gangrel (wrestler)") and [Bam Bam Bigelow](/wiki/Bam_Bam_Bigelow "Bam Bam Bigelow") were among the first big stars to work for the company. One of PCW's first major supercards, *Winter Wonder Slam '02*, was held at the Recreation Station in Toms River on January 11, 2002\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.indywrestlingnews.com/database/events\_list.php?o\=47 \|title\=Events List from Phoenix Championship Wrestling \|year\=2007 \|work\=Events List \|publisher\=IndyWrestlingNews.com }} the main event featured an interpromotional match between [K\-Kwik](/wiki/K-Kwik "K-Kwik") and [Chris Hamrick](/wiki/Chris_Hamrick "Chris Hamrick"). At the time of the match, Hamrick was working for [Total Non\-Stop Action](/wiki/Total_Non-Stop_Action "Total Non-Stop Action") while K\-Kwik was in [World Wrestling Entertainment](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment "World Wrestling Entertainment").Quiñones, Eric. "Wrestling with a Flair." *[Staten Island Advance](/wiki/Staten_Island_Advance "Staten Island Advance")*. 10 Jan. 2002: D6\. Also on the card, ECW's [Prodigy](/wiki/Tom_Marquez "Tom Marquez") beat "Ramblin'" Rich Myers to become the promotion's first television champion. Myers was then a mainstay of the [Mid\-Eastern Wrestling Federation](/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Wrestling_Federation "Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation"). The next month in Toms River, Mike Bucci and Eddy Guerrero wrestled a match lasting 30 minutes. Guerrero addressed the audience after the match praising both Bucci and Phoenix Championship Wrestling. The event, according to Don Bucci, is his favorite moment and one of the most memorable in the promotion's history. ### Farewell to Nova In May 2002, Mike Bucci announced he had signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment. Later that month, the promotion held a special event in Toms River, *Farewell to Nova*, which would see Bucci wrestle his last match in PCW before making his WWE debut as "[Simon Dean](/wiki/Mike_Bucci%23World_Wrestling_Entertainment_%282002%E2%80%932007%29 "Mike Bucci#World Wrestling Entertainment (2002–2007)")". Bucci teamed with Frankie Kazarian and [Chris Chetti](/wiki/Chris_Chetti "Chris Chetti") in a [6\-man tag team match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_tag_team_match_types%23Multiple_man_teamed_matches "Professional wrestling tag team match types#Multiple man teamed matches") to defeat [Cham Pain](/wiki/Cham_Pain "Cham Pain"), Joey Matthews \& Christian York. At the end of the night, he gave a farewell speech and then he and Kazarian vacated the tag team titles. Kazarian would win the PCW Television Championship from Prodigy the following night.{{cite web \|url\=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/kazarian.html \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120729193732/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/kazarian.html \|url\-status\=usurped \|archive\-date\=July 29, 2012 \|title\=SLAM! Wrestling: Frankie Kazarian \|author\=Milner, John M. \|date\=2006\-04\-06 \|work\=SLAM! Wrestling Bios \|publisher\=SLAM! Sports }} At that same event, Harley Lewis lost the PCW Heavyweight Championship to The Wall in a Tables, Ladders and Doors match. Lewis had held the title for over a year and set a 14\-month record as its longest reigning champion. In addition, a match between The Prophet and "Jumbo" Joe Gunns resulted in over 500 people in the audience pelting the loser, The Prophet, with fresh produce as part of a pre\-match stipulation. Bucci's departure from the company would be the first of many of the promotion's regular stars to sign contracts with TNA and WWE. ### Russ Haas Memorial Tag Team Tournament On August 31, 2002, Phoenix Championship Wrestling held a special tribute show for [Russ Haas](/wiki/Russ_Haas "Russ Haas"), brother and tag team partner of fellow WWE developmental wrestler [Charlie Hass](/wiki/Charlie_Hass "Charlie Hass"), to raise money for his family. The event, the *Haas Memorial Tag Team Tournament*, was held at Recreation Station in Toms River and featured a number of wrestlers from World Wrestling Entertainment.Quiñones, Eric. "Just when you thought things were settled." *Staten Island Advance*. 10 Aug. 2002: A26\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.angelfire.com/indie/usaindy/shows.htm \|title\=Upcoming Events \|date\= August 2003 \|publisher\=USA Independent Wrestling }} The tournament had a unique format with the first round matches being three\-way matches with double elimination rules, as opposed to traditional single team matches, and included PCW Tag Team Champions The United Nations (Tiger Khan \& Prophet), [Steve Corino](/wiki/Steve_Corino "Steve Corino") \& [Amazing Red](/wiki/Amazing_Red "Amazing Red"), [The S.A.T.](/wiki/The_S.A.T. "The S.A.T.") (Jose and Joel Maximo), Chris Divine \& Quiet Storm, Malice \& [Seven](/wiki/Kevin_Fertig "Kevin Fertig"), Da Hit Squad, Joey Matthews \& Christian York, [Bo Dupp](/wiki/Bo_Dupp "Bo Dupp") \& Matt Vandal (substituting for [Pete Gas](/wiki/Pete_Gas "Pete Gas")), [Lance Cade](/wiki/Lance_Cade "Lance Cade") \& [Nick Dinsmore](/wiki/Nick_Dinsmore "Nick Dinsmore"), and The Ballard Brothers. The tournament was eventually won by [Charlie Haas](/wiki/Charlie_Haas "Charlie Haas") \& Nova defeating Doug Basham and Damaja in the finals.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pwi\-online.com/pages/wrestlingframe.html\|title\=Pro Wrestling Illustrated: Wrestling History\|author\=Pro Wrestling Illustrated\|author\-link\=Pro Wrestling Illustrated\|year\=2007\|publisher\=PWI\-Online.com}} Jerry Lynn, [Low Ki](/wiki/Low_Ki "Low Ki") and [The Island Boys](/wiki/Three_Minute_Warning "Three Minute Warning") ([Jamal](/wiki/Umaga_%28wrestler%29 "Umaga (wrestler)") and [Rosey](/wiki/Rosey_%28wrestler%29 "Rosey (wrestler)")) were also on the card. Both the tournament and non\-tournament matches were billed as "first time ever" meetings by the promotion, most notably, Frankie Kazarian defending the PCW Television Championship against Low Ki. The show's undercard pitted Kid Knight, a [disc jockey](/wiki/Disc_jockey "Disc jockey") and on\-air personality for [98\.5 FM](/wiki/WKMK "WKMK"), against Little Ricky in a [lumberjack match](/wiki/Lumberjack_match "Lumberjack match"). This was the second memorial show held in memory of Russ Hass, [Jersey All Pro Wrestling](/wiki/Jersey_All_Pro_Wrestling "Jersey All Pro Wrestling") had held a similar event several months before. ### Later years On November 2, 2002, [Diamond Dallas Page](/wiki/Diamond_Dallas_Page "Diamond Dallas Page") headlined a PCW fundraiser at [a local middle school](/wiki/Point_Pleasant_School_District "Point Pleasant School District") in his hometown of [Point Pleasant, New Jersey](/wiki/Point_Pleasant%2C_New_Jersey "Point Pleasant, New Jersey"), and participated in an [autograph signing](/wiki/Autograph "Autograph") afterwards. This was one of Page's first matches following his departure from WWE earlier that year.Quiñones, Eric. "Page turning toward a new career." *The Star\-Ledger*. 31 Oct. 2002 (Newark, New Jersey): 34\. Another major supercard, *March Madness*, was held in [Lacey, New Jersey](/wiki/Lacey%2C_New_Jersey "Lacey, New Jersey") on March 22, 2003\. After nearly a year as champion, Malace was stripped of the heavyweight title with only two months of breaking former champion Harley Lewis's record. Meanwhile, Kappa Tegga Kappa (Andy Jaxx and Curt Daniels) defeated The United Nations (The Prophet and Tiger Khan) for tag team titles. The titles had been vacant since the "Farewell to Nova" card the previous year. Two months later at *Mayhem Massacre* in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester%2C_New_Jersey "Manchester, New Jersey"), Matt Vandal won a tournament to win the vacant heavyweight title defeating Frankie Kazarian in the finals. On June 14, 2003, its last event was held at [Toms River High School East](/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_East "Toms River High School East") in Toms River. The Moxie Family ([Romeo Roselli](/wiki/Romeo_Roselli "Romeo Roselli"), [Damian Adams](/wiki/Damian_Adams "Damian Adams") and [Rob Eckos](/wiki/Rob_Eckos "Rob Eckos")) won the tag team titles from Kappa Tegga Kappa and Donnie Bon Jovi in a Three Way Elimination match against Frankie Kazarian and Mike Kruel to win the heavyweight title. The company, which had been in decline since Mike Bucci signed with WWE, eventually closed at the end of the summer.
[ "History\n-------", "### Early history", "In 2001, Phoenix Championship Wrestling was established in [Toms River, New Jersey](/wiki/Toms_River%2C_New_Jersey \"Toms River, New Jersey\") by [wrestling manager](/wiki/Wrestling_manager \"Wrestling manager\") Don Bucci and his twin brother Mike Bucci, then wrestling for [Extreme Championship Wrestling](/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling \"Extreme Championship Wrestling\") as [Super Nova](/wiki/Mike_Bucci%23Extreme_Championship_Wrestling_%281996%E2%80%932001%29 \"Mike Bucci#Extreme Championship Wrestling (1996–2001)\"). Don Bucci, a 10\\-year veteran who had managed a number of wrestlers in the [National Wrestling Alliance](/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance \"National Wrestling Alliance\") during the 1990s, was the primary promoter for PCW and ran the day\\-to\\-day operations up until its close. He had originally decided to form PCW, according to a later interview, after *\"watching all the other bad indies out there, especially in this area. I was tired of seeing the people get ripped off.\"* He was especially supportive of allowing more [creative control](/wiki/Artistic_control \"Artistic control\") by wrestlers, providing [fair pay](/wiki/Fair_pay \"Fair pay\") and a [safe working environment](/wiki/Working_conditions \"Working conditions\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/16789 \\|title\\=411's Indy Spotlight 02\\.01\\.02: Donnie B. \\|author\\=Nason, Josh \\|date\\=2002\\-02\\-01 \\|work\\=Columns \\|publisher\\=411mania.com }} Bucci claimed to have gotten the idea for the \"Phoenix\" name while driving behind a [Firebird](/wiki/Pontiac_Firebird \"Pontiac Firebird\") and noticed the car's emblem.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/16789 \\|title\\=411 Interview Exclusive: Donnie B \\|author\\=Monroe, Seth \\|date\\=2002\\-08\\-21 \\|work\\=News \\|publisher\\=411mania.com }}", "Having had previous experience as a booker and promoter in the New York\\-New Jersey area for the National Wrestling Alliance and the [World Wide Wrestling Alliance](/wiki/World_Wide_Wrestling_Alliance \"World Wide Wrestling Alliance\"), as well running occasional shows under *Big Buc Productions* in the Toms River area since 1999, Don Bucci was able to bring in independent stars he had previously worked with including [Harley Lewis](/wiki/Harley_Lewis \"Harley Lewis\"), The Wall, Donnie Bon Jovi, Slayer, Father Ozzy, Matt Vandal, Mike Preston and [Prodigy](/wiki/Tom_Marquez \"Tom Marquez\"). Though his brother Mike, Frankie Kazarian, Christopher Daniels and [Samoa Joe](/wiki/Samoa_Joe \"Samoa Joe\") also agreed to appearances for the promotion. Kazarain, who would have a successful stint in the promotion, later said in a November 2002 interview that PCW was one of his favorite places to work and *\"definitely one of the best Indy feds in the country.\"*{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cagematch.de/hauptseite/?id\\=555\\&nr\\=519 \\|title\\=Frankie Kazarian (english) \\|date\\=2002\\-11\\-14 \\|work\\=Interview \\|publisher\\=Cagematch.de }}", "The promotion's heavyweight title was introduced at its first card in [Stanhope, New Jersey](/wiki/Stanhope%2C_New_Jersey \"Stanhope, New Jersey\") on March 3, 2001, and won by [Harley Lewis](/wiki/Harley_Lewis \"Harley Lewis\") in a singles match against Dr. Hurtz. This would be one of Hurtz's final wrestling matches before retiring several months later but would remain with PCW as a manager and later became the promotion's commissioner.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ddtdigest.com/updates/h0000300\\.htm \\|title\\=Phoenix Championship Wrestling's Farewell to Nova \\- Friday, 05/17/02 \\|date\\=2002\\-05\\-17 \\|publisher\\=DDTdigest.com }} Also at that event, [The Backseat Boyz](/wiki/The_Backseat_Boyz \"The Backseat Boyz\") ([Trent Acid](/wiki/Trent_Acid \"Trent Acid\") and [Johnny Kashmere](/wiki/Johnny_Kashmere \"Johnny Kashmere\")) were crowned the first tag team champions after defeating [Combat Zone Wrestling](/wiki/Combat_Zone_Wrestling \"Combat Zone Wrestling\")'s Ric Blade and Nicky Benz. They would eventually lose the titles to **Evolution** (Nova and Frankie Kazarian) in a [3\\-Way Dance](/wiki/3-Way_Dance \"3-Way Dance\") with Joey Matthews \\& Christian York in [Monroeville, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Monroeville%2C_Pennsylvania \"Monroeville, Pennsylvania\") four months later. On August 9, the promotion held the \"Battle of the Bay\" supercard in [Lavalette, New Jersey](/wiki/Lavalette%2C_New_Jersey \"Lavalette, New Jersey\") with The Wall in the main event.Quiñones, Eric. \"Angle will be good to the last drop.\" *[The Star\\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Star-Ledger \"The Star-Ledger\")*. 8 Aug. 2001 (Newark, New Jersey): 32\\. The following month, The Wall also joined [Crowbar](/wiki/Crowbar_%28wrestler%29 \"Crowbar (wrestler)\") and [Tommy Dreamer](/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer \"Tommy Dreamer\") for an event at [Toms River High School East](/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_East \"Toms River High School East\") on September 28, 2001\\.Quiñones, Eric. \"Austin still WWF's leading man.\" *The Star\\-Ledger*. 27 Sept. 2001 (Newark, New Jersey): 48\\.", "### Fire Bird TV", "The promotion soon began a weekly Public\\-access television series on [Comcast Cable](/wiki/Comcast_Cable \"Comcast Cable\")\\-affiliate Channel 21, *Fire Bird TV*, which aired in Toms River as well as the [Seaside Heights](/wiki/Seaside_Heights%2C_New_Jersey \"Seaside Heights, New Jersey\"), [Seaside Park](/wiki/Seaside_Park%2C_New_Jersey \"Seaside Park, New Jersey\"), [Beachwood](/wiki/Beachwood%2C_New_Jersey \"Beachwood, New Jersey\"), and [Bayville areas](/wiki/Bayville%2C_New_Jersey \"Bayville, New Jersey\"). Around this time, both Extreme Championship Wrestling and [World Championship Wrestling](/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling \"World Championship Wrestling\") had folded and a large number of its former stars were forced to work on the independent circuit. Bucci believed that with the abundance of talent and high quality television production of Fire Bird TV would help gain an edge over his other competitors. This formula, Bucci later claimed, was \"borrowed\" by other independent promotions. [Eddy Guerrero](/wiki/Eddy_Guerrero \"Eddy Guerrero\"), [Jerry Lynn](/wiki/Jerry_Lynn \"Jerry Lynn\"), [Gangrel](/wiki/Gangrel_%28wrestler%29 \"Gangrel (wrestler)\") and [Bam Bam Bigelow](/wiki/Bam_Bam_Bigelow \"Bam Bam Bigelow\") were among the first big stars to work for the company.", "One of PCW's first major supercards, *Winter Wonder Slam '02*, was held at the Recreation Station in Toms River on January 11, 2002\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.indywrestlingnews.com/database/events\\_list.php?o\\=47 \\|title\\=Events List from Phoenix Championship Wrestling \\|year\\=2007 \\|work\\=Events List \\|publisher\\=IndyWrestlingNews.com }} the main event featured an interpromotional match between [K\\-Kwik](/wiki/K-Kwik \"K-Kwik\") and [Chris Hamrick](/wiki/Chris_Hamrick \"Chris Hamrick\"). At the time of the match, Hamrick was working for [Total Non\\-Stop Action](/wiki/Total_Non-Stop_Action \"Total Non-Stop Action\") while K\\-Kwik was in [World Wrestling Entertainment](/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment \"World Wrestling Entertainment\").Quiñones, Eric. \"Wrestling with a Flair.\" *[Staten Island Advance](/wiki/Staten_Island_Advance \"Staten Island Advance\")*. 10 Jan. 2002: D6\\. Also on the card, ECW's [Prodigy](/wiki/Tom_Marquez \"Tom Marquez\") beat \"Ramblin'\" Rich Myers to become the promotion's first television champion. Myers was then a mainstay of the [Mid\\-Eastern Wrestling Federation](/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Wrestling_Federation \"Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation\"). The next month in Toms River, Mike Bucci and Eddy Guerrero wrestled a match lasting 30 minutes. Guerrero addressed the audience after the match praising both Bucci and Phoenix Championship Wrestling. The event, according to Don Bucci, is his favorite moment and one of the most memorable in the promotion's history.", "### Farewell to Nova", "In May 2002, Mike Bucci announced he had signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment. Later that month, the promotion held a special event in Toms River, *Farewell to Nova*, which would see Bucci wrestle his last match in PCW before making his WWE debut as \"[Simon Dean](/wiki/Mike_Bucci%23World_Wrestling_Entertainment_%282002%E2%80%932007%29 \"Mike Bucci#World Wrestling Entertainment (2002–2007)\")\". Bucci teamed with Frankie Kazarian and [Chris Chetti](/wiki/Chris_Chetti \"Chris Chetti\") in a [6\\-man tag team match](/wiki/Professional_wrestling_tag_team_match_types%23Multiple_man_teamed_matches \"Professional wrestling tag team match types#Multiple man teamed matches\") to defeat [Cham Pain](/wiki/Cham_Pain \"Cham Pain\"), Joey Matthews \\& Christian York. At the end of the night, he gave a farewell speech and then he and Kazarian vacated the tag team titles. Kazarian would win the PCW Television Championship from Prodigy the following night.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/kazarian.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120729193732/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/kazarian.html \\|url\\-status\\=usurped \\|archive\\-date\\=July 29, 2012 \\|title\\=SLAM! Wrestling: Frankie Kazarian \\|author\\=Milner, John M. \\|date\\=2006\\-04\\-06 \\|work\\=SLAM! Wrestling Bios \\|publisher\\=SLAM! Sports }} At that same event, Harley Lewis lost the PCW Heavyweight Championship to The Wall in a Tables, Ladders and Doors match. Lewis had held the title for over a year and set a 14\\-month record as its longest reigning champion. In addition, a match between The Prophet and \"Jumbo\" Joe Gunns resulted in over 500 people in the audience pelting the loser, The Prophet, with fresh produce as part of a pre\\-match stipulation. Bucci's departure from the company would be the first of many of the promotion's regular stars to sign contracts with TNA and WWE.", "### Russ Haas Memorial Tag Team Tournament", "On August 31, 2002, Phoenix Championship Wrestling held a special tribute show for [Russ Haas](/wiki/Russ_Haas \"Russ Haas\"), brother and tag team partner of fellow WWE developmental wrestler [Charlie Hass](/wiki/Charlie_Hass \"Charlie Hass\"), to raise money for his family. The event, the *Haas Memorial Tag Team Tournament*, was held at Recreation Station in Toms River and featured a number of wrestlers from World Wrestling Entertainment.Quiñones, Eric. \"Just when you thought things were settled.\" *Staten Island Advance*. 10 Aug. 2002: A26\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.angelfire.com/indie/usaindy/shows.htm \\|title\\=Upcoming Events \\|date\\= August 2003 \\|publisher\\=USA Independent Wrestling }} The tournament had a unique format with the first round matches being three\\-way matches with double elimination rules, as opposed to traditional single team matches, and included PCW Tag Team Champions The United Nations (Tiger Khan \\& Prophet), [Steve Corino](/wiki/Steve_Corino \"Steve Corino\") \\& [Amazing Red](/wiki/Amazing_Red \"Amazing Red\"), [The S.A.T.](/wiki/The_S.A.T. \"The S.A.T.\") (Jose and Joel Maximo), Chris Divine \\& Quiet Storm, Malice \\& [Seven](/wiki/Kevin_Fertig \"Kevin Fertig\"), Da Hit Squad, Joey Matthews \\& Christian York, [Bo Dupp](/wiki/Bo_Dupp \"Bo Dupp\") \\& Matt Vandal (substituting for [Pete Gas](/wiki/Pete_Gas \"Pete Gas\")), [Lance Cade](/wiki/Lance_Cade \"Lance Cade\") \\& [Nick Dinsmore](/wiki/Nick_Dinsmore \"Nick Dinsmore\"), and The Ballard Brothers. The tournament was eventually won by [Charlie Haas](/wiki/Charlie_Haas \"Charlie Haas\") \\& Nova defeating Doug Basham and Damaja in the finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pwi\\-online.com/pages/wrestlingframe.html\\|title\\=Pro Wrestling Illustrated: Wrestling History\\|author\\=Pro Wrestling Illustrated\\|author\\-link\\=Pro Wrestling Illustrated\\|year\\=2007\\|publisher\\=PWI\\-Online.com}} Jerry Lynn, [Low Ki](/wiki/Low_Ki \"Low Ki\") and [The Island Boys](/wiki/Three_Minute_Warning \"Three Minute Warning\") ([Jamal](/wiki/Umaga_%28wrestler%29 \"Umaga (wrestler)\") and [Rosey](/wiki/Rosey_%28wrestler%29 \"Rosey (wrestler)\")) were also on the card. Both the tournament and non\\-tournament matches were billed as \"first time ever\" meetings by the promotion, most notably, Frankie Kazarian defending the PCW Television Championship against Low Ki. The show's undercard pitted Kid Knight, a [disc jockey](/wiki/Disc_jockey \"Disc jockey\") and on\\-air personality for [98\\.5 FM](/wiki/WKMK \"WKMK\"), against Little Ricky in a [lumberjack match](/wiki/Lumberjack_match \"Lumberjack match\"). This was the second memorial show held in memory of Russ Hass, [Jersey All Pro Wrestling](/wiki/Jersey_All_Pro_Wrestling \"Jersey All Pro Wrestling\") had held a similar event several months before.", "### Later years", "On November 2, 2002, [Diamond Dallas Page](/wiki/Diamond_Dallas_Page \"Diamond Dallas Page\") headlined a PCW fundraiser at [a local middle school](/wiki/Point_Pleasant_School_District \"Point Pleasant School District\") in his hometown of [Point Pleasant, New Jersey](/wiki/Point_Pleasant%2C_New_Jersey \"Point Pleasant, New Jersey\"), and participated in an [autograph signing](/wiki/Autograph \"Autograph\") afterwards. This was one of Page's first matches following his departure from WWE earlier that year.Quiñones, Eric. \"Page turning toward a new career.\" *The Star\\-Ledger*. 31 Oct. 2002 (Newark, New Jersey): 34\\.", "Another major supercard, *March Madness*, was held in [Lacey, New Jersey](/wiki/Lacey%2C_New_Jersey \"Lacey, New Jersey\") on March 22, 2003\\. After nearly a year as champion, Malace was stripped of the heavyweight title with only two months of breaking former champion Harley Lewis's record. Meanwhile, Kappa Tegga Kappa (Andy Jaxx and Curt Daniels) defeated The United Nations (The Prophet and Tiger Khan) for tag team titles. The titles had been vacant since the \"Farewell to Nova\" card the previous year. Two months later at *Mayhem Massacre* in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester%2C_New_Jersey \"Manchester, New Jersey\"), Matt Vandal won a tournament to win the vacant heavyweight title defeating Frankie Kazarian in the finals.", "On June 14, 2003, its last event was held at [Toms River High School East](/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_East \"Toms River High School East\") in Toms River. The Moxie Family ([Romeo Roselli](/wiki/Romeo_Roselli \"Romeo Roselli\"), [Damian Adams](/wiki/Damian_Adams \"Damian Adams\") and [Rob Eckos](/wiki/Rob_Eckos \"Rob Eckos\")) won the tag team titles from Kappa Tegga Kappa and Donnie Bon Jovi in a Three Way Elimination match against Frankie Kazarian and Mike Kruel to win the heavyweight title. The company, which had been in decline since Mike Bucci signed with WWE, eventually closed at the end of the summer.", "" ]
History ------- ### Establishment under Mago In 550 BC, [Mago I of Carthage](/wiki/Mago_I_of_Carthage "Mago I of Carthage") became king of Carthage and sought to establish Carthage as the dominant military power in the western [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean "Mediterranean"). Though still economically dependent on its [mother city](/wiki/Metropolis "Metropolis") of [Tyre](/wiki/Tyre%2C_Lebanon "Tyre, Lebanon"), Carthage was growing in stature. Under Mago, Carthage allied with the [Etruscans](/wiki/Etruscans "Etruscans") of northern [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") against the Greek city\-states in southern Italy, an alliance that would last until [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") expelled its Etruscan kings. Mago also set about a series of military reforms designed to strengthen Carthaginian power.[Justin](/wiki/Justin_%28historian%29 "Justin (historian)"), 19, 1\.1 During the 4th century BC, the maximum number of standing troops Carthage expected at its service can be estimated from the capacity of the barracks located in the three rings of walls that protected the city, offering accommodation to 24,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry, and 300 elephants. In addition to their own conscripted forces, large contingents of mercenaries and auxiliaries would be employed. [Appian](/wiki/Appian "Appian") mentions that in total 40,000 infantry, 1,000 cavalry, and 2,000 heavy chariots were recruited to oppose the invasion of [Agathocles of Syracuse](/wiki/Agathocles_of_Syracuse "Agathocles of Syracuse").[Appian](/wiki/Appian "Appian"), *The Foreign Wars: The Punic Wars*, 80 ### Growth of Mercenary Forces After the Punic defeats during the [Sicilian Wars](/wiki/Sicilian_Wars "Sicilian Wars") of the 5th and 4th centuries BC, in which large numbers of Carthaginian citizens had been killed, the Carthaginian Senate set about enlisting mercenary forces in order to replenish the ranks of the Carthaginian army, an extraordinary technique that Carthage had employed since the late 6th century BC. Beginning with the reign of King [Hanno the Navigator](/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator "Hanno the Navigator") in 480 BC, Carthage regularly began employing Iberian infantry and [Balearic slingers](/wiki/Balearic_slingers "Balearic slingers") to support Carthaginian spearmen in Sicily.Emery, 20\-21 Punic recruiters toured all corners of the Mediterranean, attracting mercenaries and fugitive slaves. [Gauls](/wiki/Gauls "Gauls"), [Ligurians](/wiki/Ligurians "Ligurians"), [Numidians](/wiki/Numidians "Numidians"), [Libyans](/wiki/Libyans "Libyans"), [Greeks](/wiki/Greeks "Greeks"), and especially [Iberians](/wiki/Iberians "Iberians"). were extensively recruited by Carthage. Troops were recruited both by simple monetary contracts and through partnerships established through treaties with other states and tribes. ### Reforms of Xanthippus {{main\|Xanthippus of Carthage}} {{further\|First Punic War}} In 256 BC, during the [First Punic War](/wiki/First_Punic_War "First Punic War") with the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic "Roman Republic"), the [Roman Consul](/wiki/Roman_Consul "Roman Consul") [Marcus Atilius Regulus](/wiki/Marcus_Atilius_Regulus "Marcus Atilius Regulus") decisively defeated the Carthaginian navy at the [Battle of Cape Ecnomus](/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus "Battle of Cape Ecnomus"), enabling him to land a Roman army in Africa. Prior to this point in the war, most ground fighting had been on Sicily, now the Roman armies threatened Carthage itself. After landing, Regulus' army immediately began scorched earth campaign, pillaging the Punic countryside and following a brief siege, [sacking the city of](/wiki/Siege_of_Aspis "Siege of Aspis") [Aspis](/wiki/Kelibia "Kelibia").James Hampton, ed. (1823\). "The General History of Polybius \- Chapter III". The General History of Polybius. I (5th ed.). London: W. Baxter. p. 35\. Retrieved December 14, 2008\. Regulus then inflicted a crushing defeat on a hastily raised Carthaginian army at the [Battle of Adys](/wiki/Battle_of_Adys "Battle of Adys") near Carthage. Following these events, Carthage sued for peace, but the terms demanded by Regulus were too harsh, and the war continued. The Carthaginians began to quickly expand their military capabilities on land, conscripting their own citizens and recruiting more mercenaries, including [Spartan](/wiki/Spartan "Spartan") captain [Xanthippus](/wiki/Xanthippus_of_Carthage "Xanthippus of Carthage"), who was charged with retraining and restructuring the Carthaginian army. Xanthippus adopted the [combined arms](/wiki/Combined_arms "Combined arms") model of the [Macedonian army](/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army "Ancient Macedonian army"), developed during the time of [Phillip II](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon "Philip II of Macedon"). Xanthippus split his cavalry between his two wings, with mercenary infantry screening the cavalry, and a hastily raised citizen phalanx in the center screened by a line of elephants in front of the spearmen. Previously, Carthaginian generals had placed the elephants behind the central phalanx. Xanthippus also realized the mistakes that the Carthaginians were making by avoiding open ground battles against the Romans, instead seeking only uneven terrain. This was done out of fear of the Romans' superior infantry. Such a strategy, however, restricted Carthage's strongest elements: its cavalry and elephants. Uneven terrain also disrupts the phalanx in favor of the more flexible [legion](/wiki/Roman_legion "Roman legion"). By seeking battles on open plains, Xanthippus was able to make the fullest use of Carthage's strengths, where Roman formations broke under attack from the elephant and cavalry charges.Emery, 35\-38\. Under the leadership of Xanthippus, the reformed Carthaginian army completely destroyed the Roman army at the [Battle of Bagradas River](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bagradas_River_%28255_BC%29 "Battle of the Bagradas River (255 BC)") in 255 BC, capturing Regulus in the process and ending the Roman threat in Africa for the time being.Polybius, *Histories*, Book I. ### Hamilcar Barca In 247 BC, after eighteen years of fighting in the [First Punic War](/wiki/First_Punic_War "First Punic War"), the Carthaginian Senate appointed [Hamilcar Barca](/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca "Hamilcar Barca") to assume command of Carthage's land and naval forces in the struggle against the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic "Roman Republic"). Though Carthage dominated the sea following its victory in the [Battle of Drepanum](/wiki/Battle_of_Drepanum "Battle of Drepanum") in 249 BC, Rome controlled most of Sicily.Rankov, Boris (2011\). "A War of Phases: Strategies and Stalemates". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Oxford: Wiley\-Blackwell. pp. 151\. {{ISBN\|978\-1\-4051\-7600\-2}}. Until this point, Carthage had been led by the landed aristocracy and they preferred to expand into Africa instead of pursuing an aggressive policy against Rome in Sicily. Hanno "The Great"Appian Hispania 4 had been in charge of operations in Africa since 248 BC and had conquered considerable territory by 241 BC.Diodorus Siculus 24\.10, Polybius 1\.73\.1, 1\.72\.3 Carthage at this time was feeling the strain of the prolonged conflict. In addition to maintaining a fleet and soldiers in Sicily, it was also fighting the Libyans and Numidians in Africa.Bagnall, Nigel, The Punic Wars, p 92\-94 {{ISBN\|0\-312\-34214\-4}} As a result, Hamilcar was given a fairly small army and the Carthaginian fleet was gradually withdrawn so that, by 242 BC, Carthage had no ships to speak of in Sicily.Polybius 1\.59\.9
[ "History\n-------", "### Establishment under Mago", "In 550 BC, [Mago I of Carthage](/wiki/Mago_I_of_Carthage \"Mago I of Carthage\") became king of Carthage and sought to establish Carthage as the dominant military power in the western [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\"). Though still economically dependent on its [mother city](/wiki/Metropolis \"Metropolis\") of [Tyre](/wiki/Tyre%2C_Lebanon \"Tyre, Lebanon\"), Carthage was growing in stature. Under Mago, Carthage allied with the [Etruscans](/wiki/Etruscans \"Etruscans\") of northern [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") against the Greek city\\-states in southern Italy, an alliance that would last until [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") expelled its Etruscan kings.", "Mago also set about a series of military reforms designed to strengthen Carthaginian power.[Justin](/wiki/Justin_%28historian%29 \"Justin (historian)\"), 19, 1\\.1", "During the 4th century BC, the maximum number of standing troops Carthage expected at its service can be estimated from the capacity of the barracks located in the three rings of walls that protected the city, offering accommodation to 24,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry, and 300 elephants. In addition to their own conscripted forces, large contingents of mercenaries and auxiliaries would be employed. [Appian](/wiki/Appian \"Appian\") mentions that in total 40,000 infantry, 1,000 cavalry, and 2,000 heavy chariots were recruited to oppose the invasion of [Agathocles of Syracuse](/wiki/Agathocles_of_Syracuse \"Agathocles of Syracuse\").[Appian](/wiki/Appian \"Appian\"), *The Foreign Wars: The Punic Wars*, 80", "### Growth of Mercenary Forces", "After the Punic defeats during the [Sicilian Wars](/wiki/Sicilian_Wars \"Sicilian Wars\") of the 5th and 4th centuries BC, in which large numbers of Carthaginian citizens had been killed, the Carthaginian Senate set about enlisting mercenary forces in order to replenish the ranks of the Carthaginian army, an extraordinary technique that Carthage had employed since the late 6th century BC. Beginning with the reign of King [Hanno the Navigator](/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator \"Hanno the Navigator\") in 480 BC, Carthage regularly began employing Iberian infantry and [Balearic slingers](/wiki/Balearic_slingers \"Balearic slingers\") to support Carthaginian spearmen in Sicily.Emery, 20\\-21", "Punic recruiters toured all corners of the Mediterranean, attracting mercenaries and fugitive slaves. [Gauls](/wiki/Gauls \"Gauls\"), [Ligurians](/wiki/Ligurians \"Ligurians\"), [Numidians](/wiki/Numidians \"Numidians\"), [Libyans](/wiki/Libyans \"Libyans\"), [Greeks](/wiki/Greeks \"Greeks\"), and especially [Iberians](/wiki/Iberians \"Iberians\"). were extensively recruited by Carthage. Troops were recruited both by simple monetary contracts and through partnerships established through treaties with other states and tribes.", "### Reforms of Xanthippus", "{{main\\|Xanthippus of Carthage}} {{further\\|First Punic War}}", "In 256 BC, during the [First Punic War](/wiki/First_Punic_War \"First Punic War\") with the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic \"Roman Republic\"), the [Roman Consul](/wiki/Roman_Consul \"Roman Consul\") [Marcus Atilius Regulus](/wiki/Marcus_Atilius_Regulus \"Marcus Atilius Regulus\") decisively defeated the Carthaginian navy at the [Battle of Cape Ecnomus](/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus \"Battle of Cape Ecnomus\"), enabling him to land a Roman army in Africa. Prior to this point in the war, most ground fighting had been on Sicily, now the Roman armies threatened Carthage itself. After landing, Regulus' army immediately began scorched earth campaign, pillaging the Punic countryside and following a brief siege, [sacking the city of](/wiki/Siege_of_Aspis \"Siege of Aspis\") [Aspis](/wiki/Kelibia \"Kelibia\").James Hampton, ed. (1823\\). \"The General History of Polybius \\- Chapter III\". The General History of Polybius. I (5th ed.). London: W. Baxter. p. 35\\. Retrieved December 14, 2008\\. Regulus then inflicted a crushing defeat on a hastily raised Carthaginian army at the [Battle of Adys](/wiki/Battle_of_Adys \"Battle of Adys\") near Carthage.", "Following these events, Carthage sued for peace, but the terms demanded by Regulus were too harsh, and the war continued. The Carthaginians began to quickly expand their military capabilities on land, conscripting their own citizens and recruiting more mercenaries, including [Spartan](/wiki/Spartan \"Spartan\") captain [Xanthippus](/wiki/Xanthippus_of_Carthage \"Xanthippus of Carthage\"), who was charged with retraining and restructuring the Carthaginian army. Xanthippus adopted the [combined arms](/wiki/Combined_arms \"Combined arms\") model of the [Macedonian army](/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army \"Ancient Macedonian army\"), developed during the time of [Phillip II](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon \"Philip II of Macedon\"). Xanthippus split his cavalry between his two wings, with mercenary infantry screening the cavalry, and a hastily raised citizen phalanx in the center screened by a line of elephants in front of the spearmen. Previously, Carthaginian generals had placed the elephants behind the central phalanx. Xanthippus also realized the mistakes that the Carthaginians were making by avoiding open ground battles against the Romans, instead seeking only uneven terrain. This was done out of fear of the Romans' superior infantry. Such a strategy, however, restricted Carthage's strongest elements: its cavalry and elephants. Uneven terrain also disrupts the phalanx in favor of the more flexible [legion](/wiki/Roman_legion \"Roman legion\"). By seeking battles on open plains, Xanthippus was able to make the fullest use of Carthage's strengths, where Roman formations broke under attack from the elephant and cavalry charges.Emery, 35\\-38\\.", "Under the leadership of Xanthippus, the reformed Carthaginian army completely destroyed the Roman army at the [Battle of Bagradas River](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bagradas_River_%28255_BC%29 \"Battle of the Bagradas River (255 BC)\") in 255 BC, capturing Regulus in the process and ending the Roman threat in Africa for the time being.Polybius, *Histories*, Book I.", "### Hamilcar Barca", "In 247 BC, after eighteen years of fighting in the [First Punic War](/wiki/First_Punic_War \"First Punic War\"), the Carthaginian Senate appointed [Hamilcar Barca](/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca \"Hamilcar Barca\") to assume command of Carthage's land and naval forces in the struggle against the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic \"Roman Republic\"). Though Carthage dominated the sea following its victory in the [Battle of Drepanum](/wiki/Battle_of_Drepanum \"Battle of Drepanum\") in 249 BC, Rome controlled most of Sicily.Rankov, Boris (2011\\). \"A War of Phases: Strategies and Stalemates\". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). A Companion to the Punic Wars. Oxford: Wiley\\-Blackwell. pp. 151\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-4051\\-7600\\-2}}. Until this point, Carthage had been led by the landed aristocracy and they preferred to expand into Africa instead of pursuing an aggressive policy against Rome in Sicily. Hanno \"The Great\"Appian Hispania 4 had been in charge of operations in Africa since 248 BC and had conquered considerable territory by 241 BC.Diodorus Siculus 24\\.10, Polybius 1\\.73\\.1, 1\\.72\\.3", "Carthage at this time was feeling the strain of the prolonged conflict. In addition to maintaining a fleet and soldiers in Sicily, it was also fighting the Libyans and Numidians in Africa.Bagnall, Nigel, The Punic Wars, p 92\\-94 {{ISBN\\|0\\-312\\-34214\\-4}} As a result, Hamilcar was given a fairly small army and the Carthaginian fleet was gradually withdrawn so that, by 242 BC, Carthage had no ships to speak of in Sicily.Polybius 1\\.59\\.9", "" ]
Formation and structure ----------------------- Very few Punic records survived the Roman Era and scholars have limited knowledge of the Punic language. As a result, it is unclear exactly what specific title the Carthaginians bestowed on their military commanders as the few accurate Roman and Greek sources we do have often confuse Carthaginian offices.13 Lancel, Serge. Carthage: A History. Oxford. Blackwell, 1995\. 117\. Greek sources referred to the commander of Punic forces as a [Strategos](/wiki/Strategos "Strategos"), a catch all Hellenic term meaning general or commander; accordingly the term may also refer to a Carthaginian military governor and or an official authorized to sign treaties.Roberts, John. (2005\). Dictionary of the Classical World. Oxford. In areas of conflict, we often find dual command and not all Carthaginian strategoi seem to be concerned with governing provinces. According to Roman sources, the Carthaginian office of Boetharch may have been linked closely with military command. While both states were fundamentally governed by an elected body of noble citizens or "Senate"; one major systemic difference between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian oligarchy was that their chief executives did not by virtue of office hold any direct authority over the military. Carthage's nobles could afford, and were legally allowed, to sustain their own armies. This practice was established by Hamilcar Barca following the Mercenary War. The change in practice ensured that specific wealthy Carthaginians were now responsible for paying mercenaries, not the state. Furthermore, we tend to find evidence that many individuals from the leading families of Carthage served in the military forces.Emery, 10\. Notably the hired units were deployed with their own command structure. As Carthage sent out specific recruiters who bargained contracts with each soldier/corps of soldiers, it is possible that these also served as officers responsible for the integration of their units into the army. Polybius noted for the mercenary war that the mercenaries were told to ask their commanding officers for payment, which frustrated them to such an extent that they elected new ones. In the army, payment was done per unit with subordinates responsible for the further distribution. The Libyans supplied both heavy and light infantry and formed the most disciplined units of the army. The heavy infantry fought in close formation, armed with long spears and round shields, wearing helmets and linen cuirasses. The light Libyan infantry carried javelins and a small shield, the same as Iberian light infantry. The Iberian infantry wore purple bordered white tunics and leather headgear.Wise, T. Armies of the Carthaginian Wars 265\-146 BC. Osprey Publishing, 1982\. pp 36\-38\. The Iberian heavy infantry fought in a dense phalanx, armed with broad headed spears called lonche that could be thrown, long body shields and short slashing swords called "falcata".Goldsworthy, Adrian, *The fall of Carthage*, p 32 {{ISBN\|0\-253\-33546\-9}} Campanian, Sardinian and Gallic infantry fought in their native gear,Makroe, Glenn E., *Phoenicians*, p 84\-86 {{ISBN\|0\-520\-22614\-3}} but were often equipped by Carthage. Polybius does not suggest that Hannibal's heavy Libyan infantry was equipped with the sarissa (pike), but a number of translations turned the Greek *longche* for javelin into pike by the wrong assertion that it means lance (*lancea* was originally a throwing weapon). There is a mention of a 5,000 men contingent on Zama fighting in Macedonian fashion, sent by the Macedonian king. It is not clear what that exactly means. It could be a Macedonian\-style phalanx or some troops using long two handed naval lances, a practice quite common among marines at that age and according to Plutarch also successfully employed by the Romans.Plutarch, Life of Marcellus, 12 <http://bostonleadershipbuilders.com/plutarch/marcellus.htm> The claim of sarissa armed Carthaginian infantry is naturally disputed by experts capable of reading the Greek original, and Polybius himself is not clear, when he mentions Hannibal next to Pyrrhus in his famed comparison between the Roman manipular system and the Macedonian system.Polybius, "Historiai", 18\.28\-32 It is not clear what the Macedonian system constitutes, pike blocks or combined arms tactics, although the variant of the Hellenistic empires was heavily reliant on their exclusive ethnic group forming the pike blocks, with others serving as numerous less relevant skirmishers. At that time, most Greek states fought with [thureophoroi](/wiki/Thureophoroi "Thureophoroi") called *scutarii* by the Romans and it required wealth and manpower to field a pike\-armed phalanx. The Libyans, Carthaginian citizens and the Libyo\-Phoenicians provided disciplined, well trained cavalry equipped with thrusting spears and aspis shields that were later replaced by a flat oval shield called the thyreos. Numidia provided superb light cavalry, highly skilled in skirmishing tactics, armed with bundles of javelins, a small round shield and riding without bridle or saddle. Iberians and Gauls also provided cavalry that relied on the all out charge. The Libyans provided the bulk of the heavy, four horse war chariots for Carthage, used before the Second Punic War.Warry, John. *Warfare in the Classical World*. pp. 98\-99\. Allied cities of the Punic hegemony also contributed contingents for the army. The Carthaginian officer corps held overall command of the army, although many units may have fought under their chieftains. Carthaginian forces also employed war\-elephants, both within Africa and during overseas operations, including campaigns in Iberia and most famously Hannibal's invasion of Italy. These beasts were the now\-extinct [North African elephant](/wiki/North_African_elephant "North African elephant") (*Loxodonta* \[*africana*] *pharaoensis*), probably a subspecies of the [African forest elephant](/wiki/African_forest_elephant "African forest elephant") (*Loxodonta cyclotis*), which is smaller than the [African bush elephant](/wiki/African_bush_elephant "African bush elephant") (*Loxodonta africana*) and the Indian elephants (*elephas maximus*) used by the Seleucids. In battle, the elephants functioned as a psychological weapon, frightening the opposing men and horses into flight or creating gaps in the enemy line that could be exploited by Carthaginian cavalry and infantry.Charles and Rhodan (2007\) Modern scholars have disputed whether or not Carthaginian elephants were furnished with turrets in combat; despite frequent assertions to the contrary, the evidence indicates that African forest elephants could and did carry turrets in certain military contexts.Rance (2009\)
[ "Formation and structure\n-----------------------", "Very few Punic records survived the Roman Era and scholars have limited knowledge of the Punic language. As a result, it is unclear exactly what specific title the Carthaginians bestowed on their military commanders as the few accurate Roman and Greek sources we do have often confuse Carthaginian offices.13 Lancel, Serge. Carthage: A History. Oxford. Blackwell, 1995\\. 117\\. Greek sources referred to the commander of Punic forces as a [Strategos](/wiki/Strategos \"Strategos\"), a catch all Hellenic term meaning general or commander; accordingly the term may also refer to a Carthaginian military governor and or an official authorized to sign treaties.Roberts, John. (2005\\). Dictionary of the Classical World. Oxford. In areas of conflict, we often find dual command and not all Carthaginian strategoi seem to be concerned with governing provinces. According to Roman sources, the Carthaginian office of Boetharch may have been linked closely with military command.", "While both states were fundamentally governed by an elected body of noble citizens or \"Senate\"; one major systemic difference between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian oligarchy was that their chief executives did not by virtue of office hold any direct authority over the military. Carthage's nobles could afford, and were legally allowed, to sustain their own armies. This practice was established by Hamilcar Barca following the Mercenary War. The change in practice ensured that specific wealthy Carthaginians were now responsible for paying mercenaries, not the state. Furthermore, we tend to find evidence that many individuals from the leading families of Carthage served in the military forces.Emery, 10\\.", "Notably the hired units were deployed with their own command structure. As Carthage sent out specific recruiters who bargained contracts with each soldier/corps of soldiers, it is possible that these also served as officers responsible for the integration of their units into the army. Polybius noted for the mercenary war that the mercenaries were told to ask their commanding officers for payment, which frustrated them to such an extent that they elected new ones. In the army, payment was done per unit with subordinates responsible for the further distribution.", "The Libyans supplied both heavy and light infantry and formed the most disciplined units of the army. The heavy infantry fought in close formation, armed with long spears and round shields, wearing helmets and linen cuirasses. The light Libyan infantry carried javelins and a small shield, the same as Iberian light infantry. The Iberian infantry wore purple bordered white tunics and leather headgear.Wise, T. Armies of the Carthaginian Wars 265\\-146 BC. Osprey Publishing, 1982\\. pp 36\\-38\\. The Iberian heavy infantry fought in a dense phalanx, armed with broad headed spears called lonche that could be thrown, long body shields and short slashing swords called \"falcata\".Goldsworthy, Adrian, *The fall of Carthage*, p 32 {{ISBN\\|0\\-253\\-33546\\-9}} Campanian, Sardinian and Gallic infantry fought in their native gear,Makroe, Glenn E., *Phoenicians*, p 84\\-86 {{ISBN\\|0\\-520\\-22614\\-3}} but were often equipped by Carthage. Polybius does not suggest that Hannibal's heavy Libyan infantry was equipped with the sarissa (pike), but a number of translations turned the Greek *longche* for javelin into pike by the wrong assertion that it means lance (*lancea* was originally a throwing weapon). There is a mention of a 5,000 men contingent on Zama fighting in Macedonian fashion, sent by the Macedonian king. It is not clear what that exactly means. It could be a Macedonian\\-style phalanx or some troops using long two handed naval lances, a practice quite common among marines at that age and according to Plutarch also successfully employed by the Romans.Plutarch, Life of Marcellus, 12 <http://bostonleadershipbuilders.com/plutarch/marcellus.htm> The claim of sarissa armed Carthaginian infantry is naturally disputed by experts capable of reading the Greek original, and Polybius himself is not clear, when he mentions Hannibal next to Pyrrhus in his famed comparison between the Roman manipular system and the Macedonian system.Polybius, \"Historiai\", 18\\.28\\-32 It is not clear what the Macedonian system constitutes, pike blocks or combined arms tactics, although the variant of the Hellenistic empires was heavily reliant on their exclusive ethnic group forming the pike blocks, with others serving as numerous less relevant skirmishers. At that time, most Greek states fought with [thureophoroi](/wiki/Thureophoroi \"Thureophoroi\") called *scutarii* by the Romans and it required wealth and manpower to field a pike\\-armed phalanx.", "The Libyans, Carthaginian citizens and the Libyo\\-Phoenicians provided disciplined, well trained cavalry equipped with thrusting spears and aspis shields that were later replaced by a flat oval shield called the thyreos. Numidia provided superb light cavalry, highly skilled in skirmishing tactics, armed with bundles of javelins, a small round shield and riding without bridle or saddle. Iberians and Gauls also provided cavalry that relied on the all out charge. The Libyans provided the bulk of the heavy, four horse war chariots for Carthage, used before the Second Punic War.Warry, John. *Warfare in the Classical World*. pp. 98\\-99\\. Allied cities of the Punic hegemony also contributed contingents for the army. The Carthaginian officer corps held overall command of the army, although many units may have fought under their chieftains.", "Carthaginian forces also employed war\\-elephants, both within Africa and during overseas operations, including campaigns in Iberia and most famously Hannibal's invasion of Italy. These beasts were the now\\-extinct [North African elephant](/wiki/North_African_elephant \"North African elephant\") (*Loxodonta* \\[*africana*] *pharaoensis*), probably a subspecies of the [African forest elephant](/wiki/African_forest_elephant \"African forest elephant\") (*Loxodonta cyclotis*), which is smaller than the [African bush elephant](/wiki/African_bush_elephant \"African bush elephant\") (*Loxodonta africana*) and the Indian elephants (*elephas maximus*) used by the Seleucids. In battle, the elephants functioned as a psychological weapon, frightening the opposing men and horses into flight or creating gaps in the enemy line that could be exploited by Carthaginian cavalry and infantry.Charles and Rhodan (2007\\) Modern scholars have disputed whether or not Carthaginian elephants were furnished with turrets in combat; despite frequent assertions to the contrary, the evidence indicates that African forest elephants could and did carry turrets in certain military contexts.Rance (2009\\)", "" ]
History ------- ### AM early years (1944–1978\) The station was established on November 14, 1944 by *[The Halifax Chronicle](/wiki/The_Chronicle_Herald "The Chronicle Herald")* at 1320 AM.{{cite web \|title\=CJCH\-FM \|url\=https://www.broadcasting\-history.ca/listing\_and\_histories/radio/cjch\-fm \|website\=History of Canadian Broadcasting \|access\-date\=5 March 2021}} It was the second radio station to [sign on](/wiki/Sign_on "Sign on") in Halifax, after [CHNS](/wiki/CHNS-FM "CHNS-FM"), which was founded in 1926\. In 1945, CJCH was authorized to increase output power and move to a lower frequency on the AM dial (920 kHz). By the 1960s, CJCH was broadcasting with 10,000 [watts](/wiki/Watt "Watt") by day and 5,000 watts at night. In 1961, it put a TV station on the air, [CJCH\-TV](/wiki/CJCH-TV "CJCH-TV"), which later that year became a [CTV](/wiki/CTV_Television_Network "CTV Television Network") [Network affiliate](/wiki/Network_affiliate "Network affiliate"). CJCH\-AM\-TV were acquired in 1970 by [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto")\-based [CHUM Limited](/wiki/CHUM_Limited "CHUM Limited"). In 1997, CHUM Limited sold the television station to CTV. On June 22, 2007, the approval by the [Canadian Radio\-television and Telecommunications Commission](/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission "Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission") (CRTC) of the acquisition of CHUM Ltd. by [CTVglobemedia](/wiki/CTVglobemedia "CTVglobemedia") has again brought the stations under common ownership. In 1978, CJCH got a boost to 25,000 watts around the clock, making it Halifax's second highest powered AM station after [CFDR](/wiki/CFLT-FM%23CFDR "CFLT-FM#CFDR"), which was at 50,000 watts.[Broadcasting \& Cable Yearbook 2000 page D\-527](https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2000/D-Radio-All-Other-BC-YB-2000-2.pdf) ### Top 40 and Classic rock Through the 1960s and 70s, CJCH was a popular [Top 40](/wiki/Top_40 "Top 40") station, the first to play all [contemporary hits](/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio "Contemporary hit radio") in the Halifax area. In 1983, it began broadcasting in [AM Stereo](/wiki/Stereophonic_sound "Stereophonic sound"), the first in [Atlantic Canada](/wiki/Atlantic_Canada "Atlantic Canada"). In the 1970s, it had a rivalry with [CHNS](/wiki/CHNS-FM "CHNS-FM") in the Top 40 format. However, in the 1980s, listening to [contemporary music](/wiki/Adult_contemporary "Adult contemporary") shifted to the FM dial. In 1987, CJCH flipped to an [oldies](/wiki/Oldies "Oldies")\-based [adult contemporary](/wiki/Adult_contemporary "Adult contemporary") format, as it focused on listeners who had grown up with the station but were now over 40\. In August 1993, the station switched to a [Classic rock](/wiki/Classic_rock "Classic rock") format as *Arrow 92* (with Arrow standing for **A**ll **R**ock and **R**oll **O**ldies). In January 1994, CJCH switched its moniker to *All Rock and Roll Oldies 92/CJCH*. In May 1995, it flipped to a hybrid [talk](/wiki/Talk_radio "Talk radio")/oldies format; by the end of that year, the talk programming took over the entire schedule, and was branded as *News/Talk Radio 920/CJCH*. ### Sports and Oldies (2001–2007\) In 2001, CHUM Limited started a [sports radio](/wiki/Sports_radio "Sports radio") network known as *The Team*. CJCH joined this network and became *The Team 920* on May 7 of that year.[Team 920 Sports Network Launch May 7th, 2001 Halifax](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNFW-ZoHQUU) On August 27, 2002, The Team network was shut down and CJCH flipped to an [oldies](/wiki/Oldies "Oldies") format, becoming *AM 920/CJCH \- Yesterday's Favourites*. In July 2006, [CHNS](/wiki/CHNS-FM "CHNS-FM"), an oldies station since February 1992, switched to the FM band and adopted a [classic rock](/wiki/Classic_rock "Classic rock") format (now airing [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits "Classic hits")). As a result, CJCH became the only oldies station in Halifax. Its oldies format was unique in that it ran a mid\-morning call\-in program called *The Hotline* with host Rick Howe. ### Moving to FM, The Bounce (2007–2016\) In 2007, [CTVglobemedia](/wiki/CTVglobemedia "CTVglobemedia") acquired CJCH and CIOO. On August 31, 2007, CTVglobemedia applied to the CRTC to move CJCH to 101\.3 [FM](/wiki/FM_broadcasting "FM broadcasting"). The CRTC approval was given on November 30, 2007\.[Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2007\-410](http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2007/db2007-410.htm) The application originally indicated that CJCH would retain its oldies format. [Industry Canada](/wiki/Industry_Canada "Industry Canada") required a three\-week test on 101\.3 FM, which began on May 8, 2008\. [thumb\|Former CJCH logo as a news/talk station](/wiki/Image:920cjchlogo.jpg "920cjchlogo.jpg") [thumb\|right\|"The Bounce" logo (2008–2016\)](/wiki/File:CJCH-FM_logo.png "CJCH-FM logo.png") On May 30, 2008, at 10:00 a.m., the last oldies song finished playing on 920 CJCH as the station went [silent](/wiki/Dark_%28broadcasting%29 "Dark (broadcasting)") on AM. The new station launched on 101\.3 FM with a [Top 40/CHR](/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio "Contemporary hit radio") format, branded as *101\.3 The Bounce*. The first song aired was [Kanye West](/wiki/Kanye_West "Kanye West")'s "[Stronger](/wiki/Stronger_%28Kanye_West_song%29 "Stronger (Kanye West song)")". The station did not take advantage of its right to simulcast on both frequencies for three months as is customary in such cases. The new FM station was in direct competition with [CKHZ\-FM](/wiki/CKHZ-FM "CKHZ-FM"), which had a musical direction leaning to [Rhythmic](/wiki/Rhythmic_contemporary "Rhythmic contemporary") and [Dance](/wiki/Dance_radio "Dance radio") product, targeted towards young adults. CJCH's "Bounce" [logo](/wiki/Logo "Logo") and [fonts](/wiki/Font "Font") were patterned after [CHBN](/wiki/CHBN-FM "CHBN-FM") in [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton "Edmonton"), which, until 2010, was under the same ownership as CJCH. With CKHZ adopting an [Adult Top 40](/wiki/Adult_Top_40 "Adult Top 40") direction in March 2013 (which lasted until it flipped to [country](/wiki/Country_music "Country music") in September 2015\), CJCH moved towards a Rhythmic\-leaning direction, but remained within the Mainstream CHR realm. The move was also in part to avoid overlapping with co\-owned CIOO, though the two stations share some titles. On April 1, 2011, [Bell Canada](/wiki/Bell_Canada "Bell Canada") completed its acquisition of 100% of the shares in CTVglobemedia it didn't already own and named the new division [Bell Media](/wiki/Bell_Media "Bell Media"). ### Virgin Radio (2016–present) [thumb\|left\|150px\|First Virgin Radio logo (2016–2019\)](/wiki/Image:101.3_Virgin_Radio_Logo_Halifax.png "101.3 Virgin Radio Logo Halifax.png") On July 26, 2016, CJCH began promoting a "major change" to the station to take place on July 29 at 1:00 p.m. At that time, after playing "[Sorry](/wiki/Sorry_%28Justin_Bieber_song%29 "Sorry (Justin Bieber song)")" by [Justin Bieber](/wiki/Justin_Bieber "Justin Bieber"), CJCH rebranded as *101\.3 [Virgin Radio](/wiki/Virgin_Radio "Virgin Radio")*, becoming the ninth station in Canada to use the "Virgin" branding ([CFCA\-FM](/wiki/CFCA-FM "CFCA-FM") in [Kitchener](/wiki/Kitchener%2C_Ontario "Kitchener, Ontario") rebranded as "Virgin" at the same time as CJCH). The first song on "Virgin" (as well as Kitchener's "Virgin") was "[This Is What You Came For](/wiki/This_Is_What_You_Came_For "This Is What You Came For")" by [Calvin Harris](/wiki/Calvin_Harris "Calvin Harris") and [Rihanna](/wiki/Rihanna "Rihanna"). [More Virgin Radio for Canada](https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/netgnomes/107445/more-virgin-radio-for-canada/) [Canada's \#1 Hit Music Brand Comes to Halifax](http://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/canada-s-1-hit-music-brand-comes-to-halifax-1.3007689/) [101\.3 The Bounce Relaunches as Virgin Radio](http://formatchange.com/101-3-the-bounce-relaunches-as-virgin-radio/)
[ "History\n-------", "### AM early years (1944–1978\\)", "The station was established on November 14, 1944 by *[The Halifax Chronicle](/wiki/The_Chronicle_Herald \"The Chronicle Herald\")* at 1320 AM.{{cite web \\|title\\=CJCH\\-FM \\|url\\=https://www.broadcasting\\-history.ca/listing\\_and\\_histories/radio/cjch\\-fm \\|website\\=History of Canadian Broadcasting \\|access\\-date\\=5 March 2021}} It was the second radio station to [sign on](/wiki/Sign_on \"Sign on\") in Halifax, after [CHNS](/wiki/CHNS-FM \"CHNS-FM\"), which was founded in 1926\\. In 1945, CJCH was authorized to increase output power and move to a lower frequency on the AM dial (920 kHz). By the 1960s, CJCH was broadcasting with 10,000 [watts](/wiki/Watt \"Watt\") by day and 5,000 watts at night. In 1961, it put a TV station on the air, [CJCH\\-TV](/wiki/CJCH-TV \"CJCH-TV\"), which later that year became a [CTV](/wiki/CTV_Television_Network \"CTV Television Network\") [Network affiliate](/wiki/Network_affiliate \"Network affiliate\").", "CJCH\\-AM\\-TV were acquired in 1970 by [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\")\\-based [CHUM Limited](/wiki/CHUM_Limited \"CHUM Limited\"). In 1997, CHUM Limited sold the television station to CTV. On June 22, 2007, the approval by the [Canadian Radio\\-television and Telecommunications Commission](/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission \"Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission\") (CRTC) of the acquisition of CHUM Ltd. by [CTVglobemedia](/wiki/CTVglobemedia \"CTVglobemedia\") has again brought the stations under common ownership.", "In 1978, CJCH got a boost to 25,000 watts around the clock, making it Halifax's second highest powered AM station after [CFDR](/wiki/CFLT-FM%23CFDR \"CFLT-FM#CFDR\"), which was at 50,000 watts.[Broadcasting \\& Cable Yearbook 2000 page D\\-527](https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2000/D-Radio-All-Other-BC-YB-2000-2.pdf)", "### Top 40 and Classic rock", "Through the 1960s and 70s, CJCH was a popular [Top 40](/wiki/Top_40 \"Top 40\") station, the first to play all [contemporary hits](/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio \"Contemporary hit radio\") in the Halifax area. In 1983, it began broadcasting in [AM Stereo](/wiki/Stereophonic_sound \"Stereophonic sound\"), the first in [Atlantic Canada](/wiki/Atlantic_Canada \"Atlantic Canada\"). In the 1970s, it had a rivalry with [CHNS](/wiki/CHNS-FM \"CHNS-FM\") in the Top 40 format. However, in the 1980s, listening to [contemporary music](/wiki/Adult_contemporary \"Adult contemporary\") shifted to the FM dial. In 1987, CJCH flipped to an [oldies](/wiki/Oldies \"Oldies\")\\-based [adult contemporary](/wiki/Adult_contemporary \"Adult contemporary\") format, as it focused on listeners who had grown up with the station but were now over 40\\. In August 1993, the station switched to a [Classic rock](/wiki/Classic_rock \"Classic rock\") format as *Arrow 92* (with Arrow standing for **A**ll **R**ock and **R**oll **O**ldies). In January 1994, CJCH switched its moniker to *All Rock and Roll Oldies 92/CJCH*. In May 1995, it flipped to a hybrid [talk](/wiki/Talk_radio \"Talk radio\")/oldies format; by the end of that year, the talk programming took over the entire schedule, and was branded as *News/Talk Radio 920/CJCH*.", "### Sports and Oldies (2001–2007\\)", "In 2001, CHUM Limited started a [sports radio](/wiki/Sports_radio \"Sports radio\") network known as *The Team*. CJCH joined this network and became *The Team 920* on May 7 of that year.[Team 920 Sports Network Launch May 7th, 2001 Halifax](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNFW-ZoHQUU) On August 27, 2002, The Team network was shut down and CJCH flipped to an [oldies](/wiki/Oldies \"Oldies\") format, becoming *AM 920/CJCH \\- Yesterday's Favourites*.", "In July 2006, [CHNS](/wiki/CHNS-FM \"CHNS-FM\"), an oldies station since February 1992, switched to the FM band and adopted a [classic rock](/wiki/Classic_rock \"Classic rock\") format (now airing [classic hits](/wiki/Classic_hits \"Classic hits\")). As a result, CJCH became the only oldies station in Halifax. Its oldies format was unique in that it ran a mid\\-morning call\\-in program called *The Hotline* with host Rick Howe.", "### Moving to FM, The Bounce (2007–2016\\)", "In 2007, [CTVglobemedia](/wiki/CTVglobemedia \"CTVglobemedia\") acquired CJCH and CIOO. On August 31, 2007, CTVglobemedia applied to the CRTC to move CJCH to 101\\.3 [FM](/wiki/FM_broadcasting \"FM broadcasting\"). The CRTC approval was given on November 30, 2007\\.[Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2007\\-410](http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2007/db2007-410.htm) The application originally indicated that CJCH would retain its oldies format. [Industry Canada](/wiki/Industry_Canada \"Industry Canada\") required a three\\-week test on 101\\.3 FM, which began on May 8, 2008\\.\n[thumb\\|Former CJCH logo as a news/talk station](/wiki/Image:920cjchlogo.jpg \"920cjchlogo.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|\"The Bounce\" logo (2008–2016\\)](/wiki/File:CJCH-FM_logo.png \"CJCH-FM logo.png\")\nOn May 30, 2008, at 10:00 a.m., the last oldies song finished playing on 920 CJCH as the station went [silent](/wiki/Dark_%28broadcasting%29 \"Dark (broadcasting)\") on AM. The new station launched on 101\\.3 FM with a [Top 40/CHR](/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio \"Contemporary hit radio\") format, branded as *101\\.3 The Bounce*. The first song aired was [Kanye West](/wiki/Kanye_West \"Kanye West\")'s \"[Stronger](/wiki/Stronger_%28Kanye_West_song%29 \"Stronger (Kanye West song)\")\". The station did not take advantage of its right to simulcast on both frequencies for three months as is customary in such cases.", "The new FM station was in direct competition with [CKHZ\\-FM](/wiki/CKHZ-FM \"CKHZ-FM\"), which had a musical direction leaning to [Rhythmic](/wiki/Rhythmic_contemporary \"Rhythmic contemporary\") and [Dance](/wiki/Dance_radio \"Dance radio\") product, targeted towards young adults. CJCH's \"Bounce\" [logo](/wiki/Logo \"Logo\") and [fonts](/wiki/Font \"Font\") were patterned after [CHBN](/wiki/CHBN-FM \"CHBN-FM\") in [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\"), which, until 2010, was under the same ownership as CJCH. With CKHZ adopting an [Adult Top 40](/wiki/Adult_Top_40 \"Adult Top 40\") direction in March 2013 (which lasted until it flipped to [country](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") in September 2015\\), CJCH moved towards a Rhythmic\\-leaning direction, but remained within the Mainstream CHR realm. The move was also in part to avoid overlapping with co\\-owned CIOO, though the two stations share some titles.", "On April 1, 2011, [Bell Canada](/wiki/Bell_Canada \"Bell Canada\") completed its acquisition of 100% of the shares in CTVglobemedia it didn't already own and named the new division [Bell Media](/wiki/Bell_Media \"Bell Media\").", "### Virgin Radio (2016–present)", "[thumb\\|left\\|150px\\|First Virgin Radio logo (2016–2019\\)](/wiki/Image:101.3_Virgin_Radio_Logo_Halifax.png \"101.3 Virgin Radio Logo Halifax.png\")\nOn July 26, 2016, CJCH began promoting a \"major change\" to the station to take place on July 29 at 1:00 p.m. At that time, after playing \"[Sorry](/wiki/Sorry_%28Justin_Bieber_song%29 \"Sorry (Justin Bieber song)\")\" by [Justin Bieber](/wiki/Justin_Bieber \"Justin Bieber\"), CJCH rebranded as *101\\.3 [Virgin Radio](/wiki/Virgin_Radio \"Virgin Radio\")*, becoming the ninth station in Canada to use the \"Virgin\" branding ([CFCA\\-FM](/wiki/CFCA-FM \"CFCA-FM\") in [Kitchener](/wiki/Kitchener%2C_Ontario \"Kitchener, Ontario\") rebranded as \"Virgin\" at the same time as CJCH). The first song on \"Virgin\" (as well as Kitchener's \"Virgin\") was \"[This Is What You Came For](/wiki/This_Is_What_You_Came_For \"This Is What You Came For\")\" by [Calvin Harris](/wiki/Calvin_Harris \"Calvin Harris\") and [Rihanna](/wiki/Rihanna \"Rihanna\"). [More Virgin Radio for Canada](https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/netgnomes/107445/more-virgin-radio-for-canada/) [Canada's \\#1 Hit Music Brand Comes to Halifax](http://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/canada-s-1-hit-music-brand-comes-to-halifax-1.3007689/) [101\\.3 The Bounce Relaunches as Virgin Radio](http://formatchange.com/101-3-the-bounce-relaunches-as-virgin-radio/)", "" ]
Allies ------ ### Sweet Polly Purebred Sweet Polly Purebred is a female anthropomorphic [dog](/wiki/Dog "Dog") TV [news reporter](/wiki/Journalist "Journalist") and Underdog's love interest; she serves as the [damsel in distress](/wiki/Damsel_in_distress "Damsel in distress") of most episodes. When being pursued by an [antagonist](/wiki/Antagonist "Antagonist"), Polly is apt to start singing, "Oh where, oh where has my Underdog gone? Oh where, oh where has he gone?",Christopher P. Lehman, *American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era: A Study of Social Commentary in Films And Television Programs, 1961–1973* ([McFarland Publishing](/wiki/McFarland_Publishing "McFarland Publishing"), 2006\), {{ISBN\|978\-0\-7864\-5142\-5}}, p.59\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=WlEjmDkdc08C&dq=%22sweet+polly+purebred%22&pg=PA59) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books").David Mansour, *From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century* ([Andrews McMeel Publishing](/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Publishing "Andrews McMeel Publishing"), 2005\), {{ISBN\|978\-0\-7407\-9307\-3}}, p. 474\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=7GN0E_diWbAC&dq=%22polly+purebred%22&pg=PA474) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books"). in a plaintive voice, hoping for the object of her affections to come and rescue her. Polly's face is slightly similar to that of Underdog's, with a large muzzle and nose, she wears her [platinum blonde](/wiki/Blond%23platinum_blonde "Blond#platinum blonde") hair styled in a [pageboy](/wiki/Pageboy "Pageboy"), and her wardrobe consists of a black pencil skirt, white turtleneck top, red jacket, and black high\-heeled shoes. In a few episodes, Polly shows her love for Underdog. For example, in the episode "March of the Monsters", she is caught by a robot and calls for Underdog. He then saves Polly, but after Underdog uses his supersonic hi\-fi voice and breaks all the glass, the townspeople complain about his voice. However, Polly defends the hero and tells the people that they should thank him for saving everyone from the robots. She then goes to reward Underdog with a big kiss, but the hero backs away and flies off. Also, in the episode "The Vacuum Gun", when Polly is caught by Simon Bar Sinister's vacuum gun, she calls for Underdog and her song annoys Simon. Later in the episode, she retrieves Underdog's ring. In the live\-action film, Polly is a [Cavalier King Charles Spaniel](/wiki/Cavalier_King_Charles_Spaniel "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel") owned by a girl named Molly, a classmate of Underdog/Shoeshine's owner, Jack. She is based upon Superman's romantic interest [Lois Lane](/wiki/Lois_Lane "Lois Lane"). In the 1976 Western Comics *Underdog* \#7, it is revealed that Sweet Polly has a young [nephew](/wiki/Nephew "Nephew") named Wilbur. She has been voiced in animated form by [Norma MacMillan](/wiki/Norma_MacMillan "Norma MacMillan"), [June Foray](/wiki/June_Foray "June Foray"), [Russi Taylor](/wiki/Russi_Taylor "Russi Taylor"), and [Andrea Libman](/wiki/Andrea_Libman "Andrea Libman"), and in the live\-action movie by [Amy Adams](/wiki/Amy_Adams "Amy Adams") (who, ironically enough, later played Lois Lane in three movies). ### Dan Unger *Appearances:* [Movie](/wiki/Underdog_%282007_film%29 "Underdog (2007 film)") Dan Unger is Jack's father. He was once a [police officer](/wiki/Police_officer "Police officer"), but quit the force after his wife died and worked as a [security guard](/wiki/Security_guard "Security guard") at the scientific institute where Simon Bar Sinister hid out after hours. Using Underdog's stolen collar, Simon and Cad were able to determine where he lived and captured him in order to lure Jack and Underdog to them. After Simon Bar Sinister fed an antidote pill to Underdog and left to forcefully negotiate with the Mayor, Dan learned that Shoeshine was Underdog. After Underdog freed the Mayor, Dan was reinstated and promoted by the Mayor and helped Underdog arrest Simon while Underdog buried a bomb Cad placed on the roof. Dan was later seen placing Simon into solitary confinement where Cad was also held. In the movie, he is portrayed by [James Belushi](/wiki/Jim_Belushi "Jim Belushi"). ### General Brainley *Appearances:* Weathering the Storm General Brainley is in charge of the moon launch at Cape Canaveral. When he was about to send a pair of astronauts and Sweet Polly to the moon, Simon Bar Sinister and Cad Lackey hijacked the spaceship and held Sweet Polly prisoner so they could use the Weather Machine against Earth. When anything goes awry, he deems the problem an outrage. He is voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift"). ### Jack Unger *Appearances:* [Movie](/wiki/Underdog_%282007_film%29 "Underdog (2007 film)") Jack Unger is Underdog's human companion. He is a teenager and Dan Unger's son. His mother has died some time ago. Although Dan is very understanding, Jack's relationship with him is not very smooth. When Dan brings him the dog Shoeshine which he found in the street, Jack at first does not want him. When the dog talks to him, he is understandably upset and wonders whether he is going crazy. However, soon he decides he wants to keep him. After Shoeshine defends Molly (Jack's classmate and the teenage female owner of the [female dog](/wiki/%23Sweet_Polly_Purebred "#Sweet Polly Purebred") he fancies) against robbers, Jack convinces him to use his powers to fight more evil, arguing that one cannot always just do what one likes. They decide that for his superhero actions Shoeshine takes on the [secret identity](/wiki/Secret_identity "Secret identity") of "Underdog", using Dan's college sweater, which has a big U on it, as his hero attire. Jack is played by [Alex Neuberger](/wiki/Alex_Neuberger "Alex Neuberger"). ### O.J. Skweez *Appearances:* Fearo, From Hopeless to Helpless, The Gold Bricks, The Phoney Booths, RiffRaffville, The Vacuum Gun O.J. Skweez is the owner of the TTV ([Total Television](/wiki/Total_Television "Total Television")) building and is Sweet Polly's employer. He is voiced by [Mort Marshall](/wiki/Mort_Marshall "Mort Marshall"). ### Professor Moby Von Ahab *Appearances:* The Bubbleheads Professor Moby Von Ahab is one of the world's leading scientists who helped Sweet Polly investigate what was happening beneath the sea when [the Bubblehead Empire](/wiki/%23Bubblehead_Empire "#Bubblehead Empire") planned to conquer the surface world. His name is a take\-off on both [Moby\-Dick](/wiki/Moby-Dick "Moby-Dick") and [Captain Ahab](/wiki/Captain_Ahab "Captain Ahab"). He is voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift"). ### Officer Flim Flanigan *Appearances:* A New Villain, Batty\-Man Officer Flim Flanigan previously appeared frequently on the *[King Leonardo and His Short Subjects](/wiki/King_Leonardo_and_His_Short_Subjects "King Leonardo and His Short Subjects")* segment "The Hunter". He was included as the [chief of police](/wiki/Chief_of_police "Chief of police") during later episodes.
[ "Allies\n------", "### Sweet Polly Purebred", "Sweet Polly Purebred is a female anthropomorphic [dog](/wiki/Dog \"Dog\") TV [news reporter](/wiki/Journalist \"Journalist\") and Underdog's love interest; she serves as the [damsel in distress](/wiki/Damsel_in_distress \"Damsel in distress\") of most episodes. When being pursued by an [antagonist](/wiki/Antagonist \"Antagonist\"), Polly is apt to start singing, \"Oh where, oh where has my Underdog gone? Oh where, oh where has he gone?\",Christopher P. Lehman, *American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era: A Study of Social Commentary in Films And Television Programs, 1961–1973* ([McFarland Publishing](/wiki/McFarland_Publishing \"McFarland Publishing\"), 2006\\), {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-7864\\-5142\\-5}}, p.59\\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=WlEjmDkdc08C&dq=%22sweet+polly+purebred%22&pg=PA59) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\").David Mansour, *From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century* ([Andrews McMeel Publishing](/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Publishing \"Andrews McMeel Publishing\"), 2005\\), {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-7407\\-9307\\-3}}, p. 474\\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=7GN0E_diWbAC&dq=%22polly+purebred%22&pg=PA474) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\"). in a plaintive voice, hoping for the object of her affections to come and rescue her. Polly's face is slightly similar to that of Underdog's, with a large muzzle and nose, she wears her [platinum blonde](/wiki/Blond%23platinum_blonde \"Blond#platinum blonde\") hair styled in a [pageboy](/wiki/Pageboy \"Pageboy\"), and her wardrobe consists of a black pencil skirt, white turtleneck top, red jacket, and black high\\-heeled shoes.", "In a few episodes, Polly shows her love for Underdog. For example, in the episode \"March of the Monsters\", she is caught by a robot and calls for Underdog. He then saves Polly, but after Underdog uses his supersonic hi\\-fi voice and breaks all the glass, the townspeople complain about his voice. However, Polly defends the hero and tells the people that they should thank him for saving everyone from the robots. She then goes to reward Underdog with a big kiss, but the hero backs away and flies off. Also, in the episode \"The Vacuum Gun\", when Polly is caught by Simon Bar Sinister's vacuum gun, she calls for Underdog and her song annoys Simon. Later in the episode, she retrieves Underdog's ring.", "In the live\\-action film, Polly is a [Cavalier King Charles Spaniel](/wiki/Cavalier_King_Charles_Spaniel \"Cavalier King Charles Spaniel\") owned by a girl named Molly, a classmate of Underdog/Shoeshine's owner, Jack. She is based upon Superman's romantic interest [Lois Lane](/wiki/Lois_Lane \"Lois Lane\").", "In the 1976 Western Comics *Underdog* \\#7, it is revealed that Sweet Polly has a young [nephew](/wiki/Nephew \"Nephew\") named Wilbur.", "She has been voiced in animated form by [Norma MacMillan](/wiki/Norma_MacMillan \"Norma MacMillan\"), [June Foray](/wiki/June_Foray \"June Foray\"), [Russi Taylor](/wiki/Russi_Taylor \"Russi Taylor\"), and [Andrea Libman](/wiki/Andrea_Libman \"Andrea Libman\"), and in the live\\-action movie by [Amy Adams](/wiki/Amy_Adams \"Amy Adams\") (who, ironically enough, later played Lois Lane in three movies).", "### Dan Unger", "*Appearances:* [Movie](/wiki/Underdog_%282007_film%29 \"Underdog (2007 film)\")", "Dan Unger is Jack's father. He was once a [police officer](/wiki/Police_officer \"Police officer\"), but quit the force after his wife died and worked as a [security guard](/wiki/Security_guard \"Security guard\") at the scientific institute where Simon Bar Sinister hid out after hours. Using Underdog's stolen collar, Simon and Cad were able to determine where he lived and captured him in order to lure Jack and Underdog to them. After Simon Bar Sinister fed an antidote pill to Underdog and left to forcefully negotiate with the Mayor, Dan learned that Shoeshine was Underdog. After Underdog freed the Mayor, Dan was reinstated and promoted by the Mayor and helped Underdog arrest Simon while Underdog buried a bomb Cad placed on the roof. Dan was later seen placing Simon into solitary confinement where Cad was also held.", "In the movie, he is portrayed by [James Belushi](/wiki/Jim_Belushi \"Jim Belushi\").", "### General Brainley", "*Appearances:* Weathering the Storm", "General Brainley is in charge of the moon launch at Cape Canaveral. When he was about to send a pair of astronauts and Sweet Polly to the moon, Simon Bar Sinister and Cad Lackey hijacked the spaceship and held Sweet Polly prisoner so they could use the Weather Machine against Earth. When anything goes awry, he deems the problem an outrage.", "He is voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\").", "### Jack Unger", "*Appearances:* [Movie](/wiki/Underdog_%282007_film%29 \"Underdog (2007 film)\")", "Jack Unger is Underdog's human companion. He is a teenager and Dan Unger's son. His mother has died some time ago. Although Dan is very understanding, Jack's relationship with him is not very smooth. When Dan brings him the dog Shoeshine which he found in the street, Jack at first does not want him. When the dog talks to him, he is understandably upset and wonders whether he is going crazy. However, soon he decides he wants to keep him.", "After Shoeshine defends Molly (Jack's classmate and the teenage female owner of the [female dog](/wiki/%23Sweet_Polly_Purebred \"#Sweet Polly Purebred\") he fancies) against robbers, Jack convinces him to use his powers to fight more evil, arguing that one cannot always just do what one likes. They decide that for his superhero actions Shoeshine takes on the [secret identity](/wiki/Secret_identity \"Secret identity\") of \"Underdog\", using Dan's college sweater, which has a big U on it, as his hero attire.", "Jack is played by [Alex Neuberger](/wiki/Alex_Neuberger \"Alex Neuberger\").", "### O.J. Skweez", "*Appearances:* Fearo, From Hopeless to Helpless, The Gold Bricks, The Phoney Booths, RiffRaffville, The Vacuum Gun", "O.J. Skweez is the owner of the TTV ([Total Television](/wiki/Total_Television \"Total Television\")) building and is Sweet Polly's employer.", "He is voiced by [Mort Marshall](/wiki/Mort_Marshall \"Mort Marshall\").", "### Professor Moby Von Ahab", "*Appearances:* The Bubbleheads", "Professor Moby Von Ahab is one of the world's leading scientists who helped Sweet Polly investigate what was happening beneath the sea when [the Bubblehead Empire](/wiki/%23Bubblehead_Empire \"#Bubblehead Empire\") planned to conquer the surface world. His name is a take\\-off on both [Moby\\-Dick](/wiki/Moby-Dick \"Moby-Dick\") and [Captain Ahab](/wiki/Captain_Ahab \"Captain Ahab\").", "He is voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\").", "### Officer Flim Flanigan", "*Appearances:* A New Villain, Batty\\-Man", "Officer Flim Flanigan previously appeared frequently on the *[King Leonardo and His Short Subjects](/wiki/King_Leonardo_and_His_Short_Subjects \"King Leonardo and His Short Subjects\")* segment \"The Hunter\". He was included as the [chief of police](/wiki/Chief_of_police \"Chief of police\") during later episodes.", "" ]
### Sweet Polly Purebred Sweet Polly Purebred is a female anthropomorphic [dog](/wiki/Dog "Dog") TV [news reporter](/wiki/Journalist "Journalist") and Underdog's love interest; she serves as the [damsel in distress](/wiki/Damsel_in_distress "Damsel in distress") of most episodes. When being pursued by an [antagonist](/wiki/Antagonist "Antagonist"), Polly is apt to start singing, "Oh where, oh where has my Underdog gone? Oh where, oh where has he gone?",Christopher P. Lehman, *American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era: A Study of Social Commentary in Films And Television Programs, 1961–1973* ([McFarland Publishing](/wiki/McFarland_Publishing "McFarland Publishing"), 2006\), {{ISBN\|978\-0\-7864\-5142\-5}}, p.59\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=WlEjmDkdc08C&dq=%22sweet+polly+purebred%22&pg=PA59) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books").David Mansour, *From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century* ([Andrews McMeel Publishing](/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Publishing "Andrews McMeel Publishing"), 2005\), {{ISBN\|978\-0\-7407\-9307\-3}}, p. 474\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=7GN0E_diWbAC&dq=%22polly+purebred%22&pg=PA474) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books"). in a plaintive voice, hoping for the object of her affections to come and rescue her. Polly's face is slightly similar to that of Underdog's, with a large muzzle and nose, she wears her [platinum blonde](/wiki/Blond%23platinum_blonde "Blond#platinum blonde") hair styled in a [pageboy](/wiki/Pageboy "Pageboy"), and her wardrobe consists of a black pencil skirt, white turtleneck top, red jacket, and black high\-heeled shoes. In a few episodes, Polly shows her love for Underdog. For example, in the episode "March of the Monsters", she is caught by a robot and calls for Underdog. He then saves Polly, but after Underdog uses his supersonic hi\-fi voice and breaks all the glass, the townspeople complain about his voice. However, Polly defends the hero and tells the people that they should thank him for saving everyone from the robots. She then goes to reward Underdog with a big kiss, but the hero backs away and flies off. Also, in the episode "The Vacuum Gun", when Polly is caught by Simon Bar Sinister's vacuum gun, she calls for Underdog and her song annoys Simon. Later in the episode, she retrieves Underdog's ring. In the live\-action film, Polly is a [Cavalier King Charles Spaniel](/wiki/Cavalier_King_Charles_Spaniel "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel") owned by a girl named Molly, a classmate of Underdog/Shoeshine's owner, Jack. She is based upon Superman's romantic interest [Lois Lane](/wiki/Lois_Lane "Lois Lane"). In the 1976 Western Comics *Underdog* \#7, it is revealed that Sweet Polly has a young [nephew](/wiki/Nephew "Nephew") named Wilbur. She has been voiced in animated form by [Norma MacMillan](/wiki/Norma_MacMillan "Norma MacMillan"), [June Foray](/wiki/June_Foray "June Foray"), [Russi Taylor](/wiki/Russi_Taylor "Russi Taylor"), and [Andrea Libman](/wiki/Andrea_Libman "Andrea Libman"), and in the live\-action movie by [Amy Adams](/wiki/Amy_Adams "Amy Adams") (who, ironically enough, later played Lois Lane in three movies).
[ "### Sweet Polly Purebred", "Sweet Polly Purebred is a female anthropomorphic [dog](/wiki/Dog \"Dog\") TV [news reporter](/wiki/Journalist \"Journalist\") and Underdog's love interest; she serves as the [damsel in distress](/wiki/Damsel_in_distress \"Damsel in distress\") of most episodes. When being pursued by an [antagonist](/wiki/Antagonist \"Antagonist\"), Polly is apt to start singing, \"Oh where, oh where has my Underdog gone? Oh where, oh where has he gone?\",Christopher P. Lehman, *American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era: A Study of Social Commentary in Films And Television Programs, 1961–1973* ([McFarland Publishing](/wiki/McFarland_Publishing \"McFarland Publishing\"), 2006\\), {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-7864\\-5142\\-5}}, p.59\\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=WlEjmDkdc08C&dq=%22sweet+polly+purebred%22&pg=PA59) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\").David Mansour, *From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century* ([Andrews McMeel Publishing](/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Publishing \"Andrews McMeel Publishing\"), 2005\\), {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-7407\\-9307\\-3}}, p. 474\\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=7GN0E_diWbAC&dq=%22polly+purebred%22&pg=PA474) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\"). in a plaintive voice, hoping for the object of her affections to come and rescue her. Polly's face is slightly similar to that of Underdog's, with a large muzzle and nose, she wears her [platinum blonde](/wiki/Blond%23platinum_blonde \"Blond#platinum blonde\") hair styled in a [pageboy](/wiki/Pageboy \"Pageboy\"), and her wardrobe consists of a black pencil skirt, white turtleneck top, red jacket, and black high\\-heeled shoes.", "In a few episodes, Polly shows her love for Underdog. For example, in the episode \"March of the Monsters\", she is caught by a robot and calls for Underdog. He then saves Polly, but after Underdog uses his supersonic hi\\-fi voice and breaks all the glass, the townspeople complain about his voice. However, Polly defends the hero and tells the people that they should thank him for saving everyone from the robots. She then goes to reward Underdog with a big kiss, but the hero backs away and flies off. Also, in the episode \"The Vacuum Gun\", when Polly is caught by Simon Bar Sinister's vacuum gun, she calls for Underdog and her song annoys Simon. Later in the episode, she retrieves Underdog's ring.", "In the live\\-action film, Polly is a [Cavalier King Charles Spaniel](/wiki/Cavalier_King_Charles_Spaniel \"Cavalier King Charles Spaniel\") owned by a girl named Molly, a classmate of Underdog/Shoeshine's owner, Jack. She is based upon Superman's romantic interest [Lois Lane](/wiki/Lois_Lane \"Lois Lane\").", "In the 1976 Western Comics *Underdog* \\#7, it is revealed that Sweet Polly has a young [nephew](/wiki/Nephew \"Nephew\") named Wilbur.", "She has been voiced in animated form by [Norma MacMillan](/wiki/Norma_MacMillan \"Norma MacMillan\"), [June Foray](/wiki/June_Foray \"June Foray\"), [Russi Taylor](/wiki/Russi_Taylor \"Russi Taylor\"), and [Andrea Libman](/wiki/Andrea_Libman \"Andrea Libman\"), and in the live\\-action movie by [Amy Adams](/wiki/Amy_Adams \"Amy Adams\") (who, ironically enough, later played Lois Lane in three movies).", "" ]
Villains -------- ### Simon Bar Sinister *Appearances:* Simon Says, Go Snow, Zot, The Big Shrink, Weathering The Storm, The Phoney Booths, The Forget\-Me\-Net, Simon Says "No Thanksgiving", The Tickle Feather Machine, The Big Dipper, Simon Says "Be My Valentine", The Vacuum Gun, [movie](/wiki/Underdog_%282007_film%29 "Underdog (2007 film)") Simon Bar Sinister is a [mad scientist](/wiki/Mad_scientist "Mad scientist"). He is the wickedest man in the world, precedes all his commands with “[Simon Says](/wiki/Simon_Says "Simon Says"),” and has an assistant named Cad Lackey. A *[bend sinister](/wiki/Bend_sinister_%28heraldry%29 "Bend sinister (heraldry)")*—sometimes, inaccurately, called a *[bar sinister](/wiki/Bend_%28heraldry%29%23Bar_sinister "Bend (heraldry)#Bar sinister")*—is a diagonal line in [heraldry](/wiki/Heraldry "Heraldry") that can indicate that the bearer is a bastard by birth.[Bryan Garner](/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner "Bryan A. Garner"), *[Garner's Modern American Usage](/wiki/Garner%27s_Modern_American_Usage "Garner's Modern American Usage")*, ([Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"), 2009\), {{ISBN\|978\-0\-19\-988877\-1}}, p. 97\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=FwmQpyibKkAC&dq=%22simon+bar+sinister%22&pg=PA97) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books"). It is Simon Bar Sinister's ambition to rule the world, but, each time, Underdog defeats him. Simon is short, with very sparse hair except for a pair of thick black eyebrows. His skin is a sickly green with dark circles around his eyes, and his front teeth stick out of his mouth. He wears a white lab coat over a black suit with a black bow tie and a pair of purple gloves. He was voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift"), impersonating [Lionel Barrymore](/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore "Lionel Barrymore"), in the cartoon.Tim Hollis, *Hi There, Boys and Girls! America's Local Children's TV Programs* ([University Press of Mississippi](/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi "University Press of Mississippi"), 2001\), {{ISBN\|978\-1\-57806\-396\-3}}, p. 193\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=h3nCJAlg5qUC&dq=%22simon+bar+sinister%22+allen+swift&pg=PA193) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books"). In the movie, he is portrayed by [Peter Dinklage](/wiki/Peter_Dinklage "Peter Dinklage"). ### Cad Lackey *Appearances:* Go Snow, The Big Shrink, Weathering The Storm, The Phoney Booths, The Forget\-Me\-Net, Simon Says "No Thanksgiving", The Tickle Feather Machine, The Big Dipper, Simon Says "Be My Valentine", The Vacuum Gun, [movie](/wiki/Underdog_%282007_film%29 "Underdog (2007 film)") Cad Lackey was Simon's henchman, who, though generally dull\-witted, was occasionally capable of pointing out flaws in his boss's plans. Contrary to the mad scientist stereotype, Simon actually paid good attention to Cad's suggestions in these episodes. Cad is tall, with slicked\-back blond hair and the same unhealthy greenish complexion as Simon. He wears a red smock and black trousers and shoes. In the live\-action film, he was portrayed as more intelligent and level\-headed. He was Simon's partner and the [security guard](/wiki/Security_guard "Security guard") of a building where Simon hid out after hours. He is voiced by Ben Stone impersonating [Humphrey Bogart](/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart "Humphrey Bogart") in the cartoon. In the movie, he is portrayed by [Patrick Warburton](/wiki/Patrick_Warburton "Patrick Warburton"). ### Riff Raff *Appearances:* The Great Gold Robbery, Fearo, From Hopeless to Helpless, The Gold Bricks, Pain Strikes Underdog, Whistler's Father, RiffRaffville, Just In Case, The Vacuum Gun, [movie](/wiki/Underdog_%282007_film%29 "Underdog (2007 film)") Riff Raff is an [anthropomorphic](/wiki/Anthropomorphic "Anthropomorphic") [wolf](/wiki/Gray_wolf "Gray wolf") [gangster](/wiki/Gangster "Gangster"). He leads an unnamed gang that often carry out various crime waves until they are stopped by Underdog. In "The Vacuum Gun," Riff Raff and his gang were among the criminals that were recruited by Simon Bar Sinister. In keeping with the classic gangster image he likes to cultivate, Riff wears a greyish purple pinstripe suit with a white flower in the left lapel, a black shirt, a yellow tie, and black shoes. In the film, Riff Raff is portrayed as a [Rottweiler](/wiki/Rottweiler "Rottweiler"). When he meets Shoeshine, he and his dog henchmen chase him around an alley in an attempt to eat him until he is found by Dan Unger, when they run away. They meet again with Polly (whom Riff Raff tries to flirt with) on the sidewalk. Around the end of the film, Shoeshine barks at Riff Raff enough to remove some of his fur and he and his henchmen run away again for the last time. In contrast to his role as a major villain on the series, Riff Raff is portrayed as more of a comic relief minor villain. Riff Raff is voiced by Allen Swift impersonating [George Raft](/wiki/George_Raft "George Raft") in the cartoon.Doug Nye, ["No need to fear, Underdog is here"](http://lubbockonline.com/stories/092200/aro_092200002.shtml), [Knight\-Ridder](/wiki/Knight-Ridder "Knight-Ridder") in *[Lubbock Avalanche\-Journal](/wiki/Lubbock_Avalanche-Journal "Lubbock Avalanche-Journal")*, September 22, 2000\. In the film, Riff Raff was voiced by [Brad Garrett](/wiki/Brad_Garrett "Brad Garrett"). ### Riff Raff's gang In addition to some unnamed members, the following are members of Riff Raff's gang: #### Dinah Mite *Appearances:* Whistler's Father Dinah Mite is one of the criminals Riff Raff summoned in the episode "Whistler's Father". She is the best bomb\-tosser in the crime business. #### Mooch *Appearances:* The Great Gold Robbery, Fearo, From Hopeless to Helpless, Pain Strikes Underdog, Whistler's Father, RiffRaffville, The Vacuum Gun Mooch is the top gunman in Riff Raff's gang and is Riff Raff's right\-hand man. He is modeled after [Walter Matthau](/wiki/Walter_Matthau "Walter Matthau") and voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving "George S. Irving"). #### Nails the Carpenter *Appearances:* Just in Case Nails the [Carpenter](/wiki/Carpentry "Carpentry") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He rebuilt the sunken ship of [Captain Kidd](/wiki/William_Kidd "William Kidd") as part of Riff Raff's [ghost ship](/wiki/Ghost_ship "Ghost ship") plot. #### Needles the Tailor *Appearances:* Just In Case Needles the [Tailor](/wiki/Tailor "Tailor") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He sewed a sail as part of Riff Raff's ghost ship plot. #### Sandy the Safecracker *Appearances:* Whistler's Father, Riffraffville, The Vacuum Gun Sandy the [Safecracker](/wiki/Safe-cracking "Safe-cracking") is the best at breaking banks. He just opens safes with his fingers. #### Smitty the Blacksmith *Appearances:* Just In Case Smitty the [Blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith "Blacksmith") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He hammered out an anchor as part of Riff Raff's ghost ship plot. Voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving "George S. Irving"). #### Spinny Wheels *Appearances:* Whistler's Father, Riffraffville, The Vacuum Gun Spinny Wheels is the best [getaway car driver](/wiki/Crime_scene_getaway "Crime scene getaway") in the crime business. #### Witch Doctor *Appearances:* Just In Case The [Witch Doctor](/wiki/Witch_doctor "Witch doctor") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He was the disguised prisoner who went with Riff Raff during the prison break. When asked by Nails, Needles, and Smitty why they should bring him along during the prison break and give him a share of the loot, Riff Raff kept telling them "Just In Case". When Sweet Polly Purebred ends up captured during her infiltration, Riff Raff reveals the disguised prisoner to be a Witch Doctor. When Underdog arrives, the Witch Doctor puts Underdog under a voodoo spell which was instantly broken by Underdog taking his Super Energy Pill. Voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving "George S. Irving"). #### The Mask *Appearances:* Just in Case The Mask is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He can change himself into various disguises, to fool underdog or even drive Riff Raff crazy. Voiced by [Rob Paulsen](/wiki/Rob_Paulsen "Rob Paulsen"). ### Other villains #### Batty\-Man *Appearances:* Batty\-Man, The Vacuum Gun Batty\-Man (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift")) is a [vampire](/wiki/Vampire "Vampire") villain who commands a massive army of giant [bats](/wiki/Bat "Bat") and lives in Belfrey Castle. In "Batty\-Man", he and his batty army caused a crime wave nationwide, baffling everyone in the country. The crime wave was arranged to make Underdog powerless enough so Batty\-Man could not be stopped from pulling the crime of the century. Soon, Underdog found out Batty\-Man was the crook behind the crime wave after Sweet Polly was taken captive. Underdog had to rescue her and defeat Batty\-Man, but he failed and was captured. Batty\-Man later planned to steal all the gold in [Fort Knox](/wiki/Fort_Knox "Fort Knox") and use it to go to [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") by turning the gold into bowling balls. Underdog and Polly escaped before they could get turned into bowling balls and defeated Batty\-Man. Everything was then returned to its rightful owners. Batty\-Man was later freed from prison by Simon Bar Sinister. He, along with Riff Raff and the Electric Eel, was enlisted to help Simon with his Vacuum Gun plan, which Underdog later stopped. In the 1987 Spotlight Comics *Underdog* \#2, Batty\-Man was at home watching the news when he noticed Sweet Polly. He instantly fell in love with Sweet Polly and ordered his right\-hand man, Georgie, and his bat minions to kidnap Sweet Polly and bring her over to his castle in order to woo her. But Sweet Polly did not return his feelings and Batty\-Man ordered Georgie to take her down to the [catacombs](/wiki/Catacombs "Catacombs"). Shoeshine heard Polly's cries for help and changed into Underdog to rescue her. After Polly was rescued, Batty\-Man said to her that "their love was never meant to be." ##### Georgie *Appearances:* Batty\-Man, The Vacuum Gun Georgie (voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving "George S. Irving")) is Batty\-Man's assistant. #### The Bubblehead Empire *Appearances:* The Bubbleheads The Bubblehead Empire is a society of people who all wear air helmets and live under the sea, in the city of Maldemare (the name being a take\-off on the French phrase mal de mer, meaning “seasickness”). They command sea creatures to do their bidding and deal with their prisoners by feeding them to a giant clam. The city is ruled by the *Bubblehead Emperor*, who in turn was ruled by the *Bubblehead Empress*. The Bubblehead Empress was tired of living under the sea, so she wanted to take over the dry land. The Bubblehead scientists worked to destroy the land, using earthquakes and volcanoes, but those two evil plans were foiled by Underdog. As a result, the two scientists were fed to the Giant Clam. The third evil plot was to use a machine creating a tidal wave powerful enough to destroy the Earth. Soon, everybody around the world was aware that something peculiar was happening to the ocean. Sweet Polly Purebred, with the aid from one of the world's leading scientists [Professor Moby Von Ahab](/wiki/%23Professor_Moby_Von_Ahab "#Professor Moby Von Ahab") (the name being a take\-off on both Captain Ahab and Moby Dick), investigated what was happening under the sea, but were eventually captured and tossed into the giant clam. Underdog got word that his friends were held captive, rescued Sweet Polly and the Professor and destroyed the tidal wave machine. #### Irving and Ralph *Appearances:* Zot Irving and Ralph are a two\-headed [dragon](/wiki/Dragon "Dragon") that are known as the legendary enemies of the planet Zot. For every task they do, they do it with teamwork as noted by the quote "Teamwork! Teamwork! That's what counts!". When they attacked while Underdog was to forcibly wed Glissando, Princess of Zot, Underdog easily defeated them and they promised never to bother Zot's inhabitants again. Upon their defeat, Underdog was allowed to return home to Earth, knowing that he had helped Glissando find her future husband: Zot's Prime Minister. #### The Magnet Men *Appearances:* The Magnet Men, The Flying Sorcerers The Magnet Men are evil robots from another planet. The Magnet Men feed on metal. They demanded that the Earth give them all of its metal. When the Earth refuses, the Magnet Men use their Great Gravity Gun to pull the Earth towards them. As the Earth moves away from the Sun, the planet plunges into a deep freeze. Underdog defeats the Magnet Men, destroys the Great Gravity Gun, and puts the Earth back in its correct position in space. In "The Flying Sorcerers," one Magnet Man was abducted by Prince Bric and Prince Brac to make a cake for their father, King Cup. Unfortunately, all cakes the Magnet Men make are made of metal. #### The Marbleheads *Appearances:* The Marbleheads The Marbleheads are people made of marble. *Captain Marblehead* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift")) is the dictator of their planet. Captain Marblehead holds their most powerful weapon, the Granite Gun, that could turn anyone into solid stone and used it on Underdog, but to Marblehead's shock he breaks free. Underdog defeats the Marbleheads and the Granite Gun and frees all the slaves. #### The Molemen *Appearances:* The Molemen The [Molemen](/wiki/Mole_people_%28fiction%29 "Mole people (fiction)") are an evil society of giant [moles](/wiki/Mole_%28animal%29 "Mole (animal)") who live underground, led by the evil *King Mange* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift")). They planned to conquer the world by stealing all the food in the world, thus making everyone weak, sluggish and without energy. With this advantage, the Molemen and their giant ants would have no problem conquering the world. Other giant bugs under the Molemens' ownership include a giant caterpillar who encased Underdog and Polly in a cocoon, and a giant spider who attempted to trap them in a web. As Sweet Polly was investigating the thefts, she was captured by King Mange and Underdog was called to rescue her, but he succumbed to the Mole\-Hole Gun, the Molemen's secret weapon. Afterwards, he was captured. King Mange threatened to destroy Sweet Polly if Underdog did not do what Mange said. Underdog got Sweet Polly free and soon had the answer to everyone's energy problems. He filled every water reservoir in the world with his Super Energy Pills, investing the water with tremendous energy. Soon afterward, the citizens had enough energy to escape the Molemen's attack and the Army had the strength to fight. King Mange was eventually defeated and arrested. #### Overcat *Appearances:* Underdog vs. Overcat Overcat (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift")) is a giant anthropomorphic [cat](/wiki/Cat "Cat") who was once the infamous ruler of the planet Felina. He is an arrogant bully and also has all of Underdog's powers. One day on Felina, the milk wells ran dry, so Overcat stole the cows from the Earth, kidnapped Sweet Polly Purebred and forced her to milk the cows so the giant cats of Felina can have a lifetime supply of milk. After Underdog rescued Polly and the cows, Overcat challenged Underdog to a winner\-take\-all fight. Unless Underdog fought Overcat, the giant cats of Felina would destroy the Earth. As Underdog fought Overcat, it appeared Overcat had the upper\-hand, but Overcat's size and lack of speed allowed Underdog to come out the victor. Underdog promised milk growing from coconut trees to the giant cats of Felina if the giant cats banished Overcat from Felina and let the other worlds live as they pleased. Underdog carried out the promise and all the cats were happy, because with the coconut trees, the cats would not run out of milk. After being banished from Felina, Overcat swore he would find another planet to conquer, train harder to become stronger and one day return to Earth to wipe out Underdog. Despite this, Overcat was never seen in the series again afterwards. #### Slippery Eel (a.k.a. The Electric Eel) *Appearances:* A New Villain, The Vacuum Gun Slippery Eel is one of the world's most dangerous criminals. He got the name *The Electric Eel* after he was electrified by the gates of the prison's electric fence while he was trying to escape. After being electrified, he gained the power to control electricity. Electric Eel was the only villain who ever actually defeated Underdog, using his electrical powers and apparently killing Underdog. However, before he "died", Underdog requested that he not be thrown into the lake. Eel, being the villain that he was, naturally decided to throw Underdog into the lake, which drained the electricity from Underdog's body and restored him to "life", whereupon he polished off Eel and his gang. Eel was then confined in a glass prison cell. In "The Vacuum Gun," Electric Eel and his gang were recruited by Simon Bar Sinister when he found Eel's sewer hideout. #### Tap Tap the Chiseler *Appearances:* From Hopeless to Helpless, Tricky Trap by Tap Tap Tap Tap the Chiseler is a criminal that chisels jewelry, making them into smaller pieces of jewelry. He bears an amazing resemblance to Underdog, and Tap Tap can use this advantage to impersonate Underdog. However, unlike Underdog, he does not speak in rhyme. He also seems to be close friends with Riff Raff. He is voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving "George S. Irving"). In "From Hopeless to Helpless", after Riff Raff stole the Hopeless Diamond, Tap Tap was hired to help cut it into little pieces so that Riff Raff could sell it and impersonate Underdog in order to commit crimes all over town. Everyone, including Sweet Polly (this is the only episode in the series where even she begin to doubt about Underdog, due to her being fooled by Tap Tap and mistaking him for Underdog after he snatched her purse), thought Underdog had turned to crime and he was sent to jail, much to Underdog's shock. Tap Tap pulled off the crimes so excellently that even Underdog (thanks to Sweet Polly's biased lecturing) was convinced he was guilty, believing that he had sleepwalked when the crimes were committed. However, Riff Raff needed Underdog to break the Hopeless Diamond into a million pieces after Tap Tap had failed to cut it, so they broke Underdog out of jail and told Underdog that Tap Tap had imitated him and framed him for the crimes all over town. Now knowing that Tap Tap had been responsible for the crimes that were supposedly committed by him, Underdog pretended to really turn to crime in order to fool the gang. When he finally retrieved the Hopeless Diamond from Riff Raff, Mooch and Tap Tap, he apprehended them and explained to the townspeople, including Sweet Polly, how Tap Tap had imitated him and framed him for the crimes. The townspeople, including Sweet Polly apologized to Underdog for the misunderstanding and falsely accusing him, and prior to the episode "Tricky Trap by Tap Tap", Tap Tap was sent to prison. At that point, Tap Tap once again disguised himself as Underdog again and broke out of jail on the same day Underdog was visiting the prison. Part of his revenge plan was to first purchase a bomb from a bomb factory and borrow a policeman's handcuffs. He used the handcuffs to cuff himself to Sweet Polly and threatened to use the bomb to blow himself and Sweet Polly to bits if Underdog did not do what he said. Underdog stopped him by melting the handcuffs with his cosmic vision, then tackling Tap Tap, accidentally detonating the bomb in the process. Underdog was, of course, unharmed, while Tap Tap was left singed and dazed. #### Wicked Witch of Pickyoon *Appearances:* The Witch of Pickyoon The Wicked Witch of Pickyoon is an evil [witch](/wiki/Witchcraft "Witchcraft") who rules over the strange land of the Pickyoons and has enslaved all who inhabit the land. She lives in a castle in the mountains of Pickyoon. She wished to be the most powerful being in all of Pickyoon and she was, until Underdog came along. She planned to capture Sweet Polly and put Underdog in her power. She put a spell on Sweet Polly, causing her to fall asleep for 1,000 years. The Witch was the only one who knew how to break the spell (although, everybody knows the only way to break a spell is as if the hero kisses someone under the spell). If she was going to tell Underdog how to undo the spell, he had to perform three tasks: steal water, steal diamonds and help her assemble an army to conquer the world. Unless Underdog helped the Witch with those tasks, she would not break the spell that had been cast on Sweet Polly. Underdog refused to accomplish the tasks, for it would make him as wicked as the Witch. But every time Underdog refused to do the tasks, the Witch reminded him that Polly would sleep for 1,000 years unless he did what she said. Underdog struck water by burrowing through the underground depths of Pickyoon and made diamonds out of coal. Soon, all that was left was to help the Witch conquer the world. When Underdog refused to perform the final task, he eventually got into a fight with the Witch, causing her to vanish forever by destroying her broom. Afterwards, Underdog awakened Polly with a kiss and the people of Pickyoon were freed from the Witch's power. #### Zorm *Appearances:* Round and Round Zorm is the ruler of a strange planet. He planned to take over the world, but in order to do that, he must keep Underdog from interfering. He sent Cron to Earth. Cron put a charm around Underdog's neck that caused him to fall under his dizzy spell when standing up. But when Underdog sat down, he felt perfectly fine. Underdog eventually got the charm off and foiled Zorm's plan. ##### Cron *Appearances:* Round and Round Cron is Zorm's henchman. ### Reformed villains The following villains gave up their evil plans after being thwarted by Underdog: #### The Cloud Men *Appearances:* The Silver Thieves The Cloud Men are a race of [ghost](/wiki/Ghost "Ghost")\-like creatures. They live on the Planet Cumulus and are led by *King Cumulus Regulus* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift")). When humans "interfere with them," the Cloud Men lightning jolt them by shooting out electric bolts from their fingers that turn them into living statues. They stole all the silver on Earth, including Underdog's ring, because everything they had was made of gold and "every Cloud Man must have a silver lining". When Underdog and Sweet Polly headed for a conveyor belt, Underdog found his ring and took his Underdog Super Energy Pill, then defeated the Cloud Men. In the end, the Cloud Men traded gold for silver with the Earth. #### The Flying Sorcerers *Appearances:* The Flying Sorcerers The Flying Sorcerers are a strange alien race led by *King Cup* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift")). King Cup sent his twin sons *Prince Bric* and *Prince Brac* to find someone who can bake a cake for his people after the old royal baker was fired for his cake not being good. The first two baking slaves they found upon King Cup firing a dart at three possible planets were a [Magnet Man](/wiki/%23The_Magnet_Men "#The Magnet Men") and an inhabitant of Zot, but they could not bake a cake that tasted like cake (the Magnet Man's cake was made of metal and the Zot Man's cake's texture was gummy and sticky) and were imprisoned. Then they made Sweet Polly their new baking slave. Before Underdog could rescue her, Bric and Brac transformed him into a [bouncing ball](/wiki/Bouncing_ball "Bouncing ball"). Sweet Polly was forced to bake 500 cakes for the Flying Sorcerers, but her weariness from baking the cakes made her fall into the giant mixing bowl she was using to make the cakes. Underdog freed himself from Bric and Brac's spell and defeated the Flying Sorcerers. At first, King Cup was upset that Underdog was taking his baking slave home, but after vowing he would not abuse others again, he received one of Sweet Polly's cake recipes so that he could make his own cakes for his people. It's implied that King Cup released and returned the Magnet and Zot Men to their respective home planets afterwards.
[ "Villains\n--------", "### Simon Bar Sinister", "*Appearances:* Simon Says, Go Snow, Zot, The Big Shrink, Weathering The Storm, The Phoney Booths, The Forget\\-Me\\-Net, Simon Says \"No Thanksgiving\", The Tickle Feather Machine, The Big Dipper, Simon Says \"Be My Valentine\", The Vacuum Gun, [movie](/wiki/Underdog_%282007_film%29 \"Underdog (2007 film)\")", "Simon Bar Sinister is a [mad scientist](/wiki/Mad_scientist \"Mad scientist\"). He is the wickedest man in the world, precedes all his commands with “[Simon Says](/wiki/Simon_Says \"Simon Says\"),” and has an assistant named Cad Lackey. A *[bend sinister](/wiki/Bend_sinister_%28heraldry%29 \"Bend sinister (heraldry)\")*—sometimes, inaccurately, called a *[bar sinister](/wiki/Bend_%28heraldry%29%23Bar_sinister \"Bend (heraldry)#Bar sinister\")*—is a diagonal line in [heraldry](/wiki/Heraldry \"Heraldry\") that can indicate that the bearer is a bastard by birth.[Bryan Garner](/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner \"Bryan A. Garner\"), *[Garner's Modern American Usage](/wiki/Garner%27s_Modern_American_Usage \"Garner's Modern American Usage\")*, ([Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"), 2009\\), {{ISBN\\|978\\-0\\-19\\-988877\\-1}}, p. 97\\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=FwmQpyibKkAC&dq=%22simon+bar+sinister%22&pg=PA97) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\"). It is Simon Bar Sinister's ambition to rule the world, but, each time, Underdog defeats him.", "Simon is short, with very sparse hair except for a pair of thick black eyebrows. His skin is a sickly green with dark circles around his eyes, and his front teeth stick out of his mouth. He wears a white lab coat over a black suit with a black bow tie and a pair of purple gloves.", "He was voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\"), impersonating [Lionel Barrymore](/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore \"Lionel Barrymore\"), in the cartoon.Tim Hollis, *Hi There, Boys and Girls! America's Local Children's TV Programs* ([University Press of Mississippi](/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi \"University Press of Mississippi\"), 2001\\), {{ISBN\\|978\\-1\\-57806\\-396\\-3}}, p. 193\\. [Excerpts available](https://books.google.com/books?id=h3nCJAlg5qUC&dq=%22simon+bar+sinister%22+allen+swift&pg=PA193) at [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\"). In the movie, he is portrayed by [Peter Dinklage](/wiki/Peter_Dinklage \"Peter Dinklage\").", "### Cad Lackey", "*Appearances:* Go Snow, The Big Shrink, Weathering The Storm, The Phoney Booths, The Forget\\-Me\\-Net, Simon Says \"No Thanksgiving\", The Tickle Feather Machine, The Big Dipper, Simon Says \"Be My Valentine\", The Vacuum Gun, [movie](/wiki/Underdog_%282007_film%29 \"Underdog (2007 film)\")", "Cad Lackey was Simon's henchman, who, though generally dull\\-witted, was occasionally capable of pointing out flaws in his boss's plans. Contrary to the mad scientist stereotype, Simon actually paid good attention to Cad's suggestions in these episodes.", "Cad is tall, with slicked\\-back blond hair and the same unhealthy greenish complexion as Simon. He wears a red smock and black trousers and shoes.", "In the live\\-action film, he was portrayed as more intelligent and level\\-headed. He was Simon's partner and the [security guard](/wiki/Security_guard \"Security guard\") of a building where Simon hid out after hours.", "He is voiced by Ben Stone impersonating [Humphrey Bogart](/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart \"Humphrey Bogart\") in the cartoon. In the movie, he is portrayed by [Patrick Warburton](/wiki/Patrick_Warburton \"Patrick Warburton\").", "### Riff Raff", "*Appearances:* The Great Gold Robbery, Fearo, From Hopeless to Helpless, The Gold Bricks, Pain Strikes Underdog, Whistler's Father, RiffRaffville, Just In Case, The Vacuum Gun, [movie](/wiki/Underdog_%282007_film%29 \"Underdog (2007 film)\")", "Riff Raff is an [anthropomorphic](/wiki/Anthropomorphic \"Anthropomorphic\") [wolf](/wiki/Gray_wolf \"Gray wolf\") [gangster](/wiki/Gangster \"Gangster\"). He leads an unnamed gang that often carry out various crime waves until they are stopped by Underdog. In \"The Vacuum Gun,\" Riff Raff and his gang were among the criminals that were recruited by Simon Bar Sinister.", "In keeping with the classic gangster image he likes to cultivate, Riff wears a greyish purple pinstripe suit with a white flower in the left lapel, a black shirt, a yellow tie, and black shoes.", "In the film, Riff Raff is portrayed as a [Rottweiler](/wiki/Rottweiler \"Rottweiler\"). When he meets Shoeshine, he and his dog henchmen chase him around an alley in an attempt to eat him until he is found by Dan Unger, when they run away. They meet again with Polly (whom Riff Raff tries to flirt with) on the sidewalk. Around the end of the film, Shoeshine barks at Riff Raff enough to remove some of his fur and he and his henchmen run away again for the last time. In contrast to his role as a major villain on the series, Riff Raff is portrayed as more of a comic relief minor villain.", "Riff Raff is voiced by Allen Swift impersonating [George Raft](/wiki/George_Raft \"George Raft\") in the cartoon.Doug Nye, [\"No need to fear, Underdog is here\"](http://lubbockonline.com/stories/092200/aro_092200002.shtml), [Knight\\-Ridder](/wiki/Knight-Ridder \"Knight-Ridder\") in *[Lubbock Avalanche\\-Journal](/wiki/Lubbock_Avalanche-Journal \"Lubbock Avalanche-Journal\")*, September 22, 2000\\. In the film, Riff Raff was voiced by [Brad Garrett](/wiki/Brad_Garrett \"Brad Garrett\").", "### Riff Raff's gang", "In addition to some unnamed members, the following are members of Riff Raff's gang:", "#### Dinah Mite", "*Appearances:* Whistler's Father", "Dinah Mite is one of the criminals Riff Raff summoned in the episode \"Whistler's Father\". She is the best bomb\\-tosser in the crime business.", "#### Mooch", "*Appearances:* The Great Gold Robbery, Fearo, From Hopeless to Helpless, Pain Strikes Underdog, Whistler's Father, RiffRaffville, The Vacuum Gun", "Mooch is the top gunman in Riff Raff's gang and is Riff Raff's right\\-hand man.", "He is modeled after [Walter Matthau](/wiki/Walter_Matthau \"Walter Matthau\") and voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving \"George S. Irving\").", "#### Nails the Carpenter", "*Appearances:* Just in Case", "Nails the [Carpenter](/wiki/Carpentry \"Carpentry\") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He rebuilt the sunken ship of [Captain Kidd](/wiki/William_Kidd \"William Kidd\") as part of Riff Raff's [ghost ship](/wiki/Ghost_ship \"Ghost ship\") plot.", "#### Needles the Tailor", "*Appearances:* Just In Case", "Needles the [Tailor](/wiki/Tailor \"Tailor\") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He sewed a sail as part of Riff Raff's ghost ship plot.", "#### Sandy the Safecracker", "*Appearances:* Whistler's Father, Riffraffville, The Vacuum Gun", "Sandy the [Safecracker](/wiki/Safe-cracking \"Safe-cracking\") is the best at breaking banks. He just opens safes with his fingers.", "#### Smitty the Blacksmith", "*Appearances:* Just In Case", "Smitty the [Blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith \"Blacksmith\") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He hammered out an anchor as part of Riff Raff's ghost ship plot.", "Voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving \"George S. Irving\").", "#### Spinny Wheels", "*Appearances:* Whistler's Father, Riffraffville, The Vacuum Gun", "Spinny Wheels is the best [getaway car driver](/wiki/Crime_scene_getaway \"Crime scene getaway\") in the crime business.", "#### Witch Doctor", "*Appearances:* Just In Case", "The [Witch Doctor](/wiki/Witch_doctor \"Witch doctor\") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He was the disguised prisoner who went with Riff Raff during the prison break. When asked by Nails, Needles, and Smitty why they should bring him along during the prison break and give him a share of the loot, Riff Raff kept telling them \"Just In Case\". When Sweet Polly Purebred ends up captured during her infiltration, Riff Raff reveals the disguised prisoner to be a Witch Doctor. When Underdog arrives, the Witch Doctor puts Underdog under a voodoo spell which was instantly broken by Underdog taking his Super Energy Pill.", "Voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving \"George S. Irving\").", "#### The Mask", "*Appearances:* Just in Case", "The Mask is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He can change himself into various disguises, to fool underdog or even drive Riff Raff crazy.", "Voiced by [Rob Paulsen](/wiki/Rob_Paulsen \"Rob Paulsen\").", "### Other villains", "#### Batty\\-Man", "*Appearances:* Batty\\-Man, The Vacuum Gun", "Batty\\-Man (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\")) is a [vampire](/wiki/Vampire \"Vampire\") villain who commands a massive army of giant [bats](/wiki/Bat \"Bat\") and lives in Belfrey Castle.", "In \"Batty\\-Man\", he and his batty army caused a crime wave nationwide, baffling everyone in the country. The crime wave was arranged to make Underdog powerless enough so Batty\\-Man could not be stopped from pulling the crime of the century. Soon, Underdog found out Batty\\-Man was the crook behind the crime wave after Sweet Polly was taken captive. Underdog had to rescue her and defeat Batty\\-Man, but he failed and was captured. Batty\\-Man later planned to steal all the gold in [Fort Knox](/wiki/Fort_Knox \"Fort Knox\") and use it to go to [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") by turning the gold into bowling balls. Underdog and Polly escaped before they could get turned into bowling balls and defeated Batty\\-Man. Everything was then returned to its rightful owners.", "Batty\\-Man was later freed from prison by Simon Bar Sinister. He, along with Riff Raff and the Electric Eel, was enlisted to help Simon with his Vacuum Gun plan, which Underdog later stopped.", "In the 1987 Spotlight Comics *Underdog* \\#2, Batty\\-Man was at home watching the news when he noticed Sweet Polly. He instantly fell in love with Sweet Polly and ordered his right\\-hand man, Georgie, and his bat minions to kidnap Sweet Polly and bring her over to his castle in order to woo her. But Sweet Polly did not return his feelings and Batty\\-Man ordered Georgie to take her down to the [catacombs](/wiki/Catacombs \"Catacombs\"). Shoeshine heard Polly's cries for help and changed into Underdog to rescue her. After Polly was rescued, Batty\\-Man said to her that \"their love was never meant to be.\"", "##### Georgie", "*Appearances:* Batty\\-Man, The Vacuum Gun", "Georgie (voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving \"George S. Irving\")) is Batty\\-Man's assistant.", "#### The Bubblehead Empire", "*Appearances:* The Bubbleheads", "The Bubblehead Empire is a society of people who all wear air helmets and live under the sea, in the city of Maldemare (the name being a take\\-off on the French phrase mal de mer, meaning “seasickness”). They command sea creatures to do their bidding and deal with their prisoners by feeding them to a giant clam. The city is ruled by the *Bubblehead Emperor*, who in turn was ruled by the *Bubblehead Empress*.", "The Bubblehead Empress was tired of living under the sea, so she wanted to take over the dry land. The Bubblehead scientists worked to destroy the land, using earthquakes and volcanoes, but those two evil plans were foiled by Underdog. As a result, the two scientists were fed to the Giant Clam. The third evil plot was to use a machine creating a tidal wave powerful enough to destroy the Earth. Soon, everybody around the world was aware that something peculiar was happening to the ocean. Sweet Polly Purebred, with the aid from one of the world's leading scientists [Professor Moby Von Ahab](/wiki/%23Professor_Moby_Von_Ahab \"#Professor Moby Von Ahab\") (the name being a take\\-off on both Captain Ahab and Moby Dick), investigated what was happening under the sea, but were eventually captured and tossed into the giant clam. Underdog got word that his friends were held captive, rescued Sweet Polly and the Professor and destroyed the tidal wave machine.", "#### Irving and Ralph", "*Appearances:* Zot", "Irving and Ralph are a two\\-headed [dragon](/wiki/Dragon \"Dragon\") that are known as the legendary enemies of the planet Zot. For every task they do, they do it with teamwork as noted by the quote \"Teamwork! Teamwork! That's what counts!\". When they attacked while Underdog was to forcibly wed Glissando, Princess of Zot, Underdog easily defeated them and they promised never to bother Zot's inhabitants again. Upon their defeat, Underdog was allowed to return home to Earth, knowing that he had helped Glissando find her future husband: Zot's Prime Minister.", "#### The Magnet Men", "*Appearances:* The Magnet Men, The Flying Sorcerers", "The Magnet Men are evil robots from another planet. The Magnet Men feed on metal. They demanded that the Earth give them all of its metal. When the Earth refuses, the Magnet Men use their Great Gravity Gun to pull the Earth towards them. As the Earth moves away from the Sun, the planet plunges into a deep freeze. Underdog defeats the Magnet Men, destroys the Great Gravity Gun, and puts the Earth back in its correct position in space.", "In \"The Flying Sorcerers,\" one Magnet Man was abducted by Prince Bric and Prince Brac to make a cake for their father, King Cup. Unfortunately, all cakes the Magnet Men make are made of metal.", "#### The Marbleheads", "*Appearances:* The Marbleheads", "The Marbleheads are people made of marble. *Captain Marblehead* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\")) is the dictator of their planet. Captain Marblehead holds their most powerful weapon, the Granite Gun, that could turn anyone into solid stone and used it on Underdog, but to Marblehead's shock he breaks free. Underdog defeats the Marbleheads and the Granite Gun and frees all the slaves.", "#### The Molemen", "*Appearances:* The Molemen", "The [Molemen](/wiki/Mole_people_%28fiction%29 \"Mole people (fiction)\") are an evil society of giant [moles](/wiki/Mole_%28animal%29 \"Mole (animal)\") who live underground, led by the evil *King Mange* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\")). They planned to conquer the world by stealing all the food in the world, thus making everyone weak, sluggish and without energy. With this advantage, the Molemen and their giant ants would have no problem conquering the world. Other giant bugs under the Molemens' ownership include a giant caterpillar who encased Underdog and Polly in a cocoon, and a giant spider who attempted to trap them in a web.", "As Sweet Polly was investigating the thefts, she was captured by King Mange and Underdog was called to rescue her, but he succumbed to the Mole\\-Hole Gun, the Molemen's secret weapon. Afterwards, he was captured. King Mange threatened to destroy Sweet Polly if Underdog did not do what Mange said. Underdog got Sweet Polly free and soon had the answer to everyone's energy problems. He filled every water reservoir in the world with his Super Energy Pills, investing the water with tremendous energy. Soon afterward, the citizens had enough energy to escape the Molemen's attack and the Army had the strength to fight. King Mange was eventually defeated and arrested.", "#### Overcat", "*Appearances:* Underdog vs. Overcat", "Overcat (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\")) is a giant anthropomorphic [cat](/wiki/Cat \"Cat\") who was once the infamous ruler of the planet Felina. He is an arrogant bully and also has all of Underdog's powers.", "One day on Felina, the milk wells ran dry, so Overcat stole the cows from the Earth, kidnapped Sweet Polly Purebred and forced her to milk the cows so the giant cats of Felina can have a lifetime supply of milk. After Underdog rescued Polly and the cows, Overcat challenged Underdog to a winner\\-take\\-all fight. Unless Underdog fought Overcat, the giant cats of Felina would destroy the Earth. As Underdog fought Overcat, it appeared Overcat had the upper\\-hand, but Overcat's size and lack of speed allowed Underdog to come out the victor. Underdog promised milk growing from coconut trees to the giant cats of Felina if the giant cats banished Overcat from Felina and let the other worlds live as they pleased. Underdog carried out the promise and all the cats were happy, because with the coconut trees, the cats would not run out of milk. After being banished from Felina, Overcat swore he would find another planet to conquer, train harder to become stronger and one day return to Earth to wipe out Underdog. Despite this, Overcat was never seen in the series again afterwards.", "#### Slippery Eel (a.k.a. The Electric Eel)", "*Appearances:* A New Villain, The Vacuum Gun", "Slippery Eel is one of the world's most dangerous criminals. He got the name *The Electric Eel* after he was electrified by the gates of the prison's electric fence while he was trying to escape. After being electrified, he gained the power to control electricity.", "Electric Eel was the only villain who ever actually defeated Underdog, using his electrical powers and apparently killing Underdog. However, before he \"died\", Underdog requested that he not be thrown into the lake. Eel, being the villain that he was, naturally decided to throw Underdog into the lake, which drained the electricity from Underdog's body and restored him to \"life\", whereupon he polished off Eel and his gang. Eel was then confined in a glass prison cell.", "In \"The Vacuum Gun,\" Electric Eel and his gang were recruited by Simon Bar Sinister when he found Eel's sewer hideout.", "#### Tap Tap the Chiseler", "*Appearances:* From Hopeless to Helpless, Tricky Trap by Tap Tap", "Tap Tap the Chiseler is a criminal that chisels jewelry, making them into smaller pieces of jewelry. He bears an amazing resemblance to Underdog, and Tap Tap can use this advantage to impersonate Underdog. However, unlike Underdog, he does not speak in rhyme. He also seems to be close friends with Riff Raff. He is voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving \"George S. Irving\").", "In \"From Hopeless to Helpless\", after Riff Raff stole the Hopeless Diamond, Tap Tap was hired to help cut it into little pieces so that Riff Raff could sell it and impersonate Underdog in order to commit crimes all over town. Everyone, including Sweet Polly (this is the only episode in the series where even she begin to doubt about Underdog, due to her being fooled by Tap Tap and mistaking him for Underdog after he snatched her purse), thought Underdog had turned to crime and he was sent to jail, much to Underdog's shock. Tap Tap pulled off the crimes so excellently that even Underdog (thanks to Sweet Polly's biased lecturing) was convinced he was guilty, believing that he had sleepwalked when the crimes were committed. However, Riff Raff needed Underdog to break the Hopeless Diamond into a million pieces after Tap Tap had failed to cut it, so they broke Underdog out of jail and told Underdog that Tap Tap had imitated him and framed him for the crimes all over town. Now knowing that Tap Tap had been responsible for the crimes that were supposedly committed by him, Underdog pretended to really turn to crime in order to fool the gang. When he finally retrieved the Hopeless Diamond from Riff Raff, Mooch and Tap Tap, he apprehended them and explained to the townspeople, including Sweet Polly, how Tap Tap had imitated him and framed him for the crimes. The townspeople, including Sweet Polly apologized to Underdog for the misunderstanding and falsely accusing him, and prior to the episode \"Tricky Trap by Tap Tap\", Tap Tap was sent to prison.", "At that point, Tap Tap once again disguised himself as Underdog again and broke out of jail on the same day Underdog was visiting the prison. Part of his revenge plan was to first purchase a bomb from a bomb factory and borrow a policeman's handcuffs. He used the handcuffs to cuff himself to Sweet Polly and threatened to use the bomb to blow himself and Sweet Polly to bits if Underdog did not do what he said. Underdog stopped him by melting the handcuffs with his cosmic vision, then tackling Tap Tap, accidentally detonating the bomb in the process. Underdog was, of course, unharmed, while Tap Tap was left singed and dazed.", "#### Wicked Witch of Pickyoon", "*Appearances:* The Witch of Pickyoon", "The Wicked Witch of Pickyoon is an evil [witch](/wiki/Witchcraft \"Witchcraft\") who rules over the strange land of the Pickyoons and has enslaved all who inhabit the land. She lives in a castle in the mountains of Pickyoon.", "She wished to be the most powerful being in all of Pickyoon and she was, until Underdog came along. She planned to capture Sweet Polly and put Underdog in her power. She put a spell on Sweet Polly, causing her to fall asleep for 1,000 years. The Witch was the only one who knew how to break the spell (although, everybody knows the only way to break a spell is as if the hero kisses someone under the spell). If she was going to tell Underdog how to undo the spell, he had to perform three tasks: steal water, steal diamonds and help her assemble an army to conquer the world. Unless Underdog helped the Witch with those tasks, she would not break the spell that had been cast on Sweet Polly. Underdog refused to accomplish the tasks, for it would make him as wicked as the Witch. But every time Underdog refused to do the tasks, the Witch reminded him that Polly would sleep for 1,000 years unless he did what she said. Underdog struck water by burrowing through the underground depths of Pickyoon and made diamonds out of coal. Soon, all that was left was to help the Witch conquer the world. When Underdog refused to perform the final task, he eventually got into a fight with the Witch, causing her to vanish forever by destroying her broom. Afterwards, Underdog awakened Polly with a kiss and the people of Pickyoon were freed from the Witch's power.", "#### Zorm", "*Appearances:* Round and Round", "Zorm is the ruler of a strange planet. He planned to take over the world, but in order to do that, he must keep Underdog from interfering. He sent Cron to Earth. Cron put a charm around Underdog's neck that caused him to fall under his dizzy spell when standing up. But when Underdog sat down, he felt perfectly fine. Underdog eventually got the charm off and foiled Zorm's plan.", "##### Cron", "*Appearances:* Round and Round", "Cron is Zorm's henchman.", "### Reformed villains", "The following villains gave up their evil plans after being thwarted by Underdog:", "#### The Cloud Men", "*Appearances:* The Silver Thieves", "The Cloud Men are a race of [ghost](/wiki/Ghost \"Ghost\")\\-like creatures. They live on the Planet Cumulus and are led by *King Cumulus Regulus* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\")). When humans \"interfere with them,\" the Cloud Men lightning jolt them by shooting out electric bolts from their fingers that turn them into living statues. They stole all the silver on Earth, including Underdog's ring, because everything they had was made of gold and \"every Cloud Man must have a silver lining\". When Underdog and Sweet Polly headed for a conveyor belt, Underdog found his ring and took his Underdog Super Energy Pill, then defeated the Cloud Men. In the end, the Cloud Men traded gold for silver with the Earth.", "#### The Flying Sorcerers", "*Appearances:* The Flying Sorcerers", "The Flying Sorcerers are a strange alien race led by *King Cup* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\")).", "King Cup sent his twin sons *Prince Bric* and *Prince Brac* to find someone who can bake a cake for his people after the old royal baker was fired for his cake not being good. The first two baking slaves they found upon King Cup firing a dart at three possible planets were a [Magnet Man](/wiki/%23The_Magnet_Men \"#The Magnet Men\") and an inhabitant of Zot, but they could not bake a cake that tasted like cake (the Magnet Man's cake was made of metal and the Zot Man's cake's texture was gummy and sticky) and were imprisoned. Then they made Sweet Polly their new baking slave. Before Underdog could rescue her, Bric and Brac transformed him into a [bouncing ball](/wiki/Bouncing_ball \"Bouncing ball\"). Sweet Polly was forced to bake 500 cakes for the Flying Sorcerers, but her weariness from baking the cakes made her fall into the giant mixing bowl she was using to make the cakes. Underdog freed himself from Bric and Brac's spell and defeated the Flying Sorcerers. At first, King Cup was upset that Underdog was taking his baking slave home, but after vowing he would not abuse others again, he received one of Sweet Polly's cake recipes so that he could make his own cakes for his people. It's implied that King Cup released and returned the Magnet and Zot Men to their respective home planets afterwards.", "" ]
### Riff Raff's gang In addition to some unnamed members, the following are members of Riff Raff's gang: #### Dinah Mite *Appearances:* Whistler's Father Dinah Mite is one of the criminals Riff Raff summoned in the episode "Whistler's Father". She is the best bomb\-tosser in the crime business. #### Mooch *Appearances:* The Great Gold Robbery, Fearo, From Hopeless to Helpless, Pain Strikes Underdog, Whistler's Father, RiffRaffville, The Vacuum Gun Mooch is the top gunman in Riff Raff's gang and is Riff Raff's right\-hand man. He is modeled after [Walter Matthau](/wiki/Walter_Matthau "Walter Matthau") and voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving "George S. Irving"). #### Nails the Carpenter *Appearances:* Just in Case Nails the [Carpenter](/wiki/Carpentry "Carpentry") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He rebuilt the sunken ship of [Captain Kidd](/wiki/William_Kidd "William Kidd") as part of Riff Raff's [ghost ship](/wiki/Ghost_ship "Ghost ship") plot. #### Needles the Tailor *Appearances:* Just In Case Needles the [Tailor](/wiki/Tailor "Tailor") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He sewed a sail as part of Riff Raff's ghost ship plot. #### Sandy the Safecracker *Appearances:* Whistler's Father, Riffraffville, The Vacuum Gun Sandy the [Safecracker](/wiki/Safe-cracking "Safe-cracking") is the best at breaking banks. He just opens safes with his fingers. #### Smitty the Blacksmith *Appearances:* Just In Case Smitty the [Blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith "Blacksmith") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He hammered out an anchor as part of Riff Raff's ghost ship plot. Voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving "George S. Irving"). #### Spinny Wheels *Appearances:* Whistler's Father, Riffraffville, The Vacuum Gun Spinny Wheels is the best [getaway car driver](/wiki/Crime_scene_getaway "Crime scene getaway") in the crime business. #### Witch Doctor *Appearances:* Just In Case The [Witch Doctor](/wiki/Witch_doctor "Witch doctor") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He was the disguised prisoner who went with Riff Raff during the prison break. When asked by Nails, Needles, and Smitty why they should bring him along during the prison break and give him a share of the loot, Riff Raff kept telling them "Just In Case". When Sweet Polly Purebred ends up captured during her infiltration, Riff Raff reveals the disguised prisoner to be a Witch Doctor. When Underdog arrives, the Witch Doctor puts Underdog under a voodoo spell which was instantly broken by Underdog taking his Super Energy Pill. Voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving "George S. Irving"). #### The Mask *Appearances:* Just in Case The Mask is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He can change himself into various disguises, to fool underdog or even drive Riff Raff crazy. Voiced by [Rob Paulsen](/wiki/Rob_Paulsen "Rob Paulsen").
[ "### Riff Raff's gang", "In addition to some unnamed members, the following are members of Riff Raff's gang:", "#### Dinah Mite", "*Appearances:* Whistler's Father", "Dinah Mite is one of the criminals Riff Raff summoned in the episode \"Whistler's Father\". She is the best bomb\\-tosser in the crime business.", "#### Mooch", "*Appearances:* The Great Gold Robbery, Fearo, From Hopeless to Helpless, Pain Strikes Underdog, Whistler's Father, RiffRaffville, The Vacuum Gun", "Mooch is the top gunman in Riff Raff's gang and is Riff Raff's right\\-hand man.", "He is modeled after [Walter Matthau](/wiki/Walter_Matthau \"Walter Matthau\") and voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving \"George S. Irving\").", "#### Nails the Carpenter", "*Appearances:* Just in Case", "Nails the [Carpenter](/wiki/Carpentry \"Carpentry\") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He rebuilt the sunken ship of [Captain Kidd](/wiki/William_Kidd \"William Kidd\") as part of Riff Raff's [ghost ship](/wiki/Ghost_ship \"Ghost ship\") plot.", "#### Needles the Tailor", "*Appearances:* Just In Case", "Needles the [Tailor](/wiki/Tailor \"Tailor\") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He sewed a sail as part of Riff Raff's ghost ship plot.", "#### Sandy the Safecracker", "*Appearances:* Whistler's Father, Riffraffville, The Vacuum Gun", "Sandy the [Safecracker](/wiki/Safe-cracking \"Safe-cracking\") is the best at breaking banks. He just opens safes with his fingers.", "#### Smitty the Blacksmith", "*Appearances:* Just In Case", "Smitty the [Blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith \"Blacksmith\") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He hammered out an anchor as part of Riff Raff's ghost ship plot.", "Voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving \"George S. Irving\").", "#### Spinny Wheels", "*Appearances:* Whistler's Father, Riffraffville, The Vacuum Gun", "Spinny Wheels is the best [getaway car driver](/wiki/Crime_scene_getaway \"Crime scene getaway\") in the crime business.", "#### Witch Doctor", "*Appearances:* Just In Case", "The [Witch Doctor](/wiki/Witch_doctor \"Witch doctor\") is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He was the disguised prisoner who went with Riff Raff during the prison break. When asked by Nails, Needles, and Smitty why they should bring him along during the prison break and give him a share of the loot, Riff Raff kept telling them \"Just In Case\". When Sweet Polly Purebred ends up captured during her infiltration, Riff Raff reveals the disguised prisoner to be a Witch Doctor. When Underdog arrives, the Witch Doctor puts Underdog under a voodoo spell which was instantly broken by Underdog taking his Super Energy Pill.", "Voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving \"George S. Irving\").", "#### The Mask", "*Appearances:* Just in Case", "The Mask is one of the new members of Riff Raff's gang. He can change himself into various disguises, to fool underdog or even drive Riff Raff crazy.", "Voiced by [Rob Paulsen](/wiki/Rob_Paulsen \"Rob Paulsen\").", "" ]
### Other villains #### Batty\-Man *Appearances:* Batty\-Man, The Vacuum Gun Batty\-Man (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift")) is a [vampire](/wiki/Vampire "Vampire") villain who commands a massive army of giant [bats](/wiki/Bat "Bat") and lives in Belfrey Castle. In "Batty\-Man", he and his batty army caused a crime wave nationwide, baffling everyone in the country. The crime wave was arranged to make Underdog powerless enough so Batty\-Man could not be stopped from pulling the crime of the century. Soon, Underdog found out Batty\-Man was the crook behind the crime wave after Sweet Polly was taken captive. Underdog had to rescue her and defeat Batty\-Man, but he failed and was captured. Batty\-Man later planned to steal all the gold in [Fort Knox](/wiki/Fort_Knox "Fort Knox") and use it to go to [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") by turning the gold into bowling balls. Underdog and Polly escaped before they could get turned into bowling balls and defeated Batty\-Man. Everything was then returned to its rightful owners. Batty\-Man was later freed from prison by Simon Bar Sinister. He, along with Riff Raff and the Electric Eel, was enlisted to help Simon with his Vacuum Gun plan, which Underdog later stopped. In the 1987 Spotlight Comics *Underdog* \#2, Batty\-Man was at home watching the news when he noticed Sweet Polly. He instantly fell in love with Sweet Polly and ordered his right\-hand man, Georgie, and his bat minions to kidnap Sweet Polly and bring her over to his castle in order to woo her. But Sweet Polly did not return his feelings and Batty\-Man ordered Georgie to take her down to the [catacombs](/wiki/Catacombs "Catacombs"). Shoeshine heard Polly's cries for help and changed into Underdog to rescue her. After Polly was rescued, Batty\-Man said to her that "their love was never meant to be." ##### Georgie *Appearances:* Batty\-Man, The Vacuum Gun Georgie (voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving "George S. Irving")) is Batty\-Man's assistant. #### The Bubblehead Empire *Appearances:* The Bubbleheads The Bubblehead Empire is a society of people who all wear air helmets and live under the sea, in the city of Maldemare (the name being a take\-off on the French phrase mal de mer, meaning “seasickness”). They command sea creatures to do their bidding and deal with their prisoners by feeding them to a giant clam. The city is ruled by the *Bubblehead Emperor*, who in turn was ruled by the *Bubblehead Empress*. The Bubblehead Empress was tired of living under the sea, so she wanted to take over the dry land. The Bubblehead scientists worked to destroy the land, using earthquakes and volcanoes, but those two evil plans were foiled by Underdog. As a result, the two scientists were fed to the Giant Clam. The third evil plot was to use a machine creating a tidal wave powerful enough to destroy the Earth. Soon, everybody around the world was aware that something peculiar was happening to the ocean. Sweet Polly Purebred, with the aid from one of the world's leading scientists [Professor Moby Von Ahab](/wiki/%23Professor_Moby_Von_Ahab "#Professor Moby Von Ahab") (the name being a take\-off on both Captain Ahab and Moby Dick), investigated what was happening under the sea, but were eventually captured and tossed into the giant clam. Underdog got word that his friends were held captive, rescued Sweet Polly and the Professor and destroyed the tidal wave machine. #### Irving and Ralph *Appearances:* Zot Irving and Ralph are a two\-headed [dragon](/wiki/Dragon "Dragon") that are known as the legendary enemies of the planet Zot. For every task they do, they do it with teamwork as noted by the quote "Teamwork! Teamwork! That's what counts!". When they attacked while Underdog was to forcibly wed Glissando, Princess of Zot, Underdog easily defeated them and they promised never to bother Zot's inhabitants again. Upon their defeat, Underdog was allowed to return home to Earth, knowing that he had helped Glissando find her future husband: Zot's Prime Minister. #### The Magnet Men *Appearances:* The Magnet Men, The Flying Sorcerers The Magnet Men are evil robots from another planet. The Magnet Men feed on metal. They demanded that the Earth give them all of its metal. When the Earth refuses, the Magnet Men use their Great Gravity Gun to pull the Earth towards them. As the Earth moves away from the Sun, the planet plunges into a deep freeze. Underdog defeats the Magnet Men, destroys the Great Gravity Gun, and puts the Earth back in its correct position in space. In "The Flying Sorcerers," one Magnet Man was abducted by Prince Bric and Prince Brac to make a cake for their father, King Cup. Unfortunately, all cakes the Magnet Men make are made of metal. #### The Marbleheads *Appearances:* The Marbleheads The Marbleheads are people made of marble. *Captain Marblehead* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift")) is the dictator of their planet. Captain Marblehead holds their most powerful weapon, the Granite Gun, that could turn anyone into solid stone and used it on Underdog, but to Marblehead's shock he breaks free. Underdog defeats the Marbleheads and the Granite Gun and frees all the slaves. #### The Molemen *Appearances:* The Molemen The [Molemen](/wiki/Mole_people_%28fiction%29 "Mole people (fiction)") are an evil society of giant [moles](/wiki/Mole_%28animal%29 "Mole (animal)") who live underground, led by the evil *King Mange* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift")). They planned to conquer the world by stealing all the food in the world, thus making everyone weak, sluggish and without energy. With this advantage, the Molemen and their giant ants would have no problem conquering the world. Other giant bugs under the Molemens' ownership include a giant caterpillar who encased Underdog and Polly in a cocoon, and a giant spider who attempted to trap them in a web. As Sweet Polly was investigating the thefts, she was captured by King Mange and Underdog was called to rescue her, but he succumbed to the Mole\-Hole Gun, the Molemen's secret weapon. Afterwards, he was captured. King Mange threatened to destroy Sweet Polly if Underdog did not do what Mange said. Underdog got Sweet Polly free and soon had the answer to everyone's energy problems. He filled every water reservoir in the world with his Super Energy Pills, investing the water with tremendous energy. Soon afterward, the citizens had enough energy to escape the Molemen's attack and the Army had the strength to fight. King Mange was eventually defeated and arrested. #### Overcat *Appearances:* Underdog vs. Overcat Overcat (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift "Allen Swift")) is a giant anthropomorphic [cat](/wiki/Cat "Cat") who was once the infamous ruler of the planet Felina. He is an arrogant bully and also has all of Underdog's powers. One day on Felina, the milk wells ran dry, so Overcat stole the cows from the Earth, kidnapped Sweet Polly Purebred and forced her to milk the cows so the giant cats of Felina can have a lifetime supply of milk. After Underdog rescued Polly and the cows, Overcat challenged Underdog to a winner\-take\-all fight. Unless Underdog fought Overcat, the giant cats of Felina would destroy the Earth. As Underdog fought Overcat, it appeared Overcat had the upper\-hand, but Overcat's size and lack of speed allowed Underdog to come out the victor. Underdog promised milk growing from coconut trees to the giant cats of Felina if the giant cats banished Overcat from Felina and let the other worlds live as they pleased. Underdog carried out the promise and all the cats were happy, because with the coconut trees, the cats would not run out of milk. After being banished from Felina, Overcat swore he would find another planet to conquer, train harder to become stronger and one day return to Earth to wipe out Underdog. Despite this, Overcat was never seen in the series again afterwards. #### Slippery Eel (a.k.a. The Electric Eel) *Appearances:* A New Villain, The Vacuum Gun Slippery Eel is one of the world's most dangerous criminals. He got the name *The Electric Eel* after he was electrified by the gates of the prison's electric fence while he was trying to escape. After being electrified, he gained the power to control electricity. Electric Eel was the only villain who ever actually defeated Underdog, using his electrical powers and apparently killing Underdog. However, before he "died", Underdog requested that he not be thrown into the lake. Eel, being the villain that he was, naturally decided to throw Underdog into the lake, which drained the electricity from Underdog's body and restored him to "life", whereupon he polished off Eel and his gang. Eel was then confined in a glass prison cell. In "The Vacuum Gun," Electric Eel and his gang were recruited by Simon Bar Sinister when he found Eel's sewer hideout. #### Tap Tap the Chiseler *Appearances:* From Hopeless to Helpless, Tricky Trap by Tap Tap Tap Tap the Chiseler is a criminal that chisels jewelry, making them into smaller pieces of jewelry. He bears an amazing resemblance to Underdog, and Tap Tap can use this advantage to impersonate Underdog. However, unlike Underdog, he does not speak in rhyme. He also seems to be close friends with Riff Raff. He is voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving "George S. Irving"). In "From Hopeless to Helpless", after Riff Raff stole the Hopeless Diamond, Tap Tap was hired to help cut it into little pieces so that Riff Raff could sell it and impersonate Underdog in order to commit crimes all over town. Everyone, including Sweet Polly (this is the only episode in the series where even she begin to doubt about Underdog, due to her being fooled by Tap Tap and mistaking him for Underdog after he snatched her purse), thought Underdog had turned to crime and he was sent to jail, much to Underdog's shock. Tap Tap pulled off the crimes so excellently that even Underdog (thanks to Sweet Polly's biased lecturing) was convinced he was guilty, believing that he had sleepwalked when the crimes were committed. However, Riff Raff needed Underdog to break the Hopeless Diamond into a million pieces after Tap Tap had failed to cut it, so they broke Underdog out of jail and told Underdog that Tap Tap had imitated him and framed him for the crimes all over town. Now knowing that Tap Tap had been responsible for the crimes that were supposedly committed by him, Underdog pretended to really turn to crime in order to fool the gang. When he finally retrieved the Hopeless Diamond from Riff Raff, Mooch and Tap Tap, he apprehended them and explained to the townspeople, including Sweet Polly, how Tap Tap had imitated him and framed him for the crimes. The townspeople, including Sweet Polly apologized to Underdog for the misunderstanding and falsely accusing him, and prior to the episode "Tricky Trap by Tap Tap", Tap Tap was sent to prison. At that point, Tap Tap once again disguised himself as Underdog again and broke out of jail on the same day Underdog was visiting the prison. Part of his revenge plan was to first purchase a bomb from a bomb factory and borrow a policeman's handcuffs. He used the handcuffs to cuff himself to Sweet Polly and threatened to use the bomb to blow himself and Sweet Polly to bits if Underdog did not do what he said. Underdog stopped him by melting the handcuffs with his cosmic vision, then tackling Tap Tap, accidentally detonating the bomb in the process. Underdog was, of course, unharmed, while Tap Tap was left singed and dazed. #### Wicked Witch of Pickyoon *Appearances:* The Witch of Pickyoon The Wicked Witch of Pickyoon is an evil [witch](/wiki/Witchcraft "Witchcraft") who rules over the strange land of the Pickyoons and has enslaved all who inhabit the land. She lives in a castle in the mountains of Pickyoon. She wished to be the most powerful being in all of Pickyoon and she was, until Underdog came along. She planned to capture Sweet Polly and put Underdog in her power. She put a spell on Sweet Polly, causing her to fall asleep for 1,000 years. The Witch was the only one who knew how to break the spell (although, everybody knows the only way to break a spell is as if the hero kisses someone under the spell). If she was going to tell Underdog how to undo the spell, he had to perform three tasks: steal water, steal diamonds and help her assemble an army to conquer the world. Unless Underdog helped the Witch with those tasks, she would not break the spell that had been cast on Sweet Polly. Underdog refused to accomplish the tasks, for it would make him as wicked as the Witch. But every time Underdog refused to do the tasks, the Witch reminded him that Polly would sleep for 1,000 years unless he did what she said. Underdog struck water by burrowing through the underground depths of Pickyoon and made diamonds out of coal. Soon, all that was left was to help the Witch conquer the world. When Underdog refused to perform the final task, he eventually got into a fight with the Witch, causing her to vanish forever by destroying her broom. Afterwards, Underdog awakened Polly with a kiss and the people of Pickyoon were freed from the Witch's power. #### Zorm *Appearances:* Round and Round Zorm is the ruler of a strange planet. He planned to take over the world, but in order to do that, he must keep Underdog from interfering. He sent Cron to Earth. Cron put a charm around Underdog's neck that caused him to fall under his dizzy spell when standing up. But when Underdog sat down, he felt perfectly fine. Underdog eventually got the charm off and foiled Zorm's plan. ##### Cron *Appearances:* Round and Round Cron is Zorm's henchman.
[ "### Other villains", "#### Batty\\-Man", "*Appearances:* Batty\\-Man, The Vacuum Gun", "Batty\\-Man (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\")) is a [vampire](/wiki/Vampire \"Vampire\") villain who commands a massive army of giant [bats](/wiki/Bat \"Bat\") and lives in Belfrey Castle.", "In \"Batty\\-Man\", he and his batty army caused a crime wave nationwide, baffling everyone in the country. The crime wave was arranged to make Underdog powerless enough so Batty\\-Man could not be stopped from pulling the crime of the century. Soon, Underdog found out Batty\\-Man was the crook behind the crime wave after Sweet Polly was taken captive. Underdog had to rescue her and defeat Batty\\-Man, but he failed and was captured. Batty\\-Man later planned to steal all the gold in [Fort Knox](/wiki/Fort_Knox \"Fort Knox\") and use it to go to [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") by turning the gold into bowling balls. Underdog and Polly escaped before they could get turned into bowling balls and defeated Batty\\-Man. Everything was then returned to its rightful owners.", "Batty\\-Man was later freed from prison by Simon Bar Sinister. He, along with Riff Raff and the Electric Eel, was enlisted to help Simon with his Vacuum Gun plan, which Underdog later stopped.", "In the 1987 Spotlight Comics *Underdog* \\#2, Batty\\-Man was at home watching the news when he noticed Sweet Polly. He instantly fell in love with Sweet Polly and ordered his right\\-hand man, Georgie, and his bat minions to kidnap Sweet Polly and bring her over to his castle in order to woo her. But Sweet Polly did not return his feelings and Batty\\-Man ordered Georgie to take her down to the [catacombs](/wiki/Catacombs \"Catacombs\"). Shoeshine heard Polly's cries for help and changed into Underdog to rescue her. After Polly was rescued, Batty\\-Man said to her that \"their love was never meant to be.\"", "##### Georgie", "*Appearances:* Batty\\-Man, The Vacuum Gun", "Georgie (voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving \"George S. Irving\")) is Batty\\-Man's assistant.", "#### The Bubblehead Empire", "*Appearances:* The Bubbleheads", "The Bubblehead Empire is a society of people who all wear air helmets and live under the sea, in the city of Maldemare (the name being a take\\-off on the French phrase mal de mer, meaning “seasickness”). They command sea creatures to do their bidding and deal with their prisoners by feeding them to a giant clam. The city is ruled by the *Bubblehead Emperor*, who in turn was ruled by the *Bubblehead Empress*.", "The Bubblehead Empress was tired of living under the sea, so she wanted to take over the dry land. The Bubblehead scientists worked to destroy the land, using earthquakes and volcanoes, but those two evil plans were foiled by Underdog. As a result, the two scientists were fed to the Giant Clam. The third evil plot was to use a machine creating a tidal wave powerful enough to destroy the Earth. Soon, everybody around the world was aware that something peculiar was happening to the ocean. Sweet Polly Purebred, with the aid from one of the world's leading scientists [Professor Moby Von Ahab](/wiki/%23Professor_Moby_Von_Ahab \"#Professor Moby Von Ahab\") (the name being a take\\-off on both Captain Ahab and Moby Dick), investigated what was happening under the sea, but were eventually captured and tossed into the giant clam. Underdog got word that his friends were held captive, rescued Sweet Polly and the Professor and destroyed the tidal wave machine.", "#### Irving and Ralph", "*Appearances:* Zot", "Irving and Ralph are a two\\-headed [dragon](/wiki/Dragon \"Dragon\") that are known as the legendary enemies of the planet Zot. For every task they do, they do it with teamwork as noted by the quote \"Teamwork! Teamwork! That's what counts!\". When they attacked while Underdog was to forcibly wed Glissando, Princess of Zot, Underdog easily defeated them and they promised never to bother Zot's inhabitants again. Upon their defeat, Underdog was allowed to return home to Earth, knowing that he had helped Glissando find her future husband: Zot's Prime Minister.", "#### The Magnet Men", "*Appearances:* The Magnet Men, The Flying Sorcerers", "The Magnet Men are evil robots from another planet. The Magnet Men feed on metal. They demanded that the Earth give them all of its metal. When the Earth refuses, the Magnet Men use their Great Gravity Gun to pull the Earth towards them. As the Earth moves away from the Sun, the planet plunges into a deep freeze. Underdog defeats the Magnet Men, destroys the Great Gravity Gun, and puts the Earth back in its correct position in space.", "In \"The Flying Sorcerers,\" one Magnet Man was abducted by Prince Bric and Prince Brac to make a cake for their father, King Cup. Unfortunately, all cakes the Magnet Men make are made of metal.", "#### The Marbleheads", "*Appearances:* The Marbleheads", "The Marbleheads are people made of marble. *Captain Marblehead* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\")) is the dictator of their planet. Captain Marblehead holds their most powerful weapon, the Granite Gun, that could turn anyone into solid stone and used it on Underdog, but to Marblehead's shock he breaks free. Underdog defeats the Marbleheads and the Granite Gun and frees all the slaves.", "#### The Molemen", "*Appearances:* The Molemen", "The [Molemen](/wiki/Mole_people_%28fiction%29 \"Mole people (fiction)\") are an evil society of giant [moles](/wiki/Mole_%28animal%29 \"Mole (animal)\") who live underground, led by the evil *King Mange* (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\")). They planned to conquer the world by stealing all the food in the world, thus making everyone weak, sluggish and without energy. With this advantage, the Molemen and their giant ants would have no problem conquering the world. Other giant bugs under the Molemens' ownership include a giant caterpillar who encased Underdog and Polly in a cocoon, and a giant spider who attempted to trap them in a web.", "As Sweet Polly was investigating the thefts, she was captured by King Mange and Underdog was called to rescue her, but he succumbed to the Mole\\-Hole Gun, the Molemen's secret weapon. Afterwards, he was captured. King Mange threatened to destroy Sweet Polly if Underdog did not do what Mange said. Underdog got Sweet Polly free and soon had the answer to everyone's energy problems. He filled every water reservoir in the world with his Super Energy Pills, investing the water with tremendous energy. Soon afterward, the citizens had enough energy to escape the Molemen's attack and the Army had the strength to fight. King Mange was eventually defeated and arrested.", "#### Overcat", "*Appearances:* Underdog vs. Overcat", "Overcat (voiced by [Allen Swift](/wiki/Allen_Swift \"Allen Swift\")) is a giant anthropomorphic [cat](/wiki/Cat \"Cat\") who was once the infamous ruler of the planet Felina. He is an arrogant bully and also has all of Underdog's powers.", "One day on Felina, the milk wells ran dry, so Overcat stole the cows from the Earth, kidnapped Sweet Polly Purebred and forced her to milk the cows so the giant cats of Felina can have a lifetime supply of milk. After Underdog rescued Polly and the cows, Overcat challenged Underdog to a winner\\-take\\-all fight. Unless Underdog fought Overcat, the giant cats of Felina would destroy the Earth. As Underdog fought Overcat, it appeared Overcat had the upper\\-hand, but Overcat's size and lack of speed allowed Underdog to come out the victor. Underdog promised milk growing from coconut trees to the giant cats of Felina if the giant cats banished Overcat from Felina and let the other worlds live as they pleased. Underdog carried out the promise and all the cats were happy, because with the coconut trees, the cats would not run out of milk. After being banished from Felina, Overcat swore he would find another planet to conquer, train harder to become stronger and one day return to Earth to wipe out Underdog. Despite this, Overcat was never seen in the series again afterwards.", "#### Slippery Eel (a.k.a. The Electric Eel)", "*Appearances:* A New Villain, The Vacuum Gun", "Slippery Eel is one of the world's most dangerous criminals. He got the name *The Electric Eel* after he was electrified by the gates of the prison's electric fence while he was trying to escape. After being electrified, he gained the power to control electricity.", "Electric Eel was the only villain who ever actually defeated Underdog, using his electrical powers and apparently killing Underdog. However, before he \"died\", Underdog requested that he not be thrown into the lake. Eel, being the villain that he was, naturally decided to throw Underdog into the lake, which drained the electricity from Underdog's body and restored him to \"life\", whereupon he polished off Eel and his gang. Eel was then confined in a glass prison cell.", "In \"The Vacuum Gun,\" Electric Eel and his gang were recruited by Simon Bar Sinister when he found Eel's sewer hideout.", "#### Tap Tap the Chiseler", "*Appearances:* From Hopeless to Helpless, Tricky Trap by Tap Tap", "Tap Tap the Chiseler is a criminal that chisels jewelry, making them into smaller pieces of jewelry. He bears an amazing resemblance to Underdog, and Tap Tap can use this advantage to impersonate Underdog. However, unlike Underdog, he does not speak in rhyme. He also seems to be close friends with Riff Raff. He is voiced by [George S. Irving](/wiki/George_S._Irving \"George S. Irving\").", "In \"From Hopeless to Helpless\", after Riff Raff stole the Hopeless Diamond, Tap Tap was hired to help cut it into little pieces so that Riff Raff could sell it and impersonate Underdog in order to commit crimes all over town. Everyone, including Sweet Polly (this is the only episode in the series where even she begin to doubt about Underdog, due to her being fooled by Tap Tap and mistaking him for Underdog after he snatched her purse), thought Underdog had turned to crime and he was sent to jail, much to Underdog's shock. Tap Tap pulled off the crimes so excellently that even Underdog (thanks to Sweet Polly's biased lecturing) was convinced he was guilty, believing that he had sleepwalked when the crimes were committed. However, Riff Raff needed Underdog to break the Hopeless Diamond into a million pieces after Tap Tap had failed to cut it, so they broke Underdog out of jail and told Underdog that Tap Tap had imitated him and framed him for the crimes all over town. Now knowing that Tap Tap had been responsible for the crimes that were supposedly committed by him, Underdog pretended to really turn to crime in order to fool the gang. When he finally retrieved the Hopeless Diamond from Riff Raff, Mooch and Tap Tap, he apprehended them and explained to the townspeople, including Sweet Polly, how Tap Tap had imitated him and framed him for the crimes. The townspeople, including Sweet Polly apologized to Underdog for the misunderstanding and falsely accusing him, and prior to the episode \"Tricky Trap by Tap Tap\", Tap Tap was sent to prison.", "At that point, Tap Tap once again disguised himself as Underdog again and broke out of jail on the same day Underdog was visiting the prison. Part of his revenge plan was to first purchase a bomb from a bomb factory and borrow a policeman's handcuffs. He used the handcuffs to cuff himself to Sweet Polly and threatened to use the bomb to blow himself and Sweet Polly to bits if Underdog did not do what he said. Underdog stopped him by melting the handcuffs with his cosmic vision, then tackling Tap Tap, accidentally detonating the bomb in the process. Underdog was, of course, unharmed, while Tap Tap was left singed and dazed.", "#### Wicked Witch of Pickyoon", "*Appearances:* The Witch of Pickyoon", "The Wicked Witch of Pickyoon is an evil [witch](/wiki/Witchcraft \"Witchcraft\") who rules over the strange land of the Pickyoons and has enslaved all who inhabit the land. She lives in a castle in the mountains of Pickyoon.", "She wished to be the most powerful being in all of Pickyoon and she was, until Underdog came along. She planned to capture Sweet Polly and put Underdog in her power. She put a spell on Sweet Polly, causing her to fall asleep for 1,000 years. The Witch was the only one who knew how to break the spell (although, everybody knows the only way to break a spell is as if the hero kisses someone under the spell). If she was going to tell Underdog how to undo the spell, he had to perform three tasks: steal water, steal diamonds and help her assemble an army to conquer the world. Unless Underdog helped the Witch with those tasks, she would not break the spell that had been cast on Sweet Polly. Underdog refused to accomplish the tasks, for it would make him as wicked as the Witch. But every time Underdog refused to do the tasks, the Witch reminded him that Polly would sleep for 1,000 years unless he did what she said. Underdog struck water by burrowing through the underground depths of Pickyoon and made diamonds out of coal. Soon, all that was left was to help the Witch conquer the world. When Underdog refused to perform the final task, he eventually got into a fight with the Witch, causing her to vanish forever by destroying her broom. Afterwards, Underdog awakened Polly with a kiss and the people of Pickyoon were freed from the Witch's power.", "#### Zorm", "*Appearances:* Round and Round", "Zorm is the ruler of a strange planet. He planned to take over the world, but in order to do that, he must keep Underdog from interfering. He sent Cron to Earth. Cron put a charm around Underdog's neck that caused him to fall under his dizzy spell when standing up. But when Underdog sat down, he felt perfectly fine. Underdog eventually got the charm off and foiled Zorm's plan.", "##### Cron", "*Appearances:* Round and Round", "Cron is Zorm's henchman.", "" ]
Career ------ Jacoby began his active duty Navy career on January 7, 1969, when he began [Officer Candidate training](/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School "Officer Candidate School") at Aviation Officer Candidate School at [NAS Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola "Naval Air Station Pensacola"). He was commissioned as an intelligence officer on May 16, 1969, and subsequently stayed at [NAS Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola "Naval Air Station Pensacola") as a student at the [Naval Air Basic Training Command](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola "Naval Air Station Pensacola") through August of that year. He transferred to [Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center, Lowry AFB, Colorado](/wiki/Lowry_Air_Force_Base "Lowry Air Force Base"), for basic intelligence training and graduated in March 1970\. His first operational assignment was as [Air Intelligence Officer](http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/saunders.htm) with [Fighter Squadron 24](/wiki/VF-24 "VF-24") flying [F\-8 Crusader](/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader "Vought F-8 Crusader") aircraft off {{USS\|Hancock\|CV\-19}} as part of [Carrier Air Wing 21](/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_Carrier_air_wings "List of United States Navy Carrier air wings"). His assignment to VF\-24 from March 1970 to May 1971 included a combat deployment to [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") from October 1970 to May 1971\. Immediately upon arrival on [Yankee Station in the South China Sea](/wiki/Yankee_Station "Yankee Station"), his air wing was involved in air operations to support the [Son Tay raid](/wiki/Operation_Ivory_Coast "Operation Ivory Coast") into [North Vietnam](/wiki/North_Vietnam "North Vietnam") to attempt to rescue [American Prisoners of War](/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue "Vietnam War POW/MIA issue"). Subsequent operations focused on interdiction of supplies flowing into [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam "South Vietnam") over the [Ho Chi Minh Trail](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Trail "Ho Chi Minh Trail") in Laos. Jacoby volunteered for duty in [Saigon, Vietnam](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City "Ho Chi Minh City") and joined [Commander Seventh Fleet Detachment Charlie](http://vw1assoc.tripod.com/vw-1_det_c.html) in June 1971 as the air intelligence officer. This small Navy detachment was charged with coordinating Seventh Fleet carrier operations with the [Seventh Air Force Headquarters at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in Saigon](/wiki/Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base "Tan Son Nhut Air Base") for the conduct of the air war in Southeast Asia. This detachment was subsequently re\-subordinated to [Commander\-In\-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Command "United States Pacific Command") as [Chief, Fleet Coordinating Group, Saigon](http://www.fcg.navy.mil/index2/index2.html) to coordinate all Navy operations with the [Commander, Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV)](/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command%2C_Vietnam "Military Assistance Command, Vietnam"). he was involved in coordinating the response to the [1972 North Vietnamese offensive](/wiki/Easter_Offensive "Easter Offensive") that prompted the simultaneous deployment of six [Aircraft Carrier Task Forces](http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/navy/ctf.htm) to the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea"), the mining of [Haiphong](/wiki/Hai_Phong "Hai Phong") and other [North Vietnam harbors](http://www.history.com/audio/mining-of-key-north-vietnamese-harbor) and the run\-up to the Christmas B\-52 bombing campaign in North Vietnam that punctuated peace negotiations. [Vice Admiral](http://usmilitary.about.com/od/navy/a/navyvadmiral.htm) Jacoby departed Saigon in December 1972 at the end of an 18\-month tour of duty. In January 1973, he reported for duty with [Naval Intelligence Command Headquarters](/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence "Office of Naval Intelligence") and was assigned as a [Chief of Naval Operations Intelligence Plot watch officer](/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence "Office of Naval Intelligence") and [Chief of Naval Operations briefing officer](/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence "Office of Naval Intelligence"). During a tour of duty that extended to August 1975, he was a briefer during the [1973 Arab/Israeli War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War "Yom Kippur War") and subsequent stand\-off between U.S. Navy and [Soviet Navy](/wiki/Soviet_Navy "Soviet Navy") forces in the [Eastern Mediterranean](/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean "Eastern Mediterranean"), the [Cyprus conflict between Greece and Turkey](/wiki/Cyprus_dispute "Cyprus dispute"), the Soviet Union's largest worldwide naval exercise [(Okean 75\)](https://web.archive.org/web/20120302230203/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919594-8,00.html), the return of our [U.S. Prisoners of War from South East Asia](/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue "Vietnam War POW/MIA issue") and the fall of the governments in [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia") and [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). After completing his master's degree program at the [Naval Postgraduate School](/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School "Naval Postgraduate School") in March 1977, he reported to the [Commander, Second Fleet and Striking Fleet Atlantic](/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet "United States Second Fleet") as the [Operational Intelligence Officer](/wiki/Military_intelligence "Military intelligence"). He was promoted to [lieutenant commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_%28United_States%29 "Lieutenant commander (United States)") in July 1978\. From August 1979 to August 1981, he served as the [assistant head, Intelligence Assignment and Placement Branch at the Naval Military Personnel Command](http://www.navy.mil/local/npc/), where he was responsible for assigning junior intelligence officers and filling intelligence officer positions throughout the Navy and in Joint Commands. His next assignment was with the [Navy Field Operational Intelligence Office](https://www.cool.navy.mil/officer/odc163x.htm) in [Suitland, Maryland](/wiki/Suitland%2C_Maryland "Suitland, Maryland"), as head, Naval Operations Branch and as director, [Naval Ocean Surveillance Information Center](http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/obu.htm). Following a short period as administrative assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence, he reported as head, Chief of Naval Operations Intelligence Plot and served in this position until August 1985\. He was promoted to [commander](/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia "United States Navy officer rank insignia") in October 1983\. Jacoby reported for duty as Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence on the staff of [Commander Carrier Group Eight](/wiki/List_of_units_of_the_United_States_Navy%23Commander.2C_Naval_Air_Force.2C_United_States_Atlantic_Fleet_.28COMNAVAIRLANT.29 "List of units of the United States Navy#Commander.2C Naval Air Force.2C United States Atlantic Fleet .28COMNAVAIRLANT.29") home ported in [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia"), and made a deployment to the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea") aboard {{USS\|Nimitz\|CVN\-68\|6}} and {{USS\|John F. Kennedy\|CV\-67\|6}} from December 1986 to June 1987\. Upon the staff's return to Norfolk, he reported to [Commander, Second Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet "United States Second Fleet") as Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence. During this tour he was heavily involved in developing new Joint war fighting doctrine and procedures, refining U.S. Navy forward deployment strategies against the Soviet Union and preparing battle groups for deployment. He made three deployments to the [northern Norwegian Sea](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea") aboard {{USS\|South Carolina\|CGN\-37\|6}} and {{USS\|Mount Whitney\|LCC\-20\|6}} to test and evaluate Navy war fighting doctrine. In addition, the staff was in the vicinity of the [Yankee SSBN](/wiki/Yankee-class_submarine "Yankee-class submarine") and the [Mike\-class submarine](/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-278_Komsomolets "Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets") when those submarines were lost in the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean"). He was also embarked in {{USS\|Iowa\|BB\-61\|6}} when the Turret Two main battery exploded with significant loss of life and the resultant decommissioning of the battleship. In July 1989 Jacoby returned to Washington as the head of the Intelligence Assignment and Placement Branch at the [Naval Military Personnel Command](https://web.archive.org/web/20101220083330/http://www.npc.navy.mil/Channels/). He was promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28United_States%29 "Captain (United States)") in September 1989\. In January 1990 he was selected for an early rotation and assignment as Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence on the staff of [Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet "United States Pacific Fleet") at [Pearl Harbor, Hawaii](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor"). During this assignment he conceptualized and gained concurrence for the merger of three intelligence centers on [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu "Oahu") that served [CINCPAC](/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Command "United States Pacific Command"), [CINCPACFLT](http://www.cpf.navy.mil/) and [PACAF](/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces "Pacific Air Forces") in to single [Joint Intelligence Center](/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Center "Joint Intelligence Center"). This [Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific (JICPAC)](http://fas.org/irp/agency/dod/uspacom/jicpac/index.html) became the model for joint centers in the [European](/wiki/United_States_European_Command "United States European Command") and [Central](/wiki/United_States_Central_Command "United States Central Command") Commands. Additionally, he was in this position during [Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War") as the Pacific Fleet supported forward deployed operations. In August 1992, Jacoby became the second commander of the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific. In December 1993 he was selected for promotion to [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28United_States%29 "Rear admiral (United States)") and following attendance at the [CAPSTONE course](/wiki/CAPSTONE_Military_Leadership_Program "CAPSTONE Military Leadership Program"), he assumed his duties as [Director for Intelligence (J2\)](https://www.pacom.mil/staff/staff-J2.shtml), on the staff of Commander, U.S. Pacific Command. From July 1994 to February 1996 he served as a frocked rear admiral (lower half) and was promoted to that rank on February 1, 1996\. His tenure saw further refinement of [Joint operations and concepts](https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=28950) in response to [Goldwater\-Nichols legislation](/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act "Goldwater–Nichols Act"), new deployment and operational concept development, a series of crises promoted by [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea"), growth of [Chinese military capabilities](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") to include missile firings and provocative operations in the vicinity of [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") and many changes in relationships with [Pacific Rim nations](/wiki/Pacific_Rim "Pacific Rim") as part of an aggressive engagement strategy. From May 1997 to November 1997, Jacoby was assigned to the Chief of Naval Operations in a temporary duty status. In October 1997 he was promoted to [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28United_States%29%23Rear_admiral "Rear admiral (United States)#Rear admiral"), and in November he assumed duties as [Director of Naval Intelligence and Commander, Office of Naval Intelligence](/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence "Office of Naval Intelligence"). In July 1999, Jacoby was assigned as [director for intelligence (J2\) on the Joint Staff](https://web.archive.org/web/20101207191058/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=17). His tenure began with leading the intelligence lessons learned effort to examine the operations in the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans "Balkans") and [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo"). [Operations Northern](/wiki/Operation_Northern_Watch "Operation Northern Watch") and [Southern Watch](/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch "Operation Southern Watch") continued to enforce [No\-Fly Zones](/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones "Iraqi no-fly zones") and [sanctions against Iraq](/wiki/Iraq_sanctions "Iraq sanctions"). In addition, the [U.S. Navy EP\-3 reconnaissance aircraft](/wiki/Lockheed_EP-3 "Lockheed EP-3") was impounded by the Chinese on [Hainan Island](/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident "Hainan Island incident") following a collision with a Chinese fighter during operations over the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea") and the attack on [USS *Cole*](/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing "USS Cole bombing") took place in [Aden, Yemen](/wiki/Aden "Aden"). This latter event prompted a fundamental change in approach to terrorism analysis and support to operating forces which was embodied in the proposed [Joint Intelligence Task Force, Combating Terrorism (JITF\-CT)](http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=joint_intelligence_task_force_for_combating_terrorism__dia__1) operating under the guidance of the [Joint Staff J\-2](https://web.archive.org/web/20101207191058/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=17) as part of the [Defense Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency "Defense Intelligence Agency"). Jacoby was advocating increased funding for JITF\-CT on the afternoon of September 10, 2001, with senior staff on the [House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence](/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence "United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence"). He was in the [Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") when it was attacked on [September 11, 2001](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"). He led the stand\-up of [JITF\-CT](http://9-11congress.netfirms.com/Jacoby.html), was active in intelligence planning for the [Global War on Terrorism](/wiki/War_on_Terror "War on Terror") and military operations in [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan"), oversaw J\-2 activities during the initial phase of combat operations in Afghanistan and was instrumental in developing and championing an operational concept called "2 Plus 7" which became the center point for U.S. operations to dismantle the [Al\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") organization and attack its centralized leadership and planning functions. The effort focused operations against the two leaders and the seven senior operational planners. The result was a significant degradation in the organization's capabilities. Jacoby concluded his one\-year extension as Joint Staff J\-2 in July 2002\. In July 2002, Jacoby became the acting director of the Defense Intelligence Agency and served in that capacity until being promoted to vice admiral and assuming the duties as [Director, Defense Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Director_of_the_Defense_Intelligence_Agency "Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency") on October 17, 2002\. He relinquished the directorship in November 2005 and retired on January 1, 2006, concluding a 37\-year Navy career. During his tenure as Director of DIA, Jacoby initiated a dramatic improvement in the way the agency collected, shared and used the information its many components generated. In his [statement to the Joint Congressional 9/11 Inquiry](http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/100102jacoby.pdf) in October, 2002, then newly DIA Director, Jacoby stated, "We must move toward a common data framework and set of standards and will allow interoperability at the data, *not system*, level." This seemingly innocuous statement, far afield from many similar efforts in the federal government, set DIA on a course toward the interoperability it needed, focusing on the information elements themselves, and avoiding the organizational resistance normally generated by technology mandates. He was saying, in effect, "we don’t care how you do it, but create and share intelligence content in a common format." Under Jacoby, DIA identified XML as the standard syntax for that common format, and chartered a working group to design and maintain its XML standard, initially known as the IC\-Metadata System for Publications (IC\-MSP; later subsumed in the Implementation Profile for Intelligence Publications or PUBS\-XML). In the public sector where success in multi\-organizational information sharing efforts has been rare, DIA succeeded, resulting in the 2007 opening of the [Library of National Intelligence](http://www.dni.gov/speeches/20080508_speech.pdf), growing at more than 20,000 XML documents per week. DIA's efforts and Jacoby's foresight hold important lessons for all public sector organizations facing similar challenges. Since leaving the Navy, Jacoby has continued to serve the intelligence community in the private sector as a senior executive for a large defense contractor; he lives and works in the Washington, D.C., area.
[ "Career\n------", "Jacoby began his active duty Navy career on January 7, 1969, when he began [Officer Candidate training](/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School \"Officer Candidate School\") at Aviation Officer Candidate School at [NAS Pensacola, Florida](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola \"Naval Air Station Pensacola\"). He was commissioned as an intelligence officer on May 16, 1969, and subsequently stayed at [NAS Pensacola](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola \"Naval Air Station Pensacola\") as a student at the [Naval Air Basic Training Command](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola \"Naval Air Station Pensacola\") through August of that year. He transferred to [Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center, Lowry AFB, Colorado](/wiki/Lowry_Air_Force_Base \"Lowry Air Force Base\"), for basic intelligence training and graduated in March 1970\\.", "His first operational assignment was as [Air Intelligence Officer](http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/saunders.htm) with [Fighter Squadron 24](/wiki/VF-24 \"VF-24\") flying [F\\-8 Crusader](/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader \"Vought F-8 Crusader\") aircraft off {{USS\\|Hancock\\|CV\\-19}} as part of [Carrier Air Wing 21](/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_Carrier_air_wings \"List of United States Navy Carrier air wings\"). His assignment to VF\\-24 from March 1970 to May 1971 included a combat deployment to [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") from October 1970 to May 1971\\. Immediately upon arrival on [Yankee Station in the South China Sea](/wiki/Yankee_Station \"Yankee Station\"), his air wing was involved in air operations to support the [Son Tay raid](/wiki/Operation_Ivory_Coast \"Operation Ivory Coast\") into [North Vietnam](/wiki/North_Vietnam \"North Vietnam\") to attempt to rescue [American Prisoners of War](/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue \"Vietnam War POW/MIA issue\"). Subsequent operations focused on interdiction of supplies flowing into [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam \"South Vietnam\") over the [Ho Chi Minh Trail](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Trail \"Ho Chi Minh Trail\") in Laos.", "Jacoby volunteered for duty in [Saigon, Vietnam](/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City \"Ho Chi Minh City\") and joined [Commander Seventh Fleet Detachment Charlie](http://vw1assoc.tripod.com/vw-1_det_c.html) in June 1971 as the air intelligence officer. This small Navy detachment was charged with coordinating Seventh Fleet carrier operations with the [Seventh Air Force Headquarters at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in Saigon](/wiki/Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base \"Tan Son Nhut Air Base\") for the conduct of the air war in Southeast Asia. This detachment was subsequently re\\-subordinated to [Commander\\-In\\-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Command \"United States Pacific Command\") as [Chief, Fleet Coordinating Group, Saigon](http://www.fcg.navy.mil/index2/index2.html) to coordinate all Navy operations with the [Commander, Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV)](/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command%2C_Vietnam \"Military Assistance Command, Vietnam\"). he was involved in coordinating the response to the [1972 North Vietnamese offensive](/wiki/Easter_Offensive \"Easter Offensive\") that prompted the simultaneous deployment of six [Aircraft Carrier Task Forces](http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/navy/ctf.htm) to the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea \"South China Sea\"), the mining of [Haiphong](/wiki/Hai_Phong \"Hai Phong\") and other [North Vietnam harbors](http://www.history.com/audio/mining-of-key-north-vietnamese-harbor) and the run\\-up to the Christmas B\\-52 bombing campaign in North Vietnam that punctuated peace negotiations. [Vice Admiral](http://usmilitary.about.com/od/navy/a/navyvadmiral.htm) Jacoby departed Saigon in December 1972 at the end of an 18\\-month tour of duty.", "In January 1973, he reported for duty with [Naval Intelligence Command Headquarters](/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence \"Office of Naval Intelligence\") and was assigned as a [Chief of Naval Operations Intelligence Plot watch officer](/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence \"Office of Naval Intelligence\") and [Chief of Naval Operations briefing officer](/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence \"Office of Naval Intelligence\"). During a tour of duty that extended to August 1975, he was a briefer during the [1973 Arab/Israeli War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War \"Yom Kippur War\") and subsequent stand\\-off between U.S. Navy and [Soviet Navy](/wiki/Soviet_Navy \"Soviet Navy\") forces in the [Eastern Mediterranean](/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean \"Eastern Mediterranean\"), the [Cyprus conflict between Greece and Turkey](/wiki/Cyprus_dispute \"Cyprus dispute\"), the Soviet Union's largest worldwide naval exercise [(Okean 75\\)](https://web.archive.org/web/20120302230203/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919594-8,00.html), the return of our [U.S. Prisoners of War from South East Asia](/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue \"Vietnam War POW/MIA issue\") and the fall of the governments in [Cambodia](/wiki/Cambodia \"Cambodia\") and [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\").", "After completing his master's degree program at the [Naval Postgraduate School](/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School \"Naval Postgraduate School\") in March 1977, he reported to the [Commander, Second Fleet and Striking Fleet Atlantic](/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet \"United States Second Fleet\") as the [Operational Intelligence Officer](/wiki/Military_intelligence \"Military intelligence\"). He was promoted to [lieutenant commander](/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_%28United_States%29 \"Lieutenant commander (United States)\") in July 1978\\. From August 1979 to August 1981, he served as the [assistant head, Intelligence Assignment and Placement Branch at the Naval Military Personnel Command](http://www.navy.mil/local/npc/), where he was responsible for assigning junior intelligence officers and filling intelligence officer positions throughout the Navy and in Joint Commands. His next assignment was with the [Navy Field Operational Intelligence Office](https://www.cool.navy.mil/officer/odc163x.htm) in [Suitland, Maryland](/wiki/Suitland%2C_Maryland \"Suitland, Maryland\"), as head, Naval Operations Branch and as director, [Naval Ocean Surveillance Information Center](http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/obu.htm). Following a short period as administrative assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence, he reported as head, Chief of Naval Operations Intelligence Plot and served in this position until August 1985\\. He was promoted to [commander](/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia \"United States Navy officer rank insignia\") in October 1983\\.", "Jacoby reported for duty as Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence on the staff of [Commander Carrier Group Eight](/wiki/List_of_units_of_the_United_States_Navy%23Commander.2C_Naval_Air_Force.2C_United_States_Atlantic_Fleet_.28COMNAVAIRLANT.29 \"List of units of the United States Navy#Commander.2C Naval Air Force.2C United States Atlantic Fleet .28COMNAVAIRLANT.29\") home ported in [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\"), and made a deployment to the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\") aboard {{USS\\|Nimitz\\|CVN\\-68\\|6}} and {{USS\\|John F. Kennedy\\|CV\\-67\\|6}} from December 1986 to June 1987\\. Upon the staff's return to Norfolk, he reported to [Commander, Second Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet \"United States Second Fleet\") as Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence. During this tour he was heavily involved in developing new Joint war fighting doctrine and procedures, refining U.S. Navy forward deployment strategies against the Soviet Union and preparing battle groups for deployment. He made three deployments to the [northern Norwegian Sea](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\") aboard {{USS\\|South Carolina\\|CGN\\-37\\|6}} and {{USS\\|Mount Whitney\\|LCC\\-20\\|6}} to test and evaluate Navy war fighting doctrine. In addition, the staff was in the vicinity of the [Yankee SSBN](/wiki/Yankee-class_submarine \"Yankee-class submarine\") and the [Mike\\-class submarine](/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-278_Komsomolets \"Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets\") when those submarines were lost in the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\"). He was also embarked in {{USS\\|Iowa\\|BB\\-61\\|6}} when the Turret Two main battery exploded with significant loss of life and the resultant decommissioning of the battleship.", "In July 1989 Jacoby returned to Washington as the head of the Intelligence Assignment and Placement Branch at the [Naval Military Personnel Command](https://web.archive.org/web/20101220083330/http://www.npc.navy.mil/Channels/). He was promoted to [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28United_States%29 \"Captain (United States)\") in September 1989\\. In January 1990 he was selected for an early rotation and assignment as Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence on the staff of [Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet \"United States Pacific Fleet\") at [Pearl Harbor, Hawaii](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\"). During this assignment he conceptualized and gained concurrence for the merger of three intelligence centers on [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu \"Oahu\") that served [CINCPAC](/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Command \"United States Pacific Command\"), [CINCPACFLT](http://www.cpf.navy.mil/) and [PACAF](/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces \"Pacific Air Forces\") in to single [Joint Intelligence Center](/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Center \"Joint Intelligence Center\"). This [Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific (JICPAC)](http://fas.org/irp/agency/dod/uspacom/jicpac/index.html) became the model for joint centers in the [European](/wiki/United_States_European_Command \"United States European Command\") and [Central](/wiki/United_States_Central_Command \"United States Central Command\") Commands. Additionally, he was in this position during [Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\") as the Pacific Fleet supported forward deployed operations.", "In August 1992, Jacoby became the second commander of the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific. In December 1993 he was selected for promotion to [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28United_States%29 \"Rear admiral (United States)\") and following attendance at the [CAPSTONE course](/wiki/CAPSTONE_Military_Leadership_Program \"CAPSTONE Military Leadership Program\"), he assumed his duties as [Director for Intelligence (J2\\)](https://www.pacom.mil/staff/staff-J2.shtml), on the staff of Commander, U.S. Pacific Command. From July 1994 to February 1996 he served as a frocked rear admiral (lower half) and was promoted to that rank on February 1, 1996\\. His tenure saw further refinement of [Joint operations and concepts](https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=28950) in response to [Goldwater\\-Nichols legislation](/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act \"Goldwater–Nichols Act\"), new deployment and operational concept development, a series of crises promoted by [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\"), growth of [Chinese military capabilities](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army \"People's Liberation Army\") to include missile firings and provocative operations in the vicinity of [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") and many changes in relationships with [Pacific Rim nations](/wiki/Pacific_Rim \"Pacific Rim\") as part of an aggressive engagement strategy.", "From May 1997 to November 1997, Jacoby was assigned to the Chief of Naval Operations in a temporary duty status. In October 1997 he was promoted to [rear admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28United_States%29%23Rear_admiral \"Rear admiral (United States)#Rear admiral\"), and in November he assumed duties as [Director of Naval Intelligence and Commander, Office of Naval Intelligence](/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence \"Office of Naval Intelligence\").", "In July 1999, Jacoby was assigned as [director for intelligence (J2\\) on the Joint Staff](https://web.archive.org/web/20101207191058/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=17). His tenure began with leading the intelligence lessons learned effort to examine the operations in the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans \"Balkans\") and [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo \"Kosovo\"). [Operations Northern](/wiki/Operation_Northern_Watch \"Operation Northern Watch\") and [Southern Watch](/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch \"Operation Southern Watch\") continued to enforce [No\\-Fly Zones](/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones \"Iraqi no-fly zones\") and [sanctions against Iraq](/wiki/Iraq_sanctions \"Iraq sanctions\"). In addition, the [U.S. Navy EP\\-3 reconnaissance aircraft](/wiki/Lockheed_EP-3 \"Lockheed EP-3\") was impounded by the Chinese on [Hainan Island](/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident \"Hainan Island incident\") following a collision with a Chinese fighter during operations over the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea \"South China Sea\") and the attack on [USS *Cole*](/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing \"USS Cole bombing\") took place in [Aden, Yemen](/wiki/Aden \"Aden\"). This latter event prompted a fundamental change in approach to terrorism analysis and support to operating forces which was embodied in the proposed [Joint Intelligence Task Force, Combating Terrorism (JITF\\-CT)](http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=joint_intelligence_task_force_for_combating_terrorism__dia__1) operating under the guidance of the [Joint Staff J\\-2](https://web.archive.org/web/20101207191058/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=17) as part of the [Defense Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency \"Defense Intelligence Agency\"). Jacoby was advocating increased funding for JITF\\-CT on the afternoon of September 10, 2001, with senior staff on the [House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence](/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence \"United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence\"). He was in the [Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\") when it was attacked on [September 11, 2001](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\"). He led the stand\\-up of [JITF\\-CT](http://9-11congress.netfirms.com/Jacoby.html), was active in intelligence planning for the [Global War on Terrorism](/wiki/War_on_Terror \"War on Terror\") and military operations in [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"), oversaw J\\-2 activities during the initial phase of combat operations in Afghanistan and was instrumental in developing and championing an operational concept called \"2 Plus 7\" which became the center point for U.S. operations to dismantle the [Al\\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda \"Al-Qaeda\") organization and attack its centralized leadership and planning functions. The effort focused operations against the two leaders and the seven senior operational planners. The result was a significant degradation in the organization's capabilities. Jacoby concluded his one\\-year extension as Joint Staff J\\-2 in July 2002\\.", "In July 2002, Jacoby became the acting director of the Defense Intelligence Agency and served in that capacity until being promoted to vice admiral and assuming the duties as [Director, Defense Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Director_of_the_Defense_Intelligence_Agency \"Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency\") on October 17, 2002\\. He relinquished the directorship in November 2005 and retired on January 1, 2006, concluding a 37\\-year Navy career.", "During his tenure as Director of DIA, Jacoby initiated a dramatic improvement in the way the agency collected, shared and used the information its many components generated. In his [statement to the Joint Congressional 9/11 Inquiry](http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/100102jacoby.pdf) in October, 2002, then newly DIA Director, Jacoby stated, \"We must move toward a common data framework and set of standards and will allow interoperability at the data, *not system*, level.\" This seemingly innocuous statement, far afield from many similar efforts in the federal government, set DIA on a course toward the interoperability it needed, focusing on the information elements themselves, and avoiding the organizational resistance normally generated by technology mandates.", "He was saying, in effect, \"we don’t care how you do it, but create and share intelligence content in a common format.\" Under Jacoby, DIA identified XML as the standard syntax for that common format, and chartered a working group to design and maintain its XML standard, initially known as the IC\\-Metadata System for Publications (IC\\-MSP; later subsumed in the Implementation Profile for Intelligence Publications or PUBS\\-XML). In the public sector where success in multi\\-organizational information sharing efforts has been rare, DIA succeeded, resulting in the 2007 opening of the [Library of National Intelligence](http://www.dni.gov/speeches/20080508_speech.pdf), growing at more than 20,000 XML documents per week. DIA's efforts and Jacoby's foresight hold important lessons for all public sector organizations facing similar challenges.", "Since leaving the Navy, Jacoby has continued to serve the intelligence community in the private sector as a senior executive for a large defense contractor; he lives and works in the Washington, D.C., area.", "" ]
History ------- Ballan station opened on 22 December 1886 as the terminus of a short line from [Ballarat](/wiki/Ballarat_railway_station "Ballarat railway station"). On 4 December 1889, the line was extended to [Bacchus Marsh](/wiki/Bacchus_Marsh_railway_station "Bacchus Marsh railway station"), meaning that trains could then operate from [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") to Ballarat via Ballan. Before the line via Ballan and Bacchus Marsh was constructed, Ballarat was only indirectly linked to Melbourne via the [Melbourne\-Geelong](/wiki/Port_Fairy_railway_line "Port Fairy railway line") and [Geelong\-Ballarat](/wiki/Geelong%E2%80%93Ballarat_railway_line "Geelong–Ballarat railway line") lines. Being on a [single track](/wiki/Single_track_%28rail%29 "Single track (rail)") section, the station served as a [crossing loop](/wiki/Passing_loop "Passing loop"), with an [interlocked](/wiki/Interlocking "Interlocking") [signal box](/wiki/Signal_box "Signal box") erected in 1890\. In 1893, a [turntable](/wiki/Turntable_%28rail%29 "Turntable (rail)") was added and, by 1908, the station had a four road [yard](/wiki/Rail_yard "Rail yard"), a passenger platform, a [goods shed](/wiki/Goods_shed "Goods shed") and goods platform. By 1967, the turntable was removed. In early 1973, a dead\-end [siding](/wiki/Siding_%28rail%29 "Siding (rail)") at the [up](/wiki/Rail_directions%23Up_and_down "Rail directions#Up and down") ([Spencer Street](/wiki/Southern_Cross_railway_station "Southern Cross railway station")) end of the station was abolished.{{cite magazine\|date\=April 1973\|title\=Way and Works\|magazine\=\[\[Newsrail]]\|publisher\=\[\[Australian Railway Historical Society]]\|page\=73}} During 1987 and 1988, more tracks in the yard were abolished, leaving only the platform road and a loop remaining. In 1996, the loop was abolished and the signal box closed, meaning that Ballan was no longer available for the crossing of trains. In 2004, as part of the [Regional Fast Rail project](/wiki/Regional_Fast_Rail_project "Regional Fast Rail project"), the track at the eastern end of the station was realigned in order to permit an increase in the maximum speeds of trains though the curve. In 2006, the station itself was refurbished, and included an upgrade to the waiting room, new toilets, resurfacing of the platform and new fencing and lighting.{{cite magazine\|date\=January 2007\|title\=Works\|magazine\=Newsrail\|publisher\=Australian Railway Historical Society\|page\=24}} The [Victorian State Government's](/wiki/Victoria_State_Government "Victoria State Government") [Regional Rail Revival](/wiki/Regional_Rail_Revival "Regional Rail Revival") project in 2019 included an additional track and platform at Ballan, which delivered two [side platforms](/wiki/Side_platform "Side platform"), an accessible pedestrian [overpass](/wiki/Overpass "Overpass") and improved [parking](/wiki/Parking_lot "Parking lot").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/518\-million\-ballarat\-line\-upgrade\-released\-to\-market/ \| title\=$518 Million Ballarat Line Upgrade Released To Market \| author\=Minister for Public Transport \| publisher\=Premier of Victoria website \| date\=1 March 2017 \| accessdate\=2 February 2019 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://regionalrailrevival.vic.gov.au/ballarat \| title\=Ballarat Line Upgrade \| publisher\=Rail Projects Victoria \| date\=2 February 2019 \| accessdate\=2 February 2019 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://regionalrailrevival.vic.gov.au/ballarat/stations/ballan\-station \| title\=Ballan Station \|publisher\=Rail Projects Victoria \| date\=29 January 2019 \| accessdate\=2 February 2019 }} By January 2021, most of these works were completed. Closed stations [Ingliston](/wiki/Ingliston_railway_station "Ingliston railway station") and [Rowsley](/wiki/Rowsley_railway_station%2C_Victoria "Rowsley railway station, Victoria") were located between Ballan and Bacchus Marsh. Between Ballan and Ballarat, closed stations include [Gordon](/wiki/Gordon_railway_station%2C_Victoria "Gordon railway station, Victoria"), [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_railway_station%2C_Victoria "Millbrook railway station, Victoria"), Wallace, [Bungaree](/wiki/Bungaree_railway_station%2C_Victoria "Bungaree railway station, Victoria"), [Warrenheip](/wiki/Warrenheip_railway_station%2C_Victoria "Warrenheip railway station, Victoria") and Ballarat East.
[ "History\n-------", "Ballan station opened on 22 December 1886 as the terminus of a short line from [Ballarat](/wiki/Ballarat_railway_station \"Ballarat railway station\"). On 4 December 1889, the line was extended to [Bacchus Marsh](/wiki/Bacchus_Marsh_railway_station \"Bacchus Marsh railway station\"), meaning that trains could then operate from [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") to Ballarat via Ballan. Before the line via Ballan and Bacchus Marsh was constructed, Ballarat was only indirectly linked to Melbourne via the [Melbourne\\-Geelong](/wiki/Port_Fairy_railway_line \"Port Fairy railway line\") and [Geelong\\-Ballarat](/wiki/Geelong%E2%80%93Ballarat_railway_line \"Geelong–Ballarat railway line\") lines.", "Being on a [single track](/wiki/Single_track_%28rail%29 \"Single track (rail)\") section, the station served as a [crossing loop](/wiki/Passing_loop \"Passing loop\"), with an [interlocked](/wiki/Interlocking \"Interlocking\") [signal box](/wiki/Signal_box \"Signal box\") erected in 1890\\. In 1893, a [turntable](/wiki/Turntable_%28rail%29 \"Turntable (rail)\") was added and, by 1908, the station had a four road [yard](/wiki/Rail_yard \"Rail yard\"), a passenger platform, a [goods shed](/wiki/Goods_shed \"Goods shed\") and goods platform.", "By 1967, the turntable was removed. In early 1973, a dead\\-end [siding](/wiki/Siding_%28rail%29 \"Siding (rail)\") at the [up](/wiki/Rail_directions%23Up_and_down \"Rail directions#Up and down\") ([Spencer Street](/wiki/Southern_Cross_railway_station \"Southern Cross railway station\")) end of the station was abolished.{{cite magazine\\|date\\=April 1973\\|title\\=Way and Works\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Newsrail]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Railway Historical Society]]\\|page\\=73}} During 1987 and 1988, more tracks in the yard were abolished, leaving only the platform road and a loop remaining. In 1996, the loop was abolished and the signal box closed, meaning that Ballan was no longer available for the crossing of trains.", "In 2004, as part of the [Regional Fast Rail project](/wiki/Regional_Fast_Rail_project \"Regional Fast Rail project\"), the track at the eastern end of the station was realigned in order to permit an increase in the maximum speeds of trains though the curve. In 2006, the station itself was refurbished, and included an upgrade to the waiting room, new toilets, resurfacing of the platform and new fencing and lighting.{{cite magazine\\|date\\=January 2007\\|title\\=Works\\|magazine\\=Newsrail\\|publisher\\=Australian Railway Historical Society\\|page\\=24}}", "The [Victorian State Government's](/wiki/Victoria_State_Government \"Victoria State Government\") [Regional Rail Revival](/wiki/Regional_Rail_Revival \"Regional Rail Revival\") project in 2019 included an additional track and platform at Ballan, which delivered two [side platforms](/wiki/Side_platform \"Side platform\"), an accessible pedestrian [overpass](/wiki/Overpass \"Overpass\") and improved [parking](/wiki/Parking_lot \"Parking lot\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/518\\-million\\-ballarat\\-line\\-upgrade\\-released\\-to\\-market/ \\| title\\=$518 Million Ballarat Line Upgrade Released To Market \\| author\\=Minister for Public Transport \\| publisher\\=Premier of Victoria website \\| date\\=1 March 2017 \\| accessdate\\=2 February 2019 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://regionalrailrevival.vic.gov.au/ballarat \\| title\\=Ballarat Line Upgrade \\| publisher\\=Rail Projects Victoria \\| date\\=2 February 2019 \\| accessdate\\=2 February 2019 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://regionalrailrevival.vic.gov.au/ballarat/stations/ballan\\-station \\| title\\=Ballan Station \\|publisher\\=Rail Projects Victoria \\| date\\=29 January 2019 \\| accessdate\\=2 February 2019 }} By January 2021, most of these works were completed.", "Closed stations [Ingliston](/wiki/Ingliston_railway_station \"Ingliston railway station\") and [Rowsley](/wiki/Rowsley_railway_station%2C_Victoria \"Rowsley railway station, Victoria\") were located between Ballan and Bacchus Marsh. Between Ballan and Ballarat, closed stations include [Gordon](/wiki/Gordon_railway_station%2C_Victoria \"Gordon railway station, Victoria\"), [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_railway_station%2C_Victoria \"Millbrook railway station, Victoria\"), Wallace, [Bungaree](/wiki/Bungaree_railway_station%2C_Victoria \"Bungaree railway station, Victoria\"), [Warrenheip](/wiki/Warrenheip_railway_station%2C_Victoria \"Warrenheip railway station, Victoria\") and Ballarat East.", "" ]
Preparations ------------ Architects such as Harry Weese collaborated with the World's Fair Authority throughout the design process. There was a Women's Committee for the 1992 Chicago World's Fair, which sought to bring about greater female representation at the fair, including a Women's Building, similar to [the one](/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Building_%28Chicago%29 "The Woman's Building (Chicago)") at the [1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition](/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition "World's Columbian Exposition").{{cite journal \|last1\=Boisseau \|first1\=Tracey Jean \|title\=Once Again in Chicago: revisioning women as workers at the Chicago Woman's World's Fairs of 1925–1928 \|journal\=Women's History Review \|date\=April 2009 \|volume\=18 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=265–291 \|doi\=10\.1080/09612020902770972 \|s2cid\=144555705 }} The election of a new Chicago mayor, [Harold Washington](/wiki/Harold_Washington "Harold Washington"), in [1983](/wiki/1983_Chicago_mayoral_election "1983 Chicago mayoral election"), as well as the coinciding election of new members to the Chicago City Council, saw greater hostility towards the fair in the city's government. Washington was wary of the fair, refusing to have the city bear the burden of cost overruns. Members of the Chicago City Council regularly expressed dissatisfaction with the proposed location of the fair, with several alderman pushing to move the fair to their own wards. On June 27, 1984, United States President Ronald Reagan issued a [presidential proclamation](/wiki/Presidential_proclamation_%28United_States%29 "Presidential proclamation (United States)") inviting US states to participate in the exposition and both authorizing and directing the [United States Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State") to, on his behalf, invite foreign countries to participate in the exposition. However, from the start, Reagan only had promised limited, and contingent, federal support. The fair preparations ultimately became hampered by a lack of federal resources and support. There were continued arguments in Chicago about the site of the fair, with many alternate sites being proposed. In 1984, architect Bertrand Goldberg proposed alternate plans for the fair grounds, instead focusing on inland development along the [Chicago River](/wiki/Chicago_River "Chicago River"), creating a "floating World's Fair" sited in three new basins within the river, and also siting other parts of the fair "floating" in [Monroe Harbor](/wiki/Chicago_Harbor "Chicago Harbor"). The most planned out and supported alternative site proposal was a 450\-acre site on [Lake Calumet](/wiki/Lake_Calumet "Lake Calumet") on the far south side. ### Financing When the city first bid, it estimated the fair to cost between $400 million and $600 million. Costs estimates for the fair rose. By 1984, it was estimated to cost $800 million.{{cite web \|title\=1992 Worlds Fair in Chicago Mired in Questions \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/28/us/1992\-worlds\-fair\-in\-chicago\-mired\-in\-questions.html \|work\=The New York Times \|accessdate\=18 November 2019 \|date\=28 July 1984}} By 1985, the price sat at $1\.1 billion. The fair struggled to amass solidified financial pledges from private industry or from state and local governments. It was estimated that the fair would require over 50 million visitors to remain solvent.{{cite web \|last1\=Shipp \|first1\=E. R. \|title\=PLANS FALTER FOR A WORLD'S FAIR IN CHICAGO IN 1992 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/25/us/plans\-falter\-for\-a\-world\-s\-fair\-in\-chicago\-in\-1992\.html \|work\=New York Times \|accessdate\=18 November 2019 \|date\=25 June 1985}} For instance, in 1984 when the price tag sat at $800 million, it was estimated that the fair would need to attract 54\.5 million visitors and generate $892 million to remain solvent. While the fair officials were projecting the fair would turn a profit, several outside studies were projecting massive deficits. In 1984, the fair had failed in a quest to receive a $450 million loan from the state of Illinois. In the end, the fair planners had been proposing that the fair would be funded, in part, with $511 million from the private sector, including $290 million in bonds. The State of Illinois was being requested to directly provide $278 million in funding, and sell an additional $220 million in guarantee bonds. The United States Federal Government was anticipated to provide $80 million in funds. Chicago was to provide $28 million in funds to develop [Navy Pier](/wiki/Navy_Pier "Navy Pier"). The city was also expected to provide 14 years of property [tax abatements](/wiki/Tax_holiday "Tax holiday") on the land for the fair, giving up $33 million in annual tax revenues. State legislatures took issue with the plans that specified that the private investors would have priority over the state in recouping their investment. The state also desired for the state to contribute less, and the city to contribute more. Federal financial contribution was not guaranteed. The Chicago city government ultimately refused to make a financial investment in the fair.
[ "Preparations\n------------", "Architects such as Harry Weese collaborated with the World's Fair Authority throughout the design process. There was a Women's Committee for the 1992 Chicago World's Fair, which sought to bring about greater female representation at the fair, including a Women's Building, similar to [the one](/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Building_%28Chicago%29 \"The Woman's Building (Chicago)\") at the [1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition](/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition \"World's Columbian Exposition\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Boisseau \\|first1\\=Tracey Jean \\|title\\=Once Again in Chicago: revisioning women as workers at the Chicago Woman's World's Fairs of 1925–1928 \\|journal\\=Women's History Review \\|date\\=April 2009 \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=265–291 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/09612020902770972 \\|s2cid\\=144555705 }}", "The election of a new Chicago mayor, [Harold Washington](/wiki/Harold_Washington \"Harold Washington\"), in [1983](/wiki/1983_Chicago_mayoral_election \"1983 Chicago mayoral election\"), as well as the coinciding election of new members to the Chicago City Council, saw greater hostility towards the fair in the city's government. Washington was wary of the fair, refusing to have the city bear the burden of cost overruns. Members of the Chicago City Council regularly expressed dissatisfaction with the proposed location of the fair, with several alderman pushing to move the fair to their own wards.", "On June 27, 1984, United States President Ronald Reagan issued a [presidential proclamation](/wiki/Presidential_proclamation_%28United_States%29 \"Presidential proclamation (United States)\") inviting US states to participate in the exposition and both authorizing and directing the [United States Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\") to, on his behalf, invite foreign countries to participate in the exposition. However, from the start, Reagan only had promised limited, and contingent, federal support. The fair preparations ultimately became hampered by a lack of federal resources and support.", "There were continued arguments in Chicago about the site of the fair, with many alternate sites being proposed. In 1984, architect Bertrand Goldberg proposed alternate plans for the fair grounds, instead focusing on inland development along the [Chicago River](/wiki/Chicago_River \"Chicago River\"), creating a \"floating World's Fair\" sited in three new basins within the river, and also siting other parts of the fair \"floating\" in [Monroe Harbor](/wiki/Chicago_Harbor \"Chicago Harbor\"). The most planned out and supported alternative site proposal was a 450\\-acre site on [Lake Calumet](/wiki/Lake_Calumet \"Lake Calumet\") on the far south side.", "### Financing", "When the city first bid, it estimated the fair to cost between $400 million and $600 million. Costs estimates for the fair rose. By 1984, it was estimated to cost $800 million.{{cite web \\|title\\=1992 Worlds Fair in Chicago Mired in Questions \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/28/us/1992\\-worlds\\-fair\\-in\\-chicago\\-mired\\-in\\-questions.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|accessdate\\=18 November 2019 \\|date\\=28 July 1984}} By 1985, the price sat at $1\\.1 billion. The fair struggled to amass solidified financial pledges from private industry or from state and local governments. It was estimated that the fair would require over 50 million visitors to remain solvent.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Shipp \\|first1\\=E. R. \\|title\\=PLANS FALTER FOR A WORLD'S FAIR IN CHICAGO IN 1992 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/25/us/plans\\-falter\\-for\\-a\\-world\\-s\\-fair\\-in\\-chicago\\-in\\-1992\\.html \\|work\\=New York Times \\|accessdate\\=18 November 2019 \\|date\\=25 June 1985}} For instance, in 1984 when the price tag sat at $800 million, it was estimated that the fair would need to attract 54\\.5 million visitors and generate $892 million to remain solvent. While the fair officials were projecting the fair would turn a profit, several outside studies were projecting massive deficits.", "In 1984, the fair had failed in a quest to receive a $450 million loan from the state of Illinois. In the end, the fair planners had been proposing that the fair would be funded, in part, with $511 million from the private sector, including $290 million in bonds. The State of Illinois was being requested to directly provide $278 million in funding, and sell an additional $220 million in guarantee bonds. The United States Federal Government was anticipated to provide $80 million in funds. Chicago was to provide $28 million in funds to develop [Navy Pier](/wiki/Navy_Pier \"Navy Pier\"). The city was also expected to provide 14 years of property [tax abatements](/wiki/Tax_holiday \"Tax holiday\") on the land for the fair, giving up $33 million in annual tax revenues.", "State legislatures took issue with the plans that specified that the private investors would have priority over the state in recouping their investment. The state also desired for the state to contribute less, and the city to contribute more. Federal financial contribution was not guaranteed. The Chicago city government ultimately refused to make a financial investment in the fair.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- Baura received her first leading role in *[Lucecita](/wiki/Lucecita_%28TV_series%29 "Lucecita (TV series)")* (1967\), which drew favorable reviews with her performance as the lead character. She then became a leading actress in a number of productions, including *La señorita Elena* (1967\), *Rosario* (1968\), *Lisa, mi amor* (1969\) and *De turno con la angustia* (1969\), before returning to RCTV as an actress in 1970\. While at RCTV, Baura starred in several telenovelas such as *Cristina* (1970\), *La virgen ciega* (1970\), and specially in *[La usurpadora](/wiki/La_usurpadora_%28Venezuelan_TV_series%29 "La usurpadora (Venezuelan TV series)")* (1971\), where she played a significant [dual role](/wiki/Dual_role "Dual role"). She also starred in *La italianita* (1973\), *La indomable* (1974\), and *Valentina* (1975\), where she played her second double role. Other of her contributions were *Resurrección* (1977\), *Silvia Rivas divorciada* (1977\), *TV Confidencial* (1977\), *Mabel Valdez, periodista* (1978\), *Natalia de 8 a 9* (1980\), *Chao Cristina* (1983\) and *Muros del silencio* (1983\). In 1974 RCTV aired *[Doña Bárbara](/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_B%C3%A1rbara_%28RCTV_TV_series%29 "Doña Bárbara (RCTV TV series)")*, based on *[the novel](/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_B%C3%A1rbara "Doña Bárbara")* by [Rómulo Gallegos](/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos "Rómulo Gallegos") and [scripted](/wiki/Screenplay "Screenplay") by [José Ignacio Cabrujas](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Cabrujas "José Ignacio Cabrujas"). Baura was selected to play the central role, previously established by [María Félix](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_F%C3%A9lix "María Félix") in the classic [1943 film](/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_B%C3%A1rbara_%281943_film%29 "Doña Bárbara (1943 film)"). The RCTV version was the first color TV program made in Venezuela, as well as the first telenovela aired in Europe.Gómez, Carlos Alarico (2009\). *Oswaldo Yepes y el Museo de la Radio*. Fundación para la Cultura Urbana. {{ISBN\|9806553985}}[Venciclopedia – RCTV](https://www.venciclopedia.org/index.php?title=RCTV) (Spanish) During the same period, she starred in [miniseries](/wiki/Miniseries "Miniseries") based on Gallegos' novels as *Canaima* (1976\) and *Sobre la misma tierra* (1976\), as well as in [Guillermo Meneses](/wiki/Guillermo_Meneses "Guillermo Meneses")' *La Balandra Isabel llegó esta tarde* (1978\). Later she co\-starred with [Doris Wells](/wiki/Doris_Wells "Doris Wells") in Gallegos' *La hora menguada* (1984\). Baura voluntarily retired in 1984\. Eventually, she returned to acting in 1990 at the invitation of Cabrujas to embody the central role of Emperatriz Jurado in *[Emperatriz](/wiki/Emperatriz_%281990_TV_series%29 "Emperatriz (1990 TV series)")*, produced by Marte TV and aired by RCTV.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.eluniversal.com/estampas/anteriores/091103/encuentros.shtml \|title\= El Universal – Marina Baura auténtica}} (Spanish) Then, in 2003 she made a special guest appearance in the successful Venevisión [soap opera](/wiki/Soap_opera "Soap opera") *[Cosita Rica](/wiki/Cosita_Rica "Cosita Rica")*. Her film credits include *Yo, el gobernador* (1965\), co\-starred by humorist [Joselo](/wiki/Joselo "Joselo"),[iMDB.com – Yo, el gobernador (1965\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0282270/) and *El reportero* (1968\), teaming up along with [Amador Bendayán](/wiki/Amador_Benday%C3%A1n "Amador Bendayán").[iMDB.com – El reportero (1968\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060892/) She later played a supporting part for [Amparo Rivelles](/wiki/Amparo_Rivelles "Amparo Rivelles") and [Julio Alemán](/wiki/Julio_Alem%C3%A1n "Julio Alemán") in *La viuda blanca* (1970\),[iMDB.com – La viuda blanca (1970\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0324459/) and co\-starred with [José Bardina](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bardina "José Bardina") in *Bodas de papel*.[iMDB.com – Bodas de papel (1979\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078891/)
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "Baura received her first leading role in *[Lucecita](/wiki/Lucecita_%28TV_series%29 \"Lucecita (TV series)\")* (1967\\), which drew favorable reviews with her performance as the lead character. She then became a leading actress in a number of productions, including *La señorita Elena* (1967\\), *Rosario* (1968\\), *Lisa, mi amor* (1969\\) and *De turno con la angustia* (1969\\), before returning to RCTV as an actress in 1970\\.", "While at RCTV, Baura starred in several telenovelas such as *Cristina* (1970\\), *La virgen ciega* (1970\\), and specially in *[La usurpadora](/wiki/La_usurpadora_%28Venezuelan_TV_series%29 \"La usurpadora (Venezuelan TV series)\")* (1971\\), where she played a significant [dual role](/wiki/Dual_role \"Dual role\"). She also starred in *La italianita* (1973\\), *La indomable* (1974\\), and *Valentina* (1975\\), where she played her second double role.", "Other of her contributions were *Resurrección* (1977\\), *Silvia Rivas divorciada* (1977\\), *TV Confidencial* (1977\\), *Mabel Valdez, periodista* (1978\\), *Natalia de 8 a 9* (1980\\), *Chao Cristina* (1983\\) and *Muros del silencio* (1983\\).", "In 1974 RCTV aired *[Doña Bárbara](/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_B%C3%A1rbara_%28RCTV_TV_series%29 \"Doña Bárbara (RCTV TV series)\")*, based on *[the novel](/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_B%C3%A1rbara \"Doña Bárbara\")* by [Rómulo Gallegos](/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos \"Rómulo Gallegos\") and [scripted](/wiki/Screenplay \"Screenplay\") by [José Ignacio Cabrujas](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Cabrujas \"José Ignacio Cabrujas\"). Baura was selected to play the central role, previously established by [María Félix](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_F%C3%A9lix \"María Félix\") in the classic [1943 film](/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_B%C3%A1rbara_%281943_film%29 \"Doña Bárbara (1943 film)\"). The RCTV version was the first color TV program made in Venezuela, as well as the first telenovela aired in Europe.Gómez, Carlos Alarico (2009\\). *Oswaldo Yepes y el Museo de la Radio*. Fundación para la Cultura Urbana. {{ISBN\\|9806553985}}[Venciclopedia – RCTV](https://www.venciclopedia.org/index.php?title=RCTV) (Spanish)", "During the same period, she starred in [miniseries](/wiki/Miniseries \"Miniseries\") based on Gallegos' novels as *Canaima* (1976\\) and *Sobre la misma tierra* (1976\\), as well as in [Guillermo Meneses](/wiki/Guillermo_Meneses \"Guillermo Meneses\")' *La Balandra Isabel llegó esta tarde* (1978\\). Later she co\\-starred with [Doris Wells](/wiki/Doris_Wells \"Doris Wells\") in Gallegos' *La hora menguada* (1984\\).", "Baura voluntarily retired in 1984\\. Eventually, she returned to acting in 1990 at the invitation of Cabrujas to embody the central role of Emperatriz Jurado in *[Emperatriz](/wiki/Emperatriz_%281990_TV_series%29 \"Emperatriz (1990 TV series)\")*, produced by Marte TV and aired by RCTV.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eluniversal.com/estampas/anteriores/091103/encuentros.shtml \\|title\\= El Universal – Marina Baura auténtica}} (Spanish) Then, in 2003 she made a special guest appearance in the successful Venevisión [soap opera](/wiki/Soap_opera \"Soap opera\") *[Cosita Rica](/wiki/Cosita_Rica \"Cosita Rica\")*.", "Her film credits include *Yo, el gobernador* (1965\\), co\\-starred by humorist [Joselo](/wiki/Joselo \"Joselo\"),[iMDB.com – Yo, el gobernador (1965\\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0282270/) and *El reportero* (1968\\), teaming up along with [Amador Bendayán](/wiki/Amador_Benday%C3%A1n \"Amador Bendayán\").[iMDB.com – El reportero (1968\\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060892/) She later played a supporting part for [Amparo Rivelles](/wiki/Amparo_Rivelles \"Amparo Rivelles\") and [Julio Alemán](/wiki/Julio_Alem%C3%A1n \"Julio Alemán\") in *La viuda blanca* (1970\\),[iMDB.com – La viuda blanca (1970\\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0324459/) and co\\-starred with [José Bardina](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bardina \"José Bardina\") in *Bodas de papel*.[iMDB.com – Bodas de papel (1979\\)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078891/)", "" ]
Gitxon ------ The *Gitxon* (also spelled Gitxhoon) group mostly claim descent from ancient migrations from the [Haida Gwaii](/wiki/Haida_Gwaii "Haida Gwaii"), homeland of the [Haida](/wiki/Haida_people "Haida people") nation. *Gitxon* is popularly etymologized as *git* (people of) \+ *x* (to eat) \+ *hoon* (salmon), yielding the meaning "salmon eaters." The anthropologist [Marius Barbeau](/wiki/Marius_Barbeau "Marius Barbeau"), whose writings are the best introduction to Laxsgiik histories, calls this group's ancestral histories "the Salmon\-Eater tradition." Members of the Gitxon group can be found among the [Nisga'a](/wiki/Nisga%27a "Nisga'a"), among the Tsimshian tribes of [Kitselas](/wiki/Kitselas "Kitselas") and [Gitga'ata](/wiki/Gitga%27ata "Gitga'ata"), among the [Haisla](/wiki/Haisla_Nation "Haisla Nation") nation at [Kitamaat](/wiki/Kitamaat "Kitamaat"), and at [Skidegate](/wiki/Skidegate "Skidegate") on the Queen Charlottes. Gitxon houses frequently are headed by chiefs named Gitxon. At [Hartley Bay](/wiki/Hartley_Bay "Hartley Bay"), where the [Gitga'ata](/wiki/Gitga%27ata "Gitga'ata") live, the group is known as the House of Sinaxeet. Barbeau's now discredited theories about the [peopling of the Americas](/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas "Peopling of the Americas")—he claimed a far more recent Siberian ancestry for the Tlingit, Haida, and [Tsimshianic](/wiki/Tsimshianic "Tsimshianic")\-speakers (Tsimshian, Gitksan, and Nisga'a) than is now known to be possible for any Amerindian group—included an assertion that the Gitxon people migrated from [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia "Siberia"), via the [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands "Aleutian Islands") and [Kodiak Island](/wiki/Kodiak_Island "Kodiak Island") in Alaska, "only a few centuries ago" (as he phrased it in the Preface to his *Totem Poles*). (Barbeau also, controversially and by today's standards erroneously, attributed their adoption of the Eagle crest to the influence of Russian traders' heraldic emblems during the fur trade.) In 1927 in [Kincolith, B.C.](/wiki/Kincolith%2C_British_Columbia "Kincolith, British Columbia"), Barbeau recorded from the Nisga'a "Chief Mountain" (Sga'niism Sim'oogit, a.k.a. Saga'wan), a story (*adaawak* in Nisga'a) of the origin of the Gitxon people which records their arrival on [Haida Gwaii](/wiki/Haida_Gwaii "Haida Gwaii"), homeland of the [Haida](/wiki/Haida_people "Haida people"), where the Gitxon Eagles came to form one moiety of a village while the people of Qoona formed another. This story tells of Gitxon's niece Dzilakons (variously spelled) and her engagement with a prince of the opposite moiety which led to a war between the two sides, spurring the Gitxon people's migration to the Nisga'a homeland on the [Nass River](/wiki/Nass_River "Nass River"), to the Tsimshian villages of [Kitkatla](/wiki/Kitkatla "Kitkatla") and [Kitsumkalum](/wiki/Kitsumkalum "Kitsumkalum"), and to the [Cape Fox](/wiki/Cape_Fox_%28tribe%29 "Cape Fox (tribe)") (in Nisga'a *Laxsee'le*) tribe of [Tlingits](/wiki/Tlingit_people "Tlingit people") in what is now Alaska. Other versions of Gitxon migrations tell of movements from the Charlottes to the Nass, from the Nass to the Charlottes and back again, from Kitsumkalum to the Charlottes and back again, or from Kitselas to Kitamaat to the Charlottes and back again. The Charlottes and Alaska both arise as possible originary points for this group. In 1947, Edmund Patalas ("belonging to the Kitamat tribe at Hartley Bay") described to the Tsimshian ethnologist [William Beynon](/wiki/William_Beynon "William Beynon") the origins of the people of the "Gitxon" group who migrated from the land of the Queen Charlottes first to Kitamaat and then to the Gitga'ata people, where a branch of this group, the House of Sinaxeet, is now considered "the royal Eagle house of Kitkata." In 1952, Barbeau recorded a Nass elder's statement that the Gitxons at the Tsimshian village of Hartley Bay were the most numerous, while the Gitxon populations at the Tsimshian villages of Kitsumkalum and [Lax Kw'alaams](/wiki/Lax_Kw%27alaams "Lax Kw'alaams") were nearly extinct. The Gitxon people at Kitsumkalum, who are referred to in stories, were not part of the Kitsumkalum tribe by the time Barbeau interviewed Kitsumkalum elders on the subject in the 1920s. The anthropologist James McDonald speculates that the Kitsumkalum Gitxons may have become extinct during the fur trade and that the Kitselas Gitxons borrowed members from the [Gispaxlo'ots](/wiki/Gispaxlo%27ots "Gispaxlo'ots") Laxsgiik to perpetuate their lineage during the 20th century. The Kitselas House of Gitxon and Niisgitloop today is a Kitselas house closely associated with the Kitsumkalum community. In 1924, the Gitxon of the Kitselas tribe was Samuel Wise. Barbeau interviewed him at [Port Essington, B.C.](/wiki/Port_Essington%2C_British_Columbia "Port Essington, British Columbia"), in 1924\. His version of the migration tells of a journey of Gitxon people from the Charlottes, to Kitamaat, and then up to Kitselas.
[ "Gitxon\n------", "The *Gitxon* (also spelled Gitxhoon) group mostly claim descent from ancient migrations from the [Haida Gwaii](/wiki/Haida_Gwaii \"Haida Gwaii\"), homeland of the [Haida](/wiki/Haida_people \"Haida people\") nation. *Gitxon* is popularly etymologized as *git* (people of) \\+ *x* (to eat) \\+ *hoon* (salmon), yielding the meaning \"salmon eaters.\" The anthropologist [Marius Barbeau](/wiki/Marius_Barbeau \"Marius Barbeau\"), whose writings are the best introduction to Laxsgiik histories, calls this group's ancestral histories \"the Salmon\\-Eater tradition.\" Members of the Gitxon group can be found among the [Nisga'a](/wiki/Nisga%27a \"Nisga'a\"), among the Tsimshian tribes of [Kitselas](/wiki/Kitselas \"Kitselas\") and [Gitga'ata](/wiki/Gitga%27ata \"Gitga'ata\"), among the [Haisla](/wiki/Haisla_Nation \"Haisla Nation\") nation at [Kitamaat](/wiki/Kitamaat \"Kitamaat\"), and at [Skidegate](/wiki/Skidegate \"Skidegate\") on the Queen Charlottes. Gitxon houses frequently are headed by chiefs named Gitxon. At [Hartley Bay](/wiki/Hartley_Bay \"Hartley Bay\"), where the [Gitga'ata](/wiki/Gitga%27ata \"Gitga'ata\") live, the group is known as the House of Sinaxeet.", "Barbeau's now discredited theories about the [peopling of the Americas](/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas \"Peopling of the Americas\")—he claimed a far more recent Siberian ancestry for the Tlingit, Haida, and [Tsimshianic](/wiki/Tsimshianic \"Tsimshianic\")\\-speakers (Tsimshian, Gitksan, and Nisga'a) than is now known to be possible for any Amerindian group—included an assertion that the Gitxon people migrated from [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia \"Siberia\"), via the [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands \"Aleutian Islands\") and [Kodiak Island](/wiki/Kodiak_Island \"Kodiak Island\") in Alaska, \"only a few centuries ago\" (as he phrased it in the Preface to his *Totem Poles*). (Barbeau also, controversially and by today's standards erroneously, attributed their adoption of the Eagle crest to the influence of Russian traders' heraldic emblems during the fur trade.)", "In 1927 in [Kincolith, B.C.](/wiki/Kincolith%2C_British_Columbia \"Kincolith, British Columbia\"), Barbeau recorded from the Nisga'a \"Chief Mountain\" (Sga'niism Sim'oogit, a.k.a. Saga'wan), a story (*adaawak* in Nisga'a) of the origin of the Gitxon people which records their arrival on [Haida Gwaii](/wiki/Haida_Gwaii \"Haida Gwaii\"), homeland of the [Haida](/wiki/Haida_people \"Haida people\"), where the Gitxon Eagles came to form one moiety of a village while the people of Qoona formed another. This story tells of Gitxon's niece Dzilakons (variously spelled) and her engagement with a prince of the opposite moiety which led to a war between the two sides, spurring the Gitxon people's migration to the Nisga'a homeland on the [Nass River](/wiki/Nass_River \"Nass River\"), to the Tsimshian villages of [Kitkatla](/wiki/Kitkatla \"Kitkatla\") and [Kitsumkalum](/wiki/Kitsumkalum \"Kitsumkalum\"), and to the [Cape Fox](/wiki/Cape_Fox_%28tribe%29 \"Cape Fox (tribe)\") (in Nisga'a *Laxsee'le*) tribe of [Tlingits](/wiki/Tlingit_people \"Tlingit people\") in what is now Alaska.", "Other versions of Gitxon migrations tell of movements from the Charlottes to the Nass, from the Nass to the Charlottes and back again, from Kitsumkalum to the Charlottes and back again, or from Kitselas to Kitamaat to the Charlottes and back again. The Charlottes and Alaska both arise as possible originary points for this group.", "In 1947, Edmund Patalas (\"belonging to the Kitamat tribe at Hartley Bay\") described to the Tsimshian ethnologist [William Beynon](/wiki/William_Beynon \"William Beynon\") the origins of the people of the \"Gitxon\" group who migrated from the land of the Queen Charlottes first to Kitamaat and then to the Gitga'ata people, where a branch of this group, the House of Sinaxeet, is now considered \"the royal Eagle house of Kitkata.\" In 1952, Barbeau recorded a Nass elder's statement that the Gitxons at the Tsimshian village of Hartley Bay were the most numerous, while the Gitxon populations at the Tsimshian villages of Kitsumkalum and [Lax Kw'alaams](/wiki/Lax_Kw%27alaams \"Lax Kw'alaams\") were nearly extinct.", "The Gitxon people at Kitsumkalum, who are referred to in stories, were not part of the Kitsumkalum tribe by the time Barbeau interviewed Kitsumkalum elders on the subject in the 1920s. The anthropologist James McDonald speculates that the Kitsumkalum Gitxons may have become extinct during the fur trade and that the Kitselas Gitxons borrowed members from the [Gispaxlo'ots](/wiki/Gispaxlo%27ots \"Gispaxlo'ots\") Laxsgiik to perpetuate their lineage during the 20th century. The Kitselas House of Gitxon and Niisgitloop today is a Kitselas house closely associated with the Kitsumkalum community.", "In 1924, the Gitxon of the Kitselas tribe was Samuel Wise. Barbeau interviewed him at [Port Essington, B.C.](/wiki/Port_Essington%2C_British_Columbia \"Port Essington, British Columbia\"), in 1924\\. His version of the migration tells of a journey of Gitxon people from the Charlottes, to Kitamaat, and then up to Kitselas.", "" ]
Plot ---- {{Long plot\|film\|date\=September 2018}} Abby Russell works as a nurse but is secretly a serial killer who targets unfaithful men. She murders a man by severing his [femoral artery](/wiki/Femoral_artery "Femoral artery") and then throws him off of the roof of a nightclub. The following day, she attends the graduation ceremony of nurse Danni Rodgers, a student she mentored, and meets Danni's mother and stepfather, Larry Cook. However, Danni is ill\-prepared for her first day of duty, and her superior, Dr. Morris, berates her for not responding quickly to an emergency. Abby views the situation with disgust, as she knows that Dr. Morris is a sadist who takes pleasure in tormenting new nurses. Abby is further irritated when Danni chooses to call her paramedic boyfriend, Steve, for support rather than approaching Abby herself. She is pleased when Danni's call to Steve ends badly due to a fight over Danni's refusal to move in with him. She explains to Abby that she is unwilling to trust her stepfather enough to leave him alone with her mother. This distrust is later justified when Abby and Danni witness her stepfather having an affair while the two women are on their way to go drinking at a nightclub, which results in Danni drinking that night. Unbeknownst to her, however, Abby spikes her drink with a date rape drug, enabling Abby to get Danni to have sex with both her and random strangers. The next day, Danni wakes to find herself in Abby's apartment and leaves, despite Abby's plea for Danni to skip work and spend the day with her. Afterwards, Abby downloads several photos that she had taken from the previous night before leaving to see a psychiatrist, revealed to be Larry. Abby seduces Larry by saying that she's addicted to men, alluding to her past history with her father. Confirming that he is unfaithful to Danni's mother, Abby shows up at his place of work one day and convinces him to give her a ride, during which she paralyzes him with [vecuronium bromide](/wiki/Vecuronium_bromide "Vecuronium bromide"), resulting in a car accident. After hearing of her stepfather's death, Danni seeks solace from Abby, only for Abby to grow angry when Danni says she will move in with her boyfriend. Abby comments that she hopes that Larry's genitals were severed in the car crash. When Danni realizes that Abby knows about the car crash, even though Danni never told her how he died, Danni leaves. This infuriates Abby, who decides that she will now hurt Danni instead of helping her. She slowly convinces Detective John Rogan that Danni is mentally unstable and obsessed with her. The next day, Abby runs into Rachel Adams, a new human resources employee who remarks that Abby greatly resembles a girl she knew that was sent to a mental institution. Abby invites Rachel out for drinks and takes the opportunity to harass Danni by calling her via [Skype](/wiki/Skype "Skype") and showing Danni a video of Abby injecting chemicals into Rachel. Danni tries to go to the police, only for Detective Rogan to dismiss her claims as evidence of her trying to hurt Abby because the other woman didn't return her affections. He uses the photographs Abby took as proof to this effect, which Steve sees as a result of Danni summoning him to the police station for support. This prompts an argument between the two, and Steve leaves in a fit of anger. Danni tries to approach Dr. Morris for help, only for him to use this as an opportunity to blackmail Abby into having sex with him. Abby initially pretends to agree to this arrangement but uses the opportunity to dismember and murder him. That same night Abby also knocks out Rachel and drags her away to her death. Danni goes to the mental institution referred to by Rachel. She learns about Sarah Price, a little girl who killed her father after learning he was having an affair and witnessing him severely beating her mother. Danni discovers that a nurse named Abigail Russell at the institution took in Sarah. Danni then realizes that Abby is Sarah and has taken the name of her caretaker. Danni then tries to call Rachel to warn her about Abby, only to find that Rachel's phone is in her car. She then receives a call from Abby who was just having sex with a cop, who implies that she will kill Steve similarly to Rachel. Danni rushes to the hospital, where she and Abby begin to fight. The staff initially tries to intervene, only for Abby to set off on a killing spree and lock herself into a lab. Danni and Steve pursue her, and Abby stabs Steve in the neck and runs off. Abby rushes home, where Detective Rogan confronts her. Noticing her neighbor Jared, Abby pretends that Rogan is trying to rob her. Her neighbor then bludgeons the detective with a bat, killing him instantly. Her neighbor is horrified to discover that Rogan is a cop, but Abby convinces him to hide the body, saying that Rogan was corrupt, and Jared would be badly treated since he is now a cop killer. Abby then assumes the identity of human resources employee Rachel Adams.
[ "Plot\n----", "{{Long plot\\|film\\|date\\=September 2018}}\nAbby Russell works as a nurse but is secretly a serial killer who targets unfaithful men. She murders a man by severing his [femoral artery](/wiki/Femoral_artery \"Femoral artery\") and then throws him off of the roof of a nightclub. The following day, she attends the graduation ceremony of nurse Danni Rodgers, a student she mentored, and meets Danni's mother and stepfather, Larry Cook. However, Danni is ill\\-prepared for her first day of duty, and her superior, Dr. Morris, berates her for not responding quickly to an emergency. Abby views the situation with disgust, as she knows that Dr. Morris is a sadist who takes pleasure in tormenting new nurses.", "Abby is further irritated when Danni chooses to call her paramedic boyfriend, Steve, for support rather than approaching Abby herself. She is pleased when Danni's call to Steve ends badly due to a fight over Danni's refusal to move in with him. She explains to Abby that she is unwilling to trust her stepfather enough to leave him alone with her mother. This distrust is later justified when Abby and Danni witness her stepfather having an affair while the two women are on their way to go drinking at a nightclub, which results in Danni drinking that night. Unbeknownst to her, however, Abby spikes her drink with a date rape drug, enabling Abby to get Danni to have sex with both her and random strangers. The next day, Danni wakes to find herself in Abby's apartment and leaves, despite Abby's plea for Danni to skip work and spend the day with her. Afterwards, Abby downloads several photos that she had taken from the previous night before leaving to see a psychiatrist, revealed to be Larry.", "Abby seduces Larry by saying that she's addicted to men, alluding to her past history with her father. Confirming that he is unfaithful to Danni's mother, Abby shows up at his place of work one day and convinces him to give her a ride, during which she paralyzes him with [vecuronium bromide](/wiki/Vecuronium_bromide \"Vecuronium bromide\"), resulting in a car accident. After hearing of her stepfather's death, Danni seeks solace from Abby, only for Abby to grow angry when Danni says she will move in with her boyfriend. Abby comments that she hopes that Larry's genitals were severed in the car crash. When Danni realizes that Abby knows about the car crash, even though Danni never told her how he died, Danni leaves. This infuriates Abby, who decides that she will now hurt Danni instead of helping her. She slowly convinces Detective John Rogan that Danni is mentally unstable and obsessed with her.", "The next day, Abby runs into Rachel Adams, a new human resources employee who remarks that Abby greatly resembles a girl she knew that was sent to a mental institution. Abby invites Rachel out for drinks and takes the opportunity to harass Danni by calling her via [Skype](/wiki/Skype \"Skype\") and showing Danni a video of Abby injecting chemicals into Rachel. Danni tries to go to the police, only for Detective Rogan to dismiss her claims as evidence of her trying to hurt Abby because the other woman didn't return her affections. He uses the photographs Abby took as proof to this effect, which Steve sees as a result of Danni summoning him to the police station for support. This prompts an argument between the two, and Steve leaves in a fit of anger. Danni tries to approach Dr. Morris for help, only for him to use this as an opportunity to blackmail Abby into having sex with him. Abby initially pretends to agree to this arrangement but uses the opportunity to dismember and murder him. That same night Abby also knocks out Rachel and drags her away to her death.", "Danni goes to the mental institution referred to by Rachel. She learns about Sarah Price, a little girl who killed her father after learning he was having an affair and witnessing him severely beating her mother. Danni discovers that a nurse named Abigail Russell at the institution took in Sarah. Danni then realizes that Abby is Sarah and has taken the name of her caretaker. Danni then tries to call Rachel to warn her about Abby, only to find that Rachel's phone is in her car. She then receives a call from Abby who was just having sex with a cop, who implies that she will kill Steve similarly to Rachel.", "Danni rushes to the hospital, where she and Abby begin to fight. The staff initially tries to intervene, only for Abby to set off on a killing spree and lock herself into a lab. Danni and Steve pursue her, and Abby stabs Steve in the neck and runs off. Abby rushes home, where Detective Rogan confronts her. Noticing her neighbor Jared, Abby pretends that Rogan is trying to rob her. Her neighbor then bludgeons the detective with a bat, killing him instantly. Her neighbor is horrified to discover that Rogan is a cop, but Abby convinces him to hide the body, saying that Rogan was corrupt, and Jared would be badly treated since he is now a cop killer. Abby then assumes the identity of human resources employee Rachel Adams.", "" ]
History ------- *Nightmare Sisters* was filmed over four days in September 1987 for about $40,000 using left\-over film, cast, and crew from the just completed *[Sorority Babes in the Slimeball Bowl\-O\-Rama](/wiki/Sorority_Babes_in_the_Slimeball_Bowl-O-Rama "Sorority Babes in the Slimeball Bowl-O-Rama")*.David DeCoteau, John Schouweiler. (2003\). Audio Commentary (DVD). Retromedia.J.R. Bookwalter, *Attack of the B\-Movie Makers*, Cinema Home Video Productions, Hollywood, California, 1991\. The film was shot in the producer's rented home. Set decoration largely consisted of different colored lighting and covering the walls with posters. (One of the posters is for *[Creepozoids](/wiki/Creepozoids "Creepozoids")*, another [David DeCoteau](/wiki/David_DeCoteau "David DeCoteau") film starring [Linnea Quigley](/wiki/Linnea_Quigley "Linnea Quigley").) The actresses did their own make\-up and provided their own costumes.Brinke Stevens, Michelle Bauer. (2003\). Audio Commentary (DVD). Retromedia. The film was intended for the video rental market and possibly showings on late night cable television. *Nightmare Sisters* disappeared from sight shortly after being released. The company distributing the film abruptly went out of business with the result that less than 2,000 copies of the tape were ever distributed.IDavid DeCoteau, John Schouweiler. (2003\). Audio Commentary (DVD). Retromedia. The film became an instant obscurity. Over the next decade, the popularity of the three actresses, word of mouth about the famous bathtub scene, and the scarcity of the film caused it to develop a cult reputation. A segment from *Nightmare Sisters* featuring Linnea Quigley singing was included in *Linnea Quigley’s Horror Workout* (1990\). Footage also appeared in *Scream Queen Hot Tub Party* (1991\) and was discussed in the documentary *Screaming in High Heels: The Rise \& Fall of the Scream Queen Era* (2011\). In the early 1990s, a censored version of *Nightmare Sisters* aired on *[USA Up All Night](/wiki/USA_Up_All_Night "USA Up All Night")* on [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network "USA Network"). The famous scene in which the girls share a bath was excised and replaced with newly shot footage of the actresses in lingerie, jumping on a bed, and [bouncing balloons](/wiki/Bouncing_ball "Bouncing ball").
[ "History\n-------", "*Nightmare Sisters* was filmed over four days in September 1987 for about $40,000 using left\\-over film, cast, and crew from the just completed *[Sorority Babes in the Slimeball Bowl\\-O\\-Rama](/wiki/Sorority_Babes_in_the_Slimeball_Bowl-O-Rama \"Sorority Babes in the Slimeball Bowl-O-Rama\")*.David DeCoteau, John Schouweiler. (2003\\). Audio Commentary (DVD). Retromedia.J.R. Bookwalter, *Attack of the B\\-Movie Makers*, Cinema Home Video Productions, Hollywood, California, 1991\\.", "The film was shot in the producer's rented home. Set decoration largely consisted of different colored lighting and covering the walls with posters. (One of the posters is for *[Creepozoids](/wiki/Creepozoids \"Creepozoids\")*, another [David DeCoteau](/wiki/David_DeCoteau \"David DeCoteau\") film starring [Linnea Quigley](/wiki/Linnea_Quigley \"Linnea Quigley\").) The actresses did their own make\\-up and provided their own costumes.Brinke Stevens, Michelle Bauer. (2003\\). Audio Commentary (DVD). Retromedia.", "The film was intended for the video rental market and possibly showings on late night cable television. *Nightmare Sisters* disappeared from sight shortly after being released. The company distributing the film abruptly went out of business with the result that less than 2,000 copies of the tape were ever distributed.IDavid DeCoteau, John Schouweiler. (2003\\). Audio Commentary (DVD). Retromedia. The film became an instant obscurity.", "Over the next decade, the popularity of the three actresses, word of mouth about the famous bathtub scene, and the scarcity of the film caused it to develop a cult reputation.", "A segment from *Nightmare Sisters* featuring Linnea Quigley singing was included in *Linnea Quigley’s Horror Workout* (1990\\). Footage also appeared in *Scream Queen Hot Tub Party* (1991\\) and was discussed in the documentary *Screaming in High Heels: The Rise \\& Fall of the Scream Queen Era* (2011\\).", "In the early 1990s, a censored version of *Nightmare Sisters* aired on *[USA Up All Night](/wiki/USA_Up_All_Night \"USA Up All Night\")* on [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network \"USA Network\"). The famous scene in which the girls share a bath was excised and replaced with newly shot footage of the actresses in lingerie, jumping on a bed, and [bouncing balloons](/wiki/Bouncing_ball \"Bouncing ball\").", "" ]
College coaching career ----------------------- ### West Texas State In 1938, Curtice was hired at West Texas State in [Canyon, Texas](/wiki/Canyon%2C_Texas "Canyon, Texas"), as a professor of physical education and freshman coach in all sports.{{cite news\|title\=New Mentor Is In Columbia University\|newspaper\=The Canyon News\|date\=August 18, 1938\|page\=3\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26943830/new\_mentor\_is\_in\_columbia\_university/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} He became an assistant coach for the varsity football team in 1939 and was appointed head coach in December 1939\.{{cite news\|title\=Curtice Made Football Coach in New Plan\|newspaper\=The Canyon News\|date\=December 7, 1939\|page\=7\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26944009/curtice\_made\_football\_coach\_in\_new\_plan/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} As head coach at West Texas State, Curtice's 1940 team compiled a 7–3 record and won the [Alamo Conference](/wiki/Alamo_Conference "Alamo Conference") championship. His 1941 squad finished in third place in its first season in the [Border Conference](/wiki/Border_Conference "Border Conference") and compiled an 8–2 record. ### Texas Western and Navy In January 1942, Curtice was hired as the athletic director and head football coach at the Texas School of Mines (later renamed [University of Texas at El Paso](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso "University of Texas at El Paso")).{{cite news\|title\=Curtice, New College of Mines Coach, Looks For Football Assistant\|newspaper\=El Paso Herald\-Post\|date\=January 9, 1942\|page\=16\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26944377/curtice\_new\_college\_of\_mines\_coach/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} However, he entered the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") before the season began and was unable to begin his coaching duties until after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") ended.{{cite news\|title\=Milner Succeeds Curtice For Duration As Mines Coach\|newspaper\=El Paso Times\|date\=June 11, 1942\|page\=10\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26944518/milner\_succeeds\_curtice\_for\_duration\_as/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} During the war, Curtice served at [Naval Station Norfolk](/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk "Naval Station Norfolk") where he coached a basketball team. He was also assigned to duty in the [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands "Aleutian Islands") and with the [Saint Mary's Pre\-Flight School](/wiki/1944_Saint_Mary%27s_Pre-Flight_Air_Devils_football_team "1944 Saint Mary's Pre-Flight Air Devils football team"). Curtice returned to Texas Mines in October 1945, but the school did not field a football team that year.{{cite news\|title\=TCM Sports Look Brighter; Curtice Is Back\|newspaper\=El Paso Times\|date\=October 16, 1945\|page\=10\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26944891/tcm\_sports\_look\_brighter\_curtice\_is/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} He served as the school's head coach for four years from 1946 to 1949, compiling an overall record of 24–13–3\. His 1948 and 1949 squads compiled identical 8–2–1 records and appeared in back\-to\-back [Sun Bowls](/wiki/Sun_Bowl "Sun Bowl"). ### Utah In June 1950, Curtice was hired to replace [Ike Armstrong](/wiki/Ike_Armstrong "Ike Armstrong") as the head football coach at Utah.{{cite news\|title\=Texas Western Mentor Takes Utah Helm\|newspaper\=The Salt Lake Tribune\|date\=June 11, 1950\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26945204/texas\_western\_mentor\_takes\_utah\_helm/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} In eight years as the head coach at Utah, Curtice's teams won four Skyline Conference championships and compiled a 45–32–4 record (32–9–2 against Skyline opponents). ### Stanford In January 1958, Curtice was hired as the head football coach at Stanford.{{cite news\|title\=Stanford Gives Curtice 5 Year Contract\|newspaper\=San Francisco Examiner\|date\=January 17, 1958\|page\=II\-7, II\-9\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26945420/stanford\_gives\_curtice\_5\_year\_contract/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} Curtice coached at Stanford for five seasons. His teams did not have a winning record in any of those years. His overall record at Stanford was 14–36 (5–19 against conference opponents). He was fired in November 1962\.{{cite news\|title\=It's Official! Stanford Gives Curtice The Axe\|newspaper\=Humboldt Standard\|date\=November 27, 1962\|page\=13\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26945586/its\_official\_stanford\_gives\_curtice/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} ### UC Santa Barbara In February 1963, Curtice was hired as the head football coach at UC Santa Barbara.{{cite news\|title\=Curtice Grid Coach At Santa Barbara\|newspaper\=San Francisco Examiner\|date\=February 3, 1963\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26945705/curtice\_grid\_coach\_at\_santa\_barbara/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} His [1965 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team](/wiki/1965_UC_Santa_Barbara_Gauchos_football_team "1965 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team") compiled an 8–1 record in the regular season, and Curtice received the NCAA College Division Coach of the Year award. In seven seasons at Santa Barbara, his teams compiled a 37–29–1 record. Curtice retired from coaching in January 1970\. In a coaching career that spanned 40 years, he developed a reputation as an innovator and advocate of the passing game. His [1957 Utah Utes football team](/wiki/1957_Utah_Utes_football_team "1957 Utah Utes football team") led the country in passing, and during the decade from 1950 to 1960, he coached seven quarterbacks, including [Lee Grosscup](/wiki/Lee_Grosscup "Lee Grosscup") and [Dick Norman](/wiki/Dick_Norman_%28American_football%29 "Dick Norman (American football)"), who ranked in the top 10 in passing. He also wrote a book titled "The Passing Game".{{cite news\|title\=Curtice Ends Long Coaching Career\|newspaper\=The San Bernardino County Sun\|date\=January 9, 1970\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26945962/curtice\_ends\_long\_coaching\_career/\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}}
[ "College coaching career\n-----------------------", "### West Texas State", "In 1938, Curtice was hired at West Texas State in [Canyon, Texas](/wiki/Canyon%2C_Texas \"Canyon, Texas\"), as a professor of physical education and freshman coach in all sports.{{cite news\\|title\\=New Mentor Is In Columbia University\\|newspaper\\=The Canyon News\\|date\\=August 18, 1938\\|page\\=3\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26943830/new\\_mentor\\_is\\_in\\_columbia\\_university/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} He became an assistant coach for the varsity football team in 1939 and was appointed head coach in December 1939\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Curtice Made Football Coach in New Plan\\|newspaper\\=The Canyon News\\|date\\=December 7, 1939\\|page\\=7\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26944009/curtice\\_made\\_football\\_coach\\_in\\_new\\_plan/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} As head coach at West Texas State, Curtice's 1940 team compiled a 7–3 record and won the [Alamo Conference](/wiki/Alamo_Conference \"Alamo Conference\") championship. His 1941 squad finished in third place in its first season in the [Border Conference](/wiki/Border_Conference \"Border Conference\") and compiled an 8–2 record.", "### Texas Western and Navy", "In January 1942, Curtice was hired as the athletic director and head football coach at the Texas School of Mines (later renamed [University of Texas at El Paso](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso \"University of Texas at El Paso\")).{{cite news\\|title\\=Curtice, New College of Mines Coach, Looks For Football Assistant\\|newspaper\\=El Paso Herald\\-Post\\|date\\=January 9, 1942\\|page\\=16\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26944377/curtice\\_new\\_college\\_of\\_mines\\_coach/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} However, he entered the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") before the season began and was unable to begin his coaching duties until after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") ended.{{cite news\\|title\\=Milner Succeeds Curtice For Duration As Mines Coach\\|newspaper\\=El Paso Times\\|date\\=June 11, 1942\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26944518/milner\\_succeeds\\_curtice\\_for\\_duration\\_as/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "During the war, Curtice served at [Naval Station Norfolk](/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk \"Naval Station Norfolk\") where he coached a basketball team. He was also assigned to duty in the [Aleutian Islands](/wiki/Aleutian_Islands \"Aleutian Islands\") and with the [Saint Mary's Pre\\-Flight School](/wiki/1944_Saint_Mary%27s_Pre-Flight_Air_Devils_football_team \"1944 Saint Mary's Pre-Flight Air Devils football team\").", "Curtice returned to Texas Mines in October 1945, but the school did not field a football team that year.{{cite news\\|title\\=TCM Sports Look Brighter; Curtice Is Back\\|newspaper\\=El Paso Times\\|date\\=October 16, 1945\\|page\\=10\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26944891/tcm\\_sports\\_look\\_brighter\\_curtice\\_is/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} He served as the school's head coach for four years from 1946 to 1949, compiling an overall record of 24–13–3\\. His 1948 and 1949 squads compiled identical 8–2–1 records and appeared in back\\-to\\-back [Sun Bowls](/wiki/Sun_Bowl \"Sun Bowl\").", "### Utah", "In June 1950, Curtice was hired to replace [Ike Armstrong](/wiki/Ike_Armstrong \"Ike Armstrong\") as the head football coach at Utah.{{cite news\\|title\\=Texas Western Mentor Takes Utah Helm\\|newspaper\\=The Salt Lake Tribune\\|date\\=June 11, 1950\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26945204/texas\\_western\\_mentor\\_takes\\_utah\\_helm/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} In eight years as the head coach at Utah, Curtice's teams won four Skyline Conference championships and compiled a 45–32–4 record (32–9–2 against Skyline opponents).", "### Stanford", "In January 1958, Curtice was hired as the head football coach at Stanford.{{cite news\\|title\\=Stanford Gives Curtice 5 Year Contract\\|newspaper\\=San Francisco Examiner\\|date\\=January 17, 1958\\|page\\=II\\-7, II\\-9\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26945420/stanford\\_gives\\_curtice\\_5\\_year\\_contract/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} Curtice coached at Stanford for five seasons. His teams did not have a winning record in any of those years. His overall record at Stanford was 14–36 (5–19 against conference opponents). He was fired in November 1962\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=It's Official! Stanford Gives Curtice The Axe\\|newspaper\\=Humboldt Standard\\|date\\=November 27, 1962\\|page\\=13\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26945586/its\\_official\\_stanford\\_gives\\_curtice/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "### UC Santa Barbara", "In February 1963, Curtice was hired as the head football coach at UC Santa Barbara.{{cite news\\|title\\=Curtice Grid Coach At Santa Barbara\\|newspaper\\=San Francisco Examiner\\|date\\=February 3, 1963\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26945705/curtice\\_grid\\_coach\\_at\\_santa\\_barbara/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} His [1965 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team](/wiki/1965_UC_Santa_Barbara_Gauchos_football_team \"1965 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team\") compiled an 8–1 record in the regular season, and Curtice received the NCAA College Division Coach of the Year award. In seven seasons at Santa Barbara, his teams compiled a 37–29–1 record.", "Curtice retired from coaching in January 1970\\. In a coaching career that spanned 40 years, he developed a reputation as an innovator and advocate of the passing game. His [1957 Utah Utes football team](/wiki/1957_Utah_Utes_football_team \"1957 Utah Utes football team\") led the country in passing, and during the decade from 1950 to 1960, he coached seven quarterbacks, including [Lee Grosscup](/wiki/Lee_Grosscup \"Lee Grosscup\") and [Dick Norman](/wiki/Dick_Norman_%28American_football%29 \"Dick Norman (American football)\"), who ranked in the top 10 in passing. He also wrote a book titled \"The Passing Game\".{{cite news\\|title\\=Curtice Ends Long Coaching Career\\|newspaper\\=The San Bernardino County Sun\\|date\\=January 9, 1970\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26945962/curtice\\_ends\\_long\\_coaching\\_career/\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}}", "" ]
Current identity card for adults -------------------------------- ### Electronic identity document (2020\-present) The electronic identity card has been issued since December 2020, replacing the previous iteration which was yellow with holograms. It expires every 10 years. This new form of identification can also be stored on any smartphone that runs on Android or iOS operating systems using the Registry’s app. It has the same validity as its physical counterpart. #### Characteristics * Material: [Polycarbonate](/wiki/Polycarbonate "Polycarbonate") * Length: 5\.5 cm * Width: 8\.8 cm #### Front [thumb\|250px\|The front side of the electronic identity document.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_de_Colombia_-_2020_%28anverso%29.png "Documento de Identidad de Colombia - 2020 (anverso).png") The header consists of the inscriptions "CÉDULA DE CIUDADANÍA" and "REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” a small [Colombian flag](/wiki/Colombian_flag "Colombian flag"), in the lower right corner there is a [butterfly](/wiki/Butterfly "Butterfly") that changes color [gold](/wiki/Gold_%28color%29 "Gold (color)")/[green](/wiki/Green "Green"). The background, mainly [yellow](/wiki/Yellow "Yellow") and [sky blue](/wiki/Sky_blue "Sky blue"), consists of [geometric patterns](/wiki/Pattern "Pattern") with relief, curves, a book and thirteen butterflies. The following information is found. * Photo of the person * NUIP (Número Único de Identidad Personal / Unique Personal Identification Number) * Last name(s) * First name(s) * [Nationality](/wiki/Colombian_nationality_law "Colombian nationality law") * [Height](/wiki/Human_height "Human height") * [Sex](/wiki/Sex-determination_system "Sex-determination system") * Photo window * [Date of birth](/wiki/Birthday "Birthday") * [Blood type](/wiki/Blood_type "Blood type") and [RH](/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system "Rh blood group system") * Place of birth * [Date](/wiki/Calendar_date "Calendar date") and place of issue * [Signature](/wiki/Signature "Signature") * Expiration date #### Back [thumb\|250px\|Back side of the electronic identity document.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_de_Colombia_-_2020_%28reverso%29.png "Documento de Identidad de Colombia - 2020 (reverso).png") The header consists of the inscription ".CO” which is the [domain name](/wiki/Domain_name "Domain name") of the country. The background, mostly yellow and sky blue, consists of geometric patterns, curves, and the [Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena](/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver%2C_Cartagena "Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena"). On the back is the following information. * Serial number * [Signature](/wiki/Signature "Signature") of the National Registry * [Biometric](/wiki/Biometrics "Biometrics") [QR code](/wiki/QR_code "QR code") * Three\-line data [machine\-readable zone](/wiki/Machine-readable_passport "Machine-readable passport") with identification document number #### Security measures Unlike the yellow with holograms card, this format does not include printing of the right [index](/wiki/Index_finger "Index finger"). However in order to be issued to Colombian citizens, [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprint "Fingerprint") and biometric data are taken and stored. The [QR code](/wiki/QR_code "QR code") uses ABIS (*Automated Biometric Identification System \- Sistema automático de identificación por biometrías*) technology that allows [government](/wiki/Government_of_Colombia "Government of Colombia") entities to verify the [identity](/wiki/National_identity "National identity") of the bearer of the document by accessing the citizen's [biometric](/wiki/Biometrics "Biometrics") [database](/wiki/Data "Data").
[ "Current identity card for adults\n--------------------------------", "### Electronic identity document (2020\\-present)", "The electronic identity card has been issued since December 2020, replacing the previous iteration which was yellow with holograms. It expires every 10 years.", "This new form of identification can also be stored on any smartphone that runs on Android or iOS operating systems using the Registry’s app. It has the same validity as its physical counterpart.", "#### Characteristics", "* Material: [Polycarbonate](/wiki/Polycarbonate \"Polycarbonate\")\n* Length: 5\\.5 cm\n* Width: 8\\.8 cm", "#### Front", "[thumb\\|250px\\|The front side of the electronic identity document.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_de_Colombia_-_2020_%28anverso%29.png \"Documento de Identidad de Colombia - 2020 (anverso).png\")", "The header consists of the inscriptions \"CÉDULA DE CIUDADANÍA\" and \"REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” a small [Colombian flag](/wiki/Colombian_flag \"Colombian flag\"), in the lower right corner there is a [butterfly](/wiki/Butterfly \"Butterfly\") that changes color [gold](/wiki/Gold_%28color%29 \"Gold (color)\")/[green](/wiki/Green \"Green\"). The background, mainly [yellow](/wiki/Yellow \"Yellow\") and [sky blue](/wiki/Sky_blue \"Sky blue\"), consists of [geometric patterns](/wiki/Pattern \"Pattern\") with relief, curves, a book and thirteen butterflies. The following information is found.", "* Photo of the person\n* NUIP (Número Único de Identidad Personal / Unique Personal Identification Number)\n* Last name(s)\n* First name(s)\n* [Nationality](/wiki/Colombian_nationality_law \"Colombian nationality law\")\n* [Height](/wiki/Human_height \"Human height\")\n* [Sex](/wiki/Sex-determination_system \"Sex-determination system\")\n* Photo window\n* [Date of birth](/wiki/Birthday \"Birthday\")\n* [Blood type](/wiki/Blood_type \"Blood type\") and [RH](/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system \"Rh blood group system\")\n* Place of birth\n* [Date](/wiki/Calendar_date \"Calendar date\") and place of issue\n* [Signature](/wiki/Signature \"Signature\")\n* Expiration date", "#### Back", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Back side of the electronic identity document.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_de_Colombia_-_2020_%28reverso%29.png \"Documento de Identidad de Colombia - 2020 (reverso).png\")", "The header consists of the inscription \".CO” which is the [domain name](/wiki/Domain_name \"Domain name\") of the country. The background, mostly yellow and sky blue, consists of geometric patterns, curves, and the [Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena](/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver%2C_Cartagena \"Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena\"). On the back is the following information.", "* Serial number\n* [Signature](/wiki/Signature \"Signature\") of the National Registry\n* [Biometric](/wiki/Biometrics \"Biometrics\") [QR code](/wiki/QR_code \"QR code\")\n* Three\\-line data [machine\\-readable zone](/wiki/Machine-readable_passport \"Machine-readable passport\") with identification document number", "#### Security measures", "Unlike the yellow with holograms card, this format does not include printing of the right [index](/wiki/Index_finger \"Index finger\"). However in order to be issued to Colombian citizens, [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprint \"Fingerprint\") and biometric data are taken and stored.", "The [QR code](/wiki/QR_code \"QR code\") uses ABIS (*Automated Biometric Identification System \\- Sistema automático de identificación por biometrías*) technology that allows [government](/wiki/Government_of_Colombia \"Government of Colombia\") entities to verify the [identity](/wiki/National_identity \"National identity\") of the bearer of the document by accessing the citizen's [biometric](/wiki/Biometrics \"Biometrics\") [database](/wiki/Data \"Data\").", "" ]
### Electronic identity document (2020\-present) The electronic identity card has been issued since December 2020, replacing the previous iteration which was yellow with holograms. It expires every 10 years. This new form of identification can also be stored on any smartphone that runs on Android or iOS operating systems using the Registry’s app. It has the same validity as its physical counterpart. #### Characteristics * Material: [Polycarbonate](/wiki/Polycarbonate "Polycarbonate") * Length: 5\.5 cm * Width: 8\.8 cm #### Front [thumb\|250px\|The front side of the electronic identity document.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_de_Colombia_-_2020_%28anverso%29.png "Documento de Identidad de Colombia - 2020 (anverso).png") The header consists of the inscriptions "CÉDULA DE CIUDADANÍA" and "REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” a small [Colombian flag](/wiki/Colombian_flag "Colombian flag"), in the lower right corner there is a [butterfly](/wiki/Butterfly "Butterfly") that changes color [gold](/wiki/Gold_%28color%29 "Gold (color)")/[green](/wiki/Green "Green"). The background, mainly [yellow](/wiki/Yellow "Yellow") and [sky blue](/wiki/Sky_blue "Sky blue"), consists of [geometric patterns](/wiki/Pattern "Pattern") with relief, curves, a book and thirteen butterflies. The following information is found. * Photo of the person * NUIP (Número Único de Identidad Personal / Unique Personal Identification Number) * Last name(s) * First name(s) * [Nationality](/wiki/Colombian_nationality_law "Colombian nationality law") * [Height](/wiki/Human_height "Human height") * [Sex](/wiki/Sex-determination_system "Sex-determination system") * Photo window * [Date of birth](/wiki/Birthday "Birthday") * [Blood type](/wiki/Blood_type "Blood type") and [RH](/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system "Rh blood group system") * Place of birth * [Date](/wiki/Calendar_date "Calendar date") and place of issue * [Signature](/wiki/Signature "Signature") * Expiration date #### Back [thumb\|250px\|Back side of the electronic identity document.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_de_Colombia_-_2020_%28reverso%29.png "Documento de Identidad de Colombia - 2020 (reverso).png") The header consists of the inscription ".CO” which is the [domain name](/wiki/Domain_name "Domain name") of the country. The background, mostly yellow and sky blue, consists of geometric patterns, curves, and the [Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena](/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver%2C_Cartagena "Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena"). On the back is the following information. * Serial number * [Signature](/wiki/Signature "Signature") of the National Registry * [Biometric](/wiki/Biometrics "Biometrics") [QR code](/wiki/QR_code "QR code") * Three\-line data [machine\-readable zone](/wiki/Machine-readable_passport "Machine-readable passport") with identification document number #### Security measures Unlike the yellow with holograms card, this format does not include printing of the right [index](/wiki/Index_finger "Index finger"). However in order to be issued to Colombian citizens, [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprint "Fingerprint") and biometric data are taken and stored. The [QR code](/wiki/QR_code "QR code") uses ABIS (*Automated Biometric Identification System \- Sistema automático de identificación por biometrías*) technology that allows [government](/wiki/Government_of_Colombia "Government of Colombia") entities to verify the [identity](/wiki/National_identity "National identity") of the bearer of the document by accessing the citizen's [biometric](/wiki/Biometrics "Biometrics") [database](/wiki/Data "Data").
[ "### Electronic identity document (2020\\-present)", "The electronic identity card has been issued since December 2020, replacing the previous iteration which was yellow with holograms. It expires every 10 years.", "This new form of identification can also be stored on any smartphone that runs on Android or iOS operating systems using the Registry’s app. It has the same validity as its physical counterpart.", "#### Characteristics", "* Material: [Polycarbonate](/wiki/Polycarbonate \"Polycarbonate\")\n* Length: 5\\.5 cm\n* Width: 8\\.8 cm", "#### Front", "[thumb\\|250px\\|The front side of the electronic identity document.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_de_Colombia_-_2020_%28anverso%29.png \"Documento de Identidad de Colombia - 2020 (anverso).png\")", "The header consists of the inscriptions \"CÉDULA DE CIUDADANÍA\" and \"REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” a small [Colombian flag](/wiki/Colombian_flag \"Colombian flag\"), in the lower right corner there is a [butterfly](/wiki/Butterfly \"Butterfly\") that changes color [gold](/wiki/Gold_%28color%29 \"Gold (color)\")/[green](/wiki/Green \"Green\"). The background, mainly [yellow](/wiki/Yellow \"Yellow\") and [sky blue](/wiki/Sky_blue \"Sky blue\"), consists of [geometric patterns](/wiki/Pattern \"Pattern\") with relief, curves, a book and thirteen butterflies. The following information is found.", "* Photo of the person\n* NUIP (Número Único de Identidad Personal / Unique Personal Identification Number)\n* Last name(s)\n* First name(s)\n* [Nationality](/wiki/Colombian_nationality_law \"Colombian nationality law\")\n* [Height](/wiki/Human_height \"Human height\")\n* [Sex](/wiki/Sex-determination_system \"Sex-determination system\")\n* Photo window\n* [Date of birth](/wiki/Birthday \"Birthday\")\n* [Blood type](/wiki/Blood_type \"Blood type\") and [RH](/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system \"Rh blood group system\")\n* Place of birth\n* [Date](/wiki/Calendar_date \"Calendar date\") and place of issue\n* [Signature](/wiki/Signature \"Signature\")\n* Expiration date", "#### Back", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Back side of the electronic identity document.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_de_Colombia_-_2020_%28reverso%29.png \"Documento de Identidad de Colombia - 2020 (reverso).png\")", "The header consists of the inscription \".CO” which is the [domain name](/wiki/Domain_name \"Domain name\") of the country. The background, mostly yellow and sky blue, consists of geometric patterns, curves, and the [Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena](/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver%2C_Cartagena \"Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena\"). On the back is the following information.", "* Serial number\n* [Signature](/wiki/Signature \"Signature\") of the National Registry\n* [Biometric](/wiki/Biometrics \"Biometrics\") [QR code](/wiki/QR_code \"QR code\")\n* Three\\-line data [machine\\-readable zone](/wiki/Machine-readable_passport \"Machine-readable passport\") with identification document number", "#### Security measures", "Unlike the yellow with holograms card, this format does not include printing of the right [index](/wiki/Index_finger \"Index finger\"). However in order to be issued to Colombian citizens, [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprint \"Fingerprint\") and biometric data are taken and stored.", "The [QR code](/wiki/QR_code \"QR code\") uses ABIS (*Automated Biometric Identification System \\- Sistema automático de identificación por biometrías*) technology that allows [government](/wiki/Government_of_Colombia \"Government of Colombia\") entities to verify the [identity](/wiki/National_identity \"National identity\") of the bearer of the document by accessing the citizen's [biometric](/wiki/Biometrics \"Biometrics\") [database](/wiki/Data \"Data\").", "" ]
Formats of previous identity documents -------------------------------------- ### Yellow with holograms identity card (2000\-2020\) The yellow with holograms card was issued in May 2000, replacing all previous iterations of the document. Despite no longer being issued as of 2020, it is still considered a valid document. Unlike the electronic card, the yellow with holograms card has no expiration date. #### Characteristics * Material: [Plastic](/wiki/Plastic "Plastic") * Length: 5\.5 cm * Width: 8\.8 cm #### Front [thumb\|250px\|Front of yellow with holograms identity card for adults. Issued from 2000\-2020\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_2000%E2%80%942020_%28Mayores_de_Edad%29_Anverso.jpg "Documento de Identidad 2000—2020 (Mayores de Edad) Anverso.jpg") The header consists of the inscriptions "REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” "IDENTIFICACIÓN PERSONAL" and "CÉDULA DE CIUDADANÍA.” The background, mostly [yellow](/wiki/Yellow "Yellow"), with [gray](/wiki/Gray "Gray") and [pink](/wiki/Pink "Pink"), consists of curved patterns and the country's coat of arms inscribed in a circle; it has holograms that show the emblem of the registry and the phrase "REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA.” On the front face you will find the following information. * Photo of the person * NUIP (Número Único de Identidad Personal / Unique Personal Identification Number) * Last name(s) * First name(s) * [Electronic signature](/wiki/Electronic_signature "Electronic signature") #### Back [thumb\|250px\|Back of yellow with holograms identity card. Issued from 2000\-2020\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_2000%E2%80%942020_%28Mayores_de_Edad%29_Reverso.png "Documento de Identidad 2000—2020 (Mayores de Edad) Reverso.png") It has no header. The background, mostly yellow and pink, consists of curved patterns, and the Registrar's emblem inscribed in a white circle. On the back is the following information. * [Fingerprint](/wiki/Digital_printing "Digital printing") of the right [index finger](/wiki/Index_finger "Index finger") * [Date of birth](/wiki/Birthday "Birthday") * Place of birth * [Height](/wiki/Human_height "Human height") * [Blood type](/wiki/Blood_type "Blood type") and [RH](/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system "Rh blood group system") * [Sex](/wiki/Sex-determination_system "Sex-determination system") * Date and place of issue * [Signature](/wiki/Signature "Signature") of the National Registry * Bar matrix with citizen information #### Biometrics This format includes printing of the right index. However, in order to be issued to Colombian citizens, fingerprints and biometric data are taken and stored. The matrix uses AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) technology that allows government entities to verify the identity of the bearer of the card by comparing the citizen's fingerprints. ### Brown laminated identity card (1993\-2000\) The brown laminated identity card, which was first issued since 1993, stopped being produced in 2000 when the yellow with holograms card was introduced. The brown laminated card has not been valid since August 1, 2010\. #### Characteristics * Material: Plastic * Length: 5\.5 cm * Width: 8\.8 cm #### Front [thumb\|250px\|Front side of a brown laminated identity card for adults. Issued from 1993\-2000\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_colombiano_%28C%C3%A9dula_Marr%C3%B3n_Plastificada%29_1993%E2%80%932000_Anverso.jpg "Documento de Identidad colombiano (Cédula Marrón Plastificada) 1993–2000 Anverso.jpg") The header consists of the inscriptions "REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” "IDENTIFICACIÓN PERSONAL" and "CÉDULA DE CIUDADANÍA.” The background is white and consists of brown patterns and the coat of arms of the country with ornaments. It obtains the following information: * Black and white photo of the person * NUIP (Número Único de Identidad Personal / Unique Personal Identification Number) * Last name(s) * First name(s) * Signature of cardholder #### Back It has no header. The background is white and consists of a brown pattern, and the emblem of the Registrar's Office is inscribed in a white circle. On the back is the following information. * [Ink print](/wiki/Printing "Printing") of the right index finger * Date of birth * Place of birth * Height * Blood type and RH * Sex * Date and place of expedition * Signature of the National Registry * Barcode with citizen information #### Biometrics This format includes printing of the right index fingerprint in ink. ### White laminated identity card (1952\-1993\) The white laminated card was used from 1952 to 1993, when the brown laminated one was introduced. It has not been valid since August 2010\. #### Characteristics [thumb\|250px\|Front side of a white laminated identity card for adults with characteristics. Issued from 1952\-1993\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_colombiano_%28C%C3%A9dula_Blanca_Laminada%29_1952%E2%80%931993_Caracter%C3%ADsticas.jpg "Documento de Identidad colombiano (Cédula Blanca Laminada) 1952–1993 Características.jpg") * Material: [Paper](/wiki/Paper "Paper") * Length: 5\.5 cm * Width: 8\.8 cm #### Front [thumb\|250px\|Front side of a white laminated identity card.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_colombiano_%28C%C3%A9dula_Blanca_Laminada%29_1952%E2%80%931993.jpg "Documento de Identidad colombiano (Cédula Blanca Laminada) 1952–1993.jpg") The header consists of the inscriptions "REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA" and "CEDULA DE CIUDADANÍA.” The background is white and has the country's coat of arms printed in green ink. On the front face you will find the following information. * Black and white photo of the person * Personal identification number * Place of issue * Last name(s) * First name(s) * Date and place of birth * Height * [Skin color](/wiki/Human_skin_color "Human skin color") * Signals * Signature of cardholder * Signature of the National Registry * Ink print of the right index finger #### Biometrics This format includes printing of the right index. ### Electoral Certificate [thumb\|250px\|Old Colombian [identity document](/wiki/Identity_document "Identity document") (Certificado Electoral) for people over 21 years of age (front).](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_colombiano_%28Certificado_Electoral%29_1935.jpg "Documento de Identidad colombiano (Certificado Electoral) 1935.jpg") The "electoral certificate" was issued to people over 21 years of age from February 1, 1935\. It is mandatory to present this document for electoral purposes, according to Law 31 of 1929, in all those civil and [political](/wiki/Political_demonstration "Political demonstration") acts in which that [personal identification](/wiki/Personal_identification "Personal identification") was necessary.
[ "Formats of previous identity documents\n--------------------------------------", "### Yellow with holograms identity card (2000\\-2020\\)", "The yellow with holograms card was issued in May 2000, replacing all previous iterations of the document. Despite no longer being issued as of 2020, it is still considered a valid document. Unlike the electronic card, the yellow with holograms card has no expiration date.", "#### Characteristics", "* Material: [Plastic](/wiki/Plastic \"Plastic\")\n* Length: 5\\.5 cm\n* Width: 8\\.8 cm", "#### Front", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Front of yellow with holograms identity card for adults. Issued from 2000\\-2020\\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_2000%E2%80%942020_%28Mayores_de_Edad%29_Anverso.jpg \"Documento de Identidad 2000—2020 (Mayores de Edad) Anverso.jpg\")", "The header consists of the inscriptions \"REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” \"IDENTIFICACIÓN PERSONAL\" and \"CÉDULA DE CIUDADANÍA.” The background, mostly [yellow](/wiki/Yellow \"Yellow\"), with [gray](/wiki/Gray \"Gray\") and [pink](/wiki/Pink \"Pink\"), consists of curved patterns and the country's coat of arms inscribed in a circle; it has holograms that show the emblem of the registry and the phrase \"REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA.” On the front face you will find the following information.", "* Photo of the person\n* NUIP (Número Único de Identidad Personal / Unique Personal Identification Number)\n* Last name(s)\n* First name(s)\n* [Electronic signature](/wiki/Electronic_signature \"Electronic signature\")", "#### Back", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Back of yellow with holograms identity card. Issued from 2000\\-2020\\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_2000%E2%80%942020_%28Mayores_de_Edad%29_Reverso.png \"Documento de Identidad 2000—2020 (Mayores de Edad) Reverso.png\")", "It has no header. The background, mostly yellow and pink, consists of curved patterns, and the Registrar's emblem inscribed in a white circle. On the back is the following information.", "* [Fingerprint](/wiki/Digital_printing \"Digital printing\") of the right [index finger](/wiki/Index_finger \"Index finger\")\n* [Date of birth](/wiki/Birthday \"Birthday\")\n* Place of birth\n* [Height](/wiki/Human_height \"Human height\")\n* [Blood type](/wiki/Blood_type \"Blood type\") and [RH](/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system \"Rh blood group system\")\n* [Sex](/wiki/Sex-determination_system \"Sex-determination system\")\n* Date and place of issue\n* [Signature](/wiki/Signature \"Signature\") of the National Registry\n* Bar matrix with citizen information", "#### Biometrics", "This format includes printing of the right index. However, in order to be issued to Colombian citizens, fingerprints and biometric data are taken and stored.", "The matrix uses AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) technology that allows government entities to verify the identity of the bearer of the card by comparing the citizen's fingerprints.", "### Brown laminated identity card (1993\\-2000\\)", "The brown laminated identity card, which was first issued since 1993, stopped being produced in 2000 when the yellow with holograms card was introduced. The brown laminated card has not been valid since August 1, 2010\\.", "#### Characteristics", "* Material: Plastic\n* Length: 5\\.5 cm\n* Width: 8\\.8 cm", "#### Front", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Front side of a brown laminated identity card for adults. Issued from 1993\\-2000\\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_colombiano_%28C%C3%A9dula_Marr%C3%B3n_Plastificada%29_1993%E2%80%932000_Anverso.jpg \"Documento de Identidad colombiano (Cédula Marrón Plastificada) 1993–2000 Anverso.jpg\")", "The header consists of the inscriptions \"REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” \"IDENTIFICACIÓN PERSONAL\" and \"CÉDULA DE CIUDADANÍA.” The background is white and consists of brown patterns and the coat of arms of the country with ornaments. It obtains the following information:", "* Black and white photo of the person\n* NUIP (Número Único de Identidad Personal / Unique Personal Identification Number)\n* Last name(s)\n* First name(s)\n* Signature of cardholder", "#### Back", "It has no header. The background is white and consists of a brown pattern, and the emblem of the Registrar's Office is inscribed in a white circle. On the back is the following information.", "* [Ink print](/wiki/Printing \"Printing\") of the right index finger\n* Date of birth\n* Place of birth\n* Height\n* Blood type and RH\n* Sex\n* Date and place of expedition\n* Signature of the National Registry\n* Barcode with citizen information", "#### Biometrics", "This format includes printing of the right index fingerprint in ink.", "### White laminated identity card (1952\\-1993\\)", "The white laminated card was used from 1952 to 1993, when the brown laminated one was introduced. It has not been valid since August 2010\\.", "#### Characteristics", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Front side of a white laminated identity card for adults with characteristics. Issued from 1952\\-1993\\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_colombiano_%28C%C3%A9dula_Blanca_Laminada%29_1952%E2%80%931993_Caracter%C3%ADsticas.jpg \"Documento de Identidad colombiano (Cédula Blanca Laminada) 1952–1993 Características.jpg\")\n* Material: [Paper](/wiki/Paper \"Paper\")\n* Length: 5\\.5 cm\n* Width: 8\\.8 cm", "#### Front", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Front side of a white laminated identity card.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_colombiano_%28C%C3%A9dula_Blanca_Laminada%29_1952%E2%80%931993.jpg \"Documento de Identidad colombiano (Cédula Blanca Laminada) 1952–1993.jpg\")", "The header consists of the inscriptions \"REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA\" and \"CEDULA DE CIUDADANÍA.” The background is white and has the country's coat of arms printed in green ink. On the front face you will find the following information.", "* Black and white photo of the person\n* Personal identification number\n* Place of issue\n* Last name(s)\n* First name(s)\n* Date and place of birth\n* Height\n* [Skin color](/wiki/Human_skin_color \"Human skin color\")\n* Signals\n* Signature of cardholder\n* Signature of the National Registry\n* Ink print of the right index finger", "#### Biometrics", "This format includes printing of the right index.", "### Electoral Certificate", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Old Colombian [identity document](/wiki/Identity_document \"Identity document\") (Certificado Electoral) for people over 21 years of age (front).](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_colombiano_%28Certificado_Electoral%29_1935.jpg \"Documento de Identidad colombiano (Certificado Electoral) 1935.jpg\")", "The \"electoral certificate\" was issued to people over 21 years of age from February 1, 1935\\. It is mandatory to present this document for electoral purposes, according to Law 31 of 1929, in all those civil and [political](/wiki/Political_demonstration \"Political demonstration\") acts in which that [personal identification](/wiki/Personal_identification \"Personal identification\") was necessary.", "" ]
### Yellow with holograms identity card (2000\-2020\) The yellow with holograms card was issued in May 2000, replacing all previous iterations of the document. Despite no longer being issued as of 2020, it is still considered a valid document. Unlike the electronic card, the yellow with holograms card has no expiration date. #### Characteristics * Material: [Plastic](/wiki/Plastic "Plastic") * Length: 5\.5 cm * Width: 8\.8 cm #### Front [thumb\|250px\|Front of yellow with holograms identity card for adults. Issued from 2000\-2020\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_2000%E2%80%942020_%28Mayores_de_Edad%29_Anverso.jpg "Documento de Identidad 2000—2020 (Mayores de Edad) Anverso.jpg") The header consists of the inscriptions "REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” "IDENTIFICACIÓN PERSONAL" and "CÉDULA DE CIUDADANÍA.” The background, mostly [yellow](/wiki/Yellow "Yellow"), with [gray](/wiki/Gray "Gray") and [pink](/wiki/Pink "Pink"), consists of curved patterns and the country's coat of arms inscribed in a circle; it has holograms that show the emblem of the registry and the phrase "REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA.” On the front face you will find the following information. * Photo of the person * NUIP (Número Único de Identidad Personal / Unique Personal Identification Number) * Last name(s) * First name(s) * [Electronic signature](/wiki/Electronic_signature "Electronic signature") #### Back [thumb\|250px\|Back of yellow with holograms identity card. Issued from 2000\-2020\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_2000%E2%80%942020_%28Mayores_de_Edad%29_Reverso.png "Documento de Identidad 2000—2020 (Mayores de Edad) Reverso.png") It has no header. The background, mostly yellow and pink, consists of curved patterns, and the Registrar's emblem inscribed in a white circle. On the back is the following information. * [Fingerprint](/wiki/Digital_printing "Digital printing") of the right [index finger](/wiki/Index_finger "Index finger") * [Date of birth](/wiki/Birthday "Birthday") * Place of birth * [Height](/wiki/Human_height "Human height") * [Blood type](/wiki/Blood_type "Blood type") and [RH](/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system "Rh blood group system") * [Sex](/wiki/Sex-determination_system "Sex-determination system") * Date and place of issue * [Signature](/wiki/Signature "Signature") of the National Registry * Bar matrix with citizen information #### Biometrics This format includes printing of the right index. However, in order to be issued to Colombian citizens, fingerprints and biometric data are taken and stored. The matrix uses AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) technology that allows government entities to verify the identity of the bearer of the card by comparing the citizen's fingerprints.
[ "### Yellow with holograms identity card (2000\\-2020\\)", "The yellow with holograms card was issued in May 2000, replacing all previous iterations of the document. Despite no longer being issued as of 2020, it is still considered a valid document. Unlike the electronic card, the yellow with holograms card has no expiration date.", "#### Characteristics", "* Material: [Plastic](/wiki/Plastic \"Plastic\")\n* Length: 5\\.5 cm\n* Width: 8\\.8 cm", "#### Front", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Front of yellow with holograms identity card for adults. Issued from 2000\\-2020\\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_2000%E2%80%942020_%28Mayores_de_Edad%29_Anverso.jpg \"Documento de Identidad 2000—2020 (Mayores de Edad) Anverso.jpg\")", "The header consists of the inscriptions \"REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” \"IDENTIFICACIÓN PERSONAL\" and \"CÉDULA DE CIUDADANÍA.” The background, mostly [yellow](/wiki/Yellow \"Yellow\"), with [gray](/wiki/Gray \"Gray\") and [pink](/wiki/Pink \"Pink\"), consists of curved patterns and the country's coat of arms inscribed in a circle; it has holograms that show the emblem of the registry and the phrase \"REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA.” On the front face you will find the following information.", "* Photo of the person\n* NUIP (Número Único de Identidad Personal / Unique Personal Identification Number)\n* Last name(s)\n* First name(s)\n* [Electronic signature](/wiki/Electronic_signature \"Electronic signature\")", "#### Back", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Back of yellow with holograms identity card. Issued from 2000\\-2020\\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad_2000%E2%80%942020_%28Mayores_de_Edad%29_Reverso.png \"Documento de Identidad 2000—2020 (Mayores de Edad) Reverso.png\")", "It has no header. The background, mostly yellow and pink, consists of curved patterns, and the Registrar's emblem inscribed in a white circle. On the back is the following information.", "* [Fingerprint](/wiki/Digital_printing \"Digital printing\") of the right [index finger](/wiki/Index_finger \"Index finger\")\n* [Date of birth](/wiki/Birthday \"Birthday\")\n* Place of birth\n* [Height](/wiki/Human_height \"Human height\")\n* [Blood type](/wiki/Blood_type \"Blood type\") and [RH](/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system \"Rh blood group system\")\n* [Sex](/wiki/Sex-determination_system \"Sex-determination system\")\n* Date and place of issue\n* [Signature](/wiki/Signature \"Signature\") of the National Registry\n* Bar matrix with citizen information", "#### Biometrics", "This format includes printing of the right index. However, in order to be issued to Colombian citizens, fingerprints and biometric data are taken and stored.", "The matrix uses AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) technology that allows government entities to verify the identity of the bearer of the card by comparing the citizen's fingerprints.", "" ]
Identity card for minors ------------------------ ### Sky blue identity card (2014\-present) This is an identity card issued to minors (those under the age of 18\), which can be obtained from age 7\. It is only valid for identification purposes and cannot be used to vote, unlike the adult identity card. This is the current format. #### Characteristics * Material: [Plastic](/wiki/Plastic "Plastic") * Length: 5\.5 cm * Width: 8\.8 cm #### Front [thumb\|250px\|Front of the Colombian [identity document](/wiki/Identity_document "Identity document") required for [minors](/wiki/Minor_%28law%29 "Minor (law)").](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad-%28Menores_de_Edad%29-Anverso.jpg "Documento de Identidad-(Menores de Edad)-Anverso.jpg") The header consists of the inscriptions "REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” "IDENTIFICACIÓN PERSONAL" and "TARJETA DE IDENTIDAD.” The background, [sky blue](/wiki/Sky_blue "Sky blue") with [orange](/wiki/Orange_%28colour%29 "Orange (colour)"), consists of curved patterns; has a [green](/wiki/Green "Green")/[yellow](/wiki/Yellow "Yellow") color shift image. On the front face you will find the following information. * Photo of the person * NUIP (Número único de identidad personal / Unique Personal Identification Number) * Last name(s) * First name(s) * [Electronic signature](/wiki/Electronic_signature "Electronic signature") #### Back [thumb\|250px\|Reverse of the Colombian identity document required for minors.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad-%28Menores_de_Edad%29-Reverso.png "Documento de Identidad-(Menores de Edad)-Reverso.png") It has no header. The background, the same color as the front, consists of curved patterns, and the emblem of the Registry's Office inscribed in a gray circle. On the back is the following information. * [Digital printing](/wiki/Digital_printing "Digital printing") of the right [index finger](/wiki/Index_finger "Index finger") * [Date of birth](/wiki/Birthday "Birthday") * Place of birth * [Blood type](/wiki/Blood_type "Blood type") and [RH](/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system "Rh blood group system") * Sex * Date and place of issue * Signature of the National Registrar * Bar matrix with citizen information #### Biometrics This format includes digital printing of the right index. ### Pink Identity Card (?\-2014\) This version of the identity card for minors was issued until 2014\. #### Characteristics * Material: [Paper](/wiki/Paper "Paper") * Length: 5 cm * Width: 9 cm #### Front [thumb\|250px\|Old pink identity document from Colombia for minors. Stopped being issued in 2014\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad-Tarjeta_de_Identidad_Rosa_%28Menores_de_Edad%29.jpg "Documento de Identidad-Tarjeta de Identidad Rosa (Menores de Edad).jpg") The header consists of the inscriptions "REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA" and "TARJETA DE IDENTIDAD.” The [pink](/wiki/Pink "Pink") background, consists of patterns of curves. On the front face you will find the following information. * NUIP (Número único de identidad personal / Unique Personal Identification Number) * Last name(s) * First name(s) * Sex * Date and place of birth * Blood type and RH * Date and place of issue #### Back The heading consists of the inscription "REGISTRADURÍA NACIONAL DEL ESTADO CIVIL.” The background is [white](/wiki/White "White"). On the back is the following information. * Signature of the Municipal Registrar * Color photograph of the person * Ink impression of the right index finger #### Biometrics This format includes printing of the right index.
[ "Identity card for minors\n------------------------", "### Sky blue identity card (2014\\-present)", "This is an identity card issued to minors (those under the age of 18\\), which can be obtained from age 7\\. It is only valid for identification purposes and cannot be used to vote, unlike the adult identity card. This is the current format.", "#### Characteristics", "* Material: [Plastic](/wiki/Plastic \"Plastic\")\n* Length: 5\\.5 cm\n* Width: 8\\.8 cm", "#### Front", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Front of the Colombian [identity document](/wiki/Identity_document \"Identity document\") required for [minors](/wiki/Minor_%28law%29 \"Minor (law)\").](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad-%28Menores_de_Edad%29-Anverso.jpg \"Documento de Identidad-(Menores de Edad)-Anverso.jpg\")", "The header consists of the inscriptions \"REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA,” \"IDENTIFICACIÓN PERSONAL\" and \"TARJETA DE IDENTIDAD.” The background, [sky blue](/wiki/Sky_blue \"Sky blue\") with [orange](/wiki/Orange_%28colour%29 \"Orange (colour)\"), consists of curved patterns; has a [green](/wiki/Green \"Green\")/[yellow](/wiki/Yellow \"Yellow\") color shift image. On the front face you will find the following information.", "* Photo of the person\n* NUIP (Número único de identidad personal / Unique Personal Identification Number)\n* Last name(s)\n* First name(s)\n* [Electronic signature](/wiki/Electronic_signature \"Electronic signature\")", "#### Back", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Reverse of the Colombian identity document required for minors.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad-%28Menores_de_Edad%29-Reverso.png \"Documento de Identidad-(Menores de Edad)-Reverso.png\")", "It has no header. The background, the same color as the front, consists of curved patterns, and the emblem of the Registry's Office inscribed in a gray circle. On the back is the following information.", "* [Digital printing](/wiki/Digital_printing \"Digital printing\") of the right [index finger](/wiki/Index_finger \"Index finger\")\n* [Date of birth](/wiki/Birthday \"Birthday\")\n* Place of birth\n* [Blood type](/wiki/Blood_type \"Blood type\") and [RH](/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system \"Rh blood group system\")\n* Sex\n* Date and place of issue\n* Signature of the National Registrar\n* Bar matrix with citizen information", "#### Biometrics", "This format includes digital printing of the right index.", "### Pink Identity Card (?\\-2014\\)", "This version of the identity card for minors was issued until 2014\\.", "#### Characteristics", "* Material: [Paper](/wiki/Paper \"Paper\")\n* Length: 5 cm\n* Width: 9 cm", "#### Front", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Old pink identity document from Colombia for minors. Stopped being issued in 2014\\.](/wiki/File:Documento_de_Identidad-Tarjeta_de_Identidad_Rosa_%28Menores_de_Edad%29.jpg \"Documento de Identidad-Tarjeta de Identidad Rosa (Menores de Edad).jpg\")", "The header consists of the inscriptions \"REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA\" and \"TARJETA DE IDENTIDAD.” The [pink](/wiki/Pink \"Pink\") background, consists of patterns of curves. On the front face you will find the following information.", "* NUIP (Número único de identidad personal / Unique Personal Identification Number)\n* Last name(s)\n* First name(s)\n* Sex\n* Date and place of birth\n* Blood type and RH\n* Date and place of issue", "#### Back", "The heading consists of the inscription \"REGISTRADURÍA NACIONAL DEL ESTADO CIVIL.” The background is [white](/wiki/White \"White\"). On the back is the following information.", "* Signature of the Municipal Registrar\n* Color photograph of the person\n* Ink impression of the right index finger", "#### Biometrics", "This format includes printing of the right index.", "" ]
Early versions -------------- Binary Research developed GHOST in [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland "Auckland"), New Zealand. After the Symantec acquisition, a few functions (such as translation into other languages) were moved elsewhere, but the main development remained in Auckland until October 2009 at which time much was moved to India.{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2010}} Technologies developed by 20/20 Software were integrated into GHOST after their acquisition by Symantec in April 2000\.{{cite web\|access\-date\=2008\-04\-14\|url\=http://www.symantec.com/about/profile/development/acquisitions/index.jsp\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051207025453/http://www.symantec.com/about/profile/development/acquisitions/index.jsp\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=December 7, 2005\|title\=Acquisitions \|publisher\=\[\[NortonLifeLock\|Symantec]] }} ### GHOST 1\.0 and 2\.0 GHOST 1\.0 and 1\.1 were released in 1996, followed by 2\.0 (2\.07\) in the same year. These versions supported only the cloning of entire disks. They could run on an IBM XT and without extended memory. They also worked with [OS/2](/wiki/OS/2 "OS/2").{{cite web \|last1\=Dassow \|first1\=Peter \|title\=Ghost HDD imaging history ... Wikipedia ignores versions below 3 \|work\=Peter's z80\.eu site blog \|url\=http://www.z80\.eu/blog/index.php?entry\=entry201228\-155943 \|language\=en}} ### GHOST 3\.1 Version 3\.1, released in 1997 supports cloning individual [partitions](/wiki/Partition_%28IBM_PC%29 "Partition (IBM PC)"). GHOST could clone a disk or partition to another disk or partition or to an image file. GHOST allows for writing a clone or image to a second disk in the same machine, another machine linked by a parallel or network cable, a network drive, or to a tape drive. 3\.1 uses 286 with XMS and could still run on OS/2\. ### GHOST 4\.0 and 4\.1 Version 4\.0 of GHOST added [multicast](/wiki/Multicast "Multicast") technology, following the lead of a competitor, [ImageCast](/wiki/ImageCast "ImageCast"). Multicasting supports sending a single [backup](/wiki/Backup "Backup") image simultaneously to other machines without putting greater stress on the network than by sending an image to a single machine. This version also introduced GHOST Explorer, a [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows") program which supports browsing the contents of a disk image file and extracting individual files from it. Explorer was subsequently enhanced to support adding and deleting files in a [FAT](/wiki/File_Allocation_Table "File Allocation Table")\-formatted image, and later with [EXT2](/wiki/Ext2 "Ext2"), [EXT3](/wiki/Ext3 "Ext3") and [NTFS](/wiki/NTFS "NTFS") [file systems](/wiki/File_system "File system"). Until 2007, GHOST Explorer could not edit NTFS images. GHOST Explorer could work with images from older versions but only slowly; version 4 images contain indexes to find files rapidly. Version 4\.0 also moved from [real\-mode](/wiki/Real_mode "Real mode") [DOS](/wiki/DOS "DOS") to [286](/wiki/80286 "80286") [protected mode](/wiki/Protected_mode "Protected mode") via [Pharlap Extender](/wiki/Phar_Lap_Software "Phar Lap Software"). The additional memory available allows GHOST to provide several levels of [compression](/wiki/Data_compression "Data compression") for images, and to provide the file browser. In 1998, GHOST 4\.1 supports password\-protected images. This version dropped OS/2 support. ### GHOST 5\.0 (GHOST 2000\) Version 5\.0 moved to [386](/wiki/80386 "80386") [protected mode](/wiki/Protected_mode "Protected mode"). Unlike the [text\-based user interface](/wiki/Text-based_user_interface "Text-based user interface") of earlier versions, 5\.0 uses a [graphical user interface](/wiki/Graphical_user_interface "Graphical user interface") (GUI). The Binary Research logo, two stars revolving around each other, plays on the main screen when the program is idle. In 1998, Gdisk, a script\-based [partition manager](/wiki/Partition_manager "Partition manager"), was integrated in Ghost. Gdisk serves a role similar to [Fdisk](/wiki/Fdisk "Fdisk"), but has greater capabilities. ### GHOST for NetWare A Norton GHOST version for [Novell NetWare](/wiki/Novell_NetWare "Novell NetWare") (called 2\.0\), released around 1999, supports [NSS](/wiki/Novell_Storage_Services "Novell Storage Services") partitions (although it runs in [DOS](/wiki/DOS "DOS"), like the others). ### GHOST 6\.0 (GHOST 2001\) GHOST 6\.0, released in 2000, includes a management console for managing large numbers of machines. The console communicates with client software on managed computers and allows a [system administrator](/wiki/System_administrator "System administrator") to refresh the disk of a machine remotely. As a DOS\-based program, GHOST requires machines running Windows to reboot to DOS to run it. GHOST 6\.0 requires a separate DOS partition when used with the console.{{Cite book\|last\=Spindler\|first\=Douglas\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=GRcEAAAAMBAJ\&q\=%22Norton\+Ghost%22\+\-wikipedia\&pg\=PA63\|title\=No cloning around\|date\=2000\-01\-17\|publisher\=Network world\|language\=en}} ### GHOST 7\.0 / GHOST 2002 Released March 31, 2001, Norton GHOST version 7\.0 (retail) was marketed as Norton GHOST 2002 Personal Edition. ### GHOST 7\.5 Released December 14, 2001, GHOST 7\.5 creates a virtual partition, a DOS partition which actually exists as a file within a normal Windows file system. This significantly eased systems management because the user no longer had to set up their own partition tables. GHOST 7\.5 can write images to [CD\-R](/wiki/CD-R "CD-R") discs. Later versions can write [DVDs](/wiki/DVD "DVD"). ### Symantec GHOST 8\.0 GHOST 8\.0 can run directly from Windows. It is well\-suited for placement on bootable media, such as [BartPE](/wiki/BartPE "BartPE")′s bootable CD. The corporate edition supports [unicast](/wiki/Unicast "Unicast"), [multicast](/wiki/Multicast "Multicast") and [peer\-to\-peer](/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing "Peer-to-peer file sharing") transfers via [TCP/IP](/wiki/TCP/IP "TCP/IP"). GHOST 8\.0 supports NTFS file system, although NTFS is not accessible from a DOS program. ### Transition from DOS The off\-line version of Ghost, which runs from bootable media in place of the installed operating system, originally faced a number of driver support difficulties due to limitations of the increasingly obsolete 16\-bit [DOS](/wiki/DOS "DOS") environment. Driver selection and configuration within DOS was non\-trivial from the beginning, and the limited space available on floppy disks made disk cloning of several different disk controllers a difficult task, where different [SCSI](/wiki/SCSI "SCSI"), [USB](/wiki/USB "USB"), and CD\-ROM drives were involved. Mouse support was possible but often left out due to the limited space for drivers on a floppy disk. Some devices such as USB often did not work using newer features such as USB 2\.0, instead only operating at 1\.0 speeds and taking hours to do what should have taken only a few minutes. As widespread support for DOS went into decline, it became increasingly difficult to get hardware drivers for DOS for the newer hardware. Disk imaging competitors to GHOST have dealt with the decline of DOS by moving to other recovery environments such as [FreeBSD](/wiki/FreeBSD "FreeBSD"), [Linux](/wiki/Linux "Linux") or [Windows PE](/wiki/Windows_PE "Windows PE"), where they can draw on current driver development to be able to image newer models of disk controllers. Nevertheless, the DOS version of GHOST on compatible hardware configurations works much faster than most of the \*nix based image and backup tools{{Citation needed\|reason\=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence\|date\=May 2016}}. GHOST 8 and later are Windows programs; as such, they can run on Windows PE, [BartPE](/wiki/BartPE "BartPE") or Hiren's BootCD and use the same plug and play hardware drivers as a standard desktop computer, making hardware support for GHOST much simpler. ### Norton GHOST 2003 Norton GHOST 2003, a consumer edition of Ghost, was released on September 6, 2002\. Available as an independent product, Norton GHOST 2003 was also included as a component of Norton SystemWorks 2003 Professional. A simpler, non\-corporate version of Ghost, Norton GHOST 2003 does not include the console but has a Windows front\-end to script GHOST operations and create a bootable GHOST [diskette](/wiki/Diskette "Diskette"). The machine still needs to reboot to the virtual partition, but the user does not need to interact with DOS. Symantec deprecated [LiveUpdate](/wiki/LiveUpdate "LiveUpdate") support for Norton GHOST 2003 in early 2006\.
[ "Early versions\n--------------", "Binary Research developed GHOST in [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland \"Auckland\"), New Zealand. After the Symantec acquisition, a few functions (such as translation into other languages) were moved elsewhere, but the main development remained in Auckland until October 2009 at which time much was moved to India.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2010}}", "Technologies developed by 20/20 Software were integrated into GHOST after their acquisition by Symantec in April 2000\\.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-04\\-14\\|url\\=http://www.symantec.com/about/profile/development/acquisitions/index.jsp\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051207025453/http://www.symantec.com/about/profile/development/acquisitions/index.jsp\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2005\\|title\\=Acquisitions \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NortonLifeLock\\|Symantec]] }}", "### GHOST 1\\.0 and 2\\.0", "GHOST 1\\.0 and 1\\.1 were released in 1996, followed by 2\\.0 (2\\.07\\) in the same year. These versions supported only the cloning of entire disks. They could run on an IBM XT and without extended memory. They also worked with [OS/2](/wiki/OS/2 \"OS/2\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Dassow \\|first1\\=Peter \\|title\\=Ghost HDD imaging history ... Wikipedia ignores versions below 3 \\|work\\=Peter's z80\\.eu site blog \\|url\\=http://www.z80\\.eu/blog/index.php?entry\\=entry201228\\-155943 \\|language\\=en}}", "### GHOST 3\\.1", "Version 3\\.1, released in 1997 supports cloning individual [partitions](/wiki/Partition_%28IBM_PC%29 \"Partition (IBM PC)\"). GHOST could clone a disk or partition to another disk or partition or to an image file. GHOST allows for writing a clone or image to a second disk in the same machine, another machine linked by a parallel or network cable, a network drive, or to a tape drive. 3\\.1 uses 286 with XMS and could still run on OS/2\\.", "### GHOST 4\\.0 and 4\\.1", "Version 4\\.0 of GHOST added [multicast](/wiki/Multicast \"Multicast\") technology, following the lead of a competitor, [ImageCast](/wiki/ImageCast \"ImageCast\"). Multicasting supports sending a single [backup](/wiki/Backup \"Backup\") image simultaneously to other machines without putting greater stress on the network than by sending an image to a single machine. This version also introduced GHOST Explorer, a [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\") program which supports browsing the contents of a disk image file and extracting individual files from it. Explorer was subsequently enhanced to support adding and deleting files in a [FAT](/wiki/File_Allocation_Table \"File Allocation Table\")\\-formatted image, and later with [EXT2](/wiki/Ext2 \"Ext2\"), [EXT3](/wiki/Ext3 \"Ext3\") and [NTFS](/wiki/NTFS \"NTFS\") [file systems](/wiki/File_system \"File system\"). Until 2007, GHOST Explorer could not edit NTFS images. GHOST Explorer could work with images from older versions but only slowly; version 4 images contain indexes to find files rapidly.", "Version 4\\.0 also moved from [real\\-mode](/wiki/Real_mode \"Real mode\") [DOS](/wiki/DOS \"DOS\") to [286](/wiki/80286 \"80286\") [protected mode](/wiki/Protected_mode \"Protected mode\") via [Pharlap Extender](/wiki/Phar_Lap_Software \"Phar Lap Software\"). The additional memory available allows GHOST to provide several levels of [compression](/wiki/Data_compression \"Data compression\") for images, and to provide the file browser. In 1998, GHOST 4\\.1 supports password\\-protected images. This version dropped OS/2 support.", "### GHOST 5\\.0 (GHOST 2000\\)", "Version 5\\.0 moved to [386](/wiki/80386 \"80386\") [protected mode](/wiki/Protected_mode \"Protected mode\"). Unlike the [text\\-based user interface](/wiki/Text-based_user_interface \"Text-based user interface\") of earlier versions, 5\\.0 uses a [graphical user interface](/wiki/Graphical_user_interface \"Graphical user interface\") (GUI). The Binary Research logo, two stars revolving around each other, plays on the main screen when the program is idle. In 1998, Gdisk, a script\\-based [partition manager](/wiki/Partition_manager \"Partition manager\"), was integrated in Ghost. Gdisk serves a role similar to [Fdisk](/wiki/Fdisk \"Fdisk\"), but has greater capabilities.", "### GHOST for NetWare", "A Norton GHOST version for [Novell NetWare](/wiki/Novell_NetWare \"Novell NetWare\") (called 2\\.0\\), released around 1999, supports [NSS](/wiki/Novell_Storage_Services \"Novell Storage Services\") partitions (although it runs in [DOS](/wiki/DOS \"DOS\"), like the others).", "### GHOST 6\\.0 (GHOST 2001\\)", "GHOST 6\\.0, released in 2000, includes a management console for managing large numbers of machines. The console communicates with client software on managed computers and allows a [system administrator](/wiki/System_administrator \"System administrator\") to refresh the disk of a machine remotely. As a DOS\\-based program, GHOST requires machines running Windows to reboot to DOS to run it. GHOST 6\\.0 requires a separate DOS partition when used with the console.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Spindler\\|first\\=Douglas\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=GRcEAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=%22Norton\\+Ghost%22\\+\\-wikipedia\\&pg\\=PA63\\|title\\=No cloning around\\|date\\=2000\\-01\\-17\\|publisher\\=Network world\\|language\\=en}}", "### GHOST 7\\.0 / GHOST 2002", "Released March 31, 2001, Norton GHOST version 7\\.0 (retail) was marketed as Norton GHOST 2002 Personal Edition.", "### GHOST 7\\.5", "Released December 14, 2001, GHOST 7\\.5 creates a virtual partition, a DOS partition which actually exists as a file within a normal Windows file system. This significantly eased systems management because the user no longer had to set up their own partition tables. GHOST 7\\.5 can write images to [CD\\-R](/wiki/CD-R \"CD-R\") discs. Later versions can write [DVDs](/wiki/DVD \"DVD\").", "### Symantec GHOST 8\\.0", "GHOST 8\\.0 can run directly from Windows. It is well\\-suited for placement on bootable media, such as [BartPE](/wiki/BartPE \"BartPE\")′s bootable CD. The corporate edition supports [unicast](/wiki/Unicast \"Unicast\"), [multicast](/wiki/Multicast \"Multicast\") and [peer\\-to\\-peer](/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing \"Peer-to-peer file sharing\") transfers via [TCP/IP](/wiki/TCP/IP \"TCP/IP\"). GHOST 8\\.0 supports NTFS file system, although NTFS is not accessible from a DOS program.", "### Transition from DOS", "The off\\-line version of Ghost, which runs from bootable media in place of the installed operating system, originally faced a number of driver support difficulties due to limitations of the increasingly obsolete 16\\-bit [DOS](/wiki/DOS \"DOS\") environment. Driver selection and configuration within DOS was non\\-trivial from the beginning, and the limited space available on floppy disks made disk cloning of several different disk controllers a difficult task, where different [SCSI](/wiki/SCSI \"SCSI\"), [USB](/wiki/USB \"USB\"), and CD\\-ROM drives were involved. Mouse support was possible but often left out due to the limited space for drivers on a floppy disk. Some devices such as USB often did not work using newer features such as USB 2\\.0, instead only operating at 1\\.0 speeds and taking hours to do what should have taken only a few minutes. As widespread support for DOS went into decline, it became increasingly difficult to get hardware drivers for DOS for the newer hardware.", "Disk imaging competitors to GHOST have dealt with the decline of DOS by moving to other recovery environments such as [FreeBSD](/wiki/FreeBSD \"FreeBSD\"), [Linux](/wiki/Linux \"Linux\") or [Windows PE](/wiki/Windows_PE \"Windows PE\"), where they can draw on current driver development to be able to image newer models of disk controllers. Nevertheless, the DOS version of GHOST on compatible hardware configurations works much faster than most of the \\*nix based image and backup tools{{Citation needed\\|reason\\=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence\\|date\\=May 2016}}.", "GHOST 8 and later are Windows programs; as such, they can run on Windows PE, [BartPE](/wiki/BartPE \"BartPE\") or Hiren's BootCD and use the same plug and play hardware drivers as a standard desktop computer, making hardware support for GHOST much simpler.", "### Norton GHOST 2003", "Norton GHOST 2003, a consumer edition of Ghost, was released on September 6, 2002\\. Available as an independent product, Norton GHOST 2003 was also included as a component of Norton SystemWorks 2003 Professional. A simpler, non\\-corporate version of Ghost, Norton GHOST 2003 does not include the console but has a Windows front\\-end to script GHOST operations and create a bootable GHOST [diskette](/wiki/Diskette \"Diskette\"). The machine still needs to reboot to the virtual partition, but the user does not need to interact with DOS. Symantec deprecated [LiveUpdate](/wiki/LiveUpdate \"LiveUpdate\") support for Norton GHOST 2003 in early 2006\\.", "" ]
Consumer line ------------- ### Norton GHOST 9\.0 (includes GHOST 2003\) GHOST 9\.0 was released August 2, 2004\. It represents a significant shift in the consumer product line from GHOST 2003, in several ways: * It uses a totally different code base, based on the [DriveImage](/wiki/DriveImage "DriveImage")/[V2i Protector](/wiki/V2i_Protector "V2i Protector") product via Symantec's acquisition of [PowerQuest](/wiki/PowerQuest "PowerQuest"). * It is a Windows program that must be installed on the target system. * Images can be made while Windows is running, rather than only when booted directly into DOS mode. * [Incremental](/wiki/Incremental_backup "Incremental backup") images (containing only changes since the last image) are supported. * Requires [Product Activation](/wiki/Product_activation "Product activation") in order to function fully. * The bootable environment on the GHOST 9 CD is only useful for recovery of existing backups. It cannot be used to create new images. Since GHOST 9 does not support the older .gho format disk images, a separate CD containing GHOST 2003 is included in the retail packaging for users needing to access those older images. The limitations of GHOST 9 compared to GHOST 2003 were not well\-communicated by Symantec, and resulted in many dissatisfied customers who purchased GHOST 9 expecting the previous version's features (like making images from the bootable GHOST environment, no installation required, and no product activation). ### Norton GHOST 10\.0 Released circa 2005\. Supports creating images on CDs, DVDs, [Iomega Zip](/wiki/Iomega_Zip_drive "Iomega Zip drive") and [Jaz](/wiki/Iomega_Jaz_drive "Iomega Jaz drive") disks as well as [IEEE 1394](/wiki/IEEE_1394 "IEEE 1394") (FireWire) and [USB mass storage devices](/wiki/USB_mass_storage_device_class "USB mass storage device class"). Supports encrypting images and [Maxtor](/wiki/Maxtor "Maxtor") [external hard disk drives](/wiki/External_hard_disk_drive "External hard disk drive") with Maxtor OneTouch buttons. GHOST 10\.0 is compatible with previous versions, but not with future versions. ### Norton Save And Restore 1\.0 (GHOST 10\.0\) Norton Save And Restore 1\.0, released in February 2006, was the renamed consumer version of Ghost. It used GHOST 10\.0's engine, with the addition of features to allow backup and restoration of individual files. ### Norton GHOST 12\.0 GHOST 12\.0 (April 2007\) includes [Windows Vista](/wiki/Windows_Vista "Windows Vista") support with an updated and more thorough user interface. It supports both full system backup and individual files or folders backup. This version provides a "LightsOut Restore" feature, which restores a system from an on\-disk software recovery environment similar to [Windows RE](/wiki/Windows_RE "Windows RE"), thereby allowing recovery without a bootable CD. Upon system startup, a menu asks whether start the operating system or the LightsOut recovery environment. LightsOut restore would augment the [ISO image](/wiki/ISO_image "ISO image"), which comes with Ghost. The latter contains a recovery environment that can recover a system without a working operating system. ### Norton Save \& Restore 2\.0 (GHOST 13\.0\) NSR 2\.0 has fewer features in comparison to Norton GHOST 12\. NSR 2\.0 offers one\-time backups, file and folder backup, simplified schedule editor, Maxtor OneTouch integration and modifiable Symantec recovery disc. This version supports 32\-bit and 64\-bit versions of Windows XP and Vista. ### Norton GHOST 14\.0 Version 14\.0 (November 2007\) uses [Volume Snapshot Service](/wiki/Volume_Snapshot_Service "Volume Snapshot Service") (VSS) to make backups and can store backups to an [FTP](/wiki/FTP "FTP") site. GHOST can connect to ThreatCon, a Symantec service that monitors malware activity around the world, and performs [incremental backups](/wiki/Incremental_backup "Incremental backup") when a specific threat level is reached. Other features include the ability to back up to [network\-attached storage](/wiki/Network-attached_storage "Network-attached storage") devices and support for [NTFS](/wiki/NTFS "NTFS") partitions up to 16TB. GHOST can manage other installations of version 12\.0 or later across a network. This version no longer supports opening .gho image files. It stores images in .v2i format. Incremental backup images created with Norton GHOST are saved with .iv2i filename extensions alone the original full backup (with .v2i filename extension) on a regular basis. Older .gho image files can be restored using GHOST Explorer, a separate utility. ### Norton GHOST 15\.0 According to the Norton community on Symantec's site,{{Cite web \|date\=20 April 2010 \|title\=Norton Ghost 15 SP1 is now available \|url\=http://community.norton.com/t5/Other\-Norton\-Products/Norton\-Ghost\-15\-SP1\-is\-now\-available/td\-p/223163}} the following features are available in Norton GHOST 15 of April 2010: | Feature | Description | | --- | --- | | Improved support for virtual formats | {{Explain\|date\=September 2014}} | | Improved platform support | Includes support for Windows 7, Windows Vista with SP2 and [BitLocker](/wiki/BitLocker "BitLocker")\-encrypted volumes | | Create recovery points from within Symantec Recovery Disk | Creates independent recovery points (known as a cold backup or offline backup) without the need to install Norton GHOST or its agent | | Convert recovery points to virtual disks using a schedule | Scheduled\-based automatic conversion of recovery points to [VMDK](/wiki/VMDK "VMDK") or [VHD](/wiki/VHD_%28file_format%29 "VHD (file format)") files, or to a [VMware ESX](/wiki/VMware_ESX "VMware ESX") or [Microsoft Hyper\-V](/wiki/Microsoft_Hyper-V "Microsoft Hyper-V") server | | Support for [Microsoft Hyper\-V](/wiki/Microsoft_Hyper-V "Microsoft Hyper-V") and [Blu\-ray Disc](/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc "Blu-ray Disc") | Recovery points may now be created or restored from either | ### Discontinuation Norton GHOST was discontinued on April 30, 2013\.{{cite web \|title\=An important update regarding Norton Ghost \|url\=http://searchg.symantec.com/search?q\=Ghost\+Solution\+Suite\+2\.5\&charset\=utf\-8\&client\=symc\_en\_US\&context\=ent\&hitsceil\=100\&output\=xml\_no\_dtd\&proxystylesheet\=symc\_en\_US\&ulang\=en\&sort\=date%3AD%3AL%3Ad1\&entqr\=0\&entqrm\=0\&entsp\=a\&wc\=200\&wc\_mc\=1\&oe\=UTF\-8\&ie\=UTF\-8\&ud\=1\&site\=symc\_en\_US \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420235735/http://searchg.symantec.com/search?q\=Ghost\+Solution\+Suite\+2\.5\&charset\=utf\-8\&client\=symc\_en\_US\&context\=ent\&hitsceil\=100\&output\=xml\_no\_dtd\&proxystylesheet\=symc\_en\_US\&ulang\=en\&sort\=date%3AD%3AL%3Ad1\&entqr\=0\&entqrm\=0\&entsp\=a\&wc\=200\&wc\_mc\=1\&oe\=UTF\-8\&ie\=UTF\-8\&ud\=1\&site\=symc\_en\_US \|archive\-date\=20 April 2017 \|access\-date\=8 March 2014}} Support via chat and knowledge base was available until June 30, 2014\. Until it was removed, the Symantec GHOST Web page invited GHOST customers to try Symantec System Recovery,{{cite web \|title\=Symantec System Recovery Server Edition \|url\=http://www.symantec.com/system\-recovery\-server\-edition?inid\=us\_sym\_suggest\_2012OET \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728013246/http://www.symantec.com/system\-recovery\-server\-edition?inid\=us\_sym\_suggest\_2012OET \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=July 28, 2014 \|access\-date\=23 June 2014}} described as software for backup and disaster recovery.
[ "Consumer line\n-------------", "### Norton GHOST 9\\.0 (includes GHOST 2003\\)", "GHOST 9\\.0 was released August 2, 2004\\. It represents a significant shift in the consumer product line from GHOST 2003, in several ways:\n* It uses a totally different code base, based on the [DriveImage](/wiki/DriveImage \"DriveImage\")/[V2i Protector](/wiki/V2i_Protector \"V2i Protector\") product via Symantec's acquisition of [PowerQuest](/wiki/PowerQuest \"PowerQuest\").\n* It is a Windows program that must be installed on the target system.\n* Images can be made while Windows is running, rather than only when booted directly into DOS mode.\n* [Incremental](/wiki/Incremental_backup \"Incremental backup\") images (containing only changes since the last image) are supported.\n* Requires [Product Activation](/wiki/Product_activation \"Product activation\") in order to function fully.\n* The bootable environment on the GHOST 9 CD is only useful for recovery of existing backups. It cannot be used to create new images.", "Since GHOST 9 does not support the older .gho format disk images, a separate CD containing GHOST 2003 is included in the retail packaging for users needing to access those older images.", "The limitations of GHOST 9 compared to GHOST 2003 were not well\\-communicated by Symantec, and resulted in many dissatisfied customers who purchased GHOST 9 expecting the previous version's features (like making images from the bootable GHOST environment, no installation required, and no product activation).", "### Norton GHOST 10\\.0", "Released circa 2005\\. Supports creating images on CDs, DVDs, [Iomega Zip](/wiki/Iomega_Zip_drive \"Iomega Zip drive\") and [Jaz](/wiki/Iomega_Jaz_drive \"Iomega Jaz drive\") disks as well as [IEEE 1394](/wiki/IEEE_1394 \"IEEE 1394\") (FireWire) and [USB mass storage devices](/wiki/USB_mass_storage_device_class \"USB mass storage device class\"). Supports encrypting images and [Maxtor](/wiki/Maxtor \"Maxtor\") [external hard disk drives](/wiki/External_hard_disk_drive \"External hard disk drive\") with Maxtor OneTouch buttons. GHOST 10\\.0 is compatible with previous versions, but not with future versions.", "### Norton Save And Restore 1\\.0 (GHOST 10\\.0\\)", "Norton Save And Restore 1\\.0, released in February 2006, was the renamed consumer version of Ghost. It used GHOST 10\\.0's engine, with the addition of features to allow backup and restoration of individual files.", "### Norton GHOST 12\\.0", "GHOST 12\\.0 (April 2007\\) includes [Windows Vista](/wiki/Windows_Vista \"Windows Vista\") support with an updated and more thorough user interface. It supports both full system backup and individual files or folders backup.", "This version provides a \"LightsOut Restore\" feature, which restores a system from an on\\-disk software recovery environment similar to [Windows RE](/wiki/Windows_RE \"Windows RE\"), thereby allowing recovery without a bootable CD. Upon system startup, a menu asks whether start the operating system or the LightsOut recovery environment. LightsOut restore would augment the [ISO image](/wiki/ISO_image \"ISO image\"), which comes with Ghost. The latter contains a recovery environment that can recover a system without a working operating system.", "### Norton Save \\& Restore 2\\.0 (GHOST 13\\.0\\)", "NSR 2\\.0 has fewer features in comparison to Norton GHOST 12\\. NSR 2\\.0 offers one\\-time backups, file and folder backup, simplified schedule editor, Maxtor OneTouch integration and modifiable Symantec recovery disc. This version supports 32\\-bit and 64\\-bit versions of Windows XP and Vista.", "### Norton GHOST 14\\.0", "Version 14\\.0 (November 2007\\) uses [Volume Snapshot Service](/wiki/Volume_Snapshot_Service \"Volume Snapshot Service\") (VSS) to make backups and can store backups to an [FTP](/wiki/FTP \"FTP\") site. GHOST can connect to ThreatCon, a Symantec service that monitors malware activity around the world, and performs [incremental backups](/wiki/Incremental_backup \"Incremental backup\") when a specific threat level is reached. Other features include the ability to back up to [network\\-attached storage](/wiki/Network-attached_storage \"Network-attached storage\") devices and support for [NTFS](/wiki/NTFS \"NTFS\") partitions up to 16TB. GHOST can manage other installations of version 12\\.0 or later across a network.", "This version no longer supports opening .gho image files. It stores images in .v2i format. Incremental backup images created with Norton GHOST are saved with .iv2i filename extensions alone the original full backup (with .v2i filename extension) on a regular basis. Older .gho image files can be restored using GHOST Explorer, a separate utility.", "### Norton GHOST 15\\.0", "According to the Norton community on Symantec's site,{{Cite web \\|date\\=20 April 2010 \\|title\\=Norton Ghost 15 SP1 is now available \\|url\\=http://community.norton.com/t5/Other\\-Norton\\-Products/Norton\\-Ghost\\-15\\-SP1\\-is\\-now\\-available/td\\-p/223163}} the following features are available in Norton GHOST 15 of April 2010:", "", "| Feature | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Improved support for virtual formats | {{Explain\\|date\\=September 2014}} |\n| Improved platform support | Includes support for Windows 7, Windows Vista with SP2 and [BitLocker](/wiki/BitLocker \"BitLocker\")\\-encrypted volumes |\n| Create recovery points from within Symantec Recovery Disk | Creates independent recovery points (known as a cold backup or offline backup) without the need to install Norton GHOST or its agent |\n| Convert recovery points to virtual disks using a schedule | Scheduled\\-based automatic conversion of recovery points to [VMDK](/wiki/VMDK \"VMDK\") or [VHD](/wiki/VHD_%28file_format%29 \"VHD (file format)\") files, or to a [VMware ESX](/wiki/VMware_ESX \"VMware ESX\") or [Microsoft Hyper\\-V](/wiki/Microsoft_Hyper-V \"Microsoft Hyper-V\") server |\n| Support for [Microsoft Hyper\\-V](/wiki/Microsoft_Hyper-V \"Microsoft Hyper-V\") and [Blu\\-ray Disc](/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc \"Blu-ray Disc\") | Recovery points may now be created or restored from either |", "### Discontinuation", "Norton GHOST was discontinued on April 30, 2013\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=An important update regarding Norton Ghost \\|url\\=http://searchg.symantec.com/search?q\\=Ghost\\+Solution\\+Suite\\+2\\.5\\&charset\\=utf\\-8\\&client\\=symc\\_en\\_US\\&context\\=ent\\&hitsceil\\=100\\&output\\=xml\\_no\\_dtd\\&proxystylesheet\\=symc\\_en\\_US\\&ulang\\=en\\&sort\\=date%3AD%3AL%3Ad1\\&entqr\\=0\\&entqrm\\=0\\&entsp\\=a\\&wc\\=200\\&wc\\_mc\\=1\\&oe\\=UTF\\-8\\&ie\\=UTF\\-8\\&ud\\=1\\&site\\=symc\\_en\\_US \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420235735/http://searchg.symantec.com/search?q\\=Ghost\\+Solution\\+Suite\\+2\\.5\\&charset\\=utf\\-8\\&client\\=symc\\_en\\_US\\&context\\=ent\\&hitsceil\\=100\\&output\\=xml\\_no\\_dtd\\&proxystylesheet\\=symc\\_en\\_US\\&ulang\\=en\\&sort\\=date%3AD%3AL%3Ad1\\&entqr\\=0\\&entqrm\\=0\\&entsp\\=a\\&wc\\=200\\&wc\\_mc\\=1\\&oe\\=UTF\\-8\\&ie\\=UTF\\-8\\&ud\\=1\\&site\\=symc\\_en\\_US \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2014}} Support via chat and knowledge base was available until June 30, 2014\\. Until it was removed, the Symantec GHOST Web page invited GHOST customers to try Symantec System Recovery,{{cite web \\|title\\=Symantec System Recovery Server Edition \\|url\\=http://www.symantec.com/system\\-recovery\\-server\\-edition?inid\\=us\\_sym\\_suggest\\_2012OET \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728013246/http://www.symantec.com/system\\-recovery\\-server\\-edition?inid\\=us\\_sym\\_suggest\\_2012OET \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=July 28, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=23 June 2014}} described as software for backup and disaster recovery.", "" ]
Overview -------- Coritiba is the first club from southern Brazil to have won a national title, the 1973 [Torneio do Povo](/wiki/Torneio_do_Povo "Torneio do Povo"), and is also the first southern club to have competed in both main continental competitions, the [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/Copa_Libertadores "Copa Libertadores") and the [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana "Copa Sudamericana"). It was both the first club from [Paraná](/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_%28state%29 "Paraná (state)") to have won the [Série A](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A "Campeonato Brasileiro Série A") (the main title in Brazil), and to reach the semi\-finals in the second main competition in the country, the [Copa do Brasil](/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil "Copa do Brasil"), in [1991](/wiki/1991_Copa_do_Brasil "1991 Copa do Brasil"), [2001](/wiki/2001_Copa_do_Brasil "2001 Copa do Brasil"), [2009](/wiki/2009_Copa_do_Brasil "2009 Copa do Brasil"), and to reach the finals in [2011](/wiki/2011_Copa_do_Brasil "2011 Copa do Brasil") and [2012](/wiki/2012_Copa_do_Brasil "2012 Copa do Brasil"). The only one to have six consecutive *Paranaense* titles, between 1971 and 1976, Coritiba is also the club with the most appearances in this championship. With more than 30,000 members, it is currently ranked \#1 in the [FPF](/wiki/Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Paranaense_de_Futebol "Federação Paranaense de Futebol"), 14th place on the [CBF ranking](/wiki/CBF_ranking "CBF ranking"), 83rd place on the Conmebol ranking and 125th on the international [IFFHS](/wiki/IFFHS "IFFHS") ranking. The club has more than 30,000 members. As of 2013, it has partnerships (including loans and exchanges of youth players) with [Porto](/wiki/FC_Porto "FC Porto") and [Benfica](/wiki/S.L._Benfica "S.L. Benfica") of Portugal, [Chivas Guadalajara](/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara "C.D. Guadalajara") of Mexico, [Daegu](/wiki/Daegu_FC "Daegu FC") of South Korea and [VVV\-Venlo](/wiki/VVV-Venlo "VVV-Venlo") of the Netherlands. The club still holds the record for the most consecutive victories, 24 (twenty\-four), in official competitions,{{Cite web\|url\=http://placar.abril.com.br/materia/guiness\-retira\-recorde\-de\-coritiba\-a\-confirma\-marca\-para\-ajax\|title\=Guiness Retira Recorde de Coritiba\|work\=placar\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-22\|language\=pt\-BR}} and the longest streak among Brazilian teams, having played more than 4,800 games in its history.{{Cite web\|url\=http://futebol80\.com.br/links/times/coritiba/coritibaano.htm\|title\=Coritiba\|work\=futebol80\|access\-date\=2024\-02\-22\|language\=pt\-BR}} Coritiba is the first football club in the south of Brazil to begin to embrace American football. [Coritiba Crocodiles](/wiki/Coritiba_Crocodiles "Coritiba Crocodiles") is an American football team formed by the merger of Coritiba (American football) and the Barigui Crocodiles, being three times Brazilian champions, nine state champions and twice in the southern conference.
[ "Overview\n--------", "Coritiba is the first club from southern Brazil to have won a national title, the 1973 [Torneio do Povo](/wiki/Torneio_do_Povo \"Torneio do Povo\"), and is also the first southern club to have competed in both main continental competitions, the [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/Copa_Libertadores \"Copa Libertadores\") and the [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana \"Copa Sudamericana\").", "It was both the first club from [Paraná](/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_%28state%29 \"Paraná (state)\") to have won the [Série A](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A\") (the main title in Brazil), and to reach the semi\\-finals in the second main competition in the country, the [Copa do Brasil](/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil \"Copa do Brasil\"), in [1991](/wiki/1991_Copa_do_Brasil \"1991 Copa do Brasil\"), [2001](/wiki/2001_Copa_do_Brasil \"2001 Copa do Brasil\"), [2009](/wiki/2009_Copa_do_Brasil \"2009 Copa do Brasil\"), and to reach the finals in [2011](/wiki/2011_Copa_do_Brasil \"2011 Copa do Brasil\") and [2012](/wiki/2012_Copa_do_Brasil \"2012 Copa do Brasil\").", "The only one to have six consecutive *Paranaense* titles, between 1971 and 1976, Coritiba is also the club with the most appearances in this championship. With more than 30,000 members, it is currently ranked \\#1 in the [FPF](/wiki/Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Paranaense_de_Futebol \"Federação Paranaense de Futebol\"), 14th place on the [CBF ranking](/wiki/CBF_ranking \"CBF ranking\"), 83rd place on the Conmebol ranking and 125th on the international [IFFHS](/wiki/IFFHS \"IFFHS\") ranking. The club has more than 30,000 members.", "As of 2013, it has partnerships (including loans and exchanges of youth players) with [Porto](/wiki/FC_Porto \"FC Porto\") and [Benfica](/wiki/S.L._Benfica \"S.L. Benfica\") of Portugal, [Chivas Guadalajara](/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara \"C.D. Guadalajara\") of Mexico, [Daegu](/wiki/Daegu_FC \"Daegu FC\") of South Korea and [VVV\\-Venlo](/wiki/VVV-Venlo \"VVV-Venlo\") of the Netherlands.", "The club still holds the record for the most consecutive victories, 24 (twenty\\-four), in official competitions,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://placar.abril.com.br/materia/guiness\\-retira\\-recorde\\-de\\-coritiba\\-a\\-confirma\\-marca\\-para\\-ajax\\|title\\=Guiness Retira Recorde de Coritiba\\|work\\=placar\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-22\\|language\\=pt\\-BR}} and the longest streak among Brazilian teams, having played more than 4,800 games in its history.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://futebol80\\.com.br/links/times/coritiba/coritibaano.htm\\|title\\=Coritiba\\|work\\=futebol80\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-22\\|language\\=pt\\-BR}}", "Coritiba is the first football club in the south of Brazil to begin to embrace American football. [Coritiba Crocodiles](/wiki/Coritiba_Crocodiles \"Coritiba Crocodiles\") is an American football team formed by the merger of Coritiba (American football) and the Barigui Crocodiles, being three times Brazilian champions, nine state champions and twice in the southern conference.", "" ]
History ------- ### Foundation [thumb\|300px\|right\|Fritz Essenfelder](/wiki/File:Fundador_do_coritiba.jpg "Fundador do coritiba.jpg") In 1909, a group of young men met in the *Clube Ginástico Teuto\-Brasileiro Turnverein*{{cite web \|url\= https://www.coritiba.com.br/Artigo/39813/memoria\_coxa\_\_como\_tudo\_comecou\|title\= Memória Coxa: Como Tudo Começou\|trans\-title\=Memories of Coxa: How It All Began\|author\= \|date\=July 28, 2023 \|website\=Coritiba.com.br \|publisher\=Coritiba \|access\-date\=April 3, 2024 \| language\=pt\-BR}} (German\-Brazilian Gymnastics Club Turnverein – "Turnverein" being the German word for gymnastics club), where the German immigrant community of Curitiba gathered to play a variety of sports. In July of that year, a prominent member of the club, [Frederico "Fritz" Essenfelder](/wiki/Fritz_Essenfelder "Fritz Essenfelder") arrived with a leather ball in hand. He explained to his friends that it was a football and he explained the rules of this new game. Fritz and his friends within the club started organizing matches in the field of the Quartel da Força Pública (Public Force Headquarters).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/centenariocoritiba/conteudo.phtml?tl\=1\&id\=932851\&tit\=Especial\-mostra\-a\-trajetoria\-centenaria\-do\-Coritiba\|title\=Fritz did for Paraná what Charles Miller did for Brazil – he introduced the ball and the exciting game\|work\=gazetadopovo.com.br\|access\-date\=2014\-12\-27\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324032911/http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/centenariocoritiba/conteudo.phtml?tl\=1\&id\=932851\&tit\=Especial\-mostra\-a\-trajetoria\-centenaria\-do\-Coritiba\|archive\-date\=March 24, 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} Later, an invitation came to play a match against a club of workers, many of them British, from the Ponta Grossa railway. On 12 October 1909, Fritz called a meeting in the old Theatro Hauer (Hauer Theatre) to arrange the first match. A decision was made to form a football club, and he would call it *Teuto\-Brasileiro*. Teuto\-Brasileiro would be the first football club in the state of Paraná. ### The First Match [thumb\|300px\|left\|First match](/wiki/File:Coritiba1909.png "Coritiba1909.png") On 23 October 1909, in [Ponta Grossa](/wiki/Ponta_Grossa "Ponta Grossa"), the club had its first official match. The opponents were *Clube de Foot Ball de Tiro Pontagrossense*, made up of employees from the South American Brazilian Engineering Company. The match was won by Tiro Pontagrossense, with a 1–0 scoreline, the goal being scored by Elias Mota. Coritiba's team for the first match was: Arthur Iwersen, Erothildes Carlberg, Leopoldo Obladen, Arthur Hauer, Alfredo Labsch, Alfredo Hauer, Walter Dietrich, Teodoro Obladen, Carlos Schleker, Roberto Juchks, Fritz Essenfelder, Johann Maschke, Waldemar Hauer, Alvin Hauer and Rudolf Kaastrup. ### Club Foundation [thumb\|300px\|right\|Theatro Hauer](/wiki/File:Theatro_Hauer_em_Curitiba_em_1913.JPG "Theatro Hauer em Curitiba em 1913.JPG") After the match in Ponta Grossa, the club's founders and members were excited by the new game, and decided to dedicate their club exclusively to football. There were already more than 50 players, many of them not of German descent, yet the *Clube Ginástico Teuto\-Brasileiro Turnverein* did not allow non\-German members; this led to the formation of a separate club (after many discussions held at Teatro Hauer throughout December 1909\). Finally, on 30 January 1910, the independent *Coritibano Foot Ball Club* was formed. The name was chosen as this is what the team had played as at their first match in Ponta Grossa. The first club meeting was held 21 April 1910, after they had acquired all of the rules of the sport (from [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro") and [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "São Paulo")). During this meeting, the first Board of Directors was formed, naming João Viana Seiler as president, Arthur Hauer as vice\-president, José Júlio Franco and Leopoldo Obladen as first and second secretary respectively, and Walter Dietrich and Alvim Hauer as first and second treasurer respectively. Fritz was named captain of the team. It was also during this meeting that the name of the club was changed, this time to *Coritiba*, after the old name of the capital of Paraná. This was to avoid confusion with a social club in the city called *Coritibano*. The foundation of *Coritiba Foot Ball Club* effectively launched organized football in the state of Paraná. ### 1910s and 1920s [thumb\|300px\|left\|João Viana Seiler, first president](/wiki/File:Coritiba1927.jpg "Coritiba1927.jpg") The search for a football ground began and the *Hipódromo do Guabirotuba* (Guabirotuba Horse Racing Track) was chosen. It was also the home of the *Jockey Clube do Paraná* until 1955\. Bleachers were needed to accommodate spectators, and after the new stadium was retrofitted for football, it was named *Prado de Guabirotuba*. The inauguration took place on 12 June 1910, before a match against *Ponta Grossa Foot Ball Club* (the new name of Clube de Foot Ball de Tiro Pontagrossense). Coritiba won the match 5–3\. It was the first football match in Curitiba and was viewed by 200 spectators. Coritiba went on to play at Prado de Guabirotuba until 1917\. In 1915, Coritiba started competing in both the *Campeonato da Cidade* (City Championship) and the *Campeonato Paranaense* state championship. Coritiba won both the city and the state championships the following year. On 2 July 1916, Coritiba defeated a club by the name of *Spartano* in the Campeonato Paranaense state championship by 7 goals to the opponent's nought. That year, star player José Bermudes – better known as **[Maxambomba](/wiki/Maxambomba "Maxambomba")** – became the first player from a Paraná team to be selected for the Brazil national squad. Coritiba won the *Torneio Afonso Camargo* (Afonso Camargo Tournament) and, in 1917, the club started playing at their new stadium *Parque da Graciosa* in Juvevê, where they played until 1932\. In 1920, Coritiba won the *Torneio Início* and, in 1921, they won it again along with the *Torneio da Cruz Vermelha* and the *Torneio de Tiradentes*. On 15 August 1921, the club beat the São Paulo state team, the *Seleção Paulista*, 1–0\. The São Paulo state team formed the backbone of the Brazil national side, so this victory put football in the State of Paraná on the national map. The [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 "Forward (association football)") Maxambomba and the [midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder "Midfielder") Gonçalo Pena were both selected for the Brazil national team that played in the [1921 South American Championship](/wiki/1921_South_American_Championship "1921 South American Championship") (now called the [Copa América](/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica "Copa América")). In 1924, the great state rivalry between Coritiba and *Clube Atlético Paranaense* began. On 8 June of that year, Coritiba beat Atlético 6–3, with four goals by Ninho. On 7 November 1926, Coritiba beat Paraná Sports 13–1, the largest goal difference in the history of the Paraná state championship. Staco scored five goals for Coritiba. In 1927, with Antônio Couto Pereira as president, Coritiba soundly won the *Campeonato Paranaense* by winning eight of their nine matches. Staco scored seven goals in a 9–0 victory over Savoia. In the same year, the club won both the *Campeonato da Cidade* and the *Taça Fox*. ### 1930s and 1940s [300px\|left\|thumb\|Coritiba 1931](/wiki/File:Coritiba_1931.jpg "Coritiba 1931.jpg") In 1930, Coritiba won the *Torneio Início*. On 23 November, Coritiba beat their arch\-rivals Atlético\-PR by 7–4, the highest scoring match in the competition. The following year, Coritiba won the *Campeonato Paranaense* and the *Campeonato da Cidade*. In the 1931 edition of the *Campeonato Paranaense*, history was made during a match against [*Palestra Itália*](/wiki/Palestra_It%C3%A1lia_Futebol_Clube "Palestra Itália Futebol Clube"). Moaçir Gonçalves was a player\-manager for Coritiba and he became the first black player for a team from the state capital. There were many black players in the 1930s in Brazil, but Curitiba was a city dominated demographically by German, Polish and Ukrainian immigrants so black players were rare. With his team trailing 3–1, Moaçir Gonçalves substituted himself in and Coritiba won 5–4\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.coxanautas.com.br/conteudo.phtml?ed\=2\&id\=43\|title\=Os negros no futebol paranaense\|author\=Vinícius Coelho\|access\-date\=2014\-12\-27\|archive\-date\=December 27, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227161512/http://www.coxanautas.com.br/conteudo.phtml?ed\=2\&id\=43\|url\-status\=dead}} Another notable character that season was [Rei](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fontana_%28footballer%29 "José Fontana (footballer)"), a young ball boy for Coritiba nicknamed *Rei dos Vagabundos* (King of Bums) due to his lazy, laid\-back attitude. During training for a Sunday match, the regular goalkeeper was late and the coach, Pizzatto, put the sixteen\-year\-old Fontana in the net. He astonished everyone with his performance and he was promptly registered as a player by the next match. He debuted against Atlético\-PR in [Baixada](/wiki/Arena_da_Baixada "Arena da Baixada"), and Coritiba won 1–0\. José Fontana was selected as Man of the Match and went on to be known as 'The King'. He became the first goalkeeper from Paraná state to be selected for the national side.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/rei/\|title\=King\|access\-date\=2014\-12\-27\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603012401/http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/rei/\|archive\-date\=June 3, 2011\|url\-status\=dead}} In 1932, Coritiba won both the *Torneio Inicio* and the *Torneio dos Cronista Esportivos*. On 7 August 1932, Coritiba beat Atlético\-PR 6–1, away from home and with a reserve team. On 19 November, Coritiba inaugurated its new [Belfort Duarte](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Couto_Pereira "Estádio Couto Pereira") stadium. The inaugural match was against *América\-RJ*, a team from Rio who were the defending champions of the *Campeonato Carioca*, which is the state championship in Rio de Janeiro. Coritiba won 4–2 and began a long period of success, winning many titles including the city's championship, *Campeonato da Cidade* (1933, 1935 and 1939\), the *Campeonato Paranaense* (1933, 1935 and 1939\), the *Torneio Arthur Friedenreich* (1934\) and *Torneio Início* (1939\). On 23 January 1941, Coritiba played its first match against a foreign team, drawing with [Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata") of [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina") at Belfort Duarte. On 1 February 1942, Neno scored seven goals in a 10–2 victory over *Jacarezinho*. On 18 March, the club played a friendly against *Avaí* and won 4–1, the first match played at night under floodlights in the state of Paraná. In 1943, Coritiba won both the *Torneio Imprensa* and the *Torneio Luis Aranha*. 1944 saw Coritiba win the *Torneio Getúlio Vargas* and, in the following year, the *Torneio da Cidade de Curitiba*. During this time Couto Pereira left the presidency of the club after two terms (a total of thirteen years). In 1946 and 1947, won the *Campeonato da Cidade* and were twice champions in the *Campeonato Paranaense*. Also in 1947, Coritiba won all four categories of the *Campeonato Paranaense* (aspirant, amateur, juvenile and professional) and was dubbed *Campeoníssimo* or 'Super Champion'. On 12 July 1949, Coritiba played its first match against a club from outside of continental America. They beat [Rapid Vienna](/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien "SK Rapid Wien") of Austria 4–0 in [Vila Capanema](/wiki/Vila_Capanema "Vila Capanema"). Rapid Vienna was the Austrian national champion at the time. ### 1950s and 1960s [thumb\|300px\|left\|Coritiba 1959](/wiki/File:Coritiba_1959.jpg "Coritiba 1959.jpg") The 1950s was a successful decade for Coritiba. The club won the *Torneio Triangular de Curitiba* in 1950, and the *Torneio Quadrangular Interestadual* and *Torneio Quadrangular de Londrina* in 1953\. They won the *Campeonato Paranaense* six times: 1951, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1957 and 1959\. In 1960, Coritiba won the *Campeonato Paranaense* again. In that year, the club lost the famous *coin game* to *Grêmio* for the title of *Taça Brasil*. After three draws between the clubs, the title was decided with the flip of a coin. In 1967, Evangelino da Costa Neves became the new president of Coritiba and he stayed at the helm for more than twenty years. On August 6, Coritiba defeated [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid "Atlético Madrid") of Spain in Belfort Duarte 3–2, with three goals from Walter. On December 12, Coritiba beat the Hungary national side 1–0 at Belfort Duarte. In 1968, Coritiba ended a draught of eight years without titles when they became champion of the *Campeonato Paranaense*, also winning the *Torneio Internacional de Verão*. On June 2, Coritiba played [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli "S.S.C. Napoli") of Italy, at Belfort Duarte. On November 13, Coritiba played the Brazil national team, losing 2–1\. In 1969, Coritiba embarked on its first international tour, playing friendlies in Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, the Netherlands and Belgium, and participating in the *III Torneio Cidade de Murcia* (III Tournament in Murcia), in Spain. The club won the *Pierre Colon Cup* in France as well. Coritiba played against the likes of [Valencia](/wiki/Valencia_CF "Valencia CF") of Spain, [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund "Borussia Dortmund") of Germany, [Bordeaux](/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux "FC Girondins de Bordeaux") of France, [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord "Feyenoord") of the Netherlands, [Austria Vienna](/wiki/FK_Austria_Wien "FK Austria Wien") of Austria, [Levski Sofia](/wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia "PFC Levski Sofia") of Bulgaria, and [Anderlecht](/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht "R.S.C. Anderlecht") of Belgium. | | | | | **Krüger**, the "Flecha Loira": A life dedicated of Coritiba.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.coxanautas.com.br/noticias/idolos/conteudo.phtml?id\=31389\&t\=Flecha\-Loira\-completa\-45\-anos\-de\-dedicacao\-ao\-Coritiba \|title\=COXAnautas \- Coritiba Eternamente \|access\-date\=January 14, 2013 \|archive\-date\=March 7, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307004624/https://coxanautas.com.br/noticia/ \|url\-status\=dead }} **Fedato**, the "Estampilla Rubia": He was the biggest defender of history of Coritiba and Paraná soccer.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.parana\-online.com.br/editoria/esportes/news/402328/\|title\=Fedatto: o maior zagueiro que já passou pelo futebol paranaense\|author\=Redação\|date\=November 10, 2009\|work\=Paraná Online\|access\-date\=July 21, 2015}} **Duílio**: He was the best scorer of history of Coritiba and Campeonato Paranaense.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/duilio/ \|title\=Duílio \| Coritiba Foot Ball Club \|access\-date\=2013\-01\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120728111247/http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/duilio/ \|archive\-date\=July 28, 2012 \|df\=mdy\-all }} **Miltinho**: During 13 years, he was titular of Coritiba and all of Paraná state team{{cite web \|url\=http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/miltinho/ \|title\=Miltinho \| Coritiba Foot Ball Club \|access\-date\=2013\-01\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120729121305/http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/miltinho/ \|archive\-date\=July 29, 2012 \|df\=mdy\-all }} | | | ### 1970s * + - * [thumb\|300px\|left\|Atletiba, 1972](/wiki/File:Atletiba_1972_2.jpg "Atletiba 1972 2.jpg") [thumb\|300px\|left\|Coritiba 1973](/wiki/File:Coritiba_1973.jpg "Coritiba 1973.jpg") In 1970, in order to rally their fans and boost their finances for an expansion of the Belfort Duarte Stadium, the president Evangelino adopted the strategy used by rivals Atlético\-PR, making some major signings. The first wave included players like Rinaldo (Palmeiras), Joel Mendes (Santos) and Hidalgo (XV de Piracicaba). The club embarked on another international tour, this time playing against clubs in France, [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia "Yugoslavia"), Algeria, Romania and Portugal, as well as the Algeria national side and [Sporting CP](/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal "Sporting Clube de Portugal"). Coritiba won the *Torneio Internacional de Verão* in 1970 and 1971\. In 1971, Coritiba started what is known as *The Golden Decade*, winning six consecutive state championships (in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975 and 1976\) – a record in Parana state football history. On January 18, 1971, Coritiba played the France national side, who had just beaten Argentina, at Belfort Duarte and won 2–1\. In 1972, on a third international tour, the club played friendlies in Algeria and Morocco, and took part in a tournament in Turkey. On this tour, Coritiba played against [Fenerbahçe](/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K. "Fenerbahçe S.K."), as well as the national sides of both Turkey and Morocco. Returning undefeated to Coritiba, they received the *Fita Azul*. In the same year, Coritiba played [Benfica](/wiki/S.L._Benfica "S.L. Benfica") from Portugal, and the national sides of both Hungary and Congo at Belfort Duarte. In 1973, Coritiba won the *Torneio do Povo*, becoming the first team from southern Brazil to win a national title. On June 18, Coritiba beat the Paraguaya national side 1–0 at Belfort Duarte. Coritiba won the *Quadrangular de Goiás* in 1975 and [Taça Cidade de Curitiba/Taça Clemente Comandulli](http://www.campeoesdofutebol.com.br/taca_cidade_curitiba.html) in 1976 and 1978\. In 1977, the name of the Belfort Duarte stadium was changed to *Major Antônio Couto Pereira*, and, in 1978 and 1979, Coritiba won two *Campeonatos Paranaense*. The club ended the 1970s with eight state championships and, in 1979, finished third in the national *Brasileirão*. | | | | | **Jairo**, the "Pantera": He was the player who wear shirt of club more time.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/jairo/ \|title\=Jairo \| Coritiba Foot Ball Club \|access\-date\=2013\-01\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20121231202255/http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/jairo/ \|archive\-date\=December 31, 2012 \|df\=mdy\-all }} | | | ### 1980s * In 1980, Coritiba finished fourth in the *Brasileirão*, beating both *[Ferroviário](/wiki/Ferrovi%C3%A1rio_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube_%28CE%29 "Ferroviário Atlético Clube (CE)")* and *[Desportiva](/wiki/Sociedade_Desportiva_Serra_Futebol_Clube "Sociedade Desportiva Serra Futebol Clube")* with a 7–1 scoreline. After this, however, Coritiba encountered both an administrative and a financial crisis, leaving the team without any important titles until 1985\. In 1981, the club won a Quadrangular do Trabalhador, and due to the poor campaigns in Campeonato Paranaense, participated in 1981 and 1983 Taça da Prata, the second division of Brasileirão. In 1983, they beat Torneio Ak\-Waba, from the Ivory Coast. In this tournament, Coritiba played Bulgaria national team twice, because the Bulgarians, not disheartened after losing the first match 2–0, challenged Coritiba to a rematch. This ended in a 1–1 draw. In 1984, Coritiba returned to the Brasileirão, finishing in eighth place. #### 1985 – Brasileirão champion | {{Image label begin\|image\=Soccer.Field Transparant.png\|thumb\|width\=200}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.27\|y\=0\.05\|scale\=350\|text\= {{flagicon\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.07\|y\=0\.24\|scale\=350\|text\= {{flagicon\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.18\|y\=0\.14\|scale\=350\|text\= {{flagicon\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.37\|y\=0\.14\|scale\=350\|text\= {{flagicon\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.46\|y\=0\.24\|scale\=350\|text\= {{flagicon\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.18\|y\=0\.55\|scale\=350\|text\= {{flagicon\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.38\|y\=0\.55\|scale\=350\|text\= {{flagicon\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.10\|y\=0\.43\|scale\=350\|text\= {{flagicon\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.44\|y\=0\.43\|scale\=350\|text\= {{flagicon\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.17\|y\=0\.33\|scale\=350\|text\= {{flagicon\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.37\|y\=0\.33\|scale\=350\|text\= {{flagicon\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.22\|y\=1\.05\|scale\=200\|text\='''\[\[Édson Gonzaga Alves Filho\|Édson]]'''}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.62\|y\=1\.05\|scale\=200\|text\='''\[\[Valdevino José da Silva\|Índio]]'''}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.68\|y\=0\.83\|scale\=200\|text\='''\[\[Lela (footballer)\|Lela]]'''}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.11\|y\=0\.83\|scale\=200\|text\='''\[\[Dorival Mateus da Costa\|Toby]]'''}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.64\|y\=0\.65\|scale\=200\|text\='''\[\[Marildo Mendes\|Marildo]]'''}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.21\|y\=0\.65\|scale\=200\|text\='''\[\[Almir José Gil\|Almir]]'''}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.77\|y\=0\.50\|scale\=200\|text\='''\[\[André Aparecido Ranzani\|André]]'''}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.08\|y\=0\.50\|scale\=200\|text\='''\[\[Marco Aurélio Morais dos Santos\|Dida]]'''}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.58\|y\=0\.32\|scale\=200\|text\='''\[\[Heraldo Gonçalves\|Heraldo]]'''}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.25\|y\=0\.32\|scale\=200\|text\='''\[\[Édson Gomes Bonifácio\|Gomes]]'''}} {{Image label\|x\=0\.29\|y\=0\.16\|scale\=200\|text\='''\[\[Rafael Cammarota]]'''}} {{Image label end}} Coritiba team that defeated [Bangu](/wiki/Bangu_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube "Bangu Atlético Clube") in the Final of the [1985 Brazilian Football Championship](/wiki/1985_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A "1985 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A"). | | --- | [1985](/wiki/1985_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A "1985 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A") saw the most glory for football both in Coritiba and Paraná thus far. The club began the season with [Dino Sani](/wiki/Dino_Sani "Dino Sani") as head coach. But after a mediocre start to the season, the club's board decided to appoint [Ênio Andrade](/wiki/%C3%8Anio_Andrade "Ênio Andrade") in search for bigger aspirations.{{cite web \|author\= \|date\=October 10, 2023 \|title\=Coritiba completa 114 anos de história \|trans\-title\=Coritiba celebrates 114 years of history \|url\=https://www.cbf.com.br/futebol\-brasileiro/noticias/campeonato\-brasileiro\-serie\-a/coritiba\-completa\-114\-anos\-de\-historia \|access\-date\=April 3, 2024 \|website\=Cbf.com.br \|publisher\=Assessoria CBF \|language\=pt\-BR}} He arrived with a clear tactical philosophy, drastically changing the training sessions to focusing on physical fitness regimens.{{Cite web \|last\=imortaisdofutebol \|date\=2021\-10\-01 \|title\=Esquadrão Imortal – Coritiba 1985 \|url\=https://imortaisdofutebol.com/esquadrao\-imortal\-coritiba\-1985/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-12 \|website\=Imortais do Futebol \|language\=pt\-BR}} However, Andrade's drastic change in tactics had a negative effect in the beginning; in his first five games, his team lost four games in a row. But after these first few games, Andrade changed the tactics once more and found something he could exploit; the attacking line, which was composed of [Toby](/wiki/Toby_%28futebolista%29 "Toby (futebolista)"), [Lela](/wiki/Lela_%28footballer%29 "Lela (footballer)"), and [Indio](/wiki/Valdevino_Jos%C3%A9_da_Silva "Valdevino José da Silva"). This physical improvement was essential in the latter stages of the *Brasileirao,* as Coritiba took advantage of the low stamina of their rivals low stamina in the final minutes of their matches and as a result scored many late goals.{{Cite web \|title\=Coritiba and the incredible Brasileiro of 1985 \|url\=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/04/coritiba\-and\-the\-incredible\-brasileiro\-of\-1985/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-31 \|website\=thesefootballtimes.co\|date\=August 4, 2017 }} In the semi\-finals, Coritiba beat [Atletico Mineiro](/wiki/Atletico_Mineiro "Atletico Mineiro") 1–0 over two legs. In the final against [Bangu](/wiki/Bangu_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube "Bangu Atlético Clube"), Coritiba scored first through a free kick by Indio, and ten minutes later Bangu tied the score. The score was 1–1 at the end of 90 minutes, so the match went into extra time, where nobody could find a winner and the match went into penalties. With the penalty shootout underway, and the score at 5–5, Bangu's [Ado](/wiki/Miraldo_C%C3%A2mara_de_Souza%23cite_note-fcifa-1 "Miraldo Câmara de Souza#cite note-fcifa-1") missed a penalty, which meant if Coritiba scored, they would become champions of Brazil. [Gomes](/wiki/Gomes_%28footballer%2C_born_1956%29 "Gomes (footballer, born 1956)") stepped up and scored the penalty to make Coritiba league champion for the first time in its history in the iconic [Maracana](/wiki/Maracan%C3%A3_Stadium "Maracanã Stadium"). Due to Bangu being a club based in Rio de Janeiro, fans of Vasco, Flamengo, Fluminense, Botafogo and other Rio\-based clubs attended to support [Bangu](/wiki/Bangu_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube "Bangu Atlético Clube"), totalling more than 90,000 fans. Coritiba's title was strange because it was one of the first teams to win the title with a negative goal difference. [thumb\|300px\|left\|Coritiba \- Brazilian Champion](/wiki/File:Coritiba_1985_-_Brazilian_Football_Champion.webp "Coritiba 1985 - Brazilian Football Champion.webp") In the same year as their national title, Coritiba also won the Torneio Maurício Fruet, as well as participating in two friendly games against [Cerro Porteño](/wiki/Cerro_Porte%C3%B1o "Cerro Porteño"). They drew 0–0 in their first friendly, hosted in Asuncion (Paraguay), but won the second 2–0 in Couto Pereira. In [1986](/wiki/1986_Copa_Libertadores "1986 Copa Libertadores"), Coritiba made their [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/1986_Copa_Libertadores "1986 Copa Libertadores") debut, becoming the first team from the state to participate in the competition. In this year, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense. In 1987, Coritiba were invited to join [Clube dos 13](/wiki/Clube_dos_13 "Clube dos 13") and participate in Copa União (União Cup). In 1989, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense. In this year, they played a good campaign in Brasileirão, but refused to agree to a change in the calendar of play which meant the club were to play the day before playing Vasco da Gama – their main opponent in their group. Coritiba therefore did not go to the match against Santos, supposed to be held in Juiz de Fora, and was punished by CBF with an automatic loss of 1–0, the loss of five points and thus fell to Série B. On June 18, Coritiba beat the Japan national team 1–0 in Couto Pereira.{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2024}} ### 1990s In the year of 1990, the drama of the previous year was still being felt. The club entered a new crisis, which eventually spanned the first half of the decade. Nevertheless, Coritiba made a good performance in Copa do Brasil of 1991, reaching the semi\-finals. After two years in Série B, in 1992, Coritiba moved once again up a division, falling yet again in 1993\. In 1995, with a loss to [Matsubara](/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Matsubara "Sociedade Esportiva Matsubara"), Evangelino Neves was pressed to leave the club. Édison Mauad, Sérgio Prosdócimo and Joel Malucelli assumed presidency and fought to beat public doubts about the club. They were successful, and Coritiba moved back up to Série A. In the state competition, however, Coritiba's winning spell was over. They came close in 1995 in an exciting final against rival Paraná (team), but unfortunately Coritiba eventually lost the match, held in Pinheirão, 1–0\. The team came close again in 1996, but did not reach the final. In 1997, Coritiba were the champions of the Festival Brasileiro de Futebol. Although the championship was not as highly regarded as others they had previously won, the club were struggling so the title was very well celebrated by the Coritiba fans. In the next year, January 19, Coritiba won 3–1 in a friendly against the Jamaica national team, who a month later participated in the World Cup. In the 1998 Brasileirão, Coritiba produced a great performance, ending the first phase in third place. In the knockout phase though, they were eliminated by Portugal, ending the competition in sixth place. In 1999, Coritiba returned to the Campeonato Paranaense, winning the state title after a nine\-year hiatus. ### 2000s In 2001, Coritiba had a good first semester, becoming vice\-champion of Copa Sul\-Minas (South\-Minas Cup), and reaching the semi\-finals of the Copa do Brasil. But in the Campeonato Paranaense, the club were eliminated in the semi\-finals, yet again for Paraná state. Fernando Miguel scored a goal for Coritiba in the 93rd minute (48th minute of the second half). In 2002, after a bad beginning, Coritiba improved throughout the season. They did, however, lose against [Gama](/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_do_Gama "Sociedade Esportiva do Gama"). In 2003, as well as being unbeaten champions of Campeonato Paranaense, they were fifth in Brasileirão, and were allowed to play in the Libertadores da América the next year. In 2004, they won the Campeonato Paranaense again and participated in the Sul\-Americanas and Libertadores da América cups. In 2005, after a bad campaign in the [Campeonato Brasileiro](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A "Campeonato Brasileiro Série A"), the team fell to [Série B](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B "Campeonato Brasileiro Série B") of the competition. In that year, Coritiba had the fourth highest average attendance of the tournament, with 18,688 per match. 2006 brought coach Marcio Araújo to Coritiba, and later Estevam Soares. After eliminations from the [Campeonato Paranaense](/wiki/Campeonato_Paranaense "Campeonato Paranaense") and [Copa do Brasil](/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil "Copa do Brasil"), Estevam was fired, and was replaced by [Paulo Bonamigo](/wiki/Paulo_Bonamigo "Paulo Bonamigo"). During Campeonato, Coritiba won a number of rounds, but ended the championship in sixth place, so did not move up to Série A. In 2007, Guilherme Macuglia was the new boss. He was in command during the Campeonato Paranaense, Copa do Brasil, and for part of the Campeonato Brasileiro. In July 2007, [Renê Simões](/wiki/Ren%C3%AA_Sim%C3%B5es "Renê Simões") was hired as the new boss after the sacking of Macuglia. During this period, the players were revealed: people like defender Henrique, the midfielders Marlos and Pedro Ken, and striker Keirrison, as well as players such as Gustavo, Túlio and goalkeeper Edson Baston. On November 3, with four games to spare, Coritiba were back up to Série A of Brasileirão, drawing with Vitória, in Couto Pereira. On November 24, in their last game, with a victory against Santa Cruz in Estádio do Arruda (Arruda Stadium), Coritiba were champions of Serie B in 2007\. In 2009, Coritiba fell to Série B after a tie with [Fluminense](/wiki/Fluminense_FC "Fluminense FC"), the result was a [sports riot](/wiki/Sports_riot "Sports riot") in the stadium that left 18 injured, damages of R$500 thousand and 6 Coritiba fans in prison.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.otempo.com.br/superfc/cruzeiro/barbarie\-no\-couto\-pereira\-completa\-10\-anos\-e\-acende\-alerta\-no\-mineirao\-1\.2270604\|title\=Barbárie no Couto Pereira completa 10 anos e acende alerta no Mineirão\|last\=TEMPO\|first\=O.\|date\=2019\-12\-06\|website\=Cruzeiro\|language\=pt\-BR\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-11}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas\-noticias/2017/03/17/torcedores\-do\-coritiba\-envolvidos\-na\-batalha\-campal\-sao\-condenados\-a\-prisao.htm\|title\=Torcedores do Coritiba envolvidos em batalha campal são condenados à prisão\|website\=www.uol.com.br\|language\=pt\-br\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-11}} ### 2010s In 2010, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense, and the Coritiba fans celebrated the title early against their greatest rival with a 2–0 victory in Couto Pereira. There were goals from Marcos Aurélio and Geraldo. During the Campeonato Brasileiro, Coritiba were not the favorite for the title, because they had lost in Couto Pereira for 10 games. When they returned to Couto Pereira they were first in table. They won again on September 18, with a victory of 2–0 against Portuguesa, with 30,414 fans making a big party. On November 9, 2010, three games early, Coritiba were back to Série A after a 3–2 win against [Duque de Caxias](/wiki/Duque_de_Caxias_Futebol_Clube "Duque de Caxias Futebol Clube") in [São Januário](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_S%C3%A3o_Janu%C3%A1rio "Estádio São Januário"). On November 20, with a draw against Icasa in Romeirão, Coritiba were champions of Série B one game early. On April 24, 2011, the club needed only a draw to win the state championship title a game early, and pulled it off: Coritiba were champion of Campeonato Paranaense again, after defeating Atlético Paranaense 3–0, in a game in Arena da Baixada. The two\-time state champions were unbeaten, with only two draws. On April 28, with a 1–0 win against Caxias in an official game for the 8th\-finals of Copa do Brasil of 2011, the club entered the history of Brazilian soccer after beating the record for consecutive wins, replacing Palmeiras in 1996, who made 21 victories. With a win against Cianorte, ending the Campeonato Paranaense of 2011 unbeaten, and having thrashed Palmeiras 6–0 for the Copa do Brasil, Coritiba made 24 consecutive victories and 29 undefeated games. Coritiba qualified in the [2011 Copa do Brasil](/wiki/2011_Copa_do_Brasil "2011 Copa do Brasil") final, after defeating [Ceará](/wiki/Cear%C3%A1_Sporting_Club "Ceará Sporting Club"). In the final, against [Vasco da Gama](/wiki/CR_Vasco_da_Gama "CR Vasco da Gama"), they were defeated 1–0 in the first leg, and won 3–2 in the second leg, but did not win the cup because of the away\-goals rule. In 2012, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense and were the three\-time champion. They were once again in the final of the Copa do Brasil. But, in the national tournament, they drew 2–1 against Palmeiras. Coritiba almost lost the first match 2–0, in Barueri. The following few years were yoyo years as the club was relegated in 2017 and in 2020 and never finished in the top 10 of the league. ### 2020s In May 2023, after transitioning to a [Sociedade Anônima do Futebol](/wiki/Sociedade_An%C3%B4nima_do_Futebol "Sociedade Anônima do Futebol"), the club announced that it had reached an agreement to sell 90% of its stocks to Treecorp, a [private equity](/wiki/Private_equity "Private equity") based in [Faria Lima Avenue](/wiki/Faria_Lima_Avenue "Faria Lima Avenue").{{cite web\|url\=https://ge.globo.com/pr/futebol/times/coritiba/noticia/2023/05/09/coritiba\-anuncia\-acerto\-da\-venda\-da\-saf\-detalha\-valores\-e\-indica\-proximos\-passos\-confira.ghtml\|title\=Coritiba anuncia acerto da venda da SAF, detalha valores e indica próximos passos; confira\|language\=pt\|publisher\=Globo Esporte\|date\=9 May 2023\|access\-date\=9 May 2023}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Foundation", "[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Fritz Essenfelder](/wiki/File:Fundador_do_coritiba.jpg \"Fundador do coritiba.jpg\")\nIn 1909, a group of young men met in the *Clube Ginástico Teuto\\-Brasileiro Turnverein*{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.coritiba.com.br/Artigo/39813/memoria\\_coxa\\_\\_como\\_tudo\\_comecou\\|title\\= Memória Coxa: Como Tudo Começou\\|trans\\-title\\=Memories of Coxa: How It All Began\\|author\\= \\|date\\=July 28, 2023 \\|website\\=Coritiba.com.br \\|publisher\\=Coritiba \\|access\\-date\\=April 3, 2024 \\| language\\=pt\\-BR}} (German\\-Brazilian Gymnastics Club Turnverein – \"Turnverein\" being the German word for gymnastics club), where the German immigrant community of Curitiba gathered to play a variety of sports. In July of that year, a prominent member of the club, [Frederico \"Fritz\" Essenfelder](/wiki/Fritz_Essenfelder \"Fritz Essenfelder\") arrived with a leather ball in hand. He explained to his friends that it was a football and he explained the rules of this new game. Fritz and his friends within the club started organizing matches in the field of the Quartel da Força Pública (Public Force Headquarters).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/centenariocoritiba/conteudo.phtml?tl\\=1\\&id\\=932851\\&tit\\=Especial\\-mostra\\-a\\-trajetoria\\-centenaria\\-do\\-Coritiba\\|title\\=Fritz did for Paraná what Charles Miller did for Brazil – he introduced the ball and the exciting game\\|work\\=gazetadopovo.com.br\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-27\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324032911/http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/centenariocoritiba/conteudo.phtml?tl\\=1\\&id\\=932851\\&tit\\=Especial\\-mostra\\-a\\-trajetoria\\-centenaria\\-do\\-Coritiba\\|archive\\-date\\=March 24, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Later, an invitation came to play a match against a club of workers, many of them British, from the Ponta Grossa railway. On 12 October 1909, Fritz called a meeting in the old Theatro Hauer (Hauer Theatre) to arrange the first match. A decision was made to form a football club, and he would call it *Teuto\\-Brasileiro*. Teuto\\-Brasileiro would be the first football club in the state of Paraná.", "### The First Match", "[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|First match](/wiki/File:Coritiba1909.png \"Coritiba1909.png\")\nOn 23 October 1909, in [Ponta Grossa](/wiki/Ponta_Grossa \"Ponta Grossa\"), the club had its first official match. The opponents were *Clube de Foot Ball de Tiro Pontagrossense*, made up of employees from the South American Brazilian Engineering Company. The match was won by Tiro Pontagrossense, with a 1–0 scoreline, the goal being scored by Elias Mota.", "Coritiba's team for the first match was: Arthur Iwersen, Erothildes Carlberg, Leopoldo Obladen, Arthur Hauer, Alfredo Labsch, Alfredo Hauer, Walter Dietrich, Teodoro Obladen, Carlos Schleker, Roberto Juchks, Fritz Essenfelder, Johann Maschke, Waldemar Hauer, Alvin Hauer and Rudolf Kaastrup.", "### Club Foundation", "[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Theatro Hauer](/wiki/File:Theatro_Hauer_em_Curitiba_em_1913.JPG \"Theatro Hauer em Curitiba em 1913.JPG\")\nAfter the match in Ponta Grossa, the club's founders and members were excited by the new game, and decided to dedicate their club exclusively to football. There were already more than 50 players, many of them not of German descent, yet the *Clube Ginástico Teuto\\-Brasileiro Turnverein* did not allow non\\-German members; this led to the formation of a separate club (after many discussions held at Teatro Hauer throughout December 1909\\). Finally, on 30 January 1910, the independent *Coritibano Foot Ball Club* was formed. The name was chosen as this is what the team had played as at their first match in Ponta Grossa.", "The first club meeting was held 21 April 1910, after they had acquired all of the rules of the sport (from [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\") and [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"São Paulo\")). During this meeting, the first Board of Directors was formed, naming João Viana Seiler as president, Arthur Hauer as vice\\-president, José Júlio Franco and Leopoldo Obladen as first and second secretary respectively, and Walter Dietrich and Alvim Hauer as first and second treasurer respectively. Fritz was named captain of the team. It was also during this meeting that the name of the club was changed, this time to *Coritiba*, after the old name of the capital of Paraná. This was to avoid confusion with a social club in the city called *Coritibano*. The foundation of *Coritiba Foot Ball Club* effectively launched organized football in the state of Paraná.", "### 1910s and 1920s", "[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|João Viana Seiler, first president](/wiki/File:Coritiba1927.jpg \"Coritiba1927.jpg\")\nThe search for a football ground began and the *Hipódromo do Guabirotuba* (Guabirotuba Horse Racing Track) was chosen. It was also the home of the *Jockey Clube do Paraná* until 1955\\. Bleachers were needed to accommodate spectators, and after the new stadium was retrofitted for football, it was named *Prado de Guabirotuba*. The inauguration took place on 12 June 1910, before a match against *Ponta Grossa Foot Ball Club* (the new name of Clube de Foot Ball de Tiro Pontagrossense). Coritiba won the match 5–3\\. It was the first football match in Curitiba and was viewed by 200 spectators. Coritiba went on to play at Prado de Guabirotuba until 1917\\.", "In 1915, Coritiba started competing in both the *Campeonato da Cidade* (City Championship) and the *Campeonato Paranaense* state championship. Coritiba won both the city and the state championships the following year. On 2 July 1916, Coritiba defeated a club by the name of *Spartano* in the Campeonato Paranaense state championship by 7 goals to the opponent's nought. That year, star player José Bermudes – better known as **[Maxambomba](/wiki/Maxambomba \"Maxambomba\")** – became the first player from a Paraná team to be selected for the Brazil national squad. Coritiba won the *Torneio Afonso Camargo* (Afonso Camargo Tournament) and, in 1917, the club started playing at their new stadium *Parque da Graciosa* in Juvevê, where they played until 1932\\.", "In 1920, Coritiba won the *Torneio Início* and, in 1921, they won it again along with the *Torneio da Cruz Vermelha* and the *Torneio de Tiradentes*. On 15 August 1921, the club beat the São Paulo state team, the *Seleção Paulista*, 1–0\\. The São Paulo state team formed the backbone of the Brazil national side, so this victory put football in the State of Paraná on the national map. The [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 \"Forward (association football)\") Maxambomba and the [midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder \"Midfielder\") Gonçalo Pena were both selected for the Brazil national team that played in the [1921 South American Championship](/wiki/1921_South_American_Championship \"1921 South American Championship\") (now called the [Copa América](/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica \"Copa América\")).", "In 1924, the great state rivalry between Coritiba and *Clube Atlético Paranaense* began. On 8 June of that year, Coritiba beat Atlético 6–3, with four goals by Ninho. On 7 November 1926, Coritiba beat Paraná Sports 13–1, the largest goal difference in the history of the Paraná state championship. Staco scored five goals for Coritiba. In 1927, with Antônio Couto Pereira as president, Coritiba soundly won the *Campeonato Paranaense* by winning eight of their nine matches. Staco scored seven goals in a 9–0 victory over Savoia. In the same year, the club won both the *Campeonato da Cidade* and the *Taça Fox*.", "### 1930s and 1940s", "[300px\\|left\\|thumb\\|Coritiba 1931](/wiki/File:Coritiba_1931.jpg \"Coritiba 1931.jpg\")\nIn 1930, Coritiba won the *Torneio Início*. On 23 November, Coritiba beat their arch\\-rivals Atlético\\-PR by 7–4, the highest scoring match in the competition. The following year, Coritiba won the *Campeonato Paranaense* and the *Campeonato da Cidade*. In the 1931 edition of the *Campeonato Paranaense*, history was made during a match against [*Palestra Itália*](/wiki/Palestra_It%C3%A1lia_Futebol_Clube \"Palestra Itália Futebol Clube\").", "Moaçir Gonçalves was a player\\-manager for Coritiba and he became the first black player for a team from the state capital. There were many black players in the 1930s in Brazil, but Curitiba was a city dominated demographically by German, Polish and Ukrainian immigrants so black players were rare. With his team trailing 3–1, Moaçir Gonçalves substituted himself in and Coritiba won 5–4\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.coxanautas.com.br/conteudo.phtml?ed\\=2\\&id\\=43\\|title\\=Os negros no futebol paranaense\\|author\\=Vinícius Coelho\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=December 27, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227161512/http://www.coxanautas.com.br/conteudo.phtml?ed\\=2\\&id\\=43\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Another notable character that season was [Rei](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fontana_%28footballer%29 \"José Fontana (footballer)\"), a young ball boy for Coritiba nicknamed *Rei dos Vagabundos* (King of Bums) due to his lazy, laid\\-back attitude. During training for a Sunday match, the regular goalkeeper was late and the coach, Pizzatto, put the sixteen\\-year\\-old Fontana in the net. He astonished everyone with his performance and he was promptly registered as a player by the next match. He debuted against Atlético\\-PR in [Baixada](/wiki/Arena_da_Baixada \"Arena da Baixada\"), and Coritiba won 1–0\\. José Fontana was selected as Man of the Match and went on to be known as 'The King'. He became the first goalkeeper from Paraná state to be selected for the national side.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/rei/\\|title\\=King\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-27\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603012401/http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/rei/\\|archive\\-date\\=June 3, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In 1932, Coritiba won both the *Torneio Inicio* and the *Torneio dos Cronista Esportivos*. On 7 August 1932, Coritiba beat Atlético\\-PR 6–1, away from home and with a reserve team. On 19 November, Coritiba inaugurated its new [Belfort Duarte](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Couto_Pereira \"Estádio Couto Pereira\") stadium. The inaugural match was against *América\\-RJ*, a team from Rio who were the defending champions of the *Campeonato Carioca*, which is the state championship in Rio de Janeiro. Coritiba won 4–2 and began a long period of success, winning many titles including the city's championship, *Campeonato da Cidade* (1933, 1935 and 1939\\), the *Campeonato Paranaense* (1933, 1935 and 1939\\), the *Torneio Arthur Friedenreich* (1934\\) and *Torneio Início* (1939\\).", "On 23 January 1941, Coritiba played its first match against a foreign team, drawing with [Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata](/wiki/Club_de_Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_La_Plata \"Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata\") of [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\") at Belfort Duarte. On 1 February 1942, Neno scored seven goals in a 10–2 victory over *Jacarezinho*. On 18 March, the club played a friendly against *Avaí* and won 4–1, the first match played at night under floodlights in the state of Paraná. In 1943, Coritiba won both the *Torneio Imprensa* and the *Torneio Luis Aranha*. 1944 saw Coritiba win the *Torneio Getúlio Vargas* and, in the following year, the *Torneio da Cidade de Curitiba*. During this time Couto Pereira left the presidency of the club after two terms (a total of thirteen years). In 1946 and 1947, won the *Campeonato da Cidade* and were twice champions in the *Campeonato Paranaense*. Also in 1947, Coritiba won all four categories of the *Campeonato Paranaense* (aspirant, amateur, juvenile and professional) and was dubbed *Campeoníssimo* or 'Super Champion'. On 12 July 1949, Coritiba played its first match against a club from outside of continental America. They beat [Rapid Vienna](/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien \"SK Rapid Wien\") of Austria 4–0 in [Vila Capanema](/wiki/Vila_Capanema \"Vila Capanema\"). Rapid Vienna was the Austrian national champion at the time.", "### 1950s and 1960s", "[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|Coritiba 1959](/wiki/File:Coritiba_1959.jpg \"Coritiba 1959.jpg\")\nThe 1950s was a successful decade for Coritiba. The club won the *Torneio Triangular de Curitiba* in 1950, and the *Torneio Quadrangular Interestadual* and *Torneio Quadrangular de Londrina* in 1953\\. They won the *Campeonato Paranaense* six times: 1951, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1957 and 1959\\.", "In 1960, Coritiba won the *Campeonato Paranaense* again. In that year, the club lost the famous *coin game* to *Grêmio* for the title of *Taça Brasil*. After three draws between the clubs, the title was decided with the flip of a coin. In 1967, Evangelino da Costa Neves became the new president of Coritiba and he stayed at the helm for more than twenty years. On August 6, Coritiba defeated [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid \"Atlético Madrid\") of Spain in Belfort Duarte 3–2, with three goals from Walter. On December 12, Coritiba beat the Hungary national side 1–0 at Belfort Duarte.", "In 1968, Coritiba ended a draught of eight years without titles when they became champion of the *Campeonato Paranaense*, also winning the *Torneio Internacional de Verão*. On June 2, Coritiba played [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli \"S.S.C. Napoli\") of Italy, at Belfort Duarte. On November 13, Coritiba played the Brazil national team, losing 2–1\\.", "In 1969, Coritiba embarked on its first international tour, playing friendlies in Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, the Netherlands and Belgium, and participating in the *III Torneio Cidade de Murcia* (III Tournament in Murcia), in Spain. The club won the *Pierre Colon Cup* in France as well. Coritiba played against the likes of [Valencia](/wiki/Valencia_CF \"Valencia CF\") of Spain, [Borussia Dortmund](/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund \"Borussia Dortmund\") of Germany, [Bordeaux](/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux \"FC Girondins de Bordeaux\") of France, [Feyenoord](/wiki/Feyenoord \"Feyenoord\") of the Netherlands, [Austria Vienna](/wiki/FK_Austria_Wien \"FK Austria Wien\") of Austria, [Levski Sofia](/wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia \"PFC Levski Sofia\") of Bulgaria, and [Anderlecht](/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht \"R.S.C. Anderlecht\") of Belgium.", "", "|", "| |\n| | **Krüger**, the \"Flecha Loira\": A life dedicated of Coritiba.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.coxanautas.com.br/noticias/idolos/conteudo.phtml?id\\=31389\\&t\\=Flecha\\-Loira\\-completa\\-45\\-anos\\-de\\-dedicacao\\-ao\\-Coritiba \\|title\\=COXAnautas \\- Coritiba Eternamente \\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 7, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307004624/https://coxanautas.com.br/noticia/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} **Fedato**, the \"Estampilla Rubia\": He was the biggest defender of history of Coritiba and Paraná soccer.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.parana\\-online.com.br/editoria/esportes/news/402328/\\|title\\=Fedatto: o maior zagueiro que já passou pelo futebol paranaense\\|author\\=Redação\\|date\\=November 10, 2009\\|work\\=Paraná Online\\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2015}} **Duílio**: He was the best scorer of history of Coritiba and Campeonato Paranaense.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/duilio/ \\|title\\=Duílio \\| Coritiba Foot Ball Club \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120728111247/http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/duilio/ \\|archive\\-date\\=July 28, 2012 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} **Miltinho**: During 13 years, he was titular of Coritiba and all of Paraná state team{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/miltinho/ \\|title\\=Miltinho \\| Coritiba Foot Ball Club \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120729121305/http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/miltinho/ \\|archive\\-date\\=July 29, 2012 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} | | |", "", "### 1970s", "* + - * [thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|Atletiba, 1972](/wiki/File:Atletiba_1972_2.jpg \"Atletiba 1972 2.jpg\")\n\t\t\t[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|Coritiba 1973](/wiki/File:Coritiba_1973.jpg \"Coritiba 1973.jpg\")\n\t\t\tIn 1970, in order to rally their fans and boost their finances for an expansion of the Belfort Duarte Stadium, the president Evangelino adopted the strategy used by rivals Atlético\\-PR, making some major signings. The first wave included players like Rinaldo (Palmeiras), Joel Mendes (Santos) and Hidalgo (XV de Piracicaba). The club embarked on another international tour, this time playing against clubs in France, [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\"), Algeria, Romania and Portugal, as well as the Algeria national side and [Sporting CP](/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal \"Sporting Clube de Portugal\"). Coritiba won the *Torneio Internacional de Verão* in 1970 and 1971\\.", "In 1971, Coritiba started what is known as *The Golden Decade*, winning six consecutive state championships (in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975 and 1976\\) – a record in Parana state football history. On January 18, 1971, Coritiba played the France national side, who had just beaten Argentina, at Belfort Duarte and won 2–1\\.", "In 1972, on a third international tour, the club played friendlies in Algeria and Morocco, and took part in a tournament in Turkey. On this tour, Coritiba played against [Fenerbahçe](/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K. \"Fenerbahçe S.K.\"), as well as the national sides of both Turkey and Morocco. Returning undefeated to Coritiba, they received the *Fita Azul*. In the same year, Coritiba played [Benfica](/wiki/S.L._Benfica \"S.L. Benfica\") from Portugal, and the national sides of both Hungary and Congo at Belfort Duarte.", "In 1973, Coritiba won the *Torneio do Povo*, becoming the first team from southern Brazil to win a national title. On June 18, Coritiba beat the Paraguaya national side 1–0 at Belfort Duarte. Coritiba won the *Quadrangular de Goiás* in 1975 and [Taça Cidade de Curitiba/Taça Clemente Comandulli](http://www.campeoesdofutebol.com.br/taca_cidade_curitiba.html) in 1976 and 1978\\. In 1977, the name of the Belfort Duarte stadium was changed to *Major Antônio Couto Pereira*, and, in 1978 and 1979, Coritiba won two *Campeonatos Paranaense*. The club ended the 1970s with eight state championships and, in 1979, finished third in the national *Brasileirão*.", "", "|", "| |\n| | **Jairo**, the \"Pantera\": He was the player who wear shirt of club more time.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/jairo/ \\|title\\=Jairo \\| Coritiba Foot Ball Club \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20121231202255/http://www.coritiba.com.br/portal/2008/10/10/jairo/ \\|archive\\-date\\=December 31, 2012 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} | | |", "", "### 1980s", "* In 1980, Coritiba finished fourth in the *Brasileirão*, beating both *[Ferroviário](/wiki/Ferrovi%C3%A1rio_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube_%28CE%29 \"Ferroviário Atlético Clube (CE)\")* and *[Desportiva](/wiki/Sociedade_Desportiva_Serra_Futebol_Clube \"Sociedade Desportiva Serra Futebol Clube\")* with a 7–1 scoreline. After this, however, Coritiba encountered both an administrative and a financial crisis, leaving the team without any important titles until 1985\\.", "In 1981, the club won a Quadrangular do Trabalhador, and due to the poor campaigns in Campeonato Paranaense, participated in 1981 and 1983 Taça da Prata, the second division of Brasileirão. In 1983, they beat Torneio Ak\\-Waba, from the Ivory Coast. In this tournament, Coritiba played Bulgaria national team twice, because the Bulgarians, not disheartened after losing the first match 2–0, challenged Coritiba to a rematch. This ended in a 1–1 draw. In 1984, Coritiba returned to the Brasileirão, finishing in eighth place.", "#### 1985 – Brasileirão champion", "", "| {{Image label begin\\|image\\=Soccer.Field Transparant.png\\|thumb\\|width\\=200}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.27\\|y\\=0\\.05\\|scale\\=350\\|text\\= {{flagicon\\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.07\\|y\\=0\\.24\\|scale\\=350\\|text\\= {{flagicon\\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.18\\|y\\=0\\.14\\|scale\\=350\\|text\\= {{flagicon\\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.37\\|y\\=0\\.14\\|scale\\=350\\|text\\= {{flagicon\\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.46\\|y\\=0\\.24\\|scale\\=350\\|text\\= {{flagicon\\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.18\\|y\\=0\\.55\\|scale\\=350\\|text\\= {{flagicon\\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.38\\|y\\=0\\.55\\|scale\\=350\\|text\\= {{flagicon\\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.10\\|y\\=0\\.43\\|scale\\=350\\|text\\= {{flagicon\\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.44\\|y\\=0\\.43\\|scale\\=350\\|text\\= {{flagicon\\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.17\\|y\\=0\\.33\\|scale\\=350\\|text\\= {{flagicon\\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.37\\|y\\=0\\.33\\|scale\\=350\\|text\\= {{flagicon\\|Brazil}}}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.22\\|y\\=1\\.05\\|scale\\=200\\|text\\='''\\[\\[Édson Gonzaga Alves Filho\\|Édson]]'''}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.62\\|y\\=1\\.05\\|scale\\=200\\|text\\='''\\[\\[Valdevino José da Silva\\|Índio]]'''}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.68\\|y\\=0\\.83\\|scale\\=200\\|text\\='''\\[\\[Lela (footballer)\\|Lela]]'''}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.11\\|y\\=0\\.83\\|scale\\=200\\|text\\='''\\[\\[Dorival Mateus da Costa\\|Toby]]'''}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.64\\|y\\=0\\.65\\|scale\\=200\\|text\\='''\\[\\[Marildo Mendes\\|Marildo]]'''}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.21\\|y\\=0\\.65\\|scale\\=200\\|text\\='''\\[\\[Almir José Gil\\|Almir]]'''}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.77\\|y\\=0\\.50\\|scale\\=200\\|text\\='''\\[\\[André Aparecido Ranzani\\|André]]'''}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.08\\|y\\=0\\.50\\|scale\\=200\\|text\\='''\\[\\[Marco Aurélio Morais dos Santos\\|Dida]]'''}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.58\\|y\\=0\\.32\\|scale\\=200\\|text\\='''\\[\\[Heraldo Gonçalves\\|Heraldo]]'''}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.25\\|y\\=0\\.32\\|scale\\=200\\|text\\='''\\[\\[Édson Gomes Bonifácio\\|Gomes]]'''}} {{Image label\\|x\\=0\\.29\\|y\\=0\\.16\\|scale\\=200\\|text\\='''\\[\\[Rafael Cammarota]]'''}} {{Image label end}} Coritiba team that defeated [Bangu](/wiki/Bangu_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube \"Bangu Atlético Clube\") in the Final of the [1985 Brazilian Football Championship](/wiki/1985_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A \"1985 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A\"). |\n| --- |", "[1985](/wiki/1985_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A \"1985 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A\") saw the most glory for football both in Coritiba and Paraná thus far. The club began the season with [Dino Sani](/wiki/Dino_Sani \"Dino Sani\") as head coach. But after a mediocre start to the season, the club's board decided to appoint [Ênio Andrade](/wiki/%C3%8Anio_Andrade \"Ênio Andrade\") in search for bigger aspirations.{{cite web \\|author\\= \\|date\\=October 10, 2023 \\|title\\=Coritiba completa 114 anos de história \\|trans\\-title\\=Coritiba celebrates 114 years of history \\|url\\=https://www.cbf.com.br/futebol\\-brasileiro/noticias/campeonato\\-brasileiro\\-serie\\-a/coritiba\\-completa\\-114\\-anos\\-de\\-historia \\|access\\-date\\=April 3, 2024 \\|website\\=Cbf.com.br \\|publisher\\=Assessoria CBF \\|language\\=pt\\-BR}} He arrived with a clear tactical philosophy, drastically changing the training sessions to focusing on physical fitness regimens.{{Cite web \\|last\\=imortaisdofutebol \\|date\\=2021\\-10\\-01 \\|title\\=Esquadrão Imortal – Coritiba 1985 \\|url\\=https://imortaisdofutebol.com/esquadrao\\-imortal\\-coritiba\\-1985/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-12 \\|website\\=Imortais do Futebol \\|language\\=pt\\-BR}}", "However, Andrade's drastic change in tactics had a negative effect in the beginning; in his first five games, his team lost four games in a row. But after these first few games, Andrade changed the tactics once more and found something he could exploit; the attacking line, which was composed of [Toby](/wiki/Toby_%28futebolista%29 \"Toby (futebolista)\"), [Lela](/wiki/Lela_%28footballer%29 \"Lela (footballer)\"), and [Indio](/wiki/Valdevino_Jos%C3%A9_da_Silva \"Valdevino José da Silva\"). This physical improvement was essential in the latter stages of the *Brasileirao,* as Coritiba took advantage of the low stamina of their rivals low stamina in the final minutes of their matches and as a result scored many late goals.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Coritiba and the incredible Brasileiro of 1985 \\|url\\=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/04/coritiba\\-and\\-the\\-incredible\\-brasileiro\\-of\\-1985/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-31 \\|website\\=thesefootballtimes.co\\|date\\=August 4, 2017 }}", "In the semi\\-finals, Coritiba beat [Atletico Mineiro](/wiki/Atletico_Mineiro \"Atletico Mineiro\") 1–0 over two legs. In the final against [Bangu](/wiki/Bangu_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube \"Bangu Atlético Clube\"), Coritiba scored first through a free kick by Indio, and ten minutes later Bangu tied the score. The score was 1–1 at the end of 90 minutes, so the match went into extra time, where nobody could find a winner and the match went into penalties. With the penalty shootout underway, and the score at 5–5, Bangu's [Ado](/wiki/Miraldo_C%C3%A2mara_de_Souza%23cite_note-fcifa-1 \"Miraldo Câmara de Souza#cite note-fcifa-1\") missed a penalty, which meant if Coritiba scored, they would become champions of Brazil. [Gomes](/wiki/Gomes_%28footballer%2C_born_1956%29 \"Gomes (footballer, born 1956)\") stepped up and scored the penalty to make Coritiba league champion for the first time in its history in the iconic [Maracana](/wiki/Maracan%C3%A3_Stadium \"Maracanã Stadium\"). Due to Bangu being a club based in Rio de Janeiro, fans of Vasco, Flamengo, Fluminense, Botafogo and other Rio\\-based clubs attended to support [Bangu](/wiki/Bangu_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube \"Bangu Atlético Clube\"), totalling more than 90,000 fans. Coritiba's title was strange because it was one of the first teams to win the title with a negative goal difference. [thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|Coritiba \\- Brazilian Champion](/wiki/File:Coritiba_1985_-_Brazilian_Football_Champion.webp \"Coritiba 1985 - Brazilian Football Champion.webp\")", "In the same year as their national title, Coritiba also won the Torneio Maurício Fruet, as well as participating in two friendly games against [Cerro Porteño](/wiki/Cerro_Porte%C3%B1o \"Cerro Porteño\"). They drew 0–0 in their first friendly, hosted in Asuncion (Paraguay), but won the second 2–0 in Couto Pereira.", "In [1986](/wiki/1986_Copa_Libertadores \"1986 Copa Libertadores\"), Coritiba made their [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/1986_Copa_Libertadores \"1986 Copa Libertadores\") debut, becoming the first team from the state to participate in the competition. In this year, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense. In 1987, Coritiba were invited to join [Clube dos 13](/wiki/Clube_dos_13 \"Clube dos 13\") and participate in Copa União (União Cup).", "In 1989, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense. In this year, they played a good campaign in Brasileirão, but refused to agree to a change in the calendar of play which meant the club were to play the day before playing Vasco da Gama – their main opponent in their group. Coritiba therefore did not go to the match against Santos, supposed to be held in Juiz de Fora, and was punished by CBF with an automatic loss of 1–0, the loss of five points and thus fell to Série B. On June 18, Coritiba beat the Japan national team 1–0 in Couto Pereira.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2024}}", "### 1990s", "In the year of 1990, the drama of the previous year was still being felt. The club entered a new crisis, which eventually spanned the first half of the decade. Nevertheless, Coritiba made a good performance in Copa do Brasil of 1991, reaching the semi\\-finals. After two years in Série B, in 1992, Coritiba moved once again up a division, falling yet again in 1993\\. In 1995, with a loss to [Matsubara](/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Matsubara \"Sociedade Esportiva Matsubara\"), Evangelino Neves was pressed to leave the club. Édison Mauad, Sérgio Prosdócimo and Joel Malucelli assumed presidency and fought to beat public doubts about the club. They were successful, and Coritiba moved back up to Série A.", "In the state competition, however, Coritiba's winning spell was over. They came close in 1995 in an exciting final against rival Paraná (team), but unfortunately Coritiba eventually lost the match, held in Pinheirão, 1–0\\. The team came close again in 1996, but did not reach the final.", "In 1997, Coritiba were the champions of the Festival Brasileiro de Futebol. Although the championship was not as highly regarded as others they had previously won, the club were struggling so the title was very well celebrated by the Coritiba fans. In the next year, January 19, Coritiba won 3–1 in a friendly against the Jamaica national team, who a month later participated in the World Cup. In the 1998 Brasileirão, Coritiba produced a great performance, ending the first phase in third place. In the knockout phase though, they were eliminated by Portugal, ending the competition in sixth place.", "In 1999, Coritiba returned to the Campeonato Paranaense, winning the state title after a nine\\-year hiatus.", "### 2000s", "In 2001, Coritiba had a good first semester, becoming vice\\-champion of Copa Sul\\-Minas (South\\-Minas Cup), and reaching the semi\\-finals of the Copa do Brasil. But in the Campeonato Paranaense, the club were eliminated in the semi\\-finals, yet again for Paraná state. Fernando Miguel scored a goal for Coritiba in the 93rd minute (48th minute of the second half).", "In 2002, after a bad beginning, Coritiba improved throughout the season. They did, however, lose against [Gama](/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_do_Gama \"Sociedade Esportiva do Gama\").", "In 2003, as well as being unbeaten champions of Campeonato Paranaense, they were fifth in Brasileirão, and were allowed to play in the Libertadores da América the next year.", "In 2004, they won the Campeonato Paranaense again and participated in the Sul\\-Americanas and Libertadores da América cups.", "In 2005, after a bad campaign in the [Campeonato Brasileiro](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A\"), the team fell to [Série B](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série B\") of the competition. In that year, Coritiba had the fourth highest average attendance of the tournament, with 18,688 per match.", "2006 brought coach Marcio Araújo to Coritiba, and later Estevam Soares. After eliminations from the [Campeonato Paranaense](/wiki/Campeonato_Paranaense \"Campeonato Paranaense\") and [Copa do Brasil](/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil \"Copa do Brasil\"), Estevam was fired, and was replaced by [Paulo Bonamigo](/wiki/Paulo_Bonamigo \"Paulo Bonamigo\"). During Campeonato, Coritiba won a number of rounds, but ended the championship in sixth place, so did not move up to Série A.", "In 2007, Guilherme Macuglia was the new boss. He was in command during the Campeonato Paranaense, Copa do Brasil, and for part of the Campeonato Brasileiro. In July 2007, [Renê Simões](/wiki/Ren%C3%AA_Sim%C3%B5es \"Renê Simões\") was hired as the new boss after the sacking of Macuglia. During this period, the players were revealed: people like defender Henrique, the midfielders Marlos and Pedro Ken, and striker Keirrison, as well as players such as Gustavo, Túlio and goalkeeper Edson Baston. On November 3, with four games to spare, Coritiba were back up to Série A of Brasileirão, drawing with Vitória, in Couto Pereira. On November 24, in their last game, with a victory against Santa Cruz in Estádio do Arruda (Arruda Stadium), Coritiba were champions of Serie B in 2007\\.", "In 2009, Coritiba fell to Série B after a tie with [Fluminense](/wiki/Fluminense_FC \"Fluminense FC\"), the result was a [sports riot](/wiki/Sports_riot \"Sports riot\") in the stadium that left 18 injured, damages of R$500 thousand and 6 Coritiba fans in prison.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.otempo.com.br/superfc/cruzeiro/barbarie\\-no\\-couto\\-pereira\\-completa\\-10\\-anos\\-e\\-acende\\-alerta\\-no\\-mineirao\\-1\\.2270604\\|title\\=Barbárie no Couto Pereira completa 10 anos e acende alerta no Mineirão\\|last\\=TEMPO\\|first\\=O.\\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-06\\|website\\=Cruzeiro\\|language\\=pt\\-BR\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-11}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas\\-noticias/2017/03/17/torcedores\\-do\\-coritiba\\-envolvidos\\-na\\-batalha\\-campal\\-sao\\-condenados\\-a\\-prisao.htm\\|title\\=Torcedores do Coritiba envolvidos em batalha campal são condenados à prisão\\|website\\=www.uol.com.br\\|language\\=pt\\-br\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-11}}", "### 2010s", "In 2010, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense, and the Coritiba fans celebrated the title early against their greatest rival with a 2–0 victory in Couto Pereira. There were goals from Marcos Aurélio and Geraldo. During the Campeonato Brasileiro, Coritiba were not the favorite for the title, because they had lost in Couto Pereira for 10 games. When they returned to Couto Pereira they were first in table. They won again on September 18, with a victory of 2–0 against Portuguesa, with 30,414 fans making a big party.", "On November 9, 2010, three games early, Coritiba were back to Série A after a 3–2 win against [Duque de Caxias](/wiki/Duque_de_Caxias_Futebol_Clube \"Duque de Caxias Futebol Clube\") in [São Januário](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_S%C3%A3o_Janu%C3%A1rio \"Estádio São Januário\"). On November 20, with a draw against Icasa in Romeirão, Coritiba were champions of Série B one game early.", "On April 24, 2011, the club needed only a draw to win the state championship title a game early, and pulled it off: Coritiba were champion of Campeonato Paranaense again, after defeating Atlético Paranaense 3–0, in a game in Arena da Baixada. The two\\-time state champions were unbeaten, with only two draws.", "On April 28, with a 1–0 win against Caxias in an official game for the 8th\\-finals of Copa do Brasil of 2011, the club entered the history of Brazilian soccer after beating the record for consecutive wins, replacing Palmeiras in 1996, who made 21 victories. With a win against Cianorte, ending the Campeonato Paranaense of 2011 unbeaten, and having thrashed Palmeiras 6–0 for the Copa do Brasil, Coritiba made 24 consecutive victories and 29 undefeated games.", "Coritiba qualified in the [2011 Copa do Brasil](/wiki/2011_Copa_do_Brasil \"2011 Copa do Brasil\") final, after defeating [Ceará](/wiki/Cear%C3%A1_Sporting_Club \"Ceará Sporting Club\"). In the final, against [Vasco da Gama](/wiki/CR_Vasco_da_Gama \"CR Vasco da Gama\"), they were defeated 1–0 in the first leg, and won 3–2 in the second leg, but did not win the cup because of the away\\-goals rule.", "In 2012, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense and were the three\\-time champion. They were once again in the final of the Copa do Brasil. But, in the national tournament, they drew 2–1 against Palmeiras. Coritiba almost lost the first match 2–0, in Barueri.", "The following few years were yoyo years as the club was relegated in 2017 and in 2020 and never finished in the top 10 of the league.", "### 2020s", "In May 2023, after transitioning to a [Sociedade Anônima do Futebol](/wiki/Sociedade_An%C3%B4nima_do_Futebol \"Sociedade Anônima do Futebol\"), the club announced that it had reached an agreement to sell 90% of its stocks to Treecorp, a [private equity](/wiki/Private_equity \"Private equity\") based in [Faria Lima Avenue](/wiki/Faria_Lima_Avenue \"Faria Lima Avenue\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ge.globo.com/pr/futebol/times/coritiba/noticia/2023/05/09/coritiba\\-anuncia\\-acerto\\-da\\-venda\\-da\\-saf\\-detalha\\-valores\\-e\\-indica\\-proximos\\-passos\\-confira.ghtml\\|title\\=Coritiba anuncia acerto da venda da SAF, detalha valores e indica próximos passos; confira\\|language\\=pt\\|publisher\\=Globo Esporte\\|date\\=9 May 2023\\|access\\-date\\=9 May 2023}}", "" ]
### 2000s In 2001, Coritiba had a good first semester, becoming vice\-champion of Copa Sul\-Minas (South\-Minas Cup), and reaching the semi\-finals of the Copa do Brasil. But in the Campeonato Paranaense, the club were eliminated in the semi\-finals, yet again for Paraná state. Fernando Miguel scored a goal for Coritiba in the 93rd minute (48th minute of the second half). In 2002, after a bad beginning, Coritiba improved throughout the season. They did, however, lose against [Gama](/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_do_Gama "Sociedade Esportiva do Gama"). In 2003, as well as being unbeaten champions of Campeonato Paranaense, they were fifth in Brasileirão, and were allowed to play in the Libertadores da América the next year. In 2004, they won the Campeonato Paranaense again and participated in the Sul\-Americanas and Libertadores da América cups. In 2005, after a bad campaign in the [Campeonato Brasileiro](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A "Campeonato Brasileiro Série A"), the team fell to [Série B](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B "Campeonato Brasileiro Série B") of the competition. In that year, Coritiba had the fourth highest average attendance of the tournament, with 18,688 per match. 2006 brought coach Marcio Araújo to Coritiba, and later Estevam Soares. After eliminations from the [Campeonato Paranaense](/wiki/Campeonato_Paranaense "Campeonato Paranaense") and [Copa do Brasil](/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil "Copa do Brasil"), Estevam was fired, and was replaced by [Paulo Bonamigo](/wiki/Paulo_Bonamigo "Paulo Bonamigo"). During Campeonato, Coritiba won a number of rounds, but ended the championship in sixth place, so did not move up to Série A. In 2007, Guilherme Macuglia was the new boss. He was in command during the Campeonato Paranaense, Copa do Brasil, and for part of the Campeonato Brasileiro. In July 2007, [Renê Simões](/wiki/Ren%C3%AA_Sim%C3%B5es "Renê Simões") was hired as the new boss after the sacking of Macuglia. During this period, the players were revealed: people like defender Henrique, the midfielders Marlos and Pedro Ken, and striker Keirrison, as well as players such as Gustavo, Túlio and goalkeeper Edson Baston. On November 3, with four games to spare, Coritiba were back up to Série A of Brasileirão, drawing with Vitória, in Couto Pereira. On November 24, in their last game, with a victory against Santa Cruz in Estádio do Arruda (Arruda Stadium), Coritiba were champions of Serie B in 2007\. In 2009, Coritiba fell to Série B after a tie with [Fluminense](/wiki/Fluminense_FC "Fluminense FC"), the result was a [sports riot](/wiki/Sports_riot "Sports riot") in the stadium that left 18 injured, damages of R$500 thousand and 6 Coritiba fans in prison.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.otempo.com.br/superfc/cruzeiro/barbarie\-no\-couto\-pereira\-completa\-10\-anos\-e\-acende\-alerta\-no\-mineirao\-1\.2270604\|title\=Barbárie no Couto Pereira completa 10 anos e acende alerta no Mineirão\|last\=TEMPO\|first\=O.\|date\=2019\-12\-06\|website\=Cruzeiro\|language\=pt\-BR\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-11}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas\-noticias/2017/03/17/torcedores\-do\-coritiba\-envolvidos\-na\-batalha\-campal\-sao\-condenados\-a\-prisao.htm\|title\=Torcedores do Coritiba envolvidos em batalha campal são condenados à prisão\|website\=www.uol.com.br\|language\=pt\-br\|access\-date\=2020\-03\-11}}
[ "### 2000s", "In 2001, Coritiba had a good first semester, becoming vice\\-champion of Copa Sul\\-Minas (South\\-Minas Cup), and reaching the semi\\-finals of the Copa do Brasil. But in the Campeonato Paranaense, the club were eliminated in the semi\\-finals, yet again for Paraná state. Fernando Miguel scored a goal for Coritiba in the 93rd minute (48th minute of the second half).", "In 2002, after a bad beginning, Coritiba improved throughout the season. They did, however, lose against [Gama](/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_do_Gama \"Sociedade Esportiva do Gama\").", "In 2003, as well as being unbeaten champions of Campeonato Paranaense, they were fifth in Brasileirão, and were allowed to play in the Libertadores da América the next year.", "In 2004, they won the Campeonato Paranaense again and participated in the Sul\\-Americanas and Libertadores da América cups.", "In 2005, after a bad campaign in the [Campeonato Brasileiro](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A\"), the team fell to [Série B](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série B\") of the competition. In that year, Coritiba had the fourth highest average attendance of the tournament, with 18,688 per match.", "2006 brought coach Marcio Araújo to Coritiba, and later Estevam Soares. After eliminations from the [Campeonato Paranaense](/wiki/Campeonato_Paranaense \"Campeonato Paranaense\") and [Copa do Brasil](/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil \"Copa do Brasil\"), Estevam was fired, and was replaced by [Paulo Bonamigo](/wiki/Paulo_Bonamigo \"Paulo Bonamigo\"). During Campeonato, Coritiba won a number of rounds, but ended the championship in sixth place, so did not move up to Série A.", "In 2007, Guilherme Macuglia was the new boss. He was in command during the Campeonato Paranaense, Copa do Brasil, and for part of the Campeonato Brasileiro. In July 2007, [Renê Simões](/wiki/Ren%C3%AA_Sim%C3%B5es \"Renê Simões\") was hired as the new boss after the sacking of Macuglia. During this period, the players were revealed: people like defender Henrique, the midfielders Marlos and Pedro Ken, and striker Keirrison, as well as players such as Gustavo, Túlio and goalkeeper Edson Baston. On November 3, with four games to spare, Coritiba were back up to Série A of Brasileirão, drawing with Vitória, in Couto Pereira. On November 24, in their last game, with a victory against Santa Cruz in Estádio do Arruda (Arruda Stadium), Coritiba were champions of Serie B in 2007\\.", "In 2009, Coritiba fell to Série B after a tie with [Fluminense](/wiki/Fluminense_FC \"Fluminense FC\"), the result was a [sports riot](/wiki/Sports_riot \"Sports riot\") in the stadium that left 18 injured, damages of R$500 thousand and 6 Coritiba fans in prison.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.otempo.com.br/superfc/cruzeiro/barbarie\\-no\\-couto\\-pereira\\-completa\\-10\\-anos\\-e\\-acende\\-alerta\\-no\\-mineirao\\-1\\.2270604\\|title\\=Barbárie no Couto Pereira completa 10 anos e acende alerta no Mineirão\\|last\\=TEMPO\\|first\\=O.\\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-06\\|website\\=Cruzeiro\\|language\\=pt\\-BR\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-11}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas\\-noticias/2017/03/17/torcedores\\-do\\-coritiba\\-envolvidos\\-na\\-batalha\\-campal\\-sao\\-condenados\\-a\\-prisao.htm\\|title\\=Torcedores do Coritiba envolvidos em batalha campal são condenados à prisão\\|website\\=www.uol.com.br\\|language\\=pt\\-br\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-11}}", "" ]
### 2010s In 2010, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense, and the Coritiba fans celebrated the title early against their greatest rival with a 2–0 victory in Couto Pereira. There were goals from Marcos Aurélio and Geraldo. During the Campeonato Brasileiro, Coritiba were not the favorite for the title, because they had lost in Couto Pereira for 10 games. When they returned to Couto Pereira they were first in table. They won again on September 18, with a victory of 2–0 against Portuguesa, with 30,414 fans making a big party. On November 9, 2010, three games early, Coritiba were back to Série A after a 3–2 win against [Duque de Caxias](/wiki/Duque_de_Caxias_Futebol_Clube "Duque de Caxias Futebol Clube") in [São Januário](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_S%C3%A3o_Janu%C3%A1rio "Estádio São Januário"). On November 20, with a draw against Icasa in Romeirão, Coritiba were champions of Série B one game early. On April 24, 2011, the club needed only a draw to win the state championship title a game early, and pulled it off: Coritiba were champion of Campeonato Paranaense again, after defeating Atlético Paranaense 3–0, in a game in Arena da Baixada. The two\-time state champions were unbeaten, with only two draws. On April 28, with a 1–0 win against Caxias in an official game for the 8th\-finals of Copa do Brasil of 2011, the club entered the history of Brazilian soccer after beating the record for consecutive wins, replacing Palmeiras in 1996, who made 21 victories. With a win against Cianorte, ending the Campeonato Paranaense of 2011 unbeaten, and having thrashed Palmeiras 6–0 for the Copa do Brasil, Coritiba made 24 consecutive victories and 29 undefeated games. Coritiba qualified in the [2011 Copa do Brasil](/wiki/2011_Copa_do_Brasil "2011 Copa do Brasil") final, after defeating [Ceará](/wiki/Cear%C3%A1_Sporting_Club "Ceará Sporting Club"). In the final, against [Vasco da Gama](/wiki/CR_Vasco_da_Gama "CR Vasco da Gama"), they were defeated 1–0 in the first leg, and won 3–2 in the second leg, but did not win the cup because of the away\-goals rule. In 2012, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense and were the three\-time champion. They were once again in the final of the Copa do Brasil. But, in the national tournament, they drew 2–1 against Palmeiras. Coritiba almost lost the first match 2–0, in Barueri. The following few years were yoyo years as the club was relegated in 2017 and in 2020 and never finished in the top 10 of the league.
[ "### 2010s", "In 2010, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense, and the Coritiba fans celebrated the title early against their greatest rival with a 2–0 victory in Couto Pereira. There were goals from Marcos Aurélio and Geraldo. During the Campeonato Brasileiro, Coritiba were not the favorite for the title, because they had lost in Couto Pereira for 10 games. When they returned to Couto Pereira they were first in table. They won again on September 18, with a victory of 2–0 against Portuguesa, with 30,414 fans making a big party.", "On November 9, 2010, three games early, Coritiba were back to Série A after a 3–2 win against [Duque de Caxias](/wiki/Duque_de_Caxias_Futebol_Clube \"Duque de Caxias Futebol Clube\") in [São Januário](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_S%C3%A3o_Janu%C3%A1rio \"Estádio São Januário\"). On November 20, with a draw against Icasa in Romeirão, Coritiba were champions of Série B one game early.", "On April 24, 2011, the club needed only a draw to win the state championship title a game early, and pulled it off: Coritiba were champion of Campeonato Paranaense again, after defeating Atlético Paranaense 3–0, in a game in Arena da Baixada. The two\\-time state champions were unbeaten, with only two draws.", "On April 28, with a 1–0 win against Caxias in an official game for the 8th\\-finals of Copa do Brasil of 2011, the club entered the history of Brazilian soccer after beating the record for consecutive wins, replacing Palmeiras in 1996, who made 21 victories. With a win against Cianorte, ending the Campeonato Paranaense of 2011 unbeaten, and having thrashed Palmeiras 6–0 for the Copa do Brasil, Coritiba made 24 consecutive victories and 29 undefeated games.", "Coritiba qualified in the [2011 Copa do Brasil](/wiki/2011_Copa_do_Brasil \"2011 Copa do Brasil\") final, after defeating [Ceará](/wiki/Cear%C3%A1_Sporting_Club \"Ceará Sporting Club\"). In the final, against [Vasco da Gama](/wiki/CR_Vasco_da_Gama \"CR Vasco da Gama\"), they were defeated 1–0 in the first leg, and won 3–2 in the second leg, but did not win the cup because of the away\\-goals rule.", "In 2012, Coritiba won the Campeonato Paranaense and were the three\\-time champion. They were once again in the final of the Copa do Brasil. But, in the national tournament, they drew 2–1 against Palmeiras. Coritiba almost lost the first match 2–0, in Barueri.", "The following few years were yoyo years as the club was relegated in 2017 and in 2020 and never finished in the top 10 of the league.", "" ]
Club ---- ### Name The current and official name of the city of Curitiba was established in 1919, ten years after the foundation of club, which was actually called Coritiba. In the early years of football in Brazil, many English terms were used, such as "match", "ground" and "players". It is likely that the founders of Coritiba used these terms, and the name "Foot Ball Club" was the most correct name at the time. It has not been changed since then. The name "Curitiba" had gone through many orthographies throughout history, such as Coritiba and Curityba due to cultural diversities throughout the city. ### Colors and logo The club colors are green and white, the colors of the Paraná state flag. Founded on 12 October 1909, Coritiba is the oldest "green and white" team in Brazilian football. {{citation needed\|date\=January 2016}} The club's logo is a green globe with the initials CFC in white across the centre, along with twelve white stylised pine seeds. The logo's colors, green and white, are the same as [Paraná](/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_%28state%29 "Paraná (state)") state flag's. Coritiba's first logo was simple: a white background inside a green circle, with the initials CFC in green. ### The team kit Coritiba's first kit was used from 1909 to 1916, and was composed of green and white vertical stripes. Coritiba's second kit, used from 1916 to 1976 was an all\-white one. The current home kit is composed of a white shirt, with two green parallel horizontal stripes and black shorts and white socks. The away kit is composed of a green and white vertical stripes shirt, black shorts and green socks. These kits were adopted in 1976\. | {{Football kit \| pattern\_la \= \_coxa23h \| pattern\_b \= \_coxa23h \| pattern\_ra \= \_coxa23h \| pattern\_sh \= \_whitesides \| pattern\_so \= \_coxa23hl \| leftarm \= FFFFFF \| body \= FFFFFF \| rightarm \= FFFFFF \| shorts \= 000000 \| socks \= FFFFFF \| title \= Home (2024\) }} | {{Football kit \| pattern\_la \= \_coxa23a \| pattern\_b \= \_coxa23a \| pattern\_ra \= \_coxa23a \| pattern\_sh \= \_coxa23a \| pattern\_so \= \_coxa23al \| leftarm \= 25E2 \| body \= FFFFFF \| rightarm \= 25E2 \| shorts \= FFFFFF \| socks \= 004336 \| title \= Away (2024\) }} | {{Football kit \| pattern\_la \= \| pattern\_b \= \_coxa23t \| pattern\_ra \= \| pattern\_sh \= \_coxa23t \| pattern\_so \= \_coxa23tl \| leftarm \= 000000 \| body \= \| rightarm \= 000000 \| shorts \= \| socks \= \| title \= Third (2024\) }} | | {{Football kit \| pattern\_la \= \| pattern\_b \= \_coxa19851 \| pattern\_ra \= \| pattern\_sh \= \| pattern\_so \= \| leftarm \= \| body \= \| rightarm \= \| shorts \= 000000 \| socks \= \| title \= 1985 Home Kit (National Champion) }} | {{Football kit \| pattern\_la \= \| pattern\_b \= \_coxa19931 \| pattern\_ra \= \| pattern\_sh \= \| pattern\_so \= \| leftarm \= \| body \= \| rightarm \= \| shorts \= 000000 \| socks \= \| title \= 1993 Home Kit }} | {{Football kit \| pattern\_la \= \_coxa0506h \| pattern\_b \= \_coxa0506h \| pattern\_ra \= \_coxa0506h \| pattern\_sh \= \| pattern\_so \= \| leftarm \= \| body \= \| rightarm \= \| shorts \= 000000 \| socks \= \| title \= 2005/06 Home }} | ### Mascot The club's [mascot](/wiki/Mascots_of_Brazilian_football_sides "Mascots of Brazilian football sides") is an old man nicknamed Vovô Coxa (Grandpa Coxa), and represents the club's tradition of being the oldest football club of Curitiba. ### Anthem The official club anthem lyrics were composed by Cláudio Ribeiro, and the music by Homero Rébuli. An unofficial anthem exists, titled Coritiba Eterno Campeão (Coritiba the Eternal Champion), which was composed by Francis Night. A third anthem, with lyrics composed by Vinicius Coelho, with music by Sebastião Lima, is also called Eterno Campeão. ### South American Record {{updated\|match played 23 August 2024}} | Competition | Played | Won | Drew | Lost | GF | GA | GD | Win% | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |{{sort\|1\|\[\[Copa Libertadores]]}} {{WDL\|12\|4\|5\|3\|for\=15\|against\=13\|diff\=yes}} |{{sort\|3\|\[\[Copa Sudamericana]]}} {{WDL\|16\|5\|2\|9\|for\=17\|against\=22\|diff\=yes}} | {{sort\|8\|Total}} {{WDLtot\|28\|9\|7\|12\|for\=32\|against\=35\|diff\=yes}} | | Season | Competition | Round | Opponents | Home | Away | Aggregate | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [1986](/wiki/1986_Copa_Libertadores "1986 Copa Libertadores") | [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/Copa_Libertadores "Copa Libertadores") | | [Group 3](/wiki/1986_Copa_Libertadores%23Group_3 "1986 Copa Libertadores#Group 3") | {{flagicon\|ECU}} [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona_S.C. "Barcelona S.C.") | 0–0 | 1\-1 | **2nd** | | {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Bangu](/wiki/Bangu_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube "Bangu Atlético Clube") | 3\-1 | 1\-1 | | {{flagicon\|ECU}} [Deportivo Quito](/wiki/Deportivo_Quito "Deportivo Quito") | 2\-0 | 1\-2 | | 2004 | [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/2004_Copa_Libertadores "2004 Copa Libertadores") | [Group 9](/wiki/2004_Copa_Libertadores%23Group_9 "2004 Copa Libertadores#Group 9") | {{flagicon\|PER}} [Sporting Cristal](/wiki/Sporting_Cristal "Sporting Cristal") | 2\-0 | 1\-4 | **3th** | | {{flagicon\|ARG}} [Rosario Central](/wiki/Rosario_Central "Rosario Central") | 2\-0 | 0\-2 | | {{flagicon\|PAR}} [Olimpia](/wiki/Club_Olimpia "Club Olimpia") | 1\-1 | 1\-1 | | [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/2004_Copa_Sudamericana "2004 Copa Sudamericana") | [1PR](/wiki/2004_Copa_Sudamericana%23First_round "2004 Copa Sudamericana#First round") | {{flagicon\|BRA}} [São Caetano](/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Desportiva_S%C3%A3o_Caetano "Associação Desportiva São Caetano") | 1\-2 | 2\-2 | **3\-4** | | [2009](/wiki/2009_Copa_Sudamericana "2009 Copa Sudamericana") | [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana "Copa Sudamericana") | [1R](/wiki/2009_Copa_Sudamericana%23First_stage "2009 Copa Sudamericana#First stage") | {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Vitória](/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vit%C3%B3ria "Esporte Clube Vitória") | 2\-0 | 0\-2 | **2\-2 (3\-5p)** | | [2012](/wiki/2012_Copa_Sudamericana "2012 Copa Sudamericana") | [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana "Copa Sudamericana") | [2R](/wiki/2012_Copa_Sudamericana%23Second_stage "2012 Copa Sudamericana#Second stage") | {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Grêmio](/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense "Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense") | 3\-2 | 0\-1 | **3\-3 (a)** | | [2013](/wiki/2013_Copa_Sudamericana "2013 Copa Sudamericana") | [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana "Copa Sudamericana") | [2R](/wiki/2013_Copa_Sudamericana%23Second_stage "2013 Copa Sudamericana#Second stage") | {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Vitória](/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vit%C3%B3ria "Esporte Clube Vitória") | 1\-0 | 0\-1 | **1\-1 (4\-3p)** | | [R16](/wiki/2013_Copa_Sudamericana%23Round_of_16 "2013 Copa Sudamericana#Round of 16") | {{flagicon\|COL}} [Itagüí](/wiki/%C3%81guilas_Doradas_Rionegro "Águilas Doradas Rionegro") | 0\-1 | 1\-2 | **1\-3** | | [2016](/wiki/2016_Copa_Sudamericana "2016 Copa Sudamericana") | [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana "Copa Sudamericana") | [2R](/wiki/2016_Copa_Sudamericana%23Second_stage "2016 Copa Sudamericana#Second stage") | {{flagicon\|BRA}} [Vitória](/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vit%C3%B3ria "Esporte Clube Vitória") | 1\-0 | 1\-2 | **2\-2 (a)** | | [R16](/wiki/2015_Copa_Sudamericana%23Round_of_16 "2015 Copa Sudamericana#Round of 16") | {{flagicon\|ARG}} [Belgrano](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Belgrano "Club Atlético Belgrano") | 1\-2 | 2\-1 | **3\-3 (4\-3p)** | | [QF](/wiki/2016_Copa_Sudamericana%23Quarterfinals "2016 Copa Sudamericana#Quarterfinals") | {{flagicon\|COL}} [Atlético Nacional](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Nacional "Atlético Nacional") | 1\-1 | 1\-3 | **2\-4** | | {{Clear}}
[ "Club\n----", "### Name", "The current and official name of the city of Curitiba was established in 1919, ten years after the foundation of club, which was actually called Coritiba. In the early years of football in Brazil, many English terms were used, such as \"match\", \"ground\" and \"players\". It is likely that the founders of Coritiba used these terms, and the name \"Foot Ball Club\" was the most correct name at the time. It has not been changed since then.", "The name \"Curitiba\" had gone through many orthographies throughout history, such as Coritiba and Curityba due to cultural diversities throughout the city.", "### Colors and logo", "The club colors are green and white, the colors of the Paraná state flag.\nFounded on 12 October 1909, Coritiba is the oldest \"green and white\" team in Brazilian football. {{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2016}}", "The club's logo is a green globe with the initials CFC in white across the centre, along with twelve white stylised pine seeds. The logo's colors, green and white, are the same as [Paraná](/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_%28state%29 \"Paraná (state)\") state flag's.\nCoritiba's first logo was simple: a white background inside a green circle, with the initials CFC in green.", "### The team kit", "Coritiba's first kit was used from 1909 to 1916, and was composed of green and white vertical stripes.\nCoritiba's second kit, used from 1916 to 1976 was an all\\-white one.", "The current home kit is composed of a white shirt, with two green parallel horizontal stripes and black shorts and white socks. The away kit is composed of a green and white vertical stripes shirt, black shorts and green socks. These kits were adopted in 1976\\.", "", "| {{Football kit \\| pattern\\_la \\= \\_coxa23h \\| pattern\\_b \\= \\_coxa23h \\| pattern\\_ra \\= \\_coxa23h \\| pattern\\_sh \\= \\_whitesides \\| pattern\\_so \\= \\_coxa23hl \\| leftarm \\= FFFFFF \\| body \\= FFFFFF \\| rightarm \\= FFFFFF \\| shorts \\= 000000 \\| socks \\= FFFFFF \\| title \\= Home (2024\\) }} | {{Football kit \\| pattern\\_la \\= \\_coxa23a \\| pattern\\_b \\= \\_coxa23a \\| pattern\\_ra \\= \\_coxa23a \\| pattern\\_sh \\= \\_coxa23a \\| pattern\\_so \\= \\_coxa23al \\| leftarm \\= 25E2 \\| body \\= FFFFFF \\| rightarm \\= 25E2 \\| shorts \\= FFFFFF \\| socks \\= 004336 \\| title \\= Away (2024\\) }} | {{Football kit \\| pattern\\_la \\= \\| pattern\\_b \\= \\_coxa23t \\| pattern\\_ra \\= \\| pattern\\_sh \\= \\_coxa23t \\| pattern\\_so \\= \\_coxa23tl \\| leftarm \\= 000000 \\| body \\= \\| rightarm \\= 000000 \\| shorts \\= \\| socks \\= \\| title \\= Third (2024\\) }} |", "| {{Football kit \\| pattern\\_la \\= \\| pattern\\_b \\= \\_coxa19851 \\| pattern\\_ra \\= \\| pattern\\_sh \\= \\| pattern\\_so \\= \\| leftarm \\= \\| body \\= \\| rightarm \\= \\| shorts \\= 000000 \\| socks \\= \\| title \\= 1985 Home Kit (National Champion) }} | {{Football kit \\| pattern\\_la \\= \\| pattern\\_b \\= \\_coxa19931 \\| pattern\\_ra \\= \\| pattern\\_sh \\= \\| pattern\\_so \\= \\| leftarm \\= \\| body \\= \\| rightarm \\= \\| shorts \\= 000000 \\| socks \\= \\| title \\= 1993 Home Kit }} | {{Football kit \\| pattern\\_la \\= \\_coxa0506h \\| pattern\\_b \\= \\_coxa0506h \\| pattern\\_ra \\= \\_coxa0506h \\| pattern\\_sh \\= \\| pattern\\_so \\= \\| leftarm \\= \\| body \\= \\| rightarm \\= \\| shorts \\= 000000 \\| socks \\= \\| title \\= 2005/06 Home }} |", "### Mascot", "The club's [mascot](/wiki/Mascots_of_Brazilian_football_sides \"Mascots of Brazilian football sides\") is an old man nicknamed Vovô Coxa (Grandpa Coxa), and represents the club's tradition of being the oldest football club of Curitiba.", "### Anthem", "The official club anthem lyrics were composed by Cláudio Ribeiro, and the music by Homero Rébuli. An unofficial anthem exists, titled Coritiba Eterno Campeão (Coritiba the Eternal Champion), which was composed by Francis Night. A third anthem, with lyrics composed by Vinicius Coelho, with music by Sebastião Lima, is also called Eterno Campeão.", "### South American Record", "{{updated\\|match played 23 August 2024}}", "| Competition | Played | Won | Drew | Lost | GF | GA | GD | Win% |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|{{sort\\|1\\|\\[\\[Copa Libertadores]]}}\n{{WDL\\|12\\|4\\|5\\|3\\|for\\=15\\|against\\=13\\|diff\\=yes}}", "|{{sort\\|3\\|\\[\\[Copa Sudamericana]]}}\n{{WDL\\|16\\|5\\|2\\|9\\|for\\=17\\|against\\=22\\|diff\\=yes}}", "| {{sort\\|8\\|Total}} {{WDLtot\\|28\\|9\\|7\\|12\\|for\\=32\\|against\\=35\\|diff\\=yes}} |", "", "| Season | Competition | Round | Opponents | Home | Away | Aggregate |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [1986](/wiki/1986_Copa_Libertadores \"1986 Copa Libertadores\") | [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/Copa_Libertadores \"Copa Libertadores\") |\n| [Group 3](/wiki/1986_Copa_Libertadores%23Group_3 \"1986 Copa Libertadores#Group 3\") | {{flagicon\\|ECU}} [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona_S.C. \"Barcelona S.C.\") | 0–0 | 1\\-1 | **2nd** |\n| {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Bangu](/wiki/Bangu_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube \"Bangu Atlético Clube\") | 3\\-1 | 1\\-1 |\n| {{flagicon\\|ECU}} [Deportivo Quito](/wiki/Deportivo_Quito \"Deportivo Quito\") | 2\\-0 | 1\\-2 |\n| 2004 | [Copa Libertadores](/wiki/2004_Copa_Libertadores \"2004 Copa Libertadores\") | [Group 9](/wiki/2004_Copa_Libertadores%23Group_9 \"2004 Copa Libertadores#Group 9\") | {{flagicon\\|PER}} [Sporting Cristal](/wiki/Sporting_Cristal \"Sporting Cristal\") | 2\\-0 | 1\\-4 | **3th** |\n| {{flagicon\\|ARG}} [Rosario Central](/wiki/Rosario_Central \"Rosario Central\") | 2\\-0 | 0\\-2 |\n| {{flagicon\\|PAR}} [Olimpia](/wiki/Club_Olimpia \"Club Olimpia\") | 1\\-1 | 1\\-1 |\n| [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/2004_Copa_Sudamericana \"2004 Copa Sudamericana\") | [1PR](/wiki/2004_Copa_Sudamericana%23First_round \"2004 Copa Sudamericana#First round\") | {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [São Caetano](/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Desportiva_S%C3%A3o_Caetano \"Associação Desportiva São Caetano\") | 1\\-2 | 2\\-2 | **3\\-4** |\n| [2009](/wiki/2009_Copa_Sudamericana \"2009 Copa Sudamericana\") | [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana \"Copa Sudamericana\") | [1R](/wiki/2009_Copa_Sudamericana%23First_stage \"2009 Copa Sudamericana#First stage\") | {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Vitória](/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vit%C3%B3ria \"Esporte Clube Vitória\") | 2\\-0 | 0\\-2 | **2\\-2 (3\\-5p)** |\n| [2012](/wiki/2012_Copa_Sudamericana \"2012 Copa Sudamericana\") | [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana \"Copa Sudamericana\") | [2R](/wiki/2012_Copa_Sudamericana%23Second_stage \"2012 Copa Sudamericana#Second stage\") | {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Grêmio](/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense \"Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense\") | 3\\-2 | 0\\-1 | **3\\-3 (a)** |\n| [2013](/wiki/2013_Copa_Sudamericana \"2013 Copa Sudamericana\") | [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana \"Copa Sudamericana\") | [2R](/wiki/2013_Copa_Sudamericana%23Second_stage \"2013 Copa Sudamericana#Second stage\") | {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Vitória](/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vit%C3%B3ria \"Esporte Clube Vitória\") | 1\\-0 | 0\\-1 | **1\\-1 (4\\-3p)** |\n| [R16](/wiki/2013_Copa_Sudamericana%23Round_of_16 \"2013 Copa Sudamericana#Round of 16\") | {{flagicon\\|COL}} [Itagüí](/wiki/%C3%81guilas_Doradas_Rionegro \"Águilas Doradas Rionegro\") | 0\\-1 | 1\\-2 | **1\\-3** |\n| [2016](/wiki/2016_Copa_Sudamericana \"2016 Copa Sudamericana\") | [Copa Sudamericana](/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana \"Copa Sudamericana\") | [2R](/wiki/2016_Copa_Sudamericana%23Second_stage \"2016 Copa Sudamericana#Second stage\") | {{flagicon\\|BRA}} [Vitória](/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vit%C3%B3ria \"Esporte Clube Vitória\") | 1\\-0 | 1\\-2 | **2\\-2 (a)** |\n| [R16](/wiki/2015_Copa_Sudamericana%23Round_of_16 \"2015 Copa Sudamericana#Round of 16\") | {{flagicon\\|ARG}} [Belgrano](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Belgrano \"Club Atlético Belgrano\") | 1\\-2 | 2\\-1 | **3\\-3 (4\\-3p)** |\n| [QF](/wiki/2016_Copa_Sudamericana%23Quarterfinals \"2016 Copa Sudamericana#Quarterfinals\") | {{flagicon\\|COL}} [Atlético Nacional](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Nacional \"Atlético Nacional\") | 1\\-1 | 1\\-3 | **2\\-4** |\n|", "{{Clear}}", "" ]
Training Ground Graciosa ------------------------ In 1988, President Bayard Osna ordered the construction of a training center for Coritiba. A land was acquired on the old Estrada da Graciosa (Graciosa's Road), near the Trevo do Atuba, about nine kilometers from the main headquarters, in [Alto da Glória](/wiki/Alto_da_Gl%C3%B3ria "Alto da Glória") (A neighborhood in Curitiba). But it was not until 1995 that the second step was taken. Joel Malucelli, Sérgio Prosdócimo and Édson Mauad took over Coritiba and started the works. Engineer José Arruda, at the time vice president of the club, was chosen as the person responsible for facing this challenge and he did it with confidence and determination, counting on the support of a competent works committee. Most of the money that made the construction possible came from monthly contributions from the Deliberative Council, presided at the time by Manoel Antonio de Oliveira. The Graciosa's Training Ground was inaugurated on December 20, 1997\. After much dedication and work from everyone who helped, the dream became a reality. In 2002, Giovani Gionédis took over the club and began a bold structural planning, which began with the expansion and modernization of the alviverde heritage. Today, the Bayard Osna Training Center has become one of the references of modernity and space for the work of football professionals. The serious work made Coritiba one of the clubs in the country with one of the best structures. It is based on the work of improving the base and each year stars emerge on its pitches, always accompanied by the best professionals, until they reach the professional team and become coxa\-brancas idols. The Training Center has five official football fields (70x110m), with different pitches. In addition, three dressing rooms, heated swimming pool, parking lot, press committee. For the medical area there is a modern physiology clinic, a complete gym, as well as physiotherapy, psychology and nutrition clinics.
[ "Training Ground Graciosa\n------------------------", "In 1988, President Bayard Osna ordered the construction of a training center for Coritiba. A land was acquired on the old Estrada da Graciosa (Graciosa's Road), near the Trevo do Atuba, about nine kilometers from the main headquarters, in [Alto da Glória](/wiki/Alto_da_Gl%C3%B3ria \"Alto da Glória\") (A neighborhood in Curitiba). But it was not until 1995 that the second step was taken. Joel Malucelli, Sérgio Prosdócimo and Édson Mauad took over Coritiba and started the works.", "Engineer José Arruda, at the time vice president of the club, was chosen as the person responsible for facing this challenge and he did it with confidence and determination, counting on the support of a competent works committee. Most of the money that made the construction possible came from monthly contributions from the Deliberative Council, presided at the time by Manoel Antonio de Oliveira.", "The Graciosa's Training Ground was inaugurated on December 20, 1997\\. After much dedication and work from everyone who helped, the dream became a reality. In 2002, Giovani Gionédis took over the club and began a bold structural planning, which began with the expansion and modernization of the alviverde heritage.", "Today, the Bayard Osna Training Center has become one of the references of modernity and space for the work of football professionals. The serious work made Coritiba one of the clubs in the country with one of the best structures. It is based on the work of improving the base and each year stars emerge on its pitches, always accompanied by the best professionals, until they reach the professional team and become coxa\\-brancas idols.", "The Training Center has five official football fields (70x110m), with different pitches. In addition, three dressing rooms, heated swimming pool, parking lot, press committee. For the medical area there is a modern physiology clinic, a complete gym, as well as physiotherapy, psychology and nutrition clinics.", "" ]
Course ------ The headwaters of the Argen arise in the [Allgäu](/wiki/Allg%C3%A4u "Allgäu"). There are two headwaters: the Obere Argen and the Untere Argen. The two arms wrap around the [Große Kreisstadt](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Kreisstadt "Große Kreisstadt") of [Wangen im Allgäu](/wiki/Wangen_im_Allg%C3%A4u "Wangen im Allgäu") and meet each other in the Neuravensburg district of Wangen im Allgäu. ### Untere Argen The origin of the **Untere Argen** is the confluence of Börlasbach and Stixnerbach at the western entrance to [Missen](/wiki/Missen-Wilhams "Missen-Wilhams") at about {{convert\|850\|m\|ft}} above sea level in the Allgäu region of Bavaria. From the confluence, it first flows north to [Isny im Allgäu](/wiki/Isny_im_Allg%C3%A4u "Isny im Allgäu"), then northwest to [Waltershofen](/wiki/Waltershofen "Waltershofen"), then southwest to Primisweiler. Past Primisweiler, it merges with the Obere Argen. The main tributaries are the *Wengener Argen* and the *Haslach*. The Federal highway [A96](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_96 "Bundesautobahn 96") crosses it a number of times. ### Obere Argen The **Obere Argen** originates in a marshy area north\-west of [Oberstaufen](/wiki/Oberstaufen "Oberstaufen") in the Allgäu. It initially flows through the [Eistobel](/wiki/Eistobel "Eistobel") gorge, then underneath the [Argentobelbrücke](/wiki/Argentobelbr%C3%BCcke "Argentobelbrücke"), and past [Grünenbach](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnenbach "Grünenbach") towards Wangen im Allgäu. From there it flows on via Neuravensburg to Pflegelberg, where it is united with the Untere Argen. ### Lower reaches [thumb\|left \| Lower reaches and mouth and between Kressbronn and Langenargen](/wiki/File:Argenm%C3%BCndung.jpg "Argenmündung.jpg") [Geomorphologically](/wiki/Geomorphology "Geomorphology"), the Argen has cut a deep and wide valley into the landscape, leading to such place names as *Gitzensteig*. In some places, the valley is over a kilometre wide. The edges of the valley occasionally rise steeply up to {{convert\|100\|m\|ft}}, and the valley floor is at the level of Lake Constance. Further down its course, the river bed becomes increasingly broader. The river here flows past the villages of [Laimnau](/wiki/Laimnau "Laimnau"), [Apflau](/wiki/Apflau "Apflau") and Badhütten. In the lower part of its course, the Argen was straightened out considerably. It no longer has [oxbow lakes](/wiki/Oxbow_lake "Oxbow lake") because of the intensive valley agriculture. In recent years the massive concrete walls alongside the river have been replaced with large boulders in most of the shallower zones. Near the [estuary](/wiki/Estuary "Estuary") at Kressbronn, gravel is mined in larger quantities, creating new lakes along the river. #### Ruins The ruins of several castles and palaces flank the lower reaches of the Argen: [Altsummerau](/wiki/Altsummerau "Altsummerau"), [Neusummerau](/wiki/Neusummerau "Neusummerau"), the late medieval [Gießen Castle](/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen_Castle "Gießen Castle") at Kreisbrunn, [Achberg Castle](/wiki/Achberg_Castle "Achberg Castle") and [Neuravensburg Castle](/wiki/Neuravensburg_Castle "Neuravensburg Castle"). Remains of an ancient [hill fort](/wiki/Hill_fort "Hill fort") can be found in the woods above the river. ### Mouth The mouth into [Lake Constance](/wiki/Lake_Constance "Lake Constance") is flanked on both sides by small harbours for pleasure boats. On the left is a camping grounds name *Gohren*. There is another camping grounds with restaurant at Laimnau. At its mouth, the Argen is {{convert\|30\|m\|ft}} wide. To prevent flooding, several protective walls have been constructed along the river. [Kayaking](/wiki/Kayaking "Kayaking") is possible; bathing facilities are available.
[ "Course\n------", "The headwaters of the Argen arise in the [Allgäu](/wiki/Allg%C3%A4u \"Allgäu\"). There are two headwaters: the Obere Argen and the Untere Argen. The two arms wrap around the [Große Kreisstadt](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Kreisstadt \"Große Kreisstadt\") of [Wangen im Allgäu](/wiki/Wangen_im_Allg%C3%A4u \"Wangen im Allgäu\") and meet each other in the Neuravensburg district of Wangen im Allgäu.", "### Untere Argen", "The origin of the **Untere Argen** is the confluence of Börlasbach and Stixnerbach at the western entrance to [Missen](/wiki/Missen-Wilhams \"Missen-Wilhams\") at about {{convert\\|850\\|m\\|ft}} above sea level in the Allgäu region of Bavaria. From the confluence, it first flows north to [Isny im Allgäu](/wiki/Isny_im_Allg%C3%A4u \"Isny im Allgäu\"), then northwest to [Waltershofen](/wiki/Waltershofen \"Waltershofen\"), then southwest to Primisweiler. Past Primisweiler, it merges with the Obere Argen.", "The main tributaries are the *Wengener Argen* and the *Haslach*.", "The Federal highway [A96](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_96 \"Bundesautobahn 96\") crosses it a number of times.", "### Obere Argen", "The **Obere Argen** originates in a marshy area north\\-west of [Oberstaufen](/wiki/Oberstaufen \"Oberstaufen\") in the Allgäu. It initially flows through the [Eistobel](/wiki/Eistobel \"Eistobel\") gorge, then underneath the [Argentobelbrücke](/wiki/Argentobelbr%C3%BCcke \"Argentobelbrücke\"), and past [Grünenbach](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnenbach \"Grünenbach\") towards Wangen im Allgäu. From there it flows on via Neuravensburg to Pflegelberg, where it is united with the Untere Argen.", "### Lower reaches", "[thumb\\|left \\| Lower reaches and mouth and between Kressbronn and Langenargen](/wiki/File:Argenm%C3%BCndung.jpg \"Argenmündung.jpg\")\n[Geomorphologically](/wiki/Geomorphology \"Geomorphology\"), the Argen has cut a deep and wide valley into the landscape, leading to such place names as *Gitzensteig*. In some places, the valley is over a kilometre wide. The edges of the valley occasionally rise steeply up to {{convert\\|100\\|m\\|ft}}, and the valley floor is at the level of Lake Constance.", "Further down its course, the river bed becomes increasingly broader. The river here flows past the villages of [Laimnau](/wiki/Laimnau \"Laimnau\"), [Apflau](/wiki/Apflau \"Apflau\") and Badhütten. In the lower part of its course, the Argen was straightened out considerably. It no longer has [oxbow lakes](/wiki/Oxbow_lake \"Oxbow lake\") because of the intensive valley agriculture. In recent years the massive concrete walls alongside the river have been replaced with large boulders in most of the shallower zones. Near the [estuary](/wiki/Estuary \"Estuary\") at Kressbronn, gravel is mined in larger quantities, creating new lakes along the river.", "#### Ruins", "The ruins of several castles and palaces flank the lower reaches of the Argen: [Altsummerau](/wiki/Altsummerau \"Altsummerau\"), [Neusummerau](/wiki/Neusummerau \"Neusummerau\"), the late medieval [Gießen Castle](/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen_Castle \"Gießen Castle\") at Kreisbrunn, [Achberg Castle](/wiki/Achberg_Castle \"Achberg Castle\") and [Neuravensburg Castle](/wiki/Neuravensburg_Castle \"Neuravensburg Castle\"). Remains of an ancient [hill fort](/wiki/Hill_fort \"Hill fort\") can be found in the woods above the river.", "### Mouth", "The mouth into [Lake Constance](/wiki/Lake_Constance \"Lake Constance\") is flanked on both sides by small harbours for pleasure boats. On the left is a camping grounds name *Gohren*. There is another camping grounds with restaurant at Laimnau. At its mouth, the Argen is {{convert\\|30\\|m\\|ft}} wide. To prevent flooding, several protective walls have been constructed along the river.", "[Kayaking](/wiki/Kayaking \"Kayaking\") is possible; bathing facilities are available.", "" ]
History ------- In 1963 in Miami, FL, Sam Fife received what he considered a true, divine relegation after which he began preaching and started groups around the country. The non\-denominational groups became known as "The Move of God" or simply "The Move."{{Cite web \|title\=Cult Info Since 1979 \- From Survivor to Thriver \|url\=https://www.icsahome.com/elibrary/topics/articles/from\-survivor\-to\-thriver \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-04 \|website\=www.icsahome.com \|language\=en\-US}} This soon spread to Canada and then other international locations. The groups began to move to wilderness locations for the coming of the end of the world including Alaska, Canada and South America. By 1974, there were approximately 40,000 members. Sam Fife died in a plane crash in 1979, but the movement carried on without him with the help of "Move Elders" who continued the teachings of Fife. The number of people involved in The Move has been in a long, slow decline, which began in the early 1980s with the closing of some Move farms in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") (BC), Canada. In the early 1990s, by contrast, farms in northern BC attracted new members, or groups set up new sites, with some of the communes numbering over 100 people, many of them youth. Don Murphy, a [Hutterite](/wiki/Hutterites "Hutterites"), reported on visiting Blueberry Farm in January 1994, where 140 adherents of the late Sam Fife's teachings ran a community. He noted that the community's members gave half of their income to it and generally dressed conservatively. Members needed the leaders' permission to go into town, even if they were using their own cars. He was favorably impressed by the outlook and spiritual vitality of the communities in British Columbia, writing, "It seems to me that these people probably are like the Hutterites were at the time of [Jacob Hutter](/wiki/Jacob_Hutter "Jacob Hutter") and [Peter Reidemann](/wiki/Peter_Riedemann "Peter Riedemann") \- very strong in faith and close to God." He faulted them for not adhering more strictly to New Testament rules about divorce and women's roles.Don Murphy (January 1994\). "Canada Journal," *The Anabaptist Voice*, Anabaptist Church The apparent revival lasted about ten years, before people began to leave again in the late 1990s. Since then, some of the farms have closed, some are reduced in population, and some thrive. Some ex\-members have criticized The Move, and reported suffering physical, sexual and psychological abuse at the hands of its leaders and elders while they were still involved with this group. More than 300 people formerly associated with The Move and a similar group, [I'SOT](/wiki/I%27SOT "I'SOT"), have traded stories in the Sam Fife/Move Yahoo! Group started in 2005\. The forum has provided a venue for considerable discussion of widely varied views and experiences within The Move. Four members wrote an open letter to the ministry of The Move, which they published on the [internet](/wiki/Internet "Internet") in order to publicize the abuses that allegedly had occurred there.["Letter to Move Leadership"](http://www.isotsurvivors.info/Final%20FM%20Letter.pdf), ISOT Survivors Many other members claim to have endured long\-term social, psychological, and spiritual damage, usually stemming from the Move's teachings of complete submission to leadership, whose members have sometimes created an impure and corrupt system. Reports have been made of financial exploitation in the form of work without pay and encouragement for members to turn over life savings to The Move. Some critics and former members have characterized The Move as a [cult](/wiki/Cult "Cult").
[ "History\n-------", "In 1963 in Miami, FL, Sam Fife received what he considered a true, divine relegation after which he began preaching and started groups around the country. The non\\-denominational groups became known as \"The Move of God\" or simply \"The Move.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=Cult Info Since 1979 \\- From Survivor to Thriver \\|url\\=https://www.icsahome.com/elibrary/topics/articles/from\\-survivor\\-to\\-thriver \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-04 \\|website\\=www.icsahome.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}} This soon spread to Canada and then other international locations.", "The groups began to move to wilderness locations for the coming of the end of the world including Alaska, Canada and South America. By 1974, there were approximately 40,000 members.", "Sam Fife died in a plane crash in 1979, but the movement carried on without him with the help of \"Move Elders\" who continued the teachings of Fife.", "The number of people involved in The Move has been in a long, slow decline, which began in the early 1980s with the closing of some Move farms in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") (BC), Canada. In the early 1990s, by contrast, farms in northern BC attracted new members, or groups set up new sites, with some of the communes numbering over 100 people, many of them youth.", "Don Murphy, a [Hutterite](/wiki/Hutterites \"Hutterites\"), reported on visiting Blueberry Farm in January 1994, where 140 adherents of the late Sam Fife's teachings ran a community. He noted that the community's members gave half of their income to it and generally dressed conservatively. Members needed the leaders' permission to go into town, even if they were using their own cars.", "He was favorably impressed by the outlook and spiritual vitality of the communities in British Columbia, writing, \"It seems to me that these people probably are like the Hutterites were at the time of [Jacob Hutter](/wiki/Jacob_Hutter \"Jacob Hutter\") and [Peter Reidemann](/wiki/Peter_Riedemann \"Peter Riedemann\") \\- very strong in faith and close to God.\" He faulted them for not adhering more strictly to New Testament rules about divorce and women's roles.Don Murphy (January 1994\\). \"Canada Journal,\" *The Anabaptist Voice*, Anabaptist Church", "The apparent revival lasted about ten years, before people began to leave again in the late 1990s. Since then, some of the farms have closed, some are reduced in population, and some thrive.", "Some ex\\-members have criticized The Move, and reported suffering physical, sexual and psychological abuse at the hands of its leaders and elders while they were still involved with this group. More than 300 people formerly associated with The Move and a similar group, [I'SOT](/wiki/I%27SOT \"I'SOT\"), have traded stories in the Sam Fife/Move Yahoo! Group started in 2005\\.", "The forum has provided a venue for considerable discussion of widely varied views and experiences within The Move. Four members wrote an open letter to the ministry of The Move, which they published on the [internet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\") in order to publicize the abuses that allegedly had occurred there.[\"Letter to Move Leadership\"](http://www.isotsurvivors.info/Final%20FM%20Letter.pdf), ISOT Survivors", "Many other members claim to have endured long\\-term social, psychological, and spiritual damage, usually stemming from the Move's teachings of complete submission to leadership, whose members have sometimes created an impure and corrupt system.", "Reports have been made of financial exploitation in the form of work without pay and encouragement for members to turn over life savings to The Move.", "Some critics and former members have characterized The Move as a [cult](/wiki/Cult \"Cult\").", "" ]
Early life ---------- Bonann was born in [Santa Monica, California](/wiki/Santa_Monica%2C_California "Santa Monica, California"),{{cite book \|last2\=Bonann \|first2\=Gregory J. \|last1\=Lewis \|first1\=Brad Alan \|date\=1999 \|title\=Baywatch: Rescued From Prime Time \|location\=USA \|publisher\=New Millenium Press \|isbn\=978\-1422363331}} to [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic "Catholic") parents Regina (née Caput), a [bank teller](/wiki/Bank_teller "Bank teller"), and Louis John Bonann, a physician and veteran of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). He was raised in [West Los Angeles](/wiki/West_Los_Angeles "West Los Angeles") with two sisters, Kathleen and Deborah. As a child, Bonann suffered from severe [asthma](/wiki/Asthma "Asthma") and [allergies](/wiki/Allergies "Allergies").{{cite news \|last\=Kleinhans Reichman \|first\=Theda \|date\=February 25, 1979 \|title\=Greg Bonann: Lifeguard with a Mission \|newspaper\=Catholic Twin Circle \|location\=Los Angeles \|pages\=3–5 \|isbn\=9780615604763 \|access\-date\=May 21, 2015 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=0\_z4a\_ZP1a4C\&pg\=PA3838 }} He was born with [club feet](/wiki/Club_foot "Club foot") and severe visual impairment, and was close to death twice before the age of two. Bonann attended [Palisades High School](/wiki/Palisades_Charter_High_School "Palisades Charter High School") from 1967 through 1970, and since his allergies ruled out any outdoor sports, he joined the swim team.{{cite book \|last\=Bart \|first\=Peter \|date\=June 6, 2007 \|pages\=79–90 \|title\=Boffo!: How I Learned to Love the Blockbuster and Fear the Bomb \|location\=USA \|publisher\=Miramax/Hyperion \|isbn\=978\-1401360283}} Contact lenses corrected his vision, but swimming with them proved difficult, so Bonann needed special visual aids to see the walls of the pool. He ultimately specialized in the backstroke so that he could use the overhead flags to better gauge his turns. He was voted most\-improved swimmer in his second year, but he didn't win a competitive race until two years later.{{cite book \|last\=Whitten \|first\=Phil \|editor\-first\=Larry \|editor\-last\=Thompson \|date\=September 17, 2007 \|pages\=109–115 \|title\=Swimmers: Courage and Triumph \|location\=USA \|publisher\=ISHOF Press \|isbn\=978\-1887359023}} In his senior year, Bonann was voted most\-valuable. In the fall of 1970, Bonann attended [Washington State University](/wiki/Washington_State_University "Washington State University") as a freshman on a partial athletic scholarship. He was recruited by the [U.S. Olympic Committee](/wiki/U.S._Olympic_Committee "U.S. Olympic Committee") and trained to compete in the [modern pentathlon](/wiki/Modern_pentathlon "Modern pentathlon"). Although he didn't qualify for the event, Bonann travelled to [Munich](/wiki/Munich%2C_Germany "Munich, Germany") for the [1972 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics "1972 Summer Olympics") as a non\-competitor. When WSU dropped the men's swimming program, Bonann transferred to [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Long_Beach "California State University, Long Beach") in [Long Beach, California](/wiki/Long_Beach%2C_California "Long Beach, California"). He continued to swim with the CSULB team, alongside Olympic athletes [Gunnar Larsson](/wiki/Gunnar_Larsson_%28swimmer%29 "Gunnar Larsson (swimmer)"), Klaus Barth, and [Hans Fassnacht](/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Fassnacht "Hans-Joachim Fassnacht"), until 1974 when he graduated with a BA degree in journalism.
[ "Early life\n----------", "Bonann was born in [Santa Monica, California](/wiki/Santa_Monica%2C_California \"Santa Monica, California\"),{{cite book \\|last2\\=Bonann \\|first2\\=Gregory J. \\|last1\\=Lewis \\|first1\\=Brad Alan \\|date\\=1999 \\|title\\=Baywatch: Rescued From Prime Time \\|location\\=USA \\|publisher\\=New Millenium Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1422363331}} to [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic \"Catholic\") parents Regina (née Caput), a [bank teller](/wiki/Bank_teller \"Bank teller\"), and Louis John Bonann, a physician and veteran of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). He was raised in [West Los Angeles](/wiki/West_Los_Angeles \"West Los Angeles\") with two sisters, Kathleen and Deborah.", "As a child, Bonann suffered from severe [asthma](/wiki/Asthma \"Asthma\") and [allergies](/wiki/Allergies \"Allergies\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Kleinhans Reichman \\|first\\=Theda \\|date\\=February 25, 1979 \\|title\\=Greg Bonann: Lifeguard with a Mission \\|newspaper\\=Catholic Twin Circle \\|location\\=Los Angeles \\|pages\\=3–5 \\|isbn\\=9780615604763 \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2015 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0\\_z4a\\_ZP1a4C\\&pg\\=PA3838 }} He was born with [club feet](/wiki/Club_foot \"Club foot\") and severe visual impairment, and was close to death twice before the age of two.", "Bonann attended [Palisades High School](/wiki/Palisades_Charter_High_School \"Palisades Charter High School\") from 1967 through 1970, and since his allergies ruled out any outdoor sports, he joined the swim team.{{cite book \\|last\\=Bart \\|first\\=Peter \\|date\\=June 6, 2007 \\|pages\\=79–90 \\|title\\=Boffo!: How I Learned to Love the Blockbuster and Fear the Bomb \\|location\\=USA \\|publisher\\=Miramax/Hyperion \\|isbn\\=978\\-1401360283}} Contact lenses corrected his vision, but swimming with them proved difficult, so Bonann needed special visual aids to see the walls of the pool. He ultimately specialized in the backstroke so that he could use the overhead flags to better gauge his turns. He was voted most\\-improved swimmer in his second year, but he didn't win a competitive race until two years later.{{cite book \\|last\\=Whitten \\|first\\=Phil \\|editor\\-first\\=Larry \\|editor\\-last\\=Thompson \\|date\\=September 17, 2007 \\|pages\\=109–115 \\|title\\=Swimmers: Courage and Triumph \\|location\\=USA \\|publisher\\=ISHOF Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1887359023}} In his senior year, Bonann was voted most\\-valuable.", "In the fall of 1970, Bonann attended [Washington State University](/wiki/Washington_State_University \"Washington State University\") as a freshman on a partial athletic scholarship. He was recruited by the [U.S. Olympic Committee](/wiki/U.S._Olympic_Committee \"U.S. Olympic Committee\") and trained to compete in the [modern pentathlon](/wiki/Modern_pentathlon \"Modern pentathlon\"). Although he didn't qualify for the event, Bonann travelled to [Munich](/wiki/Munich%2C_Germany \"Munich, Germany\") for the [1972 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics \"1972 Summer Olympics\") as a non\\-competitor.", "When WSU dropped the men's swimming program, Bonann transferred to [California State University](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Long_Beach \"California State University, Long Beach\") in [Long Beach, California](/wiki/Long_Beach%2C_California \"Long Beach, California\"). He continued to swim with the CSULB team, alongside Olympic athletes [Gunnar Larsson](/wiki/Gunnar_Larsson_%28swimmer%29 \"Gunnar Larsson (swimmer)\"), Klaus Barth, and [Hans Fassnacht](/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Fassnacht \"Hans-Joachim Fassnacht\"), until 1974 when he graduated with a BA degree in journalism.", "" ]
Lifeguarding ------------ In 1970, Bonann began his lifeguard career as an LA City Ocean Lifeguard. After the completion of rookie academy, he was given his choice of post, and served in lifeguard tower \#18 on [Will Rogers State Beach](/wiki/Will_Rogers_State_Beach "Will Rogers State Beach"), a short distance from his family home in [West Los Angeles](/wiki/West_Los_Angeles "West Los Angeles"). Bonann became a [Los Angeles County Lifeguard](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Lifeguards "Los Angeles County Lifeguards") in 1975, when the city and county services merged.{{cite book \|last\=Verge \|first\=Arthur C. \|date\=2005 \|lccn\=2005922916 \|title\=Images of America: Los Angeles County Lifeguards \|location\=USA \|publisher\=Arcadia \|isbn\=978\-0738529899}} He served on the beaches of the Central Section, including [Topanga](/wiki/Topanga_State_Park "Topanga State Park"), [Will Rogers](/wiki/Will_Rogers_State_Beach "Will Rogers State Beach"), [Santa Monica](/wiki/Santa_Monica_Beach "Santa Monica Beach"), [Venice](/wiki/Venice%2C_Los_Angeles%23Venice_Beach "Venice, Los Angeles#Venice Beach"), and [Del Rey](/wiki/Playa_Del_Rey "Playa Del Rey"). [thumb\|Lifeguard Gregory J. Bonann working on Will Rogers State Beach in 1989\. Photo by Kim Carlsberg.](/wiki/File:Lifeguard_Gregory_J._Bonann.jpg "Lifeguard Gregory J. Bonann.jpg") In the summer of 1977, while working [Will Rogers State Beach](/wiki/Will_Rogers_State_Beach "Will Rogers State Beach"), Bonann performed a routine rescue of some children who were caught in a riptide. The children's father was Stu Erwin, Jr., who worked for [MTM Enterprises](/wiki/MTM_Enterprises "MTM Enterprises"), a television production company run by [Grant Tinker](/wiki/Grant_Tinker "Grant Tinker"), the future chairman and CEO of [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC"). Bonann would go on to pitch his idea for a television show about lifeguards to Erwin and Tinker, who eventually helped him sell the show to NBC. In 1989, while [scouting locations](/wiki/Location_Scouting "Location Scouting") in [Venice Beach, California](/wiki/Venice%2C_Los_Angeles "Venice, Los Angeles") with the *[Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch "Baywatch")* producers and writing staff, Bonann was approached by a teenager who had lost his friend in the water. Bonann swam out and made three surface dives before finding the boy, who had been submerged for several minutes, and revived him using [mouth\-to\-mouth resuscitation](/wiki/Artificial_respiration "Artificial respiration") while [treading water](/wiki/Treading_water "Treading water"). The boy was taken to UCLA Medical Center where he recovered.{{cite news \|last\=Puig \|first\=Claudia \|date\=June 8, 1989 \|title\=TV \& Video: Morning Report \|newspaper\=Los Angeles Times \|location\=Los Angeles \|access\-date\=May 21, 2015 \|url\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/280940137 }} Bonann received the [Medal of Valor](/wiki/List_of_medals_for_bravery "List of medals for bravery") from Los Angeles County for performing that rescue.[International Surf Festival Medal of Valor Honorees List](http://www.surffestival.org/#!medal-of-valor/cm5e/) In 1994 the [L.A. County Lifeguard](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Lifeguards "Los Angeles County Lifeguards") services merged into the [Los Angeles County Fire Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Fire_Department "Los Angeles County Fire Department"), making Bonann an L.A. County Firefighter within its Lifeguard Division. In 2001, Bonann became an Ocean Lifeguard for [Honolulu City and County](/wiki/Honolulu_County%2C_Hawaii "Honolulu County, Hawaii"), [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu "Oahu"), Hawaii. Bonann transferred to the Northern Section of [Los Angeles County](/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_California%23Los_Angeles_County "List of beaches in California#Los Angeles County") in 2013, including [Malibu](/wiki/Malibu_Lagoon_State_Beach "Malibu Lagoon State Beach") and [Zuma](/wiki/Zuma_Beach "Zuma Beach") beaches,. He has been a Junior Lifeguard Instructor at Zuma Beach for nine years. In 2023 he began his 54th year on active status as a [Los Angeles County Lifeguard](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Lifeguards "Los Angeles County Lifeguards"). Bonann has been recognized by both the Belgian Life Saving Federation, and the [International Life Saving Federation](/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation "International Life Saving Federation") for his dedication to the field, and in 2000 he was awarded the Gold Medallion from the International Swimming Hall of Fame for his achievements and contributions. In 2021 the Professional Lifeguard Foundation honored Bonann with a Lifetime Achievement Award for his 52 years of service and dedication in fostering the professional and personal growth of the Los Angeles County Lifeguards through teaching and mentoring relationships.
[ "Lifeguarding\n------------", "In 1970, Bonann began his lifeguard career as an LA City Ocean Lifeguard. After the completion of rookie academy, he was given his choice of post, and served in lifeguard tower \\#18 on [Will Rogers State Beach](/wiki/Will_Rogers_State_Beach \"Will Rogers State Beach\"), a short distance from his family home in [West Los Angeles](/wiki/West_Los_Angeles \"West Los Angeles\").", "Bonann became a [Los Angeles County Lifeguard](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Lifeguards \"Los Angeles County Lifeguards\") in 1975, when the city and county services merged.{{cite book \\|last\\=Verge \\|first\\=Arthur C. \\|date\\=2005 \\|lccn\\=2005922916 \\|title\\=Images of America: Los Angeles County Lifeguards \\|location\\=USA \\|publisher\\=Arcadia \\|isbn\\=978\\-0738529899}} He served on the beaches of the Central Section, including [Topanga](/wiki/Topanga_State_Park \"Topanga State Park\"), [Will Rogers](/wiki/Will_Rogers_State_Beach \"Will Rogers State Beach\"), [Santa Monica](/wiki/Santa_Monica_Beach \"Santa Monica Beach\"), [Venice](/wiki/Venice%2C_Los_Angeles%23Venice_Beach \"Venice, Los Angeles#Venice Beach\"), and [Del Rey](/wiki/Playa_Del_Rey \"Playa Del Rey\").", "[thumb\\|Lifeguard Gregory J. Bonann working on Will Rogers State Beach in 1989\\. Photo by Kim Carlsberg.](/wiki/File:Lifeguard_Gregory_J._Bonann.jpg \"Lifeguard Gregory J. Bonann.jpg\")\nIn the summer of 1977, while working [Will Rogers State Beach](/wiki/Will_Rogers_State_Beach \"Will Rogers State Beach\"), Bonann performed a routine rescue of some children who were caught in a riptide. The children's father was Stu Erwin, Jr., who worked for [MTM Enterprises](/wiki/MTM_Enterprises \"MTM Enterprises\"), a television production company run by [Grant Tinker](/wiki/Grant_Tinker \"Grant Tinker\"), the future chairman and CEO of [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"). Bonann would go on to pitch his idea for a television show about lifeguards to Erwin and Tinker, who eventually helped him sell the show to NBC.", "In 1989, while [scouting locations](/wiki/Location_Scouting \"Location Scouting\") in [Venice Beach, California](/wiki/Venice%2C_Los_Angeles \"Venice, Los Angeles\") with the *[Baywatch](/wiki/Baywatch \"Baywatch\")* producers and writing staff, Bonann was approached by a teenager who had lost his friend in the water. Bonann swam out and made three surface dives before finding the boy, who had been submerged for several minutes, and revived him using [mouth\\-to\\-mouth resuscitation](/wiki/Artificial_respiration \"Artificial respiration\") while [treading water](/wiki/Treading_water \"Treading water\"). The boy was taken to UCLA Medical Center where he recovered.{{cite news \\|last\\=Puig \\|first\\=Claudia \\|date\\=June 8, 1989 \\|title\\=TV \\& Video: Morning Report \\|newspaper\\=Los Angeles Times \\|location\\=Los Angeles \\|access\\-date\\=May 21, 2015 \\|url\\=https://www.proquest.com/docview/280940137 }} Bonann received the [Medal of Valor](/wiki/List_of_medals_for_bravery \"List of medals for bravery\") from Los Angeles County for performing that rescue.[International Surf Festival Medal of Valor Honorees List](http://www.surffestival.org/#!medal-of-valor/cm5e/)", "In 1994 the [L.A. County Lifeguard](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Lifeguards \"Los Angeles County Lifeguards\") services merged into the [Los Angeles County Fire Department](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Fire_Department \"Los Angeles County Fire Department\"), making Bonann an L.A. County Firefighter within its Lifeguard Division.", "In 2001, Bonann became an Ocean Lifeguard for [Honolulu City and County](/wiki/Honolulu_County%2C_Hawaii \"Honolulu County, Hawaii\"), [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu \"Oahu\"), Hawaii.", "Bonann transferred to the Northern Section of [Los Angeles County](/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_California%23Los_Angeles_County \"List of beaches in California#Los Angeles County\") in 2013, including [Malibu](/wiki/Malibu_Lagoon_State_Beach \"Malibu Lagoon State Beach\") and [Zuma](/wiki/Zuma_Beach \"Zuma Beach\") beaches,. He has been a Junior Lifeguard Instructor at Zuma Beach for nine years. In 2023 he began his 54th year on active status as a [Los Angeles County Lifeguard](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Lifeguards \"Los Angeles County Lifeguards\").", "Bonann has been recognized by both the Belgian Life Saving Federation, and the [International Life Saving Federation](/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation \"International Life Saving Federation\") for his dedication to the field, and in 2000 he was awarded the Gold Medallion from the International Swimming Hall of Fame for his achievements and contributions.", "In 2021 the Professional Lifeguard Foundation honored Bonann with a Lifetime Achievement Award for his 52 years of service and dedication in fostering the professional and personal growth of the Los Angeles County Lifeguards through teaching and mentoring relationships.", "" ]