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Complex origins
---------------
### The Last Dinky
Pilen's model selection appears taken (whether by direct copying from blueprints or through available dies) from a variety of other producers, especially French [Dinky Toys](/wiki/Dinky_Toys "Dinky Toys"). Some tools from Meccano s.a. were transferred from Calais to Pilen in Spain so the models made by Pilen were Dinky castings – the base plate of which had been modified from MADE IN FRANCE to MADE IN SPAIN. For example, the Talbot/Simca/Chrysler 1100 saloon, [Renault 12](/wiki/Renault_12 "Renault 12") saloon, Mercedes 250 coupe, Ferrari P5, [Citroën CX](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX "Citroën CX") Pallas, and [Matra\-Simca Bagheera](/wiki/Matra-Simca_Bagheera "Matra-Simca Bagheera") were French Dinky castings.{{sfn\|Dujardin\|2020}} Later versions of these cars, though, did not say Dinky anywhere on the base plates.
So, from 1974 until 1981, several French Dinky Toys passenger cars were made by Pilen. Bickford says that originally there was an agreement to market the French Dinkys in Spain, but most were sold under the Pilen brand name.{{sfn\|Bickford\|2009}} The French dies were used, but of course the base plates were altered, hiding that fact. These cars were almost exactly similar to the French dies, but with Pilen's own paint finishes. Some were modified and updated by Pilen such as the [Citroën DS 23](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS_23 "Citroën DS 23") or the [Renault 16](/wiki/Renault_16 "Renault 16") and were sold either under the marque Dinky or Pilen with distinct base plates and packaging. It could be said that these were the last genuine Dinky Toys,{{sfn\|Dujardin\|2020}} though Gardiner and O'Neill show two complete pages of "Dinky, Spain" without ever mentioning Auto Pilen{{sfn\|Gardiner\|O'Neill\|1996\|pp\=70–1}}!
Dinkys made in Spain were made available to the French market. The last six Dinky issued in 1980 were Pilen models fitted with a Dinky base plate.{{sfn\|Dujardin\|2020}}
They were :
* 11500 [Citroën 2CV](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV "Citroën 2CV")
* 11539 [Volkswagen Scirocco](/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco "Volkswagen Scirocco")
* 11540 [Renault 14](/wiki/Renault_14 "Renault 14")
* 11541 [Ford Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta "Ford Fiesta")
* 11542 Simca 1308 GT
* 11543 [Opel Ascona](/wiki/Opel_Ascona "Opel Ascona")
### Corgi, Solido and Politoys
The [Oldsmobile Toronado](/wiki/Oldsmobile_Toronado "Oldsmobile Toronado"), the 1963 Corvette Stingray, the experimental Chevrolet Corvette\-like Astro 1 and the Adams Probe all appear to have been recastings of previous British Corgi models. Though Tekno also made a Toronado and Pilen's Toronado had opening doors similar to the Tekno, the general look and opening headlights appear more like the Corgi.
Several Pilen models were dead ringers for French Solidos such as the [De Tomaso Mangusta](/wiki/De_Tomaso_Mangusta "De Tomaso Mangusta") which Dinky also made, but Pilen's version was more refined like the Solido, while the Dinky was rather thick and distorted. Pilen's [Opel Manta](/wiki/Opel_Manta "Opel Manta") was likely a Solido replica, as well as the [Mercedes\-Benz C111](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C111 "Mercedes-Benz C111") rotary concept. Pilen had a [Porsche Carrera 6](/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_6 "Porsche Carrera 6") race car like Corgi and Solido, but the details of the Pilen model match the Solido.
A couple other models appear to be copies of previous Politoys models of Italy: the [Ferrari Modulo](/wiki/Ferrari_Modulo "Ferrari Modulo") [Pininfarina](/wiki/Pininfarina "Pininfarina") and the [Lancia Stratos](/wiki/Lancia_Stratos "Lancia Stratos") [Bertone](/wiki/Gruppo_Bertone "Gruppo Bertone"). The American Ford GT Mark II is very similar to the Mebetoys (also of Italy) version, and the SEAT (FIAT) 850 Spyder is like the earlier Mercury, another Italian model producer. The company's Chevrolet Corvair Monza open cockpit concept is a doppelganger of the Danish Tekno issue. It seems either Pilen had direct access to dies of many toy makers (which does not seem very likely), or it had superior skills in creating new castings closely matching various existing vehicles – perhaps with the help of blueprints.
### Other contributions
A few models have mysterious origins. The [AMC Javelin](/wiki/AMC_Javelin "AMC Javelin") doesn't seem to have a counterpart elsewhere and neither does the [Intermeccanica](/wiki/Intermeccanica "Intermeccanica") Indra or the [Monteverdi Hai 450](/wiki/Monteverdi_Hai_450 "Monteverdi Hai 450"), though models of all of these appeared afterward made by different manufacturers. One possibility is that these were new French Dinky castings that had not appeared elsewhere and were to be introduced when the 'Spanish Dinky' line was to premier. Considering the care and quality seen in many of the Auto Pilen models, it is also possible that a few models were done in\-house.
Auto Pilen also made a line of Matchbox\-sized 1/64 scale cars, but these are more rare. Besides a [SEAT 131](/wiki/SEAT_131 "SEAT 131") Wagon, a [SEAT Ritmo](/wiki/SEAT_Ritmo "SEAT Ritmo"), a Renault 4F (Van), a [Peugeot 504](/wiki/Peugeot_504 "Peugeot 504"), and a Range Rover – among others – were made but little is known about them. The Range Rover casting was shared with Guiloy which brings us to the subject of Pilen's connections to other Spanish diecasters.{{sfn\|Willoughby\|2002}}
|
[
"Complex origins\n---------------",
"### The Last Dinky",
"Pilen's model selection appears taken (whether by direct copying from blueprints or through available dies) from a variety of other producers, especially French [Dinky Toys](/wiki/Dinky_Toys \"Dinky Toys\"). Some tools from Meccano s.a. were transferred from Calais to Pilen in Spain so the models made by Pilen were Dinky castings – the base plate of which had been modified from MADE IN FRANCE to MADE IN SPAIN. For example, the Talbot/Simca/Chrysler 1100 saloon, [Renault 12](/wiki/Renault_12 \"Renault 12\") saloon, Mercedes 250 coupe, Ferrari P5, [Citroën CX](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX \"Citroën CX\") Pallas, and [Matra\\-Simca Bagheera](/wiki/Matra-Simca_Bagheera \"Matra-Simca Bagheera\") were French Dinky castings.{{sfn\\|Dujardin\\|2020}} Later versions of these cars, though, did not say Dinky anywhere on the base plates.",
"So, from 1974 until 1981, several French Dinky Toys passenger cars were made by Pilen. Bickford says that originally there was an agreement to market the French Dinkys in Spain, but most were sold under the Pilen brand name.{{sfn\\|Bickford\\|2009}} The French dies were used, but of course the base plates were altered, hiding that fact. These cars were almost exactly similar to the French dies, but with Pilen's own paint finishes. Some were modified and updated by Pilen such as the [Citroën DS 23](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS_23 \"Citroën DS 23\") or the [Renault 16](/wiki/Renault_16 \"Renault 16\") and were sold either under the marque Dinky or Pilen with distinct base plates and packaging. It could be said that these were the last genuine Dinky Toys,{{sfn\\|Dujardin\\|2020}} though Gardiner and O'Neill show two complete pages of \"Dinky, Spain\" without ever mentioning Auto Pilen{{sfn\\|Gardiner\\|O'Neill\\|1996\\|pp\\=70–1}}!",
"Dinkys made in Spain were made available to the French market. The last six Dinky issued in 1980 were Pilen models fitted with a Dinky base plate.{{sfn\\|Dujardin\\|2020}}",
"They were :\n* 11500 [Citroën 2CV](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV \"Citroën 2CV\")\n* 11539 [Volkswagen Scirocco](/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco \"Volkswagen Scirocco\")\n* 11540 [Renault 14](/wiki/Renault_14 \"Renault 14\")\n* 11541 [Ford Fiesta](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta \"Ford Fiesta\")\n* 11542 Simca 1308 GT\n* 11543 [Opel Ascona](/wiki/Opel_Ascona \"Opel Ascona\")",
"### Corgi, Solido and Politoys",
"The [Oldsmobile Toronado](/wiki/Oldsmobile_Toronado \"Oldsmobile Toronado\"), the 1963 Corvette Stingray, the experimental Chevrolet Corvette\\-like Astro 1 and the Adams Probe all appear to have been recastings of previous British Corgi models. Though Tekno also made a Toronado and Pilen's Toronado had opening doors similar to the Tekno, the general look and opening headlights appear more like the Corgi.",
"Several Pilen models were dead ringers for French Solidos such as the [De Tomaso Mangusta](/wiki/De_Tomaso_Mangusta \"De Tomaso Mangusta\") which Dinky also made, but Pilen's version was more refined like the Solido, while the Dinky was rather thick and distorted. Pilen's [Opel Manta](/wiki/Opel_Manta \"Opel Manta\") was likely a Solido replica, as well as the [Mercedes\\-Benz C111](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C111 \"Mercedes-Benz C111\") rotary concept. Pilen had a [Porsche Carrera 6](/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_6 \"Porsche Carrera 6\") race car like Corgi and Solido, but the details of the Pilen model match the Solido.",
"A couple other models appear to be copies of previous Politoys models of Italy: the [Ferrari Modulo](/wiki/Ferrari_Modulo \"Ferrari Modulo\") [Pininfarina](/wiki/Pininfarina \"Pininfarina\") and the [Lancia Stratos](/wiki/Lancia_Stratos \"Lancia Stratos\") [Bertone](/wiki/Gruppo_Bertone \"Gruppo Bertone\"). The American Ford GT Mark II is very similar to the Mebetoys (also of Italy) version, and the SEAT (FIAT) 850 Spyder is like the earlier Mercury, another Italian model producer. The company's Chevrolet Corvair Monza open cockpit concept is a doppelganger of the Danish Tekno issue. It seems either Pilen had direct access to dies of many toy makers (which does not seem very likely), or it had superior skills in creating new castings closely matching various existing vehicles – perhaps with the help of blueprints.",
"### Other contributions",
"A few models have mysterious origins. The [AMC Javelin](/wiki/AMC_Javelin \"AMC Javelin\") doesn't seem to have a counterpart elsewhere and neither does the [Intermeccanica](/wiki/Intermeccanica \"Intermeccanica\") Indra or the [Monteverdi Hai 450](/wiki/Monteverdi_Hai_450 \"Monteverdi Hai 450\"), though models of all of these appeared afterward made by different manufacturers. One possibility is that these were new French Dinky castings that had not appeared elsewhere and were to be introduced when the 'Spanish Dinky' line was to premier. Considering the care and quality seen in many of the Auto Pilen models, it is also possible that a few models were done in\\-house.",
"Auto Pilen also made a line of Matchbox\\-sized 1/64 scale cars, but these are more rare. Besides a [SEAT 131](/wiki/SEAT_131 \"SEAT 131\") Wagon, a [SEAT Ritmo](/wiki/SEAT_Ritmo \"SEAT Ritmo\"), a Renault 4F (Van), a [Peugeot 504](/wiki/Peugeot_504 \"Peugeot 504\"), and a Range Rover – among others – were made but little is known about them. The Range Rover casting was shared with Guiloy which brings us to the subject of Pilen's connections to other Spanish diecasters.{{sfn\\|Willoughby\\|2002}}",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Chiba Lotte Marines (2003–2010\)
#### Early years (2003–2004\)
In 2003, his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie "Rookie") [season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 "Season (sports)"), Nishioka was assigned to the *ichigun* (Japanese equivalent of "major league") team during Spring training, but he was sent down to the *nigun* team ("[minor league](/wiki/Minor_league "Minor league")" or "[farm team](/wiki/Farm_team%23Baseball "Farm team#Baseball")") for the season opener. He was called up to the *ichigun* team in mid\-June and made his professional debut on June 23 as a [pinch runner](/wiki/Pinch_runner "Pinch runner"), hitting a [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)") off then\-[Orix BlueWave](/wiki/Orix_BlueWave "Orix BlueWave") [right\-hander](/wiki/Right-handedness "Right-handedness") Hisashi Tokano in his very first [plate appearance](/wiki/Plate_appearance "Plate appearance") on June 28 for the first [hit](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)") of his professional career. However, he was sent back down to the minors after a few games. His .216 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") was the lowest among all qualifying players in the [Eastern League](/wiki/Eastern_League_%28Japanese_baseball%29 "Eastern League (Japanese baseball)").
Nishioka followed the advice of [coach](/wiki/Coach_%28baseball%29 "Coach (baseball)") Yoshihiko Takahashi and become a switch hitter in his second year in the pros (2004\). (He remains one of the few examples of a naturally right\-handed player switching from hitting *left*\-handed to hitting switch in Japanese professional baseball today.) He hit his first career home run at the *ichigun* level off then\-[Seibu Lions](/wiki/Saitama_Seibu_Lions%23Seibu_Lions_%281979%E2%80%932007%29 "Saitama Seibu Lions#Seibu Lions (1979–2007)") right\-hander Mitsutaka Goto on June 27 and recorded his first career [stolen base](/wiki/Stolen_base "Stolen base") in the same game. He finished with six homers and 35 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in "Run batted in") for the season (though his average was just .255 and his [on\-base percentage](/wiki/On-base_percentage "On-base percentage") a mere. 304\).["Dragons favored to book return trip to Japan Series"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20050326a3.html) *The Japan Times*
#### Breakout (2005–2006\)
Nishioka had a breakout year in 2005,["Valentine living it up in Japan as Marine faithful think pennant"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20050517j1.html) *The Japan Times* starting as a backup [infielder](/wiki/Infielder "Infielder") but starting at both second base and shortstop alongside veterans Koichi Hori and [Makoto Kosaka](/wiki/Makoto_Kosaka "Makoto Kosaka") in an unorthodox [platoon system](/wiki/Platoon_system "Platoon system") as the season went on. He hit just .268 but led the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League "Pacific League") in [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 "Triple (baseball)") (11\) and stolen bases (41\),["Hawks hoping to get over playoff hump"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20060330j5.html) *The Japan Times* playing a key role in the Marines' first [Japan Series](/wiki/Japan_Series "Japan Series") championship since 1974\. His splitting time between the two [middle infield](/wiki/Middle_infielder "Middle infielder") [positions](/wiki/Baseball_positions "Baseball positions") created an unusual situation in which he won the Pacific League [Best Nine Award](/wiki/Best_Nine_Award "Best Nine Award") at shortstop and the Golden Glove Award at second base (incidentally, [double\-play](/wiki/Double_play "Double play") partners Hori and Kosaka were awarded the Best Nine Award at second base and the Golden Glove Award at shortstop, respectively).["Lotte infielders grab Golden Gloves"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20051109j2.html) *The Japan Times*
Coming off a strong showing in the inaugural World Baseball Classic,["Shocks, Thrills \& Repeats"](https://archive.today/20120708135929/http://forecaster.canada.com/fantasy/baseball/se-news.cgi?review&x_SEID=5&x_SEType=4) *canada.com* his first major international tournament, Nishioka was named one of the cornerstones of the team by [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 "Manager (baseball)") [Bobby Valentine](/wiki/Bobby_Valentine "Bobby Valentine") in 2006 and was used exclusively at shortstop for the first time in his career to reduce the risk of injury (Nishioka had hurt his knee the previous year after switching between second base and shortstop so frequently). Though the Marines finished fourth that year, Nishioka improved on his batting average (hitting .282\) and on\-base percentage (.358\) from the previous season. Though he led the [league](/wiki/Sports_league "Sports league") in triples (seven, tied with [Munenori Kawasaki](/wiki/Munenori_Kawasaki "Munenori Kawasaki"), [Shogo Akada](/wiki/Shogo_Akada "Shogo Akada") and Teppei Tsuchiya) and stolen bases (33\) for the second straight season, he was also [caught stealing](/wiki/Caught_stealing "Caught stealing") a league\-high 17 times, resulting in a [stolen base percentage](/wiki/Stolen_base_percentage "Stolen base percentage") of just 66 percent.
#### 2007–2010
On January 7, Nishioka publicly announced that he would have his name listed on the Marines' official roster as "TSUYOSHI" (much like how [Ichiro Suzuki](/wiki/Ichiro_Suzuki "Ichiro Suzuki") used his first name on the back of his [uniform](/wiki/Sports_uniform "Sports uniform") during his years with the BlueWave, but in the [Latin alphabet](/wiki/Latin_alphabet "Latin alphabet") capital letter rather than in [Katakana](/wiki/Katakana "Katakana"))["Pacific League Preview: Hawks poised to give Oh pennant"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20070318wg.html) *The Japan Times* rather than his actual Japanese name in [Kanji](/wiki/Kanji "Kanji") characters for the 2007 season. This is the third case a Japanese player's register name use capital letter after [Tsuyoshi Shinjo](/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Shinjo "Tsuyoshi Shinjo") and [Michael Nakamura](/wiki/Michael_Nakamura "Michael Nakamura")
Despite being hampered by a wrist injury as well as neck pain, Nishioka reached .300 while accumulating enough plate appearances to [qualify for the batting title](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29%23Qualifications_for_the_batting_title "Batting average (baseball)#Qualifications for the batting title") for the first time in his career. However, while he succeeded in improving on both his batting average and his on\-base percentage from the previous season (.300 and .366, respectively), he managed to steal only 27 bases in 40 attempts for a mediocre 67\.5 percent success rate.
Nishioka announced that he would have his name listed as "Tsuyoshi Nishioka" again for the 2008 season, exactly one year (January 7\) after his announcement to change it to "TSUYOSHI". He continued to be plagued by injuries (both to his knee and neck["Nishioka scores winning run on Imae's 'sayonara' sac fly"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20080525j1.html) *The Japan Times* as well as to his feet) but chose to play through them, determined to keep the Marines within reach of the [Climax Series](/wiki/2008_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season%23Climax_Series_1st_Stage "2008 Nippon Professional Baseball season#Climax Series 1st Stage") ([playoffs](/wiki/Playoffs "Playoffs")). His injuries limited him to just 18 stolen bases (his lowest total since becoming the team's regular shortstop) in 29 attempts for a success rate of 62\.1 percent and hindered his play both on the [basepaths](/wiki/Baserunning%23Running_the_bases "Baserunning#Running the bases") and in the [field](/wiki/Baseball_positions "Baseball positions"). On the other hand, he hit .300 for the second straight year, hitting double\-digit home runs (13\) and [slugging](/wiki/Slugging_percentage "Slugging percentage") over .400 over a full season (.463\) for the first time in his career even though he missed time due to the [Beijing Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics") held in August.
Nishioka was named to the national team's preliminary roster for the upcoming [World Baseball Classic](/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic "2009 World Baseball Classic") in early 2009["Nishioka, Okajima among 9 added to WBC squad list"](http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/sports/20090121TDY24303.htm) *The Yomiuri Shimbun* along with teammate [Shunsuke Watanabe](/wiki/Shunsuke_Watanabe "Shunsuke Watanabe"), but was ultimately cut from the final 28\-man team. He continued to be bothered by injuries once the regular season began, hitting .263 for the month of April (albeit with a .391 on\-base percentage) but missing several games in the opening weeks of the season with a right [hamstring](/wiki/Hamstring "Hamstring") injury as well as a [bruise](/wiki/Bruise "Bruise") to the right [tarsus](/wiki/Tarsus_%28skeleton%29 "Tarsus (skeleton)") suffered when sliding into second base to break up a double play and colliding with second baseman [Yosuke Takasu](/wiki/Yosuke_Takasu "Yosuke Takasu") in the fifth inning of a game against the [Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles](/wiki/Tohoku_Rakuten_Golden_Eagles "Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles") on April 16\.
Following the 2010 season, in which Nishioka led the league with 206 hits, a .346 batting average and 121 runs scored, the [Chiba Lotte Marines](/wiki/Chiba_Lotte_Marines "Chiba Lotte Marines") accepted a $5 million bid through the [posting system](/wiki/Posting_system "Posting system"), giving the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins") thirty days to work out a contract with Nishioka.{{cite news\|last\=Christensen \|first\=Joe \|url\=http://www.startribune.com/sports/twins/blogs/110846319\.html?elr\=KArksi8cyaiUo8cyaiUiD3aPc:\_Yyc:aULPQL7PQLanchO7DiUr \|title\=Twins secure negotiating rights for Nishioka with $7 million bid \|publisher\=StarTribune.com \|date\=November 26, 2010 \|access\-date\=2010\-12\-17}} On December 17, Nishioka officially signed with the Twins for $9 million over three years, with a club option for 2014 or a $250,000 club [buyout](/wiki/Buyout "Buyout").{{Cite web \|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20101216\&content\_id\=16330436\&vkey\=news\_mlb\&c\_id\=mlb \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=December 18, 2010 \|archive\-date\=December 20, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220023656/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20101216\&content\_id\=16330436\&vkey\=news\_mlb\&c\_id\=mlb \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\|url\=https://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key\=0Ah4PW47PiAi\-dG80VGpXeVVwRFJ2ZHVJZkJ6TlRsMnc\&output\=html\|title\=MLB Minnesota 11 OD\|website\=Spreadsheets.google.com\|access\-date\=January 5, 2016}}
### Minnesota Twins (2011–2012\)
Nishioka joined the Minnesota Twins for spring training at their facility in Fort Myers, Florida to start the 2011 MLB season. During spring training, Twins manager [Ron Gardenhire](/wiki/Ron_Gardenhire "Ron Gardenhire") announced that Nishioka would play second base for the Twins, allowing [Alexi Casilla](/wiki/Alexi_Casilla "Alexi Casilla") to become the starting everyday shortstop. Nishioka made his MLB debut with the Twins on April 1\. In his first major league game he went 1–3 with one strikeout and one fielding error.{{cite news\|url\=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/sports/news/20110307p2g00m0sp041000c.html \|title\=Baseball: Nishioka relieved to be playing second \|publisher\=The Mainichi Daily News \|date\=March 7, 2011 \|access\-date\=2011\-03\-08}} On April 7, just one week into his Major League career, Nishioka suffered a broken left fibula as New York Yankee outfielder [Nick Swisher](/wiki/Nick_Swisher "Nick Swisher") slid into second base attempting to break up a double play.{{cite news\|url\=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/dailypitch/post/2011/04/twins\-tsuyoshi\-nishioka\-suffers\-broken\-fibula\-after\-nick\-swisher\-slide/1 \|title\=Twins' Nishioka suffers broken leg after Nick Swisher slide \|work\=USA Today \|date\=April 7, 2011 \|access\-date\=2011\-04\-07}}{{cite news\|last1\=Gleeman\|first1\=Aaron\|title\=Tsuyoshi Nishioka suffers fractured fibula in collision with Nick Swisher\|url\=http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/04/07/tsuyoshi\-nishioka\-limps\-off\-after\-collision\-with\-nick\-swisher/\|access\-date\=11 April 2011\|work\=NBC Sports}} After missing 59 games, Nishioka returned on June 16 to start against the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox"), going 1 for 4 while batting third and playing shortstop.{{cite news\|url\=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\=310616109 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619014517/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\=310616109 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=June 19, 2011 \|title\=Nick Blackburn outduels Mark Buehrle as Twins blank White Sox \|publisher\=ESPN News \|date\=June 16, 2011 \|access\-date\=2011\-06\-16}} Nishioka's 2011 season stats for the Twins included a .226 batting average in 221 at\-bats, 14 runs scored, 19 RBIs, 0 homers, 15 walks, 43 strikeouts, an OBP of .278 and a .249 slugging percentage.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/\_/id/30966/tsuyoshi\-nishioka\|title\=Tsuyoshi Nishioka Stats\|website\=Espn.com\|access\-date\=February 5, 2022}}
On March 19, 2012, the Twins optioned Nishioka to their [Class AAA](/wiki/Class_AAA "Class AAA") affiliate, the [Rochester Red Wings](/wiki/Rochester_Red_Wings "Rochester Red Wings"). In early August, Nishioka was recalled by the Twins due to an injury to third baseman [Trevor Plouffe](/wiki/Trevor_Plouffe "Trevor Plouffe") and a trade that sent another third baseman, [Danny Valencia](/wiki/Danny_Valencia "Danny Valencia"), to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox "Boston Red Sox").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.foxsportsnorth.com/08/05/12/Twins\-trade\-Valencia\-call\-up\-Nishioka/landing\_twins.html?blockID\=771565\&feedID\=5930\|title\=twins\-trade\-valencia\-call\-up\-nishioka\|author\=Fox Sports\|work\=FOX Sports\|access\-date\=January 5, 2016\|date\=August 5, 2012}} However, in three games after rejoining the big league club, Nishioka went 0–12 with three errors and 1 RBI. On August 20, the Twins outrighted Nishioka back to Rochester.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.twincities.com/twins/ci\_21356134/minnesota\-twins\-send\-nick\-blackburn\-rochester\|title\=Minnesota Twins dump Nick Blackburn, Tsuyoshi Nishioka from 40\-man roster\|date\=August 21, 2012\|work\=TwinCities.com\|access\-date\=January 5, 2016}}
On September 28, Nishioka asked for a release from his contract, which was granted by the organization.{{cite news\| url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/baseball/mlb/wires/09/28/2010\.ap.bba.twins.nishioka.1st.ld.writethru.0497/index.html?sct\=obnetwork \| archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130119125206/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/baseball/mlb/wires/09/28/2010\.ap.bba.twins.nishioka.1st.ld.writethru.0497/index.html?sct\=obnetwork \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-date\=January 19, 2013 \| work\=CNN \| title\=Twins release Nishioka after 2 rough years \| date\=September 28, 2012}} Soon after, Nishioka signed a contract with the Hanshin Tigers and finished the season with the team.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.startribune.com/sports/twins/blogs/172501051\.html\|title\=Report: Nishioka signs with Japanese team\|work\=Star Tribune\|access\-date\=January 5, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sanspo.com/baseball/news/20121003/tig12100312000009\-n1\.html\|title\=ページが見つかりません \|website\=Sanspo.com\|access\-date\=January 5, 2016}} On December 18, Nishioka signed a contract with Hanshin for the 2013 season.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.startribune.com/sports/twins/blogs/179959371\.html\|title\=Report: Nishioka to sign with new team in Japan\|work\=Star Tribune\|access\-date\=January 5, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/sb20121118j1\.html\|title\=Ex\-major leaguer Nishioka to join Hanshin\|work\=The Japan Times\|access\-date\=January 5, 2016}}
### Hanshin Tigers (2013–2018\)
In his first season with Hanshin, Nishioka played 122 games with a .290 batting average and was mainly used as the team's leadoff batter and second baseman. However, during the interleague matches he complained of knee pain and was used as a designated hitter. On August 30 in a match against Hiroshima he made his first career start at third base. At the end of his season he received a Best Nine Award which was his fourth overall but his first as a second baseman.
On March 30, 2014, Nishioka, fielding at second base, collided with right fielder [Kosuke Fukudome](/wiki/Kosuke_Fukudome "Kosuke Fukudome") while attempting to catch a fly ball. He struck the back of his head on the hard [Tokyo Dome](/wiki/Tokyo_Dome "Tokyo Dome") ground and was taken from the field in an ambulance. He returned to the team at the end of June, but a series of injuries saw him play just 24 games in the season. He participated in the Tigers' post\-season campaign and was involved in a controversial call in the final play of the Japan Series against the Fukuoka Hawks. With one out and bases loaded at the top of the ninth inning, Nishioka was struck by the ball thrown by the catcher to first base after a play at home plate. Nishioka was called out for [interference](/wiki/Interference_%28baseball%29%23Offensive_interference "Interference (baseball)#Offensive interference") due to running inside the baseline, thereby ending the match and the series.
He was designated for assignment by the Tigers on October 1, 2018, and became a free agent on December 2\.
### Tochigi Golden Braves (2019\)
On March 13, 2019, Nishioka signed with the Tochigi Golden Braves of the [Baseball Challenge League](/wiki/Baseball_Challenge_League "Baseball Challenge League"), having missed the 2018 season due to an injury.{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/NPB\_Reddit/status/1105299483087106048?s\=20\&t\=dmPiVJmp8Xu4iK4WXr8uUw\|title\=Former Lotte Marines/Minnesota Twins/Hanshin Tigers IF Tsuyoshi Nishioka is set to join the Tochigi Golden Braves in the BC League\|website\=Twitter.com\|access\-date\=February 5, 2022}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Chiba Lotte Marines (2003–2010\\)",
"#### Early years (2003–2004\\)",
"In 2003, his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie \"Rookie\") [season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\"), Nishioka was assigned to the *ichigun* (Japanese equivalent of \"major league\") team during Spring training, but he was sent down to the *nigun* team (\"[minor league](/wiki/Minor_league \"Minor league\")\" or \"[farm team](/wiki/Farm_team%23Baseball \"Farm team#Baseball\")\") for the season opener. He was called up to the *ichigun* team in mid\\-June and made his professional debut on June 23 as a [pinch runner](/wiki/Pinch_runner \"Pinch runner\"), hitting a [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\") off then\\-[Orix BlueWave](/wiki/Orix_BlueWave \"Orix BlueWave\") [right\\-hander](/wiki/Right-handedness \"Right-handedness\") Hisashi Tokano in his very first [plate appearance](/wiki/Plate_appearance \"Plate appearance\") on June 28 for the first [hit](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\") of his professional career. However, he was sent back down to the minors after a few games. His .216 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") was the lowest among all qualifying players in the [Eastern League](/wiki/Eastern_League_%28Japanese_baseball%29 \"Eastern League (Japanese baseball)\").",
"Nishioka followed the advice of [coach](/wiki/Coach_%28baseball%29 \"Coach (baseball)\") Yoshihiko Takahashi and become a switch hitter in his second year in the pros (2004\\). (He remains one of the few examples of a naturally right\\-handed player switching from hitting *left*\\-handed to hitting switch in Japanese professional baseball today.) He hit his first career home run at the *ichigun* level off then\\-[Seibu Lions](/wiki/Saitama_Seibu_Lions%23Seibu_Lions_%281979%E2%80%932007%29 \"Saitama Seibu Lions#Seibu Lions (1979–2007)\") right\\-hander Mitsutaka Goto on June 27 and recorded his first career [stolen base](/wiki/Stolen_base \"Stolen base\") in the same game. He finished with six homers and 35 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in \"Run batted in\") for the season (though his average was just .255 and his [on\\-base percentage](/wiki/On-base_percentage \"On-base percentage\") a mere. 304\\).[\"Dragons favored to book return trip to Japan Series\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20050326a3.html) *The Japan Times*",
"#### Breakout (2005–2006\\)",
"Nishioka had a breakout year in 2005,[\"Valentine living it up in Japan as Marine faithful think pennant\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20050517j1.html) *The Japan Times* starting as a backup [infielder](/wiki/Infielder \"Infielder\") but starting at both second base and shortstop alongside veterans Koichi Hori and [Makoto Kosaka](/wiki/Makoto_Kosaka \"Makoto Kosaka\") in an unorthodox [platoon system](/wiki/Platoon_system \"Platoon system\") as the season went on. He hit just .268 but led the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League \"Pacific League\") in [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 \"Triple (baseball)\") (11\\) and stolen bases (41\\),[\"Hawks hoping to get over playoff hump\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20060330j5.html) *The Japan Times* playing a key role in the Marines' first [Japan Series](/wiki/Japan_Series \"Japan Series\") championship since 1974\\. His splitting time between the two [middle infield](/wiki/Middle_infielder \"Middle infielder\") [positions](/wiki/Baseball_positions \"Baseball positions\") created an unusual situation in which he won the Pacific League [Best Nine Award](/wiki/Best_Nine_Award \"Best Nine Award\") at shortstop and the Golden Glove Award at second base (incidentally, [double\\-play](/wiki/Double_play \"Double play\") partners Hori and Kosaka were awarded the Best Nine Award at second base and the Golden Glove Award at shortstop, respectively).[\"Lotte infielders grab Golden Gloves\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20051109j2.html) *The Japan Times*",
"Coming off a strong showing in the inaugural World Baseball Classic,[\"Shocks, Thrills \\& Repeats\"](https://archive.today/20120708135929/http://forecaster.canada.com/fantasy/baseball/se-news.cgi?review&x_SEID=5&x_SEType=4) *canada.com* his first major international tournament, Nishioka was named one of the cornerstones of the team by [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 \"Manager (baseball)\") [Bobby Valentine](/wiki/Bobby_Valentine \"Bobby Valentine\") in 2006 and was used exclusively at shortstop for the first time in his career to reduce the risk of injury (Nishioka had hurt his knee the previous year after switching between second base and shortstop so frequently). Though the Marines finished fourth that year, Nishioka improved on his batting average (hitting .282\\) and on\\-base percentage (.358\\) from the previous season. Though he led the [league](/wiki/Sports_league \"Sports league\") in triples (seven, tied with [Munenori Kawasaki](/wiki/Munenori_Kawasaki \"Munenori Kawasaki\"), [Shogo Akada](/wiki/Shogo_Akada \"Shogo Akada\") and Teppei Tsuchiya) and stolen bases (33\\) for the second straight season, he was also [caught stealing](/wiki/Caught_stealing \"Caught stealing\") a league\\-high 17 times, resulting in a [stolen base percentage](/wiki/Stolen_base_percentage \"Stolen base percentage\") of just 66 percent.",
"#### 2007–2010",
"On January 7, Nishioka publicly announced that he would have his name listed on the Marines' official roster as \"TSUYOSHI\" (much like how [Ichiro Suzuki](/wiki/Ichiro_Suzuki \"Ichiro Suzuki\") used his first name on the back of his [uniform](/wiki/Sports_uniform \"Sports uniform\") during his years with the BlueWave, but in the [Latin alphabet](/wiki/Latin_alphabet \"Latin alphabet\") capital letter rather than in [Katakana](/wiki/Katakana \"Katakana\"))[\"Pacific League Preview: Hawks poised to give Oh pennant\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20070318wg.html) *The Japan Times* rather than his actual Japanese name in [Kanji](/wiki/Kanji \"Kanji\") characters for the 2007 season. This is the third case a Japanese player's register name use capital letter after [Tsuyoshi Shinjo](/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Shinjo \"Tsuyoshi Shinjo\") and [Michael Nakamura](/wiki/Michael_Nakamura \"Michael Nakamura\")",
"Despite being hampered by a wrist injury as well as neck pain, Nishioka reached .300 while accumulating enough plate appearances to [qualify for the batting title](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29%23Qualifications_for_the_batting_title \"Batting average (baseball)#Qualifications for the batting title\") for the first time in his career. However, while he succeeded in improving on both his batting average and his on\\-base percentage from the previous season (.300 and .366, respectively), he managed to steal only 27 bases in 40 attempts for a mediocre 67\\.5 percent success rate.",
"Nishioka announced that he would have his name listed as \"Tsuyoshi Nishioka\" again for the 2008 season, exactly one year (January 7\\) after his announcement to change it to \"TSUYOSHI\". He continued to be plagued by injuries (both to his knee and neck[\"Nishioka scores winning run on Imae's 'sayonara' sac fly\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20080525j1.html) *The Japan Times* as well as to his feet) but chose to play through them, determined to keep the Marines within reach of the [Climax Series](/wiki/2008_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season%23Climax_Series_1st_Stage \"2008 Nippon Professional Baseball season#Climax Series 1st Stage\") ([playoffs](/wiki/Playoffs \"Playoffs\")). His injuries limited him to just 18 stolen bases (his lowest total since becoming the team's regular shortstop) in 29 attempts for a success rate of 62\\.1 percent and hindered his play both on the [basepaths](/wiki/Baserunning%23Running_the_bases \"Baserunning#Running the bases\") and in the [field](/wiki/Baseball_positions \"Baseball positions\"). On the other hand, he hit .300 for the second straight year, hitting double\\-digit home runs (13\\) and [slugging](/wiki/Slugging_percentage \"Slugging percentage\") over .400 over a full season (.463\\) for the first time in his career even though he missed time due to the [Beijing Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics \"2008 Summer Olympics\") held in August.",
"Nishioka was named to the national team's preliminary roster for the upcoming [World Baseball Classic](/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic \"2009 World Baseball Classic\") in early 2009[\"Nishioka, Okajima among 9 added to WBC squad list\"](http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/sports/20090121TDY24303.htm) *The Yomiuri Shimbun* along with teammate [Shunsuke Watanabe](/wiki/Shunsuke_Watanabe \"Shunsuke Watanabe\"), but was ultimately cut from the final 28\\-man team. He continued to be bothered by injuries once the regular season began, hitting .263 for the month of April (albeit with a .391 on\\-base percentage) but missing several games in the opening weeks of the season with a right [hamstring](/wiki/Hamstring \"Hamstring\") injury as well as a [bruise](/wiki/Bruise \"Bruise\") to the right [tarsus](/wiki/Tarsus_%28skeleton%29 \"Tarsus (skeleton)\") suffered when sliding into second base to break up a double play and colliding with second baseman [Yosuke Takasu](/wiki/Yosuke_Takasu \"Yosuke Takasu\") in the fifth inning of a game against the [Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles](/wiki/Tohoku_Rakuten_Golden_Eagles \"Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles\") on April 16\\.",
"Following the 2010 season, in which Nishioka led the league with 206 hits, a .346 batting average and 121 runs scored, the [Chiba Lotte Marines](/wiki/Chiba_Lotte_Marines \"Chiba Lotte Marines\") accepted a $5 million bid through the [posting system](/wiki/Posting_system \"Posting system\"), giving the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\") thirty days to work out a contract with Nishioka.{{cite news\\|last\\=Christensen \\|first\\=Joe \\|url\\=http://www.startribune.com/sports/twins/blogs/110846319\\.html?elr\\=KArksi8cyaiUo8cyaiUiD3aPc:\\_Yyc:aULPQL7PQLanchO7DiUr \\|title\\=Twins secure negotiating rights for Nishioka with $7 million bid \\|publisher\\=StarTribune.com \\|date\\=November 26, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-17}} On December 17, Nishioka officially signed with the Twins for $9 million over three years, with a club option for 2014 or a $250,000 club [buyout](/wiki/Buyout \"Buyout\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20101216\\&content\\_id\\=16330436\\&vkey\\=news\\_mlb\\&c\\_id\\=mlb \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=December 18, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220023656/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20101216\\&content\\_id\\=16330436\\&vkey\\=news\\_mlb\\&c\\_id\\=mlb \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key\\=0Ah4PW47PiAi\\-dG80VGpXeVVwRFJ2ZHVJZkJ6TlRsMnc\\&output\\=html\\|title\\=MLB Minnesota 11 OD\\|website\\=Spreadsheets.google.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2016}}",
"### Minnesota Twins (2011–2012\\)",
"Nishioka joined the Minnesota Twins for spring training at their facility in Fort Myers, Florida to start the 2011 MLB season. During spring training, Twins manager [Ron Gardenhire](/wiki/Ron_Gardenhire \"Ron Gardenhire\") announced that Nishioka would play second base for the Twins, allowing [Alexi Casilla](/wiki/Alexi_Casilla \"Alexi Casilla\") to become the starting everyday shortstop. Nishioka made his MLB debut with the Twins on April 1\\. In his first major league game he went 1–3 with one strikeout and one fielding error.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/sports/news/20110307p2g00m0sp041000c.html \\|title\\=Baseball: Nishioka relieved to be playing second \\|publisher\\=The Mainichi Daily News \\|date\\=March 7, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-03\\-08}} On April 7, just one week into his Major League career, Nishioka suffered a broken left fibula as New York Yankee outfielder [Nick Swisher](/wiki/Nick_Swisher \"Nick Swisher\") slid into second base attempting to break up a double play.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/dailypitch/post/2011/04/twins\\-tsuyoshi\\-nishioka\\-suffers\\-broken\\-fibula\\-after\\-nick\\-swisher\\-slide/1 \\|title\\=Twins' Nishioka suffers broken leg after Nick Swisher slide \\|work\\=USA Today \\|date\\=April 7, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-04\\-07}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Gleeman\\|first1\\=Aaron\\|title\\=Tsuyoshi Nishioka suffers fractured fibula in collision with Nick Swisher\\|url\\=http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/04/07/tsuyoshi\\-nishioka\\-limps\\-off\\-after\\-collision\\-with\\-nick\\-swisher/\\|access\\-date\\=11 April 2011\\|work\\=NBC Sports}} After missing 59 games, Nishioka returned on June 16 to start against the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\"), going 1 for 4 while batting third and playing shortstop.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\\=310616109 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619014517/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId\\=310616109 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2011 \\|title\\=Nick Blackburn outduels Mark Buehrle as Twins blank White Sox \\|publisher\\=ESPN News \\|date\\=June 16, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-16}} Nishioka's 2011 season stats for the Twins included a .226 batting average in 221 at\\-bats, 14 runs scored, 19 RBIs, 0 homers, 15 walks, 43 strikeouts, an OBP of .278 and a .249 slugging percentage.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/\\_/id/30966/tsuyoshi\\-nishioka\\|title\\=Tsuyoshi Nishioka Stats\\|website\\=Espn.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2022}}",
"On March 19, 2012, the Twins optioned Nishioka to their [Class AAA](/wiki/Class_AAA \"Class AAA\") affiliate, the [Rochester Red Wings](/wiki/Rochester_Red_Wings \"Rochester Red Wings\"). In early August, Nishioka was recalled by the Twins due to an injury to third baseman [Trevor Plouffe](/wiki/Trevor_Plouffe \"Trevor Plouffe\") and a trade that sent another third baseman, [Danny Valencia](/wiki/Danny_Valencia \"Danny Valencia\"), to the [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.foxsportsnorth.com/08/05/12/Twins\\-trade\\-Valencia\\-call\\-up\\-Nishioka/landing\\_twins.html?blockID\\=771565\\&feedID\\=5930\\|title\\=twins\\-trade\\-valencia\\-call\\-up\\-nishioka\\|author\\=Fox Sports\\|work\\=FOX Sports\\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2016\\|date\\=August 5, 2012}} However, in three games after rejoining the big league club, Nishioka went 0–12 with three errors and 1 RBI. On August 20, the Twins outrighted Nishioka back to Rochester.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.twincities.com/twins/ci\\_21356134/minnesota\\-twins\\-send\\-nick\\-blackburn\\-rochester\\|title\\=Minnesota Twins dump Nick Blackburn, Tsuyoshi Nishioka from 40\\-man roster\\|date\\=August 21, 2012\\|work\\=TwinCities.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2016}}",
"On September 28, Nishioka asked for a release from his contract, which was granted by the organization.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/baseball/mlb/wires/09/28/2010\\.ap.bba.twins.nishioka.1st.ld.writethru.0497/index.html?sct\\=obnetwork \\| archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130119125206/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/baseball/mlb/wires/09/28/2010\\.ap.bba.twins.nishioka.1st.ld.writethru.0497/index.html?sct\\=obnetwork \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-date\\=January 19, 2013 \\| work\\=CNN \\| title\\=Twins release Nishioka after 2 rough years \\| date\\=September 28, 2012}} Soon after, Nishioka signed a contract with the Hanshin Tigers and finished the season with the team.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.startribune.com/sports/twins/blogs/172501051\\.html\\|title\\=Report: Nishioka signs with Japanese team\\|work\\=Star Tribune\\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sanspo.com/baseball/news/20121003/tig12100312000009\\-n1\\.html\\|title\\=ページが見つかりません \\|website\\=Sanspo.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2016}} On December 18, Nishioka signed a contract with Hanshin for the 2013 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.startribune.com/sports/twins/blogs/179959371\\.html\\|title\\=Report: Nishioka to sign with new team in Japan\\|work\\=Star Tribune\\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/sb20121118j1\\.html\\|title\\=Ex\\-major leaguer Nishioka to join Hanshin\\|work\\=The Japan Times\\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2016}}",
"### Hanshin Tigers (2013–2018\\)",
"In his first season with Hanshin, Nishioka played 122 games with a .290 batting average and was mainly used as the team's leadoff batter and second baseman. However, during the interleague matches he complained of knee pain and was used as a designated hitter. On August 30 in a match against Hiroshima he made his first career start at third base. At the end of his season he received a Best Nine Award which was his fourth overall but his first as a second baseman.",
"On March 30, 2014, Nishioka, fielding at second base, collided with right fielder [Kosuke Fukudome](/wiki/Kosuke_Fukudome \"Kosuke Fukudome\") while attempting to catch a fly ball. He struck the back of his head on the hard [Tokyo Dome](/wiki/Tokyo_Dome \"Tokyo Dome\") ground and was taken from the field in an ambulance. He returned to the team at the end of June, but a series of injuries saw him play just 24 games in the season. He participated in the Tigers' post\\-season campaign and was involved in a controversial call in the final play of the Japan Series against the Fukuoka Hawks. With one out and bases loaded at the top of the ninth inning, Nishioka was struck by the ball thrown by the catcher to first base after a play at home plate. Nishioka was called out for [interference](/wiki/Interference_%28baseball%29%23Offensive_interference \"Interference (baseball)#Offensive interference\") due to running inside the baseline, thereby ending the match and the series.",
"He was designated for assignment by the Tigers on October 1, 2018, and became a free agent on December 2\\.",
"### Tochigi Golden Braves (2019\\)",
"On March 13, 2019, Nishioka signed with the Tochigi Golden Braves of the [Baseball Challenge League](/wiki/Baseball_Challenge_League \"Baseball Challenge League\"), having missed the 2018 season due to an injury.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/NPB\\_Reddit/status/1105299483087106048?s\\=20\\&t\\=dmPiVJmp8Xu4iK4WXr8uUw\\|title\\=Former Lotte Marines/Minnesota Twins/Hanshin Tigers IF Tsuyoshi Nishioka is set to join the Tochigi Golden Braves in the BC League\\|website\\=Twitter.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2022}}",
""
] |
### Chiba Lotte Marines (2003–2010\)
#### Early years (2003–2004\)
In 2003, his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie "Rookie") [season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 "Season (sports)"), Nishioka was assigned to the *ichigun* (Japanese equivalent of "major league") team during Spring training, but he was sent down to the *nigun* team ("[minor league](/wiki/Minor_league "Minor league")" or "[farm team](/wiki/Farm_team%23Baseball "Farm team#Baseball")") for the season opener. He was called up to the *ichigun* team in mid\-June and made his professional debut on June 23 as a [pinch runner](/wiki/Pinch_runner "Pinch runner"), hitting a [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)") off then\-[Orix BlueWave](/wiki/Orix_BlueWave "Orix BlueWave") [right\-hander](/wiki/Right-handedness "Right-handedness") Hisashi Tokano in his very first [plate appearance](/wiki/Plate_appearance "Plate appearance") on June 28 for the first [hit](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)") of his professional career. However, he was sent back down to the minors after a few games. His .216 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 "Batting average (baseball)") was the lowest among all qualifying players in the [Eastern League](/wiki/Eastern_League_%28Japanese_baseball%29 "Eastern League (Japanese baseball)").
Nishioka followed the advice of [coach](/wiki/Coach_%28baseball%29 "Coach (baseball)") Yoshihiko Takahashi and become a switch hitter in his second year in the pros (2004\). (He remains one of the few examples of a naturally right\-handed player switching from hitting *left*\-handed to hitting switch in Japanese professional baseball today.) He hit his first career home run at the *ichigun* level off then\-[Seibu Lions](/wiki/Saitama_Seibu_Lions%23Seibu_Lions_%281979%E2%80%932007%29 "Saitama Seibu Lions#Seibu Lions (1979–2007)") right\-hander Mitsutaka Goto on June 27 and recorded his first career [stolen base](/wiki/Stolen_base "Stolen base") in the same game. He finished with six homers and 35 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in "Run batted in") for the season (though his average was just .255 and his [on\-base percentage](/wiki/On-base_percentage "On-base percentage") a mere. 304\).["Dragons favored to book return trip to Japan Series"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20050326a3.html) *The Japan Times*
#### Breakout (2005–2006\)
Nishioka had a breakout year in 2005,["Valentine living it up in Japan as Marine faithful think pennant"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20050517j1.html) *The Japan Times* starting as a backup [infielder](/wiki/Infielder "Infielder") but starting at both second base and shortstop alongside veterans Koichi Hori and [Makoto Kosaka](/wiki/Makoto_Kosaka "Makoto Kosaka") in an unorthodox [platoon system](/wiki/Platoon_system "Platoon system") as the season went on. He hit just .268 but led the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League "Pacific League") in [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 "Triple (baseball)") (11\) and stolen bases (41\),["Hawks hoping to get over playoff hump"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20060330j5.html) *The Japan Times* playing a key role in the Marines' first [Japan Series](/wiki/Japan_Series "Japan Series") championship since 1974\. His splitting time between the two [middle infield](/wiki/Middle_infielder "Middle infielder") [positions](/wiki/Baseball_positions "Baseball positions") created an unusual situation in which he won the Pacific League [Best Nine Award](/wiki/Best_Nine_Award "Best Nine Award") at shortstop and the Golden Glove Award at second base (incidentally, [double\-play](/wiki/Double_play "Double play") partners Hori and Kosaka were awarded the Best Nine Award at second base and the Golden Glove Award at shortstop, respectively).["Lotte infielders grab Golden Gloves"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20051109j2.html) *The Japan Times*
Coming off a strong showing in the inaugural World Baseball Classic,["Shocks, Thrills \& Repeats"](https://archive.today/20120708135929/http://forecaster.canada.com/fantasy/baseball/se-news.cgi?review&x_SEID=5&x_SEType=4) *canada.com* his first major international tournament, Nishioka was named one of the cornerstones of the team by [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 "Manager (baseball)") [Bobby Valentine](/wiki/Bobby_Valentine "Bobby Valentine") in 2006 and was used exclusively at shortstop for the first time in his career to reduce the risk of injury (Nishioka had hurt his knee the previous year after switching between second base and shortstop so frequently). Though the Marines finished fourth that year, Nishioka improved on his batting average (hitting .282\) and on\-base percentage (.358\) from the previous season. Though he led the [league](/wiki/Sports_league "Sports league") in triples (seven, tied with [Munenori Kawasaki](/wiki/Munenori_Kawasaki "Munenori Kawasaki"), [Shogo Akada](/wiki/Shogo_Akada "Shogo Akada") and Teppei Tsuchiya) and stolen bases (33\) for the second straight season, he was also [caught stealing](/wiki/Caught_stealing "Caught stealing") a league\-high 17 times, resulting in a [stolen base percentage](/wiki/Stolen_base_percentage "Stolen base percentage") of just 66 percent.
#### 2007–2010
On January 7, Nishioka publicly announced that he would have his name listed on the Marines' official roster as "TSUYOSHI" (much like how [Ichiro Suzuki](/wiki/Ichiro_Suzuki "Ichiro Suzuki") used his first name on the back of his [uniform](/wiki/Sports_uniform "Sports uniform") during his years with the BlueWave, but in the [Latin alphabet](/wiki/Latin_alphabet "Latin alphabet") capital letter rather than in [Katakana](/wiki/Katakana "Katakana"))["Pacific League Preview: Hawks poised to give Oh pennant"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20070318wg.html) *The Japan Times* rather than his actual Japanese name in [Kanji](/wiki/Kanji "Kanji") characters for the 2007 season. This is the third case a Japanese player's register name use capital letter after [Tsuyoshi Shinjo](/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Shinjo "Tsuyoshi Shinjo") and [Michael Nakamura](/wiki/Michael_Nakamura "Michael Nakamura")
Despite being hampered by a wrist injury as well as neck pain, Nishioka reached .300 while accumulating enough plate appearances to [qualify for the batting title](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29%23Qualifications_for_the_batting_title "Batting average (baseball)#Qualifications for the batting title") for the first time in his career. However, while he succeeded in improving on both his batting average and his on\-base percentage from the previous season (.300 and .366, respectively), he managed to steal only 27 bases in 40 attempts for a mediocre 67\.5 percent success rate.
Nishioka announced that he would have his name listed as "Tsuyoshi Nishioka" again for the 2008 season, exactly one year (January 7\) after his announcement to change it to "TSUYOSHI". He continued to be plagued by injuries (both to his knee and neck["Nishioka scores winning run on Imae's 'sayonara' sac fly"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20080525j1.html) *The Japan Times* as well as to his feet) but chose to play through them, determined to keep the Marines within reach of the [Climax Series](/wiki/2008_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season%23Climax_Series_1st_Stage "2008 Nippon Professional Baseball season#Climax Series 1st Stage") ([playoffs](/wiki/Playoffs "Playoffs")). His injuries limited him to just 18 stolen bases (his lowest total since becoming the team's regular shortstop) in 29 attempts for a success rate of 62\.1 percent and hindered his play both on the [basepaths](/wiki/Baserunning%23Running_the_bases "Baserunning#Running the bases") and in the [field](/wiki/Baseball_positions "Baseball positions"). On the other hand, he hit .300 for the second straight year, hitting double\-digit home runs (13\) and [slugging](/wiki/Slugging_percentage "Slugging percentage") over .400 over a full season (.463\) for the first time in his career even though he missed time due to the [Beijing Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics") held in August.
Nishioka was named to the national team's preliminary roster for the upcoming [World Baseball Classic](/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic "2009 World Baseball Classic") in early 2009["Nishioka, Okajima among 9 added to WBC squad list"](http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/sports/20090121TDY24303.htm) *The Yomiuri Shimbun* along with teammate [Shunsuke Watanabe](/wiki/Shunsuke_Watanabe "Shunsuke Watanabe"), but was ultimately cut from the final 28\-man team. He continued to be bothered by injuries once the regular season began, hitting .263 for the month of April (albeit with a .391 on\-base percentage) but missing several games in the opening weeks of the season with a right [hamstring](/wiki/Hamstring "Hamstring") injury as well as a [bruise](/wiki/Bruise "Bruise") to the right [tarsus](/wiki/Tarsus_%28skeleton%29 "Tarsus (skeleton)") suffered when sliding into second base to break up a double play and colliding with second baseman [Yosuke Takasu](/wiki/Yosuke_Takasu "Yosuke Takasu") in the fifth inning of a game against the [Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles](/wiki/Tohoku_Rakuten_Golden_Eagles "Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles") on April 16\.
Following the 2010 season, in which Nishioka led the league with 206 hits, a .346 batting average and 121 runs scored, the [Chiba Lotte Marines](/wiki/Chiba_Lotte_Marines "Chiba Lotte Marines") accepted a $5 million bid through the [posting system](/wiki/Posting_system "Posting system"), giving the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins") thirty days to work out a contract with Nishioka.{{cite news\|last\=Christensen \|first\=Joe \|url\=http://www.startribune.com/sports/twins/blogs/110846319\.html?elr\=KArksi8cyaiUo8cyaiUiD3aPc:\_Yyc:aULPQL7PQLanchO7DiUr \|title\=Twins secure negotiating rights for Nishioka with $7 million bid \|publisher\=StarTribune.com \|date\=November 26, 2010 \|access\-date\=2010\-12\-17}} On December 17, Nishioka officially signed with the Twins for $9 million over three years, with a club option for 2014 or a $250,000 club [buyout](/wiki/Buyout "Buyout").{{Cite web \|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20101216\&content\_id\=16330436\&vkey\=news\_mlb\&c\_id\=mlb \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=December 18, 2010 \|archive\-date\=December 20, 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220023656/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20101216\&content\_id\=16330436\&vkey\=news\_mlb\&c\_id\=mlb \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web\|url\=https://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key\=0Ah4PW47PiAi\-dG80VGpXeVVwRFJ2ZHVJZkJ6TlRsMnc\&output\=html\|title\=MLB Minnesota 11 OD\|website\=Spreadsheets.google.com\|access\-date\=January 5, 2016}}
|
[
"### Chiba Lotte Marines (2003–2010\\)",
"#### Early years (2003–2004\\)",
"In 2003, his [rookie](/wiki/Rookie \"Rookie\") [season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\"), Nishioka was assigned to the *ichigun* (Japanese equivalent of \"major league\") team during Spring training, but he was sent down to the *nigun* team (\"[minor league](/wiki/Minor_league \"Minor league\")\" or \"[farm team](/wiki/Farm_team%23Baseball \"Farm team#Baseball\")\") for the season opener. He was called up to the *ichigun* team in mid\\-June and made his professional debut on June 23 as a [pinch runner](/wiki/Pinch_runner \"Pinch runner\"), hitting a [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\") off then\\-[Orix BlueWave](/wiki/Orix_BlueWave \"Orix BlueWave\") [right\\-hander](/wiki/Right-handedness \"Right-handedness\") Hisashi Tokano in his very first [plate appearance](/wiki/Plate_appearance \"Plate appearance\") on June 28 for the first [hit](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\") of his professional career. However, he was sent back down to the minors after a few games. His .216 [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29 \"Batting average (baseball)\") was the lowest among all qualifying players in the [Eastern League](/wiki/Eastern_League_%28Japanese_baseball%29 \"Eastern League (Japanese baseball)\").",
"Nishioka followed the advice of [coach](/wiki/Coach_%28baseball%29 \"Coach (baseball)\") Yoshihiko Takahashi and become a switch hitter in his second year in the pros (2004\\). (He remains one of the few examples of a naturally right\\-handed player switching from hitting *left*\\-handed to hitting switch in Japanese professional baseball today.) He hit his first career home run at the *ichigun* level off then\\-[Seibu Lions](/wiki/Saitama_Seibu_Lions%23Seibu_Lions_%281979%E2%80%932007%29 \"Saitama Seibu Lions#Seibu Lions (1979–2007)\") right\\-hander Mitsutaka Goto on June 27 and recorded his first career [stolen base](/wiki/Stolen_base \"Stolen base\") in the same game. He finished with six homers and 35 [RBI](/wiki/Run_batted_in \"Run batted in\") for the season (though his average was just .255 and his [on\\-base percentage](/wiki/On-base_percentage \"On-base percentage\") a mere. 304\\).[\"Dragons favored to book return trip to Japan Series\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20050326a3.html) *The Japan Times*",
"#### Breakout (2005–2006\\)",
"Nishioka had a breakout year in 2005,[\"Valentine living it up in Japan as Marine faithful think pennant\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20050517j1.html) *The Japan Times* starting as a backup [infielder](/wiki/Infielder \"Infielder\") but starting at both second base and shortstop alongside veterans Koichi Hori and [Makoto Kosaka](/wiki/Makoto_Kosaka \"Makoto Kosaka\") in an unorthodox [platoon system](/wiki/Platoon_system \"Platoon system\") as the season went on. He hit just .268 but led the [Pacific League](/wiki/Pacific_League \"Pacific League\") in [triples](/wiki/Triple_%28baseball%29 \"Triple (baseball)\") (11\\) and stolen bases (41\\),[\"Hawks hoping to get over playoff hump\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20060330j5.html) *The Japan Times* playing a key role in the Marines' first [Japan Series](/wiki/Japan_Series \"Japan Series\") championship since 1974\\. His splitting time between the two [middle infield](/wiki/Middle_infielder \"Middle infielder\") [positions](/wiki/Baseball_positions \"Baseball positions\") created an unusual situation in which he won the Pacific League [Best Nine Award](/wiki/Best_Nine_Award \"Best Nine Award\") at shortstop and the Golden Glove Award at second base (incidentally, [double\\-play](/wiki/Double_play \"Double play\") partners Hori and Kosaka were awarded the Best Nine Award at second base and the Golden Glove Award at shortstop, respectively).[\"Lotte infielders grab Golden Gloves\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20051109j2.html) *The Japan Times*",
"Coming off a strong showing in the inaugural World Baseball Classic,[\"Shocks, Thrills \\& Repeats\"](https://archive.today/20120708135929/http://forecaster.canada.com/fantasy/baseball/se-news.cgi?review&x_SEID=5&x_SEType=4) *canada.com* his first major international tournament, Nishioka was named one of the cornerstones of the team by [manager](/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29 \"Manager (baseball)\") [Bobby Valentine](/wiki/Bobby_Valentine \"Bobby Valentine\") in 2006 and was used exclusively at shortstop for the first time in his career to reduce the risk of injury (Nishioka had hurt his knee the previous year after switching between second base and shortstop so frequently). Though the Marines finished fourth that year, Nishioka improved on his batting average (hitting .282\\) and on\\-base percentage (.358\\) from the previous season. Though he led the [league](/wiki/Sports_league \"Sports league\") in triples (seven, tied with [Munenori Kawasaki](/wiki/Munenori_Kawasaki \"Munenori Kawasaki\"), [Shogo Akada](/wiki/Shogo_Akada \"Shogo Akada\") and Teppei Tsuchiya) and stolen bases (33\\) for the second straight season, he was also [caught stealing](/wiki/Caught_stealing \"Caught stealing\") a league\\-high 17 times, resulting in a [stolen base percentage](/wiki/Stolen_base_percentage \"Stolen base percentage\") of just 66 percent.",
"#### 2007–2010",
"On January 7, Nishioka publicly announced that he would have his name listed on the Marines' official roster as \"TSUYOSHI\" (much like how [Ichiro Suzuki](/wiki/Ichiro_Suzuki \"Ichiro Suzuki\") used his first name on the back of his [uniform](/wiki/Sports_uniform \"Sports uniform\") during his years with the BlueWave, but in the [Latin alphabet](/wiki/Latin_alphabet \"Latin alphabet\") capital letter rather than in [Katakana](/wiki/Katakana \"Katakana\"))[\"Pacific League Preview: Hawks poised to give Oh pennant\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20070318wg.html) *The Japan Times* rather than his actual Japanese name in [Kanji](/wiki/Kanji \"Kanji\") characters for the 2007 season. This is the third case a Japanese player's register name use capital letter after [Tsuyoshi Shinjo](/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Shinjo \"Tsuyoshi Shinjo\") and [Michael Nakamura](/wiki/Michael_Nakamura \"Michael Nakamura\")",
"Despite being hampered by a wrist injury as well as neck pain, Nishioka reached .300 while accumulating enough plate appearances to [qualify for the batting title](/wiki/Batting_average_%28baseball%29%23Qualifications_for_the_batting_title \"Batting average (baseball)#Qualifications for the batting title\") for the first time in his career. However, while he succeeded in improving on both his batting average and his on\\-base percentage from the previous season (.300 and .366, respectively), he managed to steal only 27 bases in 40 attempts for a mediocre 67\\.5 percent success rate.",
"Nishioka announced that he would have his name listed as \"Tsuyoshi Nishioka\" again for the 2008 season, exactly one year (January 7\\) after his announcement to change it to \"TSUYOSHI\". He continued to be plagued by injuries (both to his knee and neck[\"Nishioka scores winning run on Imae's 'sayonara' sac fly\"](http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sb20080525j1.html) *The Japan Times* as well as to his feet) but chose to play through them, determined to keep the Marines within reach of the [Climax Series](/wiki/2008_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season%23Climax_Series_1st_Stage \"2008 Nippon Professional Baseball season#Climax Series 1st Stage\") ([playoffs](/wiki/Playoffs \"Playoffs\")). His injuries limited him to just 18 stolen bases (his lowest total since becoming the team's regular shortstop) in 29 attempts for a success rate of 62\\.1 percent and hindered his play both on the [basepaths](/wiki/Baserunning%23Running_the_bases \"Baserunning#Running the bases\") and in the [field](/wiki/Baseball_positions \"Baseball positions\"). On the other hand, he hit .300 for the second straight year, hitting double\\-digit home runs (13\\) and [slugging](/wiki/Slugging_percentage \"Slugging percentage\") over .400 over a full season (.463\\) for the first time in his career even though he missed time due to the [Beijing Olympics](/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics \"2008 Summer Olympics\") held in August.",
"Nishioka was named to the national team's preliminary roster for the upcoming [World Baseball Classic](/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic \"2009 World Baseball Classic\") in early 2009[\"Nishioka, Okajima among 9 added to WBC squad list\"](http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/sports/20090121TDY24303.htm) *The Yomiuri Shimbun* along with teammate [Shunsuke Watanabe](/wiki/Shunsuke_Watanabe \"Shunsuke Watanabe\"), but was ultimately cut from the final 28\\-man team. He continued to be bothered by injuries once the regular season began, hitting .263 for the month of April (albeit with a .391 on\\-base percentage) but missing several games in the opening weeks of the season with a right [hamstring](/wiki/Hamstring \"Hamstring\") injury as well as a [bruise](/wiki/Bruise \"Bruise\") to the right [tarsus](/wiki/Tarsus_%28skeleton%29 \"Tarsus (skeleton)\") suffered when sliding into second base to break up a double play and colliding with second baseman [Yosuke Takasu](/wiki/Yosuke_Takasu \"Yosuke Takasu\") in the fifth inning of a game against the [Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles](/wiki/Tohoku_Rakuten_Golden_Eagles \"Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles\") on April 16\\.",
"Following the 2010 season, in which Nishioka led the league with 206 hits, a .346 batting average and 121 runs scored, the [Chiba Lotte Marines](/wiki/Chiba_Lotte_Marines \"Chiba Lotte Marines\") accepted a $5 million bid through the [posting system](/wiki/Posting_system \"Posting system\"), giving the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\") thirty days to work out a contract with Nishioka.{{cite news\\|last\\=Christensen \\|first\\=Joe \\|url\\=http://www.startribune.com/sports/twins/blogs/110846319\\.html?elr\\=KArksi8cyaiUo8cyaiUiD3aPc:\\_Yyc:aULPQL7PQLanchO7DiUr \\|title\\=Twins secure negotiating rights for Nishioka with $7 million bid \\|publisher\\=StarTribune.com \\|date\\=November 26, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-12\\-17}} On December 17, Nishioka officially signed with the Twins for $9 million over three years, with a club option for 2014 or a $250,000 club [buyout](/wiki/Buyout \"Buyout\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20101216\\&content\\_id\\=16330436\\&vkey\\=news\\_mlb\\&c\\_id\\=mlb \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=December 18, 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220023656/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20101216\\&content\\_id\\=16330436\\&vkey\\=news\\_mlb\\&c\\_id\\=mlb \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key\\=0Ah4PW47PiAi\\-dG80VGpXeVVwRFJ2ZHVJZkJ6TlRsMnc\\&output\\=html\\|title\\=MLB Minnesota 11 OD\\|website\\=Spreadsheets.google.com\\|access\\-date\\=January 5, 2016}}",
""
] |
Thought and positions
---------------------
Žižek and his thought have been described by many commentators as "[Hegelo](/wiki/Hegelianism "Hegelianism")\-[Lacanian](/wiki/Lacanianism "Lacanianism")".{{Cite book \|last\=Butler \|first\=Rex \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xr5cCgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA14 \|title\=The Žižek Dictionary \|date\=2015\-08\-12 \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-1\-317\-32443\-0 \|pages\=14 \|language\=en}}{{Cite book \|last\=Barber \|first\=Daniel Colucciello \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=1X9JAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT27 \|title\=On Diaspora: Christianity, Religion, and Secularity \|date\=2011\-11\-01 \|publisher\=Wipf and Stock Publishers \|isbn\=978\-1\-62189\-103\-1 \|pages\=27 \|language\=en}}{{Cite book \|last\=Vighi \|first\=Fabio \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=QteoAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA18 \|title\=Critical Theory and Film: Rethinking Ideology Through Film Noir \|date\=2012\-05\-03 \|publisher\=Bloomsbury Publishing \|isbn\=978\-1\-4411\-3912\-2 \|pages\=18 \|language\=en}}{{Cite book \|last\=Vardoulakis \|first\=Dimitris \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=naBlCKjmKfsC\&pg\=PA225 \|title\=Spinoza Now \|date\=2011\-06\-29 \|publisher\=University of Minnesota Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-8166\-7280\-6 \|pages\=225 \|language\=en}} In his early career, Žižek claimed "a theoretical space moulded by three centres of gravity: [Hegelian dialectics](/wiki/Hegelian_Dialectic "Hegelian Dialectic"), [Lacanian psychoanalytic theory](/wiki/Lacanianism "Lacanianism"), and contemporary criticism of [ideology](/wiki/Ideology "Ideology")", designating "the theory of [Jacques Lacan](/wiki/Jacques_Lacan "Jacques Lacan")" as the fundamental element.{{cite book \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=For They Know Not What They Do \|date\=1991 \|publisher\=Verso \|location\=London \& New York \|page\=2}} In 2010, Žižek instead claimed that for him Hegel is more fundamental than Lacan—"Even Lacan is just a tool for me to read Hegel. For me, always it is Hegel, Hegel, Hegel."{{cite web \|last1\=O'Hagan \|first1\=Sean \|title\=Slavoj Žižek: interview \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/jun/27/slavoj\-zizek\-living\-end\-times \|website\=Guardian \|date\=26 June 2010 \|access\-date\=6 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=17 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617191634/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/jun/27/slavoj\-zizek\-living\-end\-times \|url\-status\=live }}—while in 2019, he claimed that "For me, in some sense, all of philosophy happened in \[the] fifty years" between [Immanuel Kant](/wiki/Immanuel_Kant "Immanuel Kant")'s *[Critique of Pure Reason](/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason "Critique of Pure Reason")* (1781\) and the death of [Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel](/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel") (1831\).{{cite web \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=Slavoj Žižek on what really makes him mad \|url\=https://blog.oup.com/2019/09/slavoj\-zizek\-on\-what\-really\-makes\-him\-mad/ \|website\=Oxford University Press \|date\=17 September 2019 \|access\-date\=18 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=18 September 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918141717/https://blog.oup.com/2019/09/slavoj\-zizek\-on\-what\-really\-makes\-him\-mad/ \|url\-status\=live }} Alongside his academic, theoretical works, Žižek is a prolific commentator on current affairs and contemporary political debates.
### Subjectivity
For Žižek, although a [subject](/wiki/Subject_%28philosophy%29 "Subject (philosophy)") may take on a symbolic (social) position, it can never be reduced to this attempted symbolisation, since the very "taking on" of this position implies a separate 'I', beyond the symbolic, that does the taking on. Yet, under scrutiny, nothing positive can be said about this subject, this 'I', that eludes symbolisation; it cannot be discerned as anything but "that which cannot be symbolised". Thus, without the initial, attempted, failed symbolisation, subjectivity cannot present itself. As Žižek writes in his first book in English: "the subject of the signifier is a retroactive effect of the failure of its own representation; that is why the failure of representation is the only way to represent it adequately."{{cite book \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=The Sublime Object of Ideology \|date\=1989 \|publisher\=Verso \|location\=London \& New York \|isbn\=0860919714 \|page\=175}}
Žižek attributes this position on the subject to [Hegel](/wiki/Hegel "Hegel"), particularly his description of man as "the night of the world",{{cite book \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=The Parallax View \|date\=2006 \|publisher\=MIT Press \|location\=Cambridge, MA \|isbn\=9780262240512 \|page\=22}} and to [Lacan](/wiki/Lacan "Lacan"), with his description of the barred, split subject, who he sees as developing the [Cartesian](/wiki/Cartesianism "Cartesianism") notion of the [cogito](/wiki/Cogito%2C_ergo_sum "Cogito, ergo sum").{{cite book \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=The Sublime Object of Ideology \|date\=1989 \|publisher\=Verso \|location\=London \& New York \|isbn\=0860919714 \|page\=72}} According to Žižek, these thinkers, in insisting on the role of the subject, run counter to "[culturalist](/wiki/Culturalism "Culturalism")" or "[historicist](/wiki/Historicism "Historicism")" positions held by thinkers such as [Louis Althusser](/wiki/Louis_Althusser "Louis Althusser") and [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault "Michel Foucault"), which posit that "subjects" are bound by and reducible to their historical/cultural(/symbolic) context.{{cite book \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj and Sbriglia, Russell \|title\=Subject Matters \|date\=2020 \|publisher\=Northwestern University Press \|location\=Evanston \|pages\=3–21}}
### Political theory
#### Ideology
Žižek's Lacanian\-informed theory of [ideology](/wiki/Ideology "Ideology") is one of his major contributions to political theory; his first book in English, *[The Sublime Object of Ideology](/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology "The Sublime Object of Ideology")*, and the documentary *[The Pervert's Guide to Ideology](/wiki/The_Pervert%27s_Guide_to_Ideology "The Pervert's Guide to Ideology")*, in which he stars, are among the well\-known places in which it is discussed. Žižek believes that ideology has been frequently misinterpreted as dualistic and, according to him, this misinterpreted dualism posits that there is a real world of material relations and objects outside of oneself, which is accessible to reason.{{Cite web \|last\=McManus \|first\=Matt \|date\=2019\-04\-30 \|title\=The Politics of Slavoj Zizek \|url\=https://areomagazine.com/2019/04/30/the\-politics\-of\-slavoj\-zizek/ \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-23 \|website\=Areo Magazine \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=23 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823173430/https://areomagazine.com/2019/04/30/the\-politics\-of\-slavoj\-zizek/ \|url\-status\=live }}
For Žižek, as for Marx, ideology is made up of fictions that structure political life; in Lacan's terms, ideology belongs to the [symbolic order](/wiki/Symbolic_order "Symbolic order"). Žižek argues that these fictions are primarily maintained at an unconscious level, rather than a conscious one. Since, according to [psychoanalytic theory](/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory "Psychoanalytic theory"), the unconscious can determine one's actions directly, bypassing one's conscious awareness (as in [parapraxes](/wiki/Freudian_slip "Freudian slip")), ideology can be expressed in one's behaviour, regardless of one's conscious beliefs. Hence, Žižek breaks with orthodox Marxist accounts that view ideology purely as a system of mistaken beliefs (see [False consciousness](/wiki/False_consciousness "False consciousness")). Drawing on [Peter Sloterdijk](/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk "Peter Sloterdijk")'s *[Critique of Cynical Reason](/wiki/Critique_of_Cynical_Reason "Critique of Cynical Reason")*, Žižek argues that adopting a cynical perspective is not enough to escape ideology, since, according to Žižek, even though postmodern [subjects](/wiki/Subject_%28philosophy%29 "Subject (philosophy)") are consciously cynical about the political situation, they continue to reinforce it through their behaviour.{{cite book \|last\=Žižek \|first\=Slavoj \|year\=1989 \|title\=The Sublime Object of Ideology \|place\=London \& New York \|publisher\=Verso \|chapter\=Chapter 1}}
#### Freedom
Žižek claims that (a sense of) political freedom is sustained by a deeper unfreedom, at least under [liberal capitalism](/wiki/Economic_liberalism "Economic liberalism"). In a 2002 article, Žižek endorses [Lenin](/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin "Vladimir Lenin")'s distinction between formal and actual freedom, claiming that liberal society only contains formal freedom, "freedom of choice *within* the coordinates of the existing power relations", while prohibiting actual freedom, "the site of an intervention that undermines these very coordinates."{{cite journal \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=A Plea For Leninist Intolerance \|journal\=Critical Inquiry \|date\=2002 \|volume\=28 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=542–544\|doi\=10\.1086/449051 \|s2cid\=162381806 }} In an oft\-quoted passage from a book published in the same year, he writes that, in these conditions of liberal censorship, "we 'feel free' because we lack the very language to articulate our unfreedom".{{cite book \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=Welcome to the Desert of the Real! \|date\=2002 \|publisher\=Verso \|location\=London \& New York \|page\=2}} In a 2019 article, he writes that Marx "made a valuable point with his claim that the market economy combines in a unique way political and personal freedom with social unfreedom: personal freedom (freely selling myself on the market) is the very form of my unfreedom."{{cite journal \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=Hegel, Retroactivity \& The End of History \|journal\=Continental Thought \& Theory \|date\=2019 \|volume\=2 \|issue\=4 \|page\=9}} However, in 2014, he rejects the "pseudo\-Marxist" total derision of 'formal freedom', claiming that it is necessary for critique: "When we are formally free, only then we become aware how limited this freedom actually is."
Žižek co\-signed a petition condemning the "use of disproportionate force and retaliatory brutality by the [Hong Kong Police](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force "Hong Kong Police Force") against students in university campuses in Hong Kong" during the [2019–2020 Hong Kong protests](/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests "2019–2020 Hong Kong protests"). The petition concludes with the statement: "We believe the defence of [academic freedom](/wiki/Academic_freedom "Academic freedom"), the [freedom of speech](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech "Freedom of speech"), [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press "Freedom of the press"), [freedom of assembly](/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly "Freedom of assembly") and [association](/wiki/Freedom_of_association "Freedom of association"), and the responsibility to protect the safety of our students are universal causes common to all."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hongkongwatch.org/all\-posts/2019/11/26/renowned\-academics\-among\-over\-3700\-supporting\-the\-petition\-by\-global\-academics\-against\-police\-brutality\-in\-hong\-kong\|title\=Renowned Academics Among Over 3,700 Supporting The 'Petition by Global Academics Against Police Brutality in Hong Kong'\|work\=Hong Kong Watch\|date\=2019\-11\-26\|access\-date\=31 August 2023\|archive\-date\=31 August 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831113759/https://www.hongkongwatch.org/all\-posts/2019/11/26/renowned\-academics\-among\-over\-3700\-supporting\-the\-petition\-by\-global\-academics\-against\-police\-brutality\-in\-hong\-kong\|url\-status\=live}}
### Theology
Žižek has asserted that "[Atheism](/wiki/Atheism "Atheism") is a legacy worth fighting for" in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*.{{cite news \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=Atheism is a legacy worth fighting for Slavoj Zizek \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/13/opinion/atheism\-is\-a\-legacy\-worth\-fighting\-for.html \|website\=The New York Times \|date\=13 March 2006 \|access\-date\=18 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=28 November 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128135937/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/13/opinion/atheism\-is\-a\-legacy\-worth\-fighting\-for.html \|url\-status\=live }} However, he nonetheless finds extensive conceptual value in [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity"), particularly [Protestantism](/wiki/Protestantism "Protestantism"): the subtitle of his 2000 book *The Fragile Absolute* is "Or, Why Is the Christian Legacy Worth Fighting For?". Hence, he labels his position '[Christian Atheism](/wiki/Christian_Atheism "Christian Atheism")',{{cite web \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj (2017\) \|title\=Christian Atheism \|date\=10 September 2017 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=2UOM3C3q7II \|publisher\=YouTube (European Graduate School Video Lectures) \|access\-date\=4 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=4 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152841/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=2UOM3C3q7II \|url\-status\=live }} and has written about theology at length.See his *The Fragile Absolute*, *The Monstrosity of Christ*, *The Puppet and the Dwarf*, and *On Belief*.
In *[The Pervert's Guide to Ideology](/wiki/The_Pervert%27s_Guide_to_Ideology "The Pervert's Guide to Ideology")*, Žižek suggests that "the only way to be an Atheist is through Christianity", since, he claims, atheism often fails to escape the religious paradigm by remaining faithful to an external guarantor of meaning, simply switching God for natural necessity or evolution. Christianity, on the other hand, in the doctrine of [the incarnation](/wiki/Incarnation_%28Christianity%29 "Incarnation (Christianity)"), brings God down from the 'beyond' and onto earth, into human affairs; for Žižek, this paradigm is more authentically godless, since the external guarantee is abolished.Fiennes, Sophie (dir.). (2012\). *The Pervert's Guide to Ideology*. London: P Guide Productions.
### Communism
Although sometimes adopting the title of 'radical leftist',{{cite web \|url\=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/10/15/slovenian\_philosopher\_slavoj\_zizek\_on\_the \|title\=Slovenian Philosopher Slavoj Zizek on Capitalism, Healthcare, Latin American "Populism" and the "Farcical" Financial Crisis \|publisher\=Democracynow.org \|access\-date\=13 August 2010 \|archive\-date\=11 July 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711165755/https://www.democracynow.org/2009/10/15/slovenian\_philosopher\_slavoj\_zizek\_on\_the \|url\-status\=live }} Žižek also controversially insists on identifying as a communist, even though he rejects 20th century communism as a "total failure", and decries "the communism of the 20th century, [more specifically](/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left "Anti-Stalinist left") all the network of phenomena we refer to as [Stalinism](/wiki/Stalinism "Stalinism") as "maybe the worst ideological, political, ethical, social (and so on) catastrophe in the history of humanity."{{cite web \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=20th Century Communism \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=ThTJBKYPiNo\&t\=153s \|website\=YouTube \|date\=13 April 2022 \|access\-date\=7 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=13 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613131415/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=ThTJBKYPiNo\&t\=153s \|url\-status\=live }} Žižek justifies this choice by claiming that only the term 'communism' signals a genuine step outside of the existing order, in part since the term 'socialism' no longer has radical enough implications, and means nothing more than that one "care\[s] for society."{{cite web \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj and Tyler Cowen \|title\=Slavoj Žižek on His Stubborn Attachment to Communism \|url\=https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/slavoj\-zizek/ \|website\=Conversations With Tyler \|date\=7 July 2018 \|access\-date\=7 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=14 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614152849/https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/slavoj\-zizek/ \|url\-status\=live }}
In *[Marx Reloaded](/wiki/Marx_Reloaded "Marx Reloaded")*, Žižek rejects both 20th\-century totalitarianism and "[spontaneous](/wiki/Spontaneous_order "Spontaneous order") local [self\-organisation](/wiki/Self-organization "Self-organization"), [direct democracy](/wiki/Direct_democracy "Direct democracy"), [councils](/wiki/Workers%27_council "Workers' council"), and so on". There, he endorses a definition of communism as "a society where you, everyone would be allowed to dwell in his or her stupidity", an idea with which he credits [Fredric Jameson](/wiki/Fredric_Jameson "Fredric Jameson") as the inspiration.Barker, Josef (dir.) (2011\). Marx Reloaded.
Žižek has labelled himself a "communist in a qualified sense".[*Democracy Now!* television program online transcript](http://www.democracynow.org/2008/3/11/everybody_in_the_world_except_us) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423203148/https://www.democracynow.org/2008/3/11/everybody\_in\_the\_world\_except\_us \|date\=23 April 2022 }}, 11 March 2008\. When he spoke at a conference on *The Idea of Communism*, he applied (in qualified form) the 'communist' label to the [Occupy Wall Street](/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street "Occupy Wall Street") protestors:
{{blockquote\|They are not communists, if 'communism' means the system which deservedly collapsed in 1990—and remember that the communists who are still in power today run the most ruthless capitalism (in China). ... The only sense in which the protestors are 'communists' is that they care for the commons—the commons of nature, \[\[Knowledge commons\|of knowledge]]—which are threatened by the system. They are dismissed as dreamers, but the true dreamers are those who think that things can go on indefinitely the way they are now, with just a few cosmetic changes. They are not dreamers; they are awakening from a dream which is turning into a nightmare. They are not destroying anything; they are reacting to how the system is gradually destroying itself.{{cite book\|last\=Slavoj \|first\=Žižek \|year\=2013 \|chapter\=Answers Without Questions \|editor\-last\=Slavoj \|editor\-first\=Žižek \|title\=The Idea of Communism \|volume\=2 \|place\=London \& New York \|publisher\=Verso \|pages\=198–9}}}}
Žižek has described himself as a "moderately conservative Communist".{{Cite web \|title\=Slavoj Žižek: We Need a Socialist Reset, Not a Corporate "Great Reset" \|url\=https://jacobin.com/2020/12/slavoj\-zizek\-socialism\-great\-reset \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-02 \|website\=jacobin.com \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=2 November 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102184106/https://jacobin.com/2020/12/slavoj\-zizek\-socialism\-great\-reset \|url\-status\=live }}
### Electoral politics
In May 2013, during [Subversive Festival](/wiki/Subversive_Festival "Subversive Festival"), Žižek commented: "If they don't support [SYRIZA](/wiki/SYRIZA "SYRIZA"), then, in my vision of the democratic future, all these people will get from me \[is] a first\-class one\-way ticket to \[a] [gulag](/wiki/Gulag "Gulag")." In response, the center\-right [New Democracy](/wiki/New_Democracy_%28Greece%29 "New Democracy (Greece)") party claimed Žižek's comments should be understood literally, not ironically.{{cite news \|last\=Mionis \|first\=Sabby \|date\=6 March 2012 \|title\=Israel must fight to keep neo\-Nazis out of Greece's government \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/israel\-must\-fight\-to\-keep\-neo\-nazis\-out\-of\-greece\-s\-government\-1\.416802 \|newspaper\=Haaretz \|access\-date\=6 March 2012 \|archive\-date\=6 March 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306212641/http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/israel\-must\-fight\-to\-keep\-neo\-nazis\-out\-of\-greece\-s\-government\-1\.416802 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|title\=Slovenian philosopher Zizek proposes 'gulag' for those who do not support SYRIZA \|url\=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/\_w\_articles\_wsite1\_1\_20/05/2013\_499789 \|date\=20 May 2013 \|access\-date\=20 May 2013 \|archive\-date\=7 June 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607112545/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/\_w\_articles\_wsite1\_1\_20/05/2013\_499789 \|url\-status\=live }}
Just before the [2017 French presidential election](/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election "2017 French presidential election"), Žižek stated that one could not choose between [Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron") and [Le Pen](/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen "Marine Le Pen"), arguing that the [neoliberalism](/wiki/Neoliberalism "Neoliberalism") of Macron just gives rise to [neofascism](/wiki/Neo-fascism "Neo-fascism") anyway. This was in response to many on the left calling for support for Macron to prevent a Le Pen victory.{{cite web \|last\=Žižek \|first\=Slavoj \|date\=3 May 2017 \|title\=Don't Believe the Liberals – There Is No Real Choice between Le Pen and Macron. \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/french\-elections\-marine\-le\-pen\-emmanuel\-macron\-no\-real\-choice\-a7714911\.html \|work\=The Independent \|access\-date\=19 June 2018 \|archive\-date\=15 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015040/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/french\-elections\-marine\-le\-pen\-emmanuel\-macron\-no\-real\-choice\-a7714911\.html \|url\-status\=live }}
In 2022, Žižek expressed his support for the Slovenian political party [Levica](/wiki/The_Left_%28Slovenia%29 "The Left (Slovenia)") (The Left) at its 5th annual conference.{{Citation \|title\=Slavoj Zizek gives support to Levica and comments on the Ukrainian crisis \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=PpE6D1c8CZw \|website\=YouTube \|language\=en \|date\=15 March 2022 \|access\-date\=3 April 2022 \|archive\-date\=3 April 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403014106/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=PpE6D1c8CZw \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Support for Donald Trump's election
In a 2016 interview with [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4"), Žižek said that were he American, he would vote for [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") in the [2016 United States presidential election](/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election"):
{{blockquote\|I'm horrified at him \[Trump]. I'm just thinking that \[\[Hillary Clinton\|Hillary]] is the true danger. ... if Trump wins, both big parties, Republicans and Democratics, would have to return to basics, rethink themselves, and maybe some things can happen there. That's my desperate, very desperate hope, that if Trump wins—listen, America is not a dictatorial state, he will not introduce Fascism—but it will be a kind of big awakening. New political processes will be set in motion, will be triggered. But I'm well aware that things are very dangerous here ... I'm just aware that Hillary stands for this absolute inertia, the most dangerous one. Because she is a cold warrior, and so on, connected with banks, pretending to be socially progressive.{{cite web \|title\=Slavoj Žižek: 'I would vote Trump' \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v\=10154211377601939 \|via\=Facebook \|publisher\=Channel 4 \|access\-date\=18 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=20 January 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120145722/https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v\=10154211377601939 \|url\-status\=live }}}}
These views were derisively characterised as [accelerationist](/wiki/Accelerationist "Accelerationist") by *Left Voice*,{{cite web \|last1\=Steinman \|first1\=Ian \|date\=4 November 2016 \|title\=From Farce to Tragedy: Žižek Endorses Trump \|url\=https://www.leftvoice.org/from\-farce\-to\-tragedy\-zizek\-endorses\-trump/ \|website\=Left Voice \|access\-date\=18 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=22 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622140145/https://www.leftvoice.org/from\-farce\-to\-tragedy\-zizek\-endorses\-trump/ \|url\-status\=live }} and were labelled "regressive" by [Noam Chomsky](/wiki/Noam_Chomsky "Noam Chomsky").{{cite web \|title\=Noam Chomsky speaks with 'Upfront' \- slams media coverage, criticises third party voters \|url\=https://network.aljazeera.net/pressroom/noam\-chomsky\-speaks\-%E2%80%98upfront%E2%80%99\-slams\-media\-coverage\-criticises\-third\-party\-voters \|website\=Al Jazeera \|date\=24 November 2016 \|access\-date\=18 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=20 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620182428/https://network.aljazeera.net/pressroom/noam\-chomsky\-speaks\-%E2%80%98upfront%E2%80%99\-slams\-media\-coverage\-criticises\-third\-party\-voters \|url\-status\=live }}
In 2019 and 2020, Žižek defended his views,{{cite web \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|date\=26 June 2019 \|title\=Voices Was I right to back Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton? Absolutely \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/trump\-hillary\-clinton\-populist\-right\-left\-democratic\-party\-civil\-war\-a8975121\.html \|website\=The Independent \|access\-date\=18 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=4 July 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704121910/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/trump\-hillary\-clinton\-populist\-right\-left\-democratic\-party\-civil\-war\-a8975121\.html \|url\-status\=live }} saying that Trump's election "created, for the first time in I don't know how many decades, a true American left", citing the boost it gave [Bernie Sanders](/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") and [Alexandria Ocasio\-Cortez](/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez "Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez").{{cite web \|last1\=Humphreys \|first1\=Joe \|date\=1 August 2020 \|title\=Slavoj Žižek: 'Joe Biden is long\-term the same catastrophe as Trump' \|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/slavoj\-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek\-joe\-biden\-is\-long\-term\-the\-same\-catastrophe\-as\-trump\-1\.4312913 \|website\=Irish Times \|access\-date\=18 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=13 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613130609/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/slavoj\-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek\-joe\-biden\-is\-long\-term\-the\-same\-catastrophe\-as\-trump\-1\.4312913 \|url\-status\=live }}
However, regarding the [2020 United States presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election"), Žižek reported himself "tempted by changing his position", saying "Trump is a little too much". In another interview, he stood by his 2016 "wager" that Trump's election would lead to a socialist reaction ("maybe I was right"), but claimed that "now with coronavirus: no, no—no Trump. ... difficult as it is for me to say this, but now I would say '[Biden](/wiki/Biden "Biden") better than Trump', although he is far from ideal."{{cite web \|author\=Valuetainment \|date\=16 May 2020 \|title\=Communist Philosopher Debates Capitalism \- Slavoj Žižek \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=GHH96Fc0\_lo\&t\=0s \|website\=YouTube \|access\-date\=18 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=18 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518165647/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=GHH96Fc0\_lo\&t\=0s \|url\-status\=live }} In his 2022 book, *Heaven in Disorder*, Žižek continued to express a preference for Joe Biden over Donald Trump, stating "Trump was corroding the ethical substance of our lives", while Biden lies and represents big capital more politely.{{cite book \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|year\=2022 \|title\=Heaven in Disorder \|location\=New York \& London \|publisher\=OR Books \|page\=119}}
### Social issues
Žižek's views on social issues such as [Eurocentrism](/wiki/Eurocentrism "Eurocentrism"), [immigration](/wiki/Immigration "Immigration") and the [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT "LGBT") movement have drawn criticism and accusations of bigotry.{{cite journal \|last1\=Kapoor \|first1\=Ilan \|title\=Žižek, Antagonism and Politics Now: Three Recent Controversies \|journal\=International Journal of Žižek Studies \|date\=2018 \|volume\=12 \|issue\=1}}
#### Europe and multiculturalism
In his 1997 article 'Multiculturalism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Multinational Capitalism', Žižek critiqued [multiculturalism](/wiki/Multiculturalism "Multiculturalism") for privileging a culturally 'neutral' perspective from which all cultures are disaffectedly apprehended in their particularity because this distancing reproduces the racist procedure of Othering. He further argues that a fixation on particular identities and struggles corresponds to an abandonment of the universal struggle against [global capitalism](/wiki/Global_capitalism "Global capitalism").{{cite journal \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=Multiculturalism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Multinational Capitalism \|url\=https://newleftreview.org/issues/i225/articles/slavoj\-zizek\-multiculturalism\-or\-the\-cultural\-logic\-of\-multinational\-capitalism \|journal\=New Left Review \|date\=1997 \|issue\=I/225 \|pages\=28–51 \|access\-date\=12 November 2022 \|archive\-date\=12 November 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112150424/https://newleftreview.org/issues/i225/articles/slavoj\-zizek\-multiculturalism\-or\-the\-cultural\-logic\-of\-multinational\-capitalism \|url\-status\=live }}
In his 1998 article 'A Leftist Plea for "Eurocentrism"', he argued that Leftists should 'undermine the global empire of capital, not by asserting particular identities, but through the assertion of a new universality',{{cite journal \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=A Leftist Plea for "Eurocentrism" \|journal\=Critical Inquiry \|date\=1998 \|volume\=24 \|issue\=4 \|page\=1008\|doi\=10\.1086/448904 \|s2cid\=211516308 }} and that in this struggle the European universalist value of *egaliberte* ([Etienne Balibar](/wiki/Etienne_Balibar "Etienne Balibar")'s term) should be foregrounded, proposing 'a Leftist appropriation of the European legacy'.{{cite journal \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=A Leftist Plea for "Eurocentrism" \|journal\=Critical Inquiry \|date\=1998 \|volume\=24 \|issue\=4 \|page\=1006\|doi\=10\.1086/448904 \|s2cid\=211516308 }} Elsewhere, he has also argued, defending [Marx](/wiki/Marx "Marx"), that Europe's destruction of non\-European tradition (e.g. through imperialism and slavery) has opened up the space for a 'double liberation', both from tradition and from European domination.{{cite journal \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=The Impasses of Today's Radical Politics \|journal\=Crisis \& Critique \|date\=2014 \|volume\=1 \|page\=11ff}}
In her 2010 article 'The Two Zizeks', [Nivedita Menon](/wiki/Nivedita_Menon "Nivedita Menon") criticised Žižek for focusing on differentiation as a colonial project, ignoring how assimilation was also such a project; she also critiqued him for privileging the European Enlightenment Christian legacy as neutral, 'free of the cultural markers that fatally afflict all other religions.'{{cite web \|url\=http://kafila.org/2010/01/07/the\-two\-zizeks/ \|last1\=Menon \|first1\=Nivedita \|title\=The Two Zizeks \|date\=7 January 2010 \|access\-date\=25 April 2023 \|website\=KAFILA – Collective explorations since 2006\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116065758/http://kafila.org/2010/01/07/the\-two\-zizeks/ \|archive\-date\=16 January 2010 }} David Pavón Cuéllar, closer to Žižek, also criticised him.{{cite journal \|last\=Pavón\-Cuéllar \|first\=D. \|year\=2020 \|title\=Žižek, universalismo y colonialismo: doce tesis para no aceptarlo todo \|journal\=International Journal of Žižek Studies \|volume\=14 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=1–22 \|url\=https://zizekstudies.org/index.php/IJZS/article/view/1193/1225 \|format\=pdf \|language\=es \|access\-date\=5 February 2021 \|archive\-date\=1 April 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401081650/https://zizekstudies.org/index.php/IJZS/article/view/1193/1225 \|url\-status\=live }}
In the mid\-2010s, over the issue of Eurocentrism, there was a dispute between Žižek and [Walter Mignolo](/wiki/Walter_Mignolo "Walter Mignolo"), in which Mignolo (supporting a previous article by [Hamid Dabashi](/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi "Hamid Dabashi"),{{cite web \|last1\=Dabashi \|first1\=Hamid \|title\=Can non\-Europeans think? \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/1/15/can\-non\-europeans\-think/ \|website\=Aljazeera \|access\-date\=16 November 2022 \|archive\-date\=16 November 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116210112/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/1/15/can\-non\-europeans\-think/ \|url\-status\=live }} which argued against the centrality of European philosophers like Žižek, criticised by [Michael Marder](/wiki/Michael_Marder "Michael Marder"){{cite web \|last1\=Marder \|first1\=Micheal \|title\=A post\-colonial comedy of errors \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/4/13/a\-post\-colonial\-comedy\-of\-errors/ \|website\=Aljazeera \|access\-date\=16 November 2022 \|archive\-date\=16 November 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116210106/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/4/13/a\-post\-colonial\-comedy\-of\-errors/ \|url\-status\=live }}) argued, against Žižek, that decolonial struggle should forget European philosophy, purportedly following [Frantz Fanon](/wiki/Frantz_Fanon "Frantz Fanon");{{cite web \|last1\=Mignolo \|first1\=Walter D. \|title\=Yes, we can: Non\-European thinkers and philosophers \|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/2/19/yes\-we\-can\-non\-european\-thinkers\-and\-philosophers/ \|website\=Aljazeera \|access\-date\=16 November 2022 \|archive\-date\=16 November 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116210106/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/2/19/yes\-we\-can\-non\-european\-thinkers\-and\-philosophers/ \|url\-status\=live }} in response, Žižek pointed out Fanon's European intellectual influences, and his resistance to being confined within the black tradition, and claimed to be following Fanon on this point.{{cite journal \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=The Impasses of Today's Radical Politics \|journal\=Crisis \& Critique \|date\=2014 \|volume\=1 \|page\=9ff}} In his book *Can Non\-Europeans Think?* (foreworded by Mignolo), Dabashi also critiqued Žižek for privileging Europe;{{cite book \|last1\=Dabashi \|first1\=Hamid \|title\=Can Non\-Europeans Think? \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=Zed Books \|location\=London \|isbn\=978\-1783604227 \|page\=1ff}} Žižek argued that Dabashi slanderously and comically misrepresents him through misattribution,{{cite web \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=A Reply to My Critics \|url\=https://thephilosophicalsalon.com/a\-reply\-to\-my\-critics/ \|website\=The Philosophical Salon \|date\=5 August 2016 \|access\-date\=8 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=7 August 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807230212/http://thephilosophicalsalon.com/a\-reply\-to\-my\-critics/ \|url\-status\=live }} a critique supported by [Ilan Kapoor](/wiki/Ilan_Kapoor "Ilan Kapoor").
#### Transgender issues
In his 2016 article "The Sexual Is Political", Žižek argued that all subjects are, like transgender subjects, in discord with the sexual position assigned to them. For Žižek, any attempt to escape this antagonism is false and utopian: thus, he rejects both the reactionary attempt to violently impose sexual fixity and the "[postgenderist](/wiki/Postgenderism "Postgenderism")" attempt to escape sexual fixity entirely; he aligns the latter with 'transgenderism', which he claims does not adequately describe the behaviour of actual transgender subjects, who seek a stable "place where they could recognise themselves" (e.g., a bathroom that confirms their identity). Žižek argues for a third bathroom: a "GENERAL GENDER" bathroom that would represent the fact that both sexual positions (Žižek insists on the unavoidable "twoness" of the sexual landscape) are missing something and thus fail to adequately represent the subjects that take them on.{{cite web \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=The Sexual Is Political \|url\=https://thephilosophicalsalon.com/the\-sexual\-is\-political/ \|website\=The Philosophical Salon \|date\=August 2016 \|access\-date\=8 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=3 August 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803083821/http://thephilosophicalsalon.com/the\-sexual\-is\-political/ \|url\-status\=live }}
In his 2019 article "Transgender dogma is naive and incompatible with Freud", Žižek argued that there is "a tension in LGBT\+ ideology between [social constructivism](/wiki/Social_constructivism "Social constructivism") and (some kind of [biological](/wiki/Biological_determinism "Biological determinism")) determinism", between the idea that [gender is a social construct](/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender "Social construction of gender"), and the idea that gender is essential and pre\-social. He concludes the essay with a "[Freudian](/wiki/Freudian "Freudian") solution" to this deadlock:
{{blockquote\|...psychic sexual identity is a choice, not a biological fact, but it is not a conscious choice that the subject can playfully repeat and transform. It is an unconscious choice which precedes subjective constitution and which is, as such, formative of subjectivity, which means that the change of this choice entails the radical transformation of the bearer of the choice.{{cite web \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=Transgender dogma is naive and incompatible with Freud \|url\=https://spectatorworld.com/book\-and\-art/transgender\-dogma\-naive\-freud/ \|website\=The Spectator \|date\=31 May 2019 \|access\-date\=11 June 2022 \|archive\-date\=30 November 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130083115/https://spectatorworld.com/book\-and\-art/transgender\-dogma\-naive\-freud/ \|url\-status\=live }} }}
[Che Gossett](/wiki/Che_Gossett "Che Gossett") criticized Žižek for his use of the "pathologising" term "transgenderism" throughout the 2016 article, and for writing "about trans subjectivity with such assumed authority while ignoring the voices of trans theorists (academics and activists) entirely", as well as for purportedly claiming that a "futuristic" vision underlies so\-called "transgenderism", ignoring present\-day oppression.{{cite web \|last1\=Gossett \|first1\=Che \|title\=Žižek's Trans/gender Trouble \|url\=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/zizeks\-transgender\-trouble/ \|website\=LA Review of Books \|date\=13 September 2016 \|access\-date\=8 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=6 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506194143/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/zizeks\-transgender\-trouble/ \|url\-status\=live }} Sam Warren Miell and Chris Coffman, both psychoanalytically inclined, have separately criticized Žižek for conflating transgenderism and postgenderism; Miell further criticised the 2014 article for rehearsing homophobic/transphobic clichés (including Žižek's designation of [inter\-species marriage](/wiki/Zoophilia "Zoophilia") as a possible "anti\-discriminatory demand"), and misusing Lacanian theory; Coffman argued that Žižek should have engaged with contemporary Lacanian trans studies, which would have shown that psychoanalytic and transgender discourses were aligned, not opposed.{{cite web \|last1\=Miell \|first1\=Sam Warren \|title\=Slavoj Žižek is wrong about stuff \|date\=3 August 2016 \|url\=https://differentcolouredhats.wordpress.com/2016/08/03/slavoj\-zizek\-is\-wrong\-about\-stuff/ \|access\-date\=8 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=19 October 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019013432/https://differentcolouredhats.wordpress.com/2016/08/03/slavoj\-zizek\-is\-wrong\-about\-stuff/ \|url\-status\=live }}; {{cite book \|last1\=Coffman \|first1\=Chris \|title\=Queer Traversals \|date\=2022 \|publisher\=Bloomsbury \|location\=London \|isbn\=9781350200005 \|page\=98}} In response to the title of the 2019 article, [McKenzie Wark](/wiki/McKenzie_Wark "McKenzie Wark") had t\-shirts made with the [transgender flag](/wiki/Transgender_flag "Transgender flag") and "Incompatible with Freud" printed on them.{{cite web \|last1\=Erlij \|first1\=Evelyn \|title\=McKenzie Wark: reinventing the future \|url\=https://palabrapublica.uchile.cl/2019/07/31/mckenzie\-wark\-reinventing\-the\-future/ \|access\-date\=11 June 2022 \|archive\-date\=30 November 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130042000/https://palabrapublica.uchile.cl/2019/07/31/mckenzie\-wark\-reinventing\-the\-future/ \|url\-status\=live }}
Žižek defended his 2016 article in two follow\-up pieces. The first addresses purported misreadings of his position, while the second is a more sustained defence (against Miell) of the article's application of Lacanian theory,{{cite web \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|title\=A Reply to My Critics, Part Two \|url\=https://thephilosophicalsalon.com/reply\-to\-my\-critics\-part\-two/ \|website\=The Philosophical Salon \|date\=14 August 2016 \|access\-date\=8 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=3 November 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103135557/http://thephilosophicalsalon.com/reply\-to\-my\-critics\-part\-two/ \|url\-status\=live }} to which Miell responded in turn.{{cite web \|last1\=Miell \|first1\=Sam Warren \|title\=Interrogating the père's version: a response to Slavoj Žižek \|date\=15 August 2016 \|url\=https://differentcolouredhats.wordpress.com/2016/08/15/interrogating\-the\-peres\-version\-a\-response\-to\-slavoj\-zizek/ \|access\-date\=8 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=8 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508122849/https://differentcolouredhats.wordpress.com/2016/08/15/interrogating\-the\-peres\-version\-a\-response\-to\-slavoj\-zizek/ \|url\-status\=live }} [Douglas Lain](/wiki/Douglas_Lain "Douglas Lain") also defended Žižek, claiming that context makes it clear that Žižek is "not opposed \[to] the struggle of LGBTQ people" but is instead critiquing "a phony liberal ideology that set up the terms of the LGBTQ struggle", "a certain utopian postmodern ideology that seeks to eliminate all limits, to eliminate all binaries, to go beyond norms because the imposition of a limit is patriarchal and oppressive."{{cite web \|last1\=Lain \|first1\=Douglas \|title\=The Fate of Slavoj Žižek \|url\=https://thoughtcatalog.com/doug\-lain/2017/01/the\-fate\-of\-slavoj\-zizek/ \|website\=Thought Catalog \|date\=25 January 2017 \|access\-date\=11 June 2022 \|archive\-date\=11 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611210722/https://thoughtcatalog.com/doug\-lain/2017/01/the\-fate\-of\-slavoj\-zizek/ \|url\-status\=live }}
In a 2023 piece for Compact Magazine, Žižek took a hard stance against access to [puberty blockers](/wiki/Puberty_blockers "Puberty blockers") for trans youth, and against trans adults being sent to prisons matching their gender, citing the case of [Isla Bryson](/wiki/Isla_Bryson "Isla Bryson"), whom he referred to as "a person who identifies itself as a woman using its penis to rape two women". Both of these things were attributed by Žižek to [wokeness](/wiki/Wokeness "Wokeness") (the wider subject of the article).{{Cite news \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|url\=https://compactmag.com/article/wokeness\-is\-here\-to\-stay \|work\=Compact Magazine \|date\=February 22, 2023 \|title\=Wokeness Is Here To Stay \|access\-date\=13 May 2023 \|archive\-date\=22 February 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20230222090353/https://compactmag.com/article/wokeness\-is\-here\-to\-stay \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|last1\=Zelle \|first1\=Melanie \|url\=https://swarthmorephoenix.com/2023/03/02/zizek\-has\-lost\-the\-plot/ \|work\=The Swarthmore Phoenix \|date\=March 2, 2023 \|title\=Žižek Has Lost the Plot \|access\-date\=13 May 2023 \|archive\-date\=13 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513120052/https://swarthmorephoenix.com/2023/03/02/zizek\-has\-lost\-the\-plot/ \|url\-status\=live }}
### Other
Žižek wrote that the [convention center](/wiki/Cankar_Hall "Cankar Hall") in which nationalist [Slovene writers](/wiki/Slovene_writers "Slovene writers") hold their conventions should be blown up, adding, "Since we live in the time without any sense of irony, I must add I don't mean it literally."{{cite web \|title\=Interview] with Žižek – part two \|url\=http://www.delo.si/zgodbe/sobotnapriloga/slavoj\-zizek\-bog\-daj\-da\-bi\-ciniki\-na\-oblasti\-res\-vedeli\-kaj\-pocnejo.html \|work\=\[\[Delo (newspaper)\|Delo]] \|language\=sl \|date\=2 March 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405024835/http://www.delo.si/zgodbe/sobotnapriloga/slavoj\-zizek\-bog\-daj\-da\-bi\-ciniki\-na\-oblasti\-res\-vedeli\-kaj\-pocnejo.html \|access\-date\=21 June 2022\|archive\-date\=5 April 2013 }}
In 2013, Žižek corresponded with imprisoned Russian activist and [Pussy Riot](/wiki/Pussy_Riot "Pussy Riot") member [Nadezhda Tolokonnikova](/wiki/Nadezhda_Tolokonnikova "Nadezhda Tolokonnikova").{{Cite web \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|last2\=Tolokonnikova \|first2\=Nadezhda \|date\=15 November 2013 \|title\=Nadezhda Tolokonnikova of Pussy Riot's prison letters to Slavoj Žižek \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/15/pussy\-riot\-nadezhda\-tolokonnikova\-slavoj\-zizek \|work\=The Guardian \|access\-date\=21 June 2022 \|archive\-date\=13 December 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213004047/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/15/pussy\-riot\-nadezhda\-tolokonnikova\-slavoj\-zizek \|url\-status\=live }}{{Blockquote\|text\=All hearts were beating for you as long as you were perceived as just another version of the liberal\-democratic protest against the authoritarian state. The moment it became clear that you rejected global capitalism, reporting on Pussy Riot became much more ambiguous.}}
He criticized Western military interventions in developing countries and wrote that it was the [2011 military intervention in Libya](/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya "2011 military intervention in Libya") "which threw the country in chaos" and the U.S.\-led [invasion of Iraq](/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq "Invasion of Iraq") "which created the conditions for the rise" of the [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State").{{cite news \|title\=Slavoj Zizek: We Can't Address the EU Refugee Crisis Without Confronting Global Capitalism \|url\=https://inthesetimes.com/article/slavoj\-zizek\-european\-refugee\-crisis\-and\-global\-capitalism \|work\=In These Times \|date\=9 September 2015 \|access\-date\=1 October 2022 \|archive\-date\=1 October 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001201903/https://inthesetimes.com/article/slavoj\-zizek\-european\-refugee\-crisis\-and\-global\-capitalism \|url\-status\=live }}
Žižek believes that [China](/wiki/China "China") is the [combination of capitalism and authoritarianism](/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism "Authoritarian capitalism") in their extreme forms, and the [Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") is the best protector of the interests of [capitalists](/wiki/Capitalism "Capitalism"). From the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution "Cultural Revolution") to [Deng's reforms](/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform "Chinese economic reform"), "[Mao](/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong") himself created the ideological condition for rapid capitalist development by tearing apart the fabric of [traditional society](/wiki/Traditional_society "Traditional society")."{{cite web\|author\=Slavoj Zizek\|url\=https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english\_edition/english\_editorials/1004153\.html\|title\=Is China's communism just another name for authoritarian capitalism?\|work\=Hankyoreh\|date\=2021\-07\-19\|access\-date\=31 August 2023\|archive\-date\=31 August 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831171027/https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english\_edition/english\_editorials/1004153\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
{{Blockquote\|text\=It is capitalism, again and again, that emerges as the only alternative, the only way to move forward and the dynamic force for change when social life gets stuck into some fixed form. Today, capitalism is much more \[\[revolutionary]] than the traditional Left obsessed with protecting the old achievements of the \[\[welfare state]]. Just consider how much capitalism has changed the entire texture of our societies in the past decades.}}
In an opinion article for *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, Žižek argued in favour of giving full support to [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") after the [Russian invasion](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine") and for creating a stronger [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO") in response to Russian aggression,{{cite web \|last1\=Žižek \|first1\=Slavoj \|date\=21 June 2022 \|title\=Pacifism is the wrong response to the war in Ukraine \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/21/pacificsm\-is\-the\-wrong\-response\-to\-the\-war\-in\-ukraine \|website\=The Guardian \|access\-date\=21 June 2022 \|archive\-date\=21 June 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621104839/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/21/pacificsm\-is\-the\-wrong\-response\-to\-the\-war\-in\-ukraine \|url\-status\=live }} later arguing that it would also be a tragedy for Ukraine to yoke itself to western neoliberalism.{{Cite web \|last\=Žižek \|first\=Slavoj \|date\=2022\-08\-30 \|title\=Ukraine's Tale of Two Colonizations {{!}} by Slavoj Žižek \|url\=https://www.project\-syndicate.org/commentary/ukraine\-russian\-occupation\-or\-western\-neoliberal\-colonization\-by\-slavoj\-zizek\-2022\-08 \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-05 \|website\=Project Syndicate \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=30 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830101008/https://www.project\-syndicate.org/commentary/ukraine\-russian\-occupation\-or\-western\-neoliberal\-colonization\-by\-slavoj\-zizek\-2022\-08? \|url\-status\=live }} He compared the struggle of Ukraine against the occupiers to the Palestinians' struggle against the [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories "Israeli-occupied territories").{{cite news \|title\=Ukraine is Palestine, not Israel \|url\=https://jordantimes.com/opinion/slavoj\-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek/ukraine\-palestine\-not\-israel \|work\=The Jordan Times \|date\=15 September 2022 \|access\-date\=1 October 2022 \|archive\-date\=1 October 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001201903/https://jordantimes.com/opinion/slavoj\-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek/ukraine\-palestine\-not\-israel \|url\-status\=live }} In April 2024, Žižek criticized Israel's [actions](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war "Israel–Hamas war") in the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip").{{cite news \|title\=The world cannot just cancel Palestine \|url\=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/commentary/2024/04/26/world/palestine\-gaza\-war\-protests\-canceled/ \|work\=The Japan Times \|date\=26 April 2024}}
|
[
"Thought and positions\n---------------------",
"Žižek and his thought have been described by many commentators as \"[Hegelo](/wiki/Hegelianism \"Hegelianism\")\\-[Lacanian](/wiki/Lacanianism \"Lacanianism\")\".{{Cite book \\|last\\=Butler \\|first\\=Rex \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xr5cCgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA14 \\|title\\=The Žižek Dictionary \\|date\\=2015\\-08\\-12 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-317\\-32443\\-0 \\|pages\\=14 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Barber \\|first\\=Daniel Colucciello \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1X9JAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT27 \\|title\\=On Diaspora: Christianity, Religion, and Secularity \\|date\\=2011\\-11\\-01 \\|publisher\\=Wipf and Stock Publishers \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-62189\\-103\\-1 \\|pages\\=27 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Vighi \\|first\\=Fabio \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=QteoAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA18 \\|title\\=Critical Theory and Film: Rethinking Ideology Through Film Noir \\|date\\=2012\\-05\\-03 \\|publisher\\=Bloomsbury Publishing \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4411\\-3912\\-2 \\|pages\\=18 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Vardoulakis \\|first\\=Dimitris \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=naBlCKjmKfsC\\&pg\\=PA225 \\|title\\=Spinoza Now \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-29 \\|publisher\\=University of Minnesota Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8166\\-7280\\-6 \\|pages\\=225 \\|language\\=en}} In his early career, Žižek claimed \"a theoretical space moulded by three centres of gravity: [Hegelian dialectics](/wiki/Hegelian_Dialectic \"Hegelian Dialectic\"), [Lacanian psychoanalytic theory](/wiki/Lacanianism \"Lacanianism\"), and contemporary criticism of [ideology](/wiki/Ideology \"Ideology\")\", designating \"the theory of [Jacques Lacan](/wiki/Jacques_Lacan \"Jacques Lacan\")\" as the fundamental element.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=For They Know Not What They Do \\|date\\=1991 \\|publisher\\=Verso \\|location\\=London \\& New York \\|page\\=2}} In 2010, Žižek instead claimed that for him Hegel is more fundamental than Lacan—\"Even Lacan is just a tool for me to read Hegel. For me, always it is Hegel, Hegel, Hegel.\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=O'Hagan \\|first1\\=Sean \\|title\\=Slavoj Žižek: interview \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/jun/27/slavoj\\-zizek\\-living\\-end\\-times \\|website\\=Guardian \\|date\\=26 June 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=6 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617191634/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/jun/27/slavoj\\-zizek\\-living\\-end\\-times \\|url\\-status\\=live }}—while in 2019, he claimed that \"For me, in some sense, all of philosophy happened in \\[the] fifty years\" between [Immanuel Kant](/wiki/Immanuel_Kant \"Immanuel Kant\")'s *[Critique of Pure Reason](/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason \"Critique of Pure Reason\")* (1781\\) and the death of [Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel](/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel \"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel\") (1831\\).{{cite web \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=Slavoj Žižek on what really makes him mad \\|url\\=https://blog.oup.com/2019/09/slavoj\\-zizek\\-on\\-what\\-really\\-makes\\-him\\-mad/ \\|website\\=Oxford University Press \\|date\\=17 September 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 September 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918141717/https://blog.oup.com/2019/09/slavoj\\-zizek\\-on\\-what\\-really\\-makes\\-him\\-mad/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Alongside his academic, theoretical works, Žižek is a prolific commentator on current affairs and contemporary political debates.",
"### Subjectivity",
"For Žižek, although a [subject](/wiki/Subject_%28philosophy%29 \"Subject (philosophy)\") may take on a symbolic (social) position, it can never be reduced to this attempted symbolisation, since the very \"taking on\" of this position implies a separate 'I', beyond the symbolic, that does the taking on. Yet, under scrutiny, nothing positive can be said about this subject, this 'I', that eludes symbolisation; it cannot be discerned as anything but \"that which cannot be symbolised\". Thus, without the initial, attempted, failed symbolisation, subjectivity cannot present itself. As Žižek writes in his first book in English: \"the subject of the signifier is a retroactive effect of the failure of its own representation; that is why the failure of representation is the only way to represent it adequately.\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=The Sublime Object of Ideology \\|date\\=1989 \\|publisher\\=Verso \\|location\\=London \\& New York \\|isbn\\=0860919714 \\|page\\=175}}",
"Žižek attributes this position on the subject to [Hegel](/wiki/Hegel \"Hegel\"), particularly his description of man as \"the night of the world\",{{cite book \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=The Parallax View \\|date\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=MIT Press \\|location\\=Cambridge, MA \\|isbn\\=9780262240512 \\|page\\=22}} and to [Lacan](/wiki/Lacan \"Lacan\"), with his description of the barred, split subject, who he sees as developing the [Cartesian](/wiki/Cartesianism \"Cartesianism\") notion of the [cogito](/wiki/Cogito%2C_ergo_sum \"Cogito, ergo sum\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=The Sublime Object of Ideology \\|date\\=1989 \\|publisher\\=Verso \\|location\\=London \\& New York \\|isbn\\=0860919714 \\|page\\=72}} According to Žižek, these thinkers, in insisting on the role of the subject, run counter to \"[culturalist](/wiki/Culturalism \"Culturalism\")\" or \"[historicist](/wiki/Historicism \"Historicism\")\" positions held by thinkers such as [Louis Althusser](/wiki/Louis_Althusser \"Louis Althusser\") and [Michel Foucault](/wiki/Michel_Foucault \"Michel Foucault\"), which posit that \"subjects\" are bound by and reducible to their historical/cultural(/symbolic) context.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj and Sbriglia, Russell \\|title\\=Subject Matters \\|date\\=2020 \\|publisher\\=Northwestern University Press \\|location\\=Evanston \\|pages\\=3–21}}",
"### Political theory",
"#### Ideology",
"Žižek's Lacanian\\-informed theory of [ideology](/wiki/Ideology \"Ideology\") is one of his major contributions to political theory; his first book in English, *[The Sublime Object of Ideology](/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology \"The Sublime Object of Ideology\")*, and the documentary *[The Pervert's Guide to Ideology](/wiki/The_Pervert%27s_Guide_to_Ideology \"The Pervert's Guide to Ideology\")*, in which he stars, are among the well\\-known places in which it is discussed. Žižek believes that ideology has been frequently misinterpreted as dualistic and, according to him, this misinterpreted dualism posits that there is a real world of material relations and objects outside of oneself, which is accessible to reason.{{Cite web \\|last\\=McManus \\|first\\=Matt \\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-30 \\|title\\=The Politics of Slavoj Zizek \\|url\\=https://areomagazine.com/2019/04/30/the\\-politics\\-of\\-slavoj\\-zizek/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-23 \\|website\\=Areo Magazine \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=23 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823173430/https://areomagazine.com/2019/04/30/the\\-politics\\-of\\-slavoj\\-zizek/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"For Žižek, as for Marx, ideology is made up of fictions that structure political life; in Lacan's terms, ideology belongs to the [symbolic order](/wiki/Symbolic_order \"Symbolic order\"). Žižek argues that these fictions are primarily maintained at an unconscious level, rather than a conscious one. Since, according to [psychoanalytic theory](/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory \"Psychoanalytic theory\"), the unconscious can determine one's actions directly, bypassing one's conscious awareness (as in [parapraxes](/wiki/Freudian_slip \"Freudian slip\")), ideology can be expressed in one's behaviour, regardless of one's conscious beliefs. Hence, Žižek breaks with orthodox Marxist accounts that view ideology purely as a system of mistaken beliefs (see [False consciousness](/wiki/False_consciousness \"False consciousness\")). Drawing on [Peter Sloterdijk](/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk \"Peter Sloterdijk\")'s *[Critique of Cynical Reason](/wiki/Critique_of_Cynical_Reason \"Critique of Cynical Reason\")*, Žižek argues that adopting a cynical perspective is not enough to escape ideology, since, according to Žižek, even though postmodern [subjects](/wiki/Subject_%28philosophy%29 \"Subject (philosophy)\") are consciously cynical about the political situation, they continue to reinforce it through their behaviour.{{cite book \\|last\\=Žižek \\|first\\=Slavoj \\|year\\=1989 \\|title\\=The Sublime Object of Ideology \\|place\\=London \\& New York \\|publisher\\=Verso \\|chapter\\=Chapter 1}}",
"#### Freedom",
"Žižek claims that (a sense of) political freedom is sustained by a deeper unfreedom, at least under [liberal capitalism](/wiki/Economic_liberalism \"Economic liberalism\"). In a 2002 article, Žižek endorses [Lenin](/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin \"Vladimir Lenin\")'s distinction between formal and actual freedom, claiming that liberal society only contains formal freedom, \"freedom of choice *within* the coordinates of the existing power relations\", while prohibiting actual freedom, \"the site of an intervention that undermines these very coordinates.\"{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=A Plea For Leninist Intolerance \\|journal\\=Critical Inquiry \\|date\\=2002 \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=542–544\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/449051 \\|s2cid\\=162381806 }} In an oft\\-quoted passage from a book published in the same year, he writes that, in these conditions of liberal censorship, \"we 'feel free' because we lack the very language to articulate our unfreedom\".{{cite book \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=Welcome to the Desert of the Real! \\|date\\=2002 \\|publisher\\=Verso \\|location\\=London \\& New York \\|page\\=2}} In a 2019 article, he writes that Marx \"made a valuable point with his claim that the market economy combines in a unique way political and personal freedom with social unfreedom: personal freedom (freely selling myself on the market) is the very form of my unfreedom.\"{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=Hegel, Retroactivity \\& The End of History \\|journal\\=Continental Thought \\& Theory \\|date\\=2019 \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=4 \\|page\\=9}} However, in 2014, he rejects the \"pseudo\\-Marxist\" total derision of 'formal freedom', claiming that it is necessary for critique: \"When we are formally free, only then we become aware how limited this freedom actually is.\"",
"Žižek co\\-signed a petition condemning the \"use of disproportionate force and retaliatory brutality by the [Hong Kong Police](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force \"Hong Kong Police Force\") against students in university campuses in Hong Kong\" during the [2019–2020 Hong Kong protests](/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests \"2019–2020 Hong Kong protests\"). The petition concludes with the statement: \"We believe the defence of [academic freedom](/wiki/Academic_freedom \"Academic freedom\"), the [freedom of speech](/wiki/Freedom_of_speech \"Freedom of speech\"), [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press \"Freedom of the press\"), [freedom of assembly](/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly \"Freedom of assembly\") and [association](/wiki/Freedom_of_association \"Freedom of association\"), and the responsibility to protect the safety of our students are universal causes common to all.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hongkongwatch.org/all\\-posts/2019/11/26/renowned\\-academics\\-among\\-over\\-3700\\-supporting\\-the\\-petition\\-by\\-global\\-academics\\-against\\-police\\-brutality\\-in\\-hong\\-kong\\|title\\=Renowned Academics Among Over 3,700 Supporting The 'Petition by Global Academics Against Police Brutality in Hong Kong'\\|work\\=Hong Kong Watch\\|date\\=2019\\-11\\-26\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831113759/https://www.hongkongwatch.org/all\\-posts/2019/11/26/renowned\\-academics\\-among\\-over\\-3700\\-supporting\\-the\\-petition\\-by\\-global\\-academics\\-against\\-police\\-brutality\\-in\\-hong\\-kong\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Theology",
"Žižek has asserted that \"[Atheism](/wiki/Atheism \"Atheism\") is a legacy worth fighting for\" in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=Atheism is a legacy worth fighting for Slavoj Zizek \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/13/opinion/atheism\\-is\\-a\\-legacy\\-worth\\-fighting\\-for.html \\|website\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=13 March 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128135937/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/13/opinion/atheism\\-is\\-a\\-legacy\\-worth\\-fighting\\-for.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However, he nonetheless finds extensive conceptual value in [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\"), particularly [Protestantism](/wiki/Protestantism \"Protestantism\"): the subtitle of his 2000 book *The Fragile Absolute* is \"Or, Why Is the Christian Legacy Worth Fighting For?\". Hence, he labels his position '[Christian Atheism](/wiki/Christian_Atheism \"Christian Atheism\")',{{cite web \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj (2017\\) \\|title\\=Christian Atheism \\|date\\=10 September 2017 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=2UOM3C3q7II \\|publisher\\=YouTube (European Graduate School Video Lectures) \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152841/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=2UOM3C3q7II \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and has written about theology at length.See his *The Fragile Absolute*, *The Monstrosity of Christ*, *The Puppet and the Dwarf*, and *On Belief*.",
"In *[The Pervert's Guide to Ideology](/wiki/The_Pervert%27s_Guide_to_Ideology \"The Pervert's Guide to Ideology\")*, Žižek suggests that \"the only way to be an Atheist is through Christianity\", since, he claims, atheism often fails to escape the religious paradigm by remaining faithful to an external guarantor of meaning, simply switching God for natural necessity or evolution. Christianity, on the other hand, in the doctrine of [the incarnation](/wiki/Incarnation_%28Christianity%29 \"Incarnation (Christianity)\"), brings God down from the 'beyond' and onto earth, into human affairs; for Žižek, this paradigm is more authentically godless, since the external guarantee is abolished.Fiennes, Sophie (dir.). (2012\\). *The Pervert's Guide to Ideology*. London: P Guide Productions.",
"### Communism",
"Although sometimes adopting the title of 'radical leftist',{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/10/15/slovenian\\_philosopher\\_slavoj\\_zizek\\_on\\_the \\|title\\=Slovenian Philosopher Slavoj Zizek on Capitalism, Healthcare, Latin American \"Populism\" and the \"Farcical\" Financial Crisis \\|publisher\\=Democracynow.org \\|access\\-date\\=13 August 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711165755/https://www.democracynow.org/2009/10/15/slovenian\\_philosopher\\_slavoj\\_zizek\\_on\\_the \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Žižek also controversially insists on identifying as a communist, even though he rejects 20th century communism as a \"total failure\", and decries \"the communism of the 20th century, [more specifically](/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left \"Anti-Stalinist left\") all the network of phenomena we refer to as [Stalinism](/wiki/Stalinism \"Stalinism\") as \"maybe the worst ideological, political, ethical, social (and so on) catastrophe in the history of humanity.\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=20th Century Communism \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=ThTJBKYPiNo\\&t\\=153s \\|website\\=YouTube \\|date\\=13 April 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613131415/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=ThTJBKYPiNo\\&t\\=153s \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Žižek justifies this choice by claiming that only the term 'communism' signals a genuine step outside of the existing order, in part since the term 'socialism' no longer has radical enough implications, and means nothing more than that one \"care\\[s] for society.\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj and Tyler Cowen \\|title\\=Slavoj Žižek on His Stubborn Attachment to Communism \\|url\\=https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/slavoj\\-zizek/ \\|website\\=Conversations With Tyler \\|date\\=7 July 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614152849/https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/slavoj\\-zizek/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In *[Marx Reloaded](/wiki/Marx_Reloaded \"Marx Reloaded\")*, Žižek rejects both 20th\\-century totalitarianism and \"[spontaneous](/wiki/Spontaneous_order \"Spontaneous order\") local [self\\-organisation](/wiki/Self-organization \"Self-organization\"), [direct democracy](/wiki/Direct_democracy \"Direct democracy\"), [councils](/wiki/Workers%27_council \"Workers' council\"), and so on\". There, he endorses a definition of communism as \"a society where you, everyone would be allowed to dwell in his or her stupidity\", an idea with which he credits [Fredric Jameson](/wiki/Fredric_Jameson \"Fredric Jameson\") as the inspiration.Barker, Josef (dir.) (2011\\). Marx Reloaded.",
"Žižek has labelled himself a \"communist in a qualified sense\".[*Democracy Now!* television program online transcript](http://www.democracynow.org/2008/3/11/everybody_in_the_world_except_us) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423203148/https://www.democracynow.org/2008/3/11/everybody\\_in\\_the\\_world\\_except\\_us \\|date\\=23 April 2022 }}, 11 March 2008\\. When he spoke at a conference on *The Idea of Communism*, he applied (in qualified form) the 'communist' label to the [Occupy Wall Street](/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street \"Occupy Wall Street\") protestors:\n{{blockquote\\|They are not communists, if 'communism' means the system which deservedly collapsed in 1990—and remember that the communists who are still in power today run the most ruthless capitalism (in China). ... The only sense in which the protestors are 'communists' is that they care for the commons—the commons of nature, \\[\\[Knowledge commons\\|of knowledge]]—which are threatened by the system. They are dismissed as dreamers, but the true dreamers are those who think that things can go on indefinitely the way they are now, with just a few cosmetic changes. They are not dreamers; they are awakening from a dream which is turning into a nightmare. They are not destroying anything; they are reacting to how the system is gradually destroying itself.{{cite book\\|last\\=Slavoj \\|first\\=Žižek \\|year\\=2013 \\|chapter\\=Answers Without Questions \\|editor\\-last\\=Slavoj \\|editor\\-first\\=Žižek \\|title\\=The Idea of Communism \\|volume\\=2 \\|place\\=London \\& New York \\|publisher\\=Verso \\|pages\\=198–9}}}}",
"Žižek has described himself as a \"moderately conservative Communist\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=Slavoj Žižek: We Need a Socialist Reset, Not a Corporate \"Great Reset\" \\|url\\=https://jacobin.com/2020/12/slavoj\\-zizek\\-socialism\\-great\\-reset \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-02 \\|website\\=jacobin.com \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=2 November 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102184106/https://jacobin.com/2020/12/slavoj\\-zizek\\-socialism\\-great\\-reset \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Electoral politics",
"In May 2013, during [Subversive Festival](/wiki/Subversive_Festival \"Subversive Festival\"), Žižek commented: \"If they don't support [SYRIZA](/wiki/SYRIZA \"SYRIZA\"), then, in my vision of the democratic future, all these people will get from me \\[is] a first\\-class one\\-way ticket to \\[a] [gulag](/wiki/Gulag \"Gulag\").\" In response, the center\\-right [New Democracy](/wiki/New_Democracy_%28Greece%29 \"New Democracy (Greece)\") party claimed Žižek's comments should be understood literally, not ironically.{{cite news \\|last\\=Mionis \\|first\\=Sabby \\|date\\=6 March 2012 \\|title\\=Israel must fight to keep neo\\-Nazis out of Greece's government \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/israel\\-must\\-fight\\-to\\-keep\\-neo\\-nazis\\-out\\-of\\-greece\\-s\\-government\\-1\\.416802 \\|newspaper\\=Haaretz \\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306212641/http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/israel\\-must\\-fight\\-to\\-keep\\-neo\\-nazis\\-out\\-of\\-greece\\-s\\-government\\-1\\.416802 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Slovenian philosopher Zizek proposes 'gulag' for those who do not support SYRIZA \\|url\\=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/\\_w\\_articles\\_wsite1\\_1\\_20/05/2013\\_499789 \\|date\\=20 May 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607112545/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/\\_w\\_articles\\_wsite1\\_1\\_20/05/2013\\_499789 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Just before the [2017 French presidential election](/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election \"2017 French presidential election\"), Žižek stated that one could not choose between [Macron](/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron \"Emmanuel Macron\") and [Le Pen](/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen \"Marine Le Pen\"), arguing that the [neoliberalism](/wiki/Neoliberalism \"Neoliberalism\") of Macron just gives rise to [neofascism](/wiki/Neo-fascism \"Neo-fascism\") anyway. This was in response to many on the left calling for support for Macron to prevent a Le Pen victory.{{cite web \\|last\\=Žižek \\|first\\=Slavoj \\|date\\=3 May 2017 \\|title\\=Don't Believe the Liberals – There Is No Real Choice between Le Pen and Macron. \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/french\\-elections\\-marine\\-le\\-pen\\-emmanuel\\-macron\\-no\\-real\\-choice\\-a7714911\\.html \\|work\\=The Independent \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015040/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/french\\-elections\\-marine\\-le\\-pen\\-emmanuel\\-macron\\-no\\-real\\-choice\\-a7714911\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2022, Žižek expressed his support for the Slovenian political party [Levica](/wiki/The_Left_%28Slovenia%29 \"The Left (Slovenia)\") (The Left) at its 5th annual conference.{{Citation \\|title\\=Slavoj Zizek gives support to Levica and comments on the Ukrainian crisis \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=PpE6D1c8CZw \\|website\\=YouTube \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=15 March 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403014106/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=PpE6D1c8CZw \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Support for Donald Trump's election",
"In a 2016 interview with [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\"), Žižek said that were he American, he would vote for [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") in the [2016 United States presidential election](/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election \"2016 United States presidential election\"):\n{{blockquote\\|I'm horrified at him \\[Trump]. I'm just thinking that \\[\\[Hillary Clinton\\|Hillary]] is the true danger. ... if Trump wins, both big parties, Republicans and Democratics, would have to return to basics, rethink themselves, and maybe some things can happen there. That's my desperate, very desperate hope, that if Trump wins—listen, America is not a dictatorial state, he will not introduce Fascism—but it will be a kind of big awakening. New political processes will be set in motion, will be triggered. But I'm well aware that things are very dangerous here ... I'm just aware that Hillary stands for this absolute inertia, the most dangerous one. Because she is a cold warrior, and so on, connected with banks, pretending to be socially progressive.{{cite web \\|title\\=Slavoj Žižek: 'I would vote Trump' \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v\\=10154211377601939 \\|via\\=Facebook \\|publisher\\=Channel 4 \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 January 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120145722/https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v\\=10154211377601939 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}}}",
"These views were derisively characterised as [accelerationist](/wiki/Accelerationist \"Accelerationist\") by *Left Voice*,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Steinman \\|first1\\=Ian \\|date\\=4 November 2016 \\|title\\=From Farce to Tragedy: Žižek Endorses Trump \\|url\\=https://www.leftvoice.org/from\\-farce\\-to\\-tragedy\\-zizek\\-endorses\\-trump/ \\|website\\=Left Voice \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622140145/https://www.leftvoice.org/from\\-farce\\-to\\-tragedy\\-zizek\\-endorses\\-trump/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and were labelled \"regressive\" by [Noam Chomsky](/wiki/Noam_Chomsky \"Noam Chomsky\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Noam Chomsky speaks with 'Upfront' \\- slams media coverage, criticises third party voters \\|url\\=https://network.aljazeera.net/pressroom/noam\\-chomsky\\-speaks\\-%E2%80%98upfront%E2%80%99\\-slams\\-media\\-coverage\\-criticises\\-third\\-party\\-voters \\|website\\=Al Jazeera \\|date\\=24 November 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620182428/https://network.aljazeera.net/pressroom/noam\\-chomsky\\-speaks\\-%E2%80%98upfront%E2%80%99\\-slams\\-media\\-coverage\\-criticises\\-third\\-party\\-voters \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2019 and 2020, Žižek defended his views,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|date\\=26 June 2019 \\|title\\=Voices Was I right to back Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton? Absolutely \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/trump\\-hillary\\-clinton\\-populist\\-right\\-left\\-democratic\\-party\\-civil\\-war\\-a8975121\\.html \\|website\\=The Independent \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704121910/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/trump\\-hillary\\-clinton\\-populist\\-right\\-left\\-democratic\\-party\\-civil\\-war\\-a8975121\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} saying that Trump's election \"created, for the first time in I don't know how many decades, a true American left\", citing the boost it gave [Bernie Sanders](/wiki/Bernie_Sanders \"Bernie Sanders\") and [Alexandria Ocasio\\-Cortez](/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez \"Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Humphreys \\|first1\\=Joe \\|date\\=1 August 2020 \\|title\\=Slavoj Žižek: 'Joe Biden is long\\-term the same catastrophe as Trump' \\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/slavoj\\-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek\\-joe\\-biden\\-is\\-long\\-term\\-the\\-same\\-catastrophe\\-as\\-trump\\-1\\.4312913 \\|website\\=Irish Times \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613130609/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/slavoj\\-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek\\-joe\\-biden\\-is\\-long\\-term\\-the\\-same\\-catastrophe\\-as\\-trump\\-1\\.4312913 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"However, regarding the [2020 United States presidential election](/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election \"2020 United States presidential election\"), Žižek reported himself \"tempted by changing his position\", saying \"Trump is a little too much\". In another interview, he stood by his 2016 \"wager\" that Trump's election would lead to a socialist reaction (\"maybe I was right\"), but claimed that \"now with coronavirus: no, no—no Trump. ... difficult as it is for me to say this, but now I would say '[Biden](/wiki/Biden \"Biden\") better than Trump', although he is far from ideal.\"{{cite web \\|author\\=Valuetainment \\|date\\=16 May 2020 \\|title\\=Communist Philosopher Debates Capitalism \\- Slavoj Žižek \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=GHH96Fc0\\_lo\\&t\\=0s \\|website\\=YouTube \\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518165647/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=GHH96Fc0\\_lo\\&t\\=0s \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In his 2022 book, *Heaven in Disorder*, Žižek continued to express a preference for Joe Biden over Donald Trump, stating \"Trump was corroding the ethical substance of our lives\", while Biden lies and represents big capital more politely.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|year\\=2022 \\|title\\=Heaven in Disorder \\|location\\=New York \\& London \\|publisher\\=OR Books \\|page\\=119}}",
"### Social issues",
"Žižek's views on social issues such as [Eurocentrism](/wiki/Eurocentrism \"Eurocentrism\"), [immigration](/wiki/Immigration \"Immigration\") and the [LGBT](/wiki/LGBT \"LGBT\") movement have drawn criticism and accusations of bigotry.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Kapoor \\|first1\\=Ilan \\|title\\=Žižek, Antagonism and Politics Now: Three Recent Controversies \\|journal\\=International Journal of Žižek Studies \\|date\\=2018 \\|volume\\=12 \\|issue\\=1}}",
"#### Europe and multiculturalism",
"In his 1997 article 'Multiculturalism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Multinational Capitalism', Žižek critiqued [multiculturalism](/wiki/Multiculturalism \"Multiculturalism\") for privileging a culturally 'neutral' perspective from which all cultures are disaffectedly apprehended in their particularity because this distancing reproduces the racist procedure of Othering. He further argues that a fixation on particular identities and struggles corresponds to an abandonment of the universal struggle against [global capitalism](/wiki/Global_capitalism \"Global capitalism\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=Multiculturalism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Multinational Capitalism \\|url\\=https://newleftreview.org/issues/i225/articles/slavoj\\-zizek\\-multiculturalism\\-or\\-the\\-cultural\\-logic\\-of\\-multinational\\-capitalism \\|journal\\=New Left Review \\|date\\=1997 \\|issue\\=I/225 \\|pages\\=28–51 \\|access\\-date\\=12 November 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 November 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112150424/https://newleftreview.org/issues/i225/articles/slavoj\\-zizek\\-multiculturalism\\-or\\-the\\-cultural\\-logic\\-of\\-multinational\\-capitalism \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In his 1998 article 'A Leftist Plea for \"Eurocentrism\"', he argued that Leftists should 'undermine the global empire of capital, not by asserting particular identities, but through the assertion of a new universality',{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=A Leftist Plea for \"Eurocentrism\" \\|journal\\=Critical Inquiry \\|date\\=1998 \\|volume\\=24 \\|issue\\=4 \\|page\\=1008\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/448904 \\|s2cid\\=211516308 }} and that in this struggle the European universalist value of *egaliberte* ([Etienne Balibar](/wiki/Etienne_Balibar \"Etienne Balibar\")'s term) should be foregrounded, proposing 'a Leftist appropriation of the European legacy'.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=A Leftist Plea for \"Eurocentrism\" \\|journal\\=Critical Inquiry \\|date\\=1998 \\|volume\\=24 \\|issue\\=4 \\|page\\=1006\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/448904 \\|s2cid\\=211516308 }} Elsewhere, he has also argued, defending [Marx](/wiki/Marx \"Marx\"), that Europe's destruction of non\\-European tradition (e.g. through imperialism and slavery) has opened up the space for a 'double liberation', both from tradition and from European domination.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=The Impasses of Today's Radical Politics \\|journal\\=Crisis \\& Critique \\|date\\=2014 \\|volume\\=1 \\|page\\=11ff}}",
"In her 2010 article 'The Two Zizeks', [Nivedita Menon](/wiki/Nivedita_Menon \"Nivedita Menon\") criticised Žižek for focusing on differentiation as a colonial project, ignoring how assimilation was also such a project; she also critiqued him for privileging the European Enlightenment Christian legacy as neutral, 'free of the cultural markers that fatally afflict all other religions.'{{cite web \\|url\\=http://kafila.org/2010/01/07/the\\-two\\-zizeks/ \\|last1\\=Menon \\|first1\\=Nivedita \\|title\\=The Two Zizeks \\|date\\=7 January 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2023 \\|website\\=KAFILA – Collective explorations since 2006\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116065758/http://kafila.org/2010/01/07/the\\-two\\-zizeks/ \\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2010 }} David Pavón Cuéllar, closer to Žižek, also criticised him.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Pavón\\-Cuéllar \\|first\\=D. \\|year\\=2020 \\|title\\=Žižek, universalismo y colonialismo: doce tesis para no aceptarlo todo \\|journal\\=International Journal of Žižek Studies \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=1–22 \\|url\\=https://zizekstudies.org/index.php/IJZS/article/view/1193/1225 \\|format\\=pdf \\|language\\=es \\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401081650/https://zizekstudies.org/index.php/IJZS/article/view/1193/1225 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In the mid\\-2010s, over the issue of Eurocentrism, there was a dispute between Žižek and [Walter Mignolo](/wiki/Walter_Mignolo \"Walter Mignolo\"), in which Mignolo (supporting a previous article by [Hamid Dabashi](/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi \"Hamid Dabashi\"),{{cite web \\|last1\\=Dabashi \\|first1\\=Hamid \\|title\\=Can non\\-Europeans think? \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/1/15/can\\-non\\-europeans\\-think/ \\|website\\=Aljazeera \\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116210112/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/1/15/can\\-non\\-europeans\\-think/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} which argued against the centrality of European philosophers like Žižek, criticised by [Michael Marder](/wiki/Michael_Marder \"Michael Marder\"){{cite web \\|last1\\=Marder \\|first1\\=Micheal \\|title\\=A post\\-colonial comedy of errors \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/4/13/a\\-post\\-colonial\\-comedy\\-of\\-errors/ \\|website\\=Aljazeera \\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116210106/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/4/13/a\\-post\\-colonial\\-comedy\\-of\\-errors/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}) argued, against Žižek, that decolonial struggle should forget European philosophy, purportedly following [Frantz Fanon](/wiki/Frantz_Fanon \"Frantz Fanon\");{{cite web \\|last1\\=Mignolo \\|first1\\=Walter D. \\|title\\=Yes, we can: Non\\-European thinkers and philosophers \\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/2/19/yes\\-we\\-can\\-non\\-european\\-thinkers\\-and\\-philosophers/ \\|website\\=Aljazeera \\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116210106/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/2/19/yes\\-we\\-can\\-non\\-european\\-thinkers\\-and\\-philosophers/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} in response, Žižek pointed out Fanon's European intellectual influences, and his resistance to being confined within the black tradition, and claimed to be following Fanon on this point.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=The Impasses of Today's Radical Politics \\|journal\\=Crisis \\& Critique \\|date\\=2014 \\|volume\\=1 \\|page\\=9ff}} In his book *Can Non\\-Europeans Think?* (foreworded by Mignolo), Dabashi also critiqued Žižek for privileging Europe;{{cite book \\|last1\\=Dabashi \\|first1\\=Hamid \\|title\\=Can Non\\-Europeans Think? \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=Zed Books \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=978\\-1783604227 \\|page\\=1ff}} Žižek argued that Dabashi slanderously and comically misrepresents him through misattribution,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=A Reply to My Critics \\|url\\=https://thephilosophicalsalon.com/a\\-reply\\-to\\-my\\-critics/ \\|website\\=The Philosophical Salon \\|date\\=5 August 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 August 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807230212/http://thephilosophicalsalon.com/a\\-reply\\-to\\-my\\-critics/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} a critique supported by [Ilan Kapoor](/wiki/Ilan_Kapoor \"Ilan Kapoor\").",
"#### Transgender issues",
"In his 2016 article \"The Sexual Is Political\", Žižek argued that all subjects are, like transgender subjects, in discord with the sexual position assigned to them. For Žižek, any attempt to escape this antagonism is false and utopian: thus, he rejects both the reactionary attempt to violently impose sexual fixity and the \"[postgenderist](/wiki/Postgenderism \"Postgenderism\")\" attempt to escape sexual fixity entirely; he aligns the latter with 'transgenderism', which he claims does not adequately describe the behaviour of actual transgender subjects, who seek a stable \"place where they could recognise themselves\" (e.g., a bathroom that confirms their identity). Žižek argues for a third bathroom: a \"GENERAL GENDER\" bathroom that would represent the fact that both sexual positions (Žižek insists on the unavoidable \"twoness\" of the sexual landscape) are missing something and thus fail to adequately represent the subjects that take them on.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=The Sexual Is Political \\|url\\=https://thephilosophicalsalon.com/the\\-sexual\\-is\\-political/ \\|website\\=The Philosophical Salon \\|date\\=August 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 August 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803083821/http://thephilosophicalsalon.com/the\\-sexual\\-is\\-political/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In his 2019 article \"Transgender dogma is naive and incompatible with Freud\", Žižek argued that there is \"a tension in LGBT\\+ ideology between [social constructivism](/wiki/Social_constructivism \"Social constructivism\") and (some kind of [biological](/wiki/Biological_determinism \"Biological determinism\")) determinism\", between the idea that [gender is a social construct](/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender \"Social construction of gender\"), and the idea that gender is essential and pre\\-social. He concludes the essay with a \"[Freudian](/wiki/Freudian \"Freudian\") solution\" to this deadlock:\n{{blockquote\\|...psychic sexual identity is a choice, not a biological fact, but it is not a conscious choice that the subject can playfully repeat and transform. It is an unconscious choice which precedes subjective constitution and which is, as such, formative of subjectivity, which means that the change of this choice entails the radical transformation of the bearer of the choice.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=Transgender dogma is naive and incompatible with Freud \\|url\\=https://spectatorworld.com/book\\-and\\-art/transgender\\-dogma\\-naive\\-freud/ \\|website\\=The Spectator \\|date\\=31 May 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 November 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130083115/https://spectatorworld.com/book\\-and\\-art/transgender\\-dogma\\-naive\\-freud/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} }}",
"[Che Gossett](/wiki/Che_Gossett \"Che Gossett\") criticized Žižek for his use of the \"pathologising\" term \"transgenderism\" throughout the 2016 article, and for writing \"about trans subjectivity with such assumed authority while ignoring the voices of trans theorists (academics and activists) entirely\", as well as for purportedly claiming that a \"futuristic\" vision underlies so\\-called \"transgenderism\", ignoring present\\-day oppression.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Gossett \\|first1\\=Che \\|title\\=Žižek's Trans/gender Trouble \\|url\\=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/zizeks\\-transgender\\-trouble/ \\|website\\=LA Review of Books \\|date\\=13 September 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506194143/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/zizeks\\-transgender\\-trouble/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Sam Warren Miell and Chris Coffman, both psychoanalytically inclined, have separately criticized Žižek for conflating transgenderism and postgenderism; Miell further criticised the 2014 article for rehearsing homophobic/transphobic clichés (including Žižek's designation of [inter\\-species marriage](/wiki/Zoophilia \"Zoophilia\") as a possible \"anti\\-discriminatory demand\"), and misusing Lacanian theory; Coffman argued that Žižek should have engaged with contemporary Lacanian trans studies, which would have shown that psychoanalytic and transgender discourses were aligned, not opposed.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Miell \\|first1\\=Sam Warren \\|title\\=Slavoj Žižek is wrong about stuff \\|date\\=3 August 2016 \\|url\\=https://differentcolouredhats.wordpress.com/2016/08/03/slavoj\\-zizek\\-is\\-wrong\\-about\\-stuff/ \\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019013432/https://differentcolouredhats.wordpress.com/2016/08/03/slavoj\\-zizek\\-is\\-wrong\\-about\\-stuff/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}; {{cite book \\|last1\\=Coffman \\|first1\\=Chris \\|title\\=Queer Traversals \\|date\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=Bloomsbury \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=9781350200005 \\|page\\=98}} In response to the title of the 2019 article, [McKenzie Wark](/wiki/McKenzie_Wark \"McKenzie Wark\") had t\\-shirts made with the [transgender flag](/wiki/Transgender_flag \"Transgender flag\") and \"Incompatible with Freud\" printed on them.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Erlij \\|first1\\=Evelyn \\|title\\=McKenzie Wark: reinventing the future \\|url\\=https://palabrapublica.uchile.cl/2019/07/31/mckenzie\\-wark\\-reinventing\\-the\\-future/ \\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 November 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130042000/https://palabrapublica.uchile.cl/2019/07/31/mckenzie\\-wark\\-reinventing\\-the\\-future/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Žižek defended his 2016 article in two follow\\-up pieces. The first addresses purported misreadings of his position, while the second is a more sustained defence (against Miell) of the article's application of Lacanian theory,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|title\\=A Reply to My Critics, Part Two \\|url\\=https://thephilosophicalsalon.com/reply\\-to\\-my\\-critics\\-part\\-two/ \\|website\\=The Philosophical Salon \\|date\\=14 August 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 November 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103135557/http://thephilosophicalsalon.com/reply\\-to\\-my\\-critics\\-part\\-two/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} to which Miell responded in turn.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Miell \\|first1\\=Sam Warren \\|title\\=Interrogating the père's version: a response to Slavoj Žižek \\|date\\=15 August 2016 \\|url\\=https://differentcolouredhats.wordpress.com/2016/08/15/interrogating\\-the\\-peres\\-version\\-a\\-response\\-to\\-slavoj\\-zizek/ \\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508122849/https://differentcolouredhats.wordpress.com/2016/08/15/interrogating\\-the\\-peres\\-version\\-a\\-response\\-to\\-slavoj\\-zizek/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Douglas Lain](/wiki/Douglas_Lain \"Douglas Lain\") also defended Žižek, claiming that context makes it clear that Žižek is \"not opposed \\[to] the struggle of LGBTQ people\" but is instead critiquing \"a phony liberal ideology that set up the terms of the LGBTQ struggle\", \"a certain utopian postmodern ideology that seeks to eliminate all limits, to eliminate all binaries, to go beyond norms because the imposition of a limit is patriarchal and oppressive.\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=Lain \\|first1\\=Douglas \\|title\\=The Fate of Slavoj Žižek \\|url\\=https://thoughtcatalog.com/doug\\-lain/2017/01/the\\-fate\\-of\\-slavoj\\-zizek/ \\|website\\=Thought Catalog \\|date\\=25 January 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=11 June 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611210722/https://thoughtcatalog.com/doug\\-lain/2017/01/the\\-fate\\-of\\-slavoj\\-zizek/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In a 2023 piece for Compact Magazine, Žižek took a hard stance against access to [puberty blockers](/wiki/Puberty_blockers \"Puberty blockers\") for trans youth, and against trans adults being sent to prisons matching their gender, citing the case of [Isla Bryson](/wiki/Isla_Bryson \"Isla Bryson\"), whom he referred to as \"a person who identifies itself as a woman using its penis to rape two women\". Both of these things were attributed by Žižek to [wokeness](/wiki/Wokeness \"Wokeness\") (the wider subject of the article).{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|url\\=https://compactmag.com/article/wokeness\\-is\\-here\\-to\\-stay \\|work\\=Compact Magazine \\|date\\=February 22, 2023 \\|title\\=Wokeness Is Here To Stay \\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 February 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20230222090353/https://compactmag.com/article/wokeness\\-is\\-here\\-to\\-stay \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Zelle \\|first1\\=Melanie \\|url\\=https://swarthmorephoenix.com/2023/03/02/zizek\\-has\\-lost\\-the\\-plot/ \\|work\\=The Swarthmore Phoenix \\|date\\=March 2, 2023 \\|title\\=Žižek Has Lost the Plot \\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513120052/https://swarthmorephoenix.com/2023/03/02/zizek\\-has\\-lost\\-the\\-plot/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Other",
"Žižek wrote that the [convention center](/wiki/Cankar_Hall \"Cankar Hall\") in which nationalist [Slovene writers](/wiki/Slovene_writers \"Slovene writers\") hold their conventions should be blown up, adding, \"Since we live in the time without any sense of irony, I must add I don't mean it literally.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Interview] with Žižek – part two \\|url\\=http://www.delo.si/zgodbe/sobotnapriloga/slavoj\\-zizek\\-bog\\-daj\\-da\\-bi\\-ciniki\\-na\\-oblasti\\-res\\-vedeli\\-kaj\\-pocnejo.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[Delo (newspaper)\\|Delo]] \\|language\\=sl \\|date\\=2 March 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405024835/http://www.delo.si/zgodbe/sobotnapriloga/slavoj\\-zizek\\-bog\\-daj\\-da\\-bi\\-ciniki\\-na\\-oblasti\\-res\\-vedeli\\-kaj\\-pocnejo.html \\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=5 April 2013 }}",
"In 2013, Žižek corresponded with imprisoned Russian activist and [Pussy Riot](/wiki/Pussy_Riot \"Pussy Riot\") member [Nadezhda Tolokonnikova](/wiki/Nadezhda_Tolokonnikova \"Nadezhda Tolokonnikova\").{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|last2\\=Tolokonnikova \\|first2\\=Nadezhda \\|date\\=15 November 2013 \\|title\\=Nadezhda Tolokonnikova of Pussy Riot's prison letters to Slavoj Žižek \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/15/pussy\\-riot\\-nadezhda\\-tolokonnikova\\-slavoj\\-zizek \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213004047/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/15/pussy\\-riot\\-nadezhda\\-tolokonnikova\\-slavoj\\-zizek \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Blockquote\\|text\\=All hearts were beating for you as long as you were perceived as just another version of the liberal\\-democratic protest against the authoritarian state. The moment it became clear that you rejected global capitalism, reporting on Pussy Riot became much more ambiguous.}}",
"He criticized Western military interventions in developing countries and wrote that it was the [2011 military intervention in Libya](/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya \"2011 military intervention in Libya\") \"which threw the country in chaos\" and the U.S.\\-led [invasion of Iraq](/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq \"Invasion of Iraq\") \"which created the conditions for the rise\" of the [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State \"Islamic State\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Slavoj Zizek: We Can't Address the EU Refugee Crisis Without Confronting Global Capitalism \\|url\\=https://inthesetimes.com/article/slavoj\\-zizek\\-european\\-refugee\\-crisis\\-and\\-global\\-capitalism \\|work\\=In These Times \\|date\\=9 September 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001201903/https://inthesetimes.com/article/slavoj\\-zizek\\-european\\-refugee\\-crisis\\-and\\-global\\-capitalism \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Žižek believes that [China](/wiki/China \"China\") is the [combination of capitalism and authoritarianism](/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism \"Authoritarian capitalism\") in their extreme forms, and the [Chinese Communist Party](/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party \"Chinese Communist Party\") is the best protector of the interests of [capitalists](/wiki/Capitalism \"Capitalism\"). From the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution \"Cultural Revolution\") to [Deng's reforms](/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform \"Chinese economic reform\"), \"[Mao](/wiki/Mao_Zedong \"Mao Zedong\") himself created the ideological condition for rapid capitalist development by tearing apart the fabric of [traditional society](/wiki/Traditional_society \"Traditional society\").\"{{cite web\\|author\\=Slavoj Zizek\\|url\\=https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english\\_edition/english\\_editorials/1004153\\.html\\|title\\=Is China's communism just another name for authoritarian capitalism?\\|work\\=Hankyoreh\\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-19\\|access\\-date\\=31 August 2023\\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831171027/https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english\\_edition/english\\_editorials/1004153\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n{{Blockquote\\|text\\=It is capitalism, again and again, that emerges as the only alternative, the only way to move forward and the dynamic force for change when social life gets stuck into some fixed form. Today, capitalism is much more \\[\\[revolutionary]] than the traditional Left obsessed with protecting the old achievements of the \\[\\[welfare state]]. Just consider how much capitalism has changed the entire texture of our societies in the past decades.}}",
"In an opinion article for *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*, Žižek argued in favour of giving full support to [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") after the [Russian invasion](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\") and for creating a stronger [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\") in response to Russian aggression,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Žižek \\|first1\\=Slavoj \\|date\\=21 June 2022 \\|title\\=Pacifism is the wrong response to the war in Ukraine \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/21/pacificsm\\-is\\-the\\-wrong\\-response\\-to\\-the\\-war\\-in\\-ukraine \\|website\\=The Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=21 June 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 June 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621104839/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/21/pacificsm\\-is\\-the\\-wrong\\-response\\-to\\-the\\-war\\-in\\-ukraine \\|url\\-status\\=live }} later arguing that it would also be a tragedy for Ukraine to yoke itself to western neoliberalism.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Žižek \\|first\\=Slavoj \\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-30 \\|title\\=Ukraine's Tale of Two Colonizations {{!}} by Slavoj Žižek \\|url\\=https://www.project\\-syndicate.org/commentary/ukraine\\-russian\\-occupation\\-or\\-western\\-neoliberal\\-colonization\\-by\\-slavoj\\-zizek\\-2022\\-08 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-05 \\|website\\=Project Syndicate \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=30 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830101008/https://www.project\\-syndicate.org/commentary/ukraine\\-russian\\-occupation\\-or\\-western\\-neoliberal\\-colonization\\-by\\-slavoj\\-zizek\\-2022\\-08? \\|url\\-status\\=live }} He compared the struggle of Ukraine against the occupiers to the Palestinians' struggle against the [Israeli occupation](/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories \"Israeli-occupied territories\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Ukraine is Palestine, not Israel \\|url\\=https://jordantimes.com/opinion/slavoj\\-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek/ukraine\\-palestine\\-not\\-israel \\|work\\=The Jordan Times \\|date\\=15 September 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=1 October 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 October 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001201903/https://jordantimes.com/opinion/slavoj\\-%C5%BEi%C5%BEek/ukraine\\-palestine\\-not\\-israel \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In April 2024, Žižek criticized Israel's [actions](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war \"Israel–Hamas war\") in the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\").{{cite news \\|title\\=The world cannot just cancel Palestine \\|url\\=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/commentary/2024/04/26/world/palestine\\-gaza\\-war\\-protests\\-canceled/ \\|work\\=The Japan Times \\|date\\=26 April 2024}}",
""
] |
Career
------
As a young reporter, Russell reported on a [brief military conflict between Prussian and Danish troops in Denmark in 1850](/wiki/First_Schleswig_War%231850 "First Schleswig War#1850").
Initially sent by the editor [John Delane](/wiki/John_Thadeus_Delane "John Thadeus Delane") to [Malta](/wiki/Malta "Malta") to cover British support for the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") against [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") in 1854, Russell despised the term "war correspondent" but his coverage of the conflict brought him international renown, and [Florence Nightingale](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale "Florence Nightingale") later credited her entry into wartime nursing to his reports. The Crimean medical care, shelter and protection of all ranks by [Mary Seacole](/wiki/Mary_Seacole "Mary Seacole"){{Cite ODNB \| last \= Palmer \| first \= A \| contribution \= Seacole, Mary Jane (1805–1881\) \| title \= Dictionary of National Biography \| orig\-year \= Sept 2004 \| edition \= online \|date\=May 2006 \| doi \= 10\.1093/ref:odnb/41194 \| url \= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/41194 \| access\-date \= 18 August 2010}}. was also publicised by Russell and by other contemporary journalists, rescuing her from bankruptcy.
Russell was described by one of the soldiers on the frontlines thus: "a vulgar low Irishman, \[who] sings a good song, drinks anyone's brandy and water and smokes as many cigars as a Jolly Good Fellow. He is just the sort of chap to get information, particularly out of youngsters."{{Citation \| last \= Sweeney \| first \= Michael S \| title \= From the Front: The Story of War \| publisher \= \[\[National Geographic Society]] \| year \= 2002}}. This reputation led to Russell's being [blacklisted](/wiki/Blacklisted "Blacklisted") from some circles, including British commander [Lord Raglan](/wiki/FitzRoy_Somerset%2C_1st_Baron_Raglan "FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan"), who advised his officers to refuse to speak with the reporter.
His dispatches were hugely significant; for the first time the public could read about the reality of warfare. Shocked and outraged, the public's backlash from his reports led the Government to re\-evaluate the treatment of troops and led to [Florence Nightingale](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale "Florence Nightingale")'s involvement in revolutionising [battlefield treatment](/wiki/Battlefield_medicine "Battlefield medicine").
On 20 September 1854, Russell covered the battle above the [Alma River](/wiki/Alma_River_%28Ukraine%29 "Alma River (Ukraine)")—writing his missive the following day in an account book seized from a Russian corpse. The story, written in the form of a letter to Delane, was supportive of the British troops and paid particular attention to the battlefield surgeons' "humane barbarity" and the lack of ambulance care for wounded troops. He later covered the [Siege of Sevastopol](/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_%281854%E2%80%931855%29 "Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)") where he coined the phrase "[thin red line](/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_%28Battle_of_Balaclava%29 "The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)")" in referring to British troops (93rd Highlanders) at Balaclava, writing that "\[The Russians] dash on towards that thin red streak topped with a line of steel...".
Following Russell's reports of the appalling conditions suffered by the Allied troops conducting the siege, including an outbreak of [cholera](/wiki/Cholera "Cholera"), [Samuel Morton Peto](/wiki/Samuel_Morton_Peto "Samuel Morton Peto") and his partners built the [Grand Crimean Central Railway](/wiki/Grand_Crimean_Central_Railway "Grand Crimean Central Railway"), which was a major factor leading to the success of the siege.{{cite book \| last \=Cooke \| first \=Brian \| title \=The Grand Crimean Central Railway \| publisher \=Cavalier House \| year \=1990 \| location \= Knutsford \| pages \=14, 18, 143–49 \| isbn \= 0\-9515889\-0\-7}}
Russell wrote about his meetings with [Mary Seacole](/wiki/Mary_Seacole "Mary Seacole") and wrote highly of Seacole's skill as a healer: "A more tender or skilful hand about a wound or a broken limb could not be found among our best surgeons."{{Cite web \|date\=2005\-01\-21 \|title\=Mary Seacole by Jane Robinson \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/books/reviews/mary\-seacole\-by\-jane\-robinson\-748262\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-24 \|website\=The Independent\|location\=London}}
He spent December 1854 in Constantinople on holiday, returning in early 1855\. Russell left Crimea in December 1855 to be replaced by the Constantinople correspondent of *The Times*.
In 1856, Russell was sent to Moscow to describe the coronation of Tsar [Alexander II](/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia "Alexander II of Russia") and in the following year was sent to [India](/wiki/India "India") where he witnessed the final [re\-capture of Lucknow](/wiki/Capture_of_Lucknow "Capture of Lucknow") (1858\).[Ferdinand Mount](/wiki/Ferdinand_Mount "Ferdinand Mount"), "Atrocity upon atrocity",*[Times Literary Supplement](/wiki/Times_Literary_Supplement "Times Literary Supplement")*, 23 February 2018, page 14\.
In 1861 Russell went to [Washington](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") and returned to England in 1863\. In July 1865 he sailed on the [*Great Eastern*](/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern "SS Great Eastern") to document the laying of the [Atlantic Cable](/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable "Transatlantic telegraph cable") and wrote a book about the voyage{{Citation \| url \= http://www.atlantic\-cable.com/Books/Russell/ \| publisher \= Atlantic cable \| title \= The Atlantic Telegraph \| contribution \= Russel}}. with colour illustrations by Robert Dudley.{{Citation \| url \= http://atlantic\-cable.com/CablePioneers/Dudley/index.htm \| publisher \= Atlantic cable\| title \= Robert Dudley biography}}. He published diaries of his time in India, the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"){{cite book\|url\=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006528287\|title\=My diary North and South\|author\=Russell, William Howard\|location\=Boston\|publisher\=T.O.H.P. Burnham\|year\=1863}} and the [Franco\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War "Franco-Prussian War"), where he describes the warm welcome given him by English\-speaking Prussian generals such as [Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal](/wiki/Leonhard_Graf_von_Blumenthal "Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal").
Russell later accused fellow war correspondent [Nicholas Woods](/wiki/Nicholas_Woods_%28correspondent%29 "Nicholas Woods (correspondent)") of the *[Morning Herald](/wiki/Morning_Herald "Morning Herald")* of lying in his articles about the war{{clarify\|date\=October 2020}} to try to improve his stories.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"As a young reporter, Russell reported on a [brief military conflict between Prussian and Danish troops in Denmark in 1850](/wiki/First_Schleswig_War%231850 \"First Schleswig War#1850\").",
"Initially sent by the editor [John Delane](/wiki/John_Thadeus_Delane \"John Thadeus Delane\") to [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\") to cover British support for the [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") against [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") in 1854, Russell despised the term \"war correspondent\" but his coverage of the conflict brought him international renown, and [Florence Nightingale](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale \"Florence Nightingale\") later credited her entry into wartime nursing to his reports. The Crimean medical care, shelter and protection of all ranks by [Mary Seacole](/wiki/Mary_Seacole \"Mary Seacole\"){{Cite ODNB \\| last \\= Palmer \\| first \\= A \\| contribution \\= Seacole, Mary Jane (1805–1881\\) \\| title \\= Dictionary of National Biography \\| orig\\-year \\= Sept 2004 \\| edition \\= online \\|date\\=May 2006 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/ref:odnb/41194 \\| url \\= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/41194 \\| access\\-date \\= 18 August 2010}}. was also publicised by Russell and by other contemporary journalists, rescuing her from bankruptcy.",
"Russell was described by one of the soldiers on the frontlines thus: \"a vulgar low Irishman, \\[who] sings a good song, drinks anyone's brandy and water and smokes as many cigars as a Jolly Good Fellow. He is just the sort of chap to get information, particularly out of youngsters.\"{{Citation \\| last \\= Sweeney \\| first \\= Michael S \\| title \\= From the Front: The Story of War \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[National Geographic Society]] \\| year \\= 2002}}. This reputation led to Russell's being [blacklisted](/wiki/Blacklisted \"Blacklisted\") from some circles, including British commander [Lord Raglan](/wiki/FitzRoy_Somerset%2C_1st_Baron_Raglan \"FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan\"), who advised his officers to refuse to speak with the reporter.",
"His dispatches were hugely significant; for the first time the public could read about the reality of warfare. Shocked and outraged, the public's backlash from his reports led the Government to re\\-evaluate the treatment of troops and led to [Florence Nightingale](/wiki/Florence_Nightingale \"Florence Nightingale\")'s involvement in revolutionising [battlefield treatment](/wiki/Battlefield_medicine \"Battlefield medicine\").",
"On 20 September 1854, Russell covered the battle above the [Alma River](/wiki/Alma_River_%28Ukraine%29 \"Alma River (Ukraine)\")—writing his missive the following day in an account book seized from a Russian corpse. The story, written in the form of a letter to Delane, was supportive of the British troops and paid particular attention to the battlefield surgeons' \"humane barbarity\" and the lack of ambulance care for wounded troops. He later covered the [Siege of Sevastopol](/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_%281854%E2%80%931855%29 \"Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)\") where he coined the phrase \"[thin red line](/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_%28Battle_of_Balaclava%29 \"The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)\")\" in referring to British troops (93rd Highlanders) at Balaclava, writing that \"\\[The Russians] dash on towards that thin red streak topped with a line of steel...\".",
"Following Russell's reports of the appalling conditions suffered by the Allied troops conducting the siege, including an outbreak of [cholera](/wiki/Cholera \"Cholera\"), [Samuel Morton Peto](/wiki/Samuel_Morton_Peto \"Samuel Morton Peto\") and his partners built the [Grand Crimean Central Railway](/wiki/Grand_Crimean_Central_Railway \"Grand Crimean Central Railway\"), which was a major factor leading to the success of the siege.{{cite book \\| last \\=Cooke \\| first \\=Brian \\| title \\=The Grand Crimean Central Railway \\| publisher \\=Cavalier House \\| year \\=1990 \\| location \\= Knutsford \\| pages \\=14, 18, 143–49 \\| isbn \\= 0\\-9515889\\-0\\-7}}",
"Russell wrote about his meetings with [Mary Seacole](/wiki/Mary_Seacole \"Mary Seacole\") and wrote highly of Seacole's skill as a healer: \"A more tender or skilful hand about a wound or a broken limb could not be found among our best surgeons.\"{{Cite web \\|date\\=2005\\-01\\-21 \\|title\\=Mary Seacole by Jane Robinson \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/books/reviews/mary\\-seacole\\-by\\-jane\\-robinson\\-748262\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-24 \\|website\\=The Independent\\|location\\=London}}",
"He spent December 1854 in Constantinople on holiday, returning in early 1855\\. Russell left Crimea in December 1855 to be replaced by the Constantinople correspondent of *The Times*.",
"In 1856, Russell was sent to Moscow to describe the coronation of Tsar [Alexander II](/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia \"Alexander II of Russia\") and in the following year was sent to [India](/wiki/India \"India\") where he witnessed the final [re\\-capture of Lucknow](/wiki/Capture_of_Lucknow \"Capture of Lucknow\") (1858\\).[Ferdinand Mount](/wiki/Ferdinand_Mount \"Ferdinand Mount\"), \"Atrocity upon atrocity\",*[Times Literary Supplement](/wiki/Times_Literary_Supplement \"Times Literary Supplement\")*, 23 February 2018, page 14\\.",
"In 1861 Russell went to [Washington](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") and returned to England in 1863\\. In July 1865 he sailed on the [*Great Eastern*](/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern \"SS Great Eastern\") to document the laying of the [Atlantic Cable](/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable \"Transatlantic telegraph cable\") and wrote a book about the voyage{{Citation \\| url \\= http://www.atlantic\\-cable.com/Books/Russell/ \\| publisher \\= Atlantic cable \\| title \\= The Atlantic Telegraph \\| contribution \\= Russel}}. with colour illustrations by Robert Dudley.{{Citation \\| url \\= http://atlantic\\-cable.com/CablePioneers/Dudley/index.htm \\| publisher \\= Atlantic cable\\| title \\= Robert Dudley biography}}. He published diaries of his time in India, the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"){{cite book\\|url\\=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006528287\\|title\\=My diary North and South\\|author\\=Russell, William Howard\\|location\\=Boston\\|publisher\\=T.O.H.P. Burnham\\|year\\=1863}} and the [Franco\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War \"Franco-Prussian War\"), where he describes the warm welcome given him by English\\-speaking Prussian generals such as [Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal](/wiki/Leonhard_Graf_von_Blumenthal \"Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal\").",
"Russell later accused fellow war correspondent [Nicholas Woods](/wiki/Nicholas_Woods_%28correspondent%29 \"Nicholas Woods (correspondent)\") of the *[Morning Herald](/wiki/Morning_Herald \"Morning Herald\")* of lying in his articles about the war{{clarify\\|date\\=October 2020}} to try to improve his stories.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In [Baton Rouge, Louisiana](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana "Baton Rouge, Louisiana"), a [police officer](/wiki/Baton_Rouge_Police_Department "Baton Rouge Police Department") is investigating a suspicious van when he is suddenly attacked by [zombies](/wiki/Zombies "Zombies").
In [NAS Oceana](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Oceana "Naval Air Station Oceana"), [Virginia Beach, Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Beach%2C_Virginia "Virginia Beach, Virginia"), members of [SEAL Team Six](/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six "SEAL Team Six") are conducting a training exercise as well as training their newest member, Petty Officer AJ Prescott who is replacing a fallen SEAL who was killed in a operation near the Pakistan border. After the training exercise, AJ returns home where it is revealed that his wife Emily is pregnant with their first son, as well as being indecisive on a name.
Back in Baton Rouge, Reporters Amanda and Dave are at a press conference hosted by [Vice President](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") Bentley in the State Capitol Building. As the press conference concludes, VP Bentley with members of his administration exit the building when a hordes of zombies begin attacking and infecting civilians around the area, forcing the VP to retreat back into the building.
Following the attack, the SEALs are called in and informed on the situation going on where it is revealed that a distress call was sent out before losing communication. The SEAL team led by Lieutenant Pete Cunningham enter into the city via [HALO](/wiki/High-altitude_military_parachuting "High-altitude military parachuting"). While searching the State Capitol Building, the SEALs eventually find Bentley, along with other survivors including Amanda and Dave.
[CIA](/wiki/CIA "CIA") agent Stacy Thomas informs Commander Sheer that the situation is actually a biological attack and that she has an asset on site that could potentially reverse it but also need extraction, leaving the SEALs with the task.
Margaret, one of Bentley's staff hides the fact that she has been bitten in order to avoid being left behind. Just before the helicopter arrives, the zombies attack the SEALs and the survivors, and Chief Petty Officer Travis was killed in the process.
As the helicopters fly off, Margaret turns into a zombie and attacks, causing the helicopter to crash. The SEALs, set out to extract agent Thomas' asset with Amanda and Dave following. The SEALs make it to their objective point where they meet Larry, a security guard, and leads them to where there need to go. While making their way to the objective and continue fighting hordes of zombies, AJ is bitten so he gives Amanda his sidearm for when he turns. The SEALs locate Rebecca, Thomas' asset but before they leave, she needs a sample from one of the zombies in order to produce a vaccine. Sheer orders the blockade of any passage that leads out of the city and bridges to be blown up to avoid the infection to spread across the country.
En route to the extraction point, Dave is killed. Having a sample from one of the zombies, the team prepares to leave but not before spotting AJ and Amanda outside, Carl ask Pete to let him go after him in which Pete grants. Carl, reaches to AJ and Amanda, but are attacked by zombies, so Carl stays back and holds them off, giving AJ and Amanda enough time to get to the helicopter with the remaining SEALs.
The remaining survivors board the helicopter, and AJ reveals to Pete that he is infected, insisting at staying behind. Pete tells him to get on the chopper saying he isn't leaving him behind again and that the scientist may have the cure, AJ complies and boards the chopper. As chopper flies away, missiles strike the city.
At the [United States Capitol](/wiki/United_States_Capitol "United States Capitol"), agent Thomas is meeting with [Senators](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") regarding the outbreak revealing that AJ along with the other SEALs are immune to the infection due to given shots that changes their molecular structure making them immune. AJ, finally having return home, reunites with Emily. AJ finally decides on a name for his son, and names him Carl.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In [Baton Rouge, Louisiana](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana \"Baton Rouge, Louisiana\"), a [police officer](/wiki/Baton_Rouge_Police_Department \"Baton Rouge Police Department\") is investigating a suspicious van when he is suddenly attacked by [zombies](/wiki/Zombies \"Zombies\").",
"In [NAS Oceana](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Oceana \"Naval Air Station Oceana\"), [Virginia Beach, Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Beach%2C_Virginia \"Virginia Beach, Virginia\"), members of [SEAL Team Six](/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six \"SEAL Team Six\") are conducting a training exercise as well as training their newest member, Petty Officer AJ Prescott who is replacing a fallen SEAL who was killed in a operation near the Pakistan border. After the training exercise, AJ returns home where it is revealed that his wife Emily is pregnant with their first son, as well as being indecisive on a name.",
"Back in Baton Rouge, Reporters Amanda and Dave are at a press conference hosted by [Vice President](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States \"Vice President of the United States\") Bentley in the State Capitol Building. As the press conference concludes, VP Bentley with members of his administration exit the building when a hordes of zombies begin attacking and infecting civilians around the area, forcing the VP to retreat back into the building.",
"Following the attack, the SEALs are called in and informed on the situation going on where it is revealed that a distress call was sent out before losing communication. The SEAL team led by Lieutenant Pete Cunningham enter into the city via [HALO](/wiki/High-altitude_military_parachuting \"High-altitude military parachuting\"). While searching the State Capitol Building, the SEALs eventually find Bentley, along with other survivors including Amanda and Dave.",
"[CIA](/wiki/CIA \"CIA\") agent Stacy Thomas informs Commander Sheer that the situation is actually a biological attack and that she has an asset on site that could potentially reverse it but also need extraction, leaving the SEALs with the task.",
"Margaret, one of Bentley's staff hides the fact that she has been bitten in order to avoid being left behind. Just before the helicopter arrives, the zombies attack the SEALs and the survivors, and Chief Petty Officer Travis was killed in the process.",
"As the helicopters fly off, Margaret turns into a zombie and attacks, causing the helicopter to crash. The SEALs, set out to extract agent Thomas' asset with Amanda and Dave following. The SEALs make it to their objective point where they meet Larry, a security guard, and leads them to where there need to go. While making their way to the objective and continue fighting hordes of zombies, AJ is bitten so he gives Amanda his sidearm for when he turns. The SEALs locate Rebecca, Thomas' asset but before they leave, she needs a sample from one of the zombies in order to produce a vaccine. Sheer orders the blockade of any passage that leads out of the city and bridges to be blown up to avoid the infection to spread across the country.",
"En route to the extraction point, Dave is killed. Having a sample from one of the zombies, the team prepares to leave but not before spotting AJ and Amanda outside, Carl ask Pete to let him go after him in which Pete grants. Carl, reaches to AJ and Amanda, but are attacked by zombies, so Carl stays back and holds them off, giving AJ and Amanda enough time to get to the helicopter with the remaining SEALs.",
"The remaining survivors board the helicopter, and AJ reveals to Pete that he is infected, insisting at staying behind. Pete tells him to get on the chopper saying he isn't leaving him behind again and that the scientist may have the cure, AJ complies and boards the chopper. As chopper flies away, missiles strike the city.",
"At the [United States Capitol](/wiki/United_States_Capitol \"United States Capitol\"), agent Thomas is meeting with [Senators](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") regarding the outbreak revealing that AJ along with the other SEALs are immune to the infection due to given shots that changes their molecular structure making them immune. AJ, finally having return home, reunites with Emily. AJ finally decides on a name for his son, and names him Carl.",
""
] |
Route description
-----------------
[thumb\|left\|Southern terminus at I\-10 in Mobile](/wiki/File:Int65sRoad-Exit0-Int10ewMobile-Daytime_%2826103748088%29.jpg "Int65sRoad-Exit0-Int10ewMobile-Daytime (26103748088).jpg")
I\-65 starts its northward journey in Mobile as a three\-lane freeway at a [directional Y interchange](/wiki/Directional_Y_interchange "Directional Y interchange") with [I\-10](/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Alabama "Interstate 10 in Alabama") not far from the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico "Gulf of Mexico"). From there, it runs northeast, intersecting with [I\-165](/wiki/Interstate_165_%28Alabama%29 "Interstate 165 (Alabama)") in [Prichard](/wiki/Prichard%2C_Alabama "Prichard, Alabama"). At exit 13 in [Saraland](/wiki/Saraland%2C_Alabama "Saraland, Alabama"), the Interstate transitions from three to two lanes. The highway next crosses the [Mobile–Tensaw River Delta](/wiki/Mobile%E2%80%93Tensaw_River_Delta "Mobile–Tensaw River Delta") at the [General W.K. Wilson Jr. Bridge](/wiki/General_W.K._Wilson_Jr._Bridge "General W.K. Wilson Jr. Bridge"). En route to [Montgomery](/wiki/Montgomery%2C_Alabama "Montgomery, Alabama"), it passes county seats [Evergreen](/wiki/Evergreen%2C_Conecuh_County%2C_Alabama "Evergreen, Conecuh County, Alabama") ([Conecuh County](/wiki/Conecuh_County%2C_Alabama "Conecuh County, Alabama")) and [Greenville](/wiki/Greenville%2C_Alabama "Greenville, Alabama") ([Butler County](/wiki/Butler_County%2C_Alabama "Butler County, Alabama")). In the case of a hurricane evacuation on Alabama's coast, I\-65 can be converted to an evacuation route where all lanes flow in the northbound direction from Mobile to Montgomery. This process is known as [contraflow](/wiki/Contraflow_lane "Contraflow lane"). The terrain on this stretch of road is slightly hilly, aside from a stretch in southern Conecuh County near [Castleberry](/wiki/Castleberry%2C_Alabama "Castleberry, Alabama"), where the road is slightly mountainous as it descends over {{convert\|400\|ft\|m}} into the southern plains of Alabama.
[thumb\|Billboard along I\-65 north, north of Prattville and just south of milemarker 191{{cite web \| url\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=4767655 \| title\=Alabama Billboard's Message Changes \| publisher\=NPR \| work\=All Things Considered \| date\=July 23, 2005 \| access\-date\=July 26, 2013 \| author\=Simon, Scott \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714161641/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\=4767655 \| archive\-date\=2007\-07\-14}}](/wiki/File:Go_to_church....jpg "Go to church....jpg")
As the I\-65 approaches the Montgomery city limits, the [Hyundai Motor Company](/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company "Hyundai Motor Company")'s automotive plant can be found just off freeway. It can be accessed using the [Pintlala](/wiki/Pintlala%2C_Alabama "Pintlala, Alabama")–[Hope Hull](/wiki/Hope_Hull%2C_Alabama "Hope Hull, Alabama") exit (exit 164\). After entering the city limits, I\-65 intersects [U.S. Route 80](/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Alabama "U.S. Route 80 in Alabama") (US 80, exit 167; which leads to [Selma](/wiki/Selma%2C_Alabama "Selma, Alabama") toward the west) where the Interstate gains an additional lane for a total of three lanes in each direction. Further on, it intersects the southern terminus of [I\-85](/wiki/Interstate_85_in_Alabama "Interstate 85 in Alabama") and crosses the [Alabama River](/wiki/Alabama_River "Alabama River") north of the city. At exit 181, which provide access to [Prattville](/wiki/Prattville%2C_Alabama "Prattville, Alabama") and [Wetumpka](/wiki/Wetumpka%2C_Alabama "Wetumpka, Alabama"), I\-65's lanes drop to two.
At [Chilton County](/wiki/Chilton_County%2C_Alabama "Chilton County, Alabama"), I\-65 enters the [Birmingham metropolitan area](/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area%2C_Alabama "Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama"). Approximately halfway between Montgomery and Birmingham, it passes [Clanton](/wiki/Clanton%2C_Alabama "Clanton, Alabama"), the county seat, where the water tower, visible from the road, is shaped and painted to resemble a huge [peach](/wiki/Peach "Peach"). Between exit 212 ([State Route 145](/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_145 "Alabama State Route 145") (SR 145\)) and exit 219 (County Road 42\), I\-65 was designated "War on Terror Memorial Highway" in 2014\.
I\-65 junctions with [US 31](/wiki/U.S._Route_31_in_Alabama "U.S. Route 31 in Alabama") (exit 238\) in [Alabaster](/wiki/Alabaster%2C_Alabama "Alabaster, Alabama"), where the Interstate carries three to four lanes until [I\-20](/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Alabama "Interstate 20 in Alabama")/[I\-59](/wiki/Interstate_59_in_Alabama "Interstate 59 in Alabama"). I\-65 intersects [I\-459](/wiki/Interstate_459 "Interstate 459") in [Hoover](/wiki/Hoover%2C_Alabama "Hoover, Alabama"), then passes through the cities of [Vestavia Hills](/wiki/Vestavia_Hills%2C_Alabama "Vestavia Hills, Alabama") and [Homewood](/wiki/Homewood%2C_Alabama "Homewood, Alabama"), which often generate heavy traffic. As the Interstate passes by downtown Birmingham, southbound travelers have a view of the [Vulcan statue](/wiki/Vulcan_statue "Vulcan statue") atop [Red Mountain](/wiki/Red_Mountain_%28Birmingham%29 "Red Mountain (Birmingham)"). At the north edge of downtown, I\-65 reaches the I\-20/I\-59 intersection (exit 261\) with a crossover interchange, often called "[Malfunction Junction](/wiki/Spaghetti_junction%23Alabama "Spaghetti junction#Alabama")", through which the highway has five lanes, continuing on northward with four.
[left\|thumb\|I\-65 south approaching Birmingham and Malfunction Junction](/wiki/File:Int65sRoad-Exit261AB-Int20ewInt59ns-TwoMiles_%2833269753202%29.jpg "Int65sRoad-Exit261AB-Int20ewInt59ns-TwoMiles (33269753202).jpg")
North of Birmingham at mile 266, interchange ramps provide access to parallel US 31\. It is here that I\-65 meets the eastern terminus of [I\-22](/wiki/Interstate_22_in_Alabama "Interstate 22 in Alabama"), which heads northwest to Memphis, Tennessee, filling in a gap in the [Interstate Highway System](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System "Interstate Highway System"). After which, I\-65 intersects Walker Chapel Road (exit 267\) in [Fultondale](/wiki/Fultondale%2C_Alabama "Fultondale, Alabama"), where the Interstate drops to three lanes. The Interstate then continues {{convert\|98\|mi\|km}} in the general direction of [Huntsville](/wiki/Huntsville%2C_Alabama "Huntsville, Alabama"), crossing the [Blount](/wiki/Blount_County%2C_Tennessee "Blount County, Tennessee")–[Cullman](/wiki/Cullman_County%2C_Alabama "Cullman County, Alabama") county line (milemarker 291\), where lanes transition from three to two, as well as passing the city of [Cullman](/wiki/Cullman%2C_Alabama "Cullman, Alabama") on the way. After entering the [Decatur metropolitan area](/wiki/Decatur_metropolitan_area%2C_Alabama "Decatur metropolitan area, Alabama"), in southern [Morgan County](/wiki/Morgan_County%2C_Alabama "Morgan County, Alabama"), the Interstate passes [Decatur](/wiki/Decatur%2C_Alabama "Decatur, Alabama"). The highway connects the [Huntsville–Decatur metropolitan area](/wiki/Huntsville%E2%80%93Decatur_metropolitan_area "Huntsville–Decatur metropolitan area") as it crosses [Wheeler Lake](/wiki/Wheeler_Lake "Wheeler Lake") ([Tennessee River](/wiki/Tennessee_River "Tennessee River")) on a {{convert\|2\.6\|mi\|km\|adj\=on}} bridge. The Interstate emerges again into the fringes of Decatur in an open area of seemingly "endless" cotton fields where it intersects, inside Decatur, with [SR 20](/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_20 "Alabama State Route 20"), [U.S. Route 72 Alternate](/wiki/U.S._Route_72_Alternate "U.S. Route 72 Alternate") (US 72 Alt.), and the spur route [I\-565](/wiki/Interstate_565 "Interstate 565") to Huntsville.
Between Walkers Chapel Road in Fultondale and the Tennessee River in Decatur ([Limestone County](/wiki/Limestone_County%2C_Alabama "Limestone County, Alabama")), I\-65 has been designated the "Ronald Reagan Memorial Highway". The sign designating the north end of this portion of road cites Reagan's speech in Decatur on July 4, 1984\. The Interstate then continues, passing [Athens](/wiki/Athens%2C_Alabama "Athens, Alabama"), and merges with US 31\. The two routes travel concurrently approximately {{Convert\|12\|mi\|km}} to the Tennessee state line.
In the Birmingham–Hoover vicinity, a plan to widen the Interstate from [North Birmingham](/wiki/North_Birmingham "North Birmingham") to Alabaster has been proposed.{{Cite web \|last\=Snyder \|first\=Sarah \|date\=2011\-02\-14 \|title\=Planning commission proposes carpool lane on I65 \|url\=https://abc3340\.com/news/local/planning\-commission\-proposes\-carpool\-lane\-on\-i65 \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-03 \|website\=WBMA \|language\=en}} The project is to widen the Interstate by adding an [HOV](/wiki/HOV "HOV") lane and keeping the original three lanes making it four lanes in each direction.{{Cite web \|date\=2011\-11\-01 \|title\=Interstate 65/US 31 Mobility Matters Project: Executive Summary \|url\=https://static1\.squarespace.com/static/5bfc5ef3f93fd4e73b6c10fa/t/5bfdfa278a922d05c3be253c/1543371309127/I\-65\_US31\_Mobility\-Matters\_ExecSum\-Nov2013\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119161419/https://static1\.squarespace.com/static/5bfc5ef3f93fd4e73b6c10fa/t/5bfdfa278a922d05c3be253c/1543371309127/I\-65\_US31\_Mobility\-Matters\_ExecSum\-Nov2013\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2022\-01\-19 \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-11 \|website\=Regional Planning Commission of Greater Birmingham}} This is planned to stretch to the [Pelham](/wiki/Pelham%2C_Alabama "Pelham, Alabama") area. From there, the Interstate will widen from two lanes each way to three lanes each way into the [Helena](/wiki/Helena%2C_Alabama "Helena, Alabama")–Alabaster area.
[thumb\|I\-65 south Alabama Welcome Center and rest area with the Saturn IB rocket](/wiki/File:Int65sRoad-MM363-RestAreaRocket_%2829667473864%29.jpg "Int65sRoad-MM363-RestAreaRocket (29667473864).jpg")
Near the northern border of Alabama with Tennessee on southbound I\-65 is located the Alabama Welcome Center and rest area. The unique feature of this rest area compared to others is the large [Saturn IB](/wiki/Saturn_IB "Saturn IB") rocket erected on the site as a memorial to Alabama's—and, in particular, Huntsville's—contribution to [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA")'s space exploration.{{cite news \|first\=Bayne \|last\=Hughes \|newspaper\=\[\[Decatur Daily]] \|title\=Iconic rocket due for repair \|url\=http://www.decaturdaily.com/news/local/article\_274db950\-be01\-11e3\-a8d4\-001a4bcf6878\.html \|date\=April 6, 2014 \|access\-date\=April 8, 2014}}
[thumb\|I\-65 between Birmingham and Decatur near milemarker 277](/wiki/File:Int65nRoad-MM277-Hills_%2827878409239%29.jpg "Int65nRoad-MM277-Hills (27878409239).jpg")
|
[
"Route description\n-----------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Southern terminus at I\\-10 in Mobile](/wiki/File:Int65sRoad-Exit0-Int10ewMobile-Daytime_%2826103748088%29.jpg \"Int65sRoad-Exit0-Int10ewMobile-Daytime (26103748088).jpg\")",
"I\\-65 starts its northward journey in Mobile as a three\\-lane freeway at a [directional Y interchange](/wiki/Directional_Y_interchange \"Directional Y interchange\") with [I\\-10](/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Alabama \"Interstate 10 in Alabama\") not far from the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\"). From there, it runs northeast, intersecting with [I\\-165](/wiki/Interstate_165_%28Alabama%29 \"Interstate 165 (Alabama)\") in [Prichard](/wiki/Prichard%2C_Alabama \"Prichard, Alabama\"). At exit 13 in [Saraland](/wiki/Saraland%2C_Alabama \"Saraland, Alabama\"), the Interstate transitions from three to two lanes. The highway next crosses the [Mobile–Tensaw River Delta](/wiki/Mobile%E2%80%93Tensaw_River_Delta \"Mobile–Tensaw River Delta\") at the [General W.K. Wilson Jr. Bridge](/wiki/General_W.K._Wilson_Jr._Bridge \"General W.K. Wilson Jr. Bridge\"). En route to [Montgomery](/wiki/Montgomery%2C_Alabama \"Montgomery, Alabama\"), it passes county seats [Evergreen](/wiki/Evergreen%2C_Conecuh_County%2C_Alabama \"Evergreen, Conecuh County, Alabama\") ([Conecuh County](/wiki/Conecuh_County%2C_Alabama \"Conecuh County, Alabama\")) and [Greenville](/wiki/Greenville%2C_Alabama \"Greenville, Alabama\") ([Butler County](/wiki/Butler_County%2C_Alabama \"Butler County, Alabama\")). In the case of a hurricane evacuation on Alabama's coast, I\\-65 can be converted to an evacuation route where all lanes flow in the northbound direction from Mobile to Montgomery. This process is known as [contraflow](/wiki/Contraflow_lane \"Contraflow lane\"). The terrain on this stretch of road is slightly hilly, aside from a stretch in southern Conecuh County near [Castleberry](/wiki/Castleberry%2C_Alabama \"Castleberry, Alabama\"), where the road is slightly mountainous as it descends over {{convert\\|400\\|ft\\|m}} into the southern plains of Alabama.",
"[thumb\\|Billboard along I\\-65 north, north of Prattville and just south of milemarker 191{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=4767655 \\| title\\=Alabama Billboard's Message Changes \\| publisher\\=NPR \\| work\\=All Things Considered \\| date\\=July 23, 2005 \\| access\\-date\\=July 26, 2013 \\| author\\=Simon, Scott \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714161641/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId\\=4767655 \\| archive\\-date\\=2007\\-07\\-14}}](/wiki/File:Go_to_church....jpg \"Go to church....jpg\")\nAs the I\\-65 approaches the Montgomery city limits, the [Hyundai Motor Company](/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company \"Hyundai Motor Company\")'s automotive plant can be found just off freeway. It can be accessed using the [Pintlala](/wiki/Pintlala%2C_Alabama \"Pintlala, Alabama\")–[Hope Hull](/wiki/Hope_Hull%2C_Alabama \"Hope Hull, Alabama\") exit (exit 164\\). After entering the city limits, I\\-65 intersects [U.S. Route 80](/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Alabama \"U.S. Route 80 in Alabama\") (US 80, exit 167; which leads to [Selma](/wiki/Selma%2C_Alabama \"Selma, Alabama\") toward the west) where the Interstate gains an additional lane for a total of three lanes in each direction. Further on, it intersects the southern terminus of [I\\-85](/wiki/Interstate_85_in_Alabama \"Interstate 85 in Alabama\") and crosses the [Alabama River](/wiki/Alabama_River \"Alabama River\") north of the city. At exit 181, which provide access to [Prattville](/wiki/Prattville%2C_Alabama \"Prattville, Alabama\") and [Wetumpka](/wiki/Wetumpka%2C_Alabama \"Wetumpka, Alabama\"), I\\-65's lanes drop to two.",
"At [Chilton County](/wiki/Chilton_County%2C_Alabama \"Chilton County, Alabama\"), I\\-65 enters the [Birmingham metropolitan area](/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area%2C_Alabama \"Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama\"). Approximately halfway between Montgomery and Birmingham, it passes [Clanton](/wiki/Clanton%2C_Alabama \"Clanton, Alabama\"), the county seat, where the water tower, visible from the road, is shaped and painted to resemble a huge [peach](/wiki/Peach \"Peach\"). Between exit 212 ([State Route 145](/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_145 \"Alabama State Route 145\") (SR 145\\)) and exit 219 (County Road 42\\), I\\-65 was designated \"War on Terror Memorial Highway\" in 2014\\.",
"I\\-65 junctions with [US 31](/wiki/U.S._Route_31_in_Alabama \"U.S. Route 31 in Alabama\") (exit 238\\) in [Alabaster](/wiki/Alabaster%2C_Alabama \"Alabaster, Alabama\"), where the Interstate carries three to four lanes until [I\\-20](/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Alabama \"Interstate 20 in Alabama\")/[I\\-59](/wiki/Interstate_59_in_Alabama \"Interstate 59 in Alabama\"). I\\-65 intersects [I\\-459](/wiki/Interstate_459 \"Interstate 459\") in [Hoover](/wiki/Hoover%2C_Alabama \"Hoover, Alabama\"), then passes through the cities of [Vestavia Hills](/wiki/Vestavia_Hills%2C_Alabama \"Vestavia Hills, Alabama\") and [Homewood](/wiki/Homewood%2C_Alabama \"Homewood, Alabama\"), which often generate heavy traffic. As the Interstate passes by downtown Birmingham, southbound travelers have a view of the [Vulcan statue](/wiki/Vulcan_statue \"Vulcan statue\") atop [Red Mountain](/wiki/Red_Mountain_%28Birmingham%29 \"Red Mountain (Birmingham)\"). At the north edge of downtown, I\\-65 reaches the I\\-20/I\\-59 intersection (exit 261\\) with a crossover interchange, often called \"[Malfunction Junction](/wiki/Spaghetti_junction%23Alabama \"Spaghetti junction#Alabama\")\", through which the highway has five lanes, continuing on northward with four.",
"[left\\|thumb\\|I\\-65 south approaching Birmingham and Malfunction Junction](/wiki/File:Int65sRoad-Exit261AB-Int20ewInt59ns-TwoMiles_%2833269753202%29.jpg \"Int65sRoad-Exit261AB-Int20ewInt59ns-TwoMiles (33269753202).jpg\")\nNorth of Birmingham at mile 266, interchange ramps provide access to parallel US 31\\. It is here that I\\-65 meets the eastern terminus of [I\\-22](/wiki/Interstate_22_in_Alabama \"Interstate 22 in Alabama\"), which heads northwest to Memphis, Tennessee, filling in a gap in the [Interstate Highway System](/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System \"Interstate Highway System\"). After which, I\\-65 intersects Walker Chapel Road (exit 267\\) in [Fultondale](/wiki/Fultondale%2C_Alabama \"Fultondale, Alabama\"), where the Interstate drops to three lanes. The Interstate then continues {{convert\\|98\\|mi\\|km}} in the general direction of [Huntsville](/wiki/Huntsville%2C_Alabama \"Huntsville, Alabama\"), crossing the [Blount](/wiki/Blount_County%2C_Tennessee \"Blount County, Tennessee\")–[Cullman](/wiki/Cullman_County%2C_Alabama \"Cullman County, Alabama\") county line (milemarker 291\\), where lanes transition from three to two, as well as passing the city of [Cullman](/wiki/Cullman%2C_Alabama \"Cullman, Alabama\") on the way. After entering the [Decatur metropolitan area](/wiki/Decatur_metropolitan_area%2C_Alabama \"Decatur metropolitan area, Alabama\"), in southern [Morgan County](/wiki/Morgan_County%2C_Alabama \"Morgan County, Alabama\"), the Interstate passes [Decatur](/wiki/Decatur%2C_Alabama \"Decatur, Alabama\"). The highway connects the [Huntsville–Decatur metropolitan area](/wiki/Huntsville%E2%80%93Decatur_metropolitan_area \"Huntsville–Decatur metropolitan area\") as it crosses [Wheeler Lake](/wiki/Wheeler_Lake \"Wheeler Lake\") ([Tennessee River](/wiki/Tennessee_River \"Tennessee River\")) on a {{convert\\|2\\.6\\|mi\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} bridge. The Interstate emerges again into the fringes of Decatur in an open area of seemingly \"endless\" cotton fields where it intersects, inside Decatur, with [SR 20](/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_20 \"Alabama State Route 20\"), [U.S. Route 72 Alternate](/wiki/U.S._Route_72_Alternate \"U.S. Route 72 Alternate\") (US 72 Alt.), and the spur route [I\\-565](/wiki/Interstate_565 \"Interstate 565\") to Huntsville.",
"Between Walkers Chapel Road in Fultondale and the Tennessee River in Decatur ([Limestone County](/wiki/Limestone_County%2C_Alabama \"Limestone County, Alabama\")), I\\-65 has been designated the \"Ronald Reagan Memorial Highway\". The sign designating the north end of this portion of road cites Reagan's speech in Decatur on July 4, 1984\\. The Interstate then continues, passing [Athens](/wiki/Athens%2C_Alabama \"Athens, Alabama\"), and merges with US 31\\. The two routes travel concurrently approximately {{Convert\\|12\\|mi\\|km}} to the Tennessee state line.",
"In the Birmingham–Hoover vicinity, a plan to widen the Interstate from [North Birmingham](/wiki/North_Birmingham \"North Birmingham\") to Alabaster has been proposed.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Snyder \\|first\\=Sarah \\|date\\=2011\\-02\\-14 \\|title\\=Planning commission proposes carpool lane on I65 \\|url\\=https://abc3340\\.com/news/local/planning\\-commission\\-proposes\\-carpool\\-lane\\-on\\-i65 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-03 \\|website\\=WBMA \\|language\\=en}} The project is to widen the Interstate by adding an [HOV](/wiki/HOV \"HOV\") lane and keeping the original three lanes making it four lanes in each direction.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2011\\-11\\-01 \\|title\\=Interstate 65/US 31 Mobility Matters Project: Executive Summary \\|url\\=https://static1\\.squarespace.com/static/5bfc5ef3f93fd4e73b6c10fa/t/5bfdfa278a922d05c3be253c/1543371309127/I\\-65\\_US31\\_Mobility\\-Matters\\_ExecSum\\-Nov2013\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119161419/https://static1\\.squarespace.com/static/5bfc5ef3f93fd4e73b6c10fa/t/5bfdfa278a922d05c3be253c/1543371309127/I\\-65\\_US31\\_Mobility\\-Matters\\_ExecSum\\-Nov2013\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-19 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-11 \\|website\\=Regional Planning Commission of Greater Birmingham}} This is planned to stretch to the [Pelham](/wiki/Pelham%2C_Alabama \"Pelham, Alabama\") area. From there, the Interstate will widen from two lanes each way to three lanes each way into the [Helena](/wiki/Helena%2C_Alabama \"Helena, Alabama\")–Alabaster area.",
"[thumb\\|I\\-65 south Alabama Welcome Center and rest area with the Saturn IB rocket](/wiki/File:Int65sRoad-MM363-RestAreaRocket_%2829667473864%29.jpg \"Int65sRoad-MM363-RestAreaRocket (29667473864).jpg\")\nNear the northern border of Alabama with Tennessee on southbound I\\-65 is located the Alabama Welcome Center and rest area. The unique feature of this rest area compared to others is the large [Saturn IB](/wiki/Saturn_IB \"Saturn IB\") rocket erected on the site as a memorial to Alabama's—and, in particular, Huntsville's—contribution to [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\")'s space exploration.{{cite news \\|first\\=Bayne \\|last\\=Hughes \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Decatur Daily]] \\|title\\=Iconic rocket due for repair \\|url\\=http://www.decaturdaily.com/news/local/article\\_274db950\\-be01\\-11e3\\-a8d4\\-001a4bcf6878\\.html \\|date\\=April 6, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2014}}\n[thumb\\|I\\-65 between Birmingham and Decatur near milemarker 277](/wiki/File:Int65nRoad-MM277-Hills_%2827878409239%29.jpg \"Int65nRoad-MM277-Hills (27878409239).jpg\")",
""
] |
Valuations on convex bodies
---------------------------
From here on, let V \= \\R^n , let \\mathcal K(V) be the set of convex bodies in V , and let \\phi be a valuation on \\mathcal K(V).
We say \\phi is *translation invariant* if, for all K \\in \\mathcal K(V) and x\\in V, we have \\phi(K\+x)\=\\phi(K).
Let (K,L) \\in \\mathcal K(V)^2. The [Hausdorff distance](/wiki/Hausdorff_distance "Hausdorff distance") d\_H(K,L) is defined as
d\_H(K,L)\= \\inf\\{\\varepsilon \>0 : K\\subset L\_\\varepsilon \\text{ and } L\\subset K\_\\varepsilon \\},
where K\_\\varepsilon is the \\varepsilon\-neighborhood of K under some Euclidean inner product. Equipped with this metric, \\mathcal K(V) is a [locally compact space](/wiki/Locally_compact_space "Locally compact space").
The space of continuous, translation\-invariant valuations from \\mathcal K(V) to \\Complex is denoted by \\operatorname{Val}(V).
The topology on \\operatorname{Val}(V) is the topology of uniform convergence on compact subsets of \\mathcal K (V). Equipped with the norm
\\\|\\phi\\\| \= \\max\\{ \|\\phi(K)\| : K\\subset B\\},
where B\\subset V is a bounded subset with nonempty interior, \\operatorname{Val}(V) is a [Banach space](/wiki/Banach_space "Banach space").
### Homogeneous valuations
A translation\-invariant continuous valuation \\phi\\in \\operatorname{Val}(V) is said to be *i\-homogeneous* if
\\phi(\\lambda K)\= \\lambda^i\\phi(K)
for all \\lambda\>0 and K\\in \\mathcal K(V). The subset \\operatorname{Val}\_i(V) of i\-homogeneous valuations is a vector subspace of \\operatorname{Val}(V). [McMullen's](/wiki/Peter_McMullen "Peter McMullen") decomposition theorem{{citation
\| last1\=McMullen \| first1\=Peter \| authorlink1\=Peter McMullen
\| title\=Continuous translation\-invariant valuations on the space of compact convex sets
\| journal\=Archiv der Mathematik
\| volume\=34
\| date\=1980
\| issue\=4
\| pages\=377–384
\| doi\=10\.1007/BF01224974 \| s2cid\=122127897 \| doi\-access\=}} states that
\\operatorname{Val}(V)\= \\bigoplus\_{i\=0}^n \\operatorname{Val}\_i(V), \\qquad n\=\\dim V.
In particular, the degree of a homogeneous valuation is always an integer between 0 and n\=\\operatorname{dim} V.
Valuations are not only graded by the degree of homogeneity, but also by the parity with respect to the reflection through the origin, namely
\\operatorname{Val}\_i \= \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\+ \\oplus \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\-,
where \\phi\\in \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\\epsilon with \\epsilon \\in \\{\+,\-\\} if and only if \\phi(\- K)\= \\epsilon \\phi(K) for all convex bodies K.
The elements of \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\+ and \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\- are said to be *even* and *odd*, respectively.
It is a simple fact that \\operatorname{Val}\_0(V) is 1\-dimensional and spanned by the Euler characteristic \\chi, that is, consists of the constant valuations on \\mathcal K(V).
In 1957 [Hadwiger](/wiki/Hugo_Hadwiger "Hugo Hadwiger"){{citation
\| last1\=Hadwiger \| first1\=Hugo \| authorlink1\=Hugo Hadwiger
\| title\=Vorlesungen über Inhalt, Oberfläche und Isoperimetrie
\| publisher\=Springer\-Verlag
\| location\=Berlin\-Göttingen\-Heidelberg
\| date\=1957
\| series\=Die Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften
\| volume\=93
\| doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-642\-94702\-5\| isbn\=978\-3\-642\-94703\-2 }} proved that \\operatorname{Val}\_n(V) (where n\=\\dim V) coincides with the 1\-dimensional space of Lebesgue measures on V.
A valuation \\phi\\in \\operatorname{Val}(\\R^n) is *simple* if \\phi(K)\=0 for all convex bodies with \\dim K\<n. [Schneider](/wiki/Rolf_Schneider "Rolf Schneider"){{citation
\| last1\=Schneider \| first1\=Rolf
\| title\=Simple valuations on convex bodies
\| journal\=\[\[Mathematika]]
\| volume\=43
\| date\=1996
\| issue\=1
\| pages\=32–39
\| doi\=10\.1112/S0025579300011578}} in 1996 described all simple valuations on \\R^n: they are given by \\phi(K)\=c\\operatorname{vol}(K)\+\\int\_{S^{n\-1}}f(\\theta)d\\sigma\_K(\\theta), where c \\in \\Complex, f \\in C(S^{n\-1}) is an arbitrary odd function on the unit sphere S^{n\-1}\\subset \\R^n, and \\sigma\_K is the surface area measure of K. In particular, any simple valuation is the sum of an n\- and an (n\-1\)\-homogeneous valuation. This in turn implies that an i\-homogeneous valuation is uniquely determined by its restrictions to all (i\+1\)\-dimensional subspaces.
### Embedding theorems
The Klain embedding is a linear injection of \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\+(V), the space of even i\-homogeneous valuations, into the space of continuous sections of a canonical complex line bundle over the Grassmannian \\operatorname{Gr}\_i(V) of i\-dimensional linear subspaces of V. Its construction is based on Hadwiger's characterization of n\-homogeneous valuations. If \\phi\\in \\operatorname{Val}\_i(V) and E\\in \\operatorname{Gr}\_i(V), then the restriction \\phi\|\_E is an element \\operatorname{Val}\_i(E), and by Hadwiger's theorem it is a Lebesgue measure.
Hence
\\operatorname{Kl}\_\\phi(E)\= \\phi\|\_E
defines a continuous section of the line bundle Dens over \\operatorname{Gr}\_i(V) with fiber over E equal to the 1\-dimensional space \\operatorname{Dens}(E) of [densities](/wiki/Density_on_a_manifold "Density on a manifold") (Lebesgue measures) on E.
**Theorem** (Klain{{citation
\| last1\=Klain \| first1\=Daniel A.
\| title\=A short proof of Hadwiger's characterization theorem
\| journal\=\[\[Mathematika]]
\| volume\=42
\| date\=1995
\| issue\=2
\| pages\=329–339
\| doi\=10\.1112/S0025579300014625}}). The linear map \\operatorname{Kl} : \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\+(V)\\to C(\\operatorname{Gr}\_i(V),\\operatorname{Dens}) is injective.
A different injection, known as the Schneider embedding, exists for odd valuations. It is based on Schneider's description of simple valuations. It is a linear injection of \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\-(V), the space of odd i\-homogeneous valuations, into a certain quotient of the space of continuous sections of a line bundle over the partial flag manifold of cooriented pairs (F^i\\subset E^{i\+1}). Its definition is reminiscent of the Klain embedding, but more involved. Details can be found in.{{citation
\| last1\=Alesker \| first1\=Semyon
\| title\=Introduction to the theory of valuations
\| series\=CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics
\| volume\=126
\| publisher\=American Mathematical Society
\| location\=Providence, RI
\| date\=2018}}
The Goodey\-Weil embedding is a linear injection of \\operatorname{Val}\_i into the space of distributions on the i\-fold product of the (n\-1\)\-dimensional sphere. It is nothing but the [Schwartz kernel](/wiki/Schwartz_kernel_theorem "Schwartz kernel theorem") of a natural polarization that any \\phi\\in\\operatorname{Val}\_k(V) admits, namely as a functional on the k\-fold product of C^2(S^{n\-1}), the latter space of functions having the geometric meaning of differences of support functions of smooth convex bodies. For details, see.
### Irreducibility Theorem
The classical theorems of Hadwiger, Schneider and McMullen give fairly explicit descriptions of valuations that are homogeneous of degree 1, n\-1, and n\=\\operatorname{dim} V. But for degrees 1\<i\<n\-1 very little was known before the turn of the 21st century. McMullen's conjecture is the statement that the valuations
\\phi\_A(K)\=\\operatorname{vol}\_n(K\+A), \\qquad A\\in\\mathcal K(V),
span a dense subspace of \\operatorname{Val}(V). McMullen's conjecture was confirmed by [Alesker](/wiki/Semyon_Alesker "Semyon Alesker") in a much stronger form, which became known as the Irreducibility Theorem:
**Theorem** (Alesker{{citation
\| last1\=Alesker \| first1\=Semyon
\| title\=Description of translation invariant valuations on convex sets with solution of P. McMullen's conjecture
\| journal\=\[\[Geometric and Functional Analysis]]
\| volume\=11
\| year\=2001
\| issue\=2
\| pages\=244–272
\| doi\=10\.1007/PL00001675 \| s2cid\=122986474
\| doi\-access\=}}). For every 0\\leq i\\leq n, the natural action of GL(V) on the spaces \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\+(V) and \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\-(V) is irreducible.
Here the action of the [general linear group](/wiki/General_linear_group "General linear group") GL(V) on \\operatorname{Val}(V) is given by
(g\\cdot \\phi)(K)\= \\phi(g^{\-1} K).
The proof of the Irreducibility Theorem is based on the embedding theorems of the previous section and [Beilinson\-Bernstein localization](/wiki/Beilinson-Bernstein_localization "Beilinson-Bernstein localization").
### Smooth valuations
A valuation \\phi\\in\\operatorname{Val}(V) is called *smooth* if the map g\\mapsto g\\cdot \\phi from GL(V) to \\operatorname{Val}(V) is smooth. In other words, \\phi is smooth if and only if \\phi is a smooth vector of the natural representation of GL(V) on \\operatorname{Val}(V). The space of smooth valuations \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty(V) is dense in \\operatorname{Val}(V); it comes equipped with a natural Fréchet\-space topology, which is finer than the one induced from \\operatorname{Val}(V).
For every (complex\-valued) smooth function f on \\operatorname{Gr}\_i(\\R^n),
\\phi(K)\=\\int\_{\\operatorname{Gr}\_i(\\R^n)} \\operatorname{vol}\_i(P\_E K) f(E) dE,
where P\_E : \\R^n\\to E denotes the orthogonal projection and dE is the Haar measure, defines a smooth even valuation of degree i. It follows from the Irreducibility Theorem, in combination with the Casselman\-Wallach theorem, that any smooth even valuation can be represented in this way. Such a representation is sometimes called a *Crofton formula*.
For any (complex\-valued) smooth [differential form](/wiki/Differential_form "Differential form") \\omega\\in \\Omega^{n\-1}(\\R^n\\times S^{n\-1}) that is invariant under all the translations (x,u)\\mapsto (x\+t,u) and every number c\\in \\Complex, integration over the *normal cycle* defines a smooth valuation:
{{NumBlk\|:\| \\phi(K)\= c\\operatorname{vol}\_n(K) \+ \\int\_{N(K)} \\omega, \\qquad K\\in \\mathcal K(\\R^n). \|{{EquationRef\|1}}}}
As a set, the normal cycle N(K) consists of the outward unit normals to K. The Irreducibility Theorem implies that every smooth valuation is of this form.
|
[
"Valuations on convex bodies\n---------------------------",
"From here on, let V \\= \\\\R^n , let \\\\mathcal K(V) be the set of convex bodies in V , and let \\\\phi be a valuation on \\\\mathcal K(V).",
"We say \\\\phi is *translation invariant* if, for all K \\\\in \\\\mathcal K(V) and x\\\\in V, we have \\\\phi(K\\+x)\\=\\\\phi(K).",
"Let (K,L) \\\\in \\\\mathcal K(V)^2. The [Hausdorff distance](/wiki/Hausdorff_distance \"Hausdorff distance\") d\\_H(K,L) is defined as\n d\\_H(K,L)\\= \\\\inf\\\\{\\\\varepsilon \\>0 : K\\\\subset L\\_\\\\varepsilon \\\\text{ and } L\\\\subset K\\_\\\\varepsilon \\\\},\nwhere K\\_\\\\varepsilon is the \\\\varepsilon\\-neighborhood of K under some Euclidean inner product. Equipped with this metric, \\\\mathcal K(V) is a [locally compact space](/wiki/Locally_compact_space \"Locally compact space\").",
"The space of continuous, translation\\-invariant valuations from \\\\mathcal K(V) to \\\\Complex is denoted by \\\\operatorname{Val}(V).",
"The topology on \\\\operatorname{Val}(V) is the topology of uniform convergence on compact subsets of \\\\mathcal K (V). Equipped with the norm \n \\\\\\|\\\\phi\\\\\\| \\= \\\\max\\\\{ \\|\\\\phi(K)\\| : K\\\\subset B\\\\}, \nwhere B\\\\subset V is a bounded subset with nonempty interior, \\\\operatorname{Val}(V) is a [Banach space](/wiki/Banach_space \"Banach space\").",
"### Homogeneous valuations",
"A translation\\-invariant continuous valuation \\\\phi\\\\in \\\\operatorname{Val}(V) is said to be *i\\-homogeneous* if \n \\\\phi(\\\\lambda K)\\= \\\\lambda^i\\\\phi(K)\nfor all \\\\lambda\\>0 and K\\\\in \\\\mathcal K(V). The subset \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i(V) of i\\-homogeneous valuations is a vector subspace of \\\\operatorname{Val}(V). [McMullen's](/wiki/Peter_McMullen \"Peter McMullen\") decomposition theorem{{citation\n\\| last1\\=McMullen \\| first1\\=Peter \\| authorlink1\\=Peter McMullen\n\\| title\\=Continuous translation\\-invariant valuations on the space of compact convex sets\n\\| journal\\=Archiv der Mathematik\n\\| volume\\=34\n\\| date\\=1980\n\\| issue\\=4\n\\| pages\\=377–384\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1007/BF01224974 \\| s2cid\\=122127897 \\| doi\\-access\\=}} states that",
"\\\\operatorname{Val}(V)\\= \\\\bigoplus\\_{i\\=0}^n \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i(V), \\\\qquad n\\=\\\\dim V.",
"In particular, the degree of a homogeneous valuation is always an integer between 0 and n\\=\\\\operatorname{dim} V.",
"Valuations are not only graded by the degree of homogeneity, but also by the parity with respect to the reflection through the origin, namely\n \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i \\= \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\+ \\\\oplus \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\-, \nwhere \\\\phi\\\\in \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\\\epsilon with \\\\epsilon \\\\in \\\\{\\+,\\-\\\\} if and only if \\\\phi(\\- K)\\= \\\\epsilon \\\\phi(K) for all convex bodies K.\nThe elements of \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\+ and \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\- are said to be *even* and *odd*, respectively.",
"It is a simple fact that \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_0(V) is 1\\-dimensional and spanned by the Euler characteristic \\\\chi, that is, consists of the constant valuations on \\\\mathcal K(V).",
"In 1957 [Hadwiger](/wiki/Hugo_Hadwiger \"Hugo Hadwiger\"){{citation\n\\| last1\\=Hadwiger \\| first1\\=Hugo \\| authorlink1\\=Hugo Hadwiger\n\\| title\\=Vorlesungen über Inhalt, Oberfläche und Isoperimetrie\n\\| publisher\\=Springer\\-Verlag\n\\| location\\=Berlin\\-Göttingen\\-Heidelberg\n\\| date\\=1957\n\\| series\\=Die Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften\n\\| volume\\=93\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-642\\-94702\\-5\\| isbn\\=978\\-3\\-642\\-94703\\-2 }} proved that \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_n(V) (where n\\=\\\\dim V) coincides with the 1\\-dimensional space of Lebesgue measures on V.",
"A valuation \\\\phi\\\\in \\\\operatorname{Val}(\\\\R^n) is *simple* if \\\\phi(K)\\=0 for all convex bodies with \\\\dim K\\<n. [Schneider](/wiki/Rolf_Schneider \"Rolf Schneider\"){{citation\n\\| last1\\=Schneider \\| first1\\=Rolf\n\\| title\\=Simple valuations on convex bodies\n\\| journal\\=\\[\\[Mathematika]]\n\\| volume\\=43\n\\| date\\=1996\n\\| issue\\=1\n\\| pages\\=32–39\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1112/S0025579300011578}} in 1996 described all simple valuations on \\\\R^n: they are given by \\\\phi(K)\\=c\\\\operatorname{vol}(K)\\+\\\\int\\_{S^{n\\-1}}f(\\\\theta)d\\\\sigma\\_K(\\\\theta), where c \\\\in \\\\Complex, f \\\\in C(S^{n\\-1}) is an arbitrary odd function on the unit sphere S^{n\\-1}\\\\subset \\\\R^n, and \\\\sigma\\_K is the surface area measure of K. In particular, any simple valuation is the sum of an n\\- and an (n\\-1\\)\\-homogeneous valuation. This in turn implies that an i\\-homogeneous valuation is uniquely determined by its restrictions to all (i\\+1\\)\\-dimensional subspaces.",
"### Embedding theorems",
"The Klain embedding is a linear injection of \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\+(V), the space of even i\\-homogeneous valuations, into the space of continuous sections of a canonical complex line bundle over the Grassmannian \\\\operatorname{Gr}\\_i(V) of i\\-dimensional linear subspaces of V. Its construction is based on Hadwiger's characterization of n\\-homogeneous valuations. If \\\\phi\\\\in \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i(V) and E\\\\in \\\\operatorname{Gr}\\_i(V), then the restriction \\\\phi\\|\\_E is an element \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i(E), and by Hadwiger's theorem it is a Lebesgue measure. \nHence\n\\\\operatorname{Kl}\\_\\\\phi(E)\\= \\\\phi\\|\\_E\ndefines a continuous section of the line bundle Dens over \\\\operatorname{Gr}\\_i(V) with fiber over E equal to the 1\\-dimensional space \\\\operatorname{Dens}(E) of [densities](/wiki/Density_on_a_manifold \"Density on a manifold\") (Lebesgue measures) on E.",
"**Theorem** (Klain{{citation\n\\| last1\\=Klain \\| first1\\=Daniel A.\n\\| title\\=A short proof of Hadwiger's characterization theorem\n\\| journal\\=\\[\\[Mathematika]]\n\\| volume\\=42\n\\| date\\=1995\n\\| issue\\=2\n\\| pages\\=329–339\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1112/S0025579300014625}}). The linear map \\\\operatorname{Kl} : \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\+(V)\\\\to C(\\\\operatorname{Gr}\\_i(V),\\\\operatorname{Dens}) is injective.",
"A different injection, known as the Schneider embedding, exists for odd valuations. It is based on Schneider's description of simple valuations. It is a linear injection of \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\-(V), the space of odd i\\-homogeneous valuations, into a certain quotient of the space of continuous sections of a line bundle over the partial flag manifold of cooriented pairs (F^i\\\\subset E^{i\\+1}). Its definition is reminiscent of the Klain embedding, but more involved. Details can be found in.{{citation\n\\| last1\\=Alesker \\| first1\\=Semyon\n\\| title\\=Introduction to the theory of valuations\n\\| series\\=CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics\n\\| volume\\=126\n\\| publisher\\=American Mathematical Society\n\\| location\\=Providence, RI\n\\| date\\=2018}}",
"The Goodey\\-Weil embedding is a linear injection of \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i into the space of distributions on the i\\-fold product of the (n\\-1\\)\\-dimensional sphere. It is nothing but the [Schwartz kernel](/wiki/Schwartz_kernel_theorem \"Schwartz kernel theorem\") of a natural polarization that any \\\\phi\\\\in\\\\operatorname{Val}\\_k(V) admits, namely as a functional on the k\\-fold product of C^2(S^{n\\-1}), the latter space of functions having the geometric meaning of differences of support functions of smooth convex bodies. For details, see.",
"### Irreducibility Theorem",
"The classical theorems of Hadwiger, Schneider and McMullen give fairly explicit descriptions of valuations that are homogeneous of degree 1, n\\-1, and n\\=\\\\operatorname{dim} V. But for degrees 1\\<i\\<n\\-1 very little was known before the turn of the 21st century. McMullen's conjecture is the statement that the valuations \n\\\\phi\\_A(K)\\=\\\\operatorname{vol}\\_n(K\\+A), \\\\qquad A\\\\in\\\\mathcal K(V),\nspan a dense subspace of \\\\operatorname{Val}(V). McMullen's conjecture was confirmed by [Alesker](/wiki/Semyon_Alesker \"Semyon Alesker\") in a much stronger form, which became known as the Irreducibility Theorem:",
"**Theorem** (Alesker{{citation\n\\| last1\\=Alesker \\| first1\\=Semyon\n\\| title\\=Description of translation invariant valuations on convex sets with solution of P. McMullen's conjecture\n\\| journal\\=\\[\\[Geometric and Functional Analysis]]\n\\| volume\\=11\n\\| year\\=2001\n\\| issue\\=2\n\\| pages\\=244–272\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1007/PL00001675 \\| s2cid\\=122986474\n\\| doi\\-access\\=}}). For every 0\\\\leq i\\\\leq n, the natural action of GL(V) on the spaces \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\+(V) and \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\-(V) is irreducible.",
"Here the action of the [general linear group](/wiki/General_linear_group \"General linear group\") GL(V) on \\\\operatorname{Val}(V) is given by \n (g\\\\cdot \\\\phi)(K)\\= \\\\phi(g^{\\-1} K).\nThe proof of the Irreducibility Theorem is based on the embedding theorems of the previous section and [Beilinson\\-Bernstein localization](/wiki/Beilinson-Bernstein_localization \"Beilinson-Bernstein localization\").",
"### Smooth valuations",
"A valuation \\\\phi\\\\in\\\\operatorname{Val}(V) is called *smooth* if the map g\\\\mapsto g\\\\cdot \\\\phi from GL(V) to \\\\operatorname{Val}(V) is smooth. In other words, \\\\phi is smooth if and only if \\\\phi is a smooth vector of the natural representation of GL(V) on \\\\operatorname{Val}(V). The space of smooth valuations \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty(V) is dense in \\\\operatorname{Val}(V); it comes equipped with a natural Fréchet\\-space topology, which is finer than the one induced from \\\\operatorname{Val}(V).",
"For every (complex\\-valued) smooth function f on \\\\operatorname{Gr}\\_i(\\\\R^n),\n\\\\phi(K)\\=\\\\int\\_{\\\\operatorname{Gr}\\_i(\\\\R^n)} \\\\operatorname{vol}\\_i(P\\_E K) f(E) dE,\nwhere P\\_E : \\\\R^n\\\\to E denotes the orthogonal projection and dE is the Haar measure, defines a smooth even valuation of degree i. It follows from the Irreducibility Theorem, in combination with the Casselman\\-Wallach theorem, that any smooth even valuation can be represented in this way. Such a representation is sometimes called a *Crofton formula*.",
"For any (complex\\-valued) smooth [differential form](/wiki/Differential_form \"Differential form\") \\\\omega\\\\in \\\\Omega^{n\\-1}(\\\\R^n\\\\times S^{n\\-1}) that is invariant under all the translations (x,u)\\\\mapsto (x\\+t,u) and every number c\\\\in \\\\Complex, integration over the *normal cycle* defines a smooth valuation:\n{{NumBlk\\|:\\| \\\\phi(K)\\= c\\\\operatorname{vol}\\_n(K) \\+ \\\\int\\_{N(K)} \\\\omega, \\\\qquad K\\\\in \\\\mathcal K(\\\\R^n). \\|{{EquationRef\\|1}}}}\nAs a set, the normal cycle N(K) consists of the outward unit normals to K. The Irreducibility Theorem implies that every smooth valuation is of this form.",
""
] |
### Homogeneous valuations
A translation\-invariant continuous valuation \\phi\\in \\operatorname{Val}(V) is said to be *i\-homogeneous* if
\\phi(\\lambda K)\= \\lambda^i\\phi(K)
for all \\lambda\>0 and K\\in \\mathcal K(V). The subset \\operatorname{Val}\_i(V) of i\-homogeneous valuations is a vector subspace of \\operatorname{Val}(V). [McMullen's](/wiki/Peter_McMullen "Peter McMullen") decomposition theorem{{citation
\| last1\=McMullen \| first1\=Peter \| authorlink1\=Peter McMullen
\| title\=Continuous translation\-invariant valuations on the space of compact convex sets
\| journal\=Archiv der Mathematik
\| volume\=34
\| date\=1980
\| issue\=4
\| pages\=377–384
\| doi\=10\.1007/BF01224974 \| s2cid\=122127897 \| doi\-access\=}} states that
\\operatorname{Val}(V)\= \\bigoplus\_{i\=0}^n \\operatorname{Val}\_i(V), \\qquad n\=\\dim V.
In particular, the degree of a homogeneous valuation is always an integer between 0 and n\=\\operatorname{dim} V.
Valuations are not only graded by the degree of homogeneity, but also by the parity with respect to the reflection through the origin, namely
\\operatorname{Val}\_i \= \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\+ \\oplus \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\-,
where \\phi\\in \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\\epsilon with \\epsilon \\in \\{\+,\-\\} if and only if \\phi(\- K)\= \\epsilon \\phi(K) for all convex bodies K.
The elements of \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\+ and \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\- are said to be *even* and *odd*, respectively.
It is a simple fact that \\operatorname{Val}\_0(V) is 1\-dimensional and spanned by the Euler characteristic \\chi, that is, consists of the constant valuations on \\mathcal K(V).
In 1957 [Hadwiger](/wiki/Hugo_Hadwiger "Hugo Hadwiger"){{citation
\| last1\=Hadwiger \| first1\=Hugo \| authorlink1\=Hugo Hadwiger
\| title\=Vorlesungen über Inhalt, Oberfläche und Isoperimetrie
\| publisher\=Springer\-Verlag
\| location\=Berlin\-Göttingen\-Heidelberg
\| date\=1957
\| series\=Die Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften
\| volume\=93
\| doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-642\-94702\-5\| isbn\=978\-3\-642\-94703\-2 }} proved that \\operatorname{Val}\_n(V) (where n\=\\dim V) coincides with the 1\-dimensional space of Lebesgue measures on V.
A valuation \\phi\\in \\operatorname{Val}(\\R^n) is *simple* if \\phi(K)\=0 for all convex bodies with \\dim K\<n. [Schneider](/wiki/Rolf_Schneider "Rolf Schneider"){{citation
\| last1\=Schneider \| first1\=Rolf
\| title\=Simple valuations on convex bodies
\| journal\=\[\[Mathematika]]
\| volume\=43
\| date\=1996
\| issue\=1
\| pages\=32–39
\| doi\=10\.1112/S0025579300011578}} in 1996 described all simple valuations on \\R^n: they are given by \\phi(K)\=c\\operatorname{vol}(K)\+\\int\_{S^{n\-1}}f(\\theta)d\\sigma\_K(\\theta), where c \\in \\Complex, f \\in C(S^{n\-1}) is an arbitrary odd function on the unit sphere S^{n\-1}\\subset \\R^n, and \\sigma\_K is the surface area measure of K. In particular, any simple valuation is the sum of an n\- and an (n\-1\)\-homogeneous valuation. This in turn implies that an i\-homogeneous valuation is uniquely determined by its restrictions to all (i\+1\)\-dimensional subspaces.
|
[
"### Homogeneous valuations",
"A translation\\-invariant continuous valuation \\\\phi\\\\in \\\\operatorname{Val}(V) is said to be *i\\-homogeneous* if \n \\\\phi(\\\\lambda K)\\= \\\\lambda^i\\\\phi(K)\nfor all \\\\lambda\\>0 and K\\\\in \\\\mathcal K(V). The subset \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i(V) of i\\-homogeneous valuations is a vector subspace of \\\\operatorname{Val}(V). [McMullen's](/wiki/Peter_McMullen \"Peter McMullen\") decomposition theorem{{citation\n\\| last1\\=McMullen \\| first1\\=Peter \\| authorlink1\\=Peter McMullen\n\\| title\\=Continuous translation\\-invariant valuations on the space of compact convex sets\n\\| journal\\=Archiv der Mathematik\n\\| volume\\=34\n\\| date\\=1980\n\\| issue\\=4\n\\| pages\\=377–384\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1007/BF01224974 \\| s2cid\\=122127897 \\| doi\\-access\\=}} states that",
"\\\\operatorname{Val}(V)\\= \\\\bigoplus\\_{i\\=0}^n \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i(V), \\\\qquad n\\=\\\\dim V.",
"In particular, the degree of a homogeneous valuation is always an integer between 0 and n\\=\\\\operatorname{dim} V.",
"Valuations are not only graded by the degree of homogeneity, but also by the parity with respect to the reflection through the origin, namely\n \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i \\= \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\+ \\\\oplus \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\-, \nwhere \\\\phi\\\\in \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\\\epsilon with \\\\epsilon \\\\in \\\\{\\+,\\-\\\\} if and only if \\\\phi(\\- K)\\= \\\\epsilon \\\\phi(K) for all convex bodies K.\nThe elements of \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\+ and \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\- are said to be *even* and *odd*, respectively.",
"It is a simple fact that \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_0(V) is 1\\-dimensional and spanned by the Euler characteristic \\\\chi, that is, consists of the constant valuations on \\\\mathcal K(V).",
"In 1957 [Hadwiger](/wiki/Hugo_Hadwiger \"Hugo Hadwiger\"){{citation\n\\| last1\\=Hadwiger \\| first1\\=Hugo \\| authorlink1\\=Hugo Hadwiger\n\\| title\\=Vorlesungen über Inhalt, Oberfläche und Isoperimetrie\n\\| publisher\\=Springer\\-Verlag\n\\| location\\=Berlin\\-Göttingen\\-Heidelberg\n\\| date\\=1957\n\\| series\\=Die Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften\n\\| volume\\=93\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-642\\-94702\\-5\\| isbn\\=978\\-3\\-642\\-94703\\-2 }} proved that \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_n(V) (where n\\=\\\\dim V) coincides with the 1\\-dimensional space of Lebesgue measures on V.",
"A valuation \\\\phi\\\\in \\\\operatorname{Val}(\\\\R^n) is *simple* if \\\\phi(K)\\=0 for all convex bodies with \\\\dim K\\<n. [Schneider](/wiki/Rolf_Schneider \"Rolf Schneider\"){{citation\n\\| last1\\=Schneider \\| first1\\=Rolf\n\\| title\\=Simple valuations on convex bodies\n\\| journal\\=\\[\\[Mathematika]]\n\\| volume\\=43\n\\| date\\=1996\n\\| issue\\=1\n\\| pages\\=32–39\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1112/S0025579300011578}} in 1996 described all simple valuations on \\\\R^n: they are given by \\\\phi(K)\\=c\\\\operatorname{vol}(K)\\+\\\\int\\_{S^{n\\-1}}f(\\\\theta)d\\\\sigma\\_K(\\\\theta), where c \\\\in \\\\Complex, f \\\\in C(S^{n\\-1}) is an arbitrary odd function on the unit sphere S^{n\\-1}\\\\subset \\\\R^n, and \\\\sigma\\_K is the surface area measure of K. In particular, any simple valuation is the sum of an n\\- and an (n\\-1\\)\\-homogeneous valuation. This in turn implies that an i\\-homogeneous valuation is uniquely determined by its restrictions to all (i\\+1\\)\\-dimensional subspaces.",
""
] |
Operations on translation\-invariant valuations
-----------------------------------------------
There are several natural operations defined on the subspace of smooth valuations \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty(V)\\subset \\operatorname{Val}(V). The most important one is the product of two smooth valuations. Together with pullback and pushforward, this operation extends to valuations on manifolds.
### Exterior product
Let V,W be finite\-dimensional real vector spaces.
There exists a bilinear map, called the exterior product,
\\boxtimes : \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty(V)\\times \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty(W)\\to \\operatorname{Val}(V\\times W)
which is uniquely characterized by the following two properties:
* it is continuous with respect to the usual topologies on \\operatorname{Val} and \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty.
* if \\phi\=\\operatorname{vol}\_V(\\bullet \+ A) and \\psi\= \\operatorname{vol}\_W(\\bullet \+ B) where A\\in \\mathcal K(V) and B\\in \\mathcal K(W) are convex bodies with smooth boundary and strictly positive Gauss curvature, and \\operatorname{vol}\_V and \\operatorname{vol}\_W are densities on V and W, then
\\phi\\boxtimes \\psi \= (\\operatorname{vol}\_V\\boxtimes \\operatorname{vol}\_W) (\\bullet \+ A\\times B).
### Product
The product of two smooth valuations \\phi,\\psi\\in\\operatorname{Val}^\\infty (V) is defined by
(\\phi\\cdot \\psi)(K)\= (\\phi\\boxtimes \\psi)(\\Delta(K)),
where \\Delta : V\\to V\\times V is the diagonal embedding. The product is a continuous map
\\operatorname{Val}^\\infty (V) \\times \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty (V) \\to \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty (V) .
Equipped with this product, \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty (V) becomes a commutative associative graded algebra with the Euler characteristic as the multiplicative identity.
### Alesker\-Poincaré duality
By a theorem of Alesker, the restriction of the product
\\operatorname{Val}\_k^\\infty(V)\\times \\operatorname{Val}\_{n\-k}^\\infty(V)\\to \\operatorname{Val}\_n^\\infty(V)\=\\operatorname{Dens}(V) is a non\-degenerate pairing. This motivates the definition of the k\-homogeneous *generalized valuation*, denoted \\operatorname{Val}\_k^{\-\\infty}(V), as \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty\_{n\-k}(V)^\*\\otimes\\operatorname{Dens}(V), topologized with the weak topology. By the Alesker\-Poincaré duality, there is a natural dense inclusion \\operatorname{Val}\_k^\\infty(V)\\hookrightarrow\\operatorname{Val}\_k^{\-\\infty}(V)/
### Convolution
Convolution is a natural product on \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty(V)\\otimes \\operatorname{Dens}(V^\*). For simplicity, we fix a density \\operatorname{vol} on V to trivialize the second factor. Define for fixed A,B\\in\\mathcal K(V) with smooth boundary and strictly positive Gauss curvature
\\operatorname{vol}(\\bullet\+A)\\ast\\operatorname{vol}(\\bullet\+B)\=\\operatorname{vol}(\\bullet\+A\+B). There is then a unique extension by continuity to a map
\\operatorname{Val}^\\infty (V) \\times \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty (V) \\to \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty (V), called the convolution.
Unlike the product, convolution respects the co\-grading, namely if \\phi\\in\\operatorname{Val}^\\infty\_{n\-i}(V), \\psi\\in\\operatorname{Val}^\\infty\_{n\-j}(V), then \\phi\\ast\\psi\\in \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty\_{n\-i\-j}(V).
For instance, let V(K\_1,\\ldots, K\_n) denote the mixed volume of the convex bodies K\_1,\\ldots, K\_n\\subset \\R^n. If convex bodies A\_1,\\dots,A\_{n\-i} in \\R^n with a smooth boundary and strictly positive Gauss curvature are fixed, then
\\phi(K) \= V(K\[i], A\_1,\\dots,A\_{n\-i})
defines a smooth valuation of degree i. The convolution two such valuations is
V(\\bullet\[i], A\_1,\\dots,A\_{n\-i})\\ast V(\\bullet\[j],B\_1,\\dots,B\_{n\-j})\=c\_{i,j}V(\\bullet\[n\-j\-i], A\_1,\\dots,A\_{n\-i},B\_1,\\dots,B\_{n\-j}),
where c\_{i,j} is a constant depending only on i,j,n.
### Fourier transform
The Alesker\-Fourier transform is a natural, GL(V)\-equivariant isomorphism of complex\-valued valuations
\\mathbb F: \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty(V)\\to \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty(V^\*)\\otimes \\operatorname{Dens}(V), discovered by Alesker and enjoying many properties resembling the classical Fourier transform, which explains its name.
It reverses the grading, namely \\mathbb F: \\operatorname{Val}\_k^\\infty(V) \\to \\operatorname{Val}^\\infty\_{n\-k}(V^\*)\\otimes \\operatorname{Dens}(V), and intertwines the product and the convolution: \\mathbb F(\\phi\\cdot \\psi) \= \\mathbb F\\phi\\ast\\mathbb F\\psi.
Fixing for simplicity a Euclidean structure to identify V \= V^\*, \\operatorname{Dens}(V)\=\\Complex, we have the identity \\mathbb F^2\\phi(K) \= \\phi(\-K). On even valuations, there is a simple description of the Fourier transform in terms of the Klain embedding: \\operatorname{Kl}\_{\\mathbb F\\phi}(E) \= \\operatorname{Kl}\_\\phi(E^\\perp). In particular, even real\-valued valuations remain real\-valued after the Fourier transform.
For odd valuations, the description of the Fourier transform is substantially more involved. Unlike the even case, it is no longer of purely geometric nature. For instance, the space of real\-valued odd valuations is not preserved.
### Pullback and pushforward
Given a linear map f:U\\to V, there are induced operations of pullback f^\*:\\operatorname{Val}(V)\\to \\operatorname{Val}(U) and pushforward f\_\*:\\operatorname{Val}(U)\\otimes\\operatorname{Dens}(U)^\*\\to \\operatorname{Val}(V)\\otimes \\operatorname{Dens}(V)^\*. The pullback is the simpler of the two, given by f^\*\\phi(K)\=\\phi(f(K)). It evidently preserves the parity and degree of homogeneity of a valuation.
Note that the pullback does not preserve smoothness when f is not injective.
The pushforward is harder to define formally. For simplicity, fix Lebesgue measures on U and V. The pushforward can be uniquely characterized by describing its action on valuations of the form \\operatorname{vol}(\\bullet\+A), for all A\\in \\mathcal K(U), and then extended by continuity to all valuations using the Irreducibility Theorem. For a surjective map f,
f\_\*\\operatorname{vol}(\\bullet\+A)\=\\operatorname{vol}(\\bullet\+f(A)). For an inclusion f:U\\hookrightarrow V, choose a splitting V\=U\\oplus W. Then
f\_\*\\operatorname{vol}(\\bullet \+ A) (K)\= \\int\_{W}\\operatorname{vol}(K\\cap (U\+w) \+ A) dw.
Informally, the pushforward is dual to the pullback with respect to the Alesker\-Poincaré pairing: for \\phi\\in \\operatorname{Val}(V) and \\psi\\in\\operatorname{Val}(U)\\otimes\\operatorname{Dens}(U)^\*,
\\langle f^\*\\phi,\\psi\\rangle \=\\langle \\phi, f\_\*\\psi\\rangle.
However, this identity has to be carefully interpreted since the pairing is only well\-defined for smooth valuations. For further details, see.{{citation
\| last1\=Alesker \| first1\=Semyon
\| title\=A Fourier\-type transform on translation\-invariant valuations on convex sets
\| journal\=\[\[Israel Journal of Mathematics]]
\| volume\=181
\| date\=2011
\| pages\=189–294
\| doi\=10\.1007/s11856\-011\-0008\-6\| doi\-access\=free\| arxiv\=math/0702842
}}
|
[
"Operations on translation\\-invariant valuations\n-----------------------------------------------",
"There are several natural operations defined on the subspace of smooth valuations \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty(V)\\\\subset \\\\operatorname{Val}(V). The most important one is the product of two smooth valuations. Together with pullback and pushforward, this operation extends to valuations on manifolds.",
"### Exterior product",
"Let V,W be finite\\-dimensional real vector spaces. \nThere exists a bilinear map, called the exterior product, \n\\\\boxtimes : \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty(V)\\\\times \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty(W)\\\\to \\\\operatorname{Val}(V\\\\times W) \nwhich is uniquely characterized by the following two properties: \n* it is continuous with respect to the usual topologies on \\\\operatorname{Val} and \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty.\n* if \\\\phi\\=\\\\operatorname{vol}\\_V(\\\\bullet \\+ A) and \\\\psi\\= \\\\operatorname{vol}\\_W(\\\\bullet \\+ B) where A\\\\in \\\\mathcal K(V) and B\\\\in \\\\mathcal K(W) are convex bodies with smooth boundary and strictly positive Gauss curvature, and \\\\operatorname{vol}\\_V and \\\\operatorname{vol}\\_W are densities on V and W, then \n \\\\phi\\\\boxtimes \\\\psi \\= (\\\\operatorname{vol}\\_V\\\\boxtimes \\\\operatorname{vol}\\_W) (\\\\bullet \\+ A\\\\times B).",
"### Product",
"The product of two smooth valuations \\\\phi,\\\\psi\\\\in\\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty (V) is defined by \n (\\\\phi\\\\cdot \\\\psi)(K)\\= (\\\\phi\\\\boxtimes \\\\psi)(\\\\Delta(K)),\nwhere \\\\Delta : V\\\\to V\\\\times V is the diagonal embedding. The product is a continuous map \n \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty (V) \\\\times \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty (V) \\\\to \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty (V) .\nEquipped with this product, \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty (V) becomes a commutative associative graded algebra with the Euler characteristic as the multiplicative identity.",
"### Alesker\\-Poincaré duality",
"By a theorem of Alesker, the restriction of the product \n\\\\operatorname{Val}\\_k^\\\\infty(V)\\\\times \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_{n\\-k}^\\\\infty(V)\\\\to \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_n^\\\\infty(V)\\=\\\\operatorname{Dens}(V) is a non\\-degenerate pairing. This motivates the definition of the k\\-homogeneous *generalized valuation*, denoted \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_k^{\\-\\\\infty}(V), as \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty\\_{n\\-k}(V)^\\*\\\\otimes\\\\operatorname{Dens}(V), topologized with the weak topology. By the Alesker\\-Poincaré duality, there is a natural dense inclusion \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_k^\\\\infty(V)\\\\hookrightarrow\\\\operatorname{Val}\\_k^{\\-\\\\infty}(V)/",
"### Convolution",
"Convolution is a natural product on \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty(V)\\\\otimes \\\\operatorname{Dens}(V^\\*). For simplicity, we fix a density \\\\operatorname{vol} on V to trivialize the second factor. Define for fixed A,B\\\\in\\\\mathcal K(V) with smooth boundary and strictly positive Gauss curvature \n\\\\operatorname{vol}(\\\\bullet\\+A)\\\\ast\\\\operatorname{vol}(\\\\bullet\\+B)\\=\\\\operatorname{vol}(\\\\bullet\\+A\\+B). There is then a unique extension by continuity to a map \n \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty (V) \\\\times \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty (V) \\\\to \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty (V), called the convolution.\nUnlike the product, convolution respects the co\\-grading, namely if \\\\phi\\\\in\\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty\\_{n\\-i}(V), \\\\psi\\\\in\\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty\\_{n\\-j}(V), then \\\\phi\\\\ast\\\\psi\\\\in \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty\\_{n\\-i\\-j}(V).",
"For instance, let V(K\\_1,\\\\ldots, K\\_n) denote the mixed volume of the convex bodies K\\_1,\\\\ldots, K\\_n\\\\subset \\\\R^n. If convex bodies A\\_1,\\\\dots,A\\_{n\\-i} in \\\\R^n with a smooth boundary and strictly positive Gauss curvature are fixed, then \n \\\\phi(K) \\= V(K\\[i], A\\_1,\\\\dots,A\\_{n\\-i})\ndefines a smooth valuation of degree i. The convolution two such valuations is\nV(\\\\bullet\\[i], A\\_1,\\\\dots,A\\_{n\\-i})\\\\ast V(\\\\bullet\\[j],B\\_1,\\\\dots,B\\_{n\\-j})\\=c\\_{i,j}V(\\\\bullet\\[n\\-j\\-i], A\\_1,\\\\dots,A\\_{n\\-i},B\\_1,\\\\dots,B\\_{n\\-j}),\nwhere c\\_{i,j} is a constant depending only on i,j,n.",
"### Fourier transform",
"The Alesker\\-Fourier transform is a natural, GL(V)\\-equivariant isomorphism of complex\\-valued valuations \n\\\\mathbb F: \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty(V)\\\\to \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty(V^\\*)\\\\otimes \\\\operatorname{Dens}(V), discovered by Alesker and enjoying many properties resembling the classical Fourier transform, which explains its name.",
"It reverses the grading, namely \\\\mathbb F: \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_k^\\\\infty(V) \\\\to \\\\operatorname{Val}^\\\\infty\\_{n\\-k}(V^\\*)\\\\otimes \\\\operatorname{Dens}(V), and intertwines the product and the convolution: \\\\mathbb F(\\\\phi\\\\cdot \\\\psi) \\= \\\\mathbb F\\\\phi\\\\ast\\\\mathbb F\\\\psi.",
"Fixing for simplicity a Euclidean structure to identify V \\= V^\\*, \\\\operatorname{Dens}(V)\\=\\\\Complex, we have the identity \\\\mathbb F^2\\\\phi(K) \\= \\\\phi(\\-K). On even valuations, there is a simple description of the Fourier transform in terms of the Klain embedding: \\\\operatorname{Kl}\\_{\\\\mathbb F\\\\phi}(E) \\= \\\\operatorname{Kl}\\_\\\\phi(E^\\\\perp). In particular, even real\\-valued valuations remain real\\-valued after the Fourier transform.",
"For odd valuations, the description of the Fourier transform is substantially more involved. Unlike the even case, it is no longer of purely geometric nature. For instance, the space of real\\-valued odd valuations is not preserved.",
"### Pullback and pushforward",
"Given a linear map f:U\\\\to V, there are induced operations of pullback f^\\*:\\\\operatorname{Val}(V)\\\\to \\\\operatorname{Val}(U) and pushforward f\\_\\*:\\\\operatorname{Val}(U)\\\\otimes\\\\operatorname{Dens}(U)^\\*\\\\to \\\\operatorname{Val}(V)\\\\otimes \\\\operatorname{Dens}(V)^\\*. The pullback is the simpler of the two, given by f^\\*\\\\phi(K)\\=\\\\phi(f(K)). It evidently preserves the parity and degree of homogeneity of a valuation. \nNote that the pullback does not preserve smoothness when f is not injective.",
"The pushforward is harder to define formally. For simplicity, fix Lebesgue measures on U and V. The pushforward can be uniquely characterized by describing its action on valuations of the form \\\\operatorname{vol}(\\\\bullet\\+A), for all A\\\\in \\\\mathcal K(U), and then extended by continuity to all valuations using the Irreducibility Theorem. For a surjective map f,\nf\\_\\*\\\\operatorname{vol}(\\\\bullet\\+A)\\=\\\\operatorname{vol}(\\\\bullet\\+f(A)). For an inclusion f:U\\\\hookrightarrow V, choose a splitting V\\=U\\\\oplus W. Then \n f\\_\\*\\\\operatorname{vol}(\\\\bullet \\+ A) (K)\\= \\\\int\\_{W}\\\\operatorname{vol}(K\\\\cap (U\\+w) \\+ A) dw.\nInformally, the pushforward is dual to the pullback with respect to the Alesker\\-Poincaré pairing: for \\\\phi\\\\in \\\\operatorname{Val}(V) and \\\\psi\\\\in\\\\operatorname{Val}(U)\\\\otimes\\\\operatorname{Dens}(U)^\\*,\n\\\\langle f^\\*\\\\phi,\\\\psi\\\\rangle \\=\\\\langle \\\\phi, f\\_\\*\\\\psi\\\\rangle.\nHowever, this identity has to be carefully interpreted since the pairing is only well\\-defined for smooth valuations. For further details, see.{{citation\n\\| last1\\=Alesker \\| first1\\=Semyon\n\\| title\\=A Fourier\\-type transform on translation\\-invariant valuations on convex sets\n\\| journal\\=\\[\\[Israel Journal of Mathematics]]\n\\| volume\\=181\n\\| date\\=2011\n\\| pages\\=189–294\n\\| doi\\=10\\.1007/s11856\\-011\\-0008\\-6\\| doi\\-access\\=free\\| arxiv\\=math/0702842\n}}",
""
] |
Valuations on manifolds
-----------------------
In a series of papers beginning in 2006, Alesker laid down the foundations for a theory of valuations on manifolds that extends the theory of valuations on convex bodies. The key observation leading to this extension is that via integration over the normal cycle ({{EquationNote\|1}}), a smooth translation\-invariant valuation may be evaluated on sets much more general than convex ones. Also ({{EquationNote\|1}}) suggests to define smooth valuations in general by dropping the requirement that the form \\omega be translation\-invariant and by replacing the translation\-invariant Lebesgue measure with an arbitrary smooth measure.
Let X be an n\-dimensional smooth manifold and let \\mathbb P\_X\= \\mathbb P\_\+(T^\* X) be the co\-sphere bundle of X, that is, the oriented projectivization of the cotangent bundle.
Let \\mathcal P(X) denote the collection of compact differentiable polyhedra in X. The normal cycle N(A)\\subset \\mathbb P\_X of A\\in \\mathcal P(X), which consists of the outward co\-normals to A, is naturally a Lipschitz submanifold of dimension n\-1\.
For ease of presentation we henceforth assume that X is oriented, even though the concept of smooth valuations in fact does not depend on orientability. The space of smooth valuations \\mathcal V^\\infty(X) on X consists of functions \\phi : \\mathcal P(X)\\to \\Complex of the form
\\phi(A)\= \\int\_A\\mu \+ \\int\_{N(A)}\\omega,\\qquad A\\in \\mathcal P(X),
where \\mu\\in\\Omega^n(X) and \\omega\\in \\Omega^{n\-1}(\\mathbb P\_X) can be arbitrary.
It was shown by Alesker that the smooth valuations on open subsets of X form a soft sheaf over X.
### Examples
The following are examples of smooth valuations on a smooth manifold X:
* Smooth measures on X.
* The [Euler characteristic](/wiki/Euler_characteristic "Euler characteristic"); this follows from the work of [Chern](/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern "Shiing-Shen Chern"){{citation
\| last1\=Chern \| first1\=Shiing\-Shen \| authorlink1\=Shiing\-Shen Chern
\| title\=On the curvatura integra in a Riemannian manifold
\| journal\=Annals of Mathematics \|series\=Second Series
\| volume\=46
\| year\=1945
\| issue\=4 \| pages\=674–684
\| doi\=10\.2307/1969203\| jstor\=1969203 \| s2cid\=123348816 }} on the [Gauss\-Bonnet theorem](/wiki/Gauss-Bonnet_theorem "Gauss-Bonnet theorem"), where such \\mu and \\omega were constructed to represent the Euler characteristic. In particular, \\mu is then the [Chern\-Gauss\-Bonnet integrand](/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Gauss%E2%80%93Bonnet_theorem "Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem"), which is the Pfaffian of the Riemannian curvature tensor.
* If X is Riemannian, then the Lipschitz\-Killing valuations or intrinsic volumes V\_0^X \= \\chi, V\_1^X, \\ldots, V\_n^X \= \\mathrm{vol}\_X are smooth valuations. If f : X \\to \\R^m is any [isometric immersion](/wiki/Embedding "Embedding") into a Euclidean space, then V\_i^X \= f^\* V\_i^{\\R^m}, where V\_i^{\\R^m} denotes the usual intrinsic volumes on \\R^m (see below for the definition of the pullback). The existence of these valuations is the essence of Weyl's tube formula.{{citation
\| last1\=Weyl \| first1\=Hermann
\| title\=On the Volume of Tubes
\| journal\=\[\[American Journal of Mathematics]]
\| volume\=61
\| year\=1939
\| issue\=2
\| pages\=461–472
\| doi\=10\.2307/2371513\| jstor\=2371513
}}
* Let \\Complex P^n be the [complex projective space](/wiki/Complex_projective_space "Complex projective space"), and let \\mathrm{Gr}\_k^\\Complex denote the Grassmannian of all complex projective subspaces of fixed dimension k. The function
\\phi(A) \= \\int\_{\\mathrm{Gr}\_k^\\Complex} \\chi(A\\cap E) dE, \\qquad A\\in \\mathcal P (\\Complex P^n), where the integration is with respect to the Haar probability measure on \\mathrm{Gr}\_k^\\Complex, is a smooth valuation. This follows from the work of Fu.{{citation
\| last1\=Fu \| first1\=Joseph H. G.
\| title\=Kinematic formulas in integral geometry
\| journal\=Indiana University Mathematics Journal
\| volume\=39
\| date\=1990
\| issue\=4
\| pages\=1115–1154\| doi\=10\.1512/iumj.1990\.39\.39052
\| doi\-access\=free
}}
### Filtration
The space \\mathcal V^\\infty(X) admits no natural grading in general, however it carries a canonical filtration
\\mathcal V^\\infty(X) \= W\_0\\supset W\_1\\supset \\cdots \\supset W\_n. Here W\_n consists of the smooth measures on X, and W\_j is given by forms \\omega in the ideal generated by \\pi^\*\\Omega^j(X), where \\pi : \\mathbb P\_X\\to X is the canonical projection.
The associated graded vector space \\bigoplus\_{i\=0}^n W\_i/W\_{i\+1} is canonically isomorphic to the space of smooth sections \\bigoplus\_{i\=0}^n C^\\infty (X, \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\\infty(TX)), where \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\\infty(TX) denotes the vector bundle over X such that the fiber over a point x\\in X is \\operatorname{Val}\_i^\\infty(T\_x X), the space of i\-homogeneous smooth translation\-invariant valuations on the tangent space T\_x X.
### Product
The space \\mathcal V^\\infty(X) admits a natural product. This product is continuous, commutative, associative, compatible with the filtration:
W\_i\\cdot W\_j\\subset W\_{i\+j},
and has the Euler characteristic as the identity element. It also commutes with the restriction to embedded submanifolds, and the diffeomorphism group of X acts on \\mathcal V^\\infty(X) by algebra automorphisms.
For example, if X is Riemannian, the Lipschitz\-Killing valuations satisfy
V\_i^X\\cdot V\_j^X\= V\_{i\+j}^X.
The Alesker\-Poincaré duality still holds. For compact X it says that the pairing \\mathcal V^\\infty(X)\\times \\mathcal V^\\infty(X)\\to \\Complex, (\\phi, \\psi)\\mapsto (\\phi\\cdot\\psi) (X) is non\-degenerate. As in the translation\-invariant case, this duality can be used to define generalized valuations. Unlike the translation\-invariant case, no good definition of continuous valuations exists for valuations on manifolds.
The product of valuations closely reflects the geometric operation of intersection of subsets.
Informally, consider the generalized valuation \\chi\_A\=\\chi(A\\cap\\bullet). The product is given by \\chi\_A\\cdot\\chi\_B\=\\chi\_{A\\cap B}. Now one can obtain smooth valuations by averaging generalized valuations of the form \\chi\_A, more precisely \\phi(X)\=\\int\_S \\chi\_{s(A)}ds is a smooth valuation if S is a sufficiently large measured family of diffeomorphisms. Then one has
\\int\_S \\chi\_{s(A)}ds\\cdot \\int\_{S'} \\chi\_{s'(B)}ds'\=\\int\_{S\\times S'} \\chi\_{s(A)\\cap s'(B)}dsds',
see.{{citation
\| last1\=Fu \| first1\=Joseph H. G.
\| title\=Intersection theory and the Alesker product
\| journal\=Indiana University Mathematics Journal
\| volume\=65
\| date\=2016
\| issue\=4
\| pages\=1347–1371\| doi\=10\.1512/iumj.2016\.65\.5846
\| arxiv\=1408\.4106
\| s2cid\=119736489
}}
### Pullback and pushforward
Every smooth immersion f : X \\to Y of smooth manifolds induces a pullback map f^\* : \\mathcal V^\\infty(Y) \\to \\mathcal V^\\infty(X). If f is an embedding, then
(f^\* \\phi)(A) \= \\phi(f(A)), \\qquad A\\in\\mathcal P (X).
The pullback is a morphism of filtered algebras.
Every smooth proper submersion f : X\\to Y defines a pushforward map f^\* : \\mathcal V^\\infty(X) \\to \\mathcal V^\\infty(Y) by
(f\_\* \\phi)(A) \= \\phi(f^{\-1}(A)), \\qquad A\\in\\mathcal P (Y). The pushforward is compatible with the filtration as well: f\_\* : W\_i(X)\\to W\_{i\-(\\dim X\-\\dim Y)}(Y).
For general smooth maps, one can define pullback and pushforward for generalized valuations under some restrictions.
|
[
"Valuations on manifolds\n-----------------------",
"In a series of papers beginning in 2006, Alesker laid down the foundations for a theory of valuations on manifolds that extends the theory of valuations on convex bodies. The key observation leading to this extension is that via integration over the normal cycle ({{EquationNote\\|1}}), a smooth translation\\-invariant valuation may be evaluated on sets much more general than convex ones. Also ({{EquationNote\\|1}}) suggests to define smooth valuations in general by dropping the requirement that the form \\\\omega be translation\\-invariant and by replacing the translation\\-invariant Lebesgue measure with an arbitrary smooth measure.",
"Let X be an n\\-dimensional smooth manifold and let \\\\mathbb P\\_X\\= \\\\mathbb P\\_\\+(T^\\* X) be the co\\-sphere bundle of X, that is, the oriented projectivization of the cotangent bundle. \nLet \\\\mathcal P(X) denote the collection of compact differentiable polyhedra in X. The normal cycle N(A)\\\\subset \\\\mathbb P\\_X of A\\\\in \\\\mathcal P(X), which consists of the outward co\\-normals to A, is naturally a Lipschitz submanifold of dimension n\\-1\\.",
"For ease of presentation we henceforth assume that X is oriented, even though the concept of smooth valuations in fact does not depend on orientability. The space of smooth valuations \\\\mathcal V^\\\\infty(X) on X consists of functions \\\\phi : \\\\mathcal P(X)\\\\to \\\\Complex of the form\n \\\\phi(A)\\= \\\\int\\_A\\\\mu \\+ \\\\int\\_{N(A)}\\\\omega,\\\\qquad A\\\\in \\\\mathcal P(X),\nwhere \\\\mu\\\\in\\\\Omega^n(X) and \\\\omega\\\\in \\\\Omega^{n\\-1}(\\\\mathbb P\\_X) can be arbitrary. \nIt was shown by Alesker that the smooth valuations on open subsets of X form a soft sheaf over X.",
"### Examples",
"The following are examples of smooth valuations on a smooth manifold X:\n* Smooth measures on X.\n* The [Euler characteristic](/wiki/Euler_characteristic \"Euler characteristic\"); this follows from the work of [Chern](/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern \"Shiing-Shen Chern\"){{citation\n\\| last1\\=Chern \\| first1\\=Shiing\\-Shen \\| authorlink1\\=Shiing\\-Shen Chern\n\\| title\\=On the curvatura integra in a Riemannian manifold\n\\| journal\\=Annals of Mathematics \\|series\\=Second Series\n\\| volume\\=46\n\\| year\\=1945\n\\| issue\\=4 \\| pages\\=674–684\n\\| doi\\=10\\.2307/1969203\\| jstor\\=1969203 \\| s2cid\\=123348816 }} on the [Gauss\\-Bonnet theorem](/wiki/Gauss-Bonnet_theorem \"Gauss-Bonnet theorem\"), where such \\\\mu and \\\\omega were constructed to represent the Euler characteristic. In particular, \\\\mu is then the [Chern\\-Gauss\\-Bonnet integrand](/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Gauss%E2%80%93Bonnet_theorem \"Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem\"), which is the Pfaffian of the Riemannian curvature tensor.\n* If X is Riemannian, then the Lipschitz\\-Killing valuations or intrinsic volumes V\\_0^X \\= \\\\chi, V\\_1^X, \\\\ldots, V\\_n^X \\= \\\\mathrm{vol}\\_X are smooth valuations. If f : X \\\\to \\\\R^m is any [isometric immersion](/wiki/Embedding \"Embedding\") into a Euclidean space, then V\\_i^X \\= f^\\* V\\_i^{\\\\R^m}, where V\\_i^{\\\\R^m} denotes the usual intrinsic volumes on \\\\R^m (see below for the definition of the pullback). The existence of these valuations is the essence of Weyl's tube formula.{{citation\n\\| last1\\=Weyl \\| first1\\=Hermann\n\\| title\\=On the Volume of Tubes\n\\| journal\\=\\[\\[American Journal of Mathematics]]\n\\| volume\\=61\n\\| year\\=1939\n\\| issue\\=2\n\\| pages\\=461–472\n\\| doi\\=10\\.2307/2371513\\| jstor\\=2371513\n}}\n* Let \\\\Complex P^n be the [complex projective space](/wiki/Complex_projective_space \"Complex projective space\"), and let \\\\mathrm{Gr}\\_k^\\\\Complex denote the Grassmannian of all complex projective subspaces of fixed dimension k. The function \n\\\\phi(A) \\= \\\\int\\_{\\\\mathrm{Gr}\\_k^\\\\Complex} \\\\chi(A\\\\cap E) dE, \\\\qquad A\\\\in \\\\mathcal P (\\\\Complex P^n), where the integration is with respect to the Haar probability measure on \\\\mathrm{Gr}\\_k^\\\\Complex, is a smooth valuation. This follows from the work of Fu.{{citation\n\\| last1\\=Fu \\| first1\\=Joseph H. G.\n\\| title\\=Kinematic formulas in integral geometry\n\\| journal\\=Indiana University Mathematics Journal\n\\| volume\\=39\n\\| date\\=1990\n\\| issue\\=4\n\\| pages\\=1115–1154\\| doi\\=10\\.1512/iumj.1990\\.39\\.39052\n\\| doi\\-access\\=free\n}}",
"### Filtration",
"The space \\\\mathcal V^\\\\infty(X) admits no natural grading in general, however it carries a canonical filtration \n\\\\mathcal V^\\\\infty(X) \\= W\\_0\\\\supset W\\_1\\\\supset \\\\cdots \\\\supset W\\_n. Here W\\_n consists of the smooth measures on X, and W\\_j is given by forms \\\\omega in the ideal generated by \\\\pi^\\*\\\\Omega^j(X), where \\\\pi : \\\\mathbb P\\_X\\\\to X is the canonical projection.",
"The associated graded vector space \\\\bigoplus\\_{i\\=0}^n W\\_i/W\\_{i\\+1} is canonically isomorphic to the space of smooth sections \\\\bigoplus\\_{i\\=0}^n C^\\\\infty (X, \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\\\infty(TX)), where \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\\\infty(TX) denotes the vector bundle over X such that the fiber over a point x\\\\in X is \\\\operatorname{Val}\\_i^\\\\infty(T\\_x X), the space of i\\-homogeneous smooth translation\\-invariant valuations on the tangent space T\\_x X.",
"### Product",
"The space \\\\mathcal V^\\\\infty(X) admits a natural product. This product is continuous, commutative, associative, compatible with the filtration:\n W\\_i\\\\cdot W\\_j\\\\subset W\\_{i\\+j},\nand has the Euler characteristic as the identity element. It also commutes with the restriction to embedded submanifolds, and the diffeomorphism group of X acts on \\\\mathcal V^\\\\infty(X) by algebra automorphisms.",
"For example, if X is Riemannian, the Lipschitz\\-Killing valuations satisfy \n V\\_i^X\\\\cdot V\\_j^X\\= V\\_{i\\+j}^X.",
"The Alesker\\-Poincaré duality still holds. For compact X it says that the pairing \\\\mathcal V^\\\\infty(X)\\\\times \\\\mathcal V^\\\\infty(X)\\\\to \\\\Complex, (\\\\phi, \\\\psi)\\\\mapsto (\\\\phi\\\\cdot\\\\psi) (X) is non\\-degenerate. As in the translation\\-invariant case, this duality can be used to define generalized valuations. Unlike the translation\\-invariant case, no good definition of continuous valuations exists for valuations on manifolds.",
"The product of valuations closely reflects the geometric operation of intersection of subsets.\nInformally, consider the generalized valuation \\\\chi\\_A\\=\\\\chi(A\\\\cap\\\\bullet). The product is given by \\\\chi\\_A\\\\cdot\\\\chi\\_B\\=\\\\chi\\_{A\\\\cap B}. Now one can obtain smooth valuations by averaging generalized valuations of the form \\\\chi\\_A, more precisely \\\\phi(X)\\=\\\\int\\_S \\\\chi\\_{s(A)}ds is a smooth valuation if S is a sufficiently large measured family of diffeomorphisms. Then one has \n\\\\int\\_S \\\\chi\\_{s(A)}ds\\\\cdot \\\\int\\_{S'} \\\\chi\\_{s'(B)}ds'\\=\\\\int\\_{S\\\\times S'} \\\\chi\\_{s(A)\\\\cap s'(B)}dsds',\nsee.{{citation\n\\| last1\\=Fu \\| first1\\=Joseph H. G.\n\\| title\\=Intersection theory and the Alesker product\n\\| journal\\=Indiana University Mathematics Journal\n\\| volume\\=65\n\\| date\\=2016\n\\| issue\\=4\n\\| pages\\=1347–1371\\| doi\\=10\\.1512/iumj.2016\\.65\\.5846\n\\| arxiv\\=1408\\.4106\n\\| s2cid\\=119736489\n}}",
"### Pullback and pushforward",
"Every smooth immersion f : X \\\\to Y of smooth manifolds induces a pullback map f^\\* : \\\\mathcal V^\\\\infty(Y) \\\\to \\\\mathcal V^\\\\infty(X). If f is an embedding, then \n(f^\\* \\\\phi)(A) \\= \\\\phi(f(A)), \\\\qquad A\\\\in\\\\mathcal P (X).\nThe pullback is a morphism of filtered algebras.\nEvery smooth proper submersion f : X\\\\to Y defines a pushforward map f^\\* : \\\\mathcal V^\\\\infty(X) \\\\to \\\\mathcal V^\\\\infty(Y) by \n(f\\_\\* \\\\phi)(A) \\= \\\\phi(f^{\\-1}(A)), \\\\qquad A\\\\in\\\\mathcal P (Y). The pushforward is compatible with the filtration as well: f\\_\\* : W\\_i(X)\\\\to W\\_{i\\-(\\\\dim X\\-\\\\dim Y)}(Y).\nFor general smooth maps, one can define pullback and pushforward for generalized valuations under some restrictions.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Kirby wrote for many national magazines, including *[Glamour](/wiki/Glamour_%28magazine%29 "Glamour (magazine)")*, *[Redbook](/wiki/Redbook "Redbook")*, *[Self](/wiki/Self_%28magazine%29 "Self (magazine)"),* and *[Mademoiselle](/wiki/Mademoiselle_%28magazine%29 "Mademoiselle (magazine)")*. From 1986 to 1990, Kirby was a [foreign correspondent](/wiki/Foreign_correspondent "Foreign correspondent") for [UPI](/wiki/United_Press_International "United Press International"), and *[Newsday](/wiki/Newsday "Newsday")* (among others) in [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America"), covering wars in [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador "El Salvador") and [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua "Nicaragua"), and he covered politics, [corruption](/wiki/Political_corruption "Political corruption"), and natural disasters in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"). It was during this time that he was also a reporter for *[OutWeek](/wiki/OutWeek "OutWeek")*.
From 1990 to 1993, Kirby was director of public information at the [American Foundation for AIDS Research](/wiki/American_Foundation_for_AIDS_Research "American Foundation for AIDS Research") (AmFAR), worked for [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") Council President Carol Bellamy, and was a senior staff adviser to [David Dinkins'](/wiki/David_Dinkins "David Dinkins") successful 1989 run for mayor of New York City.
In 1998, Kirby wrote a cover story for *[The Advocate](/wiki/The_Advocate_%28LGBT_magazine%29 "The Advocate (LGBT magazine)")*, "Does coming out matter?".[Does coming out matter?: a new Harris poll suggests that knowing people who are gay makes little difference in whether one supports gay rights](http://www.thefreelibrary.com/-a021236436) *The Advocate* (The national gay \& lesbian newsmagazine) (October 13, 1998\). From 1998 to 2001, he wrote many articles for *The Advocate*, including one on the courage of young gay and lesbian scouts and service members.Kirby, David [Lessons in Courage](http://www.thefreelibrary.com/-a056529316) *The Advocate* (The national gay \& lesbian newsmagazine) (October 26, 1999\).
From 2000 to 2004, Kirby contributed several articles on travel to *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, including "Rainbow Beach Towels on Mexican Sand", an article on the gay tourism industry in [Puerto Vallarta](/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta "Puerto Vallarta").[http://travel2\.nytimes.com/mem/travel/article\-page.html?pagewanted\=1\&res\=9B03E4D7123CF935A25756C0A9629C8B63](http://travel2.nytimes.com/mem/travel/article-page.html?pagewanted=1&res=9B03E4D7123CF935A25756C0A9629C8B63){{dead link\|date\=December 2017\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot\|fix\-attempted\=yes}} *The New York Times* Travel Section, subscription required. He has also written on topics other than travel and leisure, including on a new phenomenon, known as "dirty driving", the playing pornography on DVD screens inside vehicles while they drive through traffic.[When the Car Beside You Is an XXX Theater](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/27/automobiles/27KIRB.html?ex=1117598400&en=8c0fae5368ee8fa6&ei=5070) The article expressed concern for what children have been exposed to by these "dirty drivers".
In 2005, Kirby's book *Evidence of Harm \- Mercury in Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic: A Medical Controversy* was published.
Kirby was a contributing blogger at *[The Huffington Post](/wiki/The_Huffington_Post "The Huffington Post")*.
According to an article in Gay City News, David Kirby died on April 16 in Puebla, Mexico, after a fall leading to an illness. He was 62 years old.{{cite web \|last\=Rotello \|first\=Gabriel \|date\=April 25, 2023 \|title\=Investigative journalist David Kirby dies at 62 \|website\=Gay City News \|url\=https://gaycitynews.com/investigative\-journalist\-david\-kirby\-dies\-at\-62/ \|access\-date\=June 26, 2024}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Kirby wrote for many national magazines, including *[Glamour](/wiki/Glamour_%28magazine%29 \"Glamour (magazine)\")*, *[Redbook](/wiki/Redbook \"Redbook\")*, *[Self](/wiki/Self_%28magazine%29 \"Self (magazine)\"),* and *[Mademoiselle](/wiki/Mademoiselle_%28magazine%29 \"Mademoiselle (magazine)\")*. From 1986 to 1990, Kirby was a [foreign correspondent](/wiki/Foreign_correspondent \"Foreign correspondent\") for [UPI](/wiki/United_Press_International \"United Press International\"), and *[Newsday](/wiki/Newsday \"Newsday\")* (among others) in [Latin America](/wiki/Latin_America \"Latin America\"), covering wars in [El Salvador](/wiki/El_Salvador \"El Salvador\") and [Nicaragua](/wiki/Nicaragua \"Nicaragua\"), and he covered politics, [corruption](/wiki/Political_corruption \"Political corruption\"), and natural disasters in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"). It was during this time that he was also a reporter for *[OutWeek](/wiki/OutWeek \"OutWeek\")*.",
"From 1990 to 1993, Kirby was director of public information at the [American Foundation for AIDS Research](/wiki/American_Foundation_for_AIDS_Research \"American Foundation for AIDS Research\") (AmFAR), worked for [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") Council President Carol Bellamy, and was a senior staff adviser to [David Dinkins'](/wiki/David_Dinkins \"David Dinkins\") successful 1989 run for mayor of New York City.",
"In 1998, Kirby wrote a cover story for *[The Advocate](/wiki/The_Advocate_%28LGBT_magazine%29 \"The Advocate (LGBT magazine)\")*, \"Does coming out matter?\".[Does coming out matter?: a new Harris poll suggests that knowing people who are gay makes little difference in whether one supports gay rights](http://www.thefreelibrary.com/-a021236436) *The Advocate* (The national gay \\& lesbian newsmagazine) (October 13, 1998\\). From 1998 to 2001, he wrote many articles for *The Advocate*, including one on the courage of young gay and lesbian scouts and service members.Kirby, David [Lessons in Courage](http://www.thefreelibrary.com/-a056529316) *The Advocate* (The national gay \\& lesbian newsmagazine) (October 26, 1999\\).",
"From 2000 to 2004, Kirby contributed several articles on travel to *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, including \"Rainbow Beach Towels on Mexican Sand\", an article on the gay tourism industry in [Puerto Vallarta](/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta \"Puerto Vallarta\").[http://travel2\\.nytimes.com/mem/travel/article\\-page.html?pagewanted\\=1\\&res\\=9B03E4D7123CF935A25756C0A9629C8B63](http://travel2.nytimes.com/mem/travel/article-page.html?pagewanted=1&res=9B03E4D7123CF935A25756C0A9629C8B63){{dead link\\|date\\=December 2017\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}} *The New York Times* Travel Section, subscription required. He has also written on topics other than travel and leisure, including on a new phenomenon, known as \"dirty driving\", the playing pornography on DVD screens inside vehicles while they drive through traffic.[When the Car Beside You Is an XXX Theater](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/27/automobiles/27KIRB.html?ex=1117598400&en=8c0fae5368ee8fa6&ei=5070) The article expressed concern for what children have been exposed to by these \"dirty drivers\".",
"In 2005, Kirby's book *Evidence of Harm \\- Mercury in Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic: A Medical Controversy* was published.",
"Kirby was a contributing blogger at *[The Huffington Post](/wiki/The_Huffington_Post \"The Huffington Post\")*.",
"According to an article in Gay City News, David Kirby died on April 16 in Puebla, Mexico, after a fall leading to an illness. He was 62 years old.{{cite web \\|last\\=Rotello \\|first\\=Gabriel \\|date\\=April 25, 2023 \\|title\\=Investigative journalist David Kirby dies at 62 \\|website\\=Gay City News \\|url\\=https://gaycitynews.com/investigative\\-journalist\\-david\\-kirby\\-dies\\-at\\-62/ \\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2024}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
On 13 November 1990, [David Gray](/wiki/David_Gray_%28Aramoana_massacre%29 "David Gray (Aramoana massacre)"), an unemployed man in his 30s lives in his parents' small holiday home in Aramoana. He cycles into town where he has an argument with staff at a bank over a minor issue. Unstable and angry, he returns home where he has a cache of fire\-arms, including a semi\-automatic rifle.
Late in the afternoon, he notices children from a neighbouring house have wandered onto his yard and he angrily abuses them, sparking a heated verbal exchange with their father, Garry Holden. Gray goes inside his house and then quickly re\-emerges armed with the rifle, shooting Holden dead.
Holden's two young daughters, Chiquita and Jasmine, and his girlfriend Julie\-Anne's adopted daughter Rewa, witness the murder and flee inside Holden's house, attempting to hide. Gray enters and soon locates them.
Chiquita is then seen fleeing, having been wounded, trying to get help for Jasmine and Rewa (whose deaths occur off\-screen). She reaches Julie\-Anne and they both get into her van and drive towards the scene, trying to rescue the other girls, only to find Holden's house has been set on fire. Julie\-Anne is then forced to drive to safety as Gray fires at her vehicle.
Nearby residents hear the shooting and see the smoke, not yet comprehending what is happening. Gray enters a nearby house and shoots dead both male occupants. Elderly widow Eva Dickson, who recently has had hip surgery, ventures out with her walking frame to see what is happening and she is joined by a neighbour Chris Cole. Earlier, Dickson's middle\-aged son James had left the house, looking for his dog. An unseen Gray opens fire, hitting Cole and narrowly missing Dickson. Having collapsed and unable to stand up again, Dickson crawls inside her house to ring the police and then goes back to Cole, lying badly wounded but still conscious, to tell him that help is coming (Cole later succumbs to his injuries). A utility with six people on board, including three children, drives up from the nearby beach, stopping near the burning house. Gray emerges and opens fire. The subsequent shootings are not shown, only the noise and the look of horror on the face of a nearby witness.
The first police to arrive are Sgt [Stewart Guthrie](/wiki/Stewart_Graeme_Guthrie "Stewart Graeme Guthrie"), Constable Nick Harvey and Detective Paul Knox. They arrive at Gray's and Holden's houses, seeing bodies in and around the utility, including a woman on the ground who is badly wounded and calling for help. The police attempt to surround Gray's house but the gunman surprises Guthrie from behind, shooting him dead. Harvey, armed with a rifle, briefly has Gray in his sights but hesitates, missing his chance.
Knox reaches the utility, discovering the woman is now dead but one of the vehicle's other occupants still alive\- 3\-year\-old Stacey Percy, who has been wounded in the abdomen but is still conscious. Knox and Harvey enter Gray's house but find it empty. They get into a car, Harvey nursing Stacey, trying to keep her conscious and Knox holding the bodies of the other two children from the utility, and drive to where a police cordon is being established, handing Stacey over to paramedics. Harvey is physically ill as he reacts to the fear and trauma.
Eva Dickson stays in her kitchen, keeping in touch with police by phone. Her dog comes back, stained with the blood of her son James (whose death has occurred off\-screen). The police seal off the town, residents spending a fearful night in their homes with the gunman still at large. Gray enters a [crib](/wiki/Bach_%28New_Zealand%29 "Bach (New Zealand)") and, finding it deserted, spends the night there.
The next day, police have arrived en masse and are combing the town, searching for Gray. [Armed Offenders Squad](/wiki/Armed_Offenders_Squad "Armed Offenders Squad") (AOS) officers locate the crib and surround the small house. After a brief exchange of gunfire, the officers throw tear\-gas canisters into the house. Gray abruptly emerges, screaming obscenities and firing wildly from the hip. The waiting officers open fire and hit Gray several times, the gunman collapsing. With difficulty, the AOS men restrain him and then wait nearby as Gray dies of his wounds.
A postscript follows, consisting of a montage of scenes, including the full squad of AOS officers escorting Eva Dickson from her home as a mark of respect for her bravery, Chiquita Holden and Stacey Percy in hospital, both recovering from their wounds, the deliberate torching of Gray's house that occurred several days after the massacre and a list of names of the 13 people who died on 13 November.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"On 13 November 1990, [David Gray](/wiki/David_Gray_%28Aramoana_massacre%29 \"David Gray (Aramoana massacre)\"), an unemployed man in his 30s lives in his parents' small holiday home in Aramoana. He cycles into town where he has an argument with staff at a bank over a minor issue. Unstable and angry, he returns home where he has a cache of fire\\-arms, including a semi\\-automatic rifle. \nLate in the afternoon, he notices children from a neighbouring house have wandered onto his yard and he angrily abuses them, sparking a heated verbal exchange with their father, Garry Holden. Gray goes inside his house and then quickly re\\-emerges armed with the rifle, shooting Holden dead. \nHolden's two young daughters, Chiquita and Jasmine, and his girlfriend Julie\\-Anne's adopted daughter Rewa, witness the murder and flee inside Holden's house, attempting to hide. Gray enters and soon locates them.",
"Chiquita is then seen fleeing, having been wounded, trying to get help for Jasmine and Rewa (whose deaths occur off\\-screen). She reaches Julie\\-Anne and they both get into her van and drive towards the scene, trying to rescue the other girls, only to find Holden's house has been set on fire. Julie\\-Anne is then forced to drive to safety as Gray fires at her vehicle.",
"Nearby residents hear the shooting and see the smoke, not yet comprehending what is happening. Gray enters a nearby house and shoots dead both male occupants. Elderly widow Eva Dickson, who recently has had hip surgery, ventures out with her walking frame to see what is happening and she is joined by a neighbour Chris Cole. Earlier, Dickson's middle\\-aged son James had left the house, looking for his dog. An unseen Gray opens fire, hitting Cole and narrowly missing Dickson. Having collapsed and unable to stand up again, Dickson crawls inside her house to ring the police and then goes back to Cole, lying badly wounded but still conscious, to tell him that help is coming (Cole later succumbs to his injuries). A utility with six people on board, including three children, drives up from the nearby beach, stopping near the burning house. Gray emerges and opens fire. The subsequent shootings are not shown, only the noise and the look of horror on the face of a nearby witness.",
"The first police to arrive are Sgt [Stewart Guthrie](/wiki/Stewart_Graeme_Guthrie \"Stewart Graeme Guthrie\"), Constable Nick Harvey and Detective Paul Knox. They arrive at Gray's and Holden's houses, seeing bodies in and around the utility, including a woman on the ground who is badly wounded and calling for help. The police attempt to surround Gray's house but the gunman surprises Guthrie from behind, shooting him dead. Harvey, armed with a rifle, briefly has Gray in his sights but hesitates, missing his chance.",
"Knox reaches the utility, discovering the woman is now dead but one of the vehicle's other occupants still alive\\- 3\\-year\\-old Stacey Percy, who has been wounded in the abdomen but is still conscious. Knox and Harvey enter Gray's house but find it empty. They get into a car, Harvey nursing Stacey, trying to keep her conscious and Knox holding the bodies of the other two children from the utility, and drive to where a police cordon is being established, handing Stacey over to paramedics. Harvey is physically ill as he reacts to the fear and trauma.",
"Eva Dickson stays in her kitchen, keeping in touch with police by phone. Her dog comes back, stained with the blood of her son James (whose death has occurred off\\-screen). The police seal off the town, residents spending a fearful night in their homes with the gunman still at large. Gray enters a [crib](/wiki/Bach_%28New_Zealand%29 \"Bach (New Zealand)\") and, finding it deserted, spends the night there.",
"The next day, police have arrived en masse and are combing the town, searching for Gray. [Armed Offenders Squad](/wiki/Armed_Offenders_Squad \"Armed Offenders Squad\") (AOS) officers locate the crib and surround the small house. After a brief exchange of gunfire, the officers throw tear\\-gas canisters into the house. Gray abruptly emerges, screaming obscenities and firing wildly from the hip. The waiting officers open fire and hit Gray several times, the gunman collapsing. With difficulty, the AOS men restrain him and then wait nearby as Gray dies of his wounds.",
"A postscript follows, consisting of a montage of scenes, including the full squad of AOS officers escorting Eva Dickson from her home as a mark of respect for her bravery, Chiquita Holden and Stacey Percy in hospital, both recovering from their wounds, the deliberate torching of Gray's house that occurred several days after the massacre and a list of names of the 13 people who died on 13 November.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1880\= 380
\|1890\= 342
\|1900\= 512
\|1910\= 497
\|1920\= 453
\|1930\= 424
\|1940\= 502
\|1950\= 570
\|1960\= 563
\|1970\= 506
\|1980\= 577
\|1990\= 641
\|2000\= 929
\|2010\= 888
\|estyear\=2019
\|estimate\=835
\|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019\.html\|date\=May 24, 2020\|title\=Population and Housing Unit Estimates\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=May 27, 2020}}
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=November 18, 2012}} of 2010, there were 888 people, 370 households, and 244 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|800\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 417 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|375\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 96\.8% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.9% of the population.
There were 370 households, of which 33\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 15\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 7\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34\.1% were non\-families. 28\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.40 and the average family size was 2\.87\.
The median age in the village was 37 years. 26\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25\.3% were from 25 to 44; 25\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 13\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 52\.4% male and 47\.6% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 929 people, 393 households, and 240 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was 790\.2 people per square mile (304\.0/km2). There were 425 housing units at an average density of 361\.5 per square mile (139\.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98\.17% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.22% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.11% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.11% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.54% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.86% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 1\.51% of the population.
There were 393 households, out of which 33\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 12\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38\.7% were non\-families. 30\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.36 and the average family size was 2\.95\.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 27\.7% under the age of 18, 8\.4% from 18 to 24, 33\.0% from 25 to 44, 20\.2% from 45 to 64, and 10\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 93\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87\.2 males.
The median income for a [household](/wiki/Household "Household") in the village was $33,060, and the median income for a family was $37,750\. Males had a median income of $29,844 versus $21,023 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the village was $15,985\. About 4\.1% of families and 5\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 4\.1% of those under age 18 and 7\.5% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1880\\= 380\n\\|1890\\= 342\n\\|1900\\= 512\n\\|1910\\= 497\n\\|1920\\= 453\n\\|1930\\= 424\n\\|1940\\= 502\n\\|1950\\= 570\n\\|1960\\= 563\n\\|1970\\= 506\n\\|1980\\= 577\n\\|1990\\= 641\n\\|2000\\= 929\n\\|2010\\= 888\n\\|estyear\\=2019\n\\|estimate\\=835\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019\\.html\\|date\\=May 24, 2020\\|title\\=Population and Housing Unit Estimates\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=May 27, 2020}}\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=November 18, 2012}} of 2010, there were 888 people, 370 households, and 244 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|800\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 417 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|375\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 96\\.8% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.9% of the population.",
"There were 370 households, of which 33\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42\\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 15\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 7\\.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34\\.1% were non\\-families. 28\\.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.40 and the average family size was 2\\.87\\.",
"The median age in the village was 37 years. 26\\.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9\\.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25\\.3% were from 25 to 44; 25\\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 13\\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 52\\.4% male and 47\\.6% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 929 people, 393 households, and 240 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 790\\.2 people per square mile (304\\.0/km2). There were 425 housing units at an average density of 361\\.5 per square mile (139\\.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98\\.17% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.22% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.11% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.11% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.54% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.86% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.51% of the population.",
"There were 393 households, out of which 33\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38\\.7% were non\\-families. 30\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.36 and the average family size was 2\\.95\\.",
"In the village, the population was spread out, with 27\\.7% under the age of 18, 8\\.4% from 18 to 24, 33\\.0% from 25 to 44, 20\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 10\\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 93\\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87\\.2 males.",
"The median income for a [household](/wiki/Household \"Household\") in the village was $33,060, and the median income for a family was $37,750\\. Males had a median income of $29,844 versus $21,023 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $15,985\\. About 4\\.1% of families and 5\\.4% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 4\\.1% of those under age 18 and 7\\.5% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
History
-------
### 1975: The inaugural year
[thumb\|right\|First logo for Good Morning America, used from 1975 to 1987](/wiki/File:Original_Good_Morning_America_logo.png "Original Good Morning America logo.png")
[thumb\|right\|logo used from 2021 to 2022](/wiki/File:Good_Morning_America_2021_logo.svg "Good Morning America 2021 logo.svg")
On January 6, 1975, ABC launched *[AM America](/wiki/AM_America "AM America")* in an attempt to compete with NBC's *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28American_TV_program%29 "Today (American TV program)")*. The program was hosted by [Bill Beutel](/wiki/Bill_Beutel "Bill Beutel") and [Stephanie Edwards](/wiki/Stephanie_Edwards_%28TV_personality%29 "Stephanie Edwards (TV personality)"),{{Cite news \|last\=Robertson \|first\=Campbell \|date\=March 20, 2006 \|title\=Bill Beutel, 75, Dies; Longtime Anchor of 'Eyewitness News' in New York \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/media/bill\-beutel\-75\-dies\-longtime\-anchor\-of\-eyewitness\-news\-in.html \|access\-date\=March 18, 2024 \|work\=The New York Times \|language\= \|issn\=}} with [Peter Jennings](/wiki/Peter_Jennings "Peter Jennings") reading the news (Jennings had been a replacement for Bob Kennedy, who had been scheduled to be the program's newsreader, but died two months before the premiere from [bone cancer](/wiki/Bone_tumor "Bone tumor")).{{Cite web \|last\=Witt \|first\=Linda \|date\=May 26, 1975 \|title\=Her Husband's Big Break—Then He Died and Bev Kennedy Carries On \|url\=https://people.com/archive/her\-husbands\-big\-break\-then\-he\-died\-and\-bev\-kennedy\-carries\-on\-vol\-3\-no\-20/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029135521/https://people.com/archive/her\-husbands\-big\-break\-then\-he\-died\-and\-bev\-kennedy\-carries\-on\-vol\-3\-no\-20/ \|archive\-date\=October 29, 2023 \|access\-date\=August 14, 2018 \|website\=People (magazine) \|language\=}} Because the show could not find an audience against *Today* (and its anchor team of [Jim Hartz](/wiki/Jim_Hartz "Jim Hartz") and [Barbara Walters](/wiki/Barbara_Walters "Barbara Walters")), ABC sought a new approach. The network found that one of its affiliates, [WEWS](/wiki/WEWS-TV "WEWS-TV") in [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland%2C_Ohio "Cleveland, Ohio"), [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"), had been pre\-empting *AM America* in favor of airing a locally produced show called *[The Morning Exchange](/wiki/The_Morning_Exchange "The Morning Exchange")*.
Unlike *AM America* and *Today*, *The Morning Exchange* featured an easygoing and less dramatic approach by offering news and weather updates only at the [top and bottom of every hour](/wiki/wikt:Top_of_the_hour "Top of the hour") and using the rest of the time to discuss general interest/entertainment topics. *The Morning Exchange* also established a group of regular guests who were experts in certain fields, including health, entertainment, consumer affairs, and travel. Also unlike both the NBC and ABC shows, *The Morning Exchange* was not broadcast from a newsroom set but instead one that resembled a [suburban](/wiki/Suburb "Suburb") [living room](/wiki/Living_room "Living room").
In the process of screening the Cleveland morning program as a creative source, ABC also began looking at another local show, *[Good Morning!](/wiki/Good_Day%21_%28TV_program%29 "Good Day! (TV program)")*, which was produced by [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston") ABC affiliate [WCVB\-TV](/wiki/WCVB-TV "WCVB-TV"). *Good Morning!* was very similar in format to *The Morning Exchange*, but with a lesser emphasis on news and weather. In fact, once the revamped ABC morning show took to the air late in 1975 under the title *Good Morning America*, WCVB station manager Bob Bennett accused ABC entertainment president [Fred Silverman](/wiki/Fred_Silverman "Fred Silverman") of deliberately stealing the title of *Good Morning!*; no legal [cease and desist](/wiki/Cease_and_desist "Cease and desist") action was finalized against ABC in the matter, however. The launch of *Good Morning America* did result in the Boston morning show changing its name—to *Good Day!*. Currently, WCVB's morning news program is titled *EyeOpener*.
ABC took an episode of *The Morning Exchange* and used it as a [television pilot](/wiki/Television_pilot "Television pilot"). The format replaced *AM America* on Monday, {{nowrap\|November 3,}} as *Good Morning America*. The first cohosts were actor [David Hartman](/wiki/David_Hartman_%28TV_personality%29 "David Hartman (TV personality)"){{Cite news \|date\=October 18, 1975 \|title\=ABC to replace 'AM America' with new show \|page\=6, ''Entertainment Week'' \|work\=The Bulletin \|agency\=Associated Press \|location\=(Bend, Oregon) \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=OW5YAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5830%2C2656289}} and actress [Nancy Dussault](/wiki/Nancy_Dussault "Nancy Dussault").{{Cite news \|last\=O'Connor \|first\=John J. \|date\=November 4, 1975 \|title\=New 'news' show a silly total loss \|page\=7C \|work\=Eugene Register\-Guard \|agency\=(New York Times) \|location\=(Oregon) \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=\_nkzAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4241%2C1086083}} Dussault was replaced in April 1977 by {{nowrap\|\[\[Sandy Hill (television personality)\|Sandy Hill]],}} previously at [KABC\-TV](/wiki/KABC-TV "KABC-TV") {{nowrap\|in \[\[Los Angeles]].{{Cite news \|last\=Sharbutt \|first\=Jay \|date\=April 8, 1977 \|title\=ABC's choice of Sandy Hill for morning show aimed at news \|page\=8A \|work\=The Evening News \|agency\=Associated Press \|location\=(Newburgh, New York) \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=8R1gAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4137%2C1501739}}}} The show's title is the same as the beginning of the chorus of [Steve Goodman](/wiki/Steve_Goodman "Steve Goodman")'s song *City of New Orleans*.
For the first seven years, weather forecasts were presented by [John Coleman](/wiki/John_Coleman_%28meteorologist%29 "John Coleman (meteorologist)"), former chief meteorologist for ABC [owned\-and\-operated station](/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station "Owned-and-operated station") [WLS\-TV](/wiki/WLS-TV "WLS-TV") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), who left *GMA* in 1982 to start [The Weather Channel](/wiki/The_Weather_Channel "The Weather Channel") with [Landmark Communications](/wiki/Landmark_Media_Enterprises "Landmark Media Enterprises") CEO [Frank Batten](/wiki/Frank_Batten "Frank Batten"). Dave Murray (later chief meteorologist at [KTVI](/wiki/KTVI "KTVI") in [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis")) provided the forecasts for both *Good Morning America* and ABC's early morning news program *[ABC News This Morning](/wiki/America_This_Morning "America This Morning")* from 1983 to 1986\. In August 1986, he was replaced by [Spencer Christian](/wiki/Spencer_Christian "Spencer Christian"), who worked at [WABC\-TV](/wiki/WABC-TV "WABC-TV") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and served as fill\-in meteorologist for both Coleman and Murray whenever they were away on vacation or assignment.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2014}}
### 1976–1989: Growth and change
The program's [Nielsen ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings "Nielsen ratings") climbed slowly, but steadily throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s while *Today* experienced a slight slump in viewership, especially with Walters' decision to leave NBC for a job at [ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 "ABC News (United States)"). On August 30, 1976, [Tom Brokaw](/wiki/Tom_Brokaw "Tom Brokaw") began anchoring *Today* while the program began a search for a female co\-host. Within a year, *Today* managed to beat back the *Good Morning America* ratings threat with Brokaw and new co\-host [Jane Pauley](/wiki/Jane_Pauley "Jane Pauley"), featuring art and entertainment contributor [Gene Shalit](/wiki/Gene_Shalit "Gene Shalit"). *Good Morning America* continued to threaten *Today*{{'}}s ratings dominance into the 1980s, especially after Brokaw left the latter program to become co\-anchor of *[NBC Nightly News](/wiki/NBC_Nightly_News "NBC Nightly News")* with [Roger Mudd](/wiki/Roger_Mudd "Roger Mudd") for 17 months before being named sole anchor of that program. For the first time, *Good Morning America* became the highest\-rated morning news program in the United States as *Today* fell to second place.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2014}}
At the outset, *Good Morning America* was a talk program with a main host, Hartman, who was joined by a sidekick co\-host; Dussault and Hill were scripted as less\-than\-equal hosts. In 1980, an exasperated Hill left *Good Morning America* after run\-ins with Hartman, who was said to have "had a problem with strong women."{{Cite web \|title\=David Hartman's Silent Partner No More, Joan Lunden Wins New Status on Good Morning America : People.com \|url\=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20094320,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019025719/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20094320,00\.html \|archive\-date\=October 19, 2015 \|access\-date\=October 7, 2015 \|website\=www.people.com}} She was replaced by [Joan Lunden](/wiki/Joan_Lunden "Joan Lunden"), then a reporter at ABC's New York City [flagship](/wiki/Flagship_%28broadcasting%29 "Flagship (broadcasting)") [WABC\-TV](/wiki/WABC-TV "WABC-TV"). Hartman and Lunden led the show through several years of success. Lunden's popularity led to her promotion to co\-anchor in 1986, and to more equal footing with Hartman than any woman before her. The partnership ended on February 20, 1987, when Hartman retired after 3,189 broadcasts.
After Hartman's departure, Lunden was paired with ABC News correspondent [Charles Gibson](/wiki/Charles_Gibson "Charles Gibson") on February 23, 1987, which ultimately resulted in ratings for the program skyrocketing. The team of Lunden and Gibson became the most popular news partnership on television in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and for the first time *Good Morning America* regularly won the ratings against *Today*. At one point prior to Spencer Christian's arrival in 1986, forecasts on the program were provided by [WXYZ\-TV](/wiki/WXYZ-TV "WXYZ-TV") chief meteorologist [Jerry Hodak](/wiki/Jerry_Hodak "Jerry Hodak") via a split screen between the WXYZ studios in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit") and the *Good Morning America* set in New York City.
### 1990–1998: Rise and decline
*Good Morning America* entered the 1990s with continued overwhelming ratings success. Gibson and Lunden became a hard team to beat; however, the program stumbled from its top spot in late 1995, falling to second place behind *Today* (in what would begin a 16\-year streak as the top\-rated morning news program for that show, which began the week of December 11, 1995{{Cite news \|last\=David Bauder \|date\=December 19, 2010 \|title\=NBC's 'Today' show streak hits 15 years \|work\=\[\[San Jose Mercury News]] \|url\=http://www.mercurynews.com/tv/ci\_16849638?source\=rss\&nclick\_check\=1 \|access\-date\=February 18, 2011}}). Lunden began to discuss working less and mentioned to network executives that the morning schedule is the hardest in the business. ABC executives promised Lunden that a [prime time](/wiki/Prime_time "Prime time") program; *[Behind Closed Doors](/wiki/Behind_Closed_Doors_%281996_TV_series%29 "Behind Closed Doors (1996 TV series)")* would premiere on the network in 1996\.
On September 5, 1997, Lunden decided to step down as host of *Good Morning America* after 17 years and was replaced by ABC News correspondent [Lisa McRee](/wiki/Lisa_McRee "Lisa McRee"). The pairing of Gibson and McRee fared well in the ratings. However, ratings sharply declined when Gibson also left the show to make way for [Kevin Newman](/wiki/Kevin_Newman_%28journalist%29 "Kevin Newman (journalist)") on May 1, 1998\. With McRee and Newman as anchors, longtime viewers of *Good Morning America* switched to *Today*, whose ratings skyrocketed.
### January 1999 – May 2005: Gibson–Sawyer
[thumb\|175px\|right\|Logo used from 2002 to 2006](/wiki/File:Good_Morning_America_logo_2002.jpg "Good Morning America logo 2002.jpg")
[thumb\|175px\|right\|[Diane Sawyer](/wiki/Diane_Sawyer "Diane Sawyer") on set in 2004](/wiki/File:ABC_-_Good_Morning_America_-_Diane_Sawyer.jpg "ABC - Good Morning America - Diane Sawyer.jpg")
To improve *Good Morning America*{{'}}s ratings performance, which briefly fell to third place among the morning shows in January 1999, ABC News management selected [Shelley Ross](/wiki/Shelley_Ross "Shelley Ross") from the field of [executive producer](/wiki/Executive_producer "Executive producer") candidates. As part of Rossʼs proposed changes, Ross ousted the McRee\-Newman team and lobbied to bring in [Diane Sawyer](/wiki/Diane_Sawyer "Diane Sawyer") and team her with Charles Gibson, who had been reluctant to return. On January 18, 1999, the Gibson\-Sawyer team paired by Ross debuted on\-air, which during the first full season resulted in a dramatic increase in viewership while all other network news franchises saw losses.
[thumb\|right\|175px\|Outside of Times Square Studios in 2004](/wiki/File:ABC_-_Good_Morning_America.jpg "ABC - Good Morning America.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|175px\|[Charlie Gibson](/wiki/Charlie_Gibson "Charlie Gibson") interviewing First Lady [Laura Bush](/wiki/Laura_Bush "Laura Bush") in 2004](/wiki/File:First_Lady_Laura_Bush_speaks_with_Charlie_Gibson_during_a_Good_Morning_America_live_interview_at_the_ABC_Studios_in_New_York_City.jpg "First Lady Laura Bush speaks with Charlie Gibson during a Good Morning America live interview at the ABC Studios in New York City.jpg")
The show moved from the ABC News headquarters in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan")'s [Lincoln Square](/wiki/Lincoln_Square%2C_Manhattan "Lincoln Square, Manhattan") district to its present home at the Times Square Studios on September 13, 1999\. The new location made it possible for the program to feature a live audience inside the studio, similar to the "Window on the World" set used by *Today*.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2014}} Under Ross, *Good Morning America* became a competitive 24/7 news operation with more exclusive bookings, news and live [stock market](/wiki/Stock_market "Stock market") updates for West Coast viewers and new on\-screen graphics that included a [news ticker](/wiki/News_ticker "News ticker"). *Good Morning America* began originating entire shows from unique locations, which, according to [Nielsen Media Research](/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research "Nielsen Media Research"), resulted in more people watching the program and for longer periods of time. *GMA* became the first to originate a live show from an [aircraft carrier](/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier") during wartime (the [USS Enterprise](/wiki/USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29 "USS Enterprise (CVN-65)")), from the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") (after the [Columbine High School massacre](/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre "Columbine High School massacre")), from [The Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") (for the reopening of the wing damaged during the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") in 2001\), from [The Vatican](/wiki/Vatican_City "Vatican City") (for the 25th anniversary of [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II "Pope John Paul II")'s election as Pope), and from the [Tower of London](/wiki/Tower_of_London "Tower of London") (on the 50th anniversary of [Elizabeth II](/wiki/Elizabeth_II "Elizabeth II")ʼs accession to the throne). Viewership during this time increased by nearly one million households, and revenue soared.
Although *Today* remained the top\-rated morning news show, the Sawyer, Gibson and Ross team inched close, creating a viable rival. According to Linda McLoof, executive director of news research at ABC News from 2001 to 2009, "When Shelley left, her viewing momentum was initially sustained, but a season later, the audience began to decline. It is like passing the baton in a relay race." [Antonio Mora](/wiki/Antonio_Mora "Antonio Mora") served as newsreader for the program until March 18, 2002, when he left to become an anchor at [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") owned\-and\-operated station [WBBM\-TV](/wiki/WBBM-TV "WBBM-TV") in Chicago. He was replaced by former [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") anchor and correspondent [Robin Roberts](/wiki/Robin_Roberts_%28newscaster%29 "Robin Roberts (newscaster)").
### May 2005 – June 2006: Gibson–Sawyer–Roberts
On May 23, 2005, ABC News announced that Robin Roberts would be promoted from newsreader to co\-anchor of *Good Morning America*, joining Gibson and Sawyer. Roberts had previously served as a regular substitute for Gibson and Sawyer when either of them were on vacation or assignment. On November 3, 2005, *Good Morning America* celebrated its 30th anniversary with retrospectives on and clips from the show's history and by decorating [Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square "Times Square"). Former co\-hosts Hartman and Lunden, along with former meteorologist [Spencer Christian](/wiki/Spencer_Christian "Spencer Christian"), were among the guests of honor. Hartman signed off the show that day with his trademark close: "From all of us, make it a good day." That same day, *Good Morning America* became the first network morning news program to begin broadcasting in [high\-definition television](/wiki/High-definition_television "High-definition television").{{citation needed\|date\=July 2014}}
On December 2, 2005, weather anchor [Tony Perkins](/wiki/Tony_Perkins_%28news_anchor%29 "Tony Perkins (news anchor)") left the program after six years. The last ten minutes of that day's edition were dedicated to Perkins, during which he gave thanks to one of the show's producers and a heartfelt goodbye to anchors Gibson, Roberts and Sawyer. Perkins left the program to return to his family in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), and join [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") [owned\-and\-operated station](/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station "Owned-and-operated station") [WTTG](/wiki/WTTG "WTTG"), where he previously served as a weather anchor. He affectionately said to his young son on\-air, "Connor, if you're watching, daddy's comin' home." Perkins was replaced by [Mike Barz](/wiki/Mike_Barz "Mike Barz"), former [WGN Morning News](/wiki/WGN_Morning_News "WGN Morning News") sports anchor at [WGN\-TV](/wiki/WGN-TV "WGN-TV") in Chicago.
Gibson left *Good Morning America* for the second time on June 28, 2006\. That day's edition was dedicated to his 19 years as anchor of the program and celebrated his new role as anchor of *[ABC World News Tonight](/wiki/ABC_World_News_Tonight "ABC World News Tonight")*. Gibson ended his tenure at *GMA* by stating, "For nineteen years, my mornings have been not just good—they've been great."{{Cite news \|last\=Charles Gibson \|author\-link\=Charles Gibson \|date\=June 28, 2006 \|title\=Charlie's Goodbye – An Emotional Tribute to Friends and Co\-Workers \|work\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]] \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id\=2128555\&page\=1 \|access\-date\=December 14, 2009}}
### June 2006 – December 2009: Sawyer–Roberts
There had been speculation that Sawyer would leave *Good Morning America* when her contract expired in 2007 to assume the anchor position at *ABC World News* that was given to Gibson. In August 2006, [Chris Cuomo](/wiki/Chris_Cuomo "Chris Cuomo") was named news anchor while continuing his anchoring duties on the [newsmagazine](/wiki/News_magazine "News magazine") *[Primetime](/wiki/Primetime_%28American_TV_program%29 "Primetime (American TV program)")* and serving as ABC News's senior legal correspondent. Meanwhile, [Sam Champion](/wiki/Sam_Champion "Sam Champion"), longtime evening meteorologist at [WABC\-TV](/wiki/WABC-TV "WABC-TV"), was named as the new weather anchor for the program and as weather editor for ABC News. Both Cuomo and Champion began their respective duties on the program on September 5, 2006, when *Good Morning America* instituted a new graphics package and new news area for Cuomo to report headlines. The following week, on September 13, 2006, the program introduced a new [logo](/wiki/Logo "Logo")—this time with gold Avant Garde font on a blue background, which bears a resemblance to the original *Good Morning America* logo that was used up to early 1987\.
On June 29, 2007, the program's longtime film critic [Joel Siegel](/wiki/Joel_Siegel "Joel Siegel") died of complications from [colorectal cancer](/wiki/Colorectal_cancer "Colorectal cancer") at age 63\. The July 9 edition of *GMA* was dedicated to Siegel, with former hosts Hartman, Hill, Lunden, Newman, Christian, Perkins and Gibson all appearing to share their memories. One month later, on July 31, 2007, Robin Roberts announced that she had been diagnosed with [breast cancer](/wiki/Breast_cancer "Breast cancer") after discovering a lump in her breast during a self\-examination while preparing the Siegel tribute episode. Roberts remained as anchor while undergoing [chemotherapy](/wiki/Chemotherapy "Chemotherapy") and completed radiation treatments on March 28, 2008\.
On October 22, 2007, *Good Morning America* introduced a new on\-air graphics package. Using much of the design features of its former graphics, it went from a basic blue background to a more orangish\-gold setting. The program's opening changed from the camera's zooming in on the hosts while introducing the host to an opening with new music (by the New York City\-based music production company DreamArtists Studios) and a background with the *Good Morning America* logo descending onto the frame. It also changed its news ticker and time\-and\-temperature bug for the first time in years. The ticker featured an orange background with a modified ABC News logo as a breakpoint for each headline. The bug still featured the time and current local temperature to the left, but with an orange backdrop with an alternate "GMA" logo and the ABCNews.com logo to the right.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2014}}
On January 15, 2008, during an interview with Diane Sawyer on the program, actress [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton "Diane Keaton") commented on Sawyer's physical attractiveness, stating that if she had lips like Sawyer's, "then I wouldn't have worked on my *\[expletive]* personality!" Keaton quickly apologized for the remark and Sawyer jokingly threatened to have her mother "work on your personality with soap in your mouth." Officials with the [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission") declined to take action for the fleeting expletive.{{Cite news \|last\=Brooks Boliek \|date\=January 16, 2008 \|title\=Diane Keaton Swears on TV, FCC Stammers \|work\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|agency\=\[\[Reuters]] \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSN1656552120080116 \|access\-date\=December 14, 2009}} Following the death of [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson "Michael Jackson"), Charles Gibson returned to the *Good Morning America* anchor desk with Roberts on June 26, 2009, while Sawyer was away.
In September 2008, *Good Morning America*{{'}}s anchors rode an [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak "Amtrak") [train](/wiki/Train "Train") to tour the United States as part of ABC News{{'}}s "50 States in 50 Days" event, for which the program was broadcast from different locations around the U.S. each day throughout that month. The tour's first telecast stop was in [Stockbridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Stockbridge%2C_Massachusetts "Stockbridge, Massachusetts").
### December 2009 – April 2014: Roberts–Stephanopoulos
[thumb\|right\|[Robin Roberts](/wiki/Robin_Roberts_%28newscaster%29 "Robin Roberts (newscaster)") interviewing President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") in the Cabinet Room of the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House"), 2012](/wiki/File:Robin_Roberts_interviewing_Barack_Obama.jpg "Robin Roberts interviewing Barack Obama.jpg")
On September 2, 2009, ABC announced that Sawyer would replace Gibson as anchor of *ABC World News* at the end of that year.{{Cite news \|date\=September 2, 2009 \|title\=ABC News: Gibson Retiring, Sawyer Will Be Anchor \|work\=\[\[Yahoo! News]] \|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090902/ap\_on\_en\_tv/us\_abc\_gibson \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909004326/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090902/ap\_on\_en\_tv/us\_abc\_gibson \|archive\-date\=September 9, 2009}} Speculation had abounded that either [George Stephanopoulos](/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos "George Stephanopoulos"), news anchor Chris Cuomo, weekend anchor [Bill Weir](/wiki/Bill_Weir "Bill Weir"), or *World News* Saturday anchor [David Muir](/wiki/David_Muir "David Muir") would replace Sawyer on the program. Representatives for ABC News stated that it wanted to return the show to the original male\-female anchor format. On December 10, 2009, Stephanopoulos was announced as Sawyer's replacement, with [Juju Chang](/wiki/Juju_Chang "Juju Chang") replacing Cuomo as newsreader; the changes took effect four days later on December 14\.[Staff writer](/wiki/Staff_writer "Staff writer") (December 10, 2009\).
In April 2010, the anchor desk in the studio was relocated back in front of the window overlooking Times Square, where it had been when *Good Morning America* moved to the Times Square Studios facility in 1999; the news desk was also moved in front of a window. On May 3, 2010, the program debuted new "light blue and sunny" graphics, and new theme music by DreamArtists Studios. An entirely new set for the program was introduced on January 31, 2011; the monitor used for national weather segments (used mainly during the 7:00 a.m. hour only) was moved closer to the anchor desk while the news desk remained in the same place. This was the first major set change since the show upgraded to high definition in November 2005\.{{Cite news \|title\=ABC Appoints Chris Cuomo To Be ''GMA'' Host \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iFPa2l\_TasErMgcNhMfDS7aK7sBwD9CGMBQ00 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214093820/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iFPa2l\_TasErMgcNhMfDS7aK7sBwD9CGMBQ00 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=December 14, 2009 \|access\-date\=December 14, 2009}}
On February 25, 2011 [James Goldston](/wiki/James_Goldston "James Goldston") moved from *Nightline* to become Senior Executive Producer of *GMA*. On March 17, 2011, ABC News President [Ben Sherwood](/wiki/Ben_Sherwood "Ben Sherwood") announced that former *GMA* national correspondent [Lara Spencer](/wiki/Lara_Spencer "Lara Spencer") would be rejoining the program in May in a newly created lifestyle anchor position.{{Cite web \|date\=March 17, 2011 \|title\=ABC News President Ben Sherwood announces the addition of Lara Spencer to Good Morning America as "Lifestyle Anchor" \|url\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/lara\-spencer\-returning\-to\-good\-morning\-america\_b57854 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823055645/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/lara\-spencer\-returning\-to\-good\-morning\-america\_b57854 \|archive\-date\=August 23, 2011 \|access\-date\=June 27, 2011 \|website\=TVNewser \|publisher\=Mediabistro.com}} On March 29, 2011, ESPN anchor [Josh Elliott](/wiki/Josh_Elliott "Josh Elliott") was named news anchor of the program following the departure of [Juju Chang](/wiki/Juju_Chang "Juju Chang").{{Cite magazine \|title\=Juju Chang Out, Josh Elliott In at Good Morning America \|url\=https://www.tvguide.com/News/Chang\-Elliott\-GMA\-1031223\.aspx?rss\=breakingnews \|magazine\=\[\[TV Guide]] \|access\-date\=March 29, 2011}}
In the summer of 2011, *Good Morning America* decided to vacate the second floor of the Times Square studios, which overlooked Times Square, due to cost issues. On September 6, 2011, the program began broadcasting from an entirely new studio set located on the first floor (ground level) of the Times Square studios. The main "window" behind the presenters in the new set, which also shows a view overlooking Times Square from an above\-ground level, is actually a back\-projection, although there are several real windows used in other parts of the set.{{Cite web \|last\=Chris Ariens \|date\=August 24, 2011 \|title\=New Director, Upgrades to Times Square Studio for 'Good Morning America' \|url\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/new\-director\-upgrades\-to\-times\-square\-studio\-for\-good\-morning\-america\_b81905 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012165700/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/new\-director\-upgrades\-to\-times\-square\-studio\-for\-good\-morning\-america\_b81905 \|archive\-date\=October 12, 2012 \|access\-date\=September 15, 2012 \|website\=TVNewser \|publisher\=Mediabistro.com}}{{Cite web \|date\=September 6, 2011 \|title\=Musical chairs at 'Good Morning America' \|url\=http://www.newscaststudio.com/blog/2011/09/06/musical\-chairs\-at\-good\-morning\-america/ \|access\-date\=September 15, 2012 \|publisher\=NewscastStudio}}
Amid declining ratings at *Today* in the aftermath of reports of [Matt Lauer](/wiki/Matt_Lauer "Matt Lauer")'s alleged role in [Ann Curry](/wiki/Ann_Curry "Ann Curry")'s departure as co\-host (though ratings had been in a steady decline for that program during Curry's co\-hosting tenure), viewership for *Good Morning America* increased starting in 2012\. The program beat *Today* for the first time in 16 years during the week of April 9, 2012, ending that program's streak of 852 consecutive weeks as the most\-watched network morning news program, by a margin of 31,000 more viewers than the NBC program.{{Cite web \|title\='GMA' Weeklong Win Over 'Today' Confirmed; First Win in 16 Years \|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/emailstory/sns\-rt\-gma\-good\-morning\-americamt1thewrap37130\-20120419,0,3523646\.story \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420063850/http://www.chicagotribune.com/emailstory/sns\-rt\-gma\-good\-morning\-americamt1thewrap37130\-20120419,0,3523646\.story \|archive\-date\=April 20, 2012 \|access\-date\=April 19, 2012 \|website\=\[\[The Wrap]] \|publisher\=Chicago Tribune }} *Good Morning America* beat *Today* once again during the week of April 16, 2012, by a much larger margin of 166,000 viewers.{{Cite web \|date\=April 30, 2012 \|title\='GMA' is \#1 for Week of April 23rd by 166,000 Total Viewers–Takes 2 of Last 3 Weeks \|url\=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/04/30/gma\-is\-1\-for\-week\-of\-april\-23rd\-by\-166000\-total\-viewers\-takes\-2\-of\-last\-3\-weeks/131506 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507131532/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/04/30/gma\-is\-1\-for\-week\-of\-april\-23rd\-by\-166000\-total\-viewers\-takes\-2\-of\-last\-3\-weeks/131506/ \|archive\-date\=May 7, 2012 \|access\-date\=September 15, 2012 \|website\=\[\[TV by the Numbers]] \|publisher\=\[\[Zap2It]]/\[\[Tribune Media]]}}
During the week of April 1, 2012, ABC News special correspondent [Katie Couric](/wiki/Katie_Couric "Katie Couric"), who had recently joined the network as part of a deal to host a [syndicated talk show](/wiki/Katie_%28talk_show%29 "Katie (talk show)") distributed by corporate sister [Disney–ABC Domestic Television](/wiki/Disney%E2%80%93ABC_Domestic_Television "Disney–ABC Domestic Television"), filled for Robin Roberts on *Good Morning America*.{{Cite news \|date\=April 2, 2012 \|title\=Katie Couric Makes 'Good Morning America' Guest\-Hosting Debut, Visits 'Dancing With the Stars' Set (Video) \|work\=\[\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/katie\-couric\-good\-morning\-america\-abc\-dancing\-with\-the\-stars\-306824}} Couric had hosted the rival NBC morning program *Today* from 1991 to 2006; her *Good Morning America* stint marked her return to morning news after six years.
On August 30, 2012, Roberts went on medical leave after undergoing a [bone marrow](/wiki/Bone_marrow "Bone marrow") transplant (donated by her sister and fellow news anchor SallyAnn Roberts) following her diagnosis with [myelodysplastic syndrome](/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome "Myelodysplastic syndrome").{{Cite news \|date\=July 27, 2012 \|title\='Good Morning America's' Robin Roberts to take medical leave for bone marrow transplant \|work\=\[\[Fox News Channel\|Fox News]] \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2012/07/27/good\-morning\-america\-robin\-roberts\-to\-take\-medical\-leave\-for\-bone\-marrow/}} *GMA* correspondent [Amy Robach](/wiki/Amy_Robach "Amy Robach") and *[20/20](/wiki/20/20_%28American_TV_program%29 "20/20 (American TV program)")* anchor [Elizabeth Vargas](/wiki/Elizabeth_Vargas "Elizabeth Vargas") served as the primary substitutes, typically alternating every other week. Others, including some celebrities, also served as special guest anchors during this time such as [Kelly Ripa](/wiki/Kelly_Ripa "Kelly Ripa"), [Jessica Simpson](/wiki/Jessica_Simpson "Jessica Simpson"), [Barbara Walters](/wiki/Barbara_Walters "Barbara Walters") and [Elisabeth Hasselbeck](/wiki/Elisabeth_Hasselbeck "Elisabeth Hasselbeck"). On January 14, 2013, Roberts announced that she hoped to return to the program sometime that February; Roberts performed dry run rehearsals during the week of January 21 in preparation for her return; she and her doctors evaluated her body's reaction to the makeup, the lighting, her hair, and the number of people she comes in contact with to avoid compromising her then\-gradually\-improving health. Roberts returned to *Good Morning America* part\-time on February 20, 2013;{{Cite news \|date\=February 20, 2013 \|title\=With Roberts Back, 'Good Morning America' Looks to Widen Ratings Gap Over 'Today' \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|url\=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/20/with\-roberts\-back\-good\-morning\-america\-looks\-to\-widen\-ratings\-gap\-over\-today/}} she announced in August 2013 that she would return to full\-time hosting duties on September 3 of that year.{{Cite news \|date\=August 29, 2013 \|title\=Robin Roberts Plans to Return Full Time to 'Good Morning America' \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/30/business/media/robin\-roberts\-plans\-to\-return\-full\-time\-to\-good\-morning\-america.html}}
In 2013, *GMA* won its first [Nielsen ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings "Nielsen ratings") in 18 years.{{Cite magazine \|title\=Morning Show Ratings: Week of May 20 and May Sweeps \|url\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/morning\-show\-ratings\-week\-of\-may\-20\-and\-may\-sweeps\_b181684 \|url\-status\=dead \|magazine\=\[\[AdWeek\|TVNewser]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531212801/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/morning\-show\-ratings\-week\-of\-may\-20\-and\-may\-sweeps\_b181684 \|archive\-date\=May 31, 2013 \|access\-date\=May 31, 2013}} On December 4, 2013, weather anchor [Sam Champion](/wiki/Sam_Champion "Sam Champion") departed *Good Morning America* and ABC News after seven years on the program to join [The Weather Channel](/wiki/The_Weather_Channel "The Weather Channel"), where he became primary anchor of the competing morning program *[America's Morning Headquarters](/wiki/America%27s_Morning_Headquarters "America's Morning Headquarters")* (which debuted in March 2014\). He was succeeded the following day by [Ginger Zee](/wiki/Ginger_Zee "Ginger Zee"), who had been serving as meteorologist for the weekend editions of *GMA* and was also appointed to Champion's former position as weather editor for ABC News.{{Cite news \|date\=December 2, 2013 \|title\=Sam Champion exits ABC for Weather Channel \|work\=\[\[CNNMoney.com]] \|url\=https://money.cnn.com/2013/12/02/news/companies/sam\-champion\-leaving\-abc}}{{Cite news \|date\=January 31, 2014 \|title\=Sam Champion Reveals Name of New Weather Channel Show \|work\=The Hollywood Reporter \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/sam\-champions\-weather\-channel\-show\-676060}}{{Cite news \|date\=December 2, 2013 \|title\=Sam Champion Leaving ABC for The Weather Channel \|work\=TVNewser \|url\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/sam\-champion\-leaving\-abc\-for\-the\-weather\-channel\_b204906 \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=April 4, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415221234/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/sam\-champion\-leaving\-abc\-for\-the\-weather\-channel\_b204906 \|archive\-date\=April 15, 2014}}
On March 30, 2014, news anchor Josh Elliott left ABC News after three years as news anchor of *GMA* to become a correspondent for [NBC Sports](/wiki/NBC_Sports "NBC Sports"), amid reports that contract negotiations to increase his annual salary (from $1\.2 million to $8 million) broke down; Elliott was replaced as news anchor by [Amy Robach](/wiki/Amy_Robach "Amy Robach") later that week.{{Cite news \|date\=March 30, 2014 \|title\=ABC's Josh Elliott leaving 'Good Morning America' for NBC Sports \|work\=CNNMoney.com \|url\=https://money.cnn.com/2014/03/30/news/josh\-elliott\-abc\-nbc/index.html?iid\=HP\_LN}}{{Cite news \|date\=March 30, 2014 \|title\='Good Morning America' shake\-up: Amy Robach succeeds Josh Elliott \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style\-blog/wp/2014/03/30/good\-morning\-america\-shake\-up\-amy\-robach\-replaces\-josh\-elliott}} The program continued to dominate over the competition, even with the loss of two major co\-hosts in Champion and Elliott.
In early April 2014, several media reports speculated that [Michael Strahan](/wiki/Michael_Strahan "Michael Strahan") would be joining *GMA* as a contributing anchor, while maintaining his co\-host duties on *[Live! with Kelly and Michael](/wiki/Live_with_Kelly_and_Ryan "Live with Kelly and Ryan")* (which is also syndicated by Disney–ABC Domestic Television). Strahan's new position was confirmed on April 15, 2014, when he was introduced to the audience as the new contributing anchor on the program.
### April 2014 – September 2016: Roberts–Stephanopoulos–Spencer
[thumb\|logo used from 2006 to 2019\.](/wiki/File:GMA_%28Good_Morning_America%29_logo.jpg "GMA (Good Morning America) logo.jpg")
On April 18, 2014, Lara Spencer was promoted to co\-anchor effective immediately, receiving top billing on the program alongside Roberts and Stephanopoulos.{{Cite web \|last\=Charlton \|first\=Jordan \|date\=April 18, 2014 \|title\=Lara Spencer Named Co\-Host of 'Good Morning America' \|url\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/lara\-spencer\-named\-co\-host\-of\-good\-morning\-america\_b222039 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622173706/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/lara\-spencer\-named\-co\-host\-of\-good\-morning\-america\_b222039 \|archive\-date\=June 22, 2014 \|access\-date\=July 5, 2014 \|website\=\[\[AdWeek\|TVNewser]]}}
In September 2014, former NFL player [Tim Tebow](/wiki/Tim_Tebow "Tim Tebow") was announced to be joining the program as a part\-time correspondent to help launch the new segment, "Motivate Me Mondays". He made his debut on the program on September 15, 2014\.{{Cite web \|last\=Little \|first\=Lyneka \|date\=September 12, 2014 \|title\=Tim Tebow Signs On With 'Good Morning America' \|url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/09/12/tim\-tebow\-signs\-on\-with\-good\-morning\-america \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914020352/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/09/12/tim\-tebow\-signs\-on\-with\-good\-morning\-america/ \|archive\-date\=September 14, 2014 \|access\-date\=September 14, 2014 \|website\=The Wall Street Journal}}
On November 19, 2015, the program celebrated its 40th anniversary, with all the main anchors and most of the news and weather anchors returning to join the celebration and share their stories. Clips from all 40 years were shown.
On April 19, 2016, Strahan announced that he would be leaving *[Live! with Kelly and Michael](/wiki/Live_with_Kelly_and_Ryan "Live with Kelly and Ryan")* to join *Good Morning America* full\-time.{{Cite web \|last\=Rothman \|first\=Michael \|date\=April 19, 2016 \|title\=Michael Strahan Joins 'Good Morning America' Full\-Time, Leaving 'Live' \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/michael\-strahan\-joins\-good\-morning\-america\-full\-time/story?id\=38509323 \|access\-date\=April 20, 2016 \|website\=ABC News}}
### September 2016–present: Roberts–Stephanopoulos–Strahan
[thumb\|175px\|right\|[Times Square Studios](/wiki/Times_Square_Studios "Times Square Studios")](/wiki/File:Times_Square_Studios_-_GMA_%2848105884053%29.jpg "Times Square Studios - GMA (48105884053).jpg")
On September 6, 2016, [Michael Strahan](/wiki/Michael_Strahan "Michael Strahan") began his run as official full\-time co\-anchor of the program along with Roberts, Stephanopoulos, and Spencer. A new title sequence was debuted not including Spencer's name. The first hour focuses on the news of the morning anchored by Roberts, Stephanopulos, and Strahan. Zee does segments of the weather and Robach reads the morning headlines. The second hour is in the second floor studio and is taped in front of a live studio audience. It focuses on "soft news" and entertainment. It is anchored by the three main co\-anchors (including Spencer) and features guests and talk show panel discussion.
In April 2018, it was announced that Spencer would cut back on her hours on *GMA* from five days a week to three to focus on her own projects.{{Cite news \|last\=Steinberg \|first\=Brian \|date\=April 16, 2018 \|title\=Lara Spencer Pares Back Duties at 'Good Morning America' \|language\=en\-US \|work\=Variety \|url\=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/lara\-spencer\-good\-morning\-america\-1202754768/ \|access\-date\=October 16, 2018}}
Roberts also announced she would no longer anchor Fridays.
On May 23, 2018, an afternoon extension of *GMA* (originally titled *GMA Day*, now known as *GMA3*) was announced as a replacement in the fall of 2018 for the cancelled cooking series *[The Chew](/wiki/The_Chew "The Chew")* in the 1:00 p.m. ET/noon CT timeslot.{{Cite magazine \|last\=Steinberg \|first\=Brian \|date\=May 23, 2018 \|title\=ABC Will Replace "The Chew" With Afternoon Hour of "Good Morning America" \|url\=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/good\-morning\-america\-abc\-third\-hour\-1202820003/ \|magazine\=Variety \|access\-date\=May 23, 2018}}
In April 2022, Roberts celebrated her 20th anniversary with *Good Morning America*, during which an on\-air celebration was held with Roberts being honored with a plaque featuring her name on the grounds of Time Square.{{Cite web \|date\=April 15, 2022 \|title\=GMA's Robin Roberts shares emotional work news after breaking down in tears \|url\=https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/20220415138067/robin\-roberts\-emotional\-statement\-special\-gma\-anniversary/ \|access\-date\=April 18, 2022 \|website\=HELLO! \|language\=en}}
An anthropomorphic show [mascot](/wiki/Mascot "Mascot"), Ray, styled as a sun\-like creature, was introduced to the viewers on September 7, 2023\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://people.com/good\-morning\-america\-introduces\-new\-furry\-mascot\-ray\-7966868\|title\=''Good Morning America'' Introduces New Furry Mascot Ray: He's Ready to 'Spread the Joy'\|website\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]\|first\=David\|last\=Chiu\|date\=September 7, 2023\|access\-date\=September 10, 2023}}
In the first half of 2024, the show uncharacteristically struggled in the ratings race. It lost the demographic of adults under the age of 54 to the *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28American_TV_program%29 "Today (American TV program)")* show for several months, and periodically lost the same demographic in that period to *[CBS Mornings](/wiki/CBS_Mornings "CBS Mornings")*.{{cite news \|last1\=Mullin \|first1\=Benjamin \|last2\=Koblin \|first2\=John \|title\=ABC News's President, Kim Godwin, to Step Down \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/05/business/media/abc\-news\-president\-kim\-godwin\-to\-step\-down.html \|access\-date\=May 6, 2024 \|work\=New York Times \|date\=May 5, 2024}}
The show is expected to relocate with many of ABC News and WABC\-TV's on\-air studio operations to a new Disney facility at 4 [Hudson Square](/wiki/Hudson_Square "Hudson Square") some time in 2025\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://deadline.com/2023/10/good\-morning\-america\-leaving\-times\-square\-studio\-1235577666/\|title\='Good Morning America' To Leave Times Square Studio\|website\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood]]\|first\=Ted\|last\=Johnson\|date\=October 18, 2023\|access\-date\=October 19, 2023}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### 1975: The inaugural year",
"[thumb\\|right\\|First logo for Good Morning America, used from 1975 to 1987](/wiki/File:Original_Good_Morning_America_logo.png \"Original Good Morning America logo.png\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|logo used from 2021 to 2022](/wiki/File:Good_Morning_America_2021_logo.svg \"Good Morning America 2021 logo.svg\")\nOn January 6, 1975, ABC launched *[AM America](/wiki/AM_America \"AM America\")* in an attempt to compete with NBC's *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28American_TV_program%29 \"Today (American TV program)\")*. The program was hosted by [Bill Beutel](/wiki/Bill_Beutel \"Bill Beutel\") and [Stephanie Edwards](/wiki/Stephanie_Edwards_%28TV_personality%29 \"Stephanie Edwards (TV personality)\"),{{Cite news \\|last\\=Robertson \\|first\\=Campbell \\|date\\=March 20, 2006 \\|title\\=Bill Beutel, 75, Dies; Longtime Anchor of 'Eyewitness News' in New York \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/media/bill\\-beutel\\-75\\-dies\\-longtime\\-anchor\\-of\\-eyewitness\\-news\\-in.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 18, 2024 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|language\\= \\|issn\\=}} with [Peter Jennings](/wiki/Peter_Jennings \"Peter Jennings\") reading the news (Jennings had been a replacement for Bob Kennedy, who had been scheduled to be the program's newsreader, but died two months before the premiere from [bone cancer](/wiki/Bone_tumor \"Bone tumor\")).{{Cite web \\|last\\=Witt \\|first\\=Linda \\|date\\=May 26, 1975 \\|title\\=Her Husband's Big Break—Then He Died and Bev Kennedy Carries On \\|url\\=https://people.com/archive/her\\-husbands\\-big\\-break\\-then\\-he\\-died\\-and\\-bev\\-kennedy\\-carries\\-on\\-vol\\-3\\-no\\-20/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029135521/https://people.com/archive/her\\-husbands\\-big\\-break\\-then\\-he\\-died\\-and\\-bev\\-kennedy\\-carries\\-on\\-vol\\-3\\-no\\-20/ \\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=August 14, 2018 \\|website\\=People (magazine) \\|language\\=}} Because the show could not find an audience against *Today* (and its anchor team of [Jim Hartz](/wiki/Jim_Hartz \"Jim Hartz\") and [Barbara Walters](/wiki/Barbara_Walters \"Barbara Walters\")), ABC sought a new approach. The network found that one of its affiliates, [WEWS](/wiki/WEWS-TV \"WEWS-TV\") in [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland%2C_Ohio \"Cleveland, Ohio\"), [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\"), had been pre\\-empting *AM America* in favor of airing a locally produced show called *[The Morning Exchange](/wiki/The_Morning_Exchange \"The Morning Exchange\")*.",
"Unlike *AM America* and *Today*, *The Morning Exchange* featured an easygoing and less dramatic approach by offering news and weather updates only at the [top and bottom of every hour](/wiki/wikt:Top_of_the_hour \"Top of the hour\") and using the rest of the time to discuss general interest/entertainment topics. *The Morning Exchange* also established a group of regular guests who were experts in certain fields, including health, entertainment, consumer affairs, and travel. Also unlike both the NBC and ABC shows, *The Morning Exchange* was not broadcast from a newsroom set but instead one that resembled a [suburban](/wiki/Suburb \"Suburb\") [living room](/wiki/Living_room \"Living room\").",
"In the process of screening the Cleveland morning program as a creative source, ABC also began looking at another local show, *[Good Morning!](/wiki/Good_Day%21_%28TV_program%29 \"Good Day! (TV program)\")*, which was produced by [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") ABC affiliate [WCVB\\-TV](/wiki/WCVB-TV \"WCVB-TV\"). *Good Morning!* was very similar in format to *The Morning Exchange*, but with a lesser emphasis on news and weather. In fact, once the revamped ABC morning show took to the air late in 1975 under the title *Good Morning America*, WCVB station manager Bob Bennett accused ABC entertainment president [Fred Silverman](/wiki/Fred_Silverman \"Fred Silverman\") of deliberately stealing the title of *Good Morning!*; no legal [cease and desist](/wiki/Cease_and_desist \"Cease and desist\") action was finalized against ABC in the matter, however. The launch of *Good Morning America* did result in the Boston morning show changing its name—to *Good Day!*. Currently, WCVB's morning news program is titled *EyeOpener*.",
"ABC took an episode of *The Morning Exchange* and used it as a [television pilot](/wiki/Television_pilot \"Television pilot\"). The format replaced *AM America* on Monday, {{nowrap\\|November 3,}} as *Good Morning America*. The first cohosts were actor [David Hartman](/wiki/David_Hartman_%28TV_personality%29 \"David Hartman (TV personality)\"){{Cite news \\|date\\=October 18, 1975 \\|title\\=ABC to replace 'AM America' with new show \\|page\\=6, ''Entertainment Week'' \\|work\\=The Bulletin \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|location\\=(Bend, Oregon) \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=OW5YAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5830%2C2656289}} and actress [Nancy Dussault](/wiki/Nancy_Dussault \"Nancy Dussault\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=O'Connor \\|first\\=John J. \\|date\\=November 4, 1975 \\|title\\=New 'news' show a silly total loss \\|page\\=7C \\|work\\=Eugene Register\\-Guard \\|agency\\=(New York Times) \\|location\\=(Oregon) \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=\\_nkzAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4241%2C1086083}} Dussault was replaced in April 1977 by {{nowrap\\|\\[\\[Sandy Hill (television personality)\\|Sandy Hill]],}} previously at [KABC\\-TV](/wiki/KABC-TV \"KABC-TV\") {{nowrap\\|in \\[\\[Los Angeles]].{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sharbutt \\|first\\=Jay \\|date\\=April 8, 1977 \\|title\\=ABC's choice of Sandy Hill for morning show aimed at news \\|page\\=8A \\|work\\=The Evening News \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|location\\=(Newburgh, New York) \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=8R1gAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4137%2C1501739}}}} The show's title is the same as the beginning of the chorus of [Steve Goodman](/wiki/Steve_Goodman \"Steve Goodman\")'s song *City of New Orleans*.",
"For the first seven years, weather forecasts were presented by [John Coleman](/wiki/John_Coleman_%28meteorologist%29 \"John Coleman (meteorologist)\"), former chief meteorologist for ABC [owned\\-and\\-operated station](/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station \"Owned-and-operated station\") [WLS\\-TV](/wiki/WLS-TV \"WLS-TV\") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), who left *GMA* in 1982 to start [The Weather Channel](/wiki/The_Weather_Channel \"The Weather Channel\") with [Landmark Communications](/wiki/Landmark_Media_Enterprises \"Landmark Media Enterprises\") CEO [Frank Batten](/wiki/Frank_Batten \"Frank Batten\"). Dave Murray (later chief meteorologist at [KTVI](/wiki/KTVI \"KTVI\") in [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\")) provided the forecasts for both *Good Morning America* and ABC's early morning news program *[ABC News This Morning](/wiki/America_This_Morning \"America This Morning\")* from 1983 to 1986\\. In August 1986, he was replaced by [Spencer Christian](/wiki/Spencer_Christian \"Spencer Christian\"), who worked at [WABC\\-TV](/wiki/WABC-TV \"WABC-TV\") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and served as fill\\-in meteorologist for both Coleman and Murray whenever they were away on vacation or assignment.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2014}}",
"### 1976–1989: Growth and change",
"The program's [Nielsen ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings \"Nielsen ratings\") climbed slowly, but steadily throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s while *Today* experienced a slight slump in viewership, especially with Walters' decision to leave NBC for a job at [ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 \"ABC News (United States)\"). On August 30, 1976, [Tom Brokaw](/wiki/Tom_Brokaw \"Tom Brokaw\") began anchoring *Today* while the program began a search for a female co\\-host. Within a year, *Today* managed to beat back the *Good Morning America* ratings threat with Brokaw and new co\\-host [Jane Pauley](/wiki/Jane_Pauley \"Jane Pauley\"), featuring art and entertainment contributor [Gene Shalit](/wiki/Gene_Shalit \"Gene Shalit\"). *Good Morning America* continued to threaten *Today*{{'}}s ratings dominance into the 1980s, especially after Brokaw left the latter program to become co\\-anchor of *[NBC Nightly News](/wiki/NBC_Nightly_News \"NBC Nightly News\")* with [Roger Mudd](/wiki/Roger_Mudd \"Roger Mudd\") for 17 months before being named sole anchor of that program. For the first time, *Good Morning America* became the highest\\-rated morning news program in the United States as *Today* fell to second place.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2014}}",
"At the outset, *Good Morning America* was a talk program with a main host, Hartman, who was joined by a sidekick co\\-host; Dussault and Hill were scripted as less\\-than\\-equal hosts. In 1980, an exasperated Hill left *Good Morning America* after run\\-ins with Hartman, who was said to have \"had a problem with strong women.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=David Hartman's Silent Partner No More, Joan Lunden Wins New Status on Good Morning America : People.com \\|url\\=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20094320,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019025719/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20094320,00\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 19, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2015 \\|website\\=www.people.com}} She was replaced by [Joan Lunden](/wiki/Joan_Lunden \"Joan Lunden\"), then a reporter at ABC's New York City [flagship](/wiki/Flagship_%28broadcasting%29 \"Flagship (broadcasting)\") [WABC\\-TV](/wiki/WABC-TV \"WABC-TV\"). Hartman and Lunden led the show through several years of success. Lunden's popularity led to her promotion to co\\-anchor in 1986, and to more equal footing with Hartman than any woman before her. The partnership ended on February 20, 1987, when Hartman retired after 3,189 broadcasts.",
"After Hartman's departure, Lunden was paired with ABC News correspondent [Charles Gibson](/wiki/Charles_Gibson \"Charles Gibson\") on February 23, 1987, which ultimately resulted in ratings for the program skyrocketing. The team of Lunden and Gibson became the most popular news partnership on television in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and for the first time *Good Morning America* regularly won the ratings against *Today*. At one point prior to Spencer Christian's arrival in 1986, forecasts on the program were provided by [WXYZ\\-TV](/wiki/WXYZ-TV \"WXYZ-TV\") chief meteorologist [Jerry Hodak](/wiki/Jerry_Hodak \"Jerry Hodak\") via a split screen between the WXYZ studios in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\") and the *Good Morning America* set in New York City.",
"### 1990–1998: Rise and decline",
"*Good Morning America* entered the 1990s with continued overwhelming ratings success. Gibson and Lunden became a hard team to beat; however, the program stumbled from its top spot in late 1995, falling to second place behind *Today* (in what would begin a 16\\-year streak as the top\\-rated morning news program for that show, which began the week of December 11, 1995{{Cite news \\|last\\=David Bauder \\|date\\=December 19, 2010 \\|title\\=NBC's 'Today' show streak hits 15 years \\|work\\=\\[\\[San Jose Mercury News]] \\|url\\=http://www.mercurynews.com/tv/ci\\_16849638?source\\=rss\\&nclick\\_check\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2011}}). Lunden began to discuss working less and mentioned to network executives that the morning schedule is the hardest in the business. ABC executives promised Lunden that a [prime time](/wiki/Prime_time \"Prime time\") program; *[Behind Closed Doors](/wiki/Behind_Closed_Doors_%281996_TV_series%29 \"Behind Closed Doors (1996 TV series)\")* would premiere on the network in 1996\\.",
"On September 5, 1997, Lunden decided to step down as host of *Good Morning America* after 17 years and was replaced by ABC News correspondent [Lisa McRee](/wiki/Lisa_McRee \"Lisa McRee\"). The pairing of Gibson and McRee fared well in the ratings. However, ratings sharply declined when Gibson also left the show to make way for [Kevin Newman](/wiki/Kevin_Newman_%28journalist%29 \"Kevin Newman (journalist)\") on May 1, 1998\\. With McRee and Newman as anchors, longtime viewers of *Good Morning America* switched to *Today*, whose ratings skyrocketed.",
"### January 1999 – May 2005: Gibson–Sawyer",
"[thumb\\|175px\\|right\\|Logo used from 2002 to 2006](/wiki/File:Good_Morning_America_logo_2002.jpg \"Good Morning America logo 2002.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|175px\\|right\\|[Diane Sawyer](/wiki/Diane_Sawyer \"Diane Sawyer\") on set in 2004](/wiki/File:ABC_-_Good_Morning_America_-_Diane_Sawyer.jpg \"ABC - Good Morning America - Diane Sawyer.jpg\")\nTo improve *Good Morning America*{{'}}s ratings performance, which briefly fell to third place among the morning shows in January 1999, ABC News management selected [Shelley Ross](/wiki/Shelley_Ross \"Shelley Ross\") from the field of [executive producer](/wiki/Executive_producer \"Executive producer\") candidates. As part of Rossʼs proposed changes, Ross ousted the McRee\\-Newman team and lobbied to bring in [Diane Sawyer](/wiki/Diane_Sawyer \"Diane Sawyer\") and team her with Charles Gibson, who had been reluctant to return. On January 18, 1999, the Gibson\\-Sawyer team paired by Ross debuted on\\-air, which during the first full season resulted in a dramatic increase in viewership while all other network news franchises saw losses.\n[thumb\\|right\\|175px\\|Outside of Times Square Studios in 2004](/wiki/File:ABC_-_Good_Morning_America.jpg \"ABC - Good Morning America.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|175px\\|[Charlie Gibson](/wiki/Charlie_Gibson \"Charlie Gibson\") interviewing First Lady [Laura Bush](/wiki/Laura_Bush \"Laura Bush\") in 2004](/wiki/File:First_Lady_Laura_Bush_speaks_with_Charlie_Gibson_during_a_Good_Morning_America_live_interview_at_the_ABC_Studios_in_New_York_City.jpg \"First Lady Laura Bush speaks with Charlie Gibson during a Good Morning America live interview at the ABC Studios in New York City.jpg\")\nThe show moved from the ABC News headquarters in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\")'s [Lincoln Square](/wiki/Lincoln_Square%2C_Manhattan \"Lincoln Square, Manhattan\") district to its present home at the Times Square Studios on September 13, 1999\\. The new location made it possible for the program to feature a live audience inside the studio, similar to the \"Window on the World\" set used by *Today*.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2014}} Under Ross, *Good Morning America* became a competitive 24/7 news operation with more exclusive bookings, news and live [stock market](/wiki/Stock_market \"Stock market\") updates for West Coast viewers and new on\\-screen graphics that included a [news ticker](/wiki/News_ticker \"News ticker\"). *Good Morning America* began originating entire shows from unique locations, which, according to [Nielsen Media Research](/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research \"Nielsen Media Research\"), resulted in more people watching the program and for longer periods of time. *GMA* became the first to originate a live show from an [aircraft carrier](/wiki/Aircraft_carrier \"Aircraft carrier\") during wartime (the [USS Enterprise](/wiki/USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29 \"USS Enterprise (CVN-65)\")), from the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") (after the [Columbine High School massacre](/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre \"Columbine High School massacre\")), from [The Pentagon](/wiki/The_Pentagon \"The Pentagon\") (for the reopening of the wing damaged during the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\") in 2001\\), from [The Vatican](/wiki/Vatican_City \"Vatican City\") (for the 25th anniversary of [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II \"Pope John Paul II\")'s election as Pope), and from the [Tower of London](/wiki/Tower_of_London \"Tower of London\") (on the 50th anniversary of [Elizabeth II](/wiki/Elizabeth_II \"Elizabeth II\")ʼs accession to the throne). Viewership during this time increased by nearly one million households, and revenue soared.",
"Although *Today* remained the top\\-rated morning news show, the Sawyer, Gibson and Ross team inched close, creating a viable rival. According to Linda McLoof, executive director of news research at ABC News from 2001 to 2009, \"When Shelley left, her viewing momentum was initially sustained, but a season later, the audience began to decline. It is like passing the baton in a relay race.\" [Antonio Mora](/wiki/Antonio_Mora \"Antonio Mora\") served as newsreader for the program until March 18, 2002, when he left to become an anchor at [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") owned\\-and\\-operated station [WBBM\\-TV](/wiki/WBBM-TV \"WBBM-TV\") in Chicago. He was replaced by former [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") anchor and correspondent [Robin Roberts](/wiki/Robin_Roberts_%28newscaster%29 \"Robin Roberts (newscaster)\").",
"### May 2005 – June 2006: Gibson–Sawyer–Roberts",
"On May 23, 2005, ABC News announced that Robin Roberts would be promoted from newsreader to co\\-anchor of *Good Morning America*, joining Gibson and Sawyer. Roberts had previously served as a regular substitute for Gibson and Sawyer when either of them were on vacation or assignment. On November 3, 2005, *Good Morning America* celebrated its 30th anniversary with retrospectives on and clips from the show's history and by decorating [Times Square](/wiki/Times_Square \"Times Square\"). Former co\\-hosts Hartman and Lunden, along with former meteorologist [Spencer Christian](/wiki/Spencer_Christian \"Spencer Christian\"), were among the guests of honor. Hartman signed off the show that day with his trademark close: \"From all of us, make it a good day.\" That same day, *Good Morning America* became the first network morning news program to begin broadcasting in [high\\-definition television](/wiki/High-definition_television \"High-definition television\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2014}}",
"On December 2, 2005, weather anchor [Tony Perkins](/wiki/Tony_Perkins_%28news_anchor%29 \"Tony Perkins (news anchor)\") left the program after six years. The last ten minutes of that day's edition were dedicated to Perkins, during which he gave thanks to one of the show's producers and a heartfelt goodbye to anchors Gibson, Roberts and Sawyer. Perkins left the program to return to his family in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), and join [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") [owned\\-and\\-operated station](/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station \"Owned-and-operated station\") [WTTG](/wiki/WTTG \"WTTG\"), where he previously served as a weather anchor. He affectionately said to his young son on\\-air, \"Connor, if you're watching, daddy's comin' home.\" Perkins was replaced by [Mike Barz](/wiki/Mike_Barz \"Mike Barz\"), former [WGN Morning News](/wiki/WGN_Morning_News \"WGN Morning News\") sports anchor at [WGN\\-TV](/wiki/WGN-TV \"WGN-TV\") in Chicago.",
"Gibson left *Good Morning America* for the second time on June 28, 2006\\. That day's edition was dedicated to his 19 years as anchor of the program and celebrated his new role as anchor of *[ABC World News Tonight](/wiki/ABC_World_News_Tonight \"ABC World News Tonight\")*. Gibson ended his tenure at *GMA* by stating, \"For nineteen years, my mornings have been not just good—they've been great.\"{{Cite news \\|last\\=Charles Gibson \\|author\\-link\\=Charles Gibson \\|date\\=June 28, 2006 \\|title\\=Charlie's Goodbye – An Emotional Tribute to Friends and Co\\-Workers \\|work\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]] \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id\\=2128555\\&page\\=1 \\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2009}}",
"### June 2006 – December 2009: Sawyer–Roberts",
"There had been speculation that Sawyer would leave *Good Morning America* when her contract expired in 2007 to assume the anchor position at *ABC World News* that was given to Gibson. In August 2006, [Chris Cuomo](/wiki/Chris_Cuomo \"Chris Cuomo\") was named news anchor while continuing his anchoring duties on the [newsmagazine](/wiki/News_magazine \"News magazine\") *[Primetime](/wiki/Primetime_%28American_TV_program%29 \"Primetime (American TV program)\")* and serving as ABC News's senior legal correspondent. Meanwhile, [Sam Champion](/wiki/Sam_Champion \"Sam Champion\"), longtime evening meteorologist at [WABC\\-TV](/wiki/WABC-TV \"WABC-TV\"), was named as the new weather anchor for the program and as weather editor for ABC News. Both Cuomo and Champion began their respective duties on the program on September 5, 2006, when *Good Morning America* instituted a new graphics package and new news area for Cuomo to report headlines. The following week, on September 13, 2006, the program introduced a new [logo](/wiki/Logo \"Logo\")—this time with gold Avant Garde font on a blue background, which bears a resemblance to the original *Good Morning America* logo that was used up to early 1987\\.",
"On June 29, 2007, the program's longtime film critic [Joel Siegel](/wiki/Joel_Siegel \"Joel Siegel\") died of complications from [colorectal cancer](/wiki/Colorectal_cancer \"Colorectal cancer\") at age 63\\. The July 9 edition of *GMA* was dedicated to Siegel, with former hosts Hartman, Hill, Lunden, Newman, Christian, Perkins and Gibson all appearing to share their memories. One month later, on July 31, 2007, Robin Roberts announced that she had been diagnosed with [breast cancer](/wiki/Breast_cancer \"Breast cancer\") after discovering a lump in her breast during a self\\-examination while preparing the Siegel tribute episode. Roberts remained as anchor while undergoing [chemotherapy](/wiki/Chemotherapy \"Chemotherapy\") and completed radiation treatments on March 28, 2008\\.",
"On October 22, 2007, *Good Morning America* introduced a new on\\-air graphics package. Using much of the design features of its former graphics, it went from a basic blue background to a more orangish\\-gold setting. The program's opening changed from the camera's zooming in on the hosts while introducing the host to an opening with new music (by the New York City\\-based music production company DreamArtists Studios) and a background with the *Good Morning America* logo descending onto the frame. It also changed its news ticker and time\\-and\\-temperature bug for the first time in years. The ticker featured an orange background with a modified ABC News logo as a breakpoint for each headline. The bug still featured the time and current local temperature to the left, but with an orange backdrop with an alternate \"GMA\" logo and the ABCNews.com logo to the right.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2014}}",
"On January 15, 2008, during an interview with Diane Sawyer on the program, actress [Diane Keaton](/wiki/Diane_Keaton \"Diane Keaton\") commented on Sawyer's physical attractiveness, stating that if she had lips like Sawyer's, \"then I wouldn't have worked on my *\\[expletive]* personality!\" Keaton quickly apologized for the remark and Sawyer jokingly threatened to have her mother \"work on your personality with soap in your mouth.\" Officials with the [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission \"Federal Communications Commission\") declined to take action for the fleeting expletive.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Brooks Boliek \\|date\\=January 16, 2008 \\|title\\=Diane Keaton Swears on TV, FCC Stammers \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSN1656552120080116 \\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2009}} Following the death of [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\"), Charles Gibson returned to the *Good Morning America* anchor desk with Roberts on June 26, 2009, while Sawyer was away.",
"In September 2008, *Good Morning America*{{'}}s anchors rode an [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") [train](/wiki/Train \"Train\") to tour the United States as part of ABC News{{'}}s \"50 States in 50 Days\" event, for which the program was broadcast from different locations around the U.S. each day throughout that month. The tour's first telecast stop was in [Stockbridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Stockbridge%2C_Massachusetts \"Stockbridge, Massachusetts\").",
"### December 2009 – April 2014: Roberts–Stephanopoulos",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Robin Roberts](/wiki/Robin_Roberts_%28newscaster%29 \"Robin Roberts (newscaster)\") interviewing President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") in the Cabinet Room of the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\"), 2012](/wiki/File:Robin_Roberts_interviewing_Barack_Obama.jpg \"Robin Roberts interviewing Barack Obama.jpg\")\nOn September 2, 2009, ABC announced that Sawyer would replace Gibson as anchor of *ABC World News* at the end of that year.{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 2, 2009 \\|title\\=ABC News: Gibson Retiring, Sawyer Will Be Anchor \\|work\\=\\[\\[Yahoo! News]] \\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090902/ap\\_on\\_en\\_tv/us\\_abc\\_gibson \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909004326/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090902/ap\\_on\\_en\\_tv/us\\_abc\\_gibson \\|archive\\-date\\=September 9, 2009}} Speculation had abounded that either [George Stephanopoulos](/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos \"George Stephanopoulos\"), news anchor Chris Cuomo, weekend anchor [Bill Weir](/wiki/Bill_Weir \"Bill Weir\"), or *World News* Saturday anchor [David Muir](/wiki/David_Muir \"David Muir\") would replace Sawyer on the program. Representatives for ABC News stated that it wanted to return the show to the original male\\-female anchor format. On December 10, 2009, Stephanopoulos was announced as Sawyer's replacement, with [Juju Chang](/wiki/Juju_Chang \"Juju Chang\") replacing Cuomo as newsreader; the changes took effect four days later on December 14\\.[Staff writer](/wiki/Staff_writer \"Staff writer\") (December 10, 2009\\).",
"In April 2010, the anchor desk in the studio was relocated back in front of the window overlooking Times Square, where it had been when *Good Morning America* moved to the Times Square Studios facility in 1999; the news desk was also moved in front of a window. On May 3, 2010, the program debuted new \"light blue and sunny\" graphics, and new theme music by DreamArtists Studios. An entirely new set for the program was introduced on January 31, 2011; the monitor used for national weather segments (used mainly during the 7:00 a.m. hour only) was moved closer to the anchor desk while the news desk remained in the same place. This was the first major set change since the show upgraded to high definition in November 2005\\.{{Cite news \\|title\\=ABC Appoints Chris Cuomo To Be ''GMA'' Host \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iFPa2l\\_TasErMgcNhMfDS7aK7sBwD9CGMBQ00 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214093820/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iFPa2l\\_TasErMgcNhMfDS7aK7sBwD9CGMBQ00 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=December 14, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2009}}",
"On February 25, 2011 [James Goldston](/wiki/James_Goldston \"James Goldston\") moved from *Nightline* to become Senior Executive Producer of *GMA*. On March 17, 2011, ABC News President [Ben Sherwood](/wiki/Ben_Sherwood \"Ben Sherwood\") announced that former *GMA* national correspondent [Lara Spencer](/wiki/Lara_Spencer \"Lara Spencer\") would be rejoining the program in May in a newly created lifestyle anchor position.{{Cite web \\|date\\=March 17, 2011 \\|title\\=ABC News President Ben Sherwood announces the addition of Lara Spencer to Good Morning America as \"Lifestyle Anchor\" \\|url\\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/lara\\-spencer\\-returning\\-to\\-good\\-morning\\-america\\_b57854 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823055645/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/lara\\-spencer\\-returning\\-to\\-good\\-morning\\-america\\_b57854 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 23, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2011 \\|website\\=TVNewser \\|publisher\\=Mediabistro.com}} On March 29, 2011, ESPN anchor [Josh Elliott](/wiki/Josh_Elliott \"Josh Elliott\") was named news anchor of the program following the departure of [Juju Chang](/wiki/Juju_Chang \"Juju Chang\").{{Cite magazine \\|title\\=Juju Chang Out, Josh Elliott In at Good Morning America \\|url\\=https://www.tvguide.com/News/Chang\\-Elliott\\-GMA\\-1031223\\.aspx?rss\\=breakingnews \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[TV Guide]] \\|access\\-date\\=March 29, 2011}}",
"In the summer of 2011, *Good Morning America* decided to vacate the second floor of the Times Square studios, which overlooked Times Square, due to cost issues. On September 6, 2011, the program began broadcasting from an entirely new studio set located on the first floor (ground level) of the Times Square studios. The main \"window\" behind the presenters in the new set, which also shows a view overlooking Times Square from an above\\-ground level, is actually a back\\-projection, although there are several real windows used in other parts of the set.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Chris Ariens \\|date\\=August 24, 2011 \\|title\\=New Director, Upgrades to Times Square Studio for 'Good Morning America' \\|url\\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/new\\-director\\-upgrades\\-to\\-times\\-square\\-studio\\-for\\-good\\-morning\\-america\\_b81905 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012165700/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/new\\-director\\-upgrades\\-to\\-times\\-square\\-studio\\-for\\-good\\-morning\\-america\\_b81905 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 12, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2012 \\|website\\=TVNewser \\|publisher\\=Mediabistro.com}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 6, 2011 \\|title\\=Musical chairs at 'Good Morning America' \\|url\\=http://www.newscaststudio.com/blog/2011/09/06/musical\\-chairs\\-at\\-good\\-morning\\-america/ \\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2012 \\|publisher\\=NewscastStudio}}",
"Amid declining ratings at *Today* in the aftermath of reports of [Matt Lauer](/wiki/Matt_Lauer \"Matt Lauer\")'s alleged role in [Ann Curry](/wiki/Ann_Curry \"Ann Curry\")'s departure as co\\-host (though ratings had been in a steady decline for that program during Curry's co\\-hosting tenure), viewership for *Good Morning America* increased starting in 2012\\. The program beat *Today* for the first time in 16 years during the week of April 9, 2012, ending that program's streak of 852 consecutive weeks as the most\\-watched network morning news program, by a margin of 31,000 more viewers than the NBC program.{{Cite web \\|title\\='GMA' Weeklong Win Over 'Today' Confirmed; First Win in 16 Years \\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/emailstory/sns\\-rt\\-gma\\-good\\-morning\\-americamt1thewrap37130\\-20120419,0,3523646\\.story \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420063850/http://www.chicagotribune.com/emailstory/sns\\-rt\\-gma\\-good\\-morning\\-americamt1thewrap37130\\-20120419,0,3523646\\.story \\|archive\\-date\\=April 20, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=April 19, 2012 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Wrap]] \\|publisher\\=Chicago Tribune }} *Good Morning America* beat *Today* once again during the week of April 16, 2012, by a much larger margin of 166,000 viewers.{{Cite web \\|date\\=April 30, 2012 \\|title\\='GMA' is \\#1 for Week of April 23rd by 166,000 Total Viewers–Takes 2 of Last 3 Weeks \\|url\\=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/04/30/gma\\-is\\-1\\-for\\-week\\-of\\-april\\-23rd\\-by\\-166000\\-total\\-viewers\\-takes\\-2\\-of\\-last\\-3\\-weeks/131506 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507131532/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/04/30/gma\\-is\\-1\\-for\\-week\\-of\\-april\\-23rd\\-by\\-166000\\-total\\-viewers\\-takes\\-2\\-of\\-last\\-3\\-weeks/131506/ \\|archive\\-date\\=May 7, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=September 15, 2012 \\|website\\=\\[\\[TV by the Numbers]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Zap2It]]/\\[\\[Tribune Media]]}}",
"During the week of April 1, 2012, ABC News special correspondent [Katie Couric](/wiki/Katie_Couric \"Katie Couric\"), who had recently joined the network as part of a deal to host a [syndicated talk show](/wiki/Katie_%28talk_show%29 \"Katie (talk show)\") distributed by corporate sister [Disney–ABC Domestic Television](/wiki/Disney%E2%80%93ABC_Domestic_Television \"Disney–ABC Domestic Television\"), filled for Robin Roberts on *Good Morning America*.{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 2, 2012 \\|title\\=Katie Couric Makes 'Good Morning America' Guest\\-Hosting Debut, Visits 'Dancing With the Stars' Set (Video) \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hollywood Reporter]] \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/katie\\-couric\\-good\\-morning\\-america\\-abc\\-dancing\\-with\\-the\\-stars\\-306824}} Couric had hosted the rival NBC morning program *Today* from 1991 to 2006; her *Good Morning America* stint marked her return to morning news after six years.",
"On August 30, 2012, Roberts went on medical leave after undergoing a [bone marrow](/wiki/Bone_marrow \"Bone marrow\") transplant (donated by her sister and fellow news anchor SallyAnn Roberts) following her diagnosis with [myelodysplastic syndrome](/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome \"Myelodysplastic syndrome\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=July 27, 2012 \\|title\\='Good Morning America's' Robin Roberts to take medical leave for bone marrow transplant \\|work\\=\\[\\[Fox News Channel\\|Fox News]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2012/07/27/good\\-morning\\-america\\-robin\\-roberts\\-to\\-take\\-medical\\-leave\\-for\\-bone\\-marrow/}} *GMA* correspondent [Amy Robach](/wiki/Amy_Robach \"Amy Robach\") and *[20/20](/wiki/20/20_%28American_TV_program%29 \"20/20 (American TV program)\")* anchor [Elizabeth Vargas](/wiki/Elizabeth_Vargas \"Elizabeth Vargas\") served as the primary substitutes, typically alternating every other week. Others, including some celebrities, also served as special guest anchors during this time such as [Kelly Ripa](/wiki/Kelly_Ripa \"Kelly Ripa\"), [Jessica Simpson](/wiki/Jessica_Simpson \"Jessica Simpson\"), [Barbara Walters](/wiki/Barbara_Walters \"Barbara Walters\") and [Elisabeth Hasselbeck](/wiki/Elisabeth_Hasselbeck \"Elisabeth Hasselbeck\"). On January 14, 2013, Roberts announced that she hoped to return to the program sometime that February; Roberts performed dry run rehearsals during the week of January 21 in preparation for her return; she and her doctors evaluated her body's reaction to the makeup, the lighting, her hair, and the number of people she comes in contact with to avoid compromising her then\\-gradually\\-improving health. Roberts returned to *Good Morning America* part\\-time on February 20, 2013;{{Cite news \\|date\\=February 20, 2013 \\|title\\=With Roberts Back, 'Good Morning America' Looks to Widen Ratings Gap Over 'Today' \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|url\\=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/20/with\\-roberts\\-back\\-good\\-morning\\-america\\-looks\\-to\\-widen\\-ratings\\-gap\\-over\\-today/}} she announced in August 2013 that she would return to full\\-time hosting duties on September 3 of that year.{{Cite news \\|date\\=August 29, 2013 \\|title\\=Robin Roberts Plans to Return Full Time to 'Good Morning America' \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/30/business/media/robin\\-roberts\\-plans\\-to\\-return\\-full\\-time\\-to\\-good\\-morning\\-america.html}}",
"In 2013, *GMA* won its first [Nielsen ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings \"Nielsen ratings\") in 18 years.{{Cite magazine \\|title\\=Morning Show Ratings: Week of May 20 and May Sweeps \\|url\\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/morning\\-show\\-ratings\\-week\\-of\\-may\\-20\\-and\\-may\\-sweeps\\_b181684 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[AdWeek\\|TVNewser]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531212801/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/morning\\-show\\-ratings\\-week\\-of\\-may\\-20\\-and\\-may\\-sweeps\\_b181684 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 31, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2013}} On December 4, 2013, weather anchor [Sam Champion](/wiki/Sam_Champion \"Sam Champion\") departed *Good Morning America* and ABC News after seven years on the program to join [The Weather Channel](/wiki/The_Weather_Channel \"The Weather Channel\"), where he became primary anchor of the competing morning program *[America's Morning Headquarters](/wiki/America%27s_Morning_Headquarters \"America's Morning Headquarters\")* (which debuted in March 2014\\). He was succeeded the following day by [Ginger Zee](/wiki/Ginger_Zee \"Ginger Zee\"), who had been serving as meteorologist for the weekend editions of *GMA* and was also appointed to Champion's former position as weather editor for ABC News.{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 2, 2013 \\|title\\=Sam Champion exits ABC for Weather Channel \\|work\\=\\[\\[CNNMoney.com]] \\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2013/12/02/news/companies/sam\\-champion\\-leaving\\-abc}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=January 31, 2014 \\|title\\=Sam Champion Reveals Name of New Weather Channel Show \\|work\\=The Hollywood Reporter \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/sam\\-champions\\-weather\\-channel\\-show\\-676060}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 2, 2013 \\|title\\=Sam Champion Leaving ABC for The Weather Channel \\|work\\=TVNewser \\|url\\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/sam\\-champion\\-leaving\\-abc\\-for\\-the\\-weather\\-channel\\_b204906 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=April 4, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415221234/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/sam\\-champion\\-leaving\\-abc\\-for\\-the\\-weather\\-channel\\_b204906 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 15, 2014}}",
"On March 30, 2014, news anchor Josh Elliott left ABC News after three years as news anchor of *GMA* to become a correspondent for [NBC Sports](/wiki/NBC_Sports \"NBC Sports\"), amid reports that contract negotiations to increase his annual salary (from $1\\.2 million to $8 million) broke down; Elliott was replaced as news anchor by [Amy Robach](/wiki/Amy_Robach \"Amy Robach\") later that week.{{Cite news \\|date\\=March 30, 2014 \\|title\\=ABC's Josh Elliott leaving 'Good Morning America' for NBC Sports \\|work\\=CNNMoney.com \\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2014/03/30/news/josh\\-elliott\\-abc\\-nbc/index.html?iid\\=HP\\_LN}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=March 30, 2014 \\|title\\='Good Morning America' shake\\-up: Amy Robach succeeds Josh Elliott \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style\\-blog/wp/2014/03/30/good\\-morning\\-america\\-shake\\-up\\-amy\\-robach\\-replaces\\-josh\\-elliott}} The program continued to dominate over the competition, even with the loss of two major co\\-hosts in Champion and Elliott.",
"In early April 2014, several media reports speculated that [Michael Strahan](/wiki/Michael_Strahan \"Michael Strahan\") would be joining *GMA* as a contributing anchor, while maintaining his co\\-host duties on *[Live! with Kelly and Michael](/wiki/Live_with_Kelly_and_Ryan \"Live with Kelly and Ryan\")* (which is also syndicated by Disney–ABC Domestic Television). Strahan's new position was confirmed on April 15, 2014, when he was introduced to the audience as the new contributing anchor on the program.",
"### April 2014 – September 2016: Roberts–Stephanopoulos–Spencer",
"[thumb\\|logo used from 2006 to 2019\\.](/wiki/File:GMA_%28Good_Morning_America%29_logo.jpg \"GMA (Good Morning America) logo.jpg\")\nOn April 18, 2014, Lara Spencer was promoted to co\\-anchor effective immediately, receiving top billing on the program alongside Roberts and Stephanopoulos.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Charlton \\|first\\=Jordan \\|date\\=April 18, 2014 \\|title\\=Lara Spencer Named Co\\-Host of 'Good Morning America' \\|url\\=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/lara\\-spencer\\-named\\-co\\-host\\-of\\-good\\-morning\\-america\\_b222039 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622173706/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/lara\\-spencer\\-named\\-co\\-host\\-of\\-good\\-morning\\-america\\_b222039 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2014 \\|website\\=\\[\\[AdWeek\\|TVNewser]]}}",
"In September 2014, former NFL player [Tim Tebow](/wiki/Tim_Tebow \"Tim Tebow\") was announced to be joining the program as a part\\-time correspondent to help launch the new segment, \"Motivate Me Mondays\". He made his debut on the program on September 15, 2014\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Little \\|first\\=Lyneka \\|date\\=September 12, 2014 \\|title\\=Tim Tebow Signs On With 'Good Morning America' \\|url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/09/12/tim\\-tebow\\-signs\\-on\\-with\\-good\\-morning\\-america \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914020352/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/09/12/tim\\-tebow\\-signs\\-on\\-with\\-good\\-morning\\-america/ \\|archive\\-date\\=September 14, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=September 14, 2014 \\|website\\=The Wall Street Journal}}",
"On November 19, 2015, the program celebrated its 40th anniversary, with all the main anchors and most of the news and weather anchors returning to join the celebration and share their stories. Clips from all 40 years were shown.",
"On April 19, 2016, Strahan announced that he would be leaving *[Live! with Kelly and Michael](/wiki/Live_with_Kelly_and_Ryan \"Live with Kelly and Ryan\")* to join *Good Morning America* full\\-time.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Rothman \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=April 19, 2016 \\|title\\=Michael Strahan Joins 'Good Morning America' Full\\-Time, Leaving 'Live' \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/michael\\-strahan\\-joins\\-good\\-morning\\-america\\-full\\-time/story?id\\=38509323 \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2016 \\|website\\=ABC News}}",
"### September 2016–present: Roberts–Stephanopoulos–Strahan",
"[thumb\\|175px\\|right\\|[Times Square Studios](/wiki/Times_Square_Studios \"Times Square Studios\")](/wiki/File:Times_Square_Studios_-_GMA_%2848105884053%29.jpg \"Times Square Studios - GMA (48105884053).jpg\")\nOn September 6, 2016, [Michael Strahan](/wiki/Michael_Strahan \"Michael Strahan\") began his run as official full\\-time co\\-anchor of the program along with Roberts, Stephanopoulos, and Spencer. A new title sequence was debuted not including Spencer's name. The first hour focuses on the news of the morning anchored by Roberts, Stephanopulos, and Strahan. Zee does segments of the weather and Robach reads the morning headlines. The second hour is in the second floor studio and is taped in front of a live studio audience. It focuses on \"soft news\" and entertainment. It is anchored by the three main co\\-anchors (including Spencer) and features guests and talk show panel discussion.",
"In April 2018, it was announced that Spencer would cut back on her hours on *GMA* from five days a week to three to focus on her own projects.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Steinberg \\|first\\=Brian \\|date\\=April 16, 2018 \\|title\\=Lara Spencer Pares Back Duties at 'Good Morning America' \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=Variety \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/lara\\-spencer\\-good\\-morning\\-america\\-1202754768/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 16, 2018}}\nRoberts also announced she would no longer anchor Fridays.\nOn May 23, 2018, an afternoon extension of *GMA* (originally titled *GMA Day*, now known as *GMA3*) was announced as a replacement in the fall of 2018 for the cancelled cooking series *[The Chew](/wiki/The_Chew \"The Chew\")* in the 1:00 p.m. ET/noon CT timeslot.{{Cite magazine \\|last\\=Steinberg \\|first\\=Brian \\|date\\=May 23, 2018 \\|title\\=ABC Will Replace \"The Chew\" With Afternoon Hour of \"Good Morning America\" \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/good\\-morning\\-america\\-abc\\-third\\-hour\\-1202820003/ \\|magazine\\=Variety \\|access\\-date\\=May 23, 2018}}",
"In April 2022, Roberts celebrated her 20th anniversary with *Good Morning America*, during which an on\\-air celebration was held with Roberts being honored with a plaque featuring her name on the grounds of Time Square.{{Cite web \\|date\\=April 15, 2022 \\|title\\=GMA's Robin Roberts shares emotional work news after breaking down in tears \\|url\\=https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/20220415138067/robin\\-roberts\\-emotional\\-statement\\-special\\-gma\\-anniversary/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2022 \\|website\\=HELLO! \\|language\\=en}}",
"An anthropomorphic show [mascot](/wiki/Mascot \"Mascot\"), Ray, styled as a sun\\-like creature, was introduced to the viewers on September 7, 2023\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://people.com/good\\-morning\\-america\\-introduces\\-new\\-furry\\-mascot\\-ray\\-7966868\\|title\\=''Good Morning America'' Introduces New Furry Mascot Ray: He's Ready to 'Spread the Joy'\\|website\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]\\|first\\=David\\|last\\=Chiu\\|date\\=September 7, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=September 10, 2023}}",
"In the first half of 2024, the show uncharacteristically struggled in the ratings race. It lost the demographic of adults under the age of 54 to the *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28American_TV_program%29 \"Today (American TV program)\")* show for several months, and periodically lost the same demographic in that period to *[CBS Mornings](/wiki/CBS_Mornings \"CBS Mornings\")*.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Mullin \\|first1\\=Benjamin \\|last2\\=Koblin \\|first2\\=John \\|title\\=ABC News's President, Kim Godwin, to Step Down \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/05/business/media/abc\\-news\\-president\\-kim\\-godwin\\-to\\-step\\-down.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2024 \\|work\\=New York Times \\|date\\=May 5, 2024}}",
"The show is expected to relocate with many of ABC News and WABC\\-TV's on\\-air studio operations to a new Disney facility at 4 [Hudson Square](/wiki/Hudson_Square \"Hudson Square\") some time in 2025\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2023/10/good\\-morning\\-america\\-leaving\\-times\\-square\\-studio\\-1235577666/\\|title\\='Good Morning America' To Leave Times Square Studio\\|website\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood]]\\|first\\=Ted\\|last\\=Johnson\\|date\\=October 18, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=October 19, 2023}}",
""
] |
Bosbok
------
[thumb\|Bosbok cockpit](/wiki/File:Aermacchi_AM3_Bosbok_Interior-001.jpg "Aermacchi AM3 Bosbok Interior-001.jpg")
In September 1970, the [South African Air Force](/wiki/South_African_Air_Force "South African Air Force") ordered 40 AM.3Cs, designating the aircraft the **AM.3CM Bosbok** (Bush\-buck). The first aircraft was taken on charge in March 1973, with deliveries continuing until December 1975, equipping [41 Squadron](/wiki/41_Squadron_SAAF "41 Squadron SAAF") and [42 Squadron](/wiki/42_Squadron_SAAF "42 Squadron SAAF").
The Bosbok saw extensive action during the South African military operations in [Angola](/wiki/Angola "Angola") between 1975 and 1989, during which it wore an olive\-drab/dark earth camouflage instead of the light\-grey paint scheme in which it was delivered.
The SAAF's Bosboks had four underwing hardpoints from which a variety of ordnance could be hung, including machine\-gun pods, light bombs, and smoke\-rocket pods. Each of the two inner hardpoints was stressed for a 170 kg (375 lb) load, with the two outer points being stressed for a 91 kg (200 lb) load.
Roles performed by the Bosbok in SAAF service include:
* Forward air control
* Radio relay (referred to as "Telstar duty" by the SAAF)
* Target marking (using smoke\-rockets)
* Reconnaissance/observation (including artillery spotting)
* Casevac
* Liaison
The Bosbok really excelled in the dangerous role of target\-marking, in which it used this technique \- the aircraft would approach the target at tree\-top height, pull up to around 92 m (300 ft) when nearly overhead the target, line up the nose on the target, and release the rockets, before quickly turning away and diving back to tree\-top level to avoid ground fire.
Using this method, a Bosbok was once credited with destroying an entire 37 mm [anti\-aircraft](/wiki/Anti-aircraft "Anti-aircraft") gun position with a lucky direct hit from one of its smoke marker rockets.
Following the end of South Africa's involvement in the [Angolan War](/wiki/South_African_Border_War%23Angolan_Independence:Cold_War_Theatre_of_War_%281975_%E2%80%93_1988%29 "Cold War Theatre of War (1975 – 1988)") in 1989 and the subsequent downsizing of the SAAF, the Bosbok was retired from service in 1992\.
|
[
"Bosbok\n------",
"[thumb\\|Bosbok cockpit](/wiki/File:Aermacchi_AM3_Bosbok_Interior-001.jpg \"Aermacchi AM3 Bosbok Interior-001.jpg\")\nIn September 1970, the [South African Air Force](/wiki/South_African_Air_Force \"South African Air Force\") ordered 40 AM.3Cs, designating the aircraft the **AM.3CM Bosbok** (Bush\\-buck). The first aircraft was taken on charge in March 1973, with deliveries continuing until December 1975, equipping [41 Squadron](/wiki/41_Squadron_SAAF \"41 Squadron SAAF\") and [42 Squadron](/wiki/42_Squadron_SAAF \"42 Squadron SAAF\").",
"The Bosbok saw extensive action during the South African military operations in [Angola](/wiki/Angola \"Angola\") between 1975 and 1989, during which it wore an olive\\-drab/dark earth camouflage instead of the light\\-grey paint scheme in which it was delivered.",
"The SAAF's Bosboks had four underwing hardpoints from which a variety of ordnance could be hung, including machine\\-gun pods, light bombs, and smoke\\-rocket pods. Each of the two inner hardpoints was stressed for a 170 kg (375 lb) load, with the two outer points being stressed for a 91 kg (200 lb) load.",
"Roles performed by the Bosbok in SAAF service include:\n* Forward air control\n* Radio relay (referred to as \"Telstar duty\" by the SAAF)\n* Target marking (using smoke\\-rockets)\n* Reconnaissance/observation (including artillery spotting)\n* Casevac\n* Liaison",
"The Bosbok really excelled in the dangerous role of target\\-marking, in which it used this technique \\- the aircraft would approach the target at tree\\-top height, pull up to around 92 m (300 ft) when nearly overhead the target, line up the nose on the target, and release the rockets, before quickly turning away and diving back to tree\\-top level to avoid ground fire.",
"Using this method, a Bosbok was once credited with destroying an entire 37 mm [anti\\-aircraft](/wiki/Anti-aircraft \"Anti-aircraft\") gun position with a lucky direct hit from one of its smoke marker rockets.",
"Following the end of South Africa's involvement in the [Angolan War](/wiki/South_African_Border_War%23Angolan_Independence:Cold_War_Theatre_of_War_%281975_%E2%80%93_1988%29 \"Cold War Theatre of War (1975 – 1988)\") in 1989 and the subsequent downsizing of the SAAF, the Bosbok was retired from service in 1992\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
In 2008, the Australian Government initiated a Review of Australian Higher Education to examine and report on the future direction of the sector, its fitness for purpose in meeting the needs of the Australian community and economy, and options for reform.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.teqsa.gov.au/what\-we\-do\|title\=What we do\|last\=Agency\|first\=Tertiary Education Quality and Standards\|date\=2017\-10\-06\|website\=www.teqsa.gov.au\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-23}}
This Review, also known as the Bradley Review, recommended a new, independent national regulatory body be responsible for all types of higher education. The review team decided that a national approach would provide a more effective, streamlined and integrated sector, achieving a sustainable and responsible higher education system.
The Australian Government responded to the Bradley Review in 2009, announcing a reform package for higher education. This package expanded the system and was intended to create new opportunities for all Australians to reach their potential in higher education.
The Government also committed to ensuring that growth in the sector was underpinned by a robust quality assurance and regulatory framework with an emphasis on student outcomes and the quality of the student experience.
TEQSA was established by the Government as Australia's higher education regulation and quality assurance agency in 2011, with a focus on ensuring that higher education providers meet minimum standards, promote best practice and improve the quality of the Australian higher education sector.
In 2012, TEQSA assumed regulatory powers under the TEQSA and ESOS Acts. In 2013, following the expression of some concerns from providers about the burden of TEQSA's regulatory approach, the Review of Higher Education Regulation Report was released, and in 2014, a significantly streamlined Revised Risk Assessment Framework was adopted. The Higher Education Standards Framework was reviewed in 2015 and became effective in January 2017\. The impact of the TEQSA Act was reviewed in 2016\-17 and, in 2019, a bill to implement the recommendations of the review was introduced to the Australian Parliament.
In June 2020 the Australian Government announced a new Higher Education Integrity Unit would be established within TEQSA. The unit will identify and analyse emerging threats and assist the sector to address them, in areas such as academic and research integrity, cyber security, foreign interference and admission standards. The new unit commenced operations in January 2021\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 2008, the Australian Government initiated a Review of Australian Higher Education to examine and report on the future direction of the sector, its fitness for purpose in meeting the needs of the Australian community and economy, and options for reform.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.teqsa.gov.au/what\\-we\\-do\\|title\\=What we do\\|last\\=Agency\\|first\\=Tertiary Education Quality and Standards\\|date\\=2017\\-10\\-06\\|website\\=www.teqsa.gov.au\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-23}}",
"This Review, also known as the Bradley Review, recommended a new, independent national regulatory body be responsible for all types of higher education. The review team decided that a national approach would provide a more effective, streamlined and integrated sector, achieving a sustainable and responsible higher education system.",
"The Australian Government responded to the Bradley Review in 2009, announcing a reform package for higher education. This package expanded the system and was intended to create new opportunities for all Australians to reach their potential in higher education.",
"The Government also committed to ensuring that growth in the sector was underpinned by a robust quality assurance and regulatory framework with an emphasis on student outcomes and the quality of the student experience.",
"TEQSA was established by the Government as Australia's higher education regulation and quality assurance agency in 2011, with a focus on ensuring that higher education providers meet minimum standards, promote best practice and improve the quality of the Australian higher education sector.",
"In 2012, TEQSA assumed regulatory powers under the TEQSA and ESOS Acts. In 2013, following the expression of some concerns from providers about the burden of TEQSA's regulatory approach, the Review of Higher Education Regulation Report was released, and in 2014, a significantly streamlined Revised Risk Assessment Framework was adopted. The Higher Education Standards Framework was reviewed in 2015 and became effective in January 2017\\. The impact of the TEQSA Act was reviewed in 2016\\-17 and, in 2019, a bill to implement the recommendations of the review was introduced to the Australian Parliament.",
"In June 2020 the Australian Government announced a new Higher Education Integrity Unit would be established within TEQSA. The unit will identify and analyse emerging threats and assist the sector to address them, in areas such as academic and research integrity, cyber security, foreign interference and admission standards. The new unit commenced operations in January 2021\\.",
""
] |
During Emperor Yang's reign
---------------------------
After Emperor Yang took the throne, Yuwen Shu, as one of his confidants, became more and more powerful, eventually becoming one of the most powerful individuals in the realm; Emperor Yang also elevated his title to Duke of Xu (許國公). In 607, Yuwen, in order to allow Yun Dingxing (雲定興), the father of Yang Yong's favorite concubine Consort Yun, to join Emperor Yang's regime, persuaded Yun that Yang Yong's sons needed to die, and then persuaded Emperor Yang of the same. Emperor Yang poisoned Yang Yong's oldest son (by Consort Yun), Yang Yan (楊儼) the former Prince of Changning, and exiled Yang Yong's other sons, but eventually had them all killed. It was only after the deaths of Yang Yong's sons that Yuwen was able to recommend Yun to Emperor Yang, who made Yun one of his chief engineers.
In 607, while Emperor Yang was conducting a tour of the northern border, he arrived at Yulin Commandery (榆林, roughly modern [Yulin](/wiki/Yulin%2C_Shaanxi "Yulin, Shaanxi"), [Shaanxi](/wiki/Shaanxi "Shaanxi")). Yuwen Shu's sons Yuwen Huaji and Yuwen Zhiji (宇文智及), who were mid\-level officials in Emperor Yang's government, secretly conducted forbidden trade with [Tujue](/wiki/Tujue "Tujue"). Emperor Yang was incensed and ordered that they be executed, but at the last minute spared them, formally awarding them to their father as slaves.
In 608, the official [Pei Ju](/wiki/Pei_Ju "Pei Ju") persuaded [Tiele](/wiki/Tiele_people "Tiele people") to attack [Tuyuhun](/wiki/Tuyuhun_Kingdom "Tuyuhun Kingdom"), and after Tiele defeated Tuyuhun, Tuyuhun's Bujiabo Khan [Murong Fuyun](/wiki/Murong_Fuyun "Murong Fuyun") offered to surrender to Sui. Emperor Yang sent his cousin Yang Xiong (楊雄) the Prince of Ande and Yuwen to rendezvous with Murong Fuyun to accept his surrender, but once Yuwen arrived at Linqiang (臨羌, in modern [Xining](/wiki/Xining "Xining"), [Qinghai](/wiki/Qinghai "Qinghai")), Murong Fuyun, fearful of the strength of Yuwen's force, changed his mind and fled west, and Yuwen attacked Tuyuhun's trailing people instead, capturing thousands of Tuyuhun's people. Emperor Yang thus established four commanderies over the former Tuyuhun territory.
In 612, Yuwen Shu participated in Emperor Yang's first campaign against [Goguryeo](/wiki/Goguryeo "Goguryeo"). Emperor Yang's main forces put Goguryeo's key northern city Liaodong (遼東, in modern [Liaoyang](/wiki/Liaoyang "Liaoyang"), [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning "Liaoning")) under siege (although he was ultimately unable to capture it), but sent Yuwen with a branch army to head deep south, across the [Yalu River](/wiki/Yalu_River "Yalu River"), heading directly toward the Goguryeo capital [Pyongyang](/wiki/Pyongyang "Pyongyang"). However, on the way, his army ran out of food supplies and was forced to withdraw, and as it did, Goguryeo forces gave chase and crushed him. When Emperor Yang retreated as well, he put Yuwen under imprisonment, but still remembering his relationship with Yuwen, did not execute him, but reduced him to commoner rank. However, soon he had Yuwen's title restored.
In 613, Emperor Yang launched his second campaign against Goguryeo—and again, he himself headed for Liaodong while ordering Yuwen and [Yang Yichen](/wiki/Yang_Yichen_%28Sui_dynasty%29 "Yang Yichen (Sui dynasty)") to head for Pyongyang. In the midst of the campaign, however, news arrived that Yang Su's son [Yang Xuangan](/wiki/Yang_Xuangan "Yang Xuangan") had rebelled near the eastern capital [Luoyang](/wiki/Luoyang "Luoyang"). Emperor Yang was forced to abandon the campaign against Goguryeo, and he sent Yuwen and Qutu Tong (屈突通) ahead of himself, to reinforce the forces near Luoyang against Yang Xuangan. Yuwen, Qutu, and the generals defeated Yang Xuangan, and Yang Xuangan fled west, intending to attack Chang'an. Yuwen, Qutu, Wei Wensheng (衛文昇) and Lai Hu'er (來護兒) gave chase, catching up with Yang Xuangan at [Hongnong](/wiki/Hongnong_Commandery "Hongnong Commandery") (弘農, in modern [Sanmenxia](/wiki/Sanmenxia "Sanmenxia"), [Henan](/wiki/Henan "Henan")) and dealt him a final crushing blow. Yang Xuangan tried to flee further, but knowing that he could not escape, had his brother Yang Jishan (楊積善) kill him. Pursuant to Yuwen's suggestions, Emperor Yang had Yang Jishan and Yang Xuangan's strategist Wei Fusi (韋福嗣) put to death in cruel manner.
In 615, Yuwen was involved in a major massacre of a noble clan. While Yuwen was still Emperor Yang's guard commander when Emperor Yang was crown prince, Li Hun (李渾) the son of the senior noble Li Mu (李穆) the Duke of Shen, who had died in 586, had become angry at his nephew Li Yun (李筠), who had inherited the title of Duke of Shen, and he had Li Yun assassinated, while framing his cousin Li Jutan (李瞿曇) for the murder and had Li Jutan executed. He then bribed Yuwen, his brother\-in\-law, with a promise that if he were allowed to inherit the ducal title, he would give Yuwen half of the stipend received from the fief. Yuwen persuaded the Crown Prince to in turn persuade Emperor Wen to agree, so Li Hun inherited the title. However, after Li Hun received the title, he only paid the bribe for two years and then stopped. Yuwen, resentful of Li Hun's broken promise, planned his revenge. By 615, there had been rumors throughout Sui territory that the next emperor would be named Li. Emperor Yang therefore particularly became suspicious of Li Hun's nephew Li Min (李敏), the husband of his sister [Yang Lihua](/wiki/Yang_Lihua "Yang Lihua")'s daughter Yuwen Eying (宇文娥英, who was also the daughter of Northern Zhou's Emperor Xuan, as the Yang Lihua, the Princess Leping, was Emperor Xuan's wife and empress), because Li Min's nickname was "Hong'er" (洪兒), meaning "son of a flood," and Emperor Wen had long ago dreamed that a flood would overflow the capital. Emperor Yang therefore tried to hint to Li Min that he should commit suicide, but Li Min did not. Yuwen Shu then had the official Pei Renji (裴仁基) falsely accuse Li Hun of plotting treason. Emperor Yang put Yuwen Shu in charge of the investigation, and Yuwen Shu manufactured evidence, particularly persuading Yuwen Eying that Emperor Yang would have the Lis executed anyway, and that she should save herself. Yuwen Eying thus wrote a confession implicating both Li Hun and Li Min. Li Hun, Li Min, and 32 of their clansmen were executed, and their other relatives were exiled. Several months later, Yuwen Eying was also poisoned.
In fall 615, Yuwen accompanied Emperor Yang on a tour of the northern frontier. The [Eastern Turk](/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate "Eastern Turkic Khaganate") leader [Shibi Khan](/wiki/Shibi_Khan "Shibi Khan") took the opportunity to launch a surprise attack against [Yanmen Commandery](/wiki/Yanmen_Commandery "Yanmen Commandery") in reprisal against various offenses by the emperor. His Chinese wife, the princess Yicheng, secretly sent a warning of the Turkish plans to Emperor Yang, who took refuge at the commandery seat in present\-day [Daixian](/wiki/Daixian "Daixian"), [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi "Shanxi").{{harvp\|Xiong\|2006\|pp\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-1PSb8wp\-woC\&pg\=PA63 63–4]}}. The Turks began their siege of the town on September 11\.[大業](/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%AD "大業")十一年 八月癸酉 [Academia Sinica](http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522200011/http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/ \|date\=2010\-05\-22 }} {{in lang\|zh}}Sima Guang, *Zizhi Tongjian*, [Vol. 182\.](/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7182 "資治通鑑/卷182") {{in lang\|zh}} Yuwen suggested Emperor Yang select a few thousand elite cavalry soldiers to attempt a break out, but [Su Wei](/wiki/Su_Wei_%28politician%29 "Su Wei (politician)") and Fan Zigai (樊子蓋) persuaded Emperor Yang not to attempt this. Instead, at the suggestion of his brother\-in\-law [Xiao Yu](/wiki/Xiao_Yu "Xiao Yu"), the emperor sought more help from Princess Yicheng, who was one of his relatives but—according to Turkish custom—was in charge of managing military affairs at home in her husband's absence. She sent Shibi Khan a false report of a northern attack on the Khaganate; hearing this and learning of Chinese reinforcements on their way to the emperor's relief, the khan abandoned the siege and returned north. Su subsequently suggested to Emperor Yang that he return to Chang'an, but at Yuwen's suggestion, Emperor Yang went to Luoyang instead.
In fall 616, while Emperor Yang was inquiring about the status of agrarian rebellions (by this point, most of Sui territory was in fact engulfed in agrarian rebellions), Yuwen, in order to placate him, informed him that the rebellions had largely been suppressed. Su, however, truthfully informed Emperor Yang that the rebellions were causing major problems for Sui rule. Emperor Yang, not happy about the news, soon considered putting Su to death, but eventually only reduced Su to commoner rank.
Soon thereafter, seeing that Emperor Yang wanted to go back to Jiangdu, the capital of [Yang Province](/wiki/Yangzhou_%28ancient_China%29 "Yangzhou (ancient China)"), Yuwen formally suggested that he does so, and Emperor Yang agreed. Yuwen followed Emperor Yang there, and became ill at Jiangdu. He died in winter 616\. Pursuant to his dying wishes, Emperor Yang pardoned Yuwen Huaji and Yuwen Zhiji, returning them to governmental service.
|
[
"During Emperor Yang's reign\n---------------------------",
"After Emperor Yang took the throne, Yuwen Shu, as one of his confidants, became more and more powerful, eventually becoming one of the most powerful individuals in the realm; Emperor Yang also elevated his title to Duke of Xu (許國公). In 607, Yuwen, in order to allow Yun Dingxing (雲定興), the father of Yang Yong's favorite concubine Consort Yun, to join Emperor Yang's regime, persuaded Yun that Yang Yong's sons needed to die, and then persuaded Emperor Yang of the same. Emperor Yang poisoned Yang Yong's oldest son (by Consort Yun), Yang Yan (楊儼) the former Prince of Changning, and exiled Yang Yong's other sons, but eventually had them all killed. It was only after the deaths of Yang Yong's sons that Yuwen was able to recommend Yun to Emperor Yang, who made Yun one of his chief engineers.",
"In 607, while Emperor Yang was conducting a tour of the northern border, he arrived at Yulin Commandery (榆林, roughly modern [Yulin](/wiki/Yulin%2C_Shaanxi \"Yulin, Shaanxi\"), [Shaanxi](/wiki/Shaanxi \"Shaanxi\")). Yuwen Shu's sons Yuwen Huaji and Yuwen Zhiji (宇文智及), who were mid\\-level officials in Emperor Yang's government, secretly conducted forbidden trade with [Tujue](/wiki/Tujue \"Tujue\"). Emperor Yang was incensed and ordered that they be executed, but at the last minute spared them, formally awarding them to their father as slaves.",
"In 608, the official [Pei Ju](/wiki/Pei_Ju \"Pei Ju\") persuaded [Tiele](/wiki/Tiele_people \"Tiele people\") to attack [Tuyuhun](/wiki/Tuyuhun_Kingdom \"Tuyuhun Kingdom\"), and after Tiele defeated Tuyuhun, Tuyuhun's Bujiabo Khan [Murong Fuyun](/wiki/Murong_Fuyun \"Murong Fuyun\") offered to surrender to Sui. Emperor Yang sent his cousin Yang Xiong (楊雄) the Prince of Ande and Yuwen to rendezvous with Murong Fuyun to accept his surrender, but once Yuwen arrived at Linqiang (臨羌, in modern [Xining](/wiki/Xining \"Xining\"), [Qinghai](/wiki/Qinghai \"Qinghai\")), Murong Fuyun, fearful of the strength of Yuwen's force, changed his mind and fled west, and Yuwen attacked Tuyuhun's trailing people instead, capturing thousands of Tuyuhun's people. Emperor Yang thus established four commanderies over the former Tuyuhun territory.",
"In 612, Yuwen Shu participated in Emperor Yang's first campaign against [Goguryeo](/wiki/Goguryeo \"Goguryeo\"). Emperor Yang's main forces put Goguryeo's key northern city Liaodong (遼東, in modern [Liaoyang](/wiki/Liaoyang \"Liaoyang\"), [Liaoning](/wiki/Liaoning \"Liaoning\")) under siege (although he was ultimately unable to capture it), but sent Yuwen with a branch army to head deep south, across the [Yalu River](/wiki/Yalu_River \"Yalu River\"), heading directly toward the Goguryeo capital [Pyongyang](/wiki/Pyongyang \"Pyongyang\"). However, on the way, his army ran out of food supplies and was forced to withdraw, and as it did, Goguryeo forces gave chase and crushed him. When Emperor Yang retreated as well, he put Yuwen under imprisonment, but still remembering his relationship with Yuwen, did not execute him, but reduced him to commoner rank. However, soon he had Yuwen's title restored.",
"In 613, Emperor Yang launched his second campaign against Goguryeo—and again, he himself headed for Liaodong while ordering Yuwen and [Yang Yichen](/wiki/Yang_Yichen_%28Sui_dynasty%29 \"Yang Yichen (Sui dynasty)\") to head for Pyongyang. In the midst of the campaign, however, news arrived that Yang Su's son [Yang Xuangan](/wiki/Yang_Xuangan \"Yang Xuangan\") had rebelled near the eastern capital [Luoyang](/wiki/Luoyang \"Luoyang\"). Emperor Yang was forced to abandon the campaign against Goguryeo, and he sent Yuwen and Qutu Tong (屈突通) ahead of himself, to reinforce the forces near Luoyang against Yang Xuangan. Yuwen, Qutu, and the generals defeated Yang Xuangan, and Yang Xuangan fled west, intending to attack Chang'an. Yuwen, Qutu, Wei Wensheng (衛文昇) and Lai Hu'er (來護兒) gave chase, catching up with Yang Xuangan at [Hongnong](/wiki/Hongnong_Commandery \"Hongnong Commandery\") (弘農, in modern [Sanmenxia](/wiki/Sanmenxia \"Sanmenxia\"), [Henan](/wiki/Henan \"Henan\")) and dealt him a final crushing blow. Yang Xuangan tried to flee further, but knowing that he could not escape, had his brother Yang Jishan (楊積善) kill him. Pursuant to Yuwen's suggestions, Emperor Yang had Yang Jishan and Yang Xuangan's strategist Wei Fusi (韋福嗣) put to death in cruel manner.",
"In 615, Yuwen was involved in a major massacre of a noble clan. While Yuwen was still Emperor Yang's guard commander when Emperor Yang was crown prince, Li Hun (李渾) the son of the senior noble Li Mu (李穆) the Duke of Shen, who had died in 586, had become angry at his nephew Li Yun (李筠), who had inherited the title of Duke of Shen, and he had Li Yun assassinated, while framing his cousin Li Jutan (李瞿曇) for the murder and had Li Jutan executed. He then bribed Yuwen, his brother\\-in\\-law, with a promise that if he were allowed to inherit the ducal title, he would give Yuwen half of the stipend received from the fief. Yuwen persuaded the Crown Prince to in turn persuade Emperor Wen to agree, so Li Hun inherited the title. However, after Li Hun received the title, he only paid the bribe for two years and then stopped. Yuwen, resentful of Li Hun's broken promise, planned his revenge. By 615, there had been rumors throughout Sui territory that the next emperor would be named Li. Emperor Yang therefore particularly became suspicious of Li Hun's nephew Li Min (李敏), the husband of his sister [Yang Lihua](/wiki/Yang_Lihua \"Yang Lihua\")'s daughter Yuwen Eying (宇文娥英, who was also the daughter of Northern Zhou's Emperor Xuan, as the Yang Lihua, the Princess Leping, was Emperor Xuan's wife and empress), because Li Min's nickname was \"Hong'er\" (洪兒), meaning \"son of a flood,\" and Emperor Wen had long ago dreamed that a flood would overflow the capital. Emperor Yang therefore tried to hint to Li Min that he should commit suicide, but Li Min did not. Yuwen Shu then had the official Pei Renji (裴仁基) falsely accuse Li Hun of plotting treason. Emperor Yang put Yuwen Shu in charge of the investigation, and Yuwen Shu manufactured evidence, particularly persuading Yuwen Eying that Emperor Yang would have the Lis executed anyway, and that she should save herself. Yuwen Eying thus wrote a confession implicating both Li Hun and Li Min. Li Hun, Li Min, and 32 of their clansmen were executed, and their other relatives were exiled. Several months later, Yuwen Eying was also poisoned.",
"In fall 615, Yuwen accompanied Emperor Yang on a tour of the northern frontier. The [Eastern Turk](/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate \"Eastern Turkic Khaganate\") leader [Shibi Khan](/wiki/Shibi_Khan \"Shibi Khan\") took the opportunity to launch a surprise attack against [Yanmen Commandery](/wiki/Yanmen_Commandery \"Yanmen Commandery\") in reprisal against various offenses by the emperor. His Chinese wife, the princess Yicheng, secretly sent a warning of the Turkish plans to Emperor Yang, who took refuge at the commandery seat in present\\-day [Daixian](/wiki/Daixian \"Daixian\"), [Shanxi](/wiki/Shanxi \"Shanxi\").{{harvp\\|Xiong\\|2006\\|pp\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-1PSb8wp\\-woC\\&pg\\=PA63 63–4]}}. The Turks began their siege of the town on September 11\\.[大業](/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%AD \"大業\")十一年 八月癸酉 [Academia Sinica](http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522200011/http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/ \\|date\\=2010\\-05\\-22 }} {{in lang\\|zh}}Sima Guang, *Zizhi Tongjian*, [Vol. 182\\.](/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7182 \"資治通鑑/卷182\") {{in lang\\|zh}} Yuwen suggested Emperor Yang select a few thousand elite cavalry soldiers to attempt a break out, but [Su Wei](/wiki/Su_Wei_%28politician%29 \"Su Wei (politician)\") and Fan Zigai (樊子蓋) persuaded Emperor Yang not to attempt this. Instead, at the suggestion of his brother\\-in\\-law [Xiao Yu](/wiki/Xiao_Yu \"Xiao Yu\"), the emperor sought more help from Princess Yicheng, who was one of his relatives but—according to Turkish custom—was in charge of managing military affairs at home in her husband's absence. She sent Shibi Khan a false report of a northern attack on the Khaganate; hearing this and learning of Chinese reinforcements on their way to the emperor's relief, the khan abandoned the siege and returned north. Su subsequently suggested to Emperor Yang that he return to Chang'an, but at Yuwen's suggestion, Emperor Yang went to Luoyang instead.",
"In fall 616, while Emperor Yang was inquiring about the status of agrarian rebellions (by this point, most of Sui territory was in fact engulfed in agrarian rebellions), Yuwen, in order to placate him, informed him that the rebellions had largely been suppressed. Su, however, truthfully informed Emperor Yang that the rebellions were causing major problems for Sui rule. Emperor Yang, not happy about the news, soon considered putting Su to death, but eventually only reduced Su to commoner rank.",
"Soon thereafter, seeing that Emperor Yang wanted to go back to Jiangdu, the capital of [Yang Province](/wiki/Yangzhou_%28ancient_China%29 \"Yangzhou (ancient China)\"), Yuwen formally suggested that he does so, and Emperor Yang agreed. Yuwen followed Emperor Yang there, and became ill at Jiangdu. He died in winter 616\\. Pursuant to his dying wishes, Emperor Yang pardoned Yuwen Huaji and Yuwen Zhiji, returning them to governmental service.",
""
] |
History
-------
Discovery of the silver ore is credited to Pablo Flores,{{Cite web \|title\=Cerro Gordo \|url\=http://digital\-desert.com/cerro\-gordo/ \|access\-date\=2020\-09\-25 \|website\=digital\-desert.com \|archive\-date\=2020\-04\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413141002/http://digital\-desert.com/cerro\-gordo/ \|url\-status\=live }} who began mining and smelting operations near the summit of Buena Vista Peak in 1865\. Increasing migration to the area was met with resistance from the [Native Americans](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California "Indigenous peoples of California"), which limited early mining efforts. The establishment of [Fort Independence](/wiki/Fort_Independence_%28California%29 "Fort Independence (California)") allowed for the expulsion of native populations, facilitating the expansion of the mining town.
These early miners employed relatively primitive techniques of open pits and trenches and used [adobe](/wiki/Adobe "Adobe") ovens to smelt the ore. Businessman Victor Beaudry{{Cite web \|title\=CERRO GORDO \|url\=http://explorehistoricalif.com/ehc\_legacy/cerro\_main.html \|access\-date\=2020\-09\-25 \|website\=explorehistoricalif.com \|archive\-date\=2021\-05\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509062618/http://explorehistoricalif.com/ehc\_legacy/cerro\_main.html \|url\-status\=live }} (younger brother of Los Angeles Mayor and developer [Prudent Beaudry](/wiki/Prudent_Beaudry "Prudent Beaudry")) of nearby [Independence, California](/wiki/Independence%2C_California "Independence, California"), became impressed by the quality of silver mined at Cerro Gordo and opened a store nearby. He soon acquired several mining claims to settle unpaid debts and proceeded to have two modern smelters built. Beaudry continued acquiring mining rights from debtors until he soon owned a majority of the richest and most productive mines in the area, including partial interest in the Union Mine.
In 1868, Mortimer Belshaw{{Cite web \|title\=Mortimer Belshaw Biography \|url\=http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/cerro\_gordo1/Mortimer%20Belshaw%20Biography.pdf \|access\-date\=2020\-09\-25 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321104726/http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/cerro\_gordo1/Mortimer%20Belshaw%20Biography.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} arrived in Cerro Gordo (lit. "Fat Hill" in Spanish), attracted by the rich deposits of [galena](/wiki/Galena "Galena") ore. After establishing a partnership with another stakeholder in the Union Mine, he brought the first wagon load of silver from Cerro Gordo to Los Angeles.{{Cite news \|last\=Babcock \|first\=Elizabeth \|date\=June 19, 2020 \|title\=The 'rich' history of Cerro Gordo mine \|language\=en \|website\=The News Review \|location\=Ridgecrest CA \|url\=http://www.news\-ridgecrest.com/news/story.pl?id\=0000011526 \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-12 \|archive\-date\=2020\-08\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815170243/http://news\-ridgecrest.com/news/story.pl?id\=0000011526 \|url\-status\=live }} In Los Angeles he was able to secure financing to build his own smelter that was superior to all other smelters at Cerro Gordo, as well as to build the first wagon road up the mountain. This road became known as the Yellow Road from the color of the rock that it had been cut through. By operating the Yellow Road as a toll road, Belshaw was able to earn income and control the shipments of silver from the mountain.
Between 1879 and 1880 in Cerro Gordo district, {{convert\|4223\|ST\|lb t}} of ore was raised and treated, $3,307 ($88,088 in 2021\) gold bullion produced and $140,517 ($3,742,932 in 2021\) worth of silver bullion produced.{{Cite web \|author\=Karen K. Swope \|author2\=Carrie J. Gregory \|date\=2017 \|title\=Mining in the Southern California Deserts \- A Historic Context Statement and Research Design \|url\=http://npshistory.com/brochures/blm/ca/desert\-mining\-2017\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|website\=U.S. Department of the Interior \- Bureau of Land Management \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716163741/http://npshistory.com/brochures/blm/ca/desert\-mining\-2017\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2021\-07\-16}} During its entire operating history from 1865 to 1949, mines produced over {{convert\|35000\|ST\|lb t}} of lead, {{convert\|4400000\|ozt\|lb kg\|\|}} of silver and {{convert\|11800\|ST\|lb t}} of zinc, with an estimated worth of over $17 million.
By 1907, high\-grade zinc ore was found in Cerro Gordo and ore shipments begun, and by 1912, Cerro Gordo became the largest producer of zinc carbonates in the U.S.{{Cite web \|author\=Linda W. Greene \|date\=March 1981 \|title\=HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY \- A HISTORY OF MINING IN DEATH VALLEY NATIONAL MONUMENT\-VOLUME I OF 11\-Part 1 of 2 \|url\=http://npshistory.com/publications/deva/hrs\-mining\-v1p1\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716163742/http://npshistory.com/publications/deva/hrs\-mining\-v1p1\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2021\-07\-16}}
In 1916, the town became electrified, replacing the steam power that operated the machinery.{{Cite web \|last\=Vargo \|first\=Cecil Page \|title\=Louis D. Gordon \& the Great Zinc Era \|url\=http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/stories2/The%20Great%20Zinc%20Era.pdf }}{{Dead link\|date\=November 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
[thumb\|Looking north](/wiki/File:Silver-mining_ghost_town_of_Cerro_Gordo%2C_Looking_N%2C_Inyo_Co.%2C_CA_-_panoramio.jpg "Silver-mining ghost town of Cerro Gordo, Looking N, Inyo Co., CA - panoramio.jpg")
In 1920, about ten miners still worked, mostly mining silver\-lead ore. Mining had largely ceased by 1938\.{{cite web \|url\=https://cerrogordomines.com/\#history \|title\=History \|website\=Cerro Gordo Mine \|access\-date\=18 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=18 July 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718180330/https://cerrogordomines.com/\#history \|url\-status\=live }}
{{As of\|2019}}, a former high school teacher was the only miner; the then\-70\-year\-old had been collecting small amounts of silver underground since 1997, selling the silver to tourists, while searching for a productive vein.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories\-49084230 \|title\='I've spent 22 years searching for silver in a ghost town' \|last\=Park \|first\=Victoria \|work\=BBC News \|date\=30 July 2019 \|access\-date\=18 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=18 July 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718175230/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories\-49084230 \|url\-status\=live }}
The Cerro Gordo mines were the most extensive with more than {{convert\|30\|mi\|ft km}} of underground tunnels in the Cerro Gordo Mining District.
The [ghost town](/wiki/Ghost_town "Ghost town") of Cerro Gordo was purchased in June 2018 with the intent to turn it into a tourist attraction, accessed by special permission. At that time, it had several vintage buildings, including the general store{{cite news \|title\=Buyer of this authentic "ghost town" can own piece of the Wild West \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ghost\-town\-cerro\-gordo\-california\-wild\-west \|work\=\[\[CBS News]] \|date\=2018\-06\-14 \|access\-date\=2018\-06\-13 \|archive\-date\=2018\-06\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613154450/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ghost\-town\-cerro\-gordo\-california\-wild\-west/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|last1\=Park \|first1\=Madison \|title\=This California ghost town is for sale \|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/14/us/ghost\-town\-for\-sale\-cerro\-gordo\-trnd/index.html \|work\=\[\[CNN]] \|date\=2018\-06\-14 \|access\-date\=2018\-06\-14 \|archive\-date\=2018\-06\-14 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614221225/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/14/us/ghost\-town\-for\-sale\-cerro\-gordo\-trnd/index.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/real\-estate/2018/06/28/entire\-california\-ghost\-town\-for\-sale\-for\-under\-1\-million.html \|title\=Entire California ghost town for sale for under $1 million \|publisher\=\[\[Fox News]] \|date\=June 28, 2018 \|access\-date\=June 29, 2018 \|archive\-date\=June 28, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628205828/http://www.foxnews.com/real\-estate/2018/06/28/entire\-california\-ghost\-town\-for\-sale\-for\-under\-1\-million.html \|url\-status\=live }} and {{Convert\|336\|acre\|ha}}.{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-11\-26 \|title\=We bought a ghost town \|url\=https://nathanbarry.com/cerro\-gordo/ \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-24 \|website\=Nathan Barryl \|archive\-date\=2020\-10\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027042542/https://nathanbarry.com/cerro\-gordo/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Self\-published source\|date\=September 2023\|reason\=blog}}{{cite news \|first\=Amy \|last\=Graff \|url\=https://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/Cerro\-Gordo\-California\-ghost\-town\-real\-estate\-13079866\.php \|title\=Historic California ghost town sells for $1\.4 million on Friday the 13th \|newspaper\=\[\[San Francisco Chronicle]] \|date\=July 16, 2018 \|access\-date\=July 17, 2018 \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717100147/https://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/Cerro\-Gordo\-California\-ghost\-town\-real\-estate\-13079866\.php \|url\-status\=live }} The buyers, [Brent Underwood](/wiki/Brent_Underwood "Brent Underwood") and Jon Bier, purchased the property with additional Los Angeles\-based investors.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/hot\-property/la\-fi\-hp\-cerro\-gordo\-ghost\-town\-20180717\-story.html \|title\=California ghost town sells for $1\.4 million; buyers plan to develop it as a tourist attraction \|access\-date\=21 July 2018 \|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|archive\-date\=20 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720030735/http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/hot\-property/la\-fi\-hp\-cerro\-gordo\-ghost\-town\-20180717\-story.html \|url\-status\=live }} The American Hotel, an icehouse, and a residence were destroyed in a fire on June 15, 2020\.{{Cite news \|last\=Sahagún \|first\=Louis \|date\=2020\-06\-21 \|title\=California ghost town with a bloody past suffers a new calamity \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020\-06\-21/a\-california\-ghost\-town\-with\-a\-murderous\-past\-suffers\-new\-tragedy\-as\-famed\-hotel\-goes\-up\-in\-flames \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-12 \|newspaper\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|archive\-date\=2020\-10\-31 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031233315/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020\-06\-21/a\-california\-ghost\-town\-with\-a\-murderous\-past\-suffers\-new\-tragedy\-as\-famed\-hotel\-goes\-up\-in\-flames \|url\-status\=live }} Despite these challenges, Underwood says he is still committed to the project.{{Cite news \|last\=Chamings \|first\=Andrew \|date\=2021\-02\-23 \|title\=An influencer who bought a California ghost town is ready to die there \|url\=https://www.sfgate.com/travel/editorspicks/article/california\-ghost\-town\-tiktok\-underwood\-cerro\-gordo\-15970036\.php \|access\-date\=2021\-02\-26 \|work\=\[\[San Francisco Chronicle]] \|archive\-date\=2021\-02\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226005208/https://www.sfgate.com/travel/editorspicks/article/california\-ghost\-town\-tiktok\-underwood\-cerro\-gordo\-15970036\.php \|url\-status\=live }}
In 2021, it was revealed the previous owners had sold the [mining claims](/wiki/Mineral_rights "Mineral rights") of the nearby area to [K2 Gold Corp](/wiki/Goldcorp "Goldcorp").{{Cite web \|title\=K2 Gold (KTGDF) Shares Rise After Entering Option Agreement to Fully Acquire Cerro Gordo Project \|url\=https://www.investorsobserver.com/news/stock\-update/k2\-gold\-ktgdf\-shares\-rise\-after\-entering\-option\-agreement\-to\-fully\-acquire\-cerro\-gordo\-project \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-16 \|website\=www.investorsobserver.com \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=2021\-08\-16 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816134445/https://www.investorsobserver.com/news/stock\-update/k2\-gold\-ktgdf\-shares\-rise\-after\-entering\-option\-agreement\-to\-fully\-acquire\-cerro\-gordo\-project \|url\-status\=live }} There are plans to start a cyanide [opencast mine](/wiki/Open-pit_mining "Open-pit mining") using [cyanide](/wiki/Cyanide "Cyanide") in the adjacent [Conglomerate Mesa Formation](/wiki/Conglomerate_Mesa_Formation "Conglomerate Mesa Formation") area.{{Cite news \|last\=Sahagun \|first\=Louis \|date\=2021\-03\-14 \|title\=A corporation wants to mine for gold near Death Valley. Native tribes are fighting it \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2021\-03\-14/a\-corporation\-wants\-to\-mine\-for\-gold\-near\-death\-valley\-native\-tribes\-are\-fighting\-it \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-16 \|website\=Los Angeles Times \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=2021\-08\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815205224/https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2021\-03\-14/a\-corporation\-wants\-to\-mine\-for\-gold\-near\-death\-valley\-native\-tribes\-are\-fighting\-it \|url\-status\=live }} As of March 17, 2022, [K2 Gold Corp](/wiki/Goldcorp "Goldcorp") announced it is suspending a proposal to expand gold mining exploration and road building on California's [Conglomerate Mesa Formation](/wiki/Conglomerate_Mesa_Formation "Conglomerate Mesa Formation") after the U.S. [Bureau of Land Management](/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management "Bureau of Land Management") required an [environmental impact statement](/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement "Environmental impact statement") for the project.{{Cite news \|last\=Anderson \|first\=Ileene \|date\=2022\-03\-17 \|title\=Mining Company Nixes California Gold Exploration That Threatened Rare Daisy \|url\=https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press\-releases/mining\-company\-nixes\-california\-gold\-exploration\-that\-threatened\-rare\-daisy\-2022\-03\-17/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-17 \|website\= www.biologicaldiversity.org \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=2023\-04\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427061111/https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press\-releases/mining\-company\-nixes\-california\-gold\-exploration\-that\-threatened\-rare\-daisy\-2022\-03\-17/ \|url\-status\=live }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Discovery of the silver ore is credited to Pablo Flores,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Cerro Gordo \\|url\\=http://digital\\-desert.com/cerro\\-gordo/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-25 \\|website\\=digital\\-desert.com \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413141002/http://digital\\-desert.com/cerro\\-gordo/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} who began mining and smelting operations near the summit of Buena Vista Peak in 1865\\. Increasing migration to the area was met with resistance from the [Native Americans](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California \"Indigenous peoples of California\"), which limited early mining efforts. The establishment of [Fort Independence](/wiki/Fort_Independence_%28California%29 \"Fort Independence (California)\") allowed for the expulsion of native populations, facilitating the expansion of the mining town.",
"These early miners employed relatively primitive techniques of open pits and trenches and used [adobe](/wiki/Adobe \"Adobe\") ovens to smelt the ore. Businessman Victor Beaudry{{Cite web \\|title\\=CERRO GORDO \\|url\\=http://explorehistoricalif.com/ehc\\_legacy/cerro\\_main.html \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-25 \\|website\\=explorehistoricalif.com \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509062618/http://explorehistoricalif.com/ehc\\_legacy/cerro\\_main.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} (younger brother of Los Angeles Mayor and developer [Prudent Beaudry](/wiki/Prudent_Beaudry \"Prudent Beaudry\")) of nearby [Independence, California](/wiki/Independence%2C_California \"Independence, California\"), became impressed by the quality of silver mined at Cerro Gordo and opened a store nearby. He soon acquired several mining claims to settle unpaid debts and proceeded to have two modern smelters built. Beaudry continued acquiring mining rights from debtors until he soon owned a majority of the richest and most productive mines in the area, including partial interest in the Union Mine.",
"In 1868, Mortimer Belshaw{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mortimer Belshaw Biography \\|url\\=http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/cerro\\_gordo1/Mortimer%20Belshaw%20Biography.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-25 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321104726/http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/cerro\\_gordo1/Mortimer%20Belshaw%20Biography.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} arrived in Cerro Gordo (lit. \"Fat Hill\" in Spanish), attracted by the rich deposits of [galena](/wiki/Galena \"Galena\") ore. After establishing a partnership with another stakeholder in the Union Mine, he brought the first wagon load of silver from Cerro Gordo to Los Angeles.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Babcock \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|date\\=June 19, 2020 \\|title\\=The 'rich' history of Cerro Gordo mine \\|language\\=en \\|website\\=The News Review \\|location\\=Ridgecrest CA \\|url\\=http://www.news\\-ridgecrest.com/news/story.pl?id\\=0000011526 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-12 \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815170243/http://news\\-ridgecrest.com/news/story.pl?id\\=0000011526 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In Los Angeles he was able to secure financing to build his own smelter that was superior to all other smelters at Cerro Gordo, as well as to build the first wagon road up the mountain. This road became known as the Yellow Road from the color of the rock that it had been cut through. By operating the Yellow Road as a toll road, Belshaw was able to earn income and control the shipments of silver from the mountain.",
"Between 1879 and 1880 in Cerro Gordo district, {{convert\\|4223\\|ST\\|lb t}} of ore was raised and treated, $3,307 ($88,088 in 2021\\) gold bullion produced and $140,517 ($3,742,932 in 2021\\) worth of silver bullion produced.{{Cite web \\|author\\=Karen K. Swope \\|author2\\=Carrie J. Gregory \\|date\\=2017 \\|title\\=Mining in the Southern California Deserts \\- A Historic Context Statement and Research Design \\|url\\=http://npshistory.com/brochures/blm/ca/desert\\-mining\\-2017\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|website\\=U.S. Department of the Interior \\- Bureau of Land Management \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716163741/http://npshistory.com/brochures/blm/ca/desert\\-mining\\-2017\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-16}} During its entire operating history from 1865 to 1949, mines produced over {{convert\\|35000\\|ST\\|lb t}} of lead, {{convert\\|4400000\\|ozt\\|lb kg\\|\\|}} of silver and {{convert\\|11800\\|ST\\|lb t}} of zinc, with an estimated worth of over $17 million.",
"By 1907, high\\-grade zinc ore was found in Cerro Gordo and ore shipments begun, and by 1912, Cerro Gordo became the largest producer of zinc carbonates in the U.S.{{Cite web \\|author\\=Linda W. Greene \\|date\\=March 1981 \\|title\\=HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY \\- A HISTORY OF MINING IN DEATH VALLEY NATIONAL MONUMENT\\-VOLUME I OF 11\\-Part 1 of 2 \\|url\\=http://npshistory.com/publications/deva/hrs\\-mining\\-v1p1\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716163742/http://npshistory.com/publications/deva/hrs\\-mining\\-v1p1\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-16}}",
"In 1916, the town became electrified, replacing the steam power that operated the machinery.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Vargo \\|first\\=Cecil Page \\|title\\=Louis D. Gordon \\& the Great Zinc Era \\|url\\=http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/stories2/The%20Great%20Zinc%20Era.pdf }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=November 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}\n[thumb\\|Looking north](/wiki/File:Silver-mining_ghost_town_of_Cerro_Gordo%2C_Looking_N%2C_Inyo_Co.%2C_CA_-_panoramio.jpg \"Silver-mining ghost town of Cerro Gordo, Looking N, Inyo Co., CA - panoramio.jpg\")\nIn 1920, about ten miners still worked, mostly mining silver\\-lead ore. Mining had largely ceased by 1938\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://cerrogordomines.com/\\#history \\|title\\=History \\|website\\=Cerro Gordo Mine \\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 July 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718180330/https://cerrogordomines.com/\\#history \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\n{{As of\\|2019}}, a former high school teacher was the only miner; the then\\-70\\-year\\-old had been collecting small amounts of silver underground since 1997, selling the silver to tourists, while searching for a productive vein.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories\\-49084230 \\|title\\='I've spent 22 years searching for silver in a ghost town' \\|last\\=Park \\|first\\=Victoria \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=30 July 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 July 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718175230/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories\\-49084230 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The Cerro Gordo mines were the most extensive with more than {{convert\\|30\\|mi\\|ft km}} of underground tunnels in the Cerro Gordo Mining District.",
"The [ghost town](/wiki/Ghost_town \"Ghost town\") of Cerro Gordo was purchased in June 2018 with the intent to turn it into a tourist attraction, accessed by special permission. At that time, it had several vintage buildings, including the general store{{cite news \\|title\\=Buyer of this authentic \"ghost town\" can own piece of the Wild West \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ghost\\-town\\-cerro\\-gordo\\-california\\-wild\\-west \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS News]] \\|date\\=2018\\-06\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-13 \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613154450/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ghost\\-town\\-cerro\\-gordo\\-california\\-wild\\-west/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Park \\|first1\\=Madison \\|title\\=This California ghost town is for sale \\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/14/us/ghost\\-town\\-for\\-sale\\-cerro\\-gordo\\-trnd/index.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|date\\=2018\\-06\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-14 \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-06\\-14 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614221225/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/14/us/ghost\\-town\\-for\\-sale\\-cerro\\-gordo\\-trnd/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/real\\-estate/2018/06/28/entire\\-california\\-ghost\\-town\\-for\\-sale\\-for\\-under\\-1\\-million.html \\|title\\=Entire California ghost town for sale for under $1 million \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Fox News]] \\|date\\=June 28, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=June 29, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 28, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628205828/http://www.foxnews.com/real\\-estate/2018/06/28/entire\\-california\\-ghost\\-town\\-for\\-sale\\-for\\-under\\-1\\-million.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and {{Convert\\|336\\|acre\\|ha}}.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-26 \\|title\\=We bought a ghost town \\|url\\=https://nathanbarry.com/cerro\\-gordo/ \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-24 \\|website\\=Nathan Barryl \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027042542/https://nathanbarry.com/cerro\\-gordo/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Self\\-published source\\|date\\=September 2023\\|reason\\=blog}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Amy \\|last\\=Graff \\|url\\=https://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/Cerro\\-Gordo\\-California\\-ghost\\-town\\-real\\-estate\\-13079866\\.php \\|title\\=Historic California ghost town sells for $1\\.4 million on Friday the 13th \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[San Francisco Chronicle]] \\|date\\=July 16, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=July 17, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717100147/https://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/Cerro\\-Gordo\\-California\\-ghost\\-town\\-real\\-estate\\-13079866\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The buyers, [Brent Underwood](/wiki/Brent_Underwood \"Brent Underwood\") and Jon Bier, purchased the property with additional Los Angeles\\-based investors.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/hot\\-property/la\\-fi\\-hp\\-cerro\\-gordo\\-ghost\\-town\\-20180717\\-story.html \\|title\\=California ghost town sells for $1\\.4 million; buyers plan to develop it as a tourist attraction \\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2018 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720030735/http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/hot\\-property/la\\-fi\\-hp\\-cerro\\-gordo\\-ghost\\-town\\-20180717\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The American Hotel, an icehouse, and a residence were destroyed in a fire on June 15, 2020\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sahagún \\|first\\=Louis \\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-21 \\|title\\=California ghost town with a bloody past suffers a new calamity \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020\\-06\\-21/a\\-california\\-ghost\\-town\\-with\\-a\\-murderous\\-past\\-suffers\\-new\\-tragedy\\-as\\-famed\\-hotel\\-goes\\-up\\-in\\-flames \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-12 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-31 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031233315/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020\\-06\\-21/a\\-california\\-ghost\\-town\\-with\\-a\\-murderous\\-past\\-suffers\\-new\\-tragedy\\-as\\-famed\\-hotel\\-goes\\-up\\-in\\-flames \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Despite these challenges, Underwood says he is still committed to the project.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Chamings \\|first\\=Andrew \\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-23 \\|title\\=An influencer who bought a California ghost town is ready to die there \\|url\\=https://www.sfgate.com/travel/editorspicks/article/california\\-ghost\\-town\\-tiktok\\-underwood\\-cerro\\-gordo\\-15970036\\.php \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-26 \\|work\\=\\[\\[San Francisco Chronicle]] \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226005208/https://www.sfgate.com/travel/editorspicks/article/california\\-ghost\\-town\\-tiktok\\-underwood\\-cerro\\-gordo\\-15970036\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2021, it was revealed the previous owners had sold the [mining claims](/wiki/Mineral_rights \"Mineral rights\") of the nearby area to [K2 Gold Corp](/wiki/Goldcorp \"Goldcorp\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=K2 Gold (KTGDF) Shares Rise After Entering Option Agreement to Fully Acquire Cerro Gordo Project \\|url\\=https://www.investorsobserver.com/news/stock\\-update/k2\\-gold\\-ktgdf\\-shares\\-rise\\-after\\-entering\\-option\\-agreement\\-to\\-fully\\-acquire\\-cerro\\-gordo\\-project \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-16 \\|website\\=www.investorsobserver.com \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-16 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816134445/https://www.investorsobserver.com/news/stock\\-update/k2\\-gold\\-ktgdf\\-shares\\-rise\\-after\\-entering\\-option\\-agreement\\-to\\-fully\\-acquire\\-cerro\\-gordo\\-project \\|url\\-status\\=live }} There are plans to start a cyanide [opencast mine](/wiki/Open-pit_mining \"Open-pit mining\") using [cyanide](/wiki/Cyanide \"Cyanide\") in the adjacent [Conglomerate Mesa Formation](/wiki/Conglomerate_Mesa_Formation \"Conglomerate Mesa Formation\") area.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sahagun \\|first\\=Louis \\|date\\=2021\\-03\\-14 \\|title\\=A corporation wants to mine for gold near Death Valley. Native tribes are fighting it \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2021\\-03\\-14/a\\-corporation\\-wants\\-to\\-mine\\-for\\-gold\\-near\\-death\\-valley\\-native\\-tribes\\-are\\-fighting\\-it \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-16 \\|website\\=Los Angeles Times \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815205224/https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2021\\-03\\-14/a\\-corporation\\-wants\\-to\\-mine\\-for\\-gold\\-near\\-death\\-valley\\-native\\-tribes\\-are\\-fighting\\-it \\|url\\-status\\=live }} As of March 17, 2022, [K2 Gold Corp](/wiki/Goldcorp \"Goldcorp\") announced it is suspending a proposal to expand gold mining exploration and road building on California's [Conglomerate Mesa Formation](/wiki/Conglomerate_Mesa_Formation \"Conglomerate Mesa Formation\") after the U.S. [Bureau of Land Management](/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management \"Bureau of Land Management\") required an [environmental impact statement](/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement \"Environmental impact statement\") for the project.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Anderson \\|first\\=Ileene \\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-17 \\|title\\=Mining Company Nixes California Gold Exploration That Threatened Rare Daisy \\|url\\=https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press\\-releases/mining\\-company\\-nixes\\-california\\-gold\\-exploration\\-that\\-threatened\\-rare\\-daisy\\-2022\\-03\\-17/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-17 \\|website\\= www.biologicaldiversity.org \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427061111/https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press\\-releases/mining\\-company\\-nixes\\-california\\-gold\\-exploration\\-that\\-threatened\\-rare\\-daisy\\-2022\\-03\\-17/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
""
] |
Plot
----
The film begins with a flash\-forward in which a man ([Robert Redford](/wiki/Robert_Redford "Robert Redford")) narrates a letter addressing people he will miss, as the camera pans across a lost [shipping container](/wiki/Intermodal_container "Intermodal container").
In the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean "Indian Ocean") eight days earlier, the man wakes to find water flooding his boat. It has collided with a wayward shipping container, ripping a hole in the [hull](/wiki/Hull_%28watercraft%29 "Hull (watercraft)"). The man uses a [sea anchor](/wiki/Sea_anchor "Sea anchor") to dislodge the container, then changes course to tilt the boat away from the hole. He patches the hole and uses a manual [bilge pump](/wiki/Bilge_pump "Bilge pump") to remove the water from the cabin. The boat's navigational and communications systems have been damaged by saltwater intrusion. The man tries to repair the [marine radio](/wiki/Marine_radio "Marine radio") and connects it to one of the boat's batteries. When he climbs the mast to repair an antenna lead, he sees an oncoming [tropical storm](/wiki/Tropical_storm "Tropical storm").
When the storm arrives, the man [runs before the wind](/wiki/Point_of_sail%23Running_downwind "Point of sail#Running downwind"). He intends to [heave to](/wiki/Heaving_to "Heaving to"), but as he crawls to the bow to hoist the [storm jib](/wiki/Storm_jib "Storm jib"), he is thrown overboard and only regains the deck after a desperate struggle. The boat [capsizes](/wiki/Capsizes "Capsizes") and rights itself; during a second roll, which throws the man overboard again, the boat is dis\-masted and most of the equipment is destroyed. After going below deck and being knocked out by colliding with a post, he regains consciousness to find the boat sinking, so he abandons ship in an inflatable [life raft](/wiki/Life_raft "Life raft"). When the storm has passed, he salvages whatever he can from his sinking boat and transfers it to the raft. Before the boat sinks, he tends to the gash on his forehead.
As the man learns to operate a [sextant](/wiki/Sextant "Sextant"), he discovers he is being pulled towards a major [shipping lane](/wiki/Shipping_lanes "Shipping lanes") by [ocean currents](/wiki/Ocean_currents "Ocean currents"). He survives another storm but his supplies dwindle, and he learns too late that his drinking water has been contaminated with sea water. He improvises a [solar still](/wiki/Solar_still "Solar still") from his water container, a plastic bag, and an aluminum can, producing fresh water, and he snags a fish, but it is snapped up by a shark before he can reel it in.
The man is passed by two [container ships](/wiki/Container_ship "Container ship"), but he is unseen despite him using signaling [flares](/wiki/Flare "Flare"). He drifts out of the shipping lane with no food or water. On the eighth day, he writes a letter, puts it in a jar, and throws it in the ocean as a [message in a bottle](/wiki/Message_in_a_bottle "Message in a bottle"). Later that night, he sees a light in the distance. He uses pages from his journal along with charts to create a signal fire. The fire grows out of control and consumes his raft. He falls into the water and allows himself to sink. Underwater, he sees the hull of a boat with a search light approaching his burning raft. He swims towards the surface to grasp an outstretched hand.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The film begins with a flash\\-forward in which a man ([Robert Redford](/wiki/Robert_Redford \"Robert Redford\")) narrates a letter addressing people he will miss, as the camera pans across a lost [shipping container](/wiki/Intermodal_container \"Intermodal container\").",
"In the [Indian Ocean](/wiki/Indian_Ocean \"Indian Ocean\") eight days earlier, the man wakes to find water flooding his boat. It has collided with a wayward shipping container, ripping a hole in the [hull](/wiki/Hull_%28watercraft%29 \"Hull (watercraft)\"). The man uses a [sea anchor](/wiki/Sea_anchor \"Sea anchor\") to dislodge the container, then changes course to tilt the boat away from the hole. He patches the hole and uses a manual [bilge pump](/wiki/Bilge_pump \"Bilge pump\") to remove the water from the cabin. The boat's navigational and communications systems have been damaged by saltwater intrusion. The man tries to repair the [marine radio](/wiki/Marine_radio \"Marine radio\") and connects it to one of the boat's batteries. When he climbs the mast to repair an antenna lead, he sees an oncoming [tropical storm](/wiki/Tropical_storm \"Tropical storm\").",
"When the storm arrives, the man [runs before the wind](/wiki/Point_of_sail%23Running_downwind \"Point of sail#Running downwind\"). He intends to [heave to](/wiki/Heaving_to \"Heaving to\"), but as he crawls to the bow to hoist the [storm jib](/wiki/Storm_jib \"Storm jib\"), he is thrown overboard and only regains the deck after a desperate struggle. The boat [capsizes](/wiki/Capsizes \"Capsizes\") and rights itself; during a second roll, which throws the man overboard again, the boat is dis\\-masted and most of the equipment is destroyed. After going below deck and being knocked out by colliding with a post, he regains consciousness to find the boat sinking, so he abandons ship in an inflatable [life raft](/wiki/Life_raft \"Life raft\"). When the storm has passed, he salvages whatever he can from his sinking boat and transfers it to the raft. Before the boat sinks, he tends to the gash on his forehead.",
"As the man learns to operate a [sextant](/wiki/Sextant \"Sextant\"), he discovers he is being pulled towards a major [shipping lane](/wiki/Shipping_lanes \"Shipping lanes\") by [ocean currents](/wiki/Ocean_currents \"Ocean currents\"). He survives another storm but his supplies dwindle, and he learns too late that his drinking water has been contaminated with sea water. He improvises a [solar still](/wiki/Solar_still \"Solar still\") from his water container, a plastic bag, and an aluminum can, producing fresh water, and he snags a fish, but it is snapped up by a shark before he can reel it in.",
"The man is passed by two [container ships](/wiki/Container_ship \"Container ship\"), but he is unseen despite him using signaling [flares](/wiki/Flare \"Flare\"). He drifts out of the shipping lane with no food or water. On the eighth day, he writes a letter, puts it in a jar, and throws it in the ocean as a [message in a bottle](/wiki/Message_in_a_bottle \"Message in a bottle\"). Later that night, he sees a light in the distance. He uses pages from his journal along with charts to create a signal fire. The fire grows out of control and consumes his raft. He falls into the water and allows himself to sink. Underwater, he sees the hull of a boat with a search light approaching his burning raft. He swims towards the surface to grasp an outstretched hand.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early history
Drummer Danny Furious (Danny O'Brien) and guitarist Greg Ingraham decided to start a band, and Furious approached [Penelope Houston](/wiki/Penelope_Houston "Penelope Houston") to be their singer, who agreed. They finished their lineup with Jonathon Postal on bass, although he was replaced shortly after by [Jimmy Wilsey](/wiki/James_Wilsey "James Wilsey"). Their first release (and only release while the band was originally together) was *[We Are the One](/wiki/We_Are_the_One "We Are the One")*, a three\-song EP which was released on [Dangerhouse Records](/wiki/Dangerhouse_Records "Dangerhouse Records") in 1977\.
The Avengers opened for the [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols "Sex Pistols") in San Francisco at their final show at [Winterland](/wiki/Winterland "Winterland"), which led to Sex Pistols guitarist [Steve Jones](/wiki/Steve_Jones_%28musician%29 "Steve Jones (musician)") producing a recording session for the band. In January 1979, Ingraham left the band and was replaced by [Brad Kent](/wiki/Brad_Kent "Brad Kent"), although the band only lasted a few more months until June 1979\. An EP, titled *[Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28EP%29 "Avengers (EP)")*, was released on [White Noise Records](/wiki/White_Noise_Records "White Noise Records") a few months after the band broke up, which included songs from the Steve Jones produced session. Houston went on to record as a solo artist.
An album called *[Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28album%29 "Avengers (album)")* (sometimes referred to as the *Pink Album*, including by Houston herself) was released in 1983\. It featured tracks recorded through the band's whole time together, and was compiled by drummer Danny Furious. The album was out\-of\-print for a long time due to being in "legal limbo", during which time Houston sold the album in [CD\-R](/wiki/CD-R "CD-R") format directly through her website. The album was re\-released in 2010\.
### New releases and re\-formation
In 1999, a [compilation album](/wiki/Compilation_album "Compilation album") called *[Died for Your Sins](/wiki/Died_for_Your_Sins "Died for Your Sins")* was issued by [Lookout! Records](/wiki/Lookout%21_Records "Lookout! Records"). In addition to original unreleased studio recordings and live tracks, three tracks were newly recorded in 1999 by the scAvengers, featuring original members Houston and Ingraham with new members bassist Joel Reader ([The Mr. T Experience](/wiki/The_Mr._T_Experience "The Mr. T Experience"), The Plus Ones) and drummer [Danny Panic](/wiki/Danny_Panic "Danny Panic") ([Screeching Weasel](/wiki/Screeching_Weasel "Screeching Weasel")). To support the album, the scAvengers did a few shows. In 2003, a live album titled *[Zero Hour](/wiki/Zero_Hour_%28Avengers_album%29 "Zero Hour (Avengers album)")* was released in Italy. The next year, *[The American in Me](/wiki/The_American_in_Me "The American in Me")* was released, featuring all of the tracks from *Zero Hour* plus four other unreleased studio recordings. Houston and Ingraham again joined with Reader and new drummer Luis Illades to perform some record release shows, and this lineup has performed sporadic live shows since.
On July 16, 2006, Houston and Ingraham joined [Pearl Jam](/wiki/Pearl_Jam "Pearl Jam") to perform "American in Me" at the Bill Graham Civic Center. By January 2017, they were recording in Berkeley with [Robert Shimp](/wiki/Robert_Shimp "Robert Shimp").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early history",
"Drummer Danny Furious (Danny O'Brien) and guitarist Greg Ingraham decided to start a band, and Furious approached [Penelope Houston](/wiki/Penelope_Houston \"Penelope Houston\") to be their singer, who agreed. They finished their lineup with Jonathon Postal on bass, although he was replaced shortly after by [Jimmy Wilsey](/wiki/James_Wilsey \"James Wilsey\"). Their first release (and only release while the band was originally together) was *[We Are the One](/wiki/We_Are_the_One \"We Are the One\")*, a three\\-song EP which was released on [Dangerhouse Records](/wiki/Dangerhouse_Records \"Dangerhouse Records\") in 1977\\.",
"The Avengers opened for the [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols \"Sex Pistols\") in San Francisco at their final show at [Winterland](/wiki/Winterland \"Winterland\"), which led to Sex Pistols guitarist [Steve Jones](/wiki/Steve_Jones_%28musician%29 \"Steve Jones (musician)\") producing a recording session for the band. In January 1979, Ingraham left the band and was replaced by [Brad Kent](/wiki/Brad_Kent \"Brad Kent\"), although the band only lasted a few more months until June 1979\\. An EP, titled *[Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28EP%29 \"Avengers (EP)\")*, was released on [White Noise Records](/wiki/White_Noise_Records \"White Noise Records\") a few months after the band broke up, which included songs from the Steve Jones produced session. Houston went on to record as a solo artist.",
"An album called *[Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28album%29 \"Avengers (album)\")* (sometimes referred to as the *Pink Album*, including by Houston herself) was released in 1983\\. It featured tracks recorded through the band's whole time together, and was compiled by drummer Danny Furious. The album was out\\-of\\-print for a long time due to being in \"legal limbo\", during which time Houston sold the album in [CD\\-R](/wiki/CD-R \"CD-R\") format directly through her website. The album was re\\-released in 2010\\.",
"### New releases and re\\-formation",
"In 1999, a [compilation album](/wiki/Compilation_album \"Compilation album\") called *[Died for Your Sins](/wiki/Died_for_Your_Sins \"Died for Your Sins\")* was issued by [Lookout! Records](/wiki/Lookout%21_Records \"Lookout! Records\"). In addition to original unreleased studio recordings and live tracks, three tracks were newly recorded in 1999 by the scAvengers, featuring original members Houston and Ingraham with new members bassist Joel Reader ([The Mr. T Experience](/wiki/The_Mr._T_Experience \"The Mr. T Experience\"), The Plus Ones) and drummer [Danny Panic](/wiki/Danny_Panic \"Danny Panic\") ([Screeching Weasel](/wiki/Screeching_Weasel \"Screeching Weasel\")). To support the album, the scAvengers did a few shows. In 2003, a live album titled *[Zero Hour](/wiki/Zero_Hour_%28Avengers_album%29 \"Zero Hour (Avengers album)\")* was released in Italy. The next year, *[The American in Me](/wiki/The_American_in_Me \"The American in Me\")* was released, featuring all of the tracks from *Zero Hour* plus four other unreleased studio recordings. Houston and Ingraham again joined with Reader and new drummer Luis Illades to perform some record release shows, and this lineup has performed sporadic live shows since.",
"On July 16, 2006, Houston and Ingraham joined [Pearl Jam](/wiki/Pearl_Jam \"Pearl Jam\") to perform \"American in Me\" at the Bill Graham Civic Center. By January 2017, they were recording in Berkeley with [Robert Shimp](/wiki/Robert_Shimp \"Robert Shimp\").",
""
] |
Oken's fight for freedom of expression and the press
----------------------------------------------------
### Legal dispute with Eichstädt
[thumb\|556x556px\|"Whether we really have freedom of the press, or whether it is to be mocked as a grimace by literary privileges and the arbitrary interpretation and extension of the same, will be taught by the progress of Isis. \- We have estates. Hopefully they will not tolerate the de facto abolition of freedom of the press through literary privileges."](/wiki/File:Ob_wir_wirklich_Pre%C3%9Ffreiheit_haben_Isis_Heft_2_1816.png "Ob wir wirklich Preßfreiheit haben Isis Heft 2 1816.png")
Even before *Isis* was published, the classical philologist [Abraham Eichstädt](/wiki/Abraham_Eichst%C3%A4dt "Abraham Eichstädt") from Jena learned of the planned new journal. Eichstädt, who published the *Jenaische allgemeine Literatur\-Zeitung*, had held an exclusive right to publish [reviews](/wiki/Review "Review") in Saxe\-Weimar\-Eisenach since 1803\. As he feared for the financial security of his paper, Eichstädt turned to the President of the State Ministry in Weimar, [Christian Gottlob Voigt](/wiki/Christian_Gottlob_Voigt "Christian Gottlob Voigt"), and obtained a renewal of this privilege on July 17, 1816\.*An die Gesammtakademie zu Jena. Die Herausgabe eine kritisch literarischen Tagesblatt zu Jena betreffend.* Weimar, July 17, 1816, reprinted in: Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. *Eine biographische Skizze*. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1880, p. 62\. Oken saw this as a violation of the freedom of the press guaranteed in the Weimar Constitution of May 15, 1816 and sneered in the second issue of *Isis*: "Whether we really have [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press "Freedom of the press"), or whether it is to be mocked as a grimace through literary privileges and arbitrary interpretation and extension of the same, will be taught by the progress of *Isis*."In: *Isis*. Vol.1, Issue I, Number 2, 1816 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_007.tif)). Eichstädt filed a lawsuit against Oken and *Isis* on August 1, 1816\. In a judgment dated August 23, Oken was ordered to refrain from publishing reviews and political articles. In the event of non\-compliance, he was threatened with a fine of 50 thalers and a ban on *Isis*. Oken, who became aware of the verdict eight days later, protested against it to the Weimar government on September 2 and attached the first five issues of Isis to his letter in support of his position. In the course of September 1816, the verdict against Oken and *Isis* was finally withdrawn.Schweizer, Claudia (2004\). *Johann Wolfgang von Goethe und Kaspar Maria von Sternberg. Naturforscher und Gleichgesinnte*. p. 185\.Ecker, Alexander (1880\): *Lorenz Oken. Eine biographische Skizze*. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart. p. 61–70 and p. 73\. Looking ahead, [Johann Wolfgang von Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe") commented on the events in his diary on July 30, 1816, with the remark: "*Isis* as Hydra."\[Entry from July 30, 1816]. In: Goethes Werke. Tagebücher. III. section, vol. 5, Herman Böhlau, Weimar 1893, p. 259 ([online](https://archive.org/details/s03werkegoeth05goetuoft/page/259/mode/1up?view=theater)).
### Goethe's recommendation for a ban
In order not to exacerbate the disputes with Eichstädt, Oken had filled the first four issues exclusively with scientific topics and suggested to Brockhaus that he initially refrain from including controversial political articles, as political newspapers in the Duchy of Saxe\-Weimar\-Eisenach were still subject to censorship. However, Brockhaus did not agree to this and delayed the delivery of the first four issues.Taszus, Claudia (2009\).*Lorenz Okens Isis (1816–1848\). Zur konzeptionellen, organisatorischen und technischen Realisierung der Zeitschrift*. p. 113\. As the dispute with Eichstädt progressed, Oken finally felt compelled to include political topics in Isis. In the sixth issue of Isis, he placed a prize issue in which he questioned the legitimacy of literary privileges.*Preisaufgabe an alle Juristenfacultäten der ganzen Welt*. In: *Isis*. Vol.1, Issue I, Number 6, 1816, Sp. 43–44 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_024.tif)). In the ninth issue and the two following issues, Oken criticized the Basic Law on the *Landständische Verfassung des Großherzogthums Sachsen\-Weimar\-Eisenach*, which came into force on 5 May 1816\.*Über das Grundgesetz über die Landständische Verfassung des Großherzogtums Sachsen – Weimar – Eisenach*. In: *Isis*. Vol. 1, Issue I, Number 9–11, 1816, Sp. 65–84 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_035.tif)). In the third issue of Isis, Oken also printed a letter dated December 5, 1811, from the Rostock professors [Samuel Gottlieb Vogel](/wiki/Samuel_Gottlieb_Vogel "Samuel Gottlieb Vogel"), [Wilhelm Josephi](/wiki/Wilhelm_Josephi "Wilhelm Josephi"), [Georg Heinrich Masius](/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_Masius "Georg Heinrich Masius") (1771–1823\) and [Karl Ernst Theodor Brandenburg](/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Theodor_Brandenburg "Karl Ernst Theodor Brandenburg") (1772–1827\), in which they rejected Oken's appointment to the vacant chair of natural history at the [University of Rostock](/wiki/University_of_Rostock "University of Rostock") due to his pompous natural philosophy. Oken illustrated the print with a vignette depicting donkey heads.In: *Isis*. Vol. 1, Issue I, Number 3, 1816, Sp. 22 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_013.tif))
On September 10, 1816, Christian Gottlob von Voigt drew up an [indictment](/wiki/Indictment "Indictment") in response to these *Isis* editions. Oken was accused of insulting the highest royal dignity of the sovereign, insulting official dignity, attacking some German governments and their rulers, as well as insulting foreign official authorities and the Rostock professors. A week later, [Grand Duke Karl August](/wiki/Karl_August%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach "Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach") sent the indictment to the State Directorate for examination. The expert opinions written by [Anton Ziegesar](/wiki/Anton_Ziegesar "Anton Ziegesar") (1783–1843\), the head of the administrative and police authority [Karl Wilhelm von Fritsch](/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Fritsch "Karl Wilhelm von Fritsch"), and the head of the school and church system Ernst Christian August von Gersdorff were collected together with the first eleven issues of Isis in a file entitled A*cta Geheimer Staats\-Canzley Den Unfug der Preßfrechheit besonders der Isis betr. 1816*.Schweizer, Claudia (2004\). *Johann Wolfgang von Goethe und Kaspar Maria von Sternberg. Naturforscher und Gleichgesinnte*. pp. 186\-187\.
Grand Duke Carl August sent this file to Goethe at the end of September and asked him for his judgment.*Briefwechsel des Grossherzogs Carl August von Sachsen\-Weimar\-Eisenach mit Goethe in den Jahren von 1775 bis 1828*. Vol.2\. Landes\-Industrie\-Comptoir, Weimar 1863, p. 88 ([online](https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA88)). As can be seen from his diary notes, Goethe needed several days to consider the matter of Isis.\[Entries from October 2, 3, 4 and 6, 1816]. In: *Goethes Werke. Tagebücher.* III. section, vol. 5, Herman Böhlau, Weimar 1893, pp. 275\-276 ([online](https://archive.org/details/s03werkegoeth05goetuoft?view=theater#page/275/mode/1up)). In his reply of 5 October, Goethe recommended to the Grand Duke not to prosecute Oken personally, but to take action against the printer of Isis and thus enforce a ban on printing the journal.*Briefwechsel des Grossherzogs Carl August von Sachsen\-Weimar\-Eisenach mit Goethe in den Jahren von 1775 bis 1828*. Vol. 2, Landes\-Industrie\-Comptoir. Weimar 1863\. pp. 88–97 ([online](https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA88)). Carl August did not follow Goethe's advice, but instead discontinued the prosecution.*Erneute Verstimmung Goethes durch Okens Isis (1816/1817\)*. In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol. 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, pp. 127–143 ([JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20773964)).
### The Wartburgfest and the confiscated number 195 of Isis
[thumb\|448x448px\|The list of books burned at the Wartburg Festival from the confiscated number 195 of Isis from 1817](/wiki/File:Isis_Number_195_1817_Columns_1557_1558.png "Isis Number 195 1817 Columns 1557 1558.png")
Before the end of 1816, Isis was banned in Austria.\[Oken to Brockhaus, January 18, 1817]. In: Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus: *Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. Sein Leben und Wirken nach Briefen und anderen Aufzeichnungen*. Part 2, 1876, p. 179 ([online](https://archive.org/details/friedricharnold04brocgoog/page/n190/mode/1up?view=theater)). Meanwhile, Oken continued to campaign for freedom of the press and, for example, published a report on the meeting of the Dutch estates under the title "Against the Restriction of Freedom of the Press".*Gegen die Beschränkung der Pressfreiheit*. In: *Isis*. Issue III, Number 38, 1817, Sp. 297–304 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_155.tif)). In June 1817, the Prussian Minister of Police, [Wilhelm Ludwig Georg Fürst zu Wittgenstein](/wiki/Wilhelm_Ludwig_Sayn-Wittgenstein "Wilhelm Ludwig Sayn-Wittgenstein"), complained to Carl August about a derogatory criticism of a Prussian decree of 1811 that had appeared in the *Oppositions\-Blatt* and a small note in *Isis*,*Isis*. Issue VIII, Number 138, 1817, Sp. 1097 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_555.tif)) in which Oken complained about Prussia's presumption in wanting to interfere even in insignificant matters such as those of the Vienna Agricultural Society. Six days later, a serious warning was issued to the editor of the opposition journal [Friedrich Justin Bertuch](/wiki/Friedrich_Justin_Bertuch "Friedrich Justin Bertuch") and Oken, stating "that in the event of further disregard of the sovereign's or authorities' orders, the suppression of this journal will be pursued".Quoted from: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen: Eine Quellensammlung im Auftrage der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken and J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, p. 144\.Taszus, Claudia (2009\). *Okens Isis. Pressefreiheit, Restriktionen und Zensur in Mitteldeutschland in der ersten Hälfte des 19\. Jahrhunderts*. p. 217\.
During the [Wartburg Festival](/wiki/Wartburg_Festival "Wartburg Festival"), which Oken and other professors from Jena attended, an [auto\-da\-fé](/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9 "Auto-da-fé") took place on the evening of October 18, 1817, during which parts of a Prussian [Uhlan](/wiki/Uhlan "Uhlan") uniform, a [Hessian](/wiki/Hessian_%28soldier%29 "Hessian (soldier)") soldier's braid and an Austrian corporal's baton,Steiger, Günter (1967\). *Aufbruch. Urburschenschaft und Wartburgfest*. Leipzig/Jena/Berlin: Urania\-Verlag. p. 115–116\. as well as several books by authors considered [reactionary](/wiki/Reactionary "Reactionary"), including [Karl Albert von Kamptz](/wiki/Karl_Albert_von_Kamptz "Karl Albert von Kamptz"), [Theodor Schmalz](/wiki/Theodor_Schmalz "Theodor Schmalz"), [Karl Ludwig von Haller](/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller "Karl Ludwig von Haller") and [August von Kotzebue](/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue "August von Kotzebue"), were burned. Fourteen days later, Oken published a report on the meeting at Wartburg Castle, which also contained a list of the burned books and objects, along with mocking signs.*Der Studentenfrieden auf der Wartburg*. In: *Isis*. Issue XI/XII, Number 195, 1817, Sp. 1553–1559 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_793.tif)).
Kamptz, the head of the Ministry of Police in Berlin, whose *Codex der Gensd'armerie* was one of the burned books, railed in a letter dated November 9, 1817 to Grand Duke Carl August about the "bunch of feral professors and seduced students" and went on to write: "If true freedom of thought and freedom of the press really flourishes in Your Royal Highness's states, then censorship practiced by fire and pitchforks, by enthusiasts and minors, and terrorist proceedings against freedom of thought and freedom of the press in other states are certainly not compatible with this."*Karl Albert von Kamptz an Großherzog Carl August, Berlin 9\. November 1817*. In: Gustav von Struve (ed.): *Briefwechsel zwischen einem ehemaligen und einem jetzigen Diplomaten*. J. Bensheimer, Mannheim 1845, pp. 260–264 ([online](https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh4NAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260)). The following day, a report by Weimar State Minister [Karl Wilhelm von Fritsch](/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Fritsch "Karl Wilhelm von Fritsch") exonerated Oken and the other professors, stating that they had not taken part in the burning. Nevertheless, on November 27, 1817, number 195 was confiscated and a temporary ban on the printing of Isis was issued, which was lifted on December 15\.\[Oken to Brockhaus, November 29, 1817]. In: Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus: Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. Sein Leben und Wirken nach Briefen und anderen Aufzeichnungen. Part 2, 1876, pp. 179\-181 ([online](https://archive.org/details/friedricharnold04brocgoog/page/n190/mode/1up?view=theater)). From December 2 onwards, a commission consisting of members of the Weimar state government investigated the Isis incidents. Oken was interrogated several times in Weimar. The commission submitted its report to the state government on December 20\. The government was willing to return the confiscated copies of Isis if the disputed passages were removed. Oken did not agree to this deal. On January 24, 1818, Oken was sentenced to six weeks in prison for "offenses against the highest dignity of the sovereign, offenses against the official dignity of the upper state authorities and the academic senate in Jena, denigration of German rulers and governments and insulting foreign official authorities".Quoted from: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol. 33\. Issue 3/4\. 1941\. p. 149\.*Die Handel um Oken und Goethe in den Jahren 1817 und 1818*. In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol. 33\. Issue 3/4\. 1941\. pp. 143–153\.Taszus, Claudia (2009\). *Okens Isis. Pressefreiheit, Restriktionen und Zensur in Mitteldeutschland in der ersten Hälfte des 19\. Jahrhunderts*. p. 217\- 220\. Together with his statement published by the *[Bremer Zeitung](/wiki/Bremer_Zeitung "Bremer Zeitung")* at the end of March 1818,*Ueber Okens Urtheil von Oken : (Aus der Bremer Zeitung, 26\. März 18\.)*. In: *Isis*. Issue IV, 1818, Sp. 748–761, ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd01_390.tif)). Oken had the sentence printed in full in Isis.*Urtheil*. In: *Isis*. Issue IV, 1818, Sp. 739–748 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd01_386.tif)). Oken appealed against the sentence to the Jena High Court of Appeal and was acquitted on April 29, 1818\.
### The August von Kotzebue incident
Through an indiscretion, the history professor [Heinrich Luden](/wiki/Heinrich_Luden "Heinrich Luden") from Jena came into possession of one of the numerous bulletins written by the Russian consul general [Kotzebue](/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue "August von Kotzebue") and intended for [Tsar Alexander I](/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia "Alexander I of Russia") in mid\-December 1817\. He wrote a biting commentary on it for the journal *Nemesis*, although Kotzebue was able to prevent its publication and dissemination by court order on January 15, 1818\. Oken nevertheless published Luden's article in the first issue of *Isis* in 1818\.\[Heinrich Luden]: *Die (angeblichen) Bulletins des Herrn von Kotzebue: ein Beitrag zu Kenntnis der Zeit*. In: *Isis*. Issue I, 1818, Sp. 202–215 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd01_105.tif)). After the issue was published, the remaining copies were confiscated. *Isis* was banned again on January 31, 1818, and was not published again until the end of April.*Die Ursache*. In: *Isis*. Issue II, 1818, Sp. 404 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd01_208.tif)). Both Luden and Oken were sentenced to three months imprisonment and a fine of 60 thalers by the *Königlich Sächsischen Schöppengericht* in Leipzig. Oken chose the fine and again published the files relating to the trial in *Isis*.*Entscheidungsgründe*. In: *Isis*. Issue IV, 1818, Sp. 762–765 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd01_398.tif)).Ries, Klaus (2001\). *Lorenz Oken als politischer Professor der Universität Jena (1807–1819\)*. In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans\-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): *Lorenz Oken (1779–1851\). Ein politischer Naturphilosoph*. p. 103\.*Zwischenspiel: Oken und der Preßprozeß in Sachen Kotzebues (1818\)*. In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol.33\. Issue 3/4\. 1941\. pp. 153–156\. On March 23, 1819, Kotzebue was murdered in [Mannheim](/wiki/Mannheim "Mannheim") by the Jena fraternity member and theology student [Karl Ludwig Sand](/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Sand "Karl Ludwig Sand").
[thumb\|Oken für seine Freunde. Engraving by [Moritz Steinla](/wiki/Moritz_Steinla "Moritz Steinla") (1819\)](/wiki/File:Oken_Moritz_Steinla_1819.png "Oken Moritz Steinla 1819.png")
### Oken's dismissal
The attacks against Oken's *Isis* from the states of the [Holy Alliance](/wiki/Holy_Alliance "Holy Alliance") continued relentlessly. On January 29, 1819, [Karl August von Hardenberg](/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg "Karl August von Hardenberg") submitted a complaint to Grand Duke [Karl August](/wiki/Karl_August%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach "Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach") because of a derisive remark about the Prussian King [Friedrich Wilhelm III](/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia "Frederick William III of Prussia"), which was printed in the twelfth issue of 1818, but this time without consequences for Oken and *Isis*.
At the Aachen Congress in the fall of 1818, the Russian Tsar Alexander I distributed an anonymously written memorandum by [Alexander Scarlatovich Sturdsa](/wiki/Alexander_Scarlatovich_Sturdsa "Alexander Scarlatovich Sturdsa") (1791–1854\) entitled *Memoire sur l'état actuel de l'Allemagne*,\[Alexander Skarlatovich Sturdsa]: *Memoire sur l’état actuel de l’Allemagne*. Paris 1818 ([online](https://books.google.com/books?id=8BYPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1)). in which Sturdsa commented on the dangerous activities at German universities.*Stourdza*. In: *Isis*. Issue XI, 1818, Sp. 1941–1944 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd02_465.tif)).*Auch eine Denkschrift über den gegenwärtigen Zustand von Deutschland, oder Würdigung der Denkschrift des Herrn von Stourdza in juridischer, moralischer, politischer und religioser Hinsicht / Vom Professor Krug in Leipzig. \- Leipzig : Brockhaus, 1819*. In: *Isis*. Issue II, 1819, Sp. 361–362 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00218090/ISIS_1819_Bd01_187.tif)). Oken's replies again caused a sensation. Under pressure from the Russian envoy to the Saxon court, [Vasily Vasilyevich Chanykov](/wiki/Vasily_Vasilyevich_Chanykov "Vasily Vasilyevich Chanykov") (1759–1829\), the Weimar state treasurer [Carl August Constantin Schnauss](/wiki/Carl_August_Constantin_Schnauss "Carl August Constantin Schnauss") (1782–1832\) was forced to file charges against Oken on April 20, 1819\. On May 11, Grand Duke [Carl August of Weimar](/wiki/Karl_August%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach "Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach") and Duke [August of Gotha](/wiki/Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg "Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg") instructed the [Senate](/wiki/Academic_senate "Academic senate") of the University of Jena to give Oken the choice of either discontinuing *Isis* or resigning his professorship. The Senate tried to give in, but had to present Oken with this choice eleven days later. After three days of deliberation, Oken responded evasively: "I have no answer to the request made to me. Perhaps they have come to a different conclusion that an answer is unnecessary."Quoted from: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol.33\. Issue 3/4\. 1941\. p. 159\. In its reply to the dukes, the Senate once again referred to Oken's outstanding reputation as a teacher and researcher, but to no avail. On June 1, 1819, Duke [Carl Friedrich](/wiki/Charles_Frederick%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach "Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach") ordered Oken's dismissal and the withholding of his salary from June 15 onwards in the name and on behalf of his father. A similar order from the Duchy of [Saxe\-Gotha\-Altenburg](/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg "Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg") followed six days later. On June 26, 1818, the printing of *Isis* was provisionally banned.Taszus, Claudia (2009\). *Okens Isis. Pressefreiheit, Restriktionen und Zensur in Mitteldeutschland in der ersten Hälfte des 19\. Jahrhunderts*. p. 221\- 223\.*Okens Entlassung im Jahre 1819*. In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol. 33\. Issue 3/4\. 1941\. pp. 156–163\.*Okens Dienstentlassung*. In: *Isis*. Issue V, 1819, unnumbered after Sp. 800 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00218090/ISIS_1819_Bd01_419.tif)).
To avoid the ban, Oken moved the printing of *Isis* to nearby [Rudolstadt](/wiki/Rudolstadt "Rudolstadt") in the Principality of [Schwarzburg\-Rudolstadt](/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt "Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt"). There, [Carl Popo Fröbel](/wiki/Carl_Popo_Fr%C3%B6bel "Carl Popo Fröbel") (1786–1824\), stepbrother of the educator [Friedrich Fröbel](/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel "Friedrich Fröbel") and owner of the court printing works since 1815, took over the printing of *Isis* from August 1819\. After Fröbel's death in 1824, the print shop was initially taken over by Fröbel's widow and finally continued by his son Günther Fröbel from 1832, who produced the last issues of *Isis* in 1850\. A small part of *Isis* was produced in [Eisenberg](/wiki/Eisenberg%2C_Thuringia "Eisenberg, Thuringia") until 1824/25\.Taszus, Claudia (2009\).*Lorenz Okens Isis (1816–1848\). Zur konzeptionellen, organisatorischen und technischen Realisierung der Zeitschrift*. pp. 137\-145\.
After the [Carlsbad Decrees](/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees "Carlsbad Decrees") of September 1819, it became increasingly difficult to deal with political issues. Their share of articles in *Isis* fell sharply. After Brockhaus' death, Oken announced in the first issue of 1824 that *Isis* would no longer print political articles.Kertesz, G. A. (1986\). *Notes on Isis von Oken, 1817–1848*. In: *Isis*. Vol. 77\. Number 3\. pp. 502–503\.
|
[
"Oken's fight for freedom of expression and the press\n----------------------------------------------------",
"### Legal dispute with Eichstädt",
"[thumb\\|556x556px\\|\"Whether we really have freedom of the press, or whether it is to be mocked as a grimace by literary privileges and the arbitrary interpretation and extension of the same, will be taught by the progress of Isis. \\- We have estates. Hopefully they will not tolerate the de facto abolition of freedom of the press through literary privileges.\"](/wiki/File:Ob_wir_wirklich_Pre%C3%9Ffreiheit_haben_Isis_Heft_2_1816.png \"Ob wir wirklich Preßfreiheit haben Isis Heft 2 1816.png\")\nEven before *Isis* was published, the classical philologist [Abraham Eichstädt](/wiki/Abraham_Eichst%C3%A4dt \"Abraham Eichstädt\") from Jena learned of the planned new journal. Eichstädt, who published the *Jenaische allgemeine Literatur\\-Zeitung*, had held an exclusive right to publish [reviews](/wiki/Review \"Review\") in Saxe\\-Weimar\\-Eisenach since 1803\\. As he feared for the financial security of his paper, Eichstädt turned to the President of the State Ministry in Weimar, [Christian Gottlob Voigt](/wiki/Christian_Gottlob_Voigt \"Christian Gottlob Voigt\"), and obtained a renewal of this privilege on July 17, 1816\\.*An die Gesammtakademie zu Jena. Die Herausgabe eine kritisch literarischen Tagesblatt zu Jena betreffend.* Weimar, July 17, 1816, reprinted in: Alexander Ecker: Lorenz Oken. *Eine biographische Skizze*. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1880, p. 62\\. Oken saw this as a violation of the freedom of the press guaranteed in the Weimar Constitution of May 15, 1816 and sneered in the second issue of *Isis*: \"Whether we really have [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press \"Freedom of the press\"), or whether it is to be mocked as a grimace through literary privileges and arbitrary interpretation and extension of the same, will be taught by the progress of *Isis*.\"In: *Isis*. Vol.1, Issue I, Number 2, 1816 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_007.tif)). Eichstädt filed a lawsuit against Oken and *Isis* on August 1, 1816\\. In a judgment dated August 23, Oken was ordered to refrain from publishing reviews and political articles. In the event of non\\-compliance, he was threatened with a fine of 50 thalers and a ban on *Isis*. Oken, who became aware of the verdict eight days later, protested against it to the Weimar government on September 2 and attached the first five issues of Isis to his letter in support of his position. In the course of September 1816, the verdict against Oken and *Isis* was finally withdrawn.Schweizer, Claudia (2004\\). *Johann Wolfgang von Goethe und Kaspar Maria von Sternberg. Naturforscher und Gleichgesinnte*. p. 185\\.Ecker, Alexander (1880\\): *Lorenz Oken. Eine biographische Skizze*. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart. p. 61–70 and p. 73\\. Looking ahead, [Johann Wolfgang von Goethe](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe \"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\") commented on the events in his diary on July 30, 1816, with the remark: \"*Isis* as Hydra.\"\\[Entry from July 30, 1816]. In: Goethes Werke. Tagebücher. III. section, vol. 5, Herman Böhlau, Weimar 1893, p. 259 ([online](https://archive.org/details/s03werkegoeth05goetuoft/page/259/mode/1up?view=theater)).",
"### Goethe's recommendation for a ban",
"In order not to exacerbate the disputes with Eichstädt, Oken had filled the first four issues exclusively with scientific topics and suggested to Brockhaus that he initially refrain from including controversial political articles, as political newspapers in the Duchy of Saxe\\-Weimar\\-Eisenach were still subject to censorship. However, Brockhaus did not agree to this and delayed the delivery of the first four issues.Taszus, Claudia (2009\\).*Lorenz Okens Isis (1816–1848\\). Zur konzeptionellen, organisatorischen und technischen Realisierung der Zeitschrift*. p. 113\\. As the dispute with Eichstädt progressed, Oken finally felt compelled to include political topics in Isis. In the sixth issue of Isis, he placed a prize issue in which he questioned the legitimacy of literary privileges.*Preisaufgabe an alle Juristenfacultäten der ganzen Welt*. In: *Isis*. Vol.1, Issue I, Number 6, 1816, Sp. 43–44 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_024.tif)). In the ninth issue and the two following issues, Oken criticized the Basic Law on the *Landständische Verfassung des Großherzogthums Sachsen\\-Weimar\\-Eisenach*, which came into force on 5 May 1816\\.*Über das Grundgesetz über die Landständische Verfassung des Großherzogtums Sachsen – Weimar – Eisenach*. In: *Isis*. Vol. 1, Issue I, Number 9–11, 1816, Sp. 65–84 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_035.tif)). In the third issue of Isis, Oken also printed a letter dated December 5, 1811, from the Rostock professors [Samuel Gottlieb Vogel](/wiki/Samuel_Gottlieb_Vogel \"Samuel Gottlieb Vogel\"), [Wilhelm Josephi](/wiki/Wilhelm_Josephi \"Wilhelm Josephi\"), [Georg Heinrich Masius](/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_Masius \"Georg Heinrich Masius\") (1771–1823\\) and [Karl Ernst Theodor Brandenburg](/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Theodor_Brandenburg \"Karl Ernst Theodor Brandenburg\") (1772–1827\\), in which they rejected Oken's appointment to the vacant chair of natural history at the [University of Rostock](/wiki/University_of_Rostock \"University of Rostock\") due to his pompous natural philosophy. Oken illustrated the print with a vignette depicting donkey heads.In: *Isis*. Vol. 1, Issue I, Number 3, 1816, Sp. 22 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_013.tif))",
"On September 10, 1816, Christian Gottlob von Voigt drew up an [indictment](/wiki/Indictment \"Indictment\") in response to these *Isis* editions. Oken was accused of insulting the highest royal dignity of the sovereign, insulting official dignity, attacking some German governments and their rulers, as well as insulting foreign official authorities and the Rostock professors. A week later, [Grand Duke Karl August](/wiki/Karl_August%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach \"Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\") sent the indictment to the State Directorate for examination. The expert opinions written by [Anton Ziegesar](/wiki/Anton_Ziegesar \"Anton Ziegesar\") (1783–1843\\), the head of the administrative and police authority [Karl Wilhelm von Fritsch](/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Fritsch \"Karl Wilhelm von Fritsch\"), and the head of the school and church system Ernst Christian August von Gersdorff were collected together with the first eleven issues of Isis in a file entitled A*cta Geheimer Staats\\-Canzley Den Unfug der Preßfrechheit besonders der Isis betr. 1816*.Schweizer, Claudia (2004\\). *Johann Wolfgang von Goethe und Kaspar Maria von Sternberg. Naturforscher und Gleichgesinnte*. pp. 186\\-187\\.",
"Grand Duke Carl August sent this file to Goethe at the end of September and asked him for his judgment.*Briefwechsel des Grossherzogs Carl August von Sachsen\\-Weimar\\-Eisenach mit Goethe in den Jahren von 1775 bis 1828*. Vol.2\\. Landes\\-Industrie\\-Comptoir, Weimar 1863, p. 88 ([online](https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA88)). As can be seen from his diary notes, Goethe needed several days to consider the matter of Isis.\\[Entries from October 2, 3, 4 and 6, 1816]. In: *Goethes Werke. Tagebücher.* III. section, vol. 5, Herman Böhlau, Weimar 1893, pp. 275\\-276 ([online](https://archive.org/details/s03werkegoeth05goetuoft?view=theater#page/275/mode/1up)). In his reply of 5 October, Goethe recommended to the Grand Duke not to prosecute Oken personally, but to take action against the printer of Isis and thus enforce a ban on printing the journal.*Briefwechsel des Grossherzogs Carl August von Sachsen\\-Weimar\\-Eisenach mit Goethe in den Jahren von 1775 bis 1828*. Vol. 2, Landes\\-Industrie\\-Comptoir. Weimar 1863\\. pp. 88–97 ([online](https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA88)). Carl August did not follow Goethe's advice, but instead discontinued the prosecution.*Erneute Verstimmung Goethes durch Okens Isis (1816/1817\\)*. In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol. 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, pp. 127–143 ([JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20773964)).",
"### The Wartburgfest and the confiscated number 195 of Isis",
"[thumb\\|448x448px\\|The list of books burned at the Wartburg Festival from the confiscated number 195 of Isis from 1817](/wiki/File:Isis_Number_195_1817_Columns_1557_1558.png \"Isis Number 195 1817 Columns 1557 1558.png\")\nBefore the end of 1816, Isis was banned in Austria.\\[Oken to Brockhaus, January 18, 1817]. In: Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus: *Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. Sein Leben und Wirken nach Briefen und anderen Aufzeichnungen*. Part 2, 1876, p. 179 ([online](https://archive.org/details/friedricharnold04brocgoog/page/n190/mode/1up?view=theater)). Meanwhile, Oken continued to campaign for freedom of the press and, for example, published a report on the meeting of the Dutch estates under the title \"Against the Restriction of Freedom of the Press\".*Gegen die Beschränkung der Pressfreiheit*. In: *Isis*. Issue III, Number 38, 1817, Sp. 297–304 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_155.tif)). In June 1817, the Prussian Minister of Police, [Wilhelm Ludwig Georg Fürst zu Wittgenstein](/wiki/Wilhelm_Ludwig_Sayn-Wittgenstein \"Wilhelm Ludwig Sayn-Wittgenstein\"), complained to Carl August about a derogatory criticism of a Prussian decree of 1811 that had appeared in the *Oppositions\\-Blatt* and a small note in *Isis*,*Isis*. Issue VIII, Number 138, 1817, Sp. 1097 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_555.tif)) in which Oken complained about Prussia's presumption in wanting to interfere even in insignificant matters such as those of the Vienna Agricultural Society. Six days later, a serious warning was issued to the editor of the opposition journal [Friedrich Justin Bertuch](/wiki/Friedrich_Justin_Bertuch \"Friedrich Justin Bertuch\") and Oken, stating \"that in the event of further disregard of the sovereign's or authorities' orders, the suppression of this journal will be pursued\".Quoted from: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen: Eine Quellensammlung im Auftrage der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken and J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Volume 33, Issue 3/4, 1941, p. 144\\.Taszus, Claudia (2009\\). *Okens Isis. Pressefreiheit, Restriktionen und Zensur in Mitteldeutschland in der ersten Hälfte des 19\\. Jahrhunderts*. p. 217\\.",
"During the [Wartburg Festival](/wiki/Wartburg_Festival \"Wartburg Festival\"), which Oken and other professors from Jena attended, an [auto\\-da\\-fé](/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9 \"Auto-da-fé\") took place on the evening of October 18, 1817, during which parts of a Prussian [Uhlan](/wiki/Uhlan \"Uhlan\") uniform, a [Hessian](/wiki/Hessian_%28soldier%29 \"Hessian (soldier)\") soldier's braid and an Austrian corporal's baton,Steiger, Günter (1967\\). *Aufbruch. Urburschenschaft und Wartburgfest*. Leipzig/Jena/Berlin: Urania\\-Verlag. p. 115–116\\. as well as several books by authors considered [reactionary](/wiki/Reactionary \"Reactionary\"), including [Karl Albert von Kamptz](/wiki/Karl_Albert_von_Kamptz \"Karl Albert von Kamptz\"), [Theodor Schmalz](/wiki/Theodor_Schmalz \"Theodor Schmalz\"), [Karl Ludwig von Haller](/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller \"Karl Ludwig von Haller\") and [August von Kotzebue](/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue \"August von Kotzebue\"), were burned. Fourteen days later, Oken published a report on the meeting at Wartburg Castle, which also contained a list of the burned books and objects, along with mocking signs.*Der Studentenfrieden auf der Wartburg*. In: *Isis*. Issue XI/XII, Number 195, 1817, Sp. 1553–1559 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00166986/Isis_1817_Bd01_793.tif)).",
"Kamptz, the head of the Ministry of Police in Berlin, whose *Codex der Gensd'armerie* was one of the burned books, railed in a letter dated November 9, 1817 to Grand Duke Carl August about the \"bunch of feral professors and seduced students\" and went on to write: \"If true freedom of thought and freedom of the press really flourishes in Your Royal Highness's states, then censorship practiced by fire and pitchforks, by enthusiasts and minors, and terrorist proceedings against freedom of thought and freedom of the press in other states are certainly not compatible with this.\"*Karl Albert von Kamptz an Großherzog Carl August, Berlin 9\\. November 1817*. In: Gustav von Struve (ed.): *Briefwechsel zwischen einem ehemaligen und einem jetzigen Diplomaten*. J. Bensheimer, Mannheim 1845, pp. 260–264 ([online](https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh4NAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260)). The following day, a report by Weimar State Minister [Karl Wilhelm von Fritsch](/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Fritsch \"Karl Wilhelm von Fritsch\") exonerated Oken and the other professors, stating that they had not taken part in the burning. Nevertheless, on November 27, 1817, number 195 was confiscated and a temporary ban on the printing of Isis was issued, which was lifted on December 15\\.\\[Oken to Brockhaus, November 29, 1817]. In: Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus: Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. Sein Leben und Wirken nach Briefen und anderen Aufzeichnungen. Part 2, 1876, pp. 179\\-181 ([online](https://archive.org/details/friedricharnold04brocgoog/page/n190/mode/1up?view=theater)). From December 2 onwards, a commission consisting of members of the Weimar state government investigated the Isis incidents. Oken was interrogated several times in Weimar. The commission submitted its report to the state government on December 20\\. The government was willing to return the confiscated copies of Isis if the disputed passages were removed. Oken did not agree to this deal. On January 24, 1818, Oken was sentenced to six weeks in prison for \"offenses against the highest dignity of the sovereign, offenses against the official dignity of the upper state authorities and the academic senate in Jena, denigration of German rulers and governments and insulting foreign official authorities\".Quoted from: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol. 33\\. Issue 3/4\\. 1941\\. p. 149\\.*Die Handel um Oken und Goethe in den Jahren 1817 und 1818*. In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol. 33\\. Issue 3/4\\. 1941\\. pp. 143–153\\.Taszus, Claudia (2009\\). *Okens Isis. Pressefreiheit, Restriktionen und Zensur in Mitteldeutschland in der ersten Hälfte des 19\\. Jahrhunderts*. p. 217\\- 220\\. Together with his statement published by the *[Bremer Zeitung](/wiki/Bremer_Zeitung \"Bremer Zeitung\")* at the end of March 1818,*Ueber Okens Urtheil von Oken : (Aus der Bremer Zeitung, 26\\. März 18\\.)*. In: *Isis*. Issue IV, 1818, Sp. 748–761, ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd01_390.tif)). Oken had the sentence printed in full in Isis.*Urtheil*. In: *Isis*. Issue IV, 1818, Sp. 739–748 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd01_386.tif)). Oken appealed against the sentence to the Jena High Court of Appeal and was acquitted on April 29, 1818\\.",
"### The August von Kotzebue incident",
"Through an indiscretion, the history professor [Heinrich Luden](/wiki/Heinrich_Luden \"Heinrich Luden\") from Jena came into possession of one of the numerous bulletins written by the Russian consul general [Kotzebue](/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue \"August von Kotzebue\") and intended for [Tsar Alexander I](/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia \"Alexander I of Russia\") in mid\\-December 1817\\. He wrote a biting commentary on it for the journal *Nemesis*, although Kotzebue was able to prevent its publication and dissemination by court order on January 15, 1818\\. Oken nevertheless published Luden's article in the first issue of *Isis* in 1818\\.\\[Heinrich Luden]: *Die (angeblichen) Bulletins des Herrn von Kotzebue: ein Beitrag zu Kenntnis der Zeit*. In: *Isis*. Issue I, 1818, Sp. 202–215 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd01_105.tif)). After the issue was published, the remaining copies were confiscated. *Isis* was banned again on January 31, 1818, and was not published again until the end of April.*Die Ursache*. In: *Isis*. Issue II, 1818, Sp. 404 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd01_208.tif)). Both Luden and Oken were sentenced to three months imprisonment and a fine of 60 thalers by the *Königlich Sächsischen Schöppengericht* in Leipzig. Oken chose the fine and again published the files relating to the trial in *Isis*.*Entscheidungsgründe*. In: *Isis*. Issue IV, 1818, Sp. 762–765 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd01_398.tif)).Ries, Klaus (2001\\). *Lorenz Oken als politischer Professor der Universität Jena (1807–1819\\)*. In: Olaf Breidbach, Hans\\-Joachim Fliedner, Klaus Ries (eds.): *Lorenz Oken (1779–1851\\). Ein politischer Naturphilosoph*. p. 103\\.*Zwischenspiel: Oken und der Preßprozeß in Sachen Kotzebues (1818\\)*. In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol.33\\. Issue 3/4\\. 1941\\. pp. 153–156\\. On March 23, 1819, Kotzebue was murdered in [Mannheim](/wiki/Mannheim \"Mannheim\") by the Jena fraternity member and theology student [Karl Ludwig Sand](/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Sand \"Karl Ludwig Sand\").\n[thumb\\|Oken für seine Freunde. Engraving by [Moritz Steinla](/wiki/Moritz_Steinla \"Moritz Steinla\") (1819\\)](/wiki/File:Oken_Moritz_Steinla_1819.png \"Oken Moritz Steinla 1819.png\")",
"### Oken's dismissal",
"The attacks against Oken's *Isis* from the states of the [Holy Alliance](/wiki/Holy_Alliance \"Holy Alliance\") continued relentlessly. On January 29, 1819, [Karl August von Hardenberg](/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg \"Karl August von Hardenberg\") submitted a complaint to Grand Duke [Karl August](/wiki/Karl_August%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach \"Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\") because of a derisive remark about the Prussian King [Friedrich Wilhelm III](/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia \"Frederick William III of Prussia\"), which was printed in the twelfth issue of 1818, but this time without consequences for Oken and *Isis*.",
"At the Aachen Congress in the fall of 1818, the Russian Tsar Alexander I distributed an anonymously written memorandum by [Alexander Scarlatovich Sturdsa](/wiki/Alexander_Scarlatovich_Sturdsa \"Alexander Scarlatovich Sturdsa\") (1791–1854\\) entitled *Memoire sur l'état actuel de l'Allemagne*,\\[Alexander Skarlatovich Sturdsa]: *Memoire sur l’état actuel de l’Allemagne*. Paris 1818 ([online](https://books.google.com/books?id=8BYPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1)). in which Sturdsa commented on the dangerous activities at German universities.*Stourdza*. In: *Isis*. Issue XI, 1818, Sp. 1941–1944 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00225401/ISIS_1818_Bd02_465.tif)).*Auch eine Denkschrift über den gegenwärtigen Zustand von Deutschland, oder Würdigung der Denkschrift des Herrn von Stourdza in juridischer, moralischer, politischer und religioser Hinsicht / Vom Professor Krug in Leipzig. \\- Leipzig : Brockhaus, 1819*. In: *Isis*. Issue II, 1819, Sp. 361–362 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00218090/ISIS_1819_Bd01_187.tif)). Oken's replies again caused a sensation. Under pressure from the Russian envoy to the Saxon court, [Vasily Vasilyevich Chanykov](/wiki/Vasily_Vasilyevich_Chanykov \"Vasily Vasilyevich Chanykov\") (1759–1829\\), the Weimar state treasurer [Carl August Constantin Schnauss](/wiki/Carl_August_Constantin_Schnauss \"Carl August Constantin Schnauss\") (1782–1832\\) was forced to file charges against Oken on April 20, 1819\\. On May 11, Grand Duke [Carl August of Weimar](/wiki/Karl_August%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach \"Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\") and Duke [August of Gotha](/wiki/Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg \"Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg\") instructed the [Senate](/wiki/Academic_senate \"Academic senate\") of the University of Jena to give Oken the choice of either discontinuing *Isis* or resigning his professorship. The Senate tried to give in, but had to present Oken with this choice eleven days later. After three days of deliberation, Oken responded evasively: \"I have no answer to the request made to me. Perhaps they have come to a different conclusion that an answer is unnecessary.\"Quoted from: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol.33\\. Issue 3/4\\. 1941\\. p. 159\\. In its reply to the dukes, the Senate once again referred to Oken's outstanding reputation as a teacher and researcher, but to no avail. On June 1, 1819, Duke [Carl Friedrich](/wiki/Charles_Frederick%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach \"Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\") ordered Oken's dismissal and the withholding of his salary from June 15 onwards in the name and on behalf of his father. A similar order from the Duchy of [Saxe\\-Gotha\\-Altenburg](/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg \"Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg\") followed six days later. On June 26, 1818, the printing of *Isis* was provisionally banned.Taszus, Claudia (2009\\). *Okens Isis. Pressefreiheit, Restriktionen und Zensur in Mitteldeutschland in der ersten Hälfte des 19\\. Jahrhunderts*. p. 221\\- 223\\.*Okens Entlassung im Jahre 1819*. In: Rudolph Zaunick, Max Pfannenstiel: *Aus Leben und Werk von Lorenz Oken: dem Begründer der deutschen Naturforscherversammlungen. Zweiter Abschnitt: Lorenz Oken und J. W. von Goethe*. In: *Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften*. Vol. 33\\. Issue 3/4\\. 1941\\. pp. 156–163\\.*Okens Dienstentlassung*. In: *Isis*. Issue V, 1819, unnumbered after Sp. 800 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00218090/ISIS_1819_Bd01_419.tif)).",
"To avoid the ban, Oken moved the printing of *Isis* to nearby [Rudolstadt](/wiki/Rudolstadt \"Rudolstadt\") in the Principality of [Schwarzburg\\-Rudolstadt](/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt \"Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt\"). There, [Carl Popo Fröbel](/wiki/Carl_Popo_Fr%C3%B6bel \"Carl Popo Fröbel\") (1786–1824\\), stepbrother of the educator [Friedrich Fröbel](/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel \"Friedrich Fröbel\") and owner of the court printing works since 1815, took over the printing of *Isis* from August 1819\\. After Fröbel's death in 1824, the print shop was initially taken over by Fröbel's widow and finally continued by his son Günther Fröbel from 1832, who produced the last issues of *Isis* in 1850\\. A small part of *Isis* was produced in [Eisenberg](/wiki/Eisenberg%2C_Thuringia \"Eisenberg, Thuringia\") until 1824/25\\.Taszus, Claudia (2009\\).*Lorenz Okens Isis (1816–1848\\). Zur konzeptionellen, organisatorischen und technischen Realisierung der Zeitschrift*. pp. 137\\-145\\.",
"After the [Carlsbad Decrees](/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees \"Carlsbad Decrees\") of September 1819, it became increasingly difficult to deal with political issues. Their share of articles in *Isis* fell sharply. After Brockhaus' death, Oken announced in the first issue of 1824 that *Isis* would no longer print political articles.Kertesz, G. A. (1986\\). *Notes on Isis von Oken, 1817–1848*. In: *Isis*. Vol. 77\\. Number 3\\. pp. 502–503\\.",
""
] |
Content
-------
In addition to Oken, many natural scientists and humanities scholars, writers and artists contributed to the content of *Isis*. Among the authors who published articles in the first volume of Isis were [Alexander von Humboldt](/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt "Alexander von Humboldt"), [Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland](/wiki/Christoph_Wilhelm_Hufeland "Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland"), [Madame de Staël](/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl "Germaine de Staël"), [August Wilhelm Schlegel](/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel "August Wilhelm Schlegel"), [Georges Cuvier](/wiki/Georges_Cuvier "Georges Cuvier") and [Johannes Peter Müller](/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller "Johannes Peter Müller"). There were reviews of [Goethe's](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe") *[Aus meinem Leben. Dichtung und Wahrheit](/wiki/Dichtung_und_Wahrheit "Dichtung und Wahrheit")*, [Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli's](/wiki/Luigi_Valentino_Brugnatelli "Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli") (1761–1818\) *Kreistafel der chemischen Aequivalente*, [Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck](/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Daniel_Nees_von_Esenbeck "Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck")'s *System der Pilze und Schwämme*, [Leopoldo Cicognara](/wiki/Leopoldo_Cicognara "Leopoldo Cicognara")'s (1767–1834\) *Von den vier venetianischen Kunstpferden*, [Charles Robert Cockerell](/wiki/Charles_Robert_Cockerell "Charles Robert Cockerell")'s *Ueber die ursprüngliche Anwendung der Niobe und ihrer Kinder* and [Ludwig Wachler](/wiki/Ludwig_Wachler "Ludwig Wachler")'s *Deutschlands Zukunft in der Gegenwart*. *Isis* reported on the state of affairs at German universities, published their course catalogs and also regularly set prizes.von Engelhardt, Dietrich (2003\). *Lorenz Oken und das Wartburgfest 1817 mit einem Abdruck des konfiszierten Heftes 195 der Isis*. pp. 4–5
From the outset, *Isis* devoted considerable space to summaries and abstracts of publications published in foreign scientific and academic journals. Initially, the relevant journals came from the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Switzerland. These were later supplemented by journals from Scandinavia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Russia and the United States. Oken's approach to editing the articles varied greatly. Sometimes Oken's texts consisted of an abridged translation of the corresponding article, usually they summarized its main content in one paragraph. As a rule, the majority of the articles were only listed with their title \- usually translated into German.
In 1821, Oken published the first call for an assembly of German naturalists in *Isis*,*Versammlung der deutschen Naturforscher*. In: *Isis. Litterarischer Anzeiger*. 1821, Sp. 196–198 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00165334/ISIS_1821_Bd02_412.tif)). which led to the founding of the *[Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians](/wiki/Society_of_German_Natural_Scientists_and_Physicians "Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians")* in September 1822\. Detailed reports on the society's annual meetings were published regularly until the end.
From 1833, *Isis* bore the new title *Encyclopädische Zeitschrift, vorzüglich für Naturgeschichte, vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie*. This change reflected the changing focus of the articles over time. The already small number of articles dealing with mathematics and physics decreased further.
In the last volume of 1848, [Christian Ludwig Brehm](/wiki/Christian_Ludwig_Brehm "Christian Ludwig Brehm") published original articles in *Isis* with *Ueber das allmählige Fortrücken der Vögel*, [Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Siedhofs](/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Siedhofs "Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Siedhofs") (1803 \- ca. 1867\) with *Naturgeschichtliches aus den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerica*, [Johann Jakob Kaup](/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Kaup "Johann Jakob Kaup") with *Uebersicht der Eulen (Strigidae)* and [Christian Gottfried Giebel](/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Giebel "Christian Gottfried Giebel") with *Das subhercynische Becken um Quedlinburg in geognostisch\-paläontologischer Beziehung*. Some of the publications discussed in this volume were [Sebastian Egger's](/wiki/Sebastian_Eggers "Sebastian Eggers") (1803–1866\) *Ueber die Pflichten gegen die Thiere*, [Franz von Kobell's](/wiki/Wolfgang_Franz_von_Kobell "Wolfgang Franz von Kobell") *Mineralogie*, [Christian Gottfried Giebel's](/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Giebel "Christian Gottfried Giebel") *Fauna der Vorwelt*, [Mauro Rusconi](/wiki/Mauro_Rusc%C3%B3ni "Mauro Ruscóni")'s (1776–1849\) *Riflessioni sopra il sistema linfatico dei rettili*, [Johann Malfatti's](/wiki/Johann_Malfatti "Johann Malfatti") *Neue Heilversuche*, [Karl Bernhard Stark](/wiki/Karl_Bernhard_Stark "Karl Bernhard Stark")'s *Kunst und Schule* and [Joseph Hippolyt Pultes](/wiki/Joseph_Hippolyt_Pulte "Joseph Hippolyt Pulte") (1805–1869\) *Organon der Weltgeschichte*.
In the last edition, Oken ended *Isis* with the words: "This is the end of *Isis*."In: *Isis*. IssueXII, 1848, Sp. 1077–1078 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00191914/ISIS_1848_0544.TIF)).
|
[
"Content\n-------",
"In addition to Oken, many natural scientists and humanities scholars, writers and artists contributed to the content of *Isis*. Among the authors who published articles in the first volume of Isis were [Alexander von Humboldt](/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt \"Alexander von Humboldt\"), [Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland](/wiki/Christoph_Wilhelm_Hufeland \"Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland\"), [Madame de Staël](/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl \"Germaine de Staël\"), [August Wilhelm Schlegel](/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel \"August Wilhelm Schlegel\"), [Georges Cuvier](/wiki/Georges_Cuvier \"Georges Cuvier\") and [Johannes Peter Müller](/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller \"Johannes Peter Müller\"). There were reviews of [Goethe's](/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe \"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\") *[Aus meinem Leben. Dichtung und Wahrheit](/wiki/Dichtung_und_Wahrheit \"Dichtung und Wahrheit\")*, [Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli's](/wiki/Luigi_Valentino_Brugnatelli \"Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli\") (1761–1818\\) *Kreistafel der chemischen Aequivalente*, [Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck](/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Daniel_Nees_von_Esenbeck \"Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck\")'s *System der Pilze und Schwämme*, [Leopoldo Cicognara](/wiki/Leopoldo_Cicognara \"Leopoldo Cicognara\")'s (1767–1834\\) *Von den vier venetianischen Kunstpferden*, [Charles Robert Cockerell](/wiki/Charles_Robert_Cockerell \"Charles Robert Cockerell\")'s *Ueber die ursprüngliche Anwendung der Niobe und ihrer Kinder* and [Ludwig Wachler](/wiki/Ludwig_Wachler \"Ludwig Wachler\")'s *Deutschlands Zukunft in der Gegenwart*. *Isis* reported on the state of affairs at German universities, published their course catalogs and also regularly set prizes.von Engelhardt, Dietrich (2003\\). *Lorenz Oken und das Wartburgfest 1817 mit einem Abdruck des konfiszierten Heftes 195 der Isis*. pp. 4–5",
"From the outset, *Isis* devoted considerable space to summaries and abstracts of publications published in foreign scientific and academic journals. Initially, the relevant journals came from the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Switzerland. These were later supplemented by journals from Scandinavia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Russia and the United States. Oken's approach to editing the articles varied greatly. Sometimes Oken's texts consisted of an abridged translation of the corresponding article, usually they summarized its main content in one paragraph. As a rule, the majority of the articles were only listed with their title \\- usually translated into German.",
"In 1821, Oken published the first call for an assembly of German naturalists in *Isis*,*Versammlung der deutschen Naturforscher*. In: *Isis. Litterarischer Anzeiger*. 1821, Sp. 196–198 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00165334/ISIS_1821_Bd02_412.tif)). which led to the founding of the *[Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians](/wiki/Society_of_German_Natural_Scientists_and_Physicians \"Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians\")* in September 1822\\. Detailed reports on the society's annual meetings were published regularly until the end.",
"From 1833, *Isis* bore the new title *Encyclopädische Zeitschrift, vorzüglich für Naturgeschichte, vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie*. This change reflected the changing focus of the articles over time. The already small number of articles dealing with mathematics and physics decreased further.",
"In the last volume of 1848, [Christian Ludwig Brehm](/wiki/Christian_Ludwig_Brehm \"Christian Ludwig Brehm\") published original articles in *Isis* with *Ueber das allmählige Fortrücken der Vögel*, [Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Siedhofs](/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Siedhofs \"Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Siedhofs\") (1803 \\- ca. 1867\\) with *Naturgeschichtliches aus den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerica*, [Johann Jakob Kaup](/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Kaup \"Johann Jakob Kaup\") with *Uebersicht der Eulen (Strigidae)* and [Christian Gottfried Giebel](/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Giebel \"Christian Gottfried Giebel\") with *Das subhercynische Becken um Quedlinburg in geognostisch\\-paläontologischer Beziehung*. Some of the publications discussed in this volume were [Sebastian Egger's](/wiki/Sebastian_Eggers \"Sebastian Eggers\") (1803–1866\\) *Ueber die Pflichten gegen die Thiere*, [Franz von Kobell's](/wiki/Wolfgang_Franz_von_Kobell \"Wolfgang Franz von Kobell\") *Mineralogie*, [Christian Gottfried Giebel's](/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Giebel \"Christian Gottfried Giebel\") *Fauna der Vorwelt*, [Mauro Rusconi](/wiki/Mauro_Rusc%C3%B3ni \"Mauro Ruscóni\")'s (1776–1849\\) *Riflessioni sopra il sistema linfatico dei rettili*, [Johann Malfatti's](/wiki/Johann_Malfatti \"Johann Malfatti\") *Neue Heilversuche*, [Karl Bernhard Stark](/wiki/Karl_Bernhard_Stark \"Karl Bernhard Stark\")'s *Kunst und Schule* and [Joseph Hippolyt Pultes](/wiki/Joseph_Hippolyt_Pulte \"Joseph Hippolyt Pulte\") (1805–1869\\) *Organon der Weltgeschichte*.",
"In the last edition, Oken ended *Isis* with the words: \"This is the end of *Isis*.\"In: *Isis*. IssueXII, 1848, Sp. 1077–1078 ([online](https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00191914/ISIS_1848_0544.TIF)).",
""
] |
*Rock Island News*
------------------
Looney attributed his loss at the election to the *[Rock Island Argus](/wiki/The_Dispatch_/_The_Rock_Island_Argus "The Dispatch / The Rock Island Argus")*, which wrote many negative opinion articles on him.[July 8, 2002 News from The Dispatch/Argus via Quad\-Cities Online](https://archive.today/20120907173452/http://www.qconline.com/more/looney/looney2.html) In response, Looney founded the *Rock Island News*, which he used to blackmail prominent Rock Island citizens.
In 1905, Looney bought the Mirror Lounge, a closed club to use for his law office on the 1st floor and to publish his newspaper on the second floor.{{cite book \| first \= Richard \| last \= Hammer \|author2\=Roger Ruthhart \| title \= Citadel of Sin: The John Looney Story \| isbn \= 978\-0\-9761162\-8\-8 \| location \= \[\[Moline, Illinois]] \| publisher \= \[\[Moline Dispatch]] Publishing Company, L.L.C. \| year \= 2007 \| page \= 25 }} After purchasing the building, John brought his brothers William (Bill) and Jeremiah (Jerry) to Rock Island from Ottawa to help him run the paper. During the early 20th century, Looney published many articles that attacked the *Rock Island Argus* and threaten to expose the deep dark secrets some of Rock Island's most prominent residents. The residents attacked by Looney threats were blackmailed into paying "kill fees" to kill articles before they were published. However, by 1908, Looney was desperate for money to keep all of his operations afloat, so he was forced to sell *Rock Island News* to W.W. Wilmerton.*Citadel of Sin: The John Looney Story*, p. 26\.
However, Looney had no plans to relinquish his control of the newspaper. The night after Looney sold the paper, Wilmerton shut down the newspaper, which angered Looney. Later that night, a bomb exploded at the printing press in the newspaper's building, which Looney still owned. Looney refused a $7,000 insurance settlement, and the insurance company canceled his policy. In November, two mysterious fires would destroy the Mirror Lounge. The first fire on November 2 caused $32,000 worth of damage to the building, destroying the Mirror Saloon, run by Dan Drost. The second fire started the day before the insurance was canceled, causing $75,000 worth of damage to the Mirror building. Looney was accused of setting the fire by Dan Drost; he later admitted to helping Looney set the fire.
With Looney unable to publish his newspaper for a year after he sold it, he was left powerless in Rock Island politics since he was unable to blackmail its residents. Looney resumed his publishing from the garage on the side of his house called "The Roost" in 1909\. Looney moved his newspaper again in 1924 to the upper story of his mansion overlooking the Rock River. However, when Looney began to publish his first newspaper again for the first time on February 6, 1909, he personally attacked Wilmerton and his family on the front page.
This personal attack of Wilmerton family led to a downtown shootout on February 22, 1909\. Near the Safety on 3rd Avenue and 18th Street in Rock Island Illinois*Citadel of Sin: The John Looney Story*, p. 28\-29\. Looney was shot in the side, but he was not seriously injured. Wilmerton was arrested, but was never charged with a crime.*Citadel of Sin: The John Looney Story*, p. 31\. The "Bel\-Aire" house at which this gunfight occurred can be viewed just slightly west of 30th street in Rock Island on River Heights Road. Looney was also subject to several other failed attempts to kill him.
|
[
"*Rock Island News*\n------------------",
"Looney attributed his loss at the election to the *[Rock Island Argus](/wiki/The_Dispatch_/_The_Rock_Island_Argus \"The Dispatch / The Rock Island Argus\")*, which wrote many negative opinion articles on him.[July 8, 2002 News from The Dispatch/Argus via Quad\\-Cities Online](https://archive.today/20120907173452/http://www.qconline.com/more/looney/looney2.html) In response, Looney founded the *Rock Island News*, which he used to blackmail prominent Rock Island citizens.",
"In 1905, Looney bought the Mirror Lounge, a closed club to use for his law office on the 1st floor and to publish his newspaper on the second floor.{{cite book \\| first \\= Richard \\| last \\= Hammer \\|author2\\=Roger Ruthhart \\| title \\= Citadel of Sin: The John Looney Story \\| isbn \\= 978\\-0\\-9761162\\-8\\-8 \\| location \\= \\[\\[Moline, Illinois]] \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Moline Dispatch]] Publishing Company, L.L.C. \\| year \\= 2007 \\| page \\= 25 }} After purchasing the building, John brought his brothers William (Bill) and Jeremiah (Jerry) to Rock Island from Ottawa to help him run the paper. During the early 20th century, Looney published many articles that attacked the *Rock Island Argus* and threaten to expose the deep dark secrets some of Rock Island's most prominent residents. The residents attacked by Looney threats were blackmailed into paying \"kill fees\" to kill articles before they were published. However, by 1908, Looney was desperate for money to keep all of his operations afloat, so he was forced to sell *Rock Island News* to W.W. Wilmerton.*Citadel of Sin: The John Looney Story*, p. 26\\.",
"However, Looney had no plans to relinquish his control of the newspaper. The night after Looney sold the paper, Wilmerton shut down the newspaper, which angered Looney. Later that night, a bomb exploded at the printing press in the newspaper's building, which Looney still owned. Looney refused a $7,000 insurance settlement, and the insurance company canceled his policy. In November, two mysterious fires would destroy the Mirror Lounge. The first fire on November 2 caused $32,000 worth of damage to the building, destroying the Mirror Saloon, run by Dan Drost. The second fire started the day before the insurance was canceled, causing $75,000 worth of damage to the Mirror building. Looney was accused of setting the fire by Dan Drost; he later admitted to helping Looney set the fire.",
"With Looney unable to publish his newspaper for a year after he sold it, he was left powerless in Rock Island politics since he was unable to blackmail its residents. Looney resumed his publishing from the garage on the side of his house called \"The Roost\" in 1909\\. Looney moved his newspaper again in 1924 to the upper story of his mansion overlooking the Rock River. However, when Looney began to publish his first newspaper again for the first time on February 6, 1909, he personally attacked Wilmerton and his family on the front page.",
"This personal attack of Wilmerton family led to a downtown shootout on February 22, 1909\\. Near the Safety on 3rd Avenue and 18th Street in Rock Island Illinois*Citadel of Sin: The John Looney Story*, p. 28\\-29\\. Looney was shot in the side, but he was not seriously injured. Wilmerton was arrested, but was never charged with a crime.*Citadel of Sin: The John Looney Story*, p. 31\\. The \"Bel\\-Aire\" house at which this gunfight occurred can be viewed just slightly west of 30th street in Rock Island on River Heights Road. Looney was also subject to several other failed attempts to kill him.",
""
] |
Downfall
--------
In 1922, before a national convention of the fremasonic [Grotto](/wiki/Mystic_Order_of_Veiled_Prophets_of_the_Enchanted_Realm "Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm"), Looney's thugs provided – i.e. sold – protection for law violators. Prohibition agents, following up on raids made during the convention met with William Gabel, who provided them with canceled checks endorsed by John Looney. Gabel was murdered on July 31, 1922, which prompted a gang war in which 12 people were murdered. Meanwhile, through editorials, the *Rock Island Argus* lambasted the community for having allowed gangsters to gain control of Rock Island. In return, Looney's paper published articles implicating the *Argus* in Gabel's murder.
The gang war ended on October 6, 1922, when Looney and his son Connor were talking in their car in Market Square. Two vehicles pulled up behind them and opened fire. John Looney ran to the nearby Sherman Hotel and returned fire. Connor Looney was killed in the vehicle.
On October 26, 1922, all stills, speakeasies, and brothels under Looney's control were closed down, and his house was raided for weapons. Schriver and the former police chief were arrested and later convicted of vice protection conspiracy. Looney was indicted for the murder of William Gabel and for running a theft ring which spanned several states, but Looney fled to Ottawa, Illinois and then to New Mexico.
Looney was apprehended in New Mexico in November 1924\. He was convicted in 1925 of "conspiracy to protect gambling, prostitution and illicit liquor traffic in Rock Island".
Looney was later charged and convicted of the murder of Willam Gabel and prosecuted in [Galesburg](/wiki/Galesburg%2C_Illinois "Galesburg, Illinois"). He was sentenced to 14 years in prison and served eight and a half years. Looney died in 1942 at a [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis") [sanitarium](/wiki/Sanatorium "Sanatorium") in [El Paso, Texas](/wiki/El_Paso%2C_Texas "El Paso, Texas").
|
[
"Downfall\n--------",
"In 1922, before a national convention of the fremasonic [Grotto](/wiki/Mystic_Order_of_Veiled_Prophets_of_the_Enchanted_Realm \"Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm\"), Looney's thugs provided – i.e. sold – protection for law violators. Prohibition agents, following up on raids made during the convention met with William Gabel, who provided them with canceled checks endorsed by John Looney. Gabel was murdered on July 31, 1922, which prompted a gang war in which 12 people were murdered. Meanwhile, through editorials, the *Rock Island Argus* lambasted the community for having allowed gangsters to gain control of Rock Island. In return, Looney's paper published articles implicating the *Argus* in Gabel's murder.",
"The gang war ended on October 6, 1922, when Looney and his son Connor were talking in their car in Market Square. Two vehicles pulled up behind them and opened fire. John Looney ran to the nearby Sherman Hotel and returned fire. Connor Looney was killed in the vehicle.",
"On October 26, 1922, all stills, speakeasies, and brothels under Looney's control were closed down, and his house was raided for weapons. Schriver and the former police chief were arrested and later convicted of vice protection conspiracy. Looney was indicted for the murder of William Gabel and for running a theft ring which spanned several states, but Looney fled to Ottawa, Illinois and then to New Mexico.",
"Looney was apprehended in New Mexico in November 1924\\. He was convicted in 1925 of \"conspiracy to protect gambling, prostitution and illicit liquor traffic in Rock Island\".",
"Looney was later charged and convicted of the murder of Willam Gabel and prosecuted in [Galesburg](/wiki/Galesburg%2C_Illinois \"Galesburg, Illinois\"). He was sentenced to 14 years in prison and served eight and a half years. Looney died in 1942 at a [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\") [sanitarium](/wiki/Sanatorium \"Sanatorium\") in [El Paso, Texas](/wiki/El_Paso%2C_Texas \"El Paso, Texas\").",
""
] |
Career
------
In 2008, Evers qualified for university entry and was accepted into [Griffith University](/wiki/Griffith_University "Griffith University") on the Gold Coast. In 2010, she graduated with a Bachelor of Journalism majoring in [Public Relations](/wiki/Public_Relations "Public Relations") and digital media.
Evers is a full\-time [cover model](/wiki/Cover_model "Cover model"), editorial assistant and journalist working for [men's magazine](/wiki/Men%27s_magazine "Men's magazine") *[Zoo Weekly](/wiki/Zoo_Weekly "Zoo Weekly")*; based in Sydney. She has been working with the magazine since 2008, and moved into an editorial role in July 2011\. *Zoo Weekly* is published by [ACP Magazines](/wiki/ACP_Magazines "ACP Magazines").{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2012}}
### Modelling
Evers won a number of Australian contests and pageants. By age 16 she had established modelling contracts with major surf brands including [Billabong](/wiki/Billabong "Billabong"), KULU, 2 Chillies, Mrs Palmers and [Quiksilver Worldwide](/wiki/Quiksilver "Quiksilver").
In 2003, Evers was a [Miss Indy Finalist](/wiki/Indy_500 "Indy 500"), and went on to secure shoots in *[FHM](/wiki/FHM_Australia "FHM Australia")* and *[Ralph Magazine](/wiki/Ralph_%28magazine%29 "Ralph (magazine)")*. She has been featured in a number of fashion, health, sport and lifestyle magazines throughout her modelling career. As of 2012, she has over 20 magazine covers (15 national, four international) including the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") and the UK.
In 2010, Evers featured on her first album cover for the [Ministry of Sound](/wiki/Ministry_of_Sound "Ministry of Sound") *Maximum Bass* CD mixed by DJ [Tom Piper](/wiki/Tom_Piper "Tom Piper").
### Dancing
In 2004, she was signed by Flirtmodels Australia; performing in nightclubs, festivals and promotional gigs such as the [Gold Coast 600](/wiki/Gold_Coast_600 "Gold Coast 600") and network TV show *[Blokesworld](/wiki/Blokesworld "Blokesworld")*. Over the next two years the commercial dance troupe toured extensively throughout Australia and Asia working with the likes of [Bob Sinclar](/wiki/Bob_Sinclar "Bob Sinclar") and [Boy George](/wiki/Boy_George "Boy George").
In 2005, Evers was selected as a [Crusty Demons](/wiki/Crusty_Demons "Crusty Demons") dancer and performed at live shows throughout Australia. The Crusty Demons are a group of daredevil freestyle motorcyclists from the United States, Australia, [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") and Europe. In 2010, she toured for three months in [Macau](/wiki/Macau "Macau"), China; where she performed in a convention at the Venetian Hotel and Resort.
### TV appearances
During university, Evers gained multiple television hosting and presenting roles for Sydney\-based company Unseen TV. She covered major events including the [Gold Coast 600](/wiki/Gold_Coast_600 "Gold Coast 600") (formerly known as Indy), [State of Origin](/wiki/State_of_Origin "State of Origin"), and numerous fashion festivals. She was presenter and host of The [Rip Curl Pro](/wiki/Rip_Curl_Pro "Rip Curl Pro") 2010 at [Bells Beach](/wiki/Bells_Beach "Bells Beach") and co\-hosted the Australian [Sexpo](/wiki/Sexpo "Sexpo") Tour with Australian comedian [Russell Gilbert](/wiki/Russell_Gilbert "Russell Gilbert") for 2011\.
In 2010, she starred on the UK reality TV show *[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!](/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here%21 "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!")* which was filmed in the Gold Coast Hinterland. According to an interview, Brooke has said the show was "the most insane job" she has ever done. "I had to jump out of a helicopter, slept with rats, ate nothing but beans and white rice for four days, was covered in cockroaches, worms and spiders to win food…loved the experience but hated the tasks!"
Evers made three guest appearances on the [FOX8](/wiki/FOX8 "FOX8") TV series *[Football Superstar](/wiki/Football_Superstar "Football Superstar")* in 2010\.
On 21 January 2011 FOX8 premiered *[The Stafford Brothers](/wiki/The_Stafford_Brothers "The Stafford Brothers")*; a reality TV series following the lives of Matt and Chris Stafford on tour across Europe, produced by TV host [Wesley Dening](/wiki/Wesley_Dening "Wesley Dening"). Evers is a leading characters alongside her long\-term DJ partner Matt Stafford. An episode featuring her in a photo shoot produced the show's highest ratings for the season.
In 2011, Evers starred on [Channel Nine](/wiki/Nine_Network "Nine Network")'s series the *[Celebrity Apprentice](/wiki/Celebrity_Apprentice "Celebrity Apprentice")* and was cast as the *[Surfers Paradise](/wiki/Surfers_Paradise "Surfers Paradise")* host on [Fuel TV](/wiki/Fuel_TV_%28Australia%29 "Fuel TV (Australia)"). In her latest TV presenting role, she is the Australian correspondent on the US television show *[Attack of the Show!](/wiki/Attack_of_the_Show%21 "Attack of the Show!")* The show is a live, prime\-time review of the latest viral videos, gadgets, comics and movies.
### Radio hosting
In 2010, Evers co\-hosted [90\.9 Sea FM](/wiki/90.9_Sea_FM "90.9 Sea FM")'s *Drive Show from 3\-7pm* with Gold Coast radio presenter [Craig 'Lowie' Lowe](/wiki/Craig_Lowe "Craig Lowe"). She featured on the program for 6 weeks full\-time over Christmas. Brooke has also made numerous appearances on [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane") radio station [Nova 106\.9](/wiki/Nova_106.9 "Nova 106.9"). She also co\-hosts [Australia's Party People](/wiki/Australia%27s_Party_People "Australia's Party People") on Fridays with [Matty Acton](/wiki/Matty_Acton "Matty Acton").
### Music
In 2010, Evers started to learn how to DJ while working in the club scene, practising in clubs during the day and collecting music over time. As a professional dancer she has worked alongside artists like [Bob Sinclar](/wiki/Bob_Sinclar "Bob Sinclar") and [Boy George](/wiki/Boy_George "Boy George"), and has stated she developed an understanding of popular music and reading the crowd.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2012}}
She had cited artists such as the [Stafford Brothers](/wiki/Stafford_Brothers "Stafford Brothers"), [Timmy Trumpet](/wiki/Timmy_Trumpet "Timmy Trumpet"), DJ [Tom Piper](/wiki/Tom_Piper "Tom Piper") as influences, and has developed a style of commercial pop and [RnB](/wiki/RnB "RnB") with [electro house](/wiki/Electro_house "Electro house"). DJ Brooke Evers was officially sponsored by [Audio Technica](/wiki/Audio_Technica "Audio Technica") Australia.
S.K.A.M. Artist DJ Brooke Evers was the featured guest at M Nightclub on Saturday 22 August 2015\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In 2008, Evers qualified for university entry and was accepted into [Griffith University](/wiki/Griffith_University \"Griffith University\") on the Gold Coast. In 2010, she graduated with a Bachelor of Journalism majoring in [Public Relations](/wiki/Public_Relations \"Public Relations\") and digital media.",
"Evers is a full\\-time [cover model](/wiki/Cover_model \"Cover model\"), editorial assistant and journalist working for [men's magazine](/wiki/Men%27s_magazine \"Men's magazine\") *[Zoo Weekly](/wiki/Zoo_Weekly \"Zoo Weekly\")*; based in Sydney. She has been working with the magazine since 2008, and moved into an editorial role in July 2011\\. *Zoo Weekly* is published by [ACP Magazines](/wiki/ACP_Magazines \"ACP Magazines\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2012}}",
"### Modelling",
"Evers won a number of Australian contests and pageants. By age 16 she had established modelling contracts with major surf brands including [Billabong](/wiki/Billabong \"Billabong\"), KULU, 2 Chillies, Mrs Palmers and [Quiksilver Worldwide](/wiki/Quiksilver \"Quiksilver\").",
"In 2003, Evers was a [Miss Indy Finalist](/wiki/Indy_500 \"Indy 500\"), and went on to secure shoots in *[FHM](/wiki/FHM_Australia \"FHM Australia\")* and *[Ralph Magazine](/wiki/Ralph_%28magazine%29 \"Ralph (magazine)\")*. She has been featured in a number of fashion, health, sport and lifestyle magazines throughout her modelling career. As of 2012, she has over 20 magazine covers (15 national, four international) including the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") and the UK.",
"In 2010, Evers featured on her first album cover for the [Ministry of Sound](/wiki/Ministry_of_Sound \"Ministry of Sound\") *Maximum Bass* CD mixed by DJ [Tom Piper](/wiki/Tom_Piper \"Tom Piper\").",
"### Dancing",
"In 2004, she was signed by Flirtmodels Australia; performing in nightclubs, festivals and promotional gigs such as the [Gold Coast 600](/wiki/Gold_Coast_600 \"Gold Coast 600\") and network TV show *[Blokesworld](/wiki/Blokesworld \"Blokesworld\")*. Over the next two years the commercial dance troupe toured extensively throughout Australia and Asia working with the likes of [Bob Sinclar](/wiki/Bob_Sinclar \"Bob Sinclar\") and [Boy George](/wiki/Boy_George \"Boy George\").",
"In 2005, Evers was selected as a [Crusty Demons](/wiki/Crusty_Demons \"Crusty Demons\") dancer and performed at live shows throughout Australia. The Crusty Demons are a group of daredevil freestyle motorcyclists from the United States, Australia, [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") and Europe. In 2010, she toured for three months in [Macau](/wiki/Macau \"Macau\"), China; where she performed in a convention at the Venetian Hotel and Resort.",
"### TV appearances",
"During university, Evers gained multiple television hosting and presenting roles for Sydney\\-based company Unseen TV. She covered major events including the [Gold Coast 600](/wiki/Gold_Coast_600 \"Gold Coast 600\") (formerly known as Indy), [State of Origin](/wiki/State_of_Origin \"State of Origin\"), and numerous fashion festivals. She was presenter and host of The [Rip Curl Pro](/wiki/Rip_Curl_Pro \"Rip Curl Pro\") 2010 at [Bells Beach](/wiki/Bells_Beach \"Bells Beach\") and co\\-hosted the Australian [Sexpo](/wiki/Sexpo \"Sexpo\") Tour with Australian comedian [Russell Gilbert](/wiki/Russell_Gilbert \"Russell Gilbert\") for 2011\\.",
"In 2010, she starred on the UK reality TV show *[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!](/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here%21 \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\")* which was filmed in the Gold Coast Hinterland. According to an interview, Brooke has said the show was \"the most insane job\" she has ever done. \"I had to jump out of a helicopter, slept with rats, ate nothing but beans and white rice for four days, was covered in cockroaches, worms and spiders to win food…loved the experience but hated the tasks!\"",
"Evers made three guest appearances on the [FOX8](/wiki/FOX8 \"FOX8\") TV series *[Football Superstar](/wiki/Football_Superstar \"Football Superstar\")* in 2010\\.",
"On 21 January 2011 FOX8 premiered *[The Stafford Brothers](/wiki/The_Stafford_Brothers \"The Stafford Brothers\")*; a reality TV series following the lives of Matt and Chris Stafford on tour across Europe, produced by TV host [Wesley Dening](/wiki/Wesley_Dening \"Wesley Dening\"). Evers is a leading characters alongside her long\\-term DJ partner Matt Stafford. An episode featuring her in a photo shoot produced the show's highest ratings for the season.",
"In 2011, Evers starred on [Channel Nine](/wiki/Nine_Network \"Nine Network\")'s series the *[Celebrity Apprentice](/wiki/Celebrity_Apprentice \"Celebrity Apprentice\")* and was cast as the *[Surfers Paradise](/wiki/Surfers_Paradise \"Surfers Paradise\")* host on [Fuel TV](/wiki/Fuel_TV_%28Australia%29 \"Fuel TV (Australia)\"). In her latest TV presenting role, she is the Australian correspondent on the US television show *[Attack of the Show!](/wiki/Attack_of_the_Show%21 \"Attack of the Show!\")* The show is a live, prime\\-time review of the latest viral videos, gadgets, comics and movies.",
"### Radio hosting",
"In 2010, Evers co\\-hosted [90\\.9 Sea FM](/wiki/90.9_Sea_FM \"90.9 Sea FM\")'s *Drive Show from 3\\-7pm* with Gold Coast radio presenter [Craig 'Lowie' Lowe](/wiki/Craig_Lowe \"Craig Lowe\"). She featured on the program for 6 weeks full\\-time over Christmas. Brooke has also made numerous appearances on [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\") radio station [Nova 106\\.9](/wiki/Nova_106.9 \"Nova 106.9\"). She also co\\-hosts [Australia's Party People](/wiki/Australia%27s_Party_People \"Australia's Party People\") on Fridays with [Matty Acton](/wiki/Matty_Acton \"Matty Acton\").",
"### Music",
"In 2010, Evers started to learn how to DJ while working in the club scene, practising in clubs during the day and collecting music over time. As a professional dancer she has worked alongside artists like [Bob Sinclar](/wiki/Bob_Sinclar \"Bob Sinclar\") and [Boy George](/wiki/Boy_George \"Boy George\"), and has stated she developed an understanding of popular music and reading the crowd.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2012}}",
"She had cited artists such as the [Stafford Brothers](/wiki/Stafford_Brothers \"Stafford Brothers\"), [Timmy Trumpet](/wiki/Timmy_Trumpet \"Timmy Trumpet\"), DJ [Tom Piper](/wiki/Tom_Piper \"Tom Piper\") as influences, and has developed a style of commercial pop and [RnB](/wiki/RnB \"RnB\") with [electro house](/wiki/Electro_house \"Electro house\"). DJ Brooke Evers was officially sponsored by [Audio Technica](/wiki/Audio_Technica \"Audio Technica\") Australia.\nS.K.A.M. Artist DJ Brooke Evers was the featured guest at M Nightclub on Saturday 22 August 2015\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
Tam Tòa parish is one of the oldest Catholic parishes in Vietnam with its roots dating back to the mid 17th century.
There have been ongoing disputes between the government and the rebuilding of the church. The [Diocese of Vinh](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vinh "Roman Catholic Diocese of Vinh") and the [Archdiocese of Huế](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Huế") have been trying to reclaim the church (what is left of it and its ground) since 1996 when it was taken back by the local government in an attempt to turn into a war symbol of American aggression. Up until 1996, mass was celebrated weekly in front of the church's tower.
In February 2009 after years of fruitless negotiation, 14 parish priests and Bishop Cao of Vinh Diocese decided to concelebrate mass on the property without obtaining permission.
In July 2009 a rumor was spreading that the local government would build a tourist resort next to the church. Parishioners in response started building an altar and erecting a giant cross on the property. On July 21, the government sent in police to disperse the crowd gathering to continue its construction and protest.Leonard Leo *International Religious Freedom (2010\): Annual Report* Page 197 "... Quang Binh province after police destroyed a temporary church structure erected near the ruins of the historic Tam Toa Church in Vinh Diocese. ... Reportedly, not all Vietnamese government officials condoned the destruction of the crucifix." A dozen people were arrested and some were beaten badly by the police. The situation was made worse when the police attacked two priests from other parishes who went to Vinh Diocese to show support. The two are in critical condition.
Some of the Vietnamese Catholics in Vietnam (about seven million, or 7% of the population) responded by holding vigil masses and silent protests all weekend long in central Vietnam. This is a direct challenge to the government.*International Religious Freedom (2010\): Annual Report to Congress* \- Page 197 Leonard Leo "In July 2009, as many as 200000 Catholics peacefully protested in Quang Binh province after police destroyed a temporary church structure erected near the ruins of the historic Tam Toa Church in Vinh Diocese."
Even though the situation was viewed{{By whom\|date\=February 2010}} as conflict between the Catholic Church and the Vietnamese government by the rest of the country, the issue of confiscated land and the rights of land ownership have been a flashing point between government and the general public for many years. Whether the Tam Tòa crisis will lead to major changes in the government or force the government to take harsh actions against those who challenge its authority remains to be seen.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Tam Tòa parish is one of the oldest Catholic parishes in Vietnam with its roots dating back to the mid 17th century.",
"There have been ongoing disputes between the government and the rebuilding of the church. The [Diocese of Vinh](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vinh \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Vinh\") and the [Archdiocese of Huế](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Huế\") have been trying to reclaim the church (what is left of it and its ground) since 1996 when it was taken back by the local government in an attempt to turn into a war symbol of American aggression. Up until 1996, mass was celebrated weekly in front of the church's tower.",
"In February 2009 after years of fruitless negotiation, 14 parish priests and Bishop Cao of Vinh Diocese decided to concelebrate mass on the property without obtaining permission.",
"In July 2009 a rumor was spreading that the local government would build a tourist resort next to the church. Parishioners in response started building an altar and erecting a giant cross on the property. On July 21, the government sent in police to disperse the crowd gathering to continue its construction and protest.Leonard Leo *International Religious Freedom (2010\\): Annual Report* Page 197 \"... Quang Binh province after police destroyed a temporary church structure erected near the ruins of the historic Tam Toa Church in Vinh Diocese. ... Reportedly, not all Vietnamese government officials condoned the destruction of the crucifix.\" A dozen people were arrested and some were beaten badly by the police. The situation was made worse when the police attacked two priests from other parishes who went to Vinh Diocese to show support. The two are in critical condition.",
"Some of the Vietnamese Catholics in Vietnam (about seven million, or 7% of the population) responded by holding vigil masses and silent protests all weekend long in central Vietnam. This is a direct challenge to the government.*International Religious Freedom (2010\\): Annual Report to Congress* \\- Page 197 Leonard Leo \"In July 2009, as many as 200000 Catholics peacefully protested in Quang Binh province after police destroyed a temporary church structure erected near the ruins of the historic Tam Toa Church in Vinh Diocese.\"",
"Even though the situation was viewed{{By whom\\|date\\=February 2010}} as conflict between the Catholic Church and the Vietnamese government by the rest of the country, the issue of confiscated land and the rights of land ownership have been a flashing point between government and the general public for many years. Whether the Tam Tòa crisis will lead to major changes in the government or force the government to take harsh actions against those who challenge its authority remains to be seen.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|Tambourine Mountain Road, 1931](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_1178_View_of_the_road_to_Tamborine_Mountain_South_Queensland_January_1931.png "Queensland State Archives 1178 View of the road to Tamborine Mountain South Queensland January 1931.png")
Tamborine Mountain Road was constructed in 1922–1925 to link the small farming community of North Tamborine on the [Tamborine Mountain](/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain "Tamborine Mountain") plateau to [Tamborine railway station](/wiki/Tamborine_railway_station "Tamborine railway station"). Linking North Tamborine to the railway system enabled greater tourist access to the mountain, and greater market access for Tamborine Mountain produce. Tamborine Mountain Road was one of the first construction projects undertaken by the newly formed Main Roads Board and was one of the first declared Main Roads and one of the first bitumened roads in Queensland. It remains a main access and tourist road for North Tamborine.
North Tamborine is situated on a plateau {{convert\|548\|m}} in altitude and {{convert\|10\|x\|3\.5\|km}} in area, with steep escarpments around most sides with only a few areas where the slope is gentle enough to allow the construction of a road. The first wave of non\-indigenous settlers on Tamborine Mountain in the 1870s and 1880s established walking and bridle tracks through the rainforest to reach their selections, where they cleared the land to grow bananas and fruit (and later dairy produce) for the [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane") markets. Farmers used the same tracks to take their produce down to the valleys. The early track makers had problems with the steep gradients and high rainfall and any track in the area was difficult to make and hard to maintain.
The Tamborine Plateau was recognized early as a tourist and health destination because of its elevation, rain forest vegetation, waterfalls and landscape values. In 1898, the Geissmann family moved to North Tamborine and built a large boarding house, [Capo di Monte](/wiki/Capo_di_Monte "Capo di Monte"), and advertised it as a Health Resort. It became very popular and visitors included [Lord and Lady Lamington](/wiki/Charles_Cochrane-Baillie%2C_2nd_Baron_Lamington "Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington") and Sir [William MacGregor](/wiki/William_MacGregor "William MacGregor"), [Governors of Queensland](/wiki/Governors_of_Queensland "Governors of Queensland"). Later the house was converted to holiday flats and the family acquired other interests in the area. The Geissmann family was also involved in sawmilling and was very prominent in the area even after Capo di Monte was destroyed by fire in 1932 and their eldest daughter [Hilda Geissmann](/wiki/Hilda_Geissmann "Hilda Geissmann") became a noted naturalist and ornithologist who made a significant contribution to the early biological understanding of the region. The upper section of Tamborine Mountain Road was renamed Geissmann Drive about 1982 to honour their contribution to the community.
In July 1918 the Tamborine Mountain Progress Association, anxious to improve access to markets for the increasing number of dairy farmers and fruit growers on the mountain, urged [Tamborine Shire Council](/wiki/Shire_of_Tamborine "Shire of Tamborine") to construct a good road down the mountain to link North Tamborine with the Tamborine Railway Station. Land was resumed and a route with a reasonable gradient was surveyed in 1920\.
The request was timely. By 1920 the need to provide all\-weather roads was a priority for all Queenslanders \- a response to the increased number of motor vehicles on the roads, and to the need to provide suitable infrastructure for an expanding economy. Queensland roads were in a deplorable condition, the result of haphazard planning by under\-funded local authorities. In response, the Queensland Government established the Main Roads Board in 1920 to oversee the construction of connecting roads and bridges and to provide funding to the local authorities involved. The first board chairman, JR Kemp, reported that earlier roads failed because they had not been surveyed properly, had too steep gradients, had insufficient drainage for heavy rain areas, had insufficient foundations and carried too heavy loads. These roads often needed expensive maintenance. To reduce the cost of construction and maintenance, Kemp specified standards for the design of road beds, drainage systems, bridge design and other critical areas of road making. In 1925 the Main Roads Board became the Main Roads Commission under JR Kemp as Commissioner and continued the overseeing of road and bridge construction throughout Queensland.
In 1922 a National Main Roads Policy was proclaimed, providing funds for main roads construction on a one for one subsidy basis. Road costs were apportioned as 1/2 Commonwealth funded, 3/8 State and 1/8 local authority. The Commonwealth funding was intended also to provide employment for returned First World War servicemen.
Under the provisions of the Main Roads Act 1920, Tamborine Mountain Road was gazetted on 16 December 1921 as one of Queensland's first seven Main Roads, and the Main Roads Board subsequently made funds available to Tamborine Shire Council for its construction. The Board also specified engineering standards for many aspects of the construction, including road beds, culverts and dry stone rock retaining walls. Some of the retaining walls on the lower side of the road were reputedly {{convert\|15\|ft}} high. A crushing plant was set up at Sandy Creek in 1923 to provide the road metal, the stone being obtained from a quarry below Curtis Falls.
During 1922–23, its first year of operation, the largest expenditure on permanent road works by the Main Roads Board was on the construction of the Tamborine Mountain Road.
The mountainous upper (southern) part of the road from Sandy Creek to North Tamborine rose to a height of {{convert\|1800\|ft}}, and was one of the most difficult works undertaken in the period 1922–24\. It was completed in 1924 at a cost of £32,158\. The road linking Sandy Creek to the Tamborine Railway Station was completed in 1925\. Tamborine Shire Council then asked the Main Roads Commission to bitumen the road surface to reduce maintenance costs and this was done. It was one of the first bitumen roads in Queensland. The total cost of the road by 1925 was £42,500\.
As funding for the Tamborine Mountain road was partly the responsibility of the local authority, North Tamborine residents in the "benefited area" were levied increased rates. In 1925, the rates increased to 1s 8d in the £, three times that of the surrounding area. This was a hardship for many so in 1930, when changes to the Main Roads Act permitted the levying of tolls on roads with high maintenance costs, Tamborine Shire Council paid £500 to have a toll keeper's house erected at Sandy Creek. Tamborine Mountain Road was one of the first three Queensland main roads/bridges to have a toll imposed under the provisions of the Act. It was anticipated that tolls from tourist vehicles would contribute to the repayments to the local authority but the toll was uneconomic and disliked and was removed in 1945\.
Tamborine Mountain Road remained the principal access road to North Tamborine for many years and continues to be a main tourist and access road to the plateau and North Tamborine. The upper (southern) section still winds through subtropical rainforest which for decades has provided an aesthetic portal to the plateau.
The road has had continuous maintenance over its life but still retains many of the original features such as the alignment, culverts and retaining walls.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|Tambourine Mountain Road, 1931](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_1178_View_of_the_road_to_Tamborine_Mountain_South_Queensland_January_1931.png \"Queensland State Archives 1178 View of the road to Tamborine Mountain South Queensland January 1931.png\")\nTamborine Mountain Road was constructed in 1922–1925 to link the small farming community of North Tamborine on the [Tamborine Mountain](/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain \"Tamborine Mountain\") plateau to [Tamborine railway station](/wiki/Tamborine_railway_station \"Tamborine railway station\"). Linking North Tamborine to the railway system enabled greater tourist access to the mountain, and greater market access for Tamborine Mountain produce. Tamborine Mountain Road was one of the first construction projects undertaken by the newly formed Main Roads Board and was one of the first declared Main Roads and one of the first bitumened roads in Queensland. It remains a main access and tourist road for North Tamborine.",
"North Tamborine is situated on a plateau {{convert\\|548\\|m}} in altitude and {{convert\\|10\\|x\\|3\\.5\\|km}} in area, with steep escarpments around most sides with only a few areas where the slope is gentle enough to allow the construction of a road. The first wave of non\\-indigenous settlers on Tamborine Mountain in the 1870s and 1880s established walking and bridle tracks through the rainforest to reach their selections, where they cleared the land to grow bananas and fruit (and later dairy produce) for the [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\") markets. Farmers used the same tracks to take their produce down to the valleys. The early track makers had problems with the steep gradients and high rainfall and any track in the area was difficult to make and hard to maintain.",
"The Tamborine Plateau was recognized early as a tourist and health destination because of its elevation, rain forest vegetation, waterfalls and landscape values. In 1898, the Geissmann family moved to North Tamborine and built a large boarding house, [Capo di Monte](/wiki/Capo_di_Monte \"Capo di Monte\"), and advertised it as a Health Resort. It became very popular and visitors included [Lord and Lady Lamington](/wiki/Charles_Cochrane-Baillie%2C_2nd_Baron_Lamington \"Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington\") and Sir [William MacGregor](/wiki/William_MacGregor \"William MacGregor\"), [Governors of Queensland](/wiki/Governors_of_Queensland \"Governors of Queensland\"). Later the house was converted to holiday flats and the family acquired other interests in the area. The Geissmann family was also involved in sawmilling and was very prominent in the area even after Capo di Monte was destroyed by fire in 1932 and their eldest daughter [Hilda Geissmann](/wiki/Hilda_Geissmann \"Hilda Geissmann\") became a noted naturalist and ornithologist who made a significant contribution to the early biological understanding of the region. The upper section of Tamborine Mountain Road was renamed Geissmann Drive about 1982 to honour their contribution to the community.",
"In July 1918 the Tamborine Mountain Progress Association, anxious to improve access to markets for the increasing number of dairy farmers and fruit growers on the mountain, urged [Tamborine Shire Council](/wiki/Shire_of_Tamborine \"Shire of Tamborine\") to construct a good road down the mountain to link North Tamborine with the Tamborine Railway Station. Land was resumed and a route with a reasonable gradient was surveyed in 1920\\.",
"The request was timely. By 1920 the need to provide all\\-weather roads was a priority for all Queenslanders \\- a response to the increased number of motor vehicles on the roads, and to the need to provide suitable infrastructure for an expanding economy. Queensland roads were in a deplorable condition, the result of haphazard planning by under\\-funded local authorities. In response, the Queensland Government established the Main Roads Board in 1920 to oversee the construction of connecting roads and bridges and to provide funding to the local authorities involved. The first board chairman, JR Kemp, reported that earlier roads failed because they had not been surveyed properly, had too steep gradients, had insufficient drainage for heavy rain areas, had insufficient foundations and carried too heavy loads. These roads often needed expensive maintenance. To reduce the cost of construction and maintenance, Kemp specified standards for the design of road beds, drainage systems, bridge design and other critical areas of road making. In 1925 the Main Roads Board became the Main Roads Commission under JR Kemp as Commissioner and continued the overseeing of road and bridge construction throughout Queensland.",
"In 1922 a National Main Roads Policy was proclaimed, providing funds for main roads construction on a one for one subsidy basis. Road costs were apportioned as 1/2 Commonwealth funded, 3/8 State and 1/8 local authority. The Commonwealth funding was intended also to provide employment for returned First World War servicemen.",
"Under the provisions of the Main Roads Act 1920, Tamborine Mountain Road was gazetted on 16 December 1921 as one of Queensland's first seven Main Roads, and the Main Roads Board subsequently made funds available to Tamborine Shire Council for its construction. The Board also specified engineering standards for many aspects of the construction, including road beds, culverts and dry stone rock retaining walls. Some of the retaining walls on the lower side of the road were reputedly {{convert\\|15\\|ft}} high. A crushing plant was set up at Sandy Creek in 1923 to provide the road metal, the stone being obtained from a quarry below Curtis Falls.",
"During 1922–23, its first year of operation, the largest expenditure on permanent road works by the Main Roads Board was on the construction of the Tamborine Mountain Road.",
"The mountainous upper (southern) part of the road from Sandy Creek to North Tamborine rose to a height of {{convert\\|1800\\|ft}}, and was one of the most difficult works undertaken in the period 1922–24\\. It was completed in 1924 at a cost of £32,158\\. The road linking Sandy Creek to the Tamborine Railway Station was completed in 1925\\. Tamborine Shire Council then asked the Main Roads Commission to bitumen the road surface to reduce maintenance costs and this was done. It was one of the first bitumen roads in Queensland. The total cost of the road by 1925 was £42,500\\.",
"As funding for the Tamborine Mountain road was partly the responsibility of the local authority, North Tamborine residents in the \"benefited area\" were levied increased rates. In 1925, the rates increased to 1s 8d in the £, three times that of the surrounding area. This was a hardship for many so in 1930, when changes to the Main Roads Act permitted the levying of tolls on roads with high maintenance costs, Tamborine Shire Council paid £500 to have a toll keeper's house erected at Sandy Creek. Tamborine Mountain Road was one of the first three Queensland main roads/bridges to have a toll imposed under the provisions of the Act. It was anticipated that tolls from tourist vehicles would contribute to the repayments to the local authority but the toll was uneconomic and disliked and was removed in 1945\\.",
"Tamborine Mountain Road remained the principal access road to North Tamborine for many years and continues to be a main tourist and access road to the plateau and North Tamborine. The upper (southern) section still winds through subtropical rainforest which for decades has provided an aesthetic portal to the plateau.",
"The road has had continuous maintenance over its life but still retains many of the original features such as the alignment, culverts and retaining walls.",
""
] |
Route description
-----------------
Tamborine Mountain Road commences as State Route 95 at an intersection with [Beaudesert\-Beenleigh Road](/wiki/Beaudesert-Beenleigh_Road "Beaudesert-Beenleigh Road") in {{QLDcity\|Tamborine}}. It runs south\-east until it reaches the start of the climb up [Tamborine Mountain](/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain "Tamborine Mountain") in the locality of Tamborine Mountain. It follows a twisting route up the mountain and then continues south\-east, changing its name to Geissmann Drive, until it the reaches the exit to [Tamborine\-Oxenford Road](/wiki/Tamborine-Oxenford_Road "Tamborine-Oxenford Road") (Eagle Heights Road).
From there the road turns south\-west, changing its name to Main Western Road, and for some distance Bartle Road and White Road. It continues south along the mountain top until it reaches the exit to [Tamborine\-Nerang Road](/wiki/Tamborine-Nerang_Road "Tamborine-Nerang Road"). From there it continues south, reverting its name to Tamborine Mountain Road, and making a twisting descent on a very narrow road to {{QLDcity\|Canungra}}. Land use along the road is mainly rural, with residential developments on the mountain top.
The Sandy Creek to North Tamborine Mountain section of the Tamborine Mountain Road descends from North Tamborine to the valley to the north west. It is two lanes wide, {{convert\|7\.7\|km\|mi}} long, and follows the original alignment. It has been widened in the less steep areas for safety reasons as it is still a major access road, but it retains many of its original features such as culverts, cuttings and rock embankment walls. The alignment includes two large "S" bends, a feature that enabled the road makers to wind up steep pitches while maintaining a gradual gradient. These are not found in modern roads as modern vehicles can climb much steeper gradients. The original bitumen road surface remains, but has been re\-surfaced many times.
The Cedar Creek to North Tamborine section traverses very steep hillsides and deep gullies and retains its original alignment with a large "S" bend winding up the hill. As it has a steep gradient, the road has been made by cutting into the hillside and depositing the spoil down hill to make a wider road bed and ease construction problems. Where the cliff has been cut back, some rock walls have been built to stop the bank eroding onto the road and blocking it. Below the road [dry stone](/wiki/Dry_stone "Dry stone") rock walls, i.e. walls that have no mortar joining the stones, cover the steep embankments to prevent the road surface sliding downhill. To prevent the heavy rainfall washing the road away, culverts under the road direct the water away from the road surface. In some sections these original culverts were not adequate in very heavy rain.
The lower part of the road from Cedar Creek to Sandy Creek traverses more gentle slopes so there are fewer retaining walls, embankments and sharp curves. The road has been widened in several places but it still retains original culverts and walls. It goes through dry sclerophyll forest down to the valley.
Cuttings and embankments are found mainly in the upper section. Many of the embankments are clad in dry stone walling many metres deep and can be seen from the road but many have been covered by the abundant vegetation. Some early dry stone walls can be seen on the upper bank of the road alongside more modern rock walls. One of the original stone embankment walls is found near the Sandy Creek Bridge between the road and the creek. It is about {{convert\|1\.5\|m}} high and approximately {{convert\|16\|m}} long and protects the road embankment from erosion from the flooding of Sandy Creek and from road surface run\-off.
Twelve culverts were noted and they vary in date and design. They include circular concrete pipes, larger rectangular pipes and modern rectangular section pipes. Some are single, some double depending on the expected water flow. Around each of the inlets is a rock channel and wings to guide the water into the mouth of the pipe and these have been individually designed for the particular site. Many have concrete end walls and loose concrete added to the surface. On the outlet side there is mostly a rock surround around the pipe and, if space, a concrete [apron](/wiki/Apron_%28architecture%29 "Apron (architecture)") to prevent erosion. As with any functional road, there is evidence of a continuous upgrade of surface and culverts as required for safety but many of the original culverts survive.
The roadside vegetation is dry sclerophyll for much of its length changing to subtropical vine rainforest in the upper areas. This rainforest area with the Bangalow Palms in Cedar Creek Valley has retained its original characteristics and forms an important part of the landscape of this site. Another feature of the road reserve is the Sentinel, a piece of basalt, standing beside the upper S bend. It has stood beside the road since its construction as part of a larger bolder, too heavy to move, and as such has become a local landmark.
This road is part of a [network](/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain_road_network "Tamborine Mountain road network") that enables access to [Tamborine Mountain](/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain "Tamborine Mountain") from four lowland points, thus providing alternatives in case of flooding, other natural disasters, or planned maintenance.
|
[
"Route description\n-----------------",
"Tamborine Mountain Road commences as State Route 95 at an intersection with [Beaudesert\\-Beenleigh Road](/wiki/Beaudesert-Beenleigh_Road \"Beaudesert-Beenleigh Road\") in {{QLDcity\\|Tamborine}}. It runs south\\-east until it reaches the start of the climb up [Tamborine Mountain](/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain \"Tamborine Mountain\") in the locality of Tamborine Mountain. It follows a twisting route up the mountain and then continues south\\-east, changing its name to Geissmann Drive, until it the reaches the exit to [Tamborine\\-Oxenford Road](/wiki/Tamborine-Oxenford_Road \"Tamborine-Oxenford Road\") (Eagle Heights Road).",
"From there the road turns south\\-west, changing its name to Main Western Road, and for some distance Bartle Road and White Road. It continues south along the mountain top until it reaches the exit to [Tamborine\\-Nerang Road](/wiki/Tamborine-Nerang_Road \"Tamborine-Nerang Road\"). From there it continues south, reverting its name to Tamborine Mountain Road, and making a twisting descent on a very narrow road to {{QLDcity\\|Canungra}}. Land use along the road is mainly rural, with residential developments on the mountain top.",
"The Sandy Creek to North Tamborine Mountain section of the Tamborine Mountain Road descends from North Tamborine to the valley to the north west. It is two lanes wide, {{convert\\|7\\.7\\|km\\|mi}} long, and follows the original alignment. It has been widened in the less steep areas for safety reasons as it is still a major access road, but it retains many of its original features such as culverts, cuttings and rock embankment walls. The alignment includes two large \"S\" bends, a feature that enabled the road makers to wind up steep pitches while maintaining a gradual gradient. These are not found in modern roads as modern vehicles can climb much steeper gradients. The original bitumen road surface remains, but has been re\\-surfaced many times.",
"The Cedar Creek to North Tamborine section traverses very steep hillsides and deep gullies and retains its original alignment with a large \"S\" bend winding up the hill. As it has a steep gradient, the road has been made by cutting into the hillside and depositing the spoil down hill to make a wider road bed and ease construction problems. Where the cliff has been cut back, some rock walls have been built to stop the bank eroding onto the road and blocking it. Below the road [dry stone](/wiki/Dry_stone \"Dry stone\") rock walls, i.e. walls that have no mortar joining the stones, cover the steep embankments to prevent the road surface sliding downhill. To prevent the heavy rainfall washing the road away, culverts under the road direct the water away from the road surface. In some sections these original culverts were not adequate in very heavy rain.",
"The lower part of the road from Cedar Creek to Sandy Creek traverses more gentle slopes so there are fewer retaining walls, embankments and sharp curves. The road has been widened in several places but it still retains original culverts and walls. It goes through dry sclerophyll forest down to the valley.",
"Cuttings and embankments are found mainly in the upper section. Many of the embankments are clad in dry stone walling many metres deep and can be seen from the road but many have been covered by the abundant vegetation. Some early dry stone walls can be seen on the upper bank of the road alongside more modern rock walls. One of the original stone embankment walls is found near the Sandy Creek Bridge between the road and the creek. It is about {{convert\\|1\\.5\\|m}} high and approximately {{convert\\|16\\|m}} long and protects the road embankment from erosion from the flooding of Sandy Creek and from road surface run\\-off.",
"Twelve culverts were noted and they vary in date and design. They include circular concrete pipes, larger rectangular pipes and modern rectangular section pipes. Some are single, some double depending on the expected water flow. Around each of the inlets is a rock channel and wings to guide the water into the mouth of the pipe and these have been individually designed for the particular site. Many have concrete end walls and loose concrete added to the surface. On the outlet side there is mostly a rock surround around the pipe and, if space, a concrete [apron](/wiki/Apron_%28architecture%29 \"Apron (architecture)\") to prevent erosion. As with any functional road, there is evidence of a continuous upgrade of surface and culverts as required for safety but many of the original culverts survive.",
"The roadside vegetation is dry sclerophyll for much of its length changing to subtropical vine rainforest in the upper areas. This rainforest area with the Bangalow Palms in Cedar Creek Valley has retained its original characteristics and forms an important part of the landscape of this site. Another feature of the road reserve is the Sentinel, a piece of basalt, standing beside the upper S bend. It has stood beside the road since its construction as part of a larger bolder, too heavy to move, and as such has become a local landmark.",
"This road is part of a [network](/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain_road_network \"Tamborine Mountain road network\") that enables access to [Tamborine Mountain](/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain \"Tamborine Mountain\") from four lowland points, thus providing alternatives in case of flooding, other natural disasters, or planned maintenance.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
Tamborine Mountain Road/Geissmann Drive was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 5 August 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**
The road is important historically as it was one of the first Main Roads in Queensland gazetted by the Main Roads Board. The road demonstrates achievement in road building in difficult terrain in the 1920s and the early use of asphaltic concrete as a road surface. It also demonstrates the application of scientific and engineering standardized approaches to road construction as advocated by the first Main Roads Board, to reduce costs and produce better roads. The road is important also in demonstrating the success of the co\-operative effort of a small community to improve their means of access, and is significant for its contribution to the development of Tamborine Mountain farming and tourism.
**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**
Tamborine Mountain Road has survived with a number of original elements, including 1920s culverts and rock walls. These demonstrate the principal characteristics of the Main Roads Board's standardized requirements for the construction of important early Queensland roads. These elements are particularly evident in the upper one third of the road.
**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**
This upper section (Geissmann Drive), which winds through subtropical rainforest and which for decades has provided an aesthetic portal to the plateau, is valued by local residents and tourists alike for its aesthetic qualities. It is from the Tamborine Mountain Road approach that most visitors, since the 1920s, have obtained their first experience of the mountain's subtropical rainforest environment, which is highly valued for its natural heritage qualities.
**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
The place is important to the community for its continuing social and cultural connections. In renaming the upper (southern) part of the road as Geissmann Drive, the local community has honoured the work of the pioneering Geissmann family, early guesthouse owners and sawmillers who did much to promote Tamborine as a health resort and tourist destination and were active in the local community for many years.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"Tamborine Mountain Road/Geissmann Drive was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 5 August 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**",
"The road is important historically as it was one of the first Main Roads in Queensland gazetted by the Main Roads Board. The road demonstrates achievement in road building in difficult terrain in the 1920s and the early use of asphaltic concrete as a road surface. It also demonstrates the application of scientific and engineering standardized approaches to road construction as advocated by the first Main Roads Board, to reduce costs and produce better roads. The road is important also in demonstrating the success of the co\\-operative effort of a small community to improve their means of access, and is significant for its contribution to the development of Tamborine Mountain farming and tourism.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**",
"Tamborine Mountain Road has survived with a number of original elements, including 1920s culverts and rock walls. These demonstrate the principal characteristics of the Main Roads Board's standardized requirements for the construction of important early Queensland roads. These elements are particularly evident in the upper one third of the road.",
"**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**",
"This upper section (Geissmann Drive), which winds through subtropical rainforest and which for decades has provided an aesthetic portal to the plateau, is valued by local residents and tourists alike for its aesthetic qualities. It is from the Tamborine Mountain Road approach that most visitors, since the 1920s, have obtained their first experience of the mountain's subtropical rainforest environment, which is highly valued for its natural heritage qualities.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"The place is important to the community for its continuing social and cultural connections. In renaming the upper (southern) part of the road as Geissmann Drive, the local community has honoured the work of the pioneering Geissmann family, early guesthouse owners and sawmillers who did much to promote Tamborine as a health resort and tourist destination and were active in the local community for many years.",
""
] |
Plot
----
A young boy, Agu, lives in a small [West African](/wiki/West_Africa "West Africa") village with his parents and siblings, located within a "buffer zone" enforced by [ECOMOG](/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States_Monitoring_Group "Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group") troops. The village is informed that the government has fallen and military\-aligned rebels have seized control of the country. With rebel forces headed towards the village, many people flee to the country's capital for safety. Agu's father buys safe transport for his wife and two youngest children, but has to stay behind with Agu and his eldest son. Rebel and government forces fight in and around Agu's village. While the rebel soldiers flee, government forces round up the remaining villagers and execute them, but Agu escapes into the jungle.
After wandering for a while, Agu is caught up in a guerrilla skirmish. The [Native Defense Forces](/wiki/West_Side_Boys "West Side Boys") (NDF), a rising rebel faction in the [country](/wiki/Sierra_Leone "Sierra Leone"), adopt Agu into their ranks. Agu's battalion is led by the Commandant, who takes Agu under his wing. Following a brutal initiation process where Agu hacks an innocent captive to death with a machete, Agu becomes a fully\-fledged member of the militia. Agu befriends another young NDF [child soldier](/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Africa "Child soldiers in Africa"), Strika, who never speaks. One night, the Commandant summons Agu to his quarters and rapes him. Strika, another of the Commandant's rape victims, comforts him. Preacher, an older soldier, gives Agu [brown\-brown](/wiki/Brown-brown "Brown-brown") to lift his mood. Agu and Strika take part in a number of bloody battles and ambushes. During one of the raids Agu, under the influence of brown\-brown, mistakes a villager for his mother. He exclaims that he found her and clings to her while the other members of the group declare they want to rape her. The woman does not recognize Agu and he calls her a witch woman. Agu then shoots the woman while she is being raped.
The battalion's many victories earn them a summons to the rebel headquarters, where the Commandant, accompanied by Agu, Strika, and a few other soldiers, go to meet with the NDF leader, Dada Goodblood. Goodblood, who stresses the importance of public image in the wake of the conflict becoming world news, denies the Commandant his promised promotion to General, and removes him from command. The Commandant's lieutenant, Two I\-C, will take control of the battalion, and the Commandant will be made Deputy Chief of Security under the leader. The Commandant views this as an insult, and leaves to "celebrate" with his men at a brothel. While the adult soldiers spend the night with the brothel's women, one of the women shoots Two I\-C. Two I\-C accuses the Commandant of orchestrating the incident before dying, while the Commandant insists it must have been a botched attempt against himself. The prostitute professes that it was an accident, but the Commandant and his men shoot the women and leave the city.
Now on the run from their own faction as well as their enemies, the battalion suffers heavy losses. Air strikes and supply shortages kill Strika and many others. The survivors take shelter at a gold mine for several months, hoping to find gold to pay for supplies. Ammunition runs out, leaving the group with no way to defend themselves from encroaching enemy forces. Following a confrontation between a frustrated Preacher and paranoid Commandant, Agu and the soldiers all abandon the Commandant to surrender, ignoring his warnings that they will merely be thrown in jail and disowned by their families. Shortly after, they are detained by [UN](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") troops.
The younger members of the battalion are sent to a missionary school in a safe part of the country, while Preacher and Randy decide to run away to rejoin the war. Agu avoids the other children, who play games and enjoy the comfort and safety of the school. Agu suffers from drug withdrawal and is tormented by what has happened and has nightmares about it. Eventually, Agu tells the school's counselor that he has done some terrible things, which he fears will make her see him as a "beast". Instead he tells of how he used to be a good boy from a family who loved him. The final scene shows Agu finally joining the other boys as they swim and play in the ocean.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"A young boy, Agu, lives in a small [West African](/wiki/West_Africa \"West Africa\") village with his parents and siblings, located within a \"buffer zone\" enforced by [ECOMOG](/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States_Monitoring_Group \"Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group\") troops. The village is informed that the government has fallen and military\\-aligned rebels have seized control of the country. With rebel forces headed towards the village, many people flee to the country's capital for safety. Agu's father buys safe transport for his wife and two youngest children, but has to stay behind with Agu and his eldest son. Rebel and government forces fight in and around Agu's village. While the rebel soldiers flee, government forces round up the remaining villagers and execute them, but Agu escapes into the jungle.",
"After wandering for a while, Agu is caught up in a guerrilla skirmish. The [Native Defense Forces](/wiki/West_Side_Boys \"West Side Boys\") (NDF), a rising rebel faction in the [country](/wiki/Sierra_Leone \"Sierra Leone\"), adopt Agu into their ranks. Agu's battalion is led by the Commandant, who takes Agu under his wing. Following a brutal initiation process where Agu hacks an innocent captive to death with a machete, Agu becomes a fully\\-fledged member of the militia. Agu befriends another young NDF [child soldier](/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Africa \"Child soldiers in Africa\"), Strika, who never speaks. One night, the Commandant summons Agu to his quarters and rapes him. Strika, another of the Commandant's rape victims, comforts him. Preacher, an older soldier, gives Agu [brown\\-brown](/wiki/Brown-brown \"Brown-brown\") to lift his mood. Agu and Strika take part in a number of bloody battles and ambushes. During one of the raids Agu, under the influence of brown\\-brown, mistakes a villager for his mother. He exclaims that he found her and clings to her while the other members of the group declare they want to rape her. The woman does not recognize Agu and he calls her a witch woman. Agu then shoots the woman while she is being raped.",
"The battalion's many victories earn them a summons to the rebel headquarters, where the Commandant, accompanied by Agu, Strika, and a few other soldiers, go to meet with the NDF leader, Dada Goodblood. Goodblood, who stresses the importance of public image in the wake of the conflict becoming world news, denies the Commandant his promised promotion to General, and removes him from command. The Commandant's lieutenant, Two I\\-C, will take control of the battalion, and the Commandant will be made Deputy Chief of Security under the leader. The Commandant views this as an insult, and leaves to \"celebrate\" with his men at a brothel. While the adult soldiers spend the night with the brothel's women, one of the women shoots Two I\\-C. Two I\\-C accuses the Commandant of orchestrating the incident before dying, while the Commandant insists it must have been a botched attempt against himself. The prostitute professes that it was an accident, but the Commandant and his men shoot the women and leave the city.",
"Now on the run from their own faction as well as their enemies, the battalion suffers heavy losses. Air strikes and supply shortages kill Strika and many others. The survivors take shelter at a gold mine for several months, hoping to find gold to pay for supplies. Ammunition runs out, leaving the group with no way to defend themselves from encroaching enemy forces. Following a confrontation between a frustrated Preacher and paranoid Commandant, Agu and the soldiers all abandon the Commandant to surrender, ignoring his warnings that they will merely be thrown in jail and disowned by their families. Shortly after, they are detained by [UN](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") troops.",
"The younger members of the battalion are sent to a missionary school in a safe part of the country, while Preacher and Randy decide to run away to rejoin the war. Agu avoids the other children, who play games and enjoy the comfort and safety of the school. Agu suffers from drug withdrawal and is tormented by what has happened and has nightmares about it. Eventually, Agu tells the school's counselor that he has done some terrible things, which he fears will make her see him as a \"beast\". Instead he tells of how he used to be a good boy from a family who loved him. The final scene shows Agu finally joining the other boys as they swim and play in the ocean.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He made his debut for the youth team of [Hakoah Vienna](/wiki/Hakoah_Vienna "Hakoah Vienna") (Hebrew for *the Force*, a Jewish multisports club in Vienna) and moved to the first team, then playing in the Austrian second division. His first match in the first division came in December 1920 with the Hakoah first team, who had just been promoted. He marked his appearance with a goal. However, he continued to play sporadically for the first team, more often used as a reserve. Therefore, he decided to move clubs, and left for FAC, [Floridsdorfer AC](/wiki/Floridsdorfer_AC "Floridsdorfer AC") who had just been relegated to the second division. The objective was for the team to be immediately re\-promoted to the first division, and the following season, Floridsdorfer returned to the elite. Drucker was one of the key players for the team, playing almost every game in the victorious 1925–1926 season in the first division. During this season, he played twice for the Vienna city team, against Kraków in September 1925 and Bratislava in March 1926\.
He rejoined [Hakoah Vienna](/wiki/Hakoah_Vienna "Hakoah Vienna") the following season. In 1926, during a very successful club tour to the United States, he received an offer to play in the ASL, the American Soccer League. He signed for the Brooklyn Wanderers in New York. He played two seasons at the club.{{cite web\|last\=Marschik\|first\=Matthias\|author\-link\=Matthias Marschik\|title\=Leo Drucker \- Nur im Fußball zuhause\|url\=http://legacy.ballesterer.at/aktuell/leo\-drucker\-nur\-im\-fussball\-zuhause.html\|website\=ballesterer\|language\=de\|date\=19 March 2009}} In 1928, there was a split with the creation of a rival league in the ESL. Drucker left to play for the newly created New York Hakoah (also known as the Hakoah All\-Stars) where he rejoined his former teammates from Hakoah Vienna. With the club, he won the US Open Cup. Drucker played 136 matches in the ASL.
In 1931, Leopold Drucker moved back to his home club, Hakoah Vienna. In July 1932, he won his first cap for the Austria national team in a 4\-3 win against Sweden in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"). While the newspapers reported on an excellent performance by Drucker, this was his only international cap, possibly due to the political situation at the time. Drucker was the only Hakoah player to play for the *[Wunderteam](/wiki/Austria_national_football_team "Austria national football team")*, the name given to the brilliant Austria national team of the 1920s–1930s.
In 1933, he left Hakoah for the 3rd time, and after a brief spell at FAC \- rejoined his former coach at Hakoah, and former Austrian international, [Vinzenz Dittrich](/wiki/Vinzenz_Dittrich "Vinzenz Dittrich"), at [Olympique de Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille "Olympique de Marseille"). He also played with his former teammate Jószef Eisenhoffer. During the 1933–34 season, Drucker played 16 matches in the French Championship and played in the final of the Coupe de France, losing 2–1 to [FC Sète](/wiki/FC_S%C3%A8te "FC Sète").
At the end of the season, he left for Malta, which he knew through a tournament with FAC. In the following years, Drucker was a player and coach for [Floriana FC](/wiki/Floriana_Football_Club "Floriana Football Club"), [St. George's FC](/wiki/St._George%27s_FC "St. George's FC") and [Melita FC](/wiki/Melita_FC "Melita FC"), leading the latter to the 1938–39 [Maltese FA Trophy](/wiki/Maltese_FA_Trophy "Maltese FA Trophy"), the greatest honour in the club's history to date. After the outbreak of the Second World War, he moved to Palestine, where he played and coached in Jerusalem. After the war, he moved to New York, where in 1947, he worked for Athletic Club Hakoah.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He made his debut for the youth team of [Hakoah Vienna](/wiki/Hakoah_Vienna \"Hakoah Vienna\") (Hebrew for *the Force*, a Jewish multisports club in Vienna) and moved to the first team, then playing in the Austrian second division. His first match in the first division came in December 1920 with the Hakoah first team, who had just been promoted. He marked his appearance with a goal. However, he continued to play sporadically for the first team, more often used as a reserve. Therefore, he decided to move clubs, and left for FAC, [Floridsdorfer AC](/wiki/Floridsdorfer_AC \"Floridsdorfer AC\") who had just been relegated to the second division. The objective was for the team to be immediately re\\-promoted to the first division, and the following season, Floridsdorfer returned to the elite. Drucker was one of the key players for the team, playing almost every game in the victorious 1925–1926 season in the first division. During this season, he played twice for the Vienna city team, against Kraków in September 1925 and Bratislava in March 1926\\.",
"He rejoined [Hakoah Vienna](/wiki/Hakoah_Vienna \"Hakoah Vienna\") the following season. In 1926, during a very successful club tour to the United States, he received an offer to play in the ASL, the American Soccer League. He signed for the Brooklyn Wanderers in New York. He played two seasons at the club.{{cite web\\|last\\=Marschik\\|first\\=Matthias\\|author\\-link\\=Matthias Marschik\\|title\\=Leo Drucker \\- Nur im Fußball zuhause\\|url\\=http://legacy.ballesterer.at/aktuell/leo\\-drucker\\-nur\\-im\\-fussball\\-zuhause.html\\|website\\=ballesterer\\|language\\=de\\|date\\=19 March 2009}} In 1928, there was a split with the creation of a rival league in the ESL. Drucker left to play for the newly created New York Hakoah (also known as the Hakoah All\\-Stars) where he rejoined his former teammates from Hakoah Vienna. With the club, he won the US Open Cup. Drucker played 136 matches in the ASL.",
"In 1931, Leopold Drucker moved back to his home club, Hakoah Vienna. In July 1932, he won his first cap for the Austria national team in a 4\\-3 win against Sweden in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"). While the newspapers reported on an excellent performance by Drucker, this was his only international cap, possibly due to the political situation at the time. Drucker was the only Hakoah player to play for the *[Wunderteam](/wiki/Austria_national_football_team \"Austria national football team\")*, the name given to the brilliant Austria national team of the 1920s–1930s.",
"In 1933, he left Hakoah for the 3rd time, and after a brief spell at FAC \\- rejoined his former coach at Hakoah, and former Austrian international, [Vinzenz Dittrich](/wiki/Vinzenz_Dittrich \"Vinzenz Dittrich\"), at [Olympique de Marseille](/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille \"Olympique de Marseille\"). He also played with his former teammate Jószef Eisenhoffer. During the 1933–34 season, Drucker played 16 matches in the French Championship and played in the final of the Coupe de France, losing 2–1 to [FC Sète](/wiki/FC_S%C3%A8te \"FC Sète\").",
"At the end of the season, he left for Malta, which he knew through a tournament with FAC. In the following years, Drucker was a player and coach for [Floriana FC](/wiki/Floriana_Football_Club \"Floriana Football Club\"), [St. George's FC](/wiki/St._George%27s_FC \"St. George's FC\") and [Melita FC](/wiki/Melita_FC \"Melita FC\"), leading the latter to the 1938–39 [Maltese FA Trophy](/wiki/Maltese_FA_Trophy \"Maltese FA Trophy\"), the greatest honour in the club's history to date. After the outbreak of the Second World War, he moved to Palestine, where he played and coached in Jerusalem. After the war, he moved to New York, where in 1947, he worked for Athletic Club Hakoah.",
""
] |
Jim Fassel era
--------------
### 1997–1999
{{Main\|1997 New York Giants season\|1998 New York Giants season\|1999 New York Giants season}}
[thumb\|280px\| [Giants Stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium "Giants Stadium") was home to the Giants from 1976 to 2009\.](/wiki/File:Giants_Stadium.jpg "Giants Stadium.jpg")
The Giants hired [Jim Fassel](/wiki/Jim_Fassel "Jim Fassel") to replace Reeves before the 1997 season. Fassel had been the offensive coordinator for the [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals "Arizona Cardinals") and [Denver Broncos](/wiki/Denver_Broncos "Denver Broncos"). After an opening day win against Philadelphia the Giants lost their next three games,[1997 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=1997) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408144319/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\=NYG\&yr\=1997≶\=nfl \|date\=April 8, 2007}}, accessed databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 18, 2007\. including close losses to the Baltimore Ravens and St. Louis Rams. The Giants then won their next five games in a row. One of Fassel's biggest decisions during this streak was to replace Brown with second year quarterback Danny Kanell. The Giants won their next five game in a row to finish the season at 10–5–1, and win the [NFC Eastern](/wiki/NFC_East "NFC East") Division for the first time since 1990\. In the first round, the Giants struggled in the fourth quarter, and the Vikings kicked a late field goal to defeat them, 23–22\. After the 1997 season, Young, who as GM had helped build New York into a championship club in the 1980s, left the team to take a job in the NFL front office. He was replaced by [Ernie Accorsi](/wiki/Ernie_Accorsi "Ernie Accorsi"), a well\-respected, veteran General Manager who had successful stints building the [Baltimore Colts](/wiki/History_of_the_Indianapolis_Colts "History of the Indianapolis Colts") and [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns "Cleveland Browns").Mizell, Hubert. [Don't mistake where Accorsi's rooting interest is](http://www.sptimes.com/News/012201/SuperBowl2001/Don_t_mistake_where_A.shtml), *[St. Petersburg Times](/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times "St. Petersburg Times")*, January 22, 2001, Retrieved March 20, 2007\.
In 1998, the Giants were unable to build on their successful 1997 season, and needed a four\-game winning streak to close out the season at 8–8\. The Giants strength was their defense, which featured two Pro Bowlers in Armstead and Strahan.[1998 New York Giants](http://pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg1998.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011212851/http://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/teams/nyg1998\.htm \|date\=October 11, 2007 }}, pro\-football\-reference.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. However, the offense continued to be a disappointment. Brown had been jettisoned and replaced by Kanell and [Kent Graham](/wiki/Kent_Graham "Kent Graham"). Neither quarterback provided Pro Bowl caliber play, although Graham led the Giants to a 5–1 finish (including an upset of the then\-undefeated Denver Broncos in Week 15\).
Before the 1999 season the Giants signed quarterback [Kerry Collins](/wiki/Kerry_Collins "Kerry Collins"). Collins had been the first\-ever draft choice of the expansion Carolina Panthers and in his second season led the Panthers to the NFC Championship game. However, problems with alcohol, conflicts with his teammates and questions about his character led to his release from the Panthers.King, Peter. [Renewed and revitalized at 28, Collins finally comes clean](https://archive.today/20010501174807/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/inside_game/peter_king/news/2001/01/22/king_collins/), *Sports Illustrated*, January 22, 2001, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. [Mike Ditka](/wiki/Mike_Ditka "Mike Ditka"), coach of the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints "New Orleans Saints") signed him after his release; however the experiment failed and Collins was released again. Although many people, including *[Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated "Sports Illustrated")* football beat writer [Peter King](/wiki/Peter_King_%28sportswriter%29 "Peter King (sportswriter)") questioned the wisdom of Accorsi and the Giants giving Collins a US$16\.9 million contract,Pompei, Dan. [Collins is a low\-risk signing for the QB\-starved Giants—Kerry Collins signs with New York Giants; Nolan Harrison; related NFL news](http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_10_223/ai_54117608), *[The Sporting News](/wiki/The_Sporting_News "The Sporting News")*, March 8, 1999, Retrieved March 20, 2007\. especially when there was little interest for Collins's services league\-wide, Accorsi was confident that Collins was a wise investment.
The 1999 season featured many strong individual performances by the Giants, especially on offense. [Receiver](/wiki/Wide_receiver "Wide receiver") [Amani Toomer](/wiki/Amani_Toomer "Amani Toomer") had a breakout season, accumulating over 1,100 yards receiving and six touchdowns.[1999 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=1999) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407230850/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\=NYG≶\=nfl\&yr\=1999 \|date\=April 7, 2007}}, Retrieved March 18, 2007\. Fellow receiver [Ike Hilliard](/wiki/Ike_Hilliard "Ike Hilliard") also had a solid season, finishing just shy of 1,000 yards receiving on the year. Tight end [Pete Mitchell](/wiki/Pete_Mitchell_%28football_player%29 "Pete Mitchell (football player)") contributed 58 receptions, and [Tiki Barber](/wiki/Tiki_Barber "Tiki Barber") emerged as a premiere pass\-catching running back, catching 66 passes on the year. The defense was also solid, ranking 11th in the league and sending Armstead and Strahan to the Pro Bowl again. Though the Giants stood at 7–6 after 13 games, they lost their final three games of the season to miss the playoffs for the second consecutive season.
### 2000: Super Bowl season
{{Main\|2000 New York Giants season}}
The 2000 season was considered a make\-or\-break season for Fassel. Like his predecessor, Dan Reeves, Fassel had enjoyed great success in his first year, but disappointment in the following two seasons. The conventional wisdom was that the Giants needed to have a strong year for Fassel to retain his job.Anderson, Dave. [Sports of The Times; Fassel and Groh on the Spot, Even Before the Season](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0E14F63B540C708CDDA00894D8404482), *The New York Times*, September 3, 2000, Retrieved October 20, 2010\.Myers, Gary. [GROH, FASSEL HAVE MADE GIANT STEPS](http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/2000/08/18/2000-08-18_groh__fassel_have_made_giant.html){{dead link\|date\=June 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes}}, the *New York Daily News*, August 18, 2000, Retrieved October 20, 2010\. The Giants' [big draft acquisition](/wiki/2000_NFL_draft "2000 NFL draft") was running back [Ron Dayne](/wiki/Ron_Dayne "Ron Dayne"), [Heisman Trophy](/wiki/Heisman_Trophy "Heisman Trophy") winner from the [University of Wisconsin–Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison "University of Wisconsin–Madison"). Before the draft the team was debating whether to select Dayne or [Shaun Alexander](/wiki/Shaun_Alexander "Shaun Alexander").Pennington, Bill. [PRO FOOTBALL; Giants Might Choose Between Alexander and Dayne](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE5DB123EF931A25757C0A9669C8B63), *The New York Times*, April 12, 2000, Retrieved March 22, 2008\. The plan for Dayne was that the power running style he had at Wisconsin would complement Barber's speed and pass\-catching ability. The two were dubbed "Thunder and Lightning".Pompei, Dan. [Thunder and Lightning become a flammable mix](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_39_224/ai_65730460/), *[The Sporting News](/wiki/The_Sporting_News "The Sporting News")* (accessed via findarticles.com), September 25, 2000, Retrieved November 24, 2010\.
After back\-to\-back November losses at home against St. Louis and Detroit dropped them to 7–4,[2000 New York Giants](http://pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg2000.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220213943/http://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/teams/nyg2000\.htm \|date\=February 20, 2007 }}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. the Giants playoff prospects were in question. In what would be his defining moment as Giants head coach, at a press conference following the Giants' loss to Detroit, Fassel guaranteed that "This team is going to the playoffs." The Giants responded, winning the next week's game against Arizona and the rest of their regular season games to finish the season 12–4 and earn a bye as the NFC's top seed.
The Giants won their first playoff game against the Philadelphia Eagles, 20–10\. In the NFC Championship game faced the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings "Minnesota Vikings"), who were appearing in their second NFC Championship game in 3 seasons. Many people predicted that the Vikings and their high powered offense, led by [Daunte Culpepper](/wiki/Daunte_Culpepper "Daunte Culpepper") and receivers [Randy Moss](/wiki/Randy_Moss "Randy Moss") and [Cris Carter](/wiki/Cris_Carter "Cris Carter") would defeat the Giants and go on to the [Super Bowl](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXV "Super Bowl XXXV"). However, the Giants dominated, winning, 41–0\. The win marked the second time the Giants had won a Conference Championship in their home stadium by shutout. After the game Giants co\-owner Wellington Mara delivered his famous "worst team ever" speech:Wilner, Barry. [Giants pound Vikings into submission](https://www.usatoday.com/sports/nfl/games/game09.htm), *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*, January 21, 2001, Retrieved March 21, 2007\.{{quote\|This team was referred to as the worst team ever to win the home\-field advantage in the National Football League. And today, on our field of painted mud, we proved we're the worst team ever to win the NFC championship. In two weeks, we're going to try to become the worst team ever to win the Super Bowl.}}
Though the Giants kept the game close in the first half, and went into halftime down 10–0, the Ravens dominated the second half. Their defense (led by game MVP [Ray Lewis](/wiki/Ray_Lewis_%28American_football%29 "Ray Lewis (American football)")) frustrated Kerry Collins all game long, resulting in Collins turning in one of the worst playoff performances in Super Bowl history. Collins completed 15 of 39 passes for 112 yards and 4 interceptions.[Super Bowl XXXV](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/super-bowl/xxxv.htm), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\. The Ravens won the game 34–7 in one of the most lopsided Super Bowls ever. The lone Giants score came on a Ron Dixon kickoff return for a touchdown. On the very next kickoff, the Ravens countered as Jermaine Lewis also returned a kickoff for a touchdown.
On Sirius Radio, hosting a program in the mid\-2010's, Amani Toomer revealed that Jim Fassel panicked in the week leading up to the Super Bowl. Changing the offensive game plan completely, the Giants lost the confidence built up in the NFC Championship game. Toomer attributes this as a major factor in their Super Bowl defeat.
### 2001–2003
{{Main\|2001 New York Giants season\|2002 New York Giants season\|2003 New York Giants season}}
The Giants were unable to build on their Super Bowl success in 2001, finishing the season 7–9[2001 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=2001) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409051833/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\=NYG\&yr\=2001≶\=nfl \|date\=April 9, 2007}}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 20, 2007\. and out of the playoffs for the third time in four seasons. Kerry Collins continued to have success as the Giants' starting quarterback, throwing for over 3,700 yards and 19 TD's. Tiki Barber finished as the Giants leading rusher again, while tying Amani Toomer for the team lead with 72 receptions. But the standout player of the Giants 2001 season was Michael Strahan. Strahan set an NFL record by recording 22\.5 sacks during the season,[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). [Strahan breaks Gastineau's 17\-year\-old record](http://static.espn.go.com/nfl/news/2002/0106/1306705.html), espn.com, January, 2001, Retrieved March 11, 2009\. and won the [NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award](/wiki/NFL_Defensive_Player_of_the_Year_Award "NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award"). He broke the 17\-year\-old NFL record held by [Mark Gastineau](/wiki/Mark_Gastineau "Mark Gastineau").
The 2002 season saw the arrival of [tight end](/wiki/Tight_end "Tight end") [Jeremy Shockey](/wiki/Jeremy_Shockey "Jeremy Shockey") from the [University of Miami](/wiki/University_of_Miami "University of Miami"), who provided Kerry Collins with yet another target. Collins would enjoy one of his best seasons as a pro in 2002, throwing for over 4,000 yards.[2002 New York Giants](http://databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=2002) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407165427/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\=NYG\&yr\=2002≶\=nfl \|date\=April 7, 2007}}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 17, 2007\. Tiki Barber had his best season to date, rushing for 1386 yards and also catching 69 passes for 597 yards. The Giants started the season at 6–6, after which Fassel removed playcalling duties from offensive coordinator [Sean Payton](/wiki/Sean_Payton "Sean Payton"). The team responded to win their final four games to finish the year 10–6, and secure a first\-round playoff game against the NFC West champion [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers").
The Giants controlled the 49ers throughout the game, and with four minutes left in the third quarter held a 38–14 lead, which would have been even larger had not Shockey dropped a touchdown pass in the third quarter.Associated Press. [Garcia, 49ers erase 24\-point deficit](https://www.espn.com/nfl/recapPlayoff2002?gameId=230105025), espn.com, January 5, 2003, Retrieved March 22, 2007\. The 49ers rallied however, scoring a field goal and three touchdowns—two on Jeff Garcia touchdown passes, one on a Garcia 14\-yard touchdown run, and two two\-point conversions made by [Terrell Owens](/wiki/Terrell_Owens "Terrell Owens")—which gave the 49ers a 39–38 lead with a minute to go. Collins then drove the Giants down to the 49ers 23\-yard line with six seconds to play, setting up a 41\-yard potential game\-winning field goal attempt by [Matt Bryant](/wiki/Matt_Bryant "Matt Bryant"). However, Bryant never got an opportunity to make the kick. 40\-year\-old long snapper [Trey Junkin](/wiki/Trey_Junkin "Trey Junkin")—who had been signed out of retirement for this playoff game—snapped the ball low and punter [Matt Allen](/wiki/Matt_Allen "Matt Allen") could not spot the ball for the attempt. With no other options, Allen threw it downfield to offensive lineman Rich Seubert. The Giants were penalized for an illegal man downfield (Seubert, despite checking in as an eligible receiver before the play), and the game was over. However, after the game, the NFL recognized that San Francisco should have been penalized on that play as well for pass interference. This would have created offsetting penalties and given New York a chance to kick again. After the game a devastated Junkin said "I cost 58 guys a chance to go to the Super Bowl. I'd give anything in the world, except my family at this point, right now to still be retired."
The loss was Fassel's second devastating playoff loss in three postseason appearances; following the season, Payton was not retained as offensive coordinator. The Giants started out the 2003 season 4–4, but lost their final eight games to finish 4–12\.[2003 New York Giants](http://databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=2003) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409104247/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\=NYG≶\=nfl\&yr\=2003 \|date\=April 9, 2007}}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 17, 2007\. This included seven consecutive losses in the second half of the season, in which the Giants failed to score more than 13 points. With two games remaining in the season, Fassel requested a meeting with team management, and asked, if he was to be fired, that they do so now rather than wait until the end of the season.Associated Press. [Fassel wants another coaching job](https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=1688484), December 19, 2003, Retrieved March 23, 2007\. Management complied with his request, and fired Fassel on (or around) Dec. 17, 2003\. However, in an unusual turn of events, the Giants agreed to allow him coach the team for the remainder of the season so long as Fassel assured them that the team would not "quit" on him.
|
[
"Jim Fassel era\n--------------",
"### 1997–1999",
"{{Main\\|1997 New York Giants season\\|1998 New York Giants season\\|1999 New York Giants season}}\n[thumb\\|280px\\| [Giants Stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium \"Giants Stadium\") was home to the Giants from 1976 to 2009\\.](/wiki/File:Giants_Stadium.jpg \"Giants Stadium.jpg\")\nThe Giants hired [Jim Fassel](/wiki/Jim_Fassel \"Jim Fassel\") to replace Reeves before the 1997 season. Fassel had been the offensive coordinator for the [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals \"Arizona Cardinals\") and [Denver Broncos](/wiki/Denver_Broncos \"Denver Broncos\"). After an opening day win against Philadelphia the Giants lost their next three games,[1997 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=1997) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408144319/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\\=NYG\\&yr\\=1997≶\\=nfl \\|date\\=April 8, 2007}}, accessed databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 18, 2007\\. including close losses to the Baltimore Ravens and St. Louis Rams. The Giants then won their next five games in a row. One of Fassel's biggest decisions during this streak was to replace Brown with second year quarterback Danny Kanell. The Giants won their next five game in a row to finish the season at 10–5–1, and win the [NFC Eastern](/wiki/NFC_East \"NFC East\") Division for the first time since 1990\\. In the first round, the Giants struggled in the fourth quarter, and the Vikings kicked a late field goal to defeat them, 23–22\\. After the 1997 season, Young, who as GM had helped build New York into a championship club in the 1980s, left the team to take a job in the NFL front office. He was replaced by [Ernie Accorsi](/wiki/Ernie_Accorsi \"Ernie Accorsi\"), a well\\-respected, veteran General Manager who had successful stints building the [Baltimore Colts](/wiki/History_of_the_Indianapolis_Colts \"History of the Indianapolis Colts\") and [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns \"Cleveland Browns\").Mizell, Hubert. [Don't mistake where Accorsi's rooting interest is](http://www.sptimes.com/News/012201/SuperBowl2001/Don_t_mistake_where_A.shtml), *[St. Petersburg Times](/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times \"St. Petersburg Times\")*, January 22, 2001, Retrieved March 20, 2007\\.",
"In 1998, the Giants were unable to build on their successful 1997 season, and needed a four\\-game winning streak to close out the season at 8–8\\. The Giants strength was their defense, which featured two Pro Bowlers in Armstead and Strahan.[1998 New York Giants](http://pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg1998.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011212851/http://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/teams/nyg1998\\.htm \\|date\\=October 11, 2007 }}, pro\\-football\\-reference.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. However, the offense continued to be a disappointment. Brown had been jettisoned and replaced by Kanell and [Kent Graham](/wiki/Kent_Graham \"Kent Graham\"). Neither quarterback provided Pro Bowl caliber play, although Graham led the Giants to a 5–1 finish (including an upset of the then\\-undefeated Denver Broncos in Week 15\\).",
"Before the 1999 season the Giants signed quarterback [Kerry Collins](/wiki/Kerry_Collins \"Kerry Collins\"). Collins had been the first\\-ever draft choice of the expansion Carolina Panthers and in his second season led the Panthers to the NFC Championship game. However, problems with alcohol, conflicts with his teammates and questions about his character led to his release from the Panthers.King, Peter. [Renewed and revitalized at 28, Collins finally comes clean](https://archive.today/20010501174807/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/inside_game/peter_king/news/2001/01/22/king_collins/), *Sports Illustrated*, January 22, 2001, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. [Mike Ditka](/wiki/Mike_Ditka \"Mike Ditka\"), coach of the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints \"New Orleans Saints\") signed him after his release; however the experiment failed and Collins was released again. Although many people, including *[Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated \"Sports Illustrated\")* football beat writer [Peter King](/wiki/Peter_King_%28sportswriter%29 \"Peter King (sportswriter)\") questioned the wisdom of Accorsi and the Giants giving Collins a US$16\\.9 million contract,Pompei, Dan. [Collins is a low\\-risk signing for the QB\\-starved Giants—Kerry Collins signs with New York Giants; Nolan Harrison; related NFL news](http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_10_223/ai_54117608), *[The Sporting News](/wiki/The_Sporting_News \"The Sporting News\")*, March 8, 1999, Retrieved March 20, 2007\\. especially when there was little interest for Collins's services league\\-wide, Accorsi was confident that Collins was a wise investment.",
"The 1999 season featured many strong individual performances by the Giants, especially on offense. [Receiver](/wiki/Wide_receiver \"Wide receiver\") [Amani Toomer](/wiki/Amani_Toomer \"Amani Toomer\") had a breakout season, accumulating over 1,100 yards receiving and six touchdowns.[1999 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=1999) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407230850/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\\=NYG≶\\=nfl\\&yr\\=1999 \\|date\\=April 7, 2007}}, Retrieved March 18, 2007\\. Fellow receiver [Ike Hilliard](/wiki/Ike_Hilliard \"Ike Hilliard\") also had a solid season, finishing just shy of 1,000 yards receiving on the year. Tight end [Pete Mitchell](/wiki/Pete_Mitchell_%28football_player%29 \"Pete Mitchell (football player)\") contributed 58 receptions, and [Tiki Barber](/wiki/Tiki_Barber \"Tiki Barber\") emerged as a premiere pass\\-catching running back, catching 66 passes on the year. The defense was also solid, ranking 11th in the league and sending Armstead and Strahan to the Pro Bowl again. Though the Giants stood at 7–6 after 13 games, they lost their final three games of the season to miss the playoffs for the second consecutive season.",
"### 2000: Super Bowl season",
"{{Main\\|2000 New York Giants season}}\nThe 2000 season was considered a make\\-or\\-break season for Fassel. Like his predecessor, Dan Reeves, Fassel had enjoyed great success in his first year, but disappointment in the following two seasons. The conventional wisdom was that the Giants needed to have a strong year for Fassel to retain his job.Anderson, Dave. [Sports of The Times; Fassel and Groh on the Spot, Even Before the Season](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0E14F63B540C708CDDA00894D8404482), *The New York Times*, September 3, 2000, Retrieved October 20, 2010\\.Myers, Gary. [GROH, FASSEL HAVE MADE GIANT STEPS](http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/2000/08/18/2000-08-18_groh__fassel_have_made_giant.html){{dead link\\|date\\=June 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}}, the *New York Daily News*, August 18, 2000, Retrieved October 20, 2010\\. The Giants' [big draft acquisition](/wiki/2000_NFL_draft \"2000 NFL draft\") was running back [Ron Dayne](/wiki/Ron_Dayne \"Ron Dayne\"), [Heisman Trophy](/wiki/Heisman_Trophy \"Heisman Trophy\") winner from the [University of Wisconsin–Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison \"University of Wisconsin–Madison\"). Before the draft the team was debating whether to select Dayne or [Shaun Alexander](/wiki/Shaun_Alexander \"Shaun Alexander\").Pennington, Bill. [PRO FOOTBALL; Giants Might Choose Between Alexander and Dayne](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE5DB123EF931A25757C0A9669C8B63), *The New York Times*, April 12, 2000, Retrieved March 22, 2008\\. The plan for Dayne was that the power running style he had at Wisconsin would complement Barber's speed and pass\\-catching ability. The two were dubbed \"Thunder and Lightning\".Pompei, Dan. [Thunder and Lightning become a flammable mix](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_39_224/ai_65730460/), *[The Sporting News](/wiki/The_Sporting_News \"The Sporting News\")* (accessed via findarticles.com), September 25, 2000, Retrieved November 24, 2010\\.",
"After back\\-to\\-back November losses at home against St. Louis and Detroit dropped them to 7–4,[2000 New York Giants](http://pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg2000.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220213943/http://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/teams/nyg2000\\.htm \\|date\\=February 20, 2007 }}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. the Giants playoff prospects were in question. In what would be his defining moment as Giants head coach, at a press conference following the Giants' loss to Detroit, Fassel guaranteed that \"This team is going to the playoffs.\" The Giants responded, winning the next week's game against Arizona and the rest of their regular season games to finish the season 12–4 and earn a bye as the NFC's top seed.",
"The Giants won their first playoff game against the Philadelphia Eagles, 20–10\\. In the NFC Championship game faced the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings \"Minnesota Vikings\"), who were appearing in their second NFC Championship game in 3 seasons. Many people predicted that the Vikings and their high powered offense, led by [Daunte Culpepper](/wiki/Daunte_Culpepper \"Daunte Culpepper\") and receivers [Randy Moss](/wiki/Randy_Moss \"Randy Moss\") and [Cris Carter](/wiki/Cris_Carter \"Cris Carter\") would defeat the Giants and go on to the [Super Bowl](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXV \"Super Bowl XXXV\"). However, the Giants dominated, winning, 41–0\\. The win marked the second time the Giants had won a Conference Championship in their home stadium by shutout. After the game Giants co\\-owner Wellington Mara delivered his famous \"worst team ever\" speech:Wilner, Barry. [Giants pound Vikings into submission](https://www.usatoday.com/sports/nfl/games/game09.htm), *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")*, January 21, 2001, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\.{{quote\\|This team was referred to as the worst team ever to win the home\\-field advantage in the National Football League. And today, on our field of painted mud, we proved we're the worst team ever to win the NFC championship. In two weeks, we're going to try to become the worst team ever to win the Super Bowl.}}",
"Though the Giants kept the game close in the first half, and went into halftime down 10–0, the Ravens dominated the second half. Their defense (led by game MVP [Ray Lewis](/wiki/Ray_Lewis_%28American_football%29 \"Ray Lewis (American football)\")) frustrated Kerry Collins all game long, resulting in Collins turning in one of the worst playoff performances in Super Bowl history. Collins completed 15 of 39 passes for 112 yards and 4 interceptions.[Super Bowl XXXV](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/super-bowl/xxxv.htm), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\\. The Ravens won the game 34–7 in one of the most lopsided Super Bowls ever. The lone Giants score came on a Ron Dixon kickoff return for a touchdown. On the very next kickoff, the Ravens countered as Jermaine Lewis also returned a kickoff for a touchdown.",
"On Sirius Radio, hosting a program in the mid\\-2010's, Amani Toomer revealed that Jim Fassel panicked in the week leading up to the Super Bowl. Changing the offensive game plan completely, the Giants lost the confidence built up in the NFC Championship game. Toomer attributes this as a major factor in their Super Bowl defeat.",
"### 2001–2003",
"{{Main\\|2001 New York Giants season\\|2002 New York Giants season\\|2003 New York Giants season}}\nThe Giants were unable to build on their Super Bowl success in 2001, finishing the season 7–9[2001 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=2001) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409051833/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\\=NYG\\&yr\\=2001≶\\=nfl \\|date\\=April 9, 2007}}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 20, 2007\\. and out of the playoffs for the third time in four seasons. Kerry Collins continued to have success as the Giants' starting quarterback, throwing for over 3,700 yards and 19 TD's. Tiki Barber finished as the Giants leading rusher again, while tying Amani Toomer for the team lead with 72 receptions. But the standout player of the Giants 2001 season was Michael Strahan. Strahan set an NFL record by recording 22\\.5 sacks during the season,[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). [Strahan breaks Gastineau's 17\\-year\\-old record](http://static.espn.go.com/nfl/news/2002/0106/1306705.html), espn.com, January, 2001, Retrieved March 11, 2009\\. and won the [NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award](/wiki/NFL_Defensive_Player_of_the_Year_Award \"NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award\"). He broke the 17\\-year\\-old NFL record held by [Mark Gastineau](/wiki/Mark_Gastineau \"Mark Gastineau\").",
"The 2002 season saw the arrival of [tight end](/wiki/Tight_end \"Tight end\") [Jeremy Shockey](/wiki/Jeremy_Shockey \"Jeremy Shockey\") from the [University of Miami](/wiki/University_of_Miami \"University of Miami\"), who provided Kerry Collins with yet another target. Collins would enjoy one of his best seasons as a pro in 2002, throwing for over 4,000 yards.[2002 New York Giants](http://databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=2002) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407165427/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\\=NYG\\&yr\\=2002≶\\=nfl \\|date\\=April 7, 2007}}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 17, 2007\\. Tiki Barber had his best season to date, rushing for 1386 yards and also catching 69 passes for 597 yards. The Giants started the season at 6–6, after which Fassel removed playcalling duties from offensive coordinator [Sean Payton](/wiki/Sean_Payton \"Sean Payton\"). The team responded to win their final four games to finish the year 10–6, and secure a first\\-round playoff game against the NFC West champion [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\").",
"The Giants controlled the 49ers throughout the game, and with four minutes left in the third quarter held a 38–14 lead, which would have been even larger had not Shockey dropped a touchdown pass in the third quarter.Associated Press. [Garcia, 49ers erase 24\\-point deficit](https://www.espn.com/nfl/recapPlayoff2002?gameId=230105025), espn.com, January 5, 2003, Retrieved March 22, 2007\\. The 49ers rallied however, scoring a field goal and three touchdowns—two on Jeff Garcia touchdown passes, one on a Garcia 14\\-yard touchdown run, and two two\\-point conversions made by [Terrell Owens](/wiki/Terrell_Owens \"Terrell Owens\")—which gave the 49ers a 39–38 lead with a minute to go. Collins then drove the Giants down to the 49ers 23\\-yard line with six seconds to play, setting up a 41\\-yard potential game\\-winning field goal attempt by [Matt Bryant](/wiki/Matt_Bryant \"Matt Bryant\"). However, Bryant never got an opportunity to make the kick. 40\\-year\\-old long snapper [Trey Junkin](/wiki/Trey_Junkin \"Trey Junkin\")—who had been signed out of retirement for this playoff game—snapped the ball low and punter [Matt Allen](/wiki/Matt_Allen \"Matt Allen\") could not spot the ball for the attempt. With no other options, Allen threw it downfield to offensive lineman Rich Seubert. The Giants were penalized for an illegal man downfield (Seubert, despite checking in as an eligible receiver before the play), and the game was over. However, after the game, the NFL recognized that San Francisco should have been penalized on that play as well for pass interference. This would have created offsetting penalties and given New York a chance to kick again. After the game a devastated Junkin said \"I cost 58 guys a chance to go to the Super Bowl. I'd give anything in the world, except my family at this point, right now to still be retired.\"",
"The loss was Fassel's second devastating playoff loss in three postseason appearances; following the season, Payton was not retained as offensive coordinator. The Giants started out the 2003 season 4–4, but lost their final eight games to finish 4–12\\.[2003 New York Giants](http://databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=2003) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409104247/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\\=NYG≶\\=nfl\\&yr\\=2003 \\|date\\=April 9, 2007}}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 17, 2007\\. This included seven consecutive losses in the second half of the season, in which the Giants failed to score more than 13 points. With two games remaining in the season, Fassel requested a meeting with team management, and asked, if he was to be fired, that they do so now rather than wait until the end of the season.Associated Press. [Fassel wants another coaching job](https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=1688484), December 19, 2003, Retrieved March 23, 2007\\. Management complied with his request, and fired Fassel on (or around) Dec. 17, 2003\\. However, in an unusual turn of events, the Giants agreed to allow him coach the team for the remainder of the season so long as Fassel assured them that the team would not \"quit\" on him.",
""
] |
Tom Coughlin era: 2004–2015
---------------------------
### 2004 NFL Draft and arrival of Eli Manning
[thumb\|right\|130px\| Coming out of [Ole Miss](/wiki/Ole_Miss "Ole Miss") in 2004 [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning "Eli Manning") was the prized draft pick in that year's draft.](/wiki/File:Elimanning1.jpg "Elimanning1.jpg")
After a brief search, Ernie Accorsi hired [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin "Tom Coughlin"), a one\-time assistant of former Giants' coach [Bill Parcells](/wiki/Bill_Parcells "Bill Parcells"), to be the Giants new head coach. Coughlin had been the inaugural head coach of the [Jacksonville Jaguars](/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars "Jacksonville Jaguars"), and led them to the AFC Championship Game twice. He became the 16th head coach in franchise history.[History of the New York Giants](http://www.giants.com/history/TeamHistory.asp) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927181041/http://www.giants.com/history/TeamHistory.asp \|date\=September 27, 2010}}, giants.com/history, Retrieved May 24, 2007\. His stark, disciplinarian methods contrasted with the lax style employed by the departed Fassel.Pennington, Bill. [PRO FOOTBALL; A Strict Colonel Tom Is What's Necessary](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E3DA1031F934A35752C0A9629C8B63), *The New York Times*, January 7, 2004, Retrieved March 22, 2008\.
\* [NYG Team Report](http://story.scout.com/a.z?s=123&p=2&c=213726), scout.com, December 16, 2003, Retrieved May 24, 2007\. The Giants decided that their primary need was a franchise quarterback. Accorsi—who had coveted [John Elway](/wiki/John_Elway "John Elway") when he was Colts general manager in 1983—saw [University of Mississippi](/wiki/University_of_Mississippi "University of Mississippi") quarterback [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning "Eli Manning") as a similar talent. Manning's brother [Peyton](/wiki/Peyton_Manning "Peyton Manning"), and his father [Archie](/wiki/Archie_Manning "Archie Manning"), had already established successful careers as NFL quarterbacks. Though Accorsi wanted Manning, and Manning wanted to play in New York, Accorsi was unable to reach a deal to trade up to acquire him with the [San Diego Chargers](/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers "San Diego Chargers"), who then used the first pick on Manning.
Manning had indicated before the draft that he did not want to play for the Chargers, and appeared unhappy when selected by them.Magee, Jerry. [Nothing personal, San Diego; Eli Manning just didn't want to be a Charger](http://www.signonsandiego.com/sports/chargers/20050921-9999-1s21manning1.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617010041/http://www.signonsandiego.com/sports/chargers/20050921\-9999\-1s21manning1\.html \|date\=June 17, 2008}}, *[The San Diego Union\-Tribune](/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune "The San Diego Union-Tribune")*, September 21, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. After the pick was made, Chargers general manager [AJ Smith](/wiki/AJ_Smith "AJ Smith") called Accorsi to make a deal. Part of the deal was that the Giants would select quarterback [Philip Rivers](/wiki/Philip_Rivers "Philip Rivers") out of [North Carolina State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University "North Carolina State University") with the fourth pick overall and trade that pick, plus other selections (including the Giants first round pick the following year), to the Chargers for Manning's rights and additional considerations. When the trade was announced, the crowd in attendance at the draft (which was held in New York) cheered.Zinser, Lynn. [PRO FOOTBALL; Manning's Day Gets Miles Better After a Trade to the Giants](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F1EF8385E0C768EDDAD0894DC404482), *The New York Times*, April 24, 2005, Retrieved October 27, 2010\.
When [Kerry Collins](/wiki/Kerry_Collins "Kerry Collins") made it known that he did not want to stay with the Giants until they eventually demoted him for Manning, the Giants released Collins. They later signed quarterback [Kurt Warner](/wiki/Kurt_Warner "Kurt Warner"), to serve as the interim quarterback until Manning was deemed ready to play.Zinser, Lynn. [FOOTBALL; Giants Check Out Warner. Warner Checks Out Giants.](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E4D9103CF931A25756C0A9629C8B63), *The New York Times*, May 12, 2004, Retrieved March 22, 2008\. Warner had led the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams "St. Louis Rams") to two Super Bowls, winning one of them. However, Warner had been affected by injuries, specifically a broken hand, which reduced his effectiveness and led to his release by the Rams.
### 2004–2006: Eli Manning era begins
{{Main\|2004 New York Giants season\|2005 New York Giants season\|2006 New York Giants season}}
After losing the 2004 season opener, the Giants, behind Warner, went on to win five of their next six games to stand at 5–2\.[2004 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=2004) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409054408/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\=NYG\&yr\=2004≶\=nfl \|date\=April 9, 2007}}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. The Giants then lost two close games, to the Bears and Cardinals, to drop to 5–4\. It was at this point that Coughlin announced that Eli Manning would become the starter for the rest of the season. Manning struggled in his first four starts, and the Giants did not score more than 14 points in any game. However, they played better in narrow losses to the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Cincinnati Bengals. The Giants won their final game of the year against rival Dallas, to finish the season 6–10\. Top performers on the season included Tiki Barber, who established a personal career high in rushing yardage with 1,518 yards, and also contributed 52 catches and 15 touchdowns. Following the season [Ron Dayne](/wiki/Ron_Dayne "Ron Dayne") was released. Dayne had experienced several mediocre seasons while [Shaun Alexander](/wiki/Shaun_Alexander "Shaun Alexander"), who the Giants bypassed to draft Dayne, had developed into a consistent Pro Bowler.
The Giants won their first two games of the 2005 season, 42–19, against the [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals "Arizona Cardinals") and 27–10, against the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints "New Orleans Saints").[2005 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=NFL&yr=2005) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209050624/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\=NYG≶\=NFL\&yr\=2005 \|date\=February 9, 2007 }}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 16, 2007\. The Giants lost to the Chargers the following week, 45–23, in a game which was marked by Chargers fans booing and jeering [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning "Eli Manning"). They rebounded the following week, beating the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams "St. Louis Rams") by a score of 44–24\.
[thumb\|200px\|[Wellington Mara](/wiki/Wellington_Mara "Wellington Mara")'s gravesite](/wiki/File:Grave_of_Wellington_Mara_in_Gate_of_Heaven_Cemetery.jpg "Grave of Wellington Mara in Gate of Heaven Cemetery.jpg")
On October 25, 2005, Giants patriarch [Wellington Mara](/wiki/Wellington_Mara "Wellington Mara") died at the age of 89\.Goldstein, Richard. [Wellington Mara, the Patriarch of the N.F.L., Dies at 89](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/26/sports/football/26mara.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5090&en=49d8f1309ac476c1&ex=1287982800), *The New York Times*, October 26, 2005, Retrieved April 17, 2007\. Mara had been involved with the Giants since he was 9 years old, when he was a [ball boy](/wiki/Ball_boy "Ball boy") for the Giants. The Giants dedicated their next game to Mara, and shut out the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins "Washington Redskins"), 36–0\. Just twenty days after Mara's death, on November 15, 2005, the other Giants executive officer and well\-known businessman [Preston Robert Tisch](/wiki/Preston_Robert_Tisch "Preston Robert Tisch") died at the age of 79\. The Giants then lost, 24–21, to the Seahawks when kicker [Josh Brown](/wiki/Josh_Brown_%28American_football%29 "Josh Brown (American football)") kicked a 36\-yard game\-winning field goal.Associated Press. [Three missed FGs doom Giants in OT loss to Seahawks](https://web.archive.org/web/20180511224138/http://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251127026), espn.com, November 27, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. They then defeated the Cowboys, 17–10\.Associated Press. [Giants alone atop NFC East after narrow win vs. 'Boys](https://web.archive.org/web/20180904153927/http://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251204019), December 4, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. The Giants defense made opposing quarterback [Drew Bledsoe](/wiki/Drew_Bledsoe "Drew Bledsoe") go 15 of 39 for 146 yards with only one touchdown pass and two interceptions. On December 17, 2005, in their 27–17 home victory against the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs"), Tiki Barber set the team's single game rushing yard record with 220 yards, breaking the previous record of 218 yards, which had been set by [Gene Roberts](/wiki/Gene_Roberts_%28American_football%29 "Gene Roberts (American football)") on November 12, 1950\.Associated Press. [Tiki torches Chiefs in Giants' win](https://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251217019), December 17, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\.
[thumb\|200px\|left\| Tiki Barber set Giants single season and single game rushing records in 2005\.](/wiki/File:TikiBarber.jpg "TikiBarber.jpg")
The Giants won the NFC East for the first time since 2000 with a 30–21 win against the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders "Oakland Raiders") in the final game of the season. The Giants lost 23–0 to the Carolina Panthers in the first round of the playoffs however. The 2005 Giants had five pro bowlers, including Barber (who set a team record in rushing yards during the season[New York Giants Rushing Single\-season Register](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/single-season-rushing.htm), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\.), Shockey, Strahan, Defensive End [Osi Umenyiora](/wiki/Osi_Umenyiora "Osi Umenyiora"), and Special teamer [David Tyree](/wiki/David_Tyree "David Tyree").[2005 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg2005.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217091729/http://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/teams/nyg2005\.htm \|date\=December 17, 2007 }}, pro\-football\-reference.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\.
In late September it was also announced that the New York Giants, New York Jets and the New Jersey Sports and Exhibition Authority had [reached an agreement where both teams will work together to build a new stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium%23New_stadium "Giants Stadium#New stadium") adjacent to the current Giants Stadium.Eichelberger, Curtis. [Jets and Giants Stadium announcement](https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aV_ncOQWlDk4&refer=us), scout.com, September 29, 2005, Retrieved October 27, 2010\.
The Giants regressed to an 8–8 season in 2006\. The season featured inconsistent play, criticism of the coaching by the media and players, and inconsistent play from Manning.Branch, John. [PRO FOOTBALL; After All That Turmoil, the Giants Now Seem Likely to Stay the Course](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01E2DF1030F937A25752C0A9619C8B63&n), *The New York Times*, January 14, 2007, Retrieved March 22, 2008\. The Giants won five consecutive games following a 1–2 start[2006 New York Giants Schedule](https://www.espn.com/nfl/team/schedule/_/name/nyg/new-york-giants), espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. to gain a two\-game advantage in the NFC East, but then key injuries to the offense and defense took their toll. Frustrations with the lack of production and with head coach [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin "Tom Coughlin") began to surface as the Giants lost six of eight in the second half the season. The most disappointing loss of the season was a 24–21 defeat to the Titans, in which the team surrendered a 21\-point fourth\-quarter advantage. Following a season\-ending win in Washington, the Giants claimed a wildcard berth in the NFC playoffs, but were defeated in the first round by the Eagles.
In his final season before retirement, Tiki Barber led the Giants with 1,662 yards and over 2,000 yards from scrimmage,[Tiki Barber](http://scores.espn.go.com/nfl/players/profile?statsId=3937){{dead link\|date\=July 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}, espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. Eli Manning threw for 3,244 yards and 24 touchdowns[2006 New York Giants player stats](https://www.espn.com/nfl/team/stats/_/name/nyg/new-york-giants), espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. and Jeremy Shockey led the team in receptions. Defensively the team struggled all season long with pass defense (28th in the league) and with gaining a consistent pass rush.[2006 NFL Opposition and Defensive stats](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2006/opp.htm), footballreference.com, Retrieved October 27, 2010\.
### 2007: Super Bowl champions
[thumb\|150px\|David Tyree playfully re\-enacts his famous catch for the cameras at the Giants' championship rally.](/wiki/File:David_Tyree.jpg "David Tyree.jpg")
{{Main\|2007 New York Giants season}}
{{Main\|Super Bowl XLII}}
In 2007, the Giants started 0–2 before winning their next six, making them only the second team in NFL history to accomplish that feat (the 1993 Dallas Cowboys were the other), and made the playoffs for the third consecutive season.[New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\. In a game against the Eagles on September 30, the Giants tied the record for most sacks as a team in an NFL game, after sacking Philadelphia Eagles quarterback [Donovan McNabb](/wiki/Donovan_McNabb "Donovan McNabb") 12 times, with 6 of these coming from [Osi Umenyiora](/wiki/Osi_Umenyiora "Osi Umenyiora").Associated Press. [Umenyiora helps Giants tie sack record in 16–3 win over Eagles](https://www.espn.com/espn/wire?section=nfl&id=3044321), [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN"), October 1, 2007, accessed October 4, 2010\. The Giants became the third NFL franchise to win at least 600 games when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons in an October *Monday Night Football* game 31–10\.Foley, Phil. [Burress helps Giants wallop Falcons](http://www.giants.com/gameday/recap.asp?game_id=475392){{dead link\|date\=December 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes}}, giants.com, October 15, 2007, Retrieved October 27, 2010\. The Giants defeated the Miami Dolphins 13–10 in week eight in London's Wembley Stadium; the game was the first NFL regular\-season game to be played outside of North America.Wickersham, Seth. [Sorry, Brits, but Giants\-Dolphins was typical NFL](https://www.espn.com/nfl/columns/story?columnist=wickersham_seth&id=3084276), [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN"), October 28, 2007, Retrieved October 27, 2010\. The Giants made the playoffs with a 10–6 record (second in the NFC East) and played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Wild Card Playoffs. They avenged a third playoff loss from Buccaneers quarterback Jeff Garcia by beating them 24–14\.[2007 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2007.htm), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\. Eli Manning earned his first playoff victory and Tom Coughlin picked up his first playoff victory as coach of the Giants. The next week the Giants defeated their division rival and NFC top seed [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys "Dallas Cowboys"), winning their ninth consecutive road game. In the NFC Championship, kicker Lawrence Tynes made a final field goal for a 23–20 overtime win over the Packers in Green Bay. This made the Giants 4–0 in NFC Championship Games, and they advanced to Super Bowl XLII.[New York Giants 23 at Green Bay Packers 20](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200801200gnb.htm), football reference.com, October 5, 2010\.
In [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII "Super Bowl XLII") on February 3, 2008, the New York Giants defeated the New England Patriots, 17–14\. The biggest play of the game was on third down on the Giants 44\-yard line with 1:15 remaining. They were down, 14–10\. After the snap, Manning ran back and was surrounded by a cloud of defenders. Escaping three near sacks, he made a miraculous pass to David Tyree, [who caught the ball against his own helmet](/wiki/Helmet_Catch "Helmet Catch"), while being covered by veteran defender Rodney Harrison. This set up the Giants' final touchdown to win. Eli Manning was named [MVP](/wiki/Most_valuable_player "Most valuable player"), completing 19 of 34 passes for 255 yards along with two touchdowns.[New York Giants 17 vs. New England Patriots 14](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200802030nwe.htm), football reference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\. The Giants pulled off one of the biggest upsets in Super Bowl history by handing the New England Patriots their first loss of the season and preventing them from becoming only the second team in the Super Bowl era to finish undefeated. [Plaxico Burress](/wiki/Plaxico_Burress "Plaxico Burress") hauled in the game\-winning touchdown pass with 35 seconds left to play to give the Giants their third Super Bowl. This game was also a rematch of their final regular season game, in which the Patriots came back from a 12\-point deficit to finish the regular season 16–0\.
A parade was held in the [Canyon of Heroes](/wiki/Canyon_of_Heroes "Canyon of Heroes") of [Lower Manhattan](/wiki/Lower_Manhattan "Lower Manhattan") two days after the win, followed by a victory rally across the [Hudson River](/wiki/Hudson_River "Hudson River") inside [Giants Stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium "Giants Stadium") in [East Rutherford, New Jersey](/wiki/East_Rutherford%2C_New_Jersey "East Rutherford, New Jersey").
### 2008–2010: Closing of Giants Stadium and opening of MetLife Stadium
{{Main\|2008 New York Giants season\|2009 New York Giants season\|2010 New York Giants season\|2011 New York Giants season}}
[thumb\|350px\|An aerial shot showing the construction of the Giants new stadium (on the left) alongside their old home field in July 2009](/wiki/File:Meadowlands_Sports_Complex_-_kingsley_-_04-JUL-09.JPG "Meadowlands Sports Complex - kingsley - 04-JUL-09.JPG")
The Giants won their division again in 2008, with a record of 12–4 and earned themselves a first round bye and the No. 1 seed in the NFC. The Giants won 11 out for their first 12 games before stumbling to lose four of their final five including a 23–11 loss to the Eagles in the NFC Divisional Round.[2008 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2008.htm), footballreference.com, October 5, 2010\. Manning was named to the Pro Bowl after the season, in a year where he threw for 3,238 yards, 21 touchdowns, and 10 interceptions. Other standouts included [Brandon Jacobs](/wiki/Brandon_Jacobs "Brandon Jacobs") and [Derrick Ward](/wiki/Derrick_Ward "Derrick Ward") who both rushed for 1,000 yards, as the Giants led the NFL in rushing yards.[2008 NFL Standings, Team \& Offensive Statistics](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2008/), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\. [Justin Tuck](/wiki/Justin_Tuck "Justin Tuck") led the team with 12 sacks, while Antonio Pierce was the team's leading tackler. The Giants featured a balanced offense with no receiver topping 600 receiving yards; the team also set a then\-NFL record for fewest turnovers committed in the regular season with 13\. The year marked a changing of the guard on the defensive line as Giants careers sack leader Michael Strahan retired before the season.
The 2009 season began with the Giants winning their first five games, but then dropped the next four. After beating the Falcons in overtime, they were routed by the Broncos on Thanksgiving. The Week 13 game with the Cowboys brought a 31–24 victory, but was followed by a 45–38 loss to the Eagles.[2009 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2009.htm), footballreference.com, October 5, 2010\. The Giants nonetheless remained in the playoff picture until being defeated by the Panthers 41–9 in Week 16, in the last Giants home game at Giants Stadium. They then ended the year with an 8–8 record after a loss to the Vikings in Minnesota, missing the playoffs for the first time since 2004\.[2009 NFL Standings, Team \& Offensive Statistics](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2009/), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\.
In the spring of 2010, the new Meadowlands Stadium was completed and the Giants and Jets opened it in August with their annual preseason match.Mascarenhas, Rohan, [New Meadowlands Stadium opens to Giants, Jets fans in East Rutherford](http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/08/new_meadowlands_stadium_opens.html), *[The Star\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Star-Ledger "The Star-Ledger")*, August 17, 2010, accessed October 5, 2010\. During the summer, [Bob Sheppard](/wiki/Bob_Sheppard "Bob Sheppard"), the Giants' public address announcer from 1956 to 2005, died on July 11\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/12/sports/baseball/12sheppard.html?\_r\=1\&pagewanted\=print\|date\=July 12, 2010\|title\=Bob Sheppard, Voice of the Yankees, Dies at 99\|first\=Richard\|last\=Goldstein\|newspaper\=The New York Times}} The 2010 season would be dedicated to Sheppard's memory.
In the regular season, the Giants inaugurated their new home by beating the Panthers 31–18\. Peyton outplayed Eli in the second "Manning Bowl" and the Colts won 38–14 in week two.Wilner, Barry. [Manning Bowl II: Colts rout Giants 38–14](https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100920/ap_on_sp_fo_ga_su/fbn_giants_colts), September 20, 2010, Associated Press, yahoo.com, October 5, 2010\. Discipline became a growing problem during the early portion of the season.Garofolo, Mike. [Penalty problems plaguing Giants even as coach Tom Coughlin preaches discipline](http://www.nj.com/giants/index.ssf/2010/10/penalty_problems_plaguing_gian.html), *The Star\-Ledger*, October 3, 2010, October 5, 2010\. In the Colts' game, Jacobs threw his helmet into the stands,Chase, Cris. [Brandon Jacobs throws helmet into the stands in Indianapolis](https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/blog/shutdown_corner/post/Brandon-Jacobs-throws-helmet-into-the-stands-in-?urn=nfl-270794), yahoo.com, September 19, 2010, October 5, 2010\. and in the next week's game with the Titans (a 29–10 loss at home) the Giants committed five personal fouls. The Giants next hosted the Bears on Sunday Night and won 17–3\.Associated Press. [DEs Osi Umenyiora, Justin Tuck claim spotlight as Giants hand Bears first loss](https://web.archive.org/web/20170907212752/http://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=301003019), espn.com, October 3, 2010, accessed October 9, 2010\. After a win at Houston, the Giants then won their next three games to improve to 6–2\. Their Week 14 game with Minnesota was scheduled for Sunday, December 12, but the Vikings' stadium roof collapsed, and the game was moved to Detroit and rescheduled to the next day, where the Giants won 21–3\. Against the Eagles in the next week, the Giants blew a 21\-point fourth quarter lead and the game when Eagles receiver [DeSean Jackson](/wiki/DeSean_Jackson "DeSean Jackson") returned it for a 65\-yard game touchdown on the game's final play, in a match later dubbed the "[Miracle at the New Meadowlands](/wiki/Miracle_at_the_New_Meadowlands "Miracle at the New Meadowlands")."{{cite news\|last\=McLane \|first\=Jeff \|url\=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/sports/20101220\_Eagles\_\_\_Miracle\_at\_New\_Meadowlands\_\_beats\_Giants\_for\_NFC\_East\_lead.html?viewAll\=y \|title\=Eagles' 'Miracle at New Meadowlands' beats Giants for NFC East lead \|newspaper\=\[\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] \|date\=December 20, 2010 \|access\-date\=December 21, 2010 \|page\=A1 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225043421/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/sports/20101220\_Eagles\_\_\_Miracle\_at\_New\_Meadowlands\_\_beats\_Giants\_for\_NFC\_East\_lead.html?viewAll\=y \|archive\-date\=December 25, 2010}} The Giants finished the season 10–6, but missed the playoffs, the first time since 1988 that the franchise had won ten games in a season without making the playoffs. This was the sixth consecutive season the Giants finished with at least a .500 regular season record (2005–2010\), the team's longest stretch since the NFL\-AFL merger.
### 2011: Super Bowl champions again
As the Giants began 2011, many NFL analysts predicted that the Eagles were a favorite to win the NFC East title, while the Giants were not expected to make the playoffs. The Giants opened their regular season against the Redskins on September 11, 2011, and lost in Washington 28–14\. The Giants then won three straight games, including breaking their six\-game losing streak to the Eagles. By Week 9, the Giants were 6–2 after beating the Patriots in New England for their first encounter since [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII "Super Bowl XLII"). At this point however, they entered a difficult stretch of games and lost four straight to a resurgent 49ers, followed by the Eagles, Saints, and Packers. By now, the Giants found their chances of beating the Cowboys to the division title fading and Tom Coughlin's coaching abilities were increasingly called into question despite reassurances from team president John Mara that there were no plans to fire him. However, the Giants kept their playoff hopes alive in Week 14 by beating the Cowboys in Dallas on a last\-second scoring drive led by Eli Manning and extending their win streak in [Cowboys Stadium](/wiki/Cowboys_Stadium "Cowboys Stadium") to three straight games. Despite another loss to the Redskins afterwards, the Giants defeated the [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets "New York Jets") in Week 16 by a final score of 29–14, also eliminating the Eagles from playoff contention, to set up a rematch with the Cowboys in which the winner would win the NFC East and the loser would be eliminated from playoff contention. The game was later flexed into Sunday Night Football. The Giants beat the Cowboys 31–14 to win the NFC East with a record of 9–7\. Throughout the regular season, Eli Manning (always viewed as a weak quarterback compared to his brother) put up some of the best stats of his career.
During the wild card round of the playoffs, the Giants hosted the Atlanta Falcons and won 24–2, with the Falcons' only score from a safety due to Eli Manning being flagged for grounding in the end zone. In the divisional round, the Giants were forced to play the defending champion Green Bay Packers at [Lambeau Field](/wiki/Lambeau_Field "Lambeau Field"). The Packers had finished the regular season with a league\-best 15–1 record, including a 38–35 win against the Giants in Week 13\. In addition, the Packers received a first\-round bye, and thus this was their first playoff match. Despite these obstacles, the Giants handily defeated the Packers 37–20 to qualify for the NFC Championship Game against the San Francisco 49ers. With the score tied, 17–17, in regulation, the Giants moved into field goal range in overtime and [Lawrence Tynes](/wiki/Lawrence_Tynes "Lawrence Tynes"), the hero of the 2007 postseason, kicked a 20\-yard field goal to send them to Super Bowl XLVI, a rematch against the New England Patriots.
#### Super Bowl XLVI
Once again facing the New England Patriots, the New York Giants headed to [Lucas Oil Stadium](/wiki/Lucas_Oil_Stadium "Lucas Oil Stadium"), home of Eli's brother [Peyton](/wiki/Peyton_Manning "Peyton Manning")'s team, the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts "Indianapolis Colts"). The Giants got off to an early lead by an intentional grounding call on [Tom Brady](/wiki/Tom_Brady "Tom Brady") in the end zone for a safety and retaining the ball for most of the 1st quarter. However, the Patriots came back and battled to a 10–9 lead. Nearing the end of the 4th quarter with the Giants behind 17–15, Patriots coach [Bill Belichick](/wiki/Bill_Belichick "Bill Belichick") allowed them to score a touchdown with the idea that they would have nearly a minute to drive downfield and score. However, the Giants defense held and broke up several Brady pass attempts. A last\-second throw into the end zone by Brady was thwarted and the Giants won their fourth Super Bowl 21–17\.
### 2012–2015: Struggles
Like 2011, the Giants began the 2012 season 6–2 and finished 9–7, matching their 2011 record. After splitting their first four games, they won four straight, including a 26–3 road win against the eventual NFC Champion San Francisco 49ers. However, a 3–5 stretch in the second half of the season, punctuated by a 17–16 loss to the Washington Redskins and a 33–14 loss to the eventual [Super Bowl XLVII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII "Super Bowl XLVII") champion Baltimore Ravens, was not enough for the Giants to overcome, causing them to miss the playoffs, thus failing to repeat as Super Bowl champions.[2012 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2012.htm), footballreference.com, July 29, 2019\.
The Giants entered the 2013 season with hope they would play in [Super Bowl XLVIII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVIII "Super Bowl XLVIII") in their home stadium. However, the season began disastrously as the Giants lost their first six games of the season. Despite this, the Giants won their next four games, before losing to the Dallas Cowboys, 24–21\. The Giants finished 7–9, their first losing season since 2004\.[2013 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2013.htm), footballreference.com, July 29, 2019\.
The Giants started the 2014 season losing their first two games before winning three straight. However, a seven\-game losing streak sealed their fate, as they regressed to a 6–10 record. Despite the disappointing season, rookie wide receiver [Odell Beckham Jr.](/wiki/Odell_Beckham_Jr. "Odell Beckham Jr.") won the [NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award](/wiki/NFL_Offensive_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award "NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award").[2014 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2014.htm), footballreference.com, July 29, 2019\.
The Giants began the 2015 season in similar fashion. Their first two losses made them the first team in NFL history to lose their first two games despite leading by at least ten points. Despite their defensive struggles, they remained in the playoff race due to a weak division. But a poor November and December (in which the defense blew several late leads) caused the Giants to finish at 6–10\.[2015 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2015.htm), footballreference.com, July 29, 2019\.
|
[
"Tom Coughlin era: 2004–2015\n---------------------------",
"### 2004 NFL Draft and arrival of Eli Manning",
"[thumb\\|right\\|130px\\| Coming out of [Ole Miss](/wiki/Ole_Miss \"Ole Miss\") in 2004 [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning \"Eli Manning\") was the prized draft pick in that year's draft.](/wiki/File:Elimanning1.jpg \"Elimanning1.jpg\")\nAfter a brief search, Ernie Accorsi hired [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin \"Tom Coughlin\"), a one\\-time assistant of former Giants' coach [Bill Parcells](/wiki/Bill_Parcells \"Bill Parcells\"), to be the Giants new head coach. Coughlin had been the inaugural head coach of the [Jacksonville Jaguars](/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars \"Jacksonville Jaguars\"), and led them to the AFC Championship Game twice. He became the 16th head coach in franchise history.[History of the New York Giants](http://www.giants.com/history/TeamHistory.asp) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927181041/http://www.giants.com/history/TeamHistory.asp \\|date\\=September 27, 2010}}, giants.com/history, Retrieved May 24, 2007\\. His stark, disciplinarian methods contrasted with the lax style employed by the departed Fassel.Pennington, Bill. [PRO FOOTBALL; A Strict Colonel Tom Is What's Necessary](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E3DA1031F934A35752C0A9629C8B63), *The New York Times*, January 7, 2004, Retrieved March 22, 2008\\. \n\\* [NYG Team Report](http://story.scout.com/a.z?s=123&p=2&c=213726), scout.com, December 16, 2003, Retrieved May 24, 2007\\. The Giants decided that their primary need was a franchise quarterback. Accorsi—who had coveted [John Elway](/wiki/John_Elway \"John Elway\") when he was Colts general manager in 1983—saw [University of Mississippi](/wiki/University_of_Mississippi \"University of Mississippi\") quarterback [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning \"Eli Manning\") as a similar talent. Manning's brother [Peyton](/wiki/Peyton_Manning \"Peyton Manning\"), and his father [Archie](/wiki/Archie_Manning \"Archie Manning\"), had already established successful careers as NFL quarterbacks. Though Accorsi wanted Manning, and Manning wanted to play in New York, Accorsi was unable to reach a deal to trade up to acquire him with the [San Diego Chargers](/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers \"San Diego Chargers\"), who then used the first pick on Manning.",
"Manning had indicated before the draft that he did not want to play for the Chargers, and appeared unhappy when selected by them.Magee, Jerry. [Nothing personal, San Diego; Eli Manning just didn't want to be a Charger](http://www.signonsandiego.com/sports/chargers/20050921-9999-1s21manning1.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617010041/http://www.signonsandiego.com/sports/chargers/20050921\\-9999\\-1s21manning1\\.html \\|date\\=June 17, 2008}}, *[The San Diego Union\\-Tribune](/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune \"The San Diego Union-Tribune\")*, September 21, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. After the pick was made, Chargers general manager [AJ Smith](/wiki/AJ_Smith \"AJ Smith\") called Accorsi to make a deal. Part of the deal was that the Giants would select quarterback [Philip Rivers](/wiki/Philip_Rivers \"Philip Rivers\") out of [North Carolina State University](/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University \"North Carolina State University\") with the fourth pick overall and trade that pick, plus other selections (including the Giants first round pick the following year), to the Chargers for Manning's rights and additional considerations. When the trade was announced, the crowd in attendance at the draft (which was held in New York) cheered.Zinser, Lynn. [PRO FOOTBALL; Manning's Day Gets Miles Better After a Trade to the Giants](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F1EF8385E0C768EDDAD0894DC404482), *The New York Times*, April 24, 2005, Retrieved October 27, 2010\\.",
"When [Kerry Collins](/wiki/Kerry_Collins \"Kerry Collins\") made it known that he did not want to stay with the Giants until they eventually demoted him for Manning, the Giants released Collins. They later signed quarterback [Kurt Warner](/wiki/Kurt_Warner \"Kurt Warner\"), to serve as the interim quarterback until Manning was deemed ready to play.Zinser, Lynn. [FOOTBALL; Giants Check Out Warner. Warner Checks Out Giants.](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E4D9103CF931A25756C0A9629C8B63), *The New York Times*, May 12, 2004, Retrieved March 22, 2008\\. Warner had led the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams \"St. Louis Rams\") to two Super Bowls, winning one of them. However, Warner had been affected by injuries, specifically a broken hand, which reduced his effectiveness and led to his release by the Rams.",
"### 2004–2006: Eli Manning era begins",
"{{Main\\|2004 New York Giants season\\|2005 New York Giants season\\|2006 New York Giants season}}\nAfter losing the 2004 season opener, the Giants, behind Warner, went on to win five of their next six games to stand at 5–2\\.[2004 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=2004) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409054408/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\\=NYG\\&yr\\=2004≶\\=nfl \\|date\\=April 9, 2007}}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. The Giants then lost two close games, to the Bears and Cardinals, to drop to 5–4\\. It was at this point that Coughlin announced that Eli Manning would become the starter for the rest of the season. Manning struggled in his first four starts, and the Giants did not score more than 14 points in any game. However, they played better in narrow losses to the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Cincinnati Bengals. The Giants won their final game of the year against rival Dallas, to finish the season 6–10\\. Top performers on the season included Tiki Barber, who established a personal career high in rushing yardage with 1,518 yards, and also contributed 52 catches and 15 touchdowns. Following the season [Ron Dayne](/wiki/Ron_Dayne \"Ron Dayne\") was released. Dayne had experienced several mediocre seasons while [Shaun Alexander](/wiki/Shaun_Alexander \"Shaun Alexander\"), who the Giants bypassed to draft Dayne, had developed into a consistent Pro Bowler.",
"The Giants won their first two games of the 2005 season, 42–19, against the [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals \"Arizona Cardinals\") and 27–10, against the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints \"New Orleans Saints\").[2005 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=NFL&yr=2005) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209050624/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\\=NYG≶\\=NFL\\&yr\\=2005 \\|date\\=February 9, 2007 }}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 16, 2007\\. The Giants lost to the Chargers the following week, 45–23, in a game which was marked by Chargers fans booing and jeering [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning \"Eli Manning\"). They rebounded the following week, beating the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams \"St. Louis Rams\") by a score of 44–24\\.",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|[Wellington Mara](/wiki/Wellington_Mara \"Wellington Mara\")'s gravesite](/wiki/File:Grave_of_Wellington_Mara_in_Gate_of_Heaven_Cemetery.jpg \"Grave of Wellington Mara in Gate of Heaven Cemetery.jpg\")",
"On October 25, 2005, Giants patriarch [Wellington Mara](/wiki/Wellington_Mara \"Wellington Mara\") died at the age of 89\\.Goldstein, Richard. [Wellington Mara, the Patriarch of the N.F.L., Dies at 89](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/26/sports/football/26mara.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5090&en=49d8f1309ac476c1&ex=1287982800), *The New York Times*, October 26, 2005, Retrieved April 17, 2007\\. Mara had been involved with the Giants since he was 9 years old, when he was a [ball boy](/wiki/Ball_boy \"Ball boy\") for the Giants. The Giants dedicated their next game to Mara, and shut out the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins \"Washington Redskins\"), 36–0\\. Just twenty days after Mara's death, on November 15, 2005, the other Giants executive officer and well\\-known businessman [Preston Robert Tisch](/wiki/Preston_Robert_Tisch \"Preston Robert Tisch\") died at the age of 79\\. The Giants then lost, 24–21, to the Seahawks when kicker [Josh Brown](/wiki/Josh_Brown_%28American_football%29 \"Josh Brown (American football)\") kicked a 36\\-yard game\\-winning field goal.Associated Press. [Three missed FGs doom Giants in OT loss to Seahawks](https://web.archive.org/web/20180511224138/http://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251127026), espn.com, November 27, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. They then defeated the Cowboys, 17–10\\.Associated Press. [Giants alone atop NFC East after narrow win vs. 'Boys](https://web.archive.org/web/20180904153927/http://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251204019), December 4, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. The Giants defense made opposing quarterback [Drew Bledsoe](/wiki/Drew_Bledsoe \"Drew Bledsoe\") go 15 of 39 for 146 yards with only one touchdown pass and two interceptions. On December 17, 2005, in their 27–17 home victory against the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\"), Tiki Barber set the team's single game rushing yard record with 220 yards, breaking the previous record of 218 yards, which had been set by [Gene Roberts](/wiki/Gene_Roberts_%28American_football%29 \"Gene Roberts (American football)\") on November 12, 1950\\.Associated Press. [Tiki torches Chiefs in Giants' win](https://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251217019), December 17, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\.\n[thumb\\|200px\\|left\\| Tiki Barber set Giants single season and single game rushing records in 2005\\.](/wiki/File:TikiBarber.jpg \"TikiBarber.jpg\")",
"The Giants won the NFC East for the first time since 2000 with a 30–21 win against the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders \"Oakland Raiders\") in the final game of the season. The Giants lost 23–0 to the Carolina Panthers in the first round of the playoffs however. The 2005 Giants had five pro bowlers, including Barber (who set a team record in rushing yards during the season[New York Giants Rushing Single\\-season Register](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/single-season-rushing.htm), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\\.), Shockey, Strahan, Defensive End [Osi Umenyiora](/wiki/Osi_Umenyiora \"Osi Umenyiora\"), and Special teamer [David Tyree](/wiki/David_Tyree \"David Tyree\").[2005 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg2005.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217091729/http://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/teams/nyg2005\\.htm \\|date\\=December 17, 2007 }}, pro\\-football\\-reference.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\.",
"In late September it was also announced that the New York Giants, New York Jets and the New Jersey Sports and Exhibition Authority had [reached an agreement where both teams will work together to build a new stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium%23New_stadium \"Giants Stadium#New stadium\") adjacent to the current Giants Stadium.Eichelberger, Curtis. [Jets and Giants Stadium announcement](https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aV_ncOQWlDk4&refer=us), scout.com, September 29, 2005, Retrieved October 27, 2010\\.",
"The Giants regressed to an 8–8 season in 2006\\. The season featured inconsistent play, criticism of the coaching by the media and players, and inconsistent play from Manning.Branch, John. [PRO FOOTBALL; After All That Turmoil, the Giants Now Seem Likely to Stay the Course](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01E2DF1030F937A25752C0A9619C8B63&n), *The New York Times*, January 14, 2007, Retrieved March 22, 2008\\. The Giants won five consecutive games following a 1–2 start[2006 New York Giants Schedule](https://www.espn.com/nfl/team/schedule/_/name/nyg/new-york-giants), espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. to gain a two\\-game advantage in the NFC East, but then key injuries to the offense and defense took their toll. Frustrations with the lack of production and with head coach [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin \"Tom Coughlin\") began to surface as the Giants lost six of eight in the second half the season. The most disappointing loss of the season was a 24–21 defeat to the Titans, in which the team surrendered a 21\\-point fourth\\-quarter advantage. Following a season\\-ending win in Washington, the Giants claimed a wildcard berth in the NFC playoffs, but were defeated in the first round by the Eagles.",
"In his final season before retirement, Tiki Barber led the Giants with 1,662 yards and over 2,000 yards from scrimmage,[Tiki Barber](http://scores.espn.go.com/nfl/players/profile?statsId=3937){{dead link\\|date\\=July 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}, espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. Eli Manning threw for 3,244 yards and 24 touchdowns[2006 New York Giants player stats](https://www.espn.com/nfl/team/stats/_/name/nyg/new-york-giants), espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. and Jeremy Shockey led the team in receptions. Defensively the team struggled all season long with pass defense (28th in the league) and with gaining a consistent pass rush.[2006 NFL Opposition and Defensive stats](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2006/opp.htm), footballreference.com, Retrieved October 27, 2010\\.",
"### 2007: Super Bowl champions",
"[thumb\\|150px\\|David Tyree playfully re\\-enacts his famous catch for the cameras at the Giants' championship rally.](/wiki/File:David_Tyree.jpg \"David Tyree.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|2007 New York Giants season}}\n{{Main\\|Super Bowl XLII}}\nIn 2007, the Giants started 0–2 before winning their next six, making them only the second team in NFL history to accomplish that feat (the 1993 Dallas Cowboys were the other), and made the playoffs for the third consecutive season.[New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\\. In a game against the Eagles on September 30, the Giants tied the record for most sacks as a team in an NFL game, after sacking Philadelphia Eagles quarterback [Donovan McNabb](/wiki/Donovan_McNabb \"Donovan McNabb\") 12 times, with 6 of these coming from [Osi Umenyiora](/wiki/Osi_Umenyiora \"Osi Umenyiora\").Associated Press. [Umenyiora helps Giants tie sack record in 16–3 win over Eagles](https://www.espn.com/espn/wire?section=nfl&id=3044321), [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\"), October 1, 2007, accessed October 4, 2010\\. The Giants became the third NFL franchise to win at least 600 games when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons in an October *Monday Night Football* game 31–10\\.Foley, Phil. [Burress helps Giants wallop Falcons](http://www.giants.com/gameday/recap.asp?game_id=475392){{dead link\\|date\\=December 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes}}, giants.com, October 15, 2007, Retrieved October 27, 2010\\. The Giants defeated the Miami Dolphins 13–10 in week eight in London's Wembley Stadium; the game was the first NFL regular\\-season game to be played outside of North America.Wickersham, Seth. [Sorry, Brits, but Giants\\-Dolphins was typical NFL](https://www.espn.com/nfl/columns/story?columnist=wickersham_seth&id=3084276), [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\"), October 28, 2007, Retrieved October 27, 2010\\. The Giants made the playoffs with a 10–6 record (second in the NFC East) and played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Wild Card Playoffs. They avenged a third playoff loss from Buccaneers quarterback Jeff Garcia by beating them 24–14\\.[2007 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2007.htm), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\\. Eli Manning earned his first playoff victory and Tom Coughlin picked up his first playoff victory as coach of the Giants. The next week the Giants defeated their division rival and NFC top seed [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys \"Dallas Cowboys\"), winning their ninth consecutive road game. In the NFC Championship, kicker Lawrence Tynes made a final field goal for a 23–20 overtime win over the Packers in Green Bay. This made the Giants 4–0 in NFC Championship Games, and they advanced to Super Bowl XLII.[New York Giants 23 at Green Bay Packers 20](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200801200gnb.htm), football reference.com, October 5, 2010\\.",
"In [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII \"Super Bowl XLII\") on February 3, 2008, the New York Giants defeated the New England Patriots, 17–14\\. The biggest play of the game was on third down on the Giants 44\\-yard line with 1:15 remaining. They were down, 14–10\\. After the snap, Manning ran back and was surrounded by a cloud of defenders. Escaping three near sacks, he made a miraculous pass to David Tyree, [who caught the ball against his own helmet](/wiki/Helmet_Catch \"Helmet Catch\"), while being covered by veteran defender Rodney Harrison. This set up the Giants' final touchdown to win. Eli Manning was named [MVP](/wiki/Most_valuable_player \"Most valuable player\"), completing 19 of 34 passes for 255 yards along with two touchdowns.[New York Giants 17 vs. New England Patriots 14](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200802030nwe.htm), football reference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\\. The Giants pulled off one of the biggest upsets in Super Bowl history by handing the New England Patriots their first loss of the season and preventing them from becoming only the second team in the Super Bowl era to finish undefeated. [Plaxico Burress](/wiki/Plaxico_Burress \"Plaxico Burress\") hauled in the game\\-winning touchdown pass with 35 seconds left to play to give the Giants their third Super Bowl. This game was also a rematch of their final regular season game, in which the Patriots came back from a 12\\-point deficit to finish the regular season 16–0\\.",
"A parade was held in the [Canyon of Heroes](/wiki/Canyon_of_Heroes \"Canyon of Heroes\") of [Lower Manhattan](/wiki/Lower_Manhattan \"Lower Manhattan\") two days after the win, followed by a victory rally across the [Hudson River](/wiki/Hudson_River \"Hudson River\") inside [Giants Stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium \"Giants Stadium\") in [East Rutherford, New Jersey](/wiki/East_Rutherford%2C_New_Jersey \"East Rutherford, New Jersey\").",
"### 2008–2010: Closing of Giants Stadium and opening of MetLife Stadium",
"{{Main\\|2008 New York Giants season\\|2009 New York Giants season\\|2010 New York Giants season\\|2011 New York Giants season}}\n[thumb\\|350px\\|An aerial shot showing the construction of the Giants new stadium (on the left) alongside their old home field in July 2009](/wiki/File:Meadowlands_Sports_Complex_-_kingsley_-_04-JUL-09.JPG \"Meadowlands Sports Complex - kingsley - 04-JUL-09.JPG\")\nThe Giants won their division again in 2008, with a record of 12–4 and earned themselves a first round bye and the No. 1 seed in the NFC. The Giants won 11 out for their first 12 games before stumbling to lose four of their final five including a 23–11 loss to the Eagles in the NFC Divisional Round.[2008 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2008.htm), footballreference.com, October 5, 2010\\. Manning was named to the Pro Bowl after the season, in a year where he threw for 3,238 yards, 21 touchdowns, and 10 interceptions. Other standouts included [Brandon Jacobs](/wiki/Brandon_Jacobs \"Brandon Jacobs\") and [Derrick Ward](/wiki/Derrick_Ward \"Derrick Ward\") who both rushed for 1,000 yards, as the Giants led the NFL in rushing yards.[2008 NFL Standings, Team \\& Offensive Statistics](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2008/), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\\. [Justin Tuck](/wiki/Justin_Tuck \"Justin Tuck\") led the team with 12 sacks, while Antonio Pierce was the team's leading tackler. The Giants featured a balanced offense with no receiver topping 600 receiving yards; the team also set a then\\-NFL record for fewest turnovers committed in the regular season with 13\\. The year marked a changing of the guard on the defensive line as Giants careers sack leader Michael Strahan retired before the season.",
"The 2009 season began with the Giants winning their first five games, but then dropped the next four. After beating the Falcons in overtime, they were routed by the Broncos on Thanksgiving. The Week 13 game with the Cowboys brought a 31–24 victory, but was followed by a 45–38 loss to the Eagles.[2009 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2009.htm), footballreference.com, October 5, 2010\\. The Giants nonetheless remained in the playoff picture until being defeated by the Panthers 41–9 in Week 16, in the last Giants home game at Giants Stadium. They then ended the year with an 8–8 record after a loss to the Vikings in Minnesota, missing the playoffs for the first time since 2004\\.[2009 NFL Standings, Team \\& Offensive Statistics](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2009/), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\\.",
"In the spring of 2010, the new Meadowlands Stadium was completed and the Giants and Jets opened it in August with their annual preseason match.Mascarenhas, Rohan, [New Meadowlands Stadium opens to Giants, Jets fans in East Rutherford](http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/08/new_meadowlands_stadium_opens.html), *[The Star\\-Ledger](/wiki/The_Star-Ledger \"The Star-Ledger\")*, August 17, 2010, accessed October 5, 2010\\. During the summer, [Bob Sheppard](/wiki/Bob_Sheppard \"Bob Sheppard\"), the Giants' public address announcer from 1956 to 2005, died on July 11\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/12/sports/baseball/12sheppard.html?\\_r\\=1\\&pagewanted\\=print\\|date\\=July 12, 2010\\|title\\=Bob Sheppard, Voice of the Yankees, Dies at 99\\|first\\=Richard\\|last\\=Goldstein\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times}} The 2010 season would be dedicated to Sheppard's memory.",
"In the regular season, the Giants inaugurated their new home by beating the Panthers 31–18\\. Peyton outplayed Eli in the second \"Manning Bowl\" and the Colts won 38–14 in week two.Wilner, Barry. [Manning Bowl II: Colts rout Giants 38–14](https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100920/ap_on_sp_fo_ga_su/fbn_giants_colts), September 20, 2010, Associated Press, yahoo.com, October 5, 2010\\. Discipline became a growing problem during the early portion of the season.Garofolo, Mike. [Penalty problems plaguing Giants even as coach Tom Coughlin preaches discipline](http://www.nj.com/giants/index.ssf/2010/10/penalty_problems_plaguing_gian.html), *The Star\\-Ledger*, October 3, 2010, October 5, 2010\\. In the Colts' game, Jacobs threw his helmet into the stands,Chase, Cris. [Brandon Jacobs throws helmet into the stands in Indianapolis](https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/blog/shutdown_corner/post/Brandon-Jacobs-throws-helmet-into-the-stands-in-?urn=nfl-270794), yahoo.com, September 19, 2010, October 5, 2010\\. and in the next week's game with the Titans (a 29–10 loss at home) the Giants committed five personal fouls. The Giants next hosted the Bears on Sunday Night and won 17–3\\.Associated Press. [DEs Osi Umenyiora, Justin Tuck claim spotlight as Giants hand Bears first loss](https://web.archive.org/web/20170907212752/http://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=301003019), espn.com, October 3, 2010, accessed October 9, 2010\\. After a win at Houston, the Giants then won their next three games to improve to 6–2\\. Their Week 14 game with Minnesota was scheduled for Sunday, December 12, but the Vikings' stadium roof collapsed, and the game was moved to Detroit and rescheduled to the next day, where the Giants won 21–3\\. Against the Eagles in the next week, the Giants blew a 21\\-point fourth quarter lead and the game when Eagles receiver [DeSean Jackson](/wiki/DeSean_Jackson \"DeSean Jackson\") returned it for a 65\\-yard game touchdown on the game's final play, in a match later dubbed the \"[Miracle at the New Meadowlands](/wiki/Miracle_at_the_New_Meadowlands \"Miracle at the New Meadowlands\").\"{{cite news\\|last\\=McLane \\|first\\=Jeff \\|url\\=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/sports/20101220\\_Eagles\\_\\_\\_Miracle\\_at\\_New\\_Meadowlands\\_\\_beats\\_Giants\\_for\\_NFC\\_East\\_lead.html?viewAll\\=y \\|title\\=Eagles' 'Miracle at New Meadowlands' beats Giants for NFC East lead \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] \\|date\\=December 20, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=December 21, 2010 \\|page\\=A1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225043421/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/sports/20101220\\_Eagles\\_\\_\\_Miracle\\_at\\_New\\_Meadowlands\\_\\_beats\\_Giants\\_for\\_NFC\\_East\\_lead.html?viewAll\\=y \\|archive\\-date\\=December 25, 2010}} The Giants finished the season 10–6, but missed the playoffs, the first time since 1988 that the franchise had won ten games in a season without making the playoffs. This was the sixth consecutive season the Giants finished with at least a .500 regular season record (2005–2010\\), the team's longest stretch since the NFL\\-AFL merger.",
"### 2011: Super Bowl champions again",
"As the Giants began 2011, many NFL analysts predicted that the Eagles were a favorite to win the NFC East title, while the Giants were not expected to make the playoffs. The Giants opened their regular season against the Redskins on September 11, 2011, and lost in Washington 28–14\\. The Giants then won three straight games, including breaking their six\\-game losing streak to the Eagles. By Week 9, the Giants were 6–2 after beating the Patriots in New England for their first encounter since [Super Bowl XLII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII \"Super Bowl XLII\"). At this point however, they entered a difficult stretch of games and lost four straight to a resurgent 49ers, followed by the Eagles, Saints, and Packers. By now, the Giants found their chances of beating the Cowboys to the division title fading and Tom Coughlin's coaching abilities were increasingly called into question despite reassurances from team president John Mara that there were no plans to fire him. However, the Giants kept their playoff hopes alive in Week 14 by beating the Cowboys in Dallas on a last\\-second scoring drive led by Eli Manning and extending their win streak in [Cowboys Stadium](/wiki/Cowboys_Stadium \"Cowboys Stadium\") to three straight games. Despite another loss to the Redskins afterwards, the Giants defeated the [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets \"New York Jets\") in Week 16 by a final score of 29–14, also eliminating the Eagles from playoff contention, to set up a rematch with the Cowboys in which the winner would win the NFC East and the loser would be eliminated from playoff contention. The game was later flexed into Sunday Night Football. The Giants beat the Cowboys 31–14 to win the NFC East with a record of 9–7\\. Throughout the regular season, Eli Manning (always viewed as a weak quarterback compared to his brother) put up some of the best stats of his career.",
"During the wild card round of the playoffs, the Giants hosted the Atlanta Falcons and won 24–2, with the Falcons' only score from a safety due to Eli Manning being flagged for grounding in the end zone. In the divisional round, the Giants were forced to play the defending champion Green Bay Packers at [Lambeau Field](/wiki/Lambeau_Field \"Lambeau Field\"). The Packers had finished the regular season with a league\\-best 15–1 record, including a 38–35 win against the Giants in Week 13\\. In addition, the Packers received a first\\-round bye, and thus this was their first playoff match. Despite these obstacles, the Giants handily defeated the Packers 37–20 to qualify for the NFC Championship Game against the San Francisco 49ers. With the score tied, 17–17, in regulation, the Giants moved into field goal range in overtime and [Lawrence Tynes](/wiki/Lawrence_Tynes \"Lawrence Tynes\"), the hero of the 2007 postseason, kicked a 20\\-yard field goal to send them to Super Bowl XLVI, a rematch against the New England Patriots.",
"#### Super Bowl XLVI",
"Once again facing the New England Patriots, the New York Giants headed to [Lucas Oil Stadium](/wiki/Lucas_Oil_Stadium \"Lucas Oil Stadium\"), home of Eli's brother [Peyton](/wiki/Peyton_Manning \"Peyton Manning\")'s team, the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts \"Indianapolis Colts\"). The Giants got off to an early lead by an intentional grounding call on [Tom Brady](/wiki/Tom_Brady \"Tom Brady\") in the end zone for a safety and retaining the ball for most of the 1st quarter. However, the Patriots came back and battled to a 10–9 lead. Nearing the end of the 4th quarter with the Giants behind 17–15, Patriots coach [Bill Belichick](/wiki/Bill_Belichick \"Bill Belichick\") allowed them to score a touchdown with the idea that they would have nearly a minute to drive downfield and score. However, the Giants defense held and broke up several Brady pass attempts. A last\\-second throw into the end zone by Brady was thwarted and the Giants won their fourth Super Bowl 21–17\\.",
"### 2012–2015: Struggles",
"Like 2011, the Giants began the 2012 season 6–2 and finished 9–7, matching their 2011 record. After splitting their first four games, they won four straight, including a 26–3 road win against the eventual NFC Champion San Francisco 49ers. However, a 3–5 stretch in the second half of the season, punctuated by a 17–16 loss to the Washington Redskins and a 33–14 loss to the eventual [Super Bowl XLVII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII \"Super Bowl XLVII\") champion Baltimore Ravens, was not enough for the Giants to overcome, causing them to miss the playoffs, thus failing to repeat as Super Bowl champions.[2012 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2012.htm), footballreference.com, July 29, 2019\\.",
"The Giants entered the 2013 season with hope they would play in [Super Bowl XLVIII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVIII \"Super Bowl XLVIII\") in their home stadium. However, the season began disastrously as the Giants lost their first six games of the season. Despite this, the Giants won their next four games, before losing to the Dallas Cowboys, 24–21\\. The Giants finished 7–9, their first losing season since 2004\\.[2013 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2013.htm), footballreference.com, July 29, 2019\\.",
"The Giants started the 2014 season losing their first two games before winning three straight. However, a seven\\-game losing streak sealed their fate, as they regressed to a 6–10 record. Despite the disappointing season, rookie wide receiver [Odell Beckham Jr.](/wiki/Odell_Beckham_Jr. \"Odell Beckham Jr.\") won the [NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award](/wiki/NFL_Offensive_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award \"NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award\").[2014 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2014.htm), footballreference.com, July 29, 2019\\.",
"The Giants began the 2015 season in similar fashion. Their first two losses made them the first team in NFL history to lose their first two games despite leading by at least ten points. Despite their defensive struggles, they remained in the playoff race due to a weak division. But a poor November and December (in which the defense blew several late leads) caused the Giants to finish at 6–10\\.[2015 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/2015.htm), footballreference.com, July 29, 2019\\.",
""
] |
### 2004–2006: Eli Manning era begins
{{Main\|2004 New York Giants season\|2005 New York Giants season\|2006 New York Giants season}}
After losing the 2004 season opener, the Giants, behind Warner, went on to win five of their next six games to stand at 5–2\.[2004 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=2004) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409054408/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\=NYG\&yr\=2004≶\=nfl \|date\=April 9, 2007}}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. The Giants then lost two close games, to the Bears and Cardinals, to drop to 5–4\. It was at this point that Coughlin announced that Eli Manning would become the starter for the rest of the season. Manning struggled in his first four starts, and the Giants did not score more than 14 points in any game. However, they played better in narrow losses to the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Cincinnati Bengals. The Giants won their final game of the year against rival Dallas, to finish the season 6–10\. Top performers on the season included Tiki Barber, who established a personal career high in rushing yardage with 1,518 yards, and also contributed 52 catches and 15 touchdowns. Following the season [Ron Dayne](/wiki/Ron_Dayne "Ron Dayne") was released. Dayne had experienced several mediocre seasons while [Shaun Alexander](/wiki/Shaun_Alexander "Shaun Alexander"), who the Giants bypassed to draft Dayne, had developed into a consistent Pro Bowler.
The Giants won their first two games of the 2005 season, 42–19, against the [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals "Arizona Cardinals") and 27–10, against the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints "New Orleans Saints").[2005 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=NFL&yr=2005) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209050624/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\=NYG≶\=NFL\&yr\=2005 \|date\=February 9, 2007 }}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 16, 2007\. The Giants lost to the Chargers the following week, 45–23, in a game which was marked by Chargers fans booing and jeering [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning "Eli Manning"). They rebounded the following week, beating the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams "St. Louis Rams") by a score of 44–24\.
[thumb\|200px\|[Wellington Mara](/wiki/Wellington_Mara "Wellington Mara")'s gravesite](/wiki/File:Grave_of_Wellington_Mara_in_Gate_of_Heaven_Cemetery.jpg "Grave of Wellington Mara in Gate of Heaven Cemetery.jpg")
On October 25, 2005, Giants patriarch [Wellington Mara](/wiki/Wellington_Mara "Wellington Mara") died at the age of 89\.Goldstein, Richard. [Wellington Mara, the Patriarch of the N.F.L., Dies at 89](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/26/sports/football/26mara.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5090&en=49d8f1309ac476c1&ex=1287982800), *The New York Times*, October 26, 2005, Retrieved April 17, 2007\. Mara had been involved with the Giants since he was 9 years old, when he was a [ball boy](/wiki/Ball_boy "Ball boy") for the Giants. The Giants dedicated their next game to Mara, and shut out the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins "Washington Redskins"), 36–0\. Just twenty days after Mara's death, on November 15, 2005, the other Giants executive officer and well\-known businessman [Preston Robert Tisch](/wiki/Preston_Robert_Tisch "Preston Robert Tisch") died at the age of 79\. The Giants then lost, 24–21, to the Seahawks when kicker [Josh Brown](/wiki/Josh_Brown_%28American_football%29 "Josh Brown (American football)") kicked a 36\-yard game\-winning field goal.Associated Press. [Three missed FGs doom Giants in OT loss to Seahawks](https://web.archive.org/web/20180511224138/http://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251127026), espn.com, November 27, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. They then defeated the Cowboys, 17–10\.Associated Press. [Giants alone atop NFC East after narrow win vs. 'Boys](https://web.archive.org/web/20180904153927/http://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251204019), December 4, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. The Giants defense made opposing quarterback [Drew Bledsoe](/wiki/Drew_Bledsoe "Drew Bledsoe") go 15 of 39 for 146 yards with only one touchdown pass and two interceptions. On December 17, 2005, in their 27–17 home victory against the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs"), Tiki Barber set the team's single game rushing yard record with 220 yards, breaking the previous record of 218 yards, which had been set by [Gene Roberts](/wiki/Gene_Roberts_%28American_football%29 "Gene Roberts (American football)") on November 12, 1950\.Associated Press. [Tiki torches Chiefs in Giants' win](https://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251217019), December 17, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\.
[thumb\|200px\|left\| Tiki Barber set Giants single season and single game rushing records in 2005\.](/wiki/File:TikiBarber.jpg "TikiBarber.jpg")
The Giants won the NFC East for the first time since 2000 with a 30–21 win against the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders "Oakland Raiders") in the final game of the season. The Giants lost 23–0 to the Carolina Panthers in the first round of the playoffs however. The 2005 Giants had five pro bowlers, including Barber (who set a team record in rushing yards during the season[New York Giants Rushing Single\-season Register](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/single-season-rushing.htm), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\.), Shockey, Strahan, Defensive End [Osi Umenyiora](/wiki/Osi_Umenyiora "Osi Umenyiora"), and Special teamer [David Tyree](/wiki/David_Tyree "David Tyree").[2005 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg2005.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217091729/http://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/teams/nyg2005\.htm \|date\=December 17, 2007 }}, pro\-football\-reference.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\.
In late September it was also announced that the New York Giants, New York Jets and the New Jersey Sports and Exhibition Authority had [reached an agreement where both teams will work together to build a new stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium%23New_stadium "Giants Stadium#New stadium") adjacent to the current Giants Stadium.Eichelberger, Curtis. [Jets and Giants Stadium announcement](https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aV_ncOQWlDk4&refer=us), scout.com, September 29, 2005, Retrieved October 27, 2010\.
The Giants regressed to an 8–8 season in 2006\. The season featured inconsistent play, criticism of the coaching by the media and players, and inconsistent play from Manning.Branch, John. [PRO FOOTBALL; After All That Turmoil, the Giants Now Seem Likely to Stay the Course](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01E2DF1030F937A25752C0A9619C8B63&n), *The New York Times*, January 14, 2007, Retrieved March 22, 2008\. The Giants won five consecutive games following a 1–2 start[2006 New York Giants Schedule](https://www.espn.com/nfl/team/schedule/_/name/nyg/new-york-giants), espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. to gain a two\-game advantage in the NFC East, but then key injuries to the offense and defense took their toll. Frustrations with the lack of production and with head coach [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin "Tom Coughlin") began to surface as the Giants lost six of eight in the second half the season. The most disappointing loss of the season was a 24–21 defeat to the Titans, in which the team surrendered a 21\-point fourth\-quarter advantage. Following a season\-ending win in Washington, the Giants claimed a wildcard berth in the NFC playoffs, but were defeated in the first round by the Eagles.
In his final season before retirement, Tiki Barber led the Giants with 1,662 yards and over 2,000 yards from scrimmage,[Tiki Barber](http://scores.espn.go.com/nfl/players/profile?statsId=3937){{dead link\|date\=July 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}, espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. Eli Manning threw for 3,244 yards and 24 touchdowns[2006 New York Giants player stats](https://www.espn.com/nfl/team/stats/_/name/nyg/new-york-giants), espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\. and Jeremy Shockey led the team in receptions. Defensively the team struggled all season long with pass defense (28th in the league) and with gaining a consistent pass rush.[2006 NFL Opposition and Defensive stats](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2006/opp.htm), footballreference.com, Retrieved October 27, 2010\.
|
[
"### 2004–2006: Eli Manning era begins",
"{{Main\\|2004 New York Giants season\\|2005 New York Giants season\\|2006 New York Giants season}}\nAfter losing the 2004 season opener, the Giants, behind Warner, went on to win five of their next six games to stand at 5–2\\.[2004 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=nfl&yr=2004) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409054408/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\\=NYG\\&yr\\=2004≶\\=nfl \\|date\\=April 9, 2007}}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. The Giants then lost two close games, to the Bears and Cardinals, to drop to 5–4\\. It was at this point that Coughlin announced that Eli Manning would become the starter for the rest of the season. Manning struggled in his first four starts, and the Giants did not score more than 14 points in any game. However, they played better in narrow losses to the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Cincinnati Bengals. The Giants won their final game of the year against rival Dallas, to finish the season 6–10\\. Top performers on the season included Tiki Barber, who established a personal career high in rushing yardage with 1,518 yards, and also contributed 52 catches and 15 touchdowns. Following the season [Ron Dayne](/wiki/Ron_Dayne \"Ron Dayne\") was released. Dayne had experienced several mediocre seasons while [Shaun Alexander](/wiki/Shaun_Alexander \"Shaun Alexander\"), who the Giants bypassed to draft Dayne, had developed into a consistent Pro Bowler.",
"The Giants won their first two games of the 2005 season, 42–19, against the [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals \"Arizona Cardinals\") and 27–10, against the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints \"New Orleans Saints\").[2005 New York Giants](http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=NYG&lg=NFL&yr=2005) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209050624/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm\\=NYG≶\\=NFL\\&yr\\=2005 \\|date\\=February 9, 2007 }}, databasefootball.com, Retrieved March 16, 2007\\. The Giants lost to the Chargers the following week, 45–23, in a game which was marked by Chargers fans booing and jeering [Eli Manning](/wiki/Eli_Manning \"Eli Manning\"). They rebounded the following week, beating the [St. Louis Rams](/wiki/St._Louis_Rams \"St. Louis Rams\") by a score of 44–24\\.",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|[Wellington Mara](/wiki/Wellington_Mara \"Wellington Mara\")'s gravesite](/wiki/File:Grave_of_Wellington_Mara_in_Gate_of_Heaven_Cemetery.jpg \"Grave of Wellington Mara in Gate of Heaven Cemetery.jpg\")",
"On October 25, 2005, Giants patriarch [Wellington Mara](/wiki/Wellington_Mara \"Wellington Mara\") died at the age of 89\\.Goldstein, Richard. [Wellington Mara, the Patriarch of the N.F.L., Dies at 89](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/26/sports/football/26mara.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5090&en=49d8f1309ac476c1&ex=1287982800), *The New York Times*, October 26, 2005, Retrieved April 17, 2007\\. Mara had been involved with the Giants since he was 9 years old, when he was a [ball boy](/wiki/Ball_boy \"Ball boy\") for the Giants. The Giants dedicated their next game to Mara, and shut out the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins \"Washington Redskins\"), 36–0\\. Just twenty days after Mara's death, on November 15, 2005, the other Giants executive officer and well\\-known businessman [Preston Robert Tisch](/wiki/Preston_Robert_Tisch \"Preston Robert Tisch\") died at the age of 79\\. The Giants then lost, 24–21, to the Seahawks when kicker [Josh Brown](/wiki/Josh_Brown_%28American_football%29 \"Josh Brown (American football)\") kicked a 36\\-yard game\\-winning field goal.Associated Press. [Three missed FGs doom Giants in OT loss to Seahawks](https://web.archive.org/web/20180511224138/http://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251127026), espn.com, November 27, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. They then defeated the Cowboys, 17–10\\.Associated Press. [Giants alone atop NFC East after narrow win vs. 'Boys](https://web.archive.org/web/20180904153927/http://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251204019), December 4, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. The Giants defense made opposing quarterback [Drew Bledsoe](/wiki/Drew_Bledsoe \"Drew Bledsoe\") go 15 of 39 for 146 yards with only one touchdown pass and two interceptions. On December 17, 2005, in their 27–17 home victory against the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\"), Tiki Barber set the team's single game rushing yard record with 220 yards, breaking the previous record of 218 yards, which had been set by [Gene Roberts](/wiki/Gene_Roberts_%28American_football%29 \"Gene Roberts (American football)\") on November 12, 1950\\.Associated Press. [Tiki torches Chiefs in Giants' win](https://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=251217019), December 17, 2005, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\.\n[thumb\\|200px\\|left\\| Tiki Barber set Giants single season and single game rushing records in 2005\\.](/wiki/File:TikiBarber.jpg \"TikiBarber.jpg\")",
"The Giants won the NFC East for the first time since 2000 with a 30–21 win against the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders \"Oakland Raiders\") in the final game of the season. The Giants lost 23–0 to the Carolina Panthers in the first round of the playoffs however. The 2005 Giants had five pro bowlers, including Barber (who set a team record in rushing yards during the season[New York Giants Rushing Single\\-season Register](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg/single-season-rushing.htm), footballreference.com, accessed October 5, 2010\\.), Shockey, Strahan, Defensive End [Osi Umenyiora](/wiki/Osi_Umenyiora \"Osi Umenyiora\"), and Special teamer [David Tyree](/wiki/David_Tyree \"David Tyree\").[2005 New York Giants](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyg2005.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217091729/http://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/teams/nyg2005\\.htm \\|date\\=December 17, 2007 }}, pro\\-football\\-reference.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\.",
"In late September it was also announced that the New York Giants, New York Jets and the New Jersey Sports and Exhibition Authority had [reached an agreement where both teams will work together to build a new stadium](/wiki/Giants_Stadium%23New_stadium \"Giants Stadium#New stadium\") adjacent to the current Giants Stadium.Eichelberger, Curtis. [Jets and Giants Stadium announcement](https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aV_ncOQWlDk4&refer=us), scout.com, September 29, 2005, Retrieved October 27, 2010\\.",
"The Giants regressed to an 8–8 season in 2006\\. The season featured inconsistent play, criticism of the coaching by the media and players, and inconsistent play from Manning.Branch, John. [PRO FOOTBALL; After All That Turmoil, the Giants Now Seem Likely to Stay the Course](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01E2DF1030F937A25752C0A9619C8B63&n), *The New York Times*, January 14, 2007, Retrieved March 22, 2008\\. The Giants won five consecutive games following a 1–2 start[2006 New York Giants Schedule](https://www.espn.com/nfl/team/schedule/_/name/nyg/new-york-giants), espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. to gain a two\\-game advantage in the NFC East, but then key injuries to the offense and defense took their toll. Frustrations with the lack of production and with head coach [Tom Coughlin](/wiki/Tom_Coughlin \"Tom Coughlin\") began to surface as the Giants lost six of eight in the second half the season. The most disappointing loss of the season was a 24–21 defeat to the Titans, in which the team surrendered a 21\\-point fourth\\-quarter advantage. Following a season\\-ending win in Washington, the Giants claimed a wildcard berth in the NFC playoffs, but were defeated in the first round by the Eagles.",
"In his final season before retirement, Tiki Barber led the Giants with 1,662 yards and over 2,000 yards from scrimmage,[Tiki Barber](http://scores.espn.go.com/nfl/players/profile?statsId=3937){{dead link\\|date\\=July 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}, espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. Eli Manning threw for 3,244 yards and 24 touchdowns[2006 New York Giants player stats](https://www.espn.com/nfl/team/stats/_/name/nyg/new-york-giants), espn.com, Retrieved March 21, 2007\\. and Jeremy Shockey led the team in receptions. Defensively the team struggled all season long with pass defense (28th in the league) and with gaining a consistent pass rush.[2006 NFL Opposition and Defensive stats](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2006/opp.htm), footballreference.com, Retrieved October 27, 2010\\.",
""
] |
Geography and climate
---------------------
### Geographic setting and description
{{See also\|List of countries by highest point\|List of Swiss cantons by elevation}}
{{Location map \| Europe
\| AlternativeMap \= Europe relief laea location map.jpg
\| caption \= Location in Europe
\| alt \= Monte Rosalocation in Europe
\| label \= Monte Rosa
\| position \= top
\| mark \= Red triangle with thick white border.svg
\| marksize \= 8
\| lat\_deg \= 45 \| lat\_min \= 56 \| lat\_sec \= 12\.6 \| lat\_dir \= N
\| lon\_deg \= 07 \| lon\_min \= 52 \| lon\_sec \= 01\.4 \| lon\_dir \= E
}}
[thumb\|The Monte Rosa with [Po Valley](/wiki/Po_Valley "Po Valley") behind it, under a layer of clouds](/wiki/File:2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg "2016 1129 KL1556 Monte Rosa Matterhorn.jpg")
Monte Rosa cover areas on both sides of the border between the Swiss [canton of Valais](/wiki/Canton_of_Valais "Canton of Valais") and the Italian regions of [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont "Piedmont") and [Aosta Valley](/wiki/Aosta_Valley "Aosta Valley"). The main summit of Monte Rosa is the [Dufourspitze](/wiki/Dufourspitze "Dufourspitze"). On the Swiss side the town centre of [Zermatt](/wiki/Zermatt "Zermatt") is about {{convert\|13\|km\|abbr\=on}} north\-west and {{convert\|3000\|m\|abbr\=on}} below it. On the Italian side of the massif are located {{convert\|9\|km\|abbr\=on}} north\-east [Macugnaga](/wiki/Macugnaga "Macugnaga") in the [Valle Anzasca](/wiki/Valle_Anzasca "Valle Anzasca"),{{convert\|11\|km\|abbr\=on}} south\-east\-south [Alagna Valsesia](/wiki/Alagna_Valsesia "Alagna Valsesia") in the [Valsesia](/wiki/Valsesia "Valsesia") and {{convert\|13\|km\|abbr\=on}} [Gressoney\-La\-Trinité](/wiki/Gressoney-La-Trinit%C3%A9 "Gressoney-La-Trinité") in the Val de Gressoney, respectively, away from the summit. The different sides of the mountain greatly differ from each other. The Swiss west side is almost completely covered by large glaciers, tributaries of the {{convert\|57\|km2\|abbr\=on}} large [Gorner Glacier](/wiki/Gorner_Glacier "Gorner Glacier"), descending progressively with gentle slopes and forming a large uninhabited glacial valley. The Italian east side consists of a {{convert\|2400\|m\|ft\|adj\=mid\|\-high}} wall overlooking Macugnaga, whose snows feed the [Belvedere Glacier](/wiki/Belvedere_Glacier "Belvedere Glacier") at its base. The southeast face, culminating at the [Signalkuppe](/wiki/Signalkuppe "Signalkuppe"), overlooks the piedmontese [Valsesia](/wiki/Valsesia "Valsesia") and the [Val de Gressoney](/wiki/Lys_%28Dora_Baltea%29 "Lys (Dora Baltea)") in the autonomous region of Aosta Valley.
The mountain is mainly covered by eternal snows and glaciers, except for its summit which is a rocky ridge orientated west–east, near to and perpendicular to the main watershed between Switzerland and Italy (the river basins of the [Rhône](/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne "Rhône") and the [Po](/wiki/Po_%28river%29 "Po (river)") on the Swiss and Italian side, respectively). The connecting point between them is the [Grenzgipfel](/wiki/Grenzgipfel "Grenzgipfel") ({{lang\-en\|Border Summit}}) right on the border, and therefore also the highest peak on the Italian side. Thus Monte Rosa is the highest mountain in the Alps whose summit is not on the [main alpine watershed](/wiki/Main_chain_of_the_Alps "Main chain of the Alps"), although it is off by only {{Convert\|150\|m}}. The Silbersattel ({{lang\-en\|Silver Saddle}}) and Grenzsattel ({{lang\-en\|Border Saddle}}) are the passes located north and south to the summit. The three main secondary summits of Monte Rosa are (from north to south): the [Nordend](/wiki/Nordend "Nordend") ({{Convert\|4609\|m\|abbr\=on\|disp\=comma}}; north of the Dufourspitze), the [Zumsteinspitze](/wiki/Zumsteinspitze "Zumsteinspitze") ({{Convert\|4563\|m\|abbr\=on\|disp\=comma}}; south of the Dufourspitze) and the [Signalkuppe](/wiki/Signalkuppe "Signalkuppe") ({{Convert\|4554\|m\|abbr\=on\|disp\=comma}}; {{lang\-it\|Punta Gnifetti}}), all of them being positioned right on the Swiss\-Italian border. Other secondary summits are the [Parrotspitze](/wiki/Parrotspitze "Parrotspitze") ({{Convert\|4432\|m\|abbr\=on\|disp\=comma}}), the [Ludwigshöhe](/wiki/Ludwigsh%C3%B6he_%28mountain%29 "Ludwigshöhe (mountain)") ({{Convert\|4431\|m\|abbr\=on\|disp\=comma}}) and the [Vincentpiramid](/wiki/Vincentpiramid "Vincentpiramid") ({{Convert\|4215\|m\|abbr\=on\|disp\=comma}}). All of them originally have German names, since even the Italian valleys used to be by German\-based [Walsers](/wiki/Walser "Walser") inhabited valleys.
Several perpendicular secondary ridges are connected to the central massif dividing the glaciers that descend towards the [Matter Valley](/wiki/Mattertal "Mattertal"). The ridge called Weissgrat connecting the Nordend with the [Schwarzberghorn](/wiki/Schwarzberghorn "Schwarzberghorn") ({{lang\-it\|Corno Nero}}) presents a wall of formidable precipices towards the east, but falls away in a gentle slope to the west. For a breadth of a few kilometres the upper snow\-fields of the Weissgrat lie almost unbroken upon this slope, but as they begin to descend towards the Matter Valley they are divided into two ice streams (the upper [Gorner Glacier](/wiki/Gorner_Glacier "Gorner Glacier") and the [Findel Glacier](/wiki/Findel_Glacier "Findel Glacier")) by a ridge which gradually emerges from the névé, and finally presents a rather bold front to the glaciers on either side. The highest points of this ridge, appearing insignificant by contrast with the grand objects around, is the [Stockhorn](/wiki/Stockhorn_%28Zermatt%29 "Stockhorn (Zermatt)") ({{Convert\|3532\|m\|abbr\=on\|disp\=comma}}) and the lower [Gornergrat](/wiki/Gornergrat "Gornergrat") at {{Convert\|3,090\|m\|4\=0\|abbr\=on}}. On their south sides is the lower Gorner Glacier, formed by the confluence of all the major (Gornergletscher and Grenzgletscher) and minor tributaries descending from the north, west and south sides of the central Monte Rosa massif, while on the north side the Findel Glacier descends near to the hamlet of [Findeln](/wiki/Findeln "Findeln").
Monte Rosa is one of the high mountains surrounding the {{convert\|40\|km\|mi\|adj\=mid\|\-long}} Matter Valley south of [Stalden](/wiki/Stalden "Stalden"). On the southwest to west are [Liskamm](/wiki/Liskamm "Liskamm"), [Zwillinge](/wiki/Castor_%28mountain%29 "Castor (mountain)") with Castor and Pollux, the [Breithorn](/wiki/Breithorn "Breithorn") and the [Matterhorn](/wiki/Matterhorn "Matterhorn"); on the north are the [Weisshorn](/wiki/Weisshorn "Weisshorn") and the [Dom](/wiki/Dom_%28Mischabel%29 "Dom (Mischabel)"). The [Gornergrat](/wiki/Gornergrat "Gornergrat") summit, lying {{convert\|8\|km\|abbr\=on}} on the north\-west at {{convert\|3100\|m}}, is a popular viewpoint of the massif, since it is accessible by train from Zermatt, using the highest open air railway line in Europe.
File:Monte Rosa, north side.jpg\|The east and north side with the {{convert\|600\|m\|ft\|adj\=mid\|\-high}} north face of the Nordend (as seen from the \[\[Strahlhorn]])
File:Dufourspitze from east.jpg\|Monte Rosa's {{convert\|2400\|m\|ft\|adj\=mid\|\-high}} east face, as seen from upper end of Valle Anzasca (Piedmont, Italy)
File:Hörnlihütte.jpg\|The west side as seen at a distance of {{convert\|15\|km\|abbr\=on}} from Hörnlihütte, at the foot of the Matterhorn, {{convert\|3260\|m\|abbr\=on}} (in the back from left to right): Rimpfischhorn, Strahlhorn, Findelgletscher, Stockhorn (and Gornergrat below it), upper (on the north side) and lower (on the west side) Gornergletscher – the central Monte Rosa massif – Grenzgletscher, Liskamm and several Breithorn peaks on the south side (2008\)
File:PanoramaMatter.jpg\|Monte Rosa viewed from the summit of the Matterhorn (centre), with the valleys of \[\[Mattertal]] (left) and \[\[Valtournenche]] (right) alongside it
File:Aerial Photo of Monte Rosa Massif \- Wallis \- Switzerland (cropped).jpg\|Aerial photo of Monte Rosa massif with Gornergletscher on the left and Grenzgletscher on the right. The green spot in the middle is the glacier lake Gornersee (2\.599 m)\<ref\>\[https://www.hikr.org/dir/Gornersee\_84643/ Gornersee], hikr.org, retrieved 27 June 2023\</ref\>
### Geography
The extended range of Monte Rosa, which appears to originate in the intersection of two axes of great elevation, throws out a number of ridges that radiate afar and gradually subside into the plain of northern Italy, covering a relatively large area. There is no convenient mode of subdividing the range. However, the natural limits of the district can be defined on the north side by the two branches of the Visp torrent. Following the west branch through the [Mattertal](/wiki/Mattertal "Mattertal"), crossing the [Theodul Pass](/wiki/Theodul_Pass "Theodul Pass"), descending by the [Valtournanche](/wiki/Valtournanche "Valtournanche") to [Châtillon](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tillon%2C_Aosta_Valley "Châtillon, Aosta Valley") and to [Ivrea](/wiki/Ivrea "Ivrea"), and passing around the base of the mountains by [Arona](/wiki/Arona_%28NO%29 "Arona (NO)"), along [Lake Maggiore](/wiki/Lake_Maggiore "Lake Maggiore"), and up the valley of the [Toce](/wiki/Toce "Toce"), to [Vogogna](/wiki/Vogogna "Vogogna"), then ascending by the Val Anzasca to the [Monte Moro](/wiki/Monte_Moro "Monte Moro") Pass, the circuit is completed by the descent through the [Saastal](/wiki/Saastal "Saastal") to [Stalden](/wiki/Stalden "Stalden"). Within the line so traced, exceeding {{Convert\|450\|km\|abbr\=on}} in length, all the ranges properly belonging to this group are included.
[thumb\|left\|View from the valley of [Gressoney](/wiki/Gressoney-Saint-Jean "Gressoney-Saint-Jean")](/wiki/File:Gressoney-Saint-Jean-IMG_1637.JPG "Gressoney-Saint-Jean-IMG 1637.JPG")
The direction of the ranges and the depressions offers a marked contrast to that prevailing throughout the adjoining regions of the Alps. Unless in a small part of the Italian valleys, the direction here is either parallel or perpendicular to the meridian. Monte Rosa itself lies near the intersection of a great north and south ridge, extending from the [Balfrin](/wiki/Balfrin "Balfrin") through the [Mischabelhörner](/wiki/Mischabelh%C3%B6rner "Mischabelhörner"), and the highest peaks of the mountain itself, to the Vincent Pyramide, and thence through the range that bounds the Valle di Gressoney, nearly to Ivrea, with the transverse range lying between the [Dent d'Herens](/wiki/Dent_d%27Herens "Dent d'Herens") and the Pizzo Bianco near [Macugnaga](/wiki/Macugnaga "Macugnaga"). The minor ridges on the north side of the border are parallel to this latter range, with their corresponding depressions occupied by the glaciers of [Gorner](/wiki/Gorner_Glacier "Gorner Glacier") and [Findelen](/wiki/Findel_Glacier "Findel Glacier").
On clear days the mountainous massif of Monte Rosa provides a striking view from the [Po plain](/wiki/Po_plain "Po plain"), particularly its upper reaches in western [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy") and eastern [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont "Piedmont"). It dominates the [horizon](/wiki/Horizon "Horizon"), towering between other lesser [Alpine](/wiki/Alps "Alps") peaks as a prominent, multi\-pointed, razor\-sharp bulge, its permanent glaciers shining under the sun.
"It is the opinion of many of the most competent judges, that for grandeur, beauty, and variety, the valleys descending from Monte Rosa are entitled to preeminence over every other portion of the Alps, and perhaps, if we regard the union of those three elements, over every other mountain region in the world." – [John Ball](/wiki/John_Ball_%28naturalist%29 "John Ball (naturalist)") (first president of the [Alpine Club](/wiki/Alpine_Club_%28UK%29 "Alpine Club (UK)"))
The massif is the border between Switzerland and Italy, though glacial melt has caused some alterations to the border. These changes were ratified by the two countries in 2009 and will continue to be subject to change as melting continues.
### Geology
The entire massif consists mainly of [granite](/wiki/Granite "Granite") and granite [gneiss](/wiki/Gneiss "Gneiss") (a [metamorphic rock](/wiki/Metamorphic_rock "Metamorphic rock") with foliations). The *Monte Rosa Nappe* lies below the [Zermatt\-Saas zone](/wiki/Zermatt-Saas_zone "Zermatt-Saas zone") and is part of the [Penninic nappes](/wiki/Penninic_nappes "Penninic nappes") in the [Briançonnais microcontinent](/wiki/Brian%C3%A7onnais_microcontinent "Briançonnais microcontinent") zone, although its paleographic origin is controversial and is sometimes assigned to the Sub\-Penninic nappes. Rocks in the paragneiss of the Monte Rosa Nappe record [eclogite](/wiki/Eclogite "Eclogite")\-facies metamorphism.Tom McCann, *The Geology of Central Europe: Mesozoic and Cenozoic*, p. 1152 The deformation of the Monte Rosa granites indicates a depth of [subduction](/wiki/Subduction "Subduction") of about {{Convert\|60\|km\|4\=\-1\|abbr\=on}}. They were brought to the surface by [tectonic uplift](/wiki/Tectonic_uplift "Tectonic uplift"), which still continues today.
The summit is a sharp, jagged edge of mica schist connected by an arête with the Nordend, but cut off from the Zumsteinspitze to the south by nearly vertical rocks about {{convert\|120\|m\|abbr\=on}} in height.
### Climate
Being the highest point in Switzerland, Monte Rosa is also one of the most extreme places. The average air pressure is about half of that of the sea level (56%) and the temperature can reach as low as {{convert\|\-40\|C\|F\|0}}.There is no weather station on the summit but there is one on the nearby [Signalkuppe](/wiki/Signalkuppe "Signalkuppe") (see [Capanna Margherita](http://www.meteogiornale.it/news/read.php?id=10705) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102113547/http://www.meteogiornale.it/news/read.php?id\=10705 \|date\=2013\-11\-02 }} meteogiornale.it) Owing to the frequent prevalence of a high wind from the east or north\-east, and the slow pace at which it is possible to move when near the top, precautions against cold are particularly necessary when climbing Monte Rosa.[John Ball](/wiki/John_Ball_%28naturalist%29 "John Ball (naturalist)"), *A guide to the western Alps*, p. 317 The [snow line](/wiki/Snow_line "Snow line") is located at about {{convert\|3,000 \|m\|abbr\=on}}.
|
[
"Geography and climate\n---------------------",
"### Geographic setting and description",
"{{See also\\|List of countries by highest point\\|List of Swiss cantons by elevation}}",
"{{Location map \\| Europe\n\\| AlternativeMap \\= Europe relief laea location map.jpg\n\\| caption \\= Location in Europe\n\\| alt \\= Monte Rosalocation in Europe\n\\| label \\= Monte Rosa\n\\| position \\= top\n\\| mark \\= Red triangle with thick white border.svg\n\\| marksize \\= 8\n\\| lat\\_deg \\= 45 \\| lat\\_min \\= 56 \\| lat\\_sec \\= 12\\.6 \\| lat\\_dir \\= N\n\\| lon\\_deg \\= 07 \\| lon\\_min \\= 52 \\| lon\\_sec \\= 01\\.4 \\| lon\\_dir \\= E\n}}\n[thumb\\|The Monte Rosa with [Po Valley](/wiki/Po_Valley \"Po Valley\") behind it, under a layer of clouds](/wiki/File:2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg \"2016 1129 KL1556 Monte Rosa Matterhorn.jpg\")\nMonte Rosa cover areas on both sides of the border between the Swiss [canton of Valais](/wiki/Canton_of_Valais \"Canton of Valais\") and the Italian regions of [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont \"Piedmont\") and [Aosta Valley](/wiki/Aosta_Valley \"Aosta Valley\"). The main summit of Monte Rosa is the [Dufourspitze](/wiki/Dufourspitze \"Dufourspitze\"). On the Swiss side the town centre of [Zermatt](/wiki/Zermatt \"Zermatt\") is about {{convert\\|13\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} north\\-west and {{convert\\|3000\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} below it. On the Italian side of the massif are located {{convert\\|9\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} north\\-east [Macugnaga](/wiki/Macugnaga \"Macugnaga\") in the [Valle Anzasca](/wiki/Valle_Anzasca \"Valle Anzasca\"),{{convert\\|11\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} south\\-east\\-south [Alagna Valsesia](/wiki/Alagna_Valsesia \"Alagna Valsesia\") in the [Valsesia](/wiki/Valsesia \"Valsesia\") and {{convert\\|13\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} [Gressoney\\-La\\-Trinité](/wiki/Gressoney-La-Trinit%C3%A9 \"Gressoney-La-Trinité\") in the Val de Gressoney, respectively, away from the summit. The different sides of the mountain greatly differ from each other. The Swiss west side is almost completely covered by large glaciers, tributaries of the {{convert\\|57\\|km2\\|abbr\\=on}} large [Gorner Glacier](/wiki/Gorner_Glacier \"Gorner Glacier\"), descending progressively with gentle slopes and forming a large uninhabited glacial valley. The Italian east side consists of a {{convert\\|2400\\|m\\|ft\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-high}} wall overlooking Macugnaga, whose snows feed the [Belvedere Glacier](/wiki/Belvedere_Glacier \"Belvedere Glacier\") at its base. The southeast face, culminating at the [Signalkuppe](/wiki/Signalkuppe \"Signalkuppe\"), overlooks the piedmontese [Valsesia](/wiki/Valsesia \"Valsesia\") and the [Val de Gressoney](/wiki/Lys_%28Dora_Baltea%29 \"Lys (Dora Baltea)\") in the autonomous region of Aosta Valley.",
"The mountain is mainly covered by eternal snows and glaciers, except for its summit which is a rocky ridge orientated west–east, near to and perpendicular to the main watershed between Switzerland and Italy (the river basins of the [Rhône](/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne \"Rhône\") and the [Po](/wiki/Po_%28river%29 \"Po (river)\") on the Swiss and Italian side, respectively). The connecting point between them is the [Grenzgipfel](/wiki/Grenzgipfel \"Grenzgipfel\") ({{lang\\-en\\|Border Summit}}) right on the border, and therefore also the highest peak on the Italian side. Thus Monte Rosa is the highest mountain in the Alps whose summit is not on the [main alpine watershed](/wiki/Main_chain_of_the_Alps \"Main chain of the Alps\"), although it is off by only {{Convert\\|150\\|m}}. The Silbersattel ({{lang\\-en\\|Silver Saddle}}) and Grenzsattel ({{lang\\-en\\|Border Saddle}}) are the passes located north and south to the summit. The three main secondary summits of Monte Rosa are (from north to south): the [Nordend](/wiki/Nordend \"Nordend\") ({{Convert\\|4609\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=comma}}; north of the Dufourspitze), the [Zumsteinspitze](/wiki/Zumsteinspitze \"Zumsteinspitze\") ({{Convert\\|4563\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=comma}}; south of the Dufourspitze) and the [Signalkuppe](/wiki/Signalkuppe \"Signalkuppe\") ({{Convert\\|4554\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=comma}}; {{lang\\-it\\|Punta Gnifetti}}), all of them being positioned right on the Swiss\\-Italian border. Other secondary summits are the [Parrotspitze](/wiki/Parrotspitze \"Parrotspitze\") ({{Convert\\|4432\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=comma}}), the [Ludwigshöhe](/wiki/Ludwigsh%C3%B6he_%28mountain%29 \"Ludwigshöhe (mountain)\") ({{Convert\\|4431\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=comma}}) and the [Vincentpiramid](/wiki/Vincentpiramid \"Vincentpiramid\") ({{Convert\\|4215\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=comma}}). All of them originally have German names, since even the Italian valleys used to be by German\\-based [Walsers](/wiki/Walser \"Walser\") inhabited valleys.",
"Several perpendicular secondary ridges are connected to the central massif dividing the glaciers that descend towards the [Matter Valley](/wiki/Mattertal \"Mattertal\"). The ridge called Weissgrat connecting the Nordend with the [Schwarzberghorn](/wiki/Schwarzberghorn \"Schwarzberghorn\") ({{lang\\-it\\|Corno Nero}}) presents a wall of formidable precipices towards the east, but falls away in a gentle slope to the west. For a breadth of a few kilometres the upper snow\\-fields of the Weissgrat lie almost unbroken upon this slope, but as they begin to descend towards the Matter Valley they are divided into two ice streams (the upper [Gorner Glacier](/wiki/Gorner_Glacier \"Gorner Glacier\") and the [Findel Glacier](/wiki/Findel_Glacier \"Findel Glacier\")) by a ridge which gradually emerges from the névé, and finally presents a rather bold front to the glaciers on either side. The highest points of this ridge, appearing insignificant by contrast with the grand objects around, is the [Stockhorn](/wiki/Stockhorn_%28Zermatt%29 \"Stockhorn (Zermatt)\") ({{Convert\\|3532\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=comma}}) and the lower [Gornergrat](/wiki/Gornergrat \"Gornergrat\") at {{Convert\\|3,090\\|m\\|4\\=0\\|abbr\\=on}}. On their south sides is the lower Gorner Glacier, formed by the confluence of all the major (Gornergletscher and Grenzgletscher) and minor tributaries descending from the north, west and south sides of the central Monte Rosa massif, while on the north side the Findel Glacier descends near to the hamlet of [Findeln](/wiki/Findeln \"Findeln\").",
"Monte Rosa is one of the high mountains surrounding the {{convert\\|40\\|km\\|mi\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-long}} Matter Valley south of [Stalden](/wiki/Stalden \"Stalden\"). On the southwest to west are [Liskamm](/wiki/Liskamm \"Liskamm\"), [Zwillinge](/wiki/Castor_%28mountain%29 \"Castor (mountain)\") with Castor and Pollux, the [Breithorn](/wiki/Breithorn \"Breithorn\") and the [Matterhorn](/wiki/Matterhorn \"Matterhorn\"); on the north are the [Weisshorn](/wiki/Weisshorn \"Weisshorn\") and the [Dom](/wiki/Dom_%28Mischabel%29 \"Dom (Mischabel)\"). The [Gornergrat](/wiki/Gornergrat \"Gornergrat\") summit, lying {{convert\\|8\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} on the north\\-west at {{convert\\|3100\\|m}}, is a popular viewpoint of the massif, since it is accessible by train from Zermatt, using the highest open air railway line in Europe.",
"",
"File:Monte Rosa, north side.jpg\\|The east and north side with the {{convert\\|600\\|m\\|ft\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-high}} north face of the Nordend (as seen from the \\[\\[Strahlhorn]])\nFile:Dufourspitze from east.jpg\\|Monte Rosa's {{convert\\|2400\\|m\\|ft\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-high}} east face, as seen from upper end of Valle Anzasca (Piedmont, Italy)\nFile:Hörnlihütte.jpg\\|The west side as seen at a distance of {{convert\\|15\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} from Hörnlihütte, at the foot of the Matterhorn, {{convert\\|3260\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} (in the back from left to right): Rimpfischhorn, Strahlhorn, Findelgletscher, Stockhorn (and Gornergrat below it), upper (on the north side) and lower (on the west side) Gornergletscher – the central Monte Rosa massif – Grenzgletscher, Liskamm and several Breithorn peaks on the south side (2008\\)\nFile:PanoramaMatter.jpg\\|Monte Rosa viewed from the summit of the Matterhorn (centre), with the valleys of \\[\\[Mattertal]] (left) and \\[\\[Valtournenche]] (right) alongside it\nFile:Aerial Photo of Monte Rosa Massif \\- Wallis \\- Switzerland (cropped).jpg\\|Aerial photo of Monte Rosa massif with Gornergletscher on the left and Grenzgletscher on the right. The green spot in the middle is the glacier lake Gornersee (2\\.599 m)\\<ref\\>\\[https://www.hikr.org/dir/Gornersee\\_84643/ Gornersee], hikr.org, retrieved 27 June 2023\\</ref\\>",
"",
"### Geography",
"The extended range of Monte Rosa, which appears to originate in the intersection of two axes of great elevation, throws out a number of ridges that radiate afar and gradually subside into the plain of northern Italy, covering a relatively large area. There is no convenient mode of subdividing the range. However, the natural limits of the district can be defined on the north side by the two branches of the Visp torrent. Following the west branch through the [Mattertal](/wiki/Mattertal \"Mattertal\"), crossing the [Theodul Pass](/wiki/Theodul_Pass \"Theodul Pass\"), descending by the [Valtournanche](/wiki/Valtournanche \"Valtournanche\") to [Châtillon](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tillon%2C_Aosta_Valley \"Châtillon, Aosta Valley\") and to [Ivrea](/wiki/Ivrea \"Ivrea\"), and passing around the base of the mountains by [Arona](/wiki/Arona_%28NO%29 \"Arona (NO)\"), along [Lake Maggiore](/wiki/Lake_Maggiore \"Lake Maggiore\"), and up the valley of the [Toce](/wiki/Toce \"Toce\"), to [Vogogna](/wiki/Vogogna \"Vogogna\"), then ascending by the Val Anzasca to the [Monte Moro](/wiki/Monte_Moro \"Monte Moro\") Pass, the circuit is completed by the descent through the [Saastal](/wiki/Saastal \"Saastal\") to [Stalden](/wiki/Stalden \"Stalden\"). Within the line so traced, exceeding {{Convert\\|450\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} in length, all the ranges properly belonging to this group are included.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|View from the valley of [Gressoney](/wiki/Gressoney-Saint-Jean \"Gressoney-Saint-Jean\")](/wiki/File:Gressoney-Saint-Jean-IMG_1637.JPG \"Gressoney-Saint-Jean-IMG 1637.JPG\")\nThe direction of the ranges and the depressions offers a marked contrast to that prevailing throughout the adjoining regions of the Alps. Unless in a small part of the Italian valleys, the direction here is either parallel or perpendicular to the meridian. Monte Rosa itself lies near the intersection of a great north and south ridge, extending from the [Balfrin](/wiki/Balfrin \"Balfrin\") through the [Mischabelhörner](/wiki/Mischabelh%C3%B6rner \"Mischabelhörner\"), and the highest peaks of the mountain itself, to the Vincent Pyramide, and thence through the range that bounds the Valle di Gressoney, nearly to Ivrea, with the transverse range lying between the [Dent d'Herens](/wiki/Dent_d%27Herens \"Dent d'Herens\") and the Pizzo Bianco near [Macugnaga](/wiki/Macugnaga \"Macugnaga\"). The minor ridges on the north side of the border are parallel to this latter range, with their corresponding depressions occupied by the glaciers of [Gorner](/wiki/Gorner_Glacier \"Gorner Glacier\") and [Findelen](/wiki/Findel_Glacier \"Findel Glacier\").",
"On clear days the mountainous massif of Monte Rosa provides a striking view from the [Po plain](/wiki/Po_plain \"Po plain\"), particularly its upper reaches in western [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy \"Lombardy\") and eastern [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont \"Piedmont\"). It dominates the [horizon](/wiki/Horizon \"Horizon\"), towering between other lesser [Alpine](/wiki/Alps \"Alps\") peaks as a prominent, multi\\-pointed, razor\\-sharp bulge, its permanent glaciers shining under the sun.",
"\"It is the opinion of many of the most competent judges, that for grandeur, beauty, and variety, the valleys descending from Monte Rosa are entitled to preeminence over every other portion of the Alps, and perhaps, if we regard the union of those three elements, over every other mountain region in the world.\" – [John Ball](/wiki/John_Ball_%28naturalist%29 \"John Ball (naturalist)\") (first president of the [Alpine Club](/wiki/Alpine_Club_%28UK%29 \"Alpine Club (UK)\"))\nThe massif is the border between Switzerland and Italy, though glacial melt has caused some alterations to the border. These changes were ratified by the two countries in 2009 and will continue to be subject to change as melting continues.",
"### Geology",
"The entire massif consists mainly of [granite](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\") and granite [gneiss](/wiki/Gneiss \"Gneiss\") (a [metamorphic rock](/wiki/Metamorphic_rock \"Metamorphic rock\") with foliations). The *Monte Rosa Nappe* lies below the [Zermatt\\-Saas zone](/wiki/Zermatt-Saas_zone \"Zermatt-Saas zone\") and is part of the [Penninic nappes](/wiki/Penninic_nappes \"Penninic nappes\") in the [Briançonnais microcontinent](/wiki/Brian%C3%A7onnais_microcontinent \"Briançonnais microcontinent\") zone, although its paleographic origin is controversial and is sometimes assigned to the Sub\\-Penninic nappes. Rocks in the paragneiss of the Monte Rosa Nappe record [eclogite](/wiki/Eclogite \"Eclogite\")\\-facies metamorphism.Tom McCann, *The Geology of Central Europe: Mesozoic and Cenozoic*, p. 1152 The deformation of the Monte Rosa granites indicates a depth of [subduction](/wiki/Subduction \"Subduction\") of about {{Convert\\|60\\|km\\|4\\=\\-1\\|abbr\\=on}}. They were brought to the surface by [tectonic uplift](/wiki/Tectonic_uplift \"Tectonic uplift\"), which still continues today.\nThe summit is a sharp, jagged edge of mica schist connected by an arête with the Nordend, but cut off from the Zumsteinspitze to the south by nearly vertical rocks about {{convert\\|120\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} in height.",
"### Climate",
"Being the highest point in Switzerland, Monte Rosa is also one of the most extreme places. The average air pressure is about half of that of the sea level (56%) and the temperature can reach as low as {{convert\\|\\-40\\|C\\|F\\|0}}.There is no weather station on the summit but there is one on the nearby [Signalkuppe](/wiki/Signalkuppe \"Signalkuppe\") (see [Capanna Margherita](http://www.meteogiornale.it/news/read.php?id=10705) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102113547/http://www.meteogiornale.it/news/read.php?id\\=10705 \\|date\\=2013\\-11\\-02 }} meteogiornale.it) Owing to the frequent prevalence of a high wind from the east or north\\-east, and the slow pace at which it is possible to move when near the top, precautions against cold are particularly necessary when climbing Monte Rosa.[John Ball](/wiki/John_Ball_%28naturalist%29 \"John Ball (naturalist)\"), *A guide to the western Alps*, p. 317 The [snow line](/wiki/Snow_line \"Snow line\") is located at about {{convert\\|3,000 \\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
""
] |
Structure and domains
---------------------
TERF2 has a similar structure to that of [TERF1](/wiki/TERF1 "TERF1"). Both proteins carry a [C\-terminus](/wiki/C-terminus "C-terminus") Myb [motif](/wiki/Sequence_motif "Sequence motif") and large TERF1\-related [dimerization](/wiki/Dimerization_%28chemistry%29 "Dimerization (chemistry)") domains near their [N\-terminus](/wiki/N-terminus "N-terminus"). However, both proteins exist exclusively as [homodimers](/wiki/Homodimers "Homodimers") and do not heterodimerize with each other, as proven by [co\-immunoprecipitation assay analysis](/wiki/Co-immunoprecipitation "Co-immunoprecipitation"). Also, TERF2 has a [basic](/wiki/Base_%28chemistry%29 "Base (chemistry)") N\-terminus, differing from TERF1’s [acidic](/wiki/Acid "Acid") N\-terminus, and was found to be much more [conserved](/wiki/Conserved_sequence "Conserved sequence"), suggesting that the two proteins have distinct functions.
There are 4 [domain](/wiki/Domain_%28protein%29 "Domain (protein)") categories on the TERF2 protein that allow it to bind to both other proteins in the [shelterin](/wiki/Shelterin "Shelterin") protein complex, and to specific types of DNA.
### TERF homology domain
The TERF Homology Domain (TRFH; {{InterPro\|IPR013867}}) is an area that helps to promote homodimerization of TERF2 with itself. This results in the formation of a [quaternary structure](/wiki/Protein_quaternary_structure "Protein quaternary structure") that is characteristic of this protein. This TRFH domain also allows TERF2 to bind to and act as a dock for many other types of proteins. The Apollo [nuclease](/wiki/Nuclease "Nuclease"), a shelterin accessory factor, uses the TRFH domain as a dock. The recruitment of Apollo by TERF2 allows for telomeric ends formed by [DNA synthesis](/wiki/DNA_synthesis "DNA synthesis") to be processed. By doing so, the telomere ends are able to avoid [ATM kinase activation](/wiki/ATM_kinase "ATM kinase") through the creation of a terminal structure.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Wu P, van Overbeek M, Rooney S, de Lange T \| title \= Apollo contributes to G overhang maintenance and protects leading\-end telomeres \| journal \= Molecular Cell \| volume \= 39 \| issue \= 4 \| pages \= 606–17 \| date \= August 2010 \| pmid \= 20619712 \| pmc \= 2929323 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.molcel.2010\.06\.031 }} [SLX4](/wiki/SLX4 "SLX4"), which is important in [DNA repair](/wiki/DNA_repair "DNA repair") by acting as a [scaffold](/wiki/Scaffold_protein "Scaffold protein") for structure\-specific DNA repair nucleases, also binds to the TRFH domain of TERF2\.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Wilson JS, Tejera AM, Castor D, Toth R, Blasco MA, Rouse J \| title \= Localization\-dependent and \-independent roles of SLX4 in regulating telomeres \| journal \= Cell Reports \| volume \= 4 \| issue \= 5 \| pages \= 853–60 \| date \= September 2013 \| pmid \= 23994477 \| pmc \= 3969258 \| doi \= 10\.1016/j.celrep.2013\.07\.033 }} The TRFH domain is responsible for other binding events, including RTEL1, and proteins that contain a TBD site.
### Myb domain
The [Myb domain](/wiki/MYB_%28gene%29 "MYB (gene)") ({{InterPro\|IPR017930}}) acts by binding to [double\-stranded](/wiki/Double-stranded "Double-stranded") telomeric DNA. This region gets its name from a [viral protein](/wiki/Viral_protein "Viral protein") called Myb derived from the [avian myeloblastosis virus](/wiki/Avian_myeloblastosis "Avian myeloblastosis"). Specifically, the sequence that this Myb domain targets on the DNA is (GGTTAG/CCAATC)n.
### Basic and hinge domains
Two other domains also work to bind and influence the activity of proteins associated with the TERF2 protein. Both are unique to TERF2\. The basic domain sits at the N\-terminal, and has two main functions: the prevention of t\-loop excision by [XRCC3](/wiki/XRCC3 "XRCC3"), and the inhibition of SLX4\. The final domain of TERF2 is called the hinge domain ({{InterPro\|IPR031902}}). This domain contains a motif for binding the shelterin protein [TIN2](/wiki/TINF2 "TINF2"), which acts as a stabilizing protein, connecting units that are attached to double stranded and single stranded DNA.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Palm W, de Lange T \| title \= How shelterin protects mammalian telomeres \| journal \= Annual Review of Genetics \| volume \= 42 \| issue \= 1 \| pages \= 301–34 \| date \= 2008\-11\-04 \| pmid \= 18680434 \| doi \= 10\.1146/annurev.genet.41\.110306\.130350 }} This domain also is responsible for binding to [RAP1](/wiki/Rap1 "Rap1"), and helps to inhibit RNF168 recruitment at telomeres.
|
[
"Structure and domains\n---------------------",
"TERF2 has a similar structure to that of [TERF1](/wiki/TERF1 \"TERF1\"). Both proteins carry a [C\\-terminus](/wiki/C-terminus \"C-terminus\") Myb [motif](/wiki/Sequence_motif \"Sequence motif\") and large TERF1\\-related [dimerization](/wiki/Dimerization_%28chemistry%29 \"Dimerization (chemistry)\") domains near their [N\\-terminus](/wiki/N-terminus \"N-terminus\"). However, both proteins exist exclusively as [homodimers](/wiki/Homodimers \"Homodimers\") and do not heterodimerize with each other, as proven by [co\\-immunoprecipitation assay analysis](/wiki/Co-immunoprecipitation \"Co-immunoprecipitation\"). Also, TERF2 has a [basic](/wiki/Base_%28chemistry%29 \"Base (chemistry)\") N\\-terminus, differing from TERF1’s [acidic](/wiki/Acid \"Acid\") N\\-terminus, and was found to be much more [conserved](/wiki/Conserved_sequence \"Conserved sequence\"), suggesting that the two proteins have distinct functions.",
"There are 4 [domain](/wiki/Domain_%28protein%29 \"Domain (protein)\") categories on the TERF2 protein that allow it to bind to both other proteins in the [shelterin](/wiki/Shelterin \"Shelterin\") protein complex, and to specific types of DNA.",
"### TERF homology domain",
"The TERF Homology Domain (TRFH; {{InterPro\\|IPR013867}}) is an area that helps to promote homodimerization of TERF2 with itself. This results in the formation of a [quaternary structure](/wiki/Protein_quaternary_structure \"Protein quaternary structure\") that is characteristic of this protein. This TRFH domain also allows TERF2 to bind to and act as a dock for many other types of proteins. The Apollo [nuclease](/wiki/Nuclease \"Nuclease\"), a shelterin accessory factor, uses the TRFH domain as a dock. The recruitment of Apollo by TERF2 allows for telomeric ends formed by [DNA synthesis](/wiki/DNA_synthesis \"DNA synthesis\") to be processed. By doing so, the telomere ends are able to avoid [ATM kinase activation](/wiki/ATM_kinase \"ATM kinase\") through the creation of a terminal structure.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Wu P, van Overbeek M, Rooney S, de Lange T \\| title \\= Apollo contributes to G overhang maintenance and protects leading\\-end telomeres \\| journal \\= Molecular Cell \\| volume \\= 39 \\| issue \\= 4 \\| pages \\= 606–17 \\| date \\= August 2010 \\| pmid \\= 20619712 \\| pmc \\= 2929323 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.molcel.2010\\.06\\.031 }} [SLX4](/wiki/SLX4 \"SLX4\"), which is important in [DNA repair](/wiki/DNA_repair \"DNA repair\") by acting as a [scaffold](/wiki/Scaffold_protein \"Scaffold protein\") for structure\\-specific DNA repair nucleases, also binds to the TRFH domain of TERF2\\.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Wilson JS, Tejera AM, Castor D, Toth R, Blasco MA, Rouse J \\| title \\= Localization\\-dependent and \\-independent roles of SLX4 in regulating telomeres \\| journal \\= Cell Reports \\| volume \\= 4 \\| issue \\= 5 \\| pages \\= 853–60 \\| date \\= September 2013 \\| pmid \\= 23994477 \\| pmc \\= 3969258 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1016/j.celrep.2013\\.07\\.033 }} The TRFH domain is responsible for other binding events, including RTEL1, and proteins that contain a TBD site.",
"### Myb domain",
"The [Myb domain](/wiki/MYB_%28gene%29 \"MYB (gene)\") ({{InterPro\\|IPR017930}}) acts by binding to [double\\-stranded](/wiki/Double-stranded \"Double-stranded\") telomeric DNA. This region gets its name from a [viral protein](/wiki/Viral_protein \"Viral protein\") called Myb derived from the [avian myeloblastosis virus](/wiki/Avian_myeloblastosis \"Avian myeloblastosis\"). Specifically, the sequence that this Myb domain targets on the DNA is (GGTTAG/CCAATC)n.",
"### Basic and hinge domains",
"Two other domains also work to bind and influence the activity of proteins associated with the TERF2 protein. Both are unique to TERF2\\. The basic domain sits at the N\\-terminal, and has two main functions: the prevention of t\\-loop excision by [XRCC3](/wiki/XRCC3 \"XRCC3\"), and the inhibition of SLX4\\. The final domain of TERF2 is called the hinge domain ({{InterPro\\|IPR031902}}). This domain contains a motif for binding the shelterin protein [TIN2](/wiki/TINF2 \"TINF2\"), which acts as a stabilizing protein, connecting units that are attached to double stranded and single stranded DNA.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Palm W, de Lange T \\| title \\= How shelterin protects mammalian telomeres \\| journal \\= Annual Review of Genetics \\| volume \\= 42 \\| issue \\= 1 \\| pages \\= 301–34 \\| date \\= 2008\\-11\\-04 \\| pmid \\= 18680434 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1146/annurev.genet.41\\.110306\\.130350 }} This domain also is responsible for binding to [RAP1](/wiki/Rap1 \"Rap1\"), and helps to inhibit RNF168 recruitment at telomeres.",
""
] |
Career
------
Commander Alexander Milner [commissioned](/wiki/Ship_commissioning "Ship commissioning") *Swallow* in March 1806\.{{sfnp\|Winfield\|2008\|pp\=291\-2}} On 30 October 1807 *Swallow* was in company with {{HMS\|Plover\|1796\|2}} some {{convert\|7\|league\|lk\=in\|spell\=in}} northeast of [Scilly](/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly "Isles of Scilly") when *Plover* captured the French [privateer](/wiki/Privateer "Privateer") [lugger](/wiki/Lugger "Lugger") *Bohemienne*. *Bohemienne* was armed with two guns and had a crew of 44, 16 of whom were away as [prize crews](/wiki/Prize_law "Prize law"). She had sailed from [Saint Malo](/wiki/Saint_Malo "Saint Malo") two weeks earlier and had captured four British merchant [sloops](/wiki/Sloop "Sloop"), *Hope*, *Favorite*, and two others.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16084\|page\=1471\|date\=7 November 1807}}
Then on 15 November *Swallow* captured another French two\-gun privateer, *Friedland*, {{convert\|7\|or\|8\|league\|spell\=in}} south of [The Lizard](/wiki/The_Lizard "The Lizard"). *Friedland* had a crew of 41 men and had thrown her guns overboard during the chase. She was only a day out of [Morlaix](/wiki/Morlaix "Morlaix") and had not captured anything.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16089\|page\=1554\|date\=21 November 1807}}
On 14 June 1808 *Swallow* captured *Diana*.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16628\|page\=1469\|date\=28 July 1812}} Some 18 months later, on 7 November 1809, *Swallow* sailed for the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean "Mediterranean").{{sfnp\|Winfield\|2008\|pp\=291\-2}}
*Swallow* was under the command of Commander John Bedford on 19 April 1810 when she captured the French privateer *Général Octavy*. *Général Octavy* was armed with 12 guns and had a crew of 50 men.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16392\|page\=1138\|date\=31 July 1810}}
On 14 June {{HMS\|Cerberus\|1794\|2}} was cruising in the Mediterranean in company with {{HMS\|Active\|1799\|2}} and *Swallow*. Together, the three British vessels captured three French gun\-boats: *Vincentina*, *Modanese* and *Elvetica* (or *Elvetria*).{{London Gazette\|page\=2304\|issue\=16668\|date\=14 November 1812}}
*Swallow*{{'}}s next capture occurred on 7 June 1811, at which time she was under the command of Commander Edward Reynolds Sibly.{{Cite RNB1823 \|wstitle\=Sibly, Edward Reynolds \|volume\=sup \|part\=3 \|pages\=237–241}}{{Cite RNB1823 \|wstitle\=Cook, Samuel Edward \|volume\=4 \|part\=2\|page\=134 }}{{efn\|At some point Bedford had lost a leg while captain of ''Swallow''.{{sfnp\|O'Byrne\|1849\|p\=65}}}} {{HMS\|Euryalus\|1803\|2}} and *Swallow* sent their boats in pursuit of a French privateer off [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica "Corsica"). After a long chase the boats captured *Intrepide*, which had a crew of 58 and was armed with two 8\-pounders.{{London Gazette\|pages\=1571–1572\|issue\=16512\|date\=10 August 1811}}{{efn\|A first\-class share of the prize money was worth \[\[£sd\|£]]11 15\[\[shilling\|s]] 6\[\[pence\|d]]; a sixth\-class share, that of an ordinary seaman, was worth 2s {{frac\|3\|3\|4}}d.{{London Gazette\|page\=1110\|issue\=17022\|date\=10 June 1815}}}}
A month and a half later, on 26 July, *Swallow* captured the privateer *Belle Genoise* off Sicily. *Belle Genoise* was armed with two guns and had a crew of 37 men.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16529\|page\=1969\|date\=8 October 1811}}
In 1812 *Swallow* was under E. R. Sibly's command{{London Gazette\|issue\=16843\|page\=123\|date\=11 January 1814}} when a British squadron consisting of the [74\-gun](/wiki/Seventy-four_%28ship%29 "Seventy-four (ship)") [third\-rate](/wiki/Third-rate "Third-rate") {{HMS\|America\|1810\|2}}, the frigate {{HMS\|Curacoa\|1809\|2}}, and *Swallow* intercepted a French convoy that had left Genoa on 11 June, heading for [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon"). The convoy consisted of 14 merchant vessels, several gunboats, and most importantly, the brig\-corvette {{ship\|French brig\|Renard\|1810\|2}}, of 16 guns, under the command of *Lieutenant de vaisseau* [Charles Baudin](/wiki/Charles_Baudin "Charles Baudin"), and the schooner *Goéland*, of 12 guns, under the command of *Enseigne de vaisseau* Belin. The British on 15 June drove the French to take shelter at the [Île Sainte\-Marguerite](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marguerite "Île Sainte-Marguerite"). The next day *Swallow* came close to reconnoitre, the other two British ships having to hold off because of shallow water. Although the French escorts came out when they saw *Swallow* becalmed, they then turned back when the winds picked up and took their convoy to [Fréjus](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus "Fréjus"). There the French escort vessels took on board some reinforcements and then turned to engage *Swallow*.
A sanguine but inconclusive action ensued. Eventually, *Swallow* hauled off to rejoin the two larger British ships, which were coming up, while *Renard* and *Goéland* rejoined their convoy, now in the Bay of [Grimaud](/wiki/Grimaud%2C_Var "Grimaud, Var"). The action cost *Swallow* six men killed and 17 wounded, out of 109 men on board. *Renard* had a crew of 94, which had been doubled by the troops taken on at Fréjus. In all she lost 14 men killed and 28 wounded, including her captain, Lieutenant Baudin. *Goéland* had a crew of 113 men but her casualties are not known. She did not engage deeply in the battle, though she did exchange some fire with *Swallow*.{{harvp\|James\|1837\|loc\=Vol. 6, pp. 101\-104}}.
Later the same month{{Cite RNB1823 \|wstitle\=Ussher,\_Thomas \|volume\=1 \|part\=1 \|page\=350}} *Swallow* came under the temporary command of Commander Benjamin Crispin and then under that of Lieutenant George Canning (acting), in June.{{sfnp\|Winfield\|2008\|pp\=291\-2}} E. R. Sibly had transferred to {{HMS\|Blossom\|1806\|2}}, but was superseded and returned to *Swallow*.*United Service Magazine* (1842\), p. 455\.
On 31 August 1813, {{HMS\|Imperieuse\|1804\|2}} and *Swallow* captured the French privateer *Audacieuse* off the [Strait of Bonifacio](/wiki/Strait_of_Bonifacio "Strait of Bonifacio"). *Audacieuse* was armed with three guns and carried a crew of 40 men. She was two days out of [Civitavecchia](/wiki/Civitavecchia "Civitavecchia").{{London Gazette\|issue\=16831\|page\=2677\|date\=25 December 1813}}
Sibly and *Swallow* were involved in another notable action on 16 September 1813\. *Swallow* observed a French brig and a [xebec](/wiki/Xebec "Xebec") close inshore between herself and the port of [D'Anzo](/wiki/Anzio "Anzio"). He sent in three boats which were able to bring out the brig *Guerriere*, of four guns. *Guerrier* was carrying 60 stands of small arms. The cutting out expedition cost *Swallow* two men killed and four wounded.
On 5 October *Swallow* joined a British squadron off D'Anzo. The squadron consisted of the 74\-gun {{HMS\|Edinburgh\|1811\|2}}, the two frigates *Imperieuse* and {{HMS\|Resistance\|1805\|2}}, and the sloops {{HMS\|Eclair\|1807\|2}}, {{HMS\|Pylades\|1794\|2}}, and *Swallow*. The ships deployed against the port's defenses, *Swallow* engaging a tower of one gun, while a cutting out party of seamen and marines went in and brought out 29 vessels. The British suffered no casualties in the attack.{{harvp\|James\|1837\|loc\=Vol. 6, pp. 261\-262}}.
Sibly received a promotion to [post captain](/wiki/Post_captain "Post captain") on 8 March 1814\. Commander Lord Algernon Percy replaced Sibly in command of *Swallow*. She was then part of the squadron that captured [Lerici](/wiki/Lerici "Lerici") and the fortress of Santa Maria at the end of March,{{London Gazette\|issue\=16897\|pages\=983–984\|date\=10 May 1814}} and Genoa on 19 April. Among the vessels captured at Genoa was the brig *Renard*, of fourteen 24\-pounder guns and two long 9\-pounder guns.{{London Gazette\|issue\=16896\|page\=980\|date\=9 May 1814}}{{efn\|A first\-class share of the prize money for Genoa was worth £538 5s {{frac\|2\|3\|4}}d; a sixth\-class share, that of an ordinary seaman, was worth £3 12s 4d.{{London Gazette\|issue\=17259\|page\=1344\|date\=14 June 1817}} In a later, second payment, a first\-class share was worth £169 2s 8d, while a sixth\-class share was worth £1 2s {{frac\|8\|1\|4}}d.{{London Gazette\|issue\=17361\|page\=912\|date\=19 May 1818}} In a third payment, a first\-class share of the prize money was worth £69 6\[\[shilling\|s]] 1\[\[pence\|d]]; a sixth\-class share, that of an ordinary seaman, was worth 9s 4d.{{London Gazette\|date\=18 November 1820\|issue\=17652\|page\=2153}}}} In May Captain Edwin James replaced Percy.{{sfnp\|Winfield\|2008\|pp\=291\-2}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Commander Alexander Milner [commissioned](/wiki/Ship_commissioning \"Ship commissioning\") *Swallow* in March 1806\\.{{sfnp\\|Winfield\\|2008\\|pp\\=291\\-2}} On 30 October 1807 *Swallow* was in company with {{HMS\\|Plover\\|1796\\|2}} some {{convert\\|7\\|league\\|lk\\=in\\|spell\\=in}} northeast of [Scilly](/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly \"Isles of Scilly\") when *Plover* captured the French [privateer](/wiki/Privateer \"Privateer\") [lugger](/wiki/Lugger \"Lugger\") *Bohemienne*. *Bohemienne* was armed with two guns and had a crew of 44, 16 of whom were away as [prize crews](/wiki/Prize_law \"Prize law\"). She had sailed from [Saint Malo](/wiki/Saint_Malo \"Saint Malo\") two weeks earlier and had captured four British merchant [sloops](/wiki/Sloop \"Sloop\"), *Hope*, *Favorite*, and two others.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16084\\|page\\=1471\\|date\\=7 November 1807}}",
"Then on 15 November *Swallow* captured another French two\\-gun privateer, *Friedland*, {{convert\\|7\\|or\\|8\\|league\\|spell\\=in}} south of [The Lizard](/wiki/The_Lizard \"The Lizard\"). *Friedland* had a crew of 41 men and had thrown her guns overboard during the chase. She was only a day out of [Morlaix](/wiki/Morlaix \"Morlaix\") and had not captured anything.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16089\\|page\\=1554\\|date\\=21 November 1807}}",
"On 14 June 1808 *Swallow* captured *Diana*.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16628\\|page\\=1469\\|date\\=28 July 1812}} Some 18 months later, on 7 November 1809, *Swallow* sailed for the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\").{{sfnp\\|Winfield\\|2008\\|pp\\=291\\-2}}",
"*Swallow* was under the command of Commander John Bedford on 19 April 1810 when she captured the French privateer *Général Octavy*. *Général Octavy* was armed with 12 guns and had a crew of 50 men.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16392\\|page\\=1138\\|date\\=31 July 1810}}",
"On 14 June {{HMS\\|Cerberus\\|1794\\|2}} was cruising in the Mediterranean in company with {{HMS\\|Active\\|1799\\|2}} and *Swallow*. Together, the three British vessels captured three French gun\\-boats: *Vincentina*, *Modanese* and *Elvetica* (or *Elvetria*).{{London Gazette\\|page\\=2304\\|issue\\=16668\\|date\\=14 November 1812}}",
"*Swallow*{{'}}s next capture occurred on 7 June 1811, at which time she was under the command of Commander Edward Reynolds Sibly.{{Cite RNB1823 \\|wstitle\\=Sibly, Edward Reynolds \\|volume\\=sup \\|part\\=3 \\|pages\\=237–241}}{{Cite RNB1823 \\|wstitle\\=Cook, Samuel Edward \\|volume\\=4 \\|part\\=2\\|page\\=134 }}{{efn\\|At some point Bedford had lost a leg while captain of ''Swallow''.{{sfnp\\|O'Byrne\\|1849\\|p\\=65}}}} {{HMS\\|Euryalus\\|1803\\|2}} and *Swallow* sent their boats in pursuit of a French privateer off [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica \"Corsica\"). After a long chase the boats captured *Intrepide*, which had a crew of 58 and was armed with two 8\\-pounders.{{London Gazette\\|pages\\=1571–1572\\|issue\\=16512\\|date\\=10 August 1811}}{{efn\\|A first\\-class share of the prize money was worth \\[\\[£sd\\|£]]11 15\\[\\[shilling\\|s]] 6\\[\\[pence\\|d]]; a sixth\\-class share, that of an ordinary seaman, was worth 2s {{frac\\|3\\|3\\|4}}d.{{London Gazette\\|page\\=1110\\|issue\\=17022\\|date\\=10 June 1815}}}}",
"A month and a half later, on 26 July, *Swallow* captured the privateer *Belle Genoise* off Sicily. *Belle Genoise* was armed with two guns and had a crew of 37 men.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16529\\|page\\=1969\\|date\\=8 October 1811}}",
"In 1812 *Swallow* was under E. R. Sibly's command{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16843\\|page\\=123\\|date\\=11 January 1814}} when a British squadron consisting of the [74\\-gun](/wiki/Seventy-four_%28ship%29 \"Seventy-four (ship)\") [third\\-rate](/wiki/Third-rate \"Third-rate\") {{HMS\\|America\\|1810\\|2}}, the frigate {{HMS\\|Curacoa\\|1809\\|2}}, and *Swallow* intercepted a French convoy that had left Genoa on 11 June, heading for [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\"). The convoy consisted of 14 merchant vessels, several gunboats, and most importantly, the brig\\-corvette {{ship\\|French brig\\|Renard\\|1810\\|2}}, of 16 guns, under the command of *Lieutenant de vaisseau* [Charles Baudin](/wiki/Charles_Baudin \"Charles Baudin\"), and the schooner *Goéland*, of 12 guns, under the command of *Enseigne de vaisseau* Belin. The British on 15 June drove the French to take shelter at the [Île Sainte\\-Marguerite](/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marguerite \"Île Sainte-Marguerite\"). The next day *Swallow* came close to reconnoitre, the other two British ships having to hold off because of shallow water. Although the French escorts came out when they saw *Swallow* becalmed, they then turned back when the winds picked up and took their convoy to [Fréjus](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus \"Fréjus\"). There the French escort vessels took on board some reinforcements and then turned to engage *Swallow*.",
"A sanguine but inconclusive action ensued. Eventually, *Swallow* hauled off to rejoin the two larger British ships, which were coming up, while *Renard* and *Goéland* rejoined their convoy, now in the Bay of [Grimaud](/wiki/Grimaud%2C_Var \"Grimaud, Var\"). The action cost *Swallow* six men killed and 17 wounded, out of 109 men on board. *Renard* had a crew of 94, which had been doubled by the troops taken on at Fréjus. In all she lost 14 men killed and 28 wounded, including her captain, Lieutenant Baudin. *Goéland* had a crew of 113 men but her casualties are not known. She did not engage deeply in the battle, though she did exchange some fire with *Swallow*.{{harvp\\|James\\|1837\\|loc\\=Vol. 6, pp. 101\\-104}}.",
"Later the same month{{Cite RNB1823 \\|wstitle\\=Ussher,\\_Thomas \\|volume\\=1 \\|part\\=1 \\|page\\=350}} *Swallow* came under the temporary command of Commander Benjamin Crispin and then under that of Lieutenant George Canning (acting), in June.{{sfnp\\|Winfield\\|2008\\|pp\\=291\\-2}} E. R. Sibly had transferred to {{HMS\\|Blossom\\|1806\\|2}}, but was superseded and returned to *Swallow*.*United Service Magazine* (1842\\), p. 455\\.",
"On 31 August 1813, {{HMS\\|Imperieuse\\|1804\\|2}} and *Swallow* captured the French privateer *Audacieuse* off the [Strait of Bonifacio](/wiki/Strait_of_Bonifacio \"Strait of Bonifacio\"). *Audacieuse* was armed with three guns and carried a crew of 40 men. She was two days out of [Civitavecchia](/wiki/Civitavecchia \"Civitavecchia\").{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16831\\|page\\=2677\\|date\\=25 December 1813}}",
"Sibly and *Swallow* were involved in another notable action on 16 September 1813\\. *Swallow* observed a French brig and a [xebec](/wiki/Xebec \"Xebec\") close inshore between herself and the port of [D'Anzo](/wiki/Anzio \"Anzio\"). He sent in three boats which were able to bring out the brig *Guerriere*, of four guns. *Guerrier* was carrying 60 stands of small arms. The cutting out expedition cost *Swallow* two men killed and four wounded.",
"On 5 October *Swallow* joined a British squadron off D'Anzo. The squadron consisted of the 74\\-gun {{HMS\\|Edinburgh\\|1811\\|2}}, the two frigates *Imperieuse* and {{HMS\\|Resistance\\|1805\\|2}}, and the sloops {{HMS\\|Eclair\\|1807\\|2}}, {{HMS\\|Pylades\\|1794\\|2}}, and *Swallow*. The ships deployed against the port's defenses, *Swallow* engaging a tower of one gun, while a cutting out party of seamen and marines went in and brought out 29 vessels. The British suffered no casualties in the attack.{{harvp\\|James\\|1837\\|loc\\=Vol. 6, pp. 261\\-262}}.",
"Sibly received a promotion to [post captain](/wiki/Post_captain \"Post captain\") on 8 March 1814\\. Commander Lord Algernon Percy replaced Sibly in command of *Swallow*. She was then part of the squadron that captured [Lerici](/wiki/Lerici \"Lerici\") and the fortress of Santa Maria at the end of March,{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16897\\|pages\\=983–984\\|date\\=10 May 1814}} and Genoa on 19 April. Among the vessels captured at Genoa was the brig *Renard*, of fourteen 24\\-pounder guns and two long 9\\-pounder guns.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=16896\\|page\\=980\\|date\\=9 May 1814}}{{efn\\|A first\\-class share of the prize money for Genoa was worth £538 5s {{frac\\|2\\|3\\|4}}d; a sixth\\-class share, that of an ordinary seaman, was worth £3 12s 4d.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=17259\\|page\\=1344\\|date\\=14 June 1817}} In a later, second payment, a first\\-class share was worth £169 2s 8d, while a sixth\\-class share was worth £1 2s {{frac\\|8\\|1\\|4}}d.{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=17361\\|page\\=912\\|date\\=19 May 1818}} In a third payment, a first\\-class share of the prize money was worth £69 6\\[\\[shilling\\|s]] 1\\[\\[pence\\|d]]; a sixth\\-class share, that of an ordinary seaman, was worth 9s 4d.{{London Gazette\\|date\\=18 November 1820\\|issue\\=17652\\|page\\=2153}}}} In May Captain Edwin James replaced Percy.{{sfnp\\|Winfield\\|2008\\|pp\\=291\\-2}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Construction
The Okehampton Railway, an independent company supported by the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway "London and South Western Railway"), was authorised on 17 July 1862 to build a line on the northern margins of [Dartmoor](/wiki/Dartmoor "Dartmoor") from [Coleford Junction](/wiki/Coleford_Junction "Coleford Junction") (north west of Crediton) to {{Stnlnk\|Okehampton}}. Before the line was built it had been leased to the LSWR and an extension authorised to [Lidford](/wiki/Lydford_railway_station "Lydford railway station"). In 1864 it was renamed as the Devon and Cornwall Railway (which was absorbed into the LSWR in 1872, before the new line opened{{sfn\|Thomas\|1981\|p\=102}}) and construction finally started. It opened slowly in sections: from Coleford Junction to {{Stnlnk\|North Tawton}} on 1 November 1865; from there to Okehampton Road (later renamed {{Stnlnk\|Sampford Courtenay}}) on 8 January 1867; to {{Stnlnk\|Okehampton}} itself on 3 October 1871; and finally to Lydford on 12 October 1874\.{{sfn\|Nicholas\|1992}} This allowed trains to run a [through service](/wiki/Through_service "Through service") to {{rws\|Plymouth}}.{{sfn\|Cheeseman\|1967}}
The constructors of the line adopted a policy of navigating around natural obstacles, rather than going over or through them as earlier builders had done. The section from Coleford Junction through {{rws\|Bow\|Devon}} to North Tawton is simple and contains a {{convert\|4\|mi\|adj\=on}} straight section, but the line soon begins to curve as it climbs the edge at Dartmoor, at a 1 in 77 gradient. Okehampton station is located on the edge of the moor, {{convert\|200\|ft}} above the town. The high point of the line is about two miles further, reaching {{convert\|950\|ft}} near Meldon Viaduct.{{sfn\|Thomas\|1981\|p\=102}}
The LSWR became a part of the new, larger [Southern Railway](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28UK%29 "Southern Railway (UK)") at the [Grouping](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 "Railways Act 1921") in 1923\. This in turn became the [Southern Region of British Railways](/wiki/Southern_Region_of_British_Railways "Southern Region of British Railways") on nationalisation in 1948\.{{sfn\|Wolmar\|2008\|p\=228}}
### British Rail
[thumb\|250px\|{{stn\|Okehampton}} in 1995, two years before its restoration](/wiki/File:Okehampton_station_1995_%28geograph_3851999%29.jpg "Okehampton station 1995 (geograph 3851999).jpg")
At the peak of services through Okehampton in the 1950s, there were twelve or more daily trains in each direction; on summer Saturdays, this could increase with duplicate [Atlantic Coast Express](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Express "Atlantic Coast Express") services. In the early 1960s, a car transporter train ran between Surbiton and Okehampton on summer Saturdays, bringing holidaymakers and their cars from the London area.{{cite web \|title\=History \|url\=https://dartmoorline.com/history/ \|website\=The Dartmoor Line \|access\-date\=24 October 2021}}
Trains between Exeter and Plymouth via Okehampton were withdrawn from 6 May 1968, leaving a shuttle service to run between Exeter and Okehampton. The {{Convert\|20\|mi\|km\|0\|adj\=on}} section between [Meldon Quarry](/wiki/Meldon_Quarry "Meldon Quarry") and {{Stnlnk\|Bere Alston}} was lifted, and between Meldon and Okehampton the line was only retained for freight trains. Okehampton to Exeter passenger services were withdrawn on 5 June 1972\.{{sfn\|Thomas\|1981\|p\=103}}
Between 1972 and 1997, the line was used for railway ballast traffic from Meldon Quarry and occasional freight traffic to the remaining goods yard at Okehampton before its closure. Though the closure of the route was in part to save on the maintenance expenditure of Meldon Viaduct, the structure remained in use as a [headshunt](/wiki/Headshunt "Headshunt") for the quarry, given a new layout in 1979 for increased traffic.{{sfn\|Thomas\|1981\|p\=103}} Occasional charter and special trains were operated to Okehampton and Meldon Quarry during the passenger closure period. The railway reopened to regular passenger services in 1997 with the formation of Dartmoor Railway.
### Heritage operation
The Dartmoor line from Coleford Junction to Okehampton was in [heritage operation](/wiki/Heritage_railway "Heritage railway") from 1997 to 2019\. The origins of the restored Dartmoor Railway lie in British Rail's 1994 sale of Meldon Quarry to Camas Aggregates, a multinational quarrying company, along with the railway line up to its junction with Network Rail at Coleford. A collaboration between [Devon County Council](/wiki/Devon_County_Council "Devon County Council"), [West Devon Borough Council](/wiki/West_Devon "West Devon") and the [Dartmoor National Park Authority](/wiki/Dartmoor_National_Park_Authority "Dartmoor National Park Authority") led to the creation of a plan to restore and regenerate the line and Okehampton station for tourism purposes, with the county council purchasing the station in 1996 for a nominal price from Camas.{{cite web \|title\=History of the line \|url\=https://www.dartmoor\-railway\-association.org/history \|website\=Dartmoor Railway Association \|access\-date\=24 October 2021}}
Works to refurbish Okehampton station included renovating the [station building](/wiki/Station_building "Station building"), raising the platform, restoring the awning, and converting the [goods shed](/wiki/Goods_shed "Goods shed") into a youth [hostel](/wiki/Hostel "Hostel"). Part of the building, which saw a grand reopening on 24 May 1997, was leased to a model shop and buffet, and the Dartmoor Railway began operation in 1997 with a fleet of historic locomotives, coaches, and [diesel](/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit "Diesel multiple unit") and [electric multiple units](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit "Electric multiple unit"), including classes [08](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_08 "British Rail Class 08"), [47](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_47 "British Rail Class 47"), [117](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_117 "British Rail Class 117"), [205](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_205 "British Rail Class 205"), [411](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_411 "British Rail Class 411"), [421](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_421 "British Rail Class 421") and [438](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_438 "British Rail Class 438"). Steam\-hauled charter services also visited occasionally. [RMS Locotec](/wiki/RMS_Locotec "RMS Locotec") was contracted to maintain the line and rolling stock.
[thumb\|250px\|A heritage {{brc\|205}} train at Meldon Viaduct station in 2013](/wiki/File:Meldon_Viaduct_Station_and_train%2C_Dartmoor_Railway%2C_Okehampton%2C_Devon.jpg "Meldon Viaduct Station and train, Dartmoor Railway, Okehampton, Devon.jpg")
[Meldon Viaduct](/wiki/Meldon_Viaduct "Meldon Viaduct"), an iron [truss bridge](/wiki/Truss_bridge "Truss bridge") about {{convert\|2\.2\|miles}} further up the line from Okehampton, was designated as a [scheduled monument](/wiki/Scheduled_monument "Scheduled monument") and refurbished shortly after the opening of the heritage railway; a new [station of the same name](/wiki/Meldon_Quarry_railway_station "Meldon Quarry railway station"), unrelated to any historic station, was built at its eastern end in 2000 for the heritage railway. The track across the viaduct was lifted in 1990 as the structure was assessed to be too weak to take the weight of a train.
In September 2008, [British American Railway Services](/wiki/British_American_Railway_Services "British American Railway Services") Ltd, a company created by [Iowa Pacific Holdings](/wiki/Iowa_Pacific_Holdings "Iowa Pacific Holdings") of Chicago, became the new owner of the Dartmoor Railway [community interest company](/wiki/Community_interest_company "Community interest company"). The company announced its intention to develop freight, passenger and tourist services on the railway."Heritage Railway", *Heritage Railway Magazine*. Issue 116, 2 October 2008 – 29 October 2008\. P. 18\. Heritage services ran between Okehampton and Meldon Viaduct, extended to Sampford Courtenay, Bow or the Dartmoor Railway–Network Rail boundary on special event days. The former stations at [North Tawton](/wiki/North_Tawton_railway_station "North Tawton railway station") and [Bow](/wiki/Bow_%28Devon%29_railway_station "Bow (Devon) railway station") remain closed to passengers: both are privately\-owned and have no public access. Themed trains were introduced for special occasions such as Christmas, with names like The Polar Express and The Train to Christmas Town.
The quarry at Meldon was mothballed in 2011, bringing an end to stone freight trains using the line. Heritage train services ceased in December 2019 and, in February 2020, the railway entered [administration](/wiki/Administration_in_United_Kingdom_law "Administration in United Kingdom law").{{cite news \|last1\=Holden \|first1\=Michael \|title\=Dartmoor Railway goes into Administration \|url\=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2020/02/dartmoor\-railway\-goes\-into\-administration.html \|access\-date\=8 February 2020 \|work\=RailAdvent \|date\=8 February 2020}} Rolling stock based at Okehampton station was moved to Meldon Quarry, with most offered for resale.{{cite magazine \|first\=Richard \|last\=Clinnick \|date\=19 May 2021 \|title\=Okehampton on track for passengers to return in December \|magazine\=\[\[Rail (magazine)\|RAIL]] \|issue\=931 \|publisher\=\[\[Bauer Media Group]] \|pages\=16–17 }}
#### Public train services
After the heritage Dartmoor Railway opened in 1997, [First Great Western](/wiki/First_Great_Western "First Great Western") operated a summer Sunday service of four return trips direct from Exeter between May and September, sponsored by Devon County Council. These trains connected with bus services and heritage railway services at Okehampton, [Tarka Line](/wiki/Tarka_Line "Tarka Line") rail services at {{stnlnk\|Crediton}} and other national rail services at Exeter.
[Devon and Cornwall Railways](/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Railways "Devon and Cornwall Railways") (a subsidiary of [British American Railway Services](/wiki/British_American_Railway_Services "British American Railway Services")) announced its intention to operate through services from Okehampton to Exeter in 2010, having made a track access application to Network Rail on 18 March 2010 to operate four return services each weekday between Okehampton and {{stnlnk\|St James Park}} and a further two (plus one on Sundays) as far as {{stnlnk\|Exeter St Davids}}. The service would have run under an [open access](/wiki/Open-access_operator "Open-access operator") licence.{{cite magazine \|first\=S \|last\=Broadbent \|date\=7 April 2010 \|title\=Dartmoor Railway Applies to Run to Exeter \|magazine\=\[\[Rail (magazine)\|RAIL]] \|issue\=641 \|publisher\=\[\[Bauer Media Group]] \|page\=18 }}
### Network Rail
[thumb\|The first train from Okehampton arrives at Exeter St Davids on reopening day, 20 November 2021](/wiki/File:Exeter_St_Davids_-_GWR_150221_first_arrival_from_Okehampton.JPG "Exeter St Davids - GWR 150221 first arrival from Okehampton.JPG")
On 19 March 2021, it was announced that the Dartmoor Line would reopen to regular, year\-round services by the end of the year as the first project delivered as part of the government's "[Restoring Your Railway](/wiki/Restoring_Your_Railway "Restoring Your Railway")" programme.
Preparatory work began on reopening the railway between Okehampton and Coleford Junction as soon as Government funding was confirmed in March. By May 2021, [Network Rail](/wiki/Network_Rail "Network Rail") had laid more than {{convert\|11\|miles}} of new track, 24,000 concrete sleepers and {{convert\|29000\|tonnes\|lb}} of ballast, and installed drainage and new fencing.{{cite news \|title\=Tickets available for Dartmoor Line services ahead of launch next month \|url\=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2021/10/tickets\-available\-for\-dartmoor\-line\-services\-ahead\-of\-launch\-next\-month.html \|work\=RailAdvent \|date\=13 October 2021}} The total cost to reinstate the line was £40\.5 million.{{cite news \|last1\=Moss \|first1\=Chris \|title\=Dartmoor train line is back after 50 years – here's what to do and see along the route \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2021/nov/08/dartmoor\-train\-line\-reopen\-50\-years\-after\-axed\-walkers\-cyclists\-wild\-campers \|access\-date\=18 March 2024 \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=8 November 2021}}
In July 2021, Network Rail took over formal ownership of the line from Aggregate Industries, a successor company to Camas, which had been leasing it to the Dartmoor Railway since 1994\. It also acquired the northern part of Okehampton station from Devon County Council for £1, leaving the southern side with the council.
The new service started on 20 November 2021,{{Cite news\|date\=2021\-11\-20\|title\=Trains restart on Dartmoor rail line after 49 years\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=BBC News\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-england\-devon\-59358794\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-20}} with [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_%28train_operating_company%29 "Great Western Railway (train operating company)") running eight trains a day (one every two hours) to {{rws\|Exeter St Davids}}, with a journey time of around 40 minutes. On weekdays, five trains, including peak\-time commuter services, continue to {{rws\|Exeter Central}}. The frequency has increased to hourly from May 2022, with more trains serving Exeter Central.
Services are run using {{brc\|150}}s although {{brc\|158}}s and {{brc\|165}}/{{Brc\|166\|n}} 'Turbos' are also cleared to run on the route.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Construction",
"The Okehampton Railway, an independent company supported by the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway \"London and South Western Railway\"), was authorised on 17 July 1862 to build a line on the northern margins of [Dartmoor](/wiki/Dartmoor \"Dartmoor\") from [Coleford Junction](/wiki/Coleford_Junction \"Coleford Junction\") (north west of Crediton) to {{Stnlnk\\|Okehampton}}. Before the line was built it had been leased to the LSWR and an extension authorised to [Lidford](/wiki/Lydford_railway_station \"Lydford railway station\"). In 1864 it was renamed as the Devon and Cornwall Railway (which was absorbed into the LSWR in 1872, before the new line opened{{sfn\\|Thomas\\|1981\\|p\\=102}}) and construction finally started. It opened slowly in sections: from Coleford Junction to {{Stnlnk\\|North Tawton}} on 1 November 1865; from there to Okehampton Road (later renamed {{Stnlnk\\|Sampford Courtenay}}) on 8 January 1867; to {{Stnlnk\\|Okehampton}} itself on 3 October 1871; and finally to Lydford on 12 October 1874\\.{{sfn\\|Nicholas\\|1992}} This allowed trains to run a [through service](/wiki/Through_service \"Through service\") to {{rws\\|Plymouth}}.{{sfn\\|Cheeseman\\|1967}}",
"The constructors of the line adopted a policy of navigating around natural obstacles, rather than going over or through them as earlier builders had done. The section from Coleford Junction through {{rws\\|Bow\\|Devon}} to North Tawton is simple and contains a {{convert\\|4\\|mi\\|adj\\=on}} straight section, but the line soon begins to curve as it climbs the edge at Dartmoor, at a 1 in 77 gradient. Okehampton station is located on the edge of the moor, {{convert\\|200\\|ft}} above the town. The high point of the line is about two miles further, reaching {{convert\\|950\\|ft}} near Meldon Viaduct.{{sfn\\|Thomas\\|1981\\|p\\=102}}",
"The LSWR became a part of the new, larger [Southern Railway](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28UK%29 \"Southern Railway (UK)\") at the [Grouping](/wiki/Railways_Act_1921 \"Railways Act 1921\") in 1923\\. This in turn became the [Southern Region of British Railways](/wiki/Southern_Region_of_British_Railways \"Southern Region of British Railways\") on nationalisation in 1948\\.{{sfn\\|Wolmar\\|2008\\|p\\=228}}",
"### British Rail",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|{{stn\\|Okehampton}} in 1995, two years before its restoration](/wiki/File:Okehampton_station_1995_%28geograph_3851999%29.jpg \"Okehampton station 1995 (geograph 3851999).jpg\")\nAt the peak of services through Okehampton in the 1950s, there were twelve or more daily trains in each direction; on summer Saturdays, this could increase with duplicate [Atlantic Coast Express](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Express \"Atlantic Coast Express\") services. In the early 1960s, a car transporter train ran between Surbiton and Okehampton on summer Saturdays, bringing holidaymakers and their cars from the London area.{{cite web \\|title\\=History \\|url\\=https://dartmoorline.com/history/ \\|website\\=The Dartmoor Line \\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2021}}",
"Trains between Exeter and Plymouth via Okehampton were withdrawn from 6 May 1968, leaving a shuttle service to run between Exeter and Okehampton. The {{Convert\\|20\\|mi\\|km\\|0\\|adj\\=on}} section between [Meldon Quarry](/wiki/Meldon_Quarry \"Meldon Quarry\") and {{Stnlnk\\|Bere Alston}} was lifted, and between Meldon and Okehampton the line was only retained for freight trains. Okehampton to Exeter passenger services were withdrawn on 5 June 1972\\.{{sfn\\|Thomas\\|1981\\|p\\=103}}",
"Between 1972 and 1997, the line was used for railway ballast traffic from Meldon Quarry and occasional freight traffic to the remaining goods yard at Okehampton before its closure. Though the closure of the route was in part to save on the maintenance expenditure of Meldon Viaduct, the structure remained in use as a [headshunt](/wiki/Headshunt \"Headshunt\") for the quarry, given a new layout in 1979 for increased traffic.{{sfn\\|Thomas\\|1981\\|p\\=103}} Occasional charter and special trains were operated to Okehampton and Meldon Quarry during the passenger closure period. The railway reopened to regular passenger services in 1997 with the formation of Dartmoor Railway.",
"### Heritage operation",
"The Dartmoor line from Coleford Junction to Okehampton was in [heritage operation](/wiki/Heritage_railway \"Heritage railway\") from 1997 to 2019\\. The origins of the restored Dartmoor Railway lie in British Rail's 1994 sale of Meldon Quarry to Camas Aggregates, a multinational quarrying company, along with the railway line up to its junction with Network Rail at Coleford. A collaboration between [Devon County Council](/wiki/Devon_County_Council \"Devon County Council\"), [West Devon Borough Council](/wiki/West_Devon \"West Devon\") and the [Dartmoor National Park Authority](/wiki/Dartmoor_National_Park_Authority \"Dartmoor National Park Authority\") led to the creation of a plan to restore and regenerate the line and Okehampton station for tourism purposes, with the county council purchasing the station in 1996 for a nominal price from Camas.{{cite web \\|title\\=History of the line \\|url\\=https://www.dartmoor\\-railway\\-association.org/history \\|website\\=Dartmoor Railway Association \\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2021}}",
"Works to refurbish Okehampton station included renovating the [station building](/wiki/Station_building \"Station building\"), raising the platform, restoring the awning, and converting the [goods shed](/wiki/Goods_shed \"Goods shed\") into a youth [hostel](/wiki/Hostel \"Hostel\"). Part of the building, which saw a grand reopening on 24 May 1997, was leased to a model shop and buffet, and the Dartmoor Railway began operation in 1997 with a fleet of historic locomotives, coaches, and [diesel](/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit \"Diesel multiple unit\") and [electric multiple units](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit \"Electric multiple unit\"), including classes [08](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_08 \"British Rail Class 08\"), [47](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_47 \"British Rail Class 47\"), [117](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_117 \"British Rail Class 117\"), [205](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_205 \"British Rail Class 205\"), [411](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_411 \"British Rail Class 411\"), [421](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_421 \"British Rail Class 421\") and [438](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_438 \"British Rail Class 438\"). Steam\\-hauled charter services also visited occasionally. [RMS Locotec](/wiki/RMS_Locotec \"RMS Locotec\") was contracted to maintain the line and rolling stock.",
"[thumb\\|250px\\|A heritage {{brc\\|205}} train at Meldon Viaduct station in 2013](/wiki/File:Meldon_Viaduct_Station_and_train%2C_Dartmoor_Railway%2C_Okehampton%2C_Devon.jpg \"Meldon Viaduct Station and train, Dartmoor Railway, Okehampton, Devon.jpg\")\n[Meldon Viaduct](/wiki/Meldon_Viaduct \"Meldon Viaduct\"), an iron [truss bridge](/wiki/Truss_bridge \"Truss bridge\") about {{convert\\|2\\.2\\|miles}} further up the line from Okehampton, was designated as a [scheduled monument](/wiki/Scheduled_monument \"Scheduled monument\") and refurbished shortly after the opening of the heritage railway; a new [station of the same name](/wiki/Meldon_Quarry_railway_station \"Meldon Quarry railway station\"), unrelated to any historic station, was built at its eastern end in 2000 for the heritage railway. The track across the viaduct was lifted in 1990 as the structure was assessed to be too weak to take the weight of a train.",
"In September 2008, [British American Railway Services](/wiki/British_American_Railway_Services \"British American Railway Services\") Ltd, a company created by [Iowa Pacific Holdings](/wiki/Iowa_Pacific_Holdings \"Iowa Pacific Holdings\") of Chicago, became the new owner of the Dartmoor Railway [community interest company](/wiki/Community_interest_company \"Community interest company\"). The company announced its intention to develop freight, passenger and tourist services on the railway.\"Heritage Railway\", *Heritage Railway Magazine*. Issue 116, 2 October 2008 – 29 October 2008\\. P. 18\\. Heritage services ran between Okehampton and Meldon Viaduct, extended to Sampford Courtenay, Bow or the Dartmoor Railway–Network Rail boundary on special event days. The former stations at [North Tawton](/wiki/North_Tawton_railway_station \"North Tawton railway station\") and [Bow](/wiki/Bow_%28Devon%29_railway_station \"Bow (Devon) railway station\") remain closed to passengers: both are privately\\-owned and have no public access. Themed trains were introduced for special occasions such as Christmas, with names like The Polar Express and The Train to Christmas Town.",
"The quarry at Meldon was mothballed in 2011, bringing an end to stone freight trains using the line. Heritage train services ceased in December 2019 and, in February 2020, the railway entered [administration](/wiki/Administration_in_United_Kingdom_law \"Administration in United Kingdom law\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Holden \\|first1\\=Michael \\|title\\=Dartmoor Railway goes into Administration \\|url\\=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2020/02/dartmoor\\-railway\\-goes\\-into\\-administration.html \\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2020 \\|work\\=RailAdvent \\|date\\=8 February 2020}} Rolling stock based at Okehampton station was moved to Meldon Quarry, with most offered for resale.{{cite magazine \\|first\\=Richard \\|last\\=Clinnick \\|date\\=19 May 2021 \\|title\\=Okehampton on track for passengers to return in December \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rail (magazine)\\|RAIL]] \\|issue\\=931 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bauer Media Group]] \\|pages\\=16–17 }}",
"#### Public train services",
"After the heritage Dartmoor Railway opened in 1997, [First Great Western](/wiki/First_Great_Western \"First Great Western\") operated a summer Sunday service of four return trips direct from Exeter between May and September, sponsored by Devon County Council. These trains connected with bus services and heritage railway services at Okehampton, [Tarka Line](/wiki/Tarka_Line \"Tarka Line\") rail services at {{stnlnk\\|Crediton}} and other national rail services at Exeter.",
"[Devon and Cornwall Railways](/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Railways \"Devon and Cornwall Railways\") (a subsidiary of [British American Railway Services](/wiki/British_American_Railway_Services \"British American Railway Services\")) announced its intention to operate through services from Okehampton to Exeter in 2010, having made a track access application to Network Rail on 18 March 2010 to operate four return services each weekday between Okehampton and {{stnlnk\\|St James Park}} and a further two (plus one on Sundays) as far as {{stnlnk\\|Exeter St Davids}}. The service would have run under an [open access](/wiki/Open-access_operator \"Open-access operator\") licence.{{cite magazine \\|first\\=S \\|last\\=Broadbent \\|date\\=7 April 2010 \\|title\\=Dartmoor Railway Applies to Run to Exeter \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rail (magazine)\\|RAIL]] \\|issue\\=641 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bauer Media Group]] \\|page\\=18 }}",
"### Network Rail",
"[thumb\\|The first train from Okehampton arrives at Exeter St Davids on reopening day, 20 November 2021](/wiki/File:Exeter_St_Davids_-_GWR_150221_first_arrival_from_Okehampton.JPG \"Exeter St Davids - GWR 150221 first arrival from Okehampton.JPG\")\nOn 19 March 2021, it was announced that the Dartmoor Line would reopen to regular, year\\-round services by the end of the year as the first project delivered as part of the government's \"[Restoring Your Railway](/wiki/Restoring_Your_Railway \"Restoring Your Railway\")\" programme.",
"Preparatory work began on reopening the railway between Okehampton and Coleford Junction as soon as Government funding was confirmed in March. By May 2021, [Network Rail](/wiki/Network_Rail \"Network Rail\") had laid more than {{convert\\|11\\|miles}} of new track, 24,000 concrete sleepers and {{convert\\|29000\\|tonnes\\|lb}} of ballast, and installed drainage and new fencing.{{cite news \\|title\\=Tickets available for Dartmoor Line services ahead of launch next month \\|url\\=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2021/10/tickets\\-available\\-for\\-dartmoor\\-line\\-services\\-ahead\\-of\\-launch\\-next\\-month.html \\|work\\=RailAdvent \\|date\\=13 October 2021}} The total cost to reinstate the line was £40\\.5 million.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Moss \\|first1\\=Chris \\|title\\=Dartmoor train line is back after 50 years – here's what to do and see along the route \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2021/nov/08/dartmoor\\-train\\-line\\-reopen\\-50\\-years\\-after\\-axed\\-walkers\\-cyclists\\-wild\\-campers \\|access\\-date\\=18 March 2024 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=8 November 2021}}",
"In July 2021, Network Rail took over formal ownership of the line from Aggregate Industries, a successor company to Camas, which had been leasing it to the Dartmoor Railway since 1994\\. It also acquired the northern part of Okehampton station from Devon County Council for £1, leaving the southern side with the council.",
"The new service started on 20 November 2021,{{Cite news\\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-20\\|title\\=Trains restart on Dartmoor rail line after 49 years\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=BBC News\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-england\\-devon\\-59358794\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-20}} with [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_%28train_operating_company%29 \"Great Western Railway (train operating company)\") running eight trains a day (one every two hours) to {{rws\\|Exeter St Davids}}, with a journey time of around 40 minutes. On weekdays, five trains, including peak\\-time commuter services, continue to {{rws\\|Exeter Central}}. The frequency has increased to hourly from May 2022, with more trains serving Exeter Central.",
"Services are run using {{brc\\|150}}s although {{brc\\|158}}s and {{brc\\|165}}/{{Brc\\|166\\|n}} 'Turbos' are also cleared to run on the route.",
""
] |
Political and educational career
--------------------------------
When the second university students strike in history broke out in 1936, Ohn and her friend [Ludu Daw Amar](/wiki/Ludu_Daw_Amar "Ludu Daw Amar") became famous as women student leaders among the strikers camped out on the terraces of the [Shwedagon Pagoda](/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda "Shwedagon Pagoda").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art\_id\=2739\|title\=Ludu Daw Amar: Speaking Truth to Power by Min Zin\|publisher\=\[\[The Irrawaddy]], October 2002\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-24\|archive\-date\=2016\-12\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222221659/http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art\_id\=2739\|url\-status\=dead}}
Ohn continued her education at Rangoon University in 1937 and completed a master's degree in pali the following year.
From 1936 to 1941, she served as a tutor at the pali department of Rangoon University and deputy\-warden of Inya hostel.{{cite book \|title\=နိုင်ငံ့ဂုဏ်ရည် ဂုဏ်ထူးဆောင်ဘွဲ့ရ MA ဒေါ်အုန်း အတ္ထုပတ္တိအကျဉ်း \|date\=2004 \|url\=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nRjWdLTz4JUhdn0Nwu8fLhSj4hmMD\-l1/view?usp\=drivesdk}}
Ohn worked as a female president at the youth headquarter of {{ill\|Asian Youth Organization\|my\|အာရှလူငယ် အစည်းအရုံး}} from 30 August 1943 to 4 April 1945\. She also served as the first female\-group chairperson of Anti\-Fascist Organization.
From 1 June 1947 to 31 May 1948, Ohn served as an assistant lecturer at the pali department of Mandalay Intermediate College, and of Mandalay Degree College from 1 June 1948 to 31 March 1951\.
Ohn contributed to found the independent Mandalay University, together with {{ill\|Zeya Maung\|my\|ကိုလေး (ဇေယျာမောင်)}} who was its first vice\-chancellor. She also served as a lecturer at the pali department of Mandalay University from 1 June 1951 to 18 August 1958\. In the year 1958, she became a professor at the Department of Buddhistic Studies until her retirement in 1966\.
From 1 October 1957 to 1 April 1958, Ohn served as an acting vice\-chancellor of Mandalay University. She also worked as a warden of Shwe Man hostel during her career at the university.
Ohn was invited to China in April and May 1952 as a Burmese representative, led by Tun Pe the [minister of culture](/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_and_Culture_%28Myanmar%29 "Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture (Myanmar)"). She also attended to the eighth session of the [Commission on the Status of Women](/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women "United Nations Commission on the Status of Women") of [United Nations Economic and Social Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council "United Nations Economic and Social Council") held from 13 March to 4 April 1953 as a representative from Burma.{{cite news \|title\=Commission on the Status of Women, Report on the Seventh Session (13 March to 4 April 1953\) \|url\=http://undocs.org/E/CN.6/227 \|work\=undocs.org}}
On 7 June 1980, Ohn was awarded [Naingngan Gonyi (Second Class)](/wiki/Orders%2C_decorations%2C_and_medals_of_Myanmar%23History "Orders, decorations, and medals of Myanmar#History") order by the Burmese government.
|
[
"Political and educational career\n--------------------------------",
"When the second university students strike in history broke out in 1936, Ohn and her friend [Ludu Daw Amar](/wiki/Ludu_Daw_Amar \"Ludu Daw Amar\") became famous as women student leaders among the strikers camped out on the terraces of the [Shwedagon Pagoda](/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda \"Shwedagon Pagoda\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art\\_id\\=2739\\|title\\=Ludu Daw Amar: Speaking Truth to Power by Min Zin\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Irrawaddy]], October 2002\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-24\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-12\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222221659/http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art\\_id\\=2739\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Ohn continued her education at Rangoon University in 1937 and completed a master's degree in pali the following year.",
"From 1936 to 1941, she served as a tutor at the pali department of Rangoon University and deputy\\-warden of Inya hostel.{{cite book \\|title\\=နိုင်ငံ့ဂုဏ်ရည် ဂုဏ်ထူးဆောင်ဘွဲ့ရ MA ဒေါ်အုန်း အတ္ထုပတ္တိအကျဉ်း \\|date\\=2004 \\|url\\=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nRjWdLTz4JUhdn0Nwu8fLhSj4hmMD\\-l1/view?usp\\=drivesdk}}",
"Ohn worked as a female president at the youth headquarter of {{ill\\|Asian Youth Organization\\|my\\|အာရှလူငယ် အစည်းအရုံး}} from 30 August 1943 to 4 April 1945\\. She also served as the first female\\-group chairperson of Anti\\-Fascist Organization.",
"From 1 June 1947 to 31 May 1948, Ohn served as an assistant lecturer at the pali department of Mandalay Intermediate College, and of Mandalay Degree College from 1 June 1948 to 31 March 1951\\.",
"Ohn contributed to found the independent Mandalay University, together with {{ill\\|Zeya Maung\\|my\\|ကိုလေး (ဇေယျာမောင်)}} who was its first vice\\-chancellor. She also served as a lecturer at the pali department of Mandalay University from 1 June 1951 to 18 August 1958\\. In the year 1958, she became a professor at the Department of Buddhistic Studies until her retirement in 1966\\.",
"From 1 October 1957 to 1 April 1958, Ohn served as an acting vice\\-chancellor of Mandalay University. She also worked as a warden of Shwe Man hostel during her career at the university.",
"Ohn was invited to China in April and May 1952 as a Burmese representative, led by Tun Pe the [minister of culture](/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_and_Culture_%28Myanmar%29 \"Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture (Myanmar)\"). She also attended to the eighth session of the [Commission on the Status of Women](/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women \"United Nations Commission on the Status of Women\") of [United Nations Economic and Social Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council \"United Nations Economic and Social Council\") held from 13 March to 4 April 1953 as a representative from Burma.{{cite news \\|title\\=Commission on the Status of Women, Report on the Seventh Session (13 March to 4 April 1953\\) \\|url\\=http://undocs.org/E/CN.6/227 \\|work\\=undocs.org}}",
"On 7 June 1980, Ohn was awarded [Naingngan Gonyi (Second Class)](/wiki/Orders%2C_decorations%2C_and_medals_of_Myanmar%23History \"Orders, decorations, and medals of Myanmar#History\") order by the Burmese government.",
""
] |
History
-------
During the 1930s, Valley Forge Flag was listed on multiple city, county and school district budget reports as a supplier of American flags for daily and ceremonial occasions, including daily flag raisings at public schools and local, state and federal government agencies across the United States and for decorating graves at community cemeteries on [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day "Memorial Day")."[$3,300 School Contracts Let: Coal and Other Supplies Ordered](https://www.newspapers.com/image/560361233/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Lancaster New Era, May 26, 1934, p. 5 (subscription required)."[The Borderland](https://www.newspapers.com/image/557597819/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Lancaster, Pennsylvania: *Lancaster Daily Intelligencer Journal*, March 22, 1935, p. 3 (subscription required)."[Valley Forge Flag Company Bid Accepted](https://www.newspapers.com/image/52206927/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Pottstown, Pennsylvania: *The Mercury*, March 22, 1935, p. 6 (subscription required)."[Official Proceedings of the City Commission](https://www.newspapers.com/image/39223836/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Wakefield, Michigan: *The Wakefield News*, November 4, 1938, p. 4 (subscription required)."[Polling Place Changes Asked: Bids for Election and County Supplies Opened by Commissioners](https://www.newspapers.com/image/103861979/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Wilkes\-Barre, Pennsylvania: *The Times Leader*, March 25, 1936, p. 10 (subscription required). On July 1, 1937, the publisher of *The Record\-American* newspaper in [Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Mahanoy_City%2C_Pennsylvania "Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania") announced that it was selling five\-by\-three\-foot and six\-by\-four\-foot American flags and "flag sets, priced reasonably" that included flag poles and were manufactured by the Valley Forge Flag Company to encourage area residents to decorate their homes and businesses "with patriotic symbols" for the [Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 "Independence Day (United States)") holiday weekend."[Flags for Sale!](https://www.newspapers.com/image/919285952/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)" Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania: *The Record\-American*, July 1, 1937, p. 4 (subscription required).
During the first eight months of 1941, as America was continuing to mobilize its military forces for large\-scale entry into [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the [United States Department of War](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War "United States Department of War") awarded contracts worth $35,410 and $8,596 in January and August 1941, respectively, to Valley Forge Flag for "range flags" and "scarlet streamers.""[Spring City Firm Gets War Contract](https://www.newspapers.com/image/48931344/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Pottstown, Pennsylvania: *The Mercury*, January 10, 1941, p. 6 (subscription required)."[S.C. Firm Gets U.S. Order](https://www.newspapers.com/image/48953440/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Pottstown, Pennsylvania: *The Mercury*, August 28, 1941, p. 8 (subscription required). The demand for American flags subsequently increased, following the [Attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor") by the [Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service "Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service") on December 7, 1941\."[Buyers Besiege Makers of Flags: Civilian and Government Demands 'Terrific' Since Pearl Harbor](https://www.newspapers.com/image/447471910/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Camden, New Jersey: *Courier\-Post*, August 13, 1942, p. 16 (subscription required).
Following the war, the company continued to sell its flags to civic groups, government agencies and public schools nationwide."[Official Proceedings of the City Council](https://www.newspapers.com/image/39222378/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Wakefield, Michigan: *The Wakefield News*, July 14, 1950, p. 5 (subscription required)."[Regular School Board Meeting, Monday, 4th](https://www.newspapers.com/image/672397311/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Burwell, Nebraska: *The Burwell (Nebr.) Tribune*, December 7, 1950, p. 3 (subscription required)."[Contract for Grave Markers](https://www.newspapers.com/image/98128805/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Hazleton, Pennsylvania: *The Plain Speaker*, February 27, 1953, p. 19 (subscription required)."[Board of Education](https://www.newspapers.com/image/243863930/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin: *Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune*, February 22, 1954, p. (subscription required)."[Annual Financial Report: Millard County School District](https://www.newspapers.com/image/331358916/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Delta, Utah: *Millard County Chronicle*, August 5, 1954, p. 6 (subscription required)."[Flags Placed in Courtrooms Here](https://www.newspapers.com/image/300577821/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Odessa, Texas: *The Odessa American*, August 5, 1954, p. 15 (subscription required)."[Jaycees to Resume Flag Selling Campaign](https://www.newspapers.com/image/426237628/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Eureka, Illinois: *The Woodford County Journal*, July 7, 1955, p. 1 (subscription required). Demand for American flags continued to be strong, periodically outpacing production well into the mid\-1950s."[Dearth of Flags Make Weak Wave](https://www.newspapers.com/image/221987453/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." St. Cloud Minnesota: *The St. Cloud Daily Times*, front page (subscription required).
By 1958, the company had become one of the largest manufacturers of state and federal government flags in America. Still busy manufacturing the forty\-eight\-star flag of the United States that year, company personnel were not yet prepared for the production changes that would occur when the federal government approved the addition of two new stars to the flag, following the [admission of Alaska and Hawaii into statehood](/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union "List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union") on January 3 and August 21, 1959, respectively."[Man About Town](https://www.newspapers.com/image/154540652/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Wilmington, Delaware: *The News Journal*, July 23, 1958, p. B20 (subscription required).Ferris, William. "[Flag Makers Stand Ready to Put Out New Flag for Public as Soon as Design Is Announced](https://www.newspapers.com/image/254098661/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Richmond, Indiana: *The Palladium\-Item and Sun\-Telegram*, January 1, 1959, p. 12 (subscription required)."[Nation Gets New State, New Flag Saturday](https://www.newspapers.com/image/370549665/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Baltimore, Maryland: *The Evening Sun*, December 31, 1958, p. 4 (subscription required).Thomas, A. Russell. "[Problem of the New Flag](https://www.newspapers.com/image/45983596/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Doylestown, Pennsylvania: *The Daily Intelligencer*, March 19, 1959, p. 4 (subscription required). In March 1959, forty\-five and seventy\-five workers were furloughed, respectively, at the company's plants in [Robesonia](/wiki/Robesonia%2C_Pennsylvania "Robesonia, Pennsylvania") and [Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Sinking_Spring%2C_Pennsylvania "Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania") during the transition that occurred between the time that the forty\-ninth star was added for Alaska and the time the fiftieth star was added for Hawaii."[Hawaiian Statehood Idles 120 Flag Workers](https://www.newspapers.com/image/75325335/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Shamokin, Pennsylvania: *Shamokin News\-Dispatch*, March 16, 1959, p. 9 (subscription required)."[Sad Aloha: 120 Flag Makers Laid Off in Reading Area](https://www.newspapers.com/image/614359240/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." York, Pennsylvania: *The York Dispatch*, March 14, 1959, front page (subscription required).
In December 1963, newspapers reported that female employees of the Valley Forge Flag Company's Womelsdorf plant may have been the workers who sewed the American flag that draped the casket of U.S President [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy"), following his assassination on November 22\. Lieutenant Samuel R. Bird, commander of the honor guard from [Fort Myer, Virginia](/wiki/Fort_Myer "Fort Myer") that was involved in the planning and implementation of the president's state funeral, confirmed that one of the company's flags had covered Kennedy's coffin."[Co. Women May Have Made JFK Casket Flag](https://www.newspapers.com/image/10191899/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)." Lebanon, Pennsylvania: *Lebanon Daily News*, December 6, 1963, p. 24 (subscription required). Those reports have since been confirmed by historians and curators at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which has preserved the flag in its collection."[United States flag that covered President Kennedy's casket, MO 63\.1989: Valley Forge Flag Company](https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/people/3418/valley-forge-flag-company/objects)" (photo of flag with collections accessioning data). Boston, Massachusetts: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, retrieved online July 2, 1964\.
[thumb\|right\|Valley Forge Flag Company employee folds recently completed U.S. flags, Spring City, Pennsylvania, July 1, 1982](/wiki/File:Valley_Forge_Flag_Company_employee_folds_recently_completed_U.S._flags%2C_1982.jpg "Valley Forge Flag Company employee folds recently completed U.S. flags, 1982.jpg") By the time that the company's president, Sidney Liberman, died in 1967, the company had expanded to include operations in [Baumstown](/wiki/Baumstown%2C_Pennsylvania "Baumstown, Pennsylvania"), [Birdsboro](/wiki/Birdsboro%2C_Pennsylvania "Birdsboro, Pennsylvania"), Robesonia, [Royersford](/wiki/Royersford%2C_Pennsylvania "Royersford, Pennsylvania"), [Spring City](/wiki/Spring_City%2C_Pennsylvania "Spring City, Pennsylvania"), and [Womelsdorf, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Womelsdorf%2C_Pennsylvania "Womelsdorf, Pennsylvania"). He was survived by his brothers Abraham Liberman, who was serving as the company's secretary\-treasurer, and George Liberman, who had previously served as an officer of the company. All of the company's plants were closed for the day on March 20 of that year, in recognition of the memorial services that were being held for Sidney Liberman."[Flag Company president dies](https://www.newspapers.com/image/50738415/?fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjUwNzM4NDE1LCJpYXQiOjE2ODgyODMyOTUsImV4cCI6MTY4ODM2OTY5NX0.-L4O0Y7MLuIkLVRVfoVGVEGyL3Mydxp_ib35UFX4cbk)." Pottstown, Pennsylvania: *The Mercury*, March 20, 1967, p. 20 (subscription required).
### Present day
In June 2015, following the events of the [Charleston church shooting](/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting "Charleston church shooting"), Valley Forge Flag announced that they would cease to sell [Confederate flags](/wiki/Confederate_flag "Confederate flag").{{cite web\|title\=Google Is Pulling Confederate Flag From Google Shopping And Ads\|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/23/google\-confederate\-flag\_n\_7649306\.html\|website\=Huffington Post\|date\=23 June 2015 \|accessdate\=24 June 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.yahoo.com/news/rural\-south\-carolina\-flag\-factory\-sadness\-pride\-171011420\-\-finance.html\|title\=At rural South Carolina flag factory, sadness and pride\|date\=June 24, 2015\|author\=Edward McAllister \|publisher\=Yahoo! News}}{{cite web \|url\=http://time.com/3932924/flag\-manufacturer\-confederate/ \|title\=Prominent Flag Manufacturer Will Stop Producing Confederate Flags \|date\=June 23, 2015 \|author\=Katy Osborn \|publisher\=TIME}}
During 2020, flag production was initially slowed by the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States"); however, company officials announced in June of that year that state governors had allowed flag manufacturing plants to reopen."[U.S. Flag Manufacturers Spread Patriotism During COVID\-19](https://www.valleyforgeflag.com/dsn/wwwvalleyforgeflagcom/content/pdfs/fmaa_june_press_%20release.pdf)." Wayne, Pennsylvania: Flag Manufacturers Association of America, June 2020 (retrieved online July 2, 2023\).
|
[
"History\n-------",
"During the 1930s, Valley Forge Flag was listed on multiple city, county and school district budget reports as a supplier of American flags for daily and ceremonial occasions, including daily flag raisings at public schools and local, state and federal government agencies across the United States and for decorating graves at community cemeteries on [Memorial Day](/wiki/Memorial_Day \"Memorial Day\").\"[$3,300 School Contracts Let: Coal and Other Supplies Ordered](https://www.newspapers.com/image/560361233/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Lancaster New Era, May 26, 1934, p. 5 (subscription required).\"[The Borderland](https://www.newspapers.com/image/557597819/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Lancaster, Pennsylvania: *Lancaster Daily Intelligencer Journal*, March 22, 1935, p. 3 (subscription required).\"[Valley Forge Flag Company Bid Accepted](https://www.newspapers.com/image/52206927/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Pottstown, Pennsylvania: *The Mercury*, March 22, 1935, p. 6 (subscription required).\"[Official Proceedings of the City Commission](https://www.newspapers.com/image/39223836/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Wakefield, Michigan: *The Wakefield News*, November 4, 1938, p. 4 (subscription required).\"[Polling Place Changes Asked: Bids for Election and County Supplies Opened by Commissioners](https://www.newspapers.com/image/103861979/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Wilkes\\-Barre, Pennsylvania: *The Times Leader*, March 25, 1936, p. 10 (subscription required). On July 1, 1937, the publisher of *The Record\\-American* newspaper in [Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Mahanoy_City%2C_Pennsylvania \"Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania\") announced that it was selling five\\-by\\-three\\-foot and six\\-by\\-four\\-foot American flags and \"flag sets, priced reasonably\" that included flag poles and were manufactured by the Valley Forge Flag Company to encourage area residents to decorate their homes and businesses \"with patriotic symbols\" for the [Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 \"Independence Day (United States)\") holiday weekend.\"[Flags for Sale!](https://www.newspapers.com/image/919285952/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1)\" Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania: *The Record\\-American*, July 1, 1937, p. 4 (subscription required).",
"During the first eight months of 1941, as America was continuing to mobilize its military forces for large\\-scale entry into [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the [United States Department of War](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War \"United States Department of War\") awarded contracts worth $35,410 and $8,596 in January and August 1941, respectively, to Valley Forge Flag for \"range flags\" and \"scarlet streamers.\"\"[Spring City Firm Gets War Contract](https://www.newspapers.com/image/48931344/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Pottstown, Pennsylvania: *The Mercury*, January 10, 1941, p. 6 (subscription required).\"[S.C. Firm Gets U.S. Order](https://www.newspapers.com/image/48953440/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Pottstown, Pennsylvania: *The Mercury*, August 28, 1941, p. 8 (subscription required). The demand for American flags subsequently increased, following the [Attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\") by the [Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service \"Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service\") on December 7, 1941\\.\"[Buyers Besiege Makers of Flags: Civilian and Government Demands 'Terrific' Since Pearl Harbor](https://www.newspapers.com/image/447471910/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Camden, New Jersey: *Courier\\-Post*, August 13, 1942, p. 16 (subscription required).",
"Following the war, the company continued to sell its flags to civic groups, government agencies and public schools nationwide.\"[Official Proceedings of the City Council](https://www.newspapers.com/image/39222378/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Wakefield, Michigan: *The Wakefield News*, July 14, 1950, p. 5 (subscription required).\"[Regular School Board Meeting, Monday, 4th](https://www.newspapers.com/image/672397311/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Burwell, Nebraska: *The Burwell (Nebr.) Tribune*, December 7, 1950, p. 3 (subscription required).\"[Contract for Grave Markers](https://www.newspapers.com/image/98128805/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Hazleton, Pennsylvania: *The Plain Speaker*, February 27, 1953, p. 19 (subscription required).\"[Board of Education](https://www.newspapers.com/image/243863930/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin: *Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune*, February 22, 1954, p. (subscription required).\"[Annual Financial Report: Millard County School District](https://www.newspapers.com/image/331358916/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Delta, Utah: *Millard County Chronicle*, August 5, 1954, p. 6 (subscription required).\"[Flags Placed in Courtrooms Here](https://www.newspapers.com/image/300577821/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Odessa, Texas: *The Odessa American*, August 5, 1954, p. 15 (subscription required).\"[Jaycees to Resume Flag Selling Campaign](https://www.newspapers.com/image/426237628/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Eureka, Illinois: *The Woodford County Journal*, July 7, 1955, p. 1 (subscription required). Demand for American flags continued to be strong, periodically outpacing production well into the mid\\-1950s.\"[Dearth of Flags Make Weak Wave](https://www.newspapers.com/image/221987453/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" St. Cloud Minnesota: *The St. Cloud Daily Times*, front page (subscription required).",
"By 1958, the company had become one of the largest manufacturers of state and federal government flags in America. Still busy manufacturing the forty\\-eight\\-star flag of the United States that year, company personnel were not yet prepared for the production changes that would occur when the federal government approved the addition of two new stars to the flag, following the [admission of Alaska and Hawaii into statehood](/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union \"List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union\") on January 3 and August 21, 1959, respectively.\"[Man About Town](https://www.newspapers.com/image/154540652/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Wilmington, Delaware: *The News Journal*, July 23, 1958, p. B20 (subscription required).Ferris, William. \"[Flag Makers Stand Ready to Put Out New Flag for Public as Soon as Design Is Announced](https://www.newspapers.com/image/254098661/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Richmond, Indiana: *The Palladium\\-Item and Sun\\-Telegram*, January 1, 1959, p. 12 (subscription required).\"[Nation Gets New State, New Flag Saturday](https://www.newspapers.com/image/370549665/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Baltimore, Maryland: *The Evening Sun*, December 31, 1958, p. 4 (subscription required).Thomas, A. Russell. \"[Problem of the New Flag](https://www.newspapers.com/image/45983596/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Doylestown, Pennsylvania: *The Daily Intelligencer*, March 19, 1959, p. 4 (subscription required). In March 1959, forty\\-five and seventy\\-five workers were furloughed, respectively, at the company's plants in [Robesonia](/wiki/Robesonia%2C_Pennsylvania \"Robesonia, Pennsylvania\") and [Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Sinking_Spring%2C_Pennsylvania \"Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania\") during the transition that occurred between the time that the forty\\-ninth star was added for Alaska and the time the fiftieth star was added for Hawaii.\"[Hawaiian Statehood Idles 120 Flag Workers](https://www.newspapers.com/image/75325335/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Shamokin, Pennsylvania: *Shamokin News\\-Dispatch*, March 16, 1959, p. 9 (subscription required).\"[Sad Aloha: 120 Flag Makers Laid Off in Reading Area](https://www.newspapers.com/image/614359240/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" York, Pennsylvania: *The York Dispatch*, March 14, 1959, front page (subscription required).",
"In December 1963, newspapers reported that female employees of the Valley Forge Flag Company's Womelsdorf plant may have been the workers who sewed the American flag that draped the casket of U.S President [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\"), following his assassination on November 22\\. Lieutenant Samuel R. Bird, commander of the honor guard from [Fort Myer, Virginia](/wiki/Fort_Myer \"Fort Myer\") that was involved in the planning and implementation of the president's state funeral, confirmed that one of the company's flags had covered Kennedy's coffin.\"[Co. Women May Have Made JFK Casket Flag](https://www.newspapers.com/image/10191899/?terms=%22Valley%20Forge%20Flag%20Company%22&match=1).\" Lebanon, Pennsylvania: *Lebanon Daily News*, December 6, 1963, p. 24 (subscription required). Those reports have since been confirmed by historians and curators at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which has preserved the flag in its collection.\"[United States flag that covered President Kennedy's casket, MO 63\\.1989: Valley Forge Flag Company](https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/people/3418/valley-forge-flag-company/objects)\" (photo of flag with collections accessioning data). Boston, Massachusetts: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, retrieved online July 2, 1964\\.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Valley Forge Flag Company employee folds recently completed U.S. flags, Spring City, Pennsylvania, July 1, 1982](/wiki/File:Valley_Forge_Flag_Company_employee_folds_recently_completed_U.S._flags%2C_1982.jpg \"Valley Forge Flag Company employee folds recently completed U.S. flags, 1982.jpg\") By the time that the company's president, Sidney Liberman, died in 1967, the company had expanded to include operations in [Baumstown](/wiki/Baumstown%2C_Pennsylvania \"Baumstown, Pennsylvania\"), [Birdsboro](/wiki/Birdsboro%2C_Pennsylvania \"Birdsboro, Pennsylvania\"), Robesonia, [Royersford](/wiki/Royersford%2C_Pennsylvania \"Royersford, Pennsylvania\"), [Spring City](/wiki/Spring_City%2C_Pennsylvania \"Spring City, Pennsylvania\"), and [Womelsdorf, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Womelsdorf%2C_Pennsylvania \"Womelsdorf, Pennsylvania\"). He was survived by his brothers Abraham Liberman, who was serving as the company's secretary\\-treasurer, and George Liberman, who had previously served as an officer of the company. All of the company's plants were closed for the day on March 20 of that year, in recognition of the memorial services that were being held for Sidney Liberman.\"[Flag Company president dies](https://www.newspapers.com/image/50738415/?fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjUwNzM4NDE1LCJpYXQiOjE2ODgyODMyOTUsImV4cCI6MTY4ODM2OTY5NX0.-L4O0Y7MLuIkLVRVfoVGVEGyL3Mydxp_ib35UFX4cbk).\" Pottstown, Pennsylvania: *The Mercury*, March 20, 1967, p. 20 (subscription required).",
"### Present day",
"In June 2015, following the events of the [Charleston church shooting](/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting \"Charleston church shooting\"), Valley Forge Flag announced that they would cease to sell [Confederate flags](/wiki/Confederate_flag \"Confederate flag\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Google Is Pulling Confederate Flag From Google Shopping And Ads\\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/23/google\\-confederate\\-flag\\_n\\_7649306\\.html\\|website\\=Huffington Post\\|date\\=23 June 2015 \\|accessdate\\=24 June 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.yahoo.com/news/rural\\-south\\-carolina\\-flag\\-factory\\-sadness\\-pride\\-171011420\\-\\-finance.html\\|title\\=At rural South Carolina flag factory, sadness and pride\\|date\\=June 24, 2015\\|author\\=Edward McAllister \\|publisher\\=Yahoo! News}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://time.com/3932924/flag\\-manufacturer\\-confederate/ \\|title\\=Prominent Flag Manufacturer Will Stop Producing Confederate Flags \\|date\\=June 23, 2015 \\|author\\=Katy Osborn \\|publisher\\=TIME}}",
"During 2020, flag production was initially slowed by the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\"); however, company officials announced in June of that year that state governors had allowed flag manufacturing plants to reopen.\"[U.S. Flag Manufacturers Spread Patriotism During COVID\\-19](https://www.valleyforgeflag.com/dsn/wwwvalleyforgeflagcom/content/pdfs/fmaa_june_press_%20release.pdf).\" Wayne, Pennsylvania: Flag Manufacturers Association of America, June 2020 (retrieved online July 2, 2023\\).",
""
] |
Music career
------------
As a child, Trajkov was a fan of [Bijelo Dugme](/wiki/Bijelo_Dugme "Bijelo Dugme"). His father took him to the 1976 album *[Eto! Baš hoću!](/wiki/Eto%21_Ba%C5%A1_ho%C4%87u%21 "Eto! Baš hoću!")* promotion concert in [Dom Sportova](/wiki/Dom_Sportova "Dom Sportova"), Zagreb. There he got motivation for a future occupation.{{cite web \|title\=Trak (Branko Trajkov) Biografija \|url\=http://www.zabranjeno\-pusenje.com/home/biografije/trak\-branko\-trajkov/\#more\-412 \|website\=zabranjeno\-pusenje.com \|accessdate\=28 July 2018}} In 1979, he graduated from a lower music school where he had got piano lessons.{{cite web \|title\=Ne samo bubnjarska radionica \|url\=http://www.h\-alter.org/vijesti/ne\-samo\-bubnjarska\-radionica \|website\=h\-alter.org \|accessdate\=29 July 2018 \|archive\-date\=29 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141521/http://www.h\-alter.org/vijesti/ne\-samo\-bubnjarska\-radionica \|url\-status\=dead }} Later, he self\-learned to play a guitar.
In 1983, Trajkov joined a band Karavele, which was a support tour band of rock bands [Električni Orgazam](/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_Orgazam "Električni Orgazam") and [Idoli](/wiki/Idoli "Idoli"). After that, in the late 1980s he was member of several rock bands such as Mačke and the Rocket Stars. In 1990, he became a drummer of then established a [rockabilly](/wiki/Rockabilly "Rockabilly") teen bend [Fantomi](/wiki/Fantomi "Fantomi"). He left the band after their breakup in 1994\.
In 1994, Trajkov got a job at [Croatian Radiotelevision](/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision "Croatian Radiotelevision"), and the next year at the [Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall](/wiki/Vatroslav_Lisinski_Concert_Hall "Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall"). He worked there as a record producer until 1997\. In the early 2000s, he joined the 7/8 band, a [pit orchestra](/wiki/Pit_orchestra "Pit orchestra") of Ezerki, a Zagreb\-based women's choir that performs traditional [Macedonian folk songs](/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia "Music of the Republic of Macedonia"). At the same time, he worked with [Lidija Bajuk](/wiki/Lidija_Bajuk "Lidija Bajuk") on her four studio albums and perform on some concerts.
In 2011, Trajkov got mandate from Native American [tribe](/wiki/Federally_Recognized_Tribe "Federally Recognized Tribe") [Picuris Pueblo](/wiki/Picuris_Pueblo%2C_New_Mexico "Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico") to perform their [ceremonial dance](/wiki/Ceremonial_dance "Ceremonial dance"); the "Sun\-Moon Dance".{{cite web \|title\=NE SAMO BUBNJARSKA RADIONICA \|url\=https://www.educentar.net/Vijest/10575/NE\-SAMO\-BUBNJARSKA\-RADIONICA/ \|website\=educentar.net \|accessdate\=30 August 2018}} Also, he is a member of the Croatian Freelance Artists' Association.
### Zabranjeno pušenje (1996–present)
Trajkov joined [Zabranjeno Pušenje](/wiki/Zabranjeno_Pu%C5%A1enje "Zabranjeno Pušenje") in the fall of 1996\. His first performance came on the band concerts in [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb "Zagreb") and [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo") when recordings for the live album *[Hapsi sve!](/wiki/Hapsi_sve%21 "Hapsi sve!")* (1998\) happened. After that, he participated in the recording of the sixth studio album *[Agent tajne sile](/wiki/Agent_tajne_sile "Agent tajne sile")* (1999\), as well as all the later ones; *[Bog vozi Mercedes](/wiki/Bog_vozi_Mercedes "Bog vozi Mercedes")* (2001\), *[Live in St. Louis](/wiki/Live_in_St._Louis_%28Zabranjeno_pu%C5%A1enje_album%29 "Live in St. Louis (Zabranjeno pušenje album)")* (2004\), *[Hodi da ti čiko nešto da](/wiki/Hodi_da_ti_%C4%8Diko_ne%C5%A1to_da "Hodi da ti čiko nešto da")* (2006\), *[Muzej revolucije](/wiki/Muzej_revolucije "Muzej revolucije")* (2009\), *[Radovi na cesti](/wiki/Radovi_na_cesti "Radovi na cesti")* (2013\), *[Šok i nevjerica](/wiki/%C5%A0ok_i_nevjerica "Šok i nevjerica")* (2018\), and *[Karamba!](/wiki/Karamba%21 "Karamba!")* (2022\).
Alongside with the Zabranjeno pušenje members [Sejo Sexon](/wiki/Sejo_Sexon "Sejo Sexon") and [Robert Boldižar](/wiki/Robert_Boldi%C5%BEar "Robert Boldižar"), Trajkov is a member of the [Shaderwan Code](/wiki/Shaderwan_Code "Shaderwan Code").{{cite web \|title\=SHADERWAN CODE – Ah, što ćemo ljubav kriti \|url\=http://barikada.com/shaderwan\-code\-ah\-sto\-cemo\-ljubav\-kriti/ \|website\=barikada.com \|accessdate\=21 August 2018}} It is a joint group of Zabranjeno pušenje and Zagreb Mosque Choir Arabeske.{{cite web \|title\=About Shaderwan Code \|url\=http://www.shaderwancode.com/eng/ \|website\=shaderwancode.com \|accessdate\=21 August 2018}} Trajkov worked on their albums *Kad procvatu behari* (2011\) and *Ah, što ćemo ljubav kriti* (2018\).{{cite web \|title\=Novi album grupe Shaderwan Code "Ah, što ćemo ljubav kriti" \|url\=https://www.menart.hr/glazba/hr/novosti/novi\-album\-grupe\-shaderwan\-code\-ah\-sto\-cemo\-ljubav\-kriti/ \|website\=menart.hr \|accessdate\=21 August 2018}}
### Mechanical (2019–present)
In 2019, Trajkov and Krešimir Jurina founded Mechanical, an [alternative](/wiki/Alternative_rock "Alternative rock"), [psychedelic](/wiki/Psychedelic_rock "Psychedelic rock"), and [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock "Progressive rock") band, joining as a drummer and singer. They have been inspired by the Russian [mystics](/wiki/Mysticism "Mysticism") of early 20th century and use the [Fourth Way](/wiki/Fourth_Way "Fourth Way") approach in songwriting. In October 2020, the band released its first single titled "Fluorescent Black".{{cite web \|title\=UPOZNAJTE MECHANICAL\-FLUORESCENT BLACK! ZASLJEPLJUJUĆI SJAJ IZ TAME 2020! \|url\=https://dertmusic.com/?p\=13498 \|website\=dertmusic.com \|accessdate\=21 November 2020}}{{cite web \|title\=Mechanical je novi bend u regionu, a 'Fluorescent Black' je njihov prvi singl \|url\=https://headliner.rs/2020/10/23/mechanical\-je\-novi\-bend\-u\-regionu\-a\-fluorescent\-black\-je\-njihov\-prvi\-singl/ \|website\=headliner.rs \|accessdate\=21 November 2020 \|archive\-date\=25 November 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125155607/https://headliner.rs/2020/10/23/mechanical\-je\-novi\-bend\-u\-regionu\-a\-fluorescent\-black\-je\-njihov\-prvi\-singl/ \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|title\=Rock dvojac Mechanical predstavlja se pjesmom ‘Fluorescent Black’ \|url\=https://ravnododna.com/rock\-dvojac\-mechanical\-predstavlja\-se\-pjesmom\-fluorescent\-black/ \|website\=ravnododna.com \|accessdate\=21 November 2020}} In November 2020, the single reached No. 1 in the 47\-week on the *Free40 Indie Charts*.{{cite web \|title\=Free40Chart Wekelijkse alternatieve Top 40 met de beste Indiemuziek van dit moment \|url\=https://www.free40\.nl/charts/free40\.php \|website\=free40\.nl \|accessdate\=21 November 2020}}{{cite web \|title\=Mechanical – ‘Fluorescent black’ \|url\=https://www.indiexl.nl/mechanical\-fluorescent\-black/ \|website\=indiexl.nl \|accessdate\=21 November 2020}}
|
[
"Music career\n------------",
"As a child, Trajkov was a fan of [Bijelo Dugme](/wiki/Bijelo_Dugme \"Bijelo Dugme\"). His father took him to the 1976 album *[Eto! Baš hoću!](/wiki/Eto%21_Ba%C5%A1_ho%C4%87u%21 \"Eto! Baš hoću!\")* promotion concert in [Dom Sportova](/wiki/Dom_Sportova \"Dom Sportova\"), Zagreb. There he got motivation for a future occupation.{{cite web \\|title\\=Trak (Branko Trajkov) Biografija \\|url\\=http://www.zabranjeno\\-pusenje.com/home/biografije/trak\\-branko\\-trajkov/\\#more\\-412 \\|website\\=zabranjeno\\-pusenje.com \\|accessdate\\=28 July 2018}} In 1979, he graduated from a lower music school where he had got piano lessons.{{cite web \\|title\\=Ne samo bubnjarska radionica \\|url\\=http://www.h\\-alter.org/vijesti/ne\\-samo\\-bubnjarska\\-radionica \\|website\\=h\\-alter.org \\|accessdate\\=29 July 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141521/http://www.h\\-alter.org/vijesti/ne\\-samo\\-bubnjarska\\-radionica \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Later, he self\\-learned to play a guitar.",
"In 1983, Trajkov joined a band Karavele, which was a support tour band of rock bands [Električni Orgazam](/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_Orgazam \"Električni Orgazam\") and [Idoli](/wiki/Idoli \"Idoli\"). After that, in the late 1980s he was member of several rock bands such as Mačke and the Rocket Stars. In 1990, he became a drummer of then established a [rockabilly](/wiki/Rockabilly \"Rockabilly\") teen bend [Fantomi](/wiki/Fantomi \"Fantomi\"). He left the band after their breakup in 1994\\.",
"In 1994, Trajkov got a job at [Croatian Radiotelevision](/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision \"Croatian Radiotelevision\"), and the next year at the [Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall](/wiki/Vatroslav_Lisinski_Concert_Hall \"Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall\"). He worked there as a record producer until 1997\\. In the early 2000s, he joined the 7/8 band, a [pit orchestra](/wiki/Pit_orchestra \"Pit orchestra\") of Ezerki, a Zagreb\\-based women's choir that performs traditional [Macedonian folk songs](/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia \"Music of the Republic of Macedonia\"). At the same time, he worked with [Lidija Bajuk](/wiki/Lidija_Bajuk \"Lidija Bajuk\") on her four studio albums and perform on some concerts.",
"In 2011, Trajkov got mandate from Native American [tribe](/wiki/Federally_Recognized_Tribe \"Federally Recognized Tribe\") [Picuris Pueblo](/wiki/Picuris_Pueblo%2C_New_Mexico \"Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico\") to perform their [ceremonial dance](/wiki/Ceremonial_dance \"Ceremonial dance\"); the \"Sun\\-Moon Dance\".{{cite web \\|title\\=NE SAMO BUBNJARSKA RADIONICA \\|url\\=https://www.educentar.net/Vijest/10575/NE\\-SAMO\\-BUBNJARSKA\\-RADIONICA/ \\|website\\=educentar.net \\|accessdate\\=30 August 2018}} Also, he is a member of the Croatian Freelance Artists' Association.",
"### Zabranjeno pušenje (1996–present)",
"Trajkov joined [Zabranjeno Pušenje](/wiki/Zabranjeno_Pu%C5%A1enje \"Zabranjeno Pušenje\") in the fall of 1996\\. His first performance came on the band concerts in [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb \"Zagreb\") and [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo \"Sarajevo\") when recordings for the live album *[Hapsi sve!](/wiki/Hapsi_sve%21 \"Hapsi sve!\")* (1998\\) happened. After that, he participated in the recording of the sixth studio album *[Agent tajne sile](/wiki/Agent_tajne_sile \"Agent tajne sile\")* (1999\\), as well as all the later ones; *[Bog vozi Mercedes](/wiki/Bog_vozi_Mercedes \"Bog vozi Mercedes\")* (2001\\), *[Live in St. Louis](/wiki/Live_in_St._Louis_%28Zabranjeno_pu%C5%A1enje_album%29 \"Live in St. Louis (Zabranjeno pušenje album)\")* (2004\\), *[Hodi da ti čiko nešto da](/wiki/Hodi_da_ti_%C4%8Diko_ne%C5%A1to_da \"Hodi da ti čiko nešto da\")* (2006\\), *[Muzej revolucije](/wiki/Muzej_revolucije \"Muzej revolucije\")* (2009\\), *[Radovi na cesti](/wiki/Radovi_na_cesti \"Radovi na cesti\")* (2013\\), *[Šok i nevjerica](/wiki/%C5%A0ok_i_nevjerica \"Šok i nevjerica\")* (2018\\), and *[Karamba!](/wiki/Karamba%21 \"Karamba!\")* (2022\\).",
"Alongside with the Zabranjeno pušenje members [Sejo Sexon](/wiki/Sejo_Sexon \"Sejo Sexon\") and [Robert Boldižar](/wiki/Robert_Boldi%C5%BEar \"Robert Boldižar\"), Trajkov is a member of the [Shaderwan Code](/wiki/Shaderwan_Code \"Shaderwan Code\").{{cite web \\|title\\=SHADERWAN CODE – Ah, što ćemo ljubav kriti \\|url\\=http://barikada.com/shaderwan\\-code\\-ah\\-sto\\-cemo\\-ljubav\\-kriti/ \\|website\\=barikada.com \\|accessdate\\=21 August 2018}} It is a joint group of Zabranjeno pušenje and Zagreb Mosque Choir Arabeske.{{cite web \\|title\\=About Shaderwan Code \\|url\\=http://www.shaderwancode.com/eng/ \\|website\\=shaderwancode.com \\|accessdate\\=21 August 2018}} Trajkov worked on their albums *Kad procvatu behari* (2011\\) and *Ah, što ćemo ljubav kriti* (2018\\).{{cite web \\|title\\=Novi album grupe Shaderwan Code \"Ah, što ćemo ljubav kriti\" \\|url\\=https://www.menart.hr/glazba/hr/novosti/novi\\-album\\-grupe\\-shaderwan\\-code\\-ah\\-sto\\-cemo\\-ljubav\\-kriti/ \\|website\\=menart.hr \\|accessdate\\=21 August 2018}}",
"### Mechanical (2019–present)",
"In 2019, Trajkov and Krešimir Jurina founded Mechanical, an [alternative](/wiki/Alternative_rock \"Alternative rock\"), [psychedelic](/wiki/Psychedelic_rock \"Psychedelic rock\"), and [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock \"Progressive rock\") band, joining as a drummer and singer. They have been inspired by the Russian [mystics](/wiki/Mysticism \"Mysticism\") of early 20th century and use the [Fourth Way](/wiki/Fourth_Way \"Fourth Way\") approach in songwriting. In October 2020, the band released its first single titled \"Fluorescent Black\".{{cite web \\|title\\=UPOZNAJTE MECHANICAL\\-FLUORESCENT BLACK! ZASLJEPLJUJUĆI SJAJ IZ TAME 2020! \\|url\\=https://dertmusic.com/?p\\=13498 \\|website\\=dertmusic.com \\|accessdate\\=21 November 2020}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Mechanical je novi bend u regionu, a 'Fluorescent Black' je njihov prvi singl \\|url\\=https://headliner.rs/2020/10/23/mechanical\\-je\\-novi\\-bend\\-u\\-regionu\\-a\\-fluorescent\\-black\\-je\\-njihov\\-prvi\\-singl/ \\|website\\=headliner.rs \\|accessdate\\=21 November 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 November 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125155607/https://headliner.rs/2020/10/23/mechanical\\-je\\-novi\\-bend\\-u\\-regionu\\-a\\-fluorescent\\-black\\-je\\-njihov\\-prvi\\-singl/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Rock dvojac Mechanical predstavlja se pjesmom ‘Fluorescent Black’ \\|url\\=https://ravnododna.com/rock\\-dvojac\\-mechanical\\-predstavlja\\-se\\-pjesmom\\-fluorescent\\-black/ \\|website\\=ravnododna.com \\|accessdate\\=21 November 2020}} In November 2020, the single reached No. 1 in the 47\\-week on the *Free40 Indie Charts*.{{cite web \\|title\\=Free40Chart Wekelijkse alternatieve Top 40 met de beste Indiemuziek van dit moment \\|url\\=https://www.free40\\.nl/charts/free40\\.php \\|website\\=free40\\.nl \\|accessdate\\=21 November 2020}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Mechanical – ‘Fluorescent black’ \\|url\\=https://www.indiexl.nl/mechanical\\-fluorescent\\-black/ \\|website\\=indiexl.nl \\|accessdate\\=21 November 2020}}",
""
] |
Career
------
In his second year of law school, Eldridge managed then\-State Representative [Pam Resor](/wiki/Pam_Resor "Pam Resor")’s successful re\-election campaign in 1998\. During this campaign, he worked on the historic Massachusetts [Clean Elections](/wiki/Clean_Elections "Clean Elections") bill, which provided public financing to political candidates willing to accept campaign spending limits and the prohibition of accepting of special interest and large financial contributions. After the bill passed by voter referendum, Jamie was appointed as the Middlesex and Worcester Senate District Coordinator. From 1995 to 1997 he was a paralegal litigation associate with Hale and Dorr (now [WilmerHale](/wiki/WilmerHale "WilmerHale")).[James Eldridge's Biography](https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/36072/james-eldridge)
From 2001 to 2003 he served on the Acton Housing Authority and the Acton Planning Board.
In the same year, he also became vice\-president of the re\-energized Acton Conservation Trust. He completed a summer internship as a student prosecutor for the Middlesex County District Attorney's Office. He worked as a prosecutor in the towns of Natick and Framingham, and assisted on the district attorney's community\-based justice program in the City of Lowell. In his final year of law school, Eldridge was elected chair of the Acton Democratic Town Committee.
Eldridge worked for Merrimack Valley Legal Services in Lowell, a non\-profit organization that provides [free legal services to the poor and the elderly](/wiki/Legal_aid "Legal aid"). He worked as a public interest lawyer in the fields of housing, Social Security disability, and unemployment law.[Massachusetts General Court – State Senator James B. Eldridge](https://malegislature.gov/Legislators/Profile/JBE0)
He received the National Association for Public Interest Law Equal Justice Fellowship; a national two\-year fellowship that allows recent law graduates to create their dream public interest project to help the less fortunate. The fellowship allowed him to create the Community Development Justice Project, which allowed him to practice [community economic development](/wiki/Community_economic_development "Community economic development") law in Lowell, to help build affordable housing, start new businesses, and create non\-profits to address local problems. Eldridge left his fellowship early to devote his full energies to running for the 37th Middlesex District open seat.
[thumb\|right\|Eldridge with [Maryland Delegate Curt Anderson](/wiki/Curt_Anderson "Curt Anderson") at the [2008 Democratic National Convention](/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention "2008 Democratic National Convention")](/wiki/File:Anderson_and_eldridge_in_denver.jpg "Anderson and eldridge in denver.jpg")
Eldridge was elected to [Massachusetts House of Representatives](/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives "Massachusetts House of Representatives") on November 5, 2002\. Upon his election, Eldridge became the first elected official in the history of Massachusetts to be elected as a Clean Elections candidate. To date, he remains the only such elected official, as the Massachusetts Clean Elections law was repealed a little over a year later. He was subsequently sworn in on January 1, 2003\. The district included the towns of [Boxborough](/wiki/Boxborough%2C_Massachusetts "Boxborough, Massachusetts"), [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard%2C_Massachusetts "Harvard, Massachusetts"), [Lunenburg](/wiki/Lunenburg%2C_Massachusetts "Lunenburg, Massachusetts"), [Shirley](/wiki/Shirley%2C_Massachusetts "Shirley, Massachusetts"), and portions of [Acton](/wiki/Acton%2C_Massachusetts "Acton, Massachusetts") and [Lancaster](/wiki/Lancaster%2C_Massachusetts "Lancaster, Massachusetts").
In 2007, Eldridge was a candidate in the Democratic primary for a [special election](/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district_special_election%2C_2007 "Massachusetts's 5th congressional district special election, 2007") to replace [Marty Meehan](/wiki/Marty_Meehan "Marty Meehan") as [United States Congressman](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") for [Massachusetts's 5th congressional district](/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district "Massachusetts's 5th congressional district"). He lost the five\-way Democratic primary to [Niki Tsongas](/wiki/Niki_Tsongas "Niki Tsongas"), whom he then endorsed. The *[Lowell Sun](/wiki/Lowell_Sun "Lowell Sun")* called Eldridge's third\-place finish a "sign of a bright future".Lowell Sun, "[Third\-place finish a sign of a 'bright future' for Eldridge](http://www.lowellsun.com//ci_6807084?IADID)", September 5, 2007\.
Eldridge had endorsed [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") for president,{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.repeldridge.com//Eldridge\_Endorse\_Obama.asp \|title\=Barack Obama for President (and how to volunteer for Barack) \|access\-date\=January 2, 2008 \|archive\-date\=March 11, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311031230/http://www.repeldridge.com/Eldridge\_Endorse\_Obama.asp \|url\-status\=dead }} and was elected to be a pledged delegate for Obama at the [2008 Democratic National Convention](/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention "2008 Democratic National Convention").
Eldridge assumed the [Massachusetts Senate](/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate "Massachusetts Senate") seat formerly held by [Pam Resor](/wiki/Pam_Resor "Pam Resor")[Election Stats](https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/search/year_from:1970/year_to:2020/office_id:9/district_id:58715) (District of [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex%2C_Massachusetts "Middlesex, Massachusetts") and [Worcester](/wiki/Worcester%2C_Massachusetts "Worcester, Massachusetts")) on January 7, 2009\.
Eldrige won re\-election to the state senate by 57% to 43% on November 2, 2010\.
Eldridge has proposed a variety of legislation on the environment, economic justice, and a variety of other issues in his legislative career. He was the lead sponsor of bullying\-prevention legislation, a version of which was passed by the legislature and signed into law in 2010\.[Many dissatisfied with Mass. anti\-bullying law](https://www.sentinelandenterprise.com/2011/01/02/many-dissatisfied-with-mass-anti-bullying-law/)
In his current term in the state senate, Senator Eldridge has promised to fight for [single\-payer healthcare](/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare "Single-payer healthcare").[Eldridge: Single\-payer health care saves money](https://www.lowellsun.com/2013/10/23/eldridge-single-payer-health-care-saves-money/)
On February 28, 2014, Eldridge endorsed [Don Berwick](/wiki/Don_Berwick "Don Berwick") for governor in the [Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2014](/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election%2C_2014 "Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2014"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/02/state\_sen\_jamie\_eldridge\_endor.html\|title\=State Sen. Jamie Eldridge endorses Democrat Don Berwick in Massachusetts gubernatorial race\|author\=Robert Rizzuto\|work\=MassLive Politics\|date\=February 28, 2014\|access\-date\=August 18, 2014}}
In January 2016, Eldridge formally endorsed [Bernie Sanders](/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") in the [Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016](/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries%2C_2016 "Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016").[Bernie Sanders to open first Massachusetts headquarters in Charlestown on Saturday](https://www.masslive.com/news/worcester/2016/01/bernie_sanders_to_open_first_m.html) He later served as a delegate for Sanders at the [2016 Democratic National Convention](/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention "2016 Democratic National Convention").{{cite web \|title\=Sanders makes his play for Massachusetts \|website\=\[\[Politico]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331172323/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/bernie\-sanders\-massachusetts\-219651 \|archive\-date\=2023\-03\-31 \|url\-status\=live \|url\=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/bernie\-sanders\-massachusetts\-219651}}
On August 9, 2017, Eldridge announced that he was considering running for congress in the 2018 election in [Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district](/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_3rd_congressional_district "Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district") after Congresswoman [Niki Tsongas](/wiki/Niki_Tsongas "Niki Tsongas") announced that she would retire at the end of her current term.{{Cite web \|url\=https://acton.wickedlocal.com/news/20170815/state\-sen\-jamie\-eldridge\-considers\-running\-for\-congress?template\=ampart \|title\=State Sen. Jamie Eldridge considers running for Congress \|access\-date\=July 23, 2020 \|archive\-date\=July 24, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122547/https://acton.wickedlocal.com/news/20170815/state\-sen\-jamie\-eldridge\-considers\-running\-for\-congress?template\=ampart \|url\-status\=dead }} He later decided not to run for congress and stay in the state senate.[Sen. Eldridge will not run for Congress](https://www.lowellsun.com/2017/08/24/sen-eldridge-will-not-run-for-congress/)
He won re\-election on November 6, 2018 defeating Republican challenger Margaret Busse and Independent challenger Terra Friedrichs.
In 2020, he endorsed Bernie Sanders in the [Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2020](/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries%2C_2020 "Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2020") and later served on his campaign as state co\-chair.[Bernie Sanders campaign ramps up Massachusetts efforts ahead of Super Tuesday](https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/02/14/bernie-sanders-campaign-ramps-up-massachusetts-efforts-ahead-of-super-tuesday/)
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In his second year of law school, Eldridge managed then\\-State Representative [Pam Resor](/wiki/Pam_Resor \"Pam Resor\")’s successful re\\-election campaign in 1998\\. During this campaign, he worked on the historic Massachusetts [Clean Elections](/wiki/Clean_Elections \"Clean Elections\") bill, which provided public financing to political candidates willing to accept campaign spending limits and the prohibition of accepting of special interest and large financial contributions. After the bill passed by voter referendum, Jamie was appointed as the Middlesex and Worcester Senate District Coordinator. From 1995 to 1997 he was a paralegal litigation associate with Hale and Dorr (now [WilmerHale](/wiki/WilmerHale \"WilmerHale\")).[James Eldridge's Biography](https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/36072/james-eldridge)",
"From 2001 to 2003 he served on the Acton Housing Authority and the Acton Planning Board.",
"In the same year, he also became vice\\-president of the re\\-energized Acton Conservation Trust. He completed a summer internship as a student prosecutor for the Middlesex County District Attorney's Office. He worked as a prosecutor in the towns of Natick and Framingham, and assisted on the district attorney's community\\-based justice program in the City of Lowell. In his final year of law school, Eldridge was elected chair of the Acton Democratic Town Committee.",
"Eldridge worked for Merrimack Valley Legal Services in Lowell, a non\\-profit organization that provides [free legal services to the poor and the elderly](/wiki/Legal_aid \"Legal aid\"). He worked as a public interest lawyer in the fields of housing, Social Security disability, and unemployment law.[Massachusetts General Court – State Senator James B. Eldridge](https://malegislature.gov/Legislators/Profile/JBE0)",
"He received the National Association for Public Interest Law Equal Justice Fellowship; a national two\\-year fellowship that allows recent law graduates to create their dream public interest project to help the less fortunate. The fellowship allowed him to create the Community Development Justice Project, which allowed him to practice [community economic development](/wiki/Community_economic_development \"Community economic development\") law in Lowell, to help build affordable housing, start new businesses, and create non\\-profits to address local problems. Eldridge left his fellowship early to devote his full energies to running for the 37th Middlesex District open seat.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Eldridge with [Maryland Delegate Curt Anderson](/wiki/Curt_Anderson \"Curt Anderson\") at the [2008 Democratic National Convention](/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention \"2008 Democratic National Convention\")](/wiki/File:Anderson_and_eldridge_in_denver.jpg \"Anderson and eldridge in denver.jpg\")\nEldridge was elected to [Massachusetts House of Representatives](/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives \"Massachusetts House of Representatives\") on November 5, 2002\\. Upon his election, Eldridge became the first elected official in the history of Massachusetts to be elected as a Clean Elections candidate. To date, he remains the only such elected official, as the Massachusetts Clean Elections law was repealed a little over a year later. He was subsequently sworn in on January 1, 2003\\. The district included the towns of [Boxborough](/wiki/Boxborough%2C_Massachusetts \"Boxborough, Massachusetts\"), [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard%2C_Massachusetts \"Harvard, Massachusetts\"), [Lunenburg](/wiki/Lunenburg%2C_Massachusetts \"Lunenburg, Massachusetts\"), [Shirley](/wiki/Shirley%2C_Massachusetts \"Shirley, Massachusetts\"), and portions of [Acton](/wiki/Acton%2C_Massachusetts \"Acton, Massachusetts\") and [Lancaster](/wiki/Lancaster%2C_Massachusetts \"Lancaster, Massachusetts\").",
"In 2007, Eldridge was a candidate in the Democratic primary for a [special election](/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district_special_election%2C_2007 \"Massachusetts's 5th congressional district special election, 2007\") to replace [Marty Meehan](/wiki/Marty_Meehan \"Marty Meehan\") as [United States Congressman](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") for [Massachusetts's 5th congressional district](/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district \"Massachusetts's 5th congressional district\"). He lost the five\\-way Democratic primary to [Niki Tsongas](/wiki/Niki_Tsongas \"Niki Tsongas\"), whom he then endorsed. The *[Lowell Sun](/wiki/Lowell_Sun \"Lowell Sun\")* called Eldridge's third\\-place finish a \"sign of a bright future\".Lowell Sun, \"[Third\\-place finish a sign of a 'bright future' for Eldridge](http://www.lowellsun.com//ci_6807084?IADID)\", September 5, 2007\\.",
"Eldridge had endorsed [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") for president,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.repeldridge.com//Eldridge\\_Endorse\\_Obama.asp \\|title\\=Barack Obama for President (and how to volunteer for Barack) \\|access\\-date\\=January 2, 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311031230/http://www.repeldridge.com/Eldridge\\_Endorse\\_Obama.asp \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and was elected to be a pledged delegate for Obama at the [2008 Democratic National Convention](/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention \"2008 Democratic National Convention\").",
"Eldridge assumed the [Massachusetts Senate](/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate \"Massachusetts Senate\") seat formerly held by [Pam Resor](/wiki/Pam_Resor \"Pam Resor\")[Election Stats](https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/search/year_from:1970/year_to:2020/office_id:9/district_id:58715) (District of [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex%2C_Massachusetts \"Middlesex, Massachusetts\") and [Worcester](/wiki/Worcester%2C_Massachusetts \"Worcester, Massachusetts\")) on January 7, 2009\\.",
"Eldrige won re\\-election to the state senate by 57% to 43% on November 2, 2010\\.",
"Eldridge has proposed a variety of legislation on the environment, economic justice, and a variety of other issues in his legislative career. He was the lead sponsor of bullying\\-prevention legislation, a version of which was passed by the legislature and signed into law in 2010\\.[Many dissatisfied with Mass. anti\\-bullying law](https://www.sentinelandenterprise.com/2011/01/02/many-dissatisfied-with-mass-anti-bullying-law/)",
"In his current term in the state senate, Senator Eldridge has promised to fight for [single\\-payer healthcare](/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare \"Single-payer healthcare\").[Eldridge: Single\\-payer health care saves money](https://www.lowellsun.com/2013/10/23/eldridge-single-payer-health-care-saves-money/)",
"On February 28, 2014, Eldridge endorsed [Don Berwick](/wiki/Don_Berwick \"Don Berwick\") for governor in the [Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2014](/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election%2C_2014 \"Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2014\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/02/state\\_sen\\_jamie\\_eldridge\\_endor.html\\|title\\=State Sen. Jamie Eldridge endorses Democrat Don Berwick in Massachusetts gubernatorial race\\|author\\=Robert Rizzuto\\|work\\=MassLive Politics\\|date\\=February 28, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2014}}",
"In January 2016, Eldridge formally endorsed [Bernie Sanders](/wiki/Bernie_Sanders \"Bernie Sanders\") in the [Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016](/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries%2C_2016 \"Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016\").[Bernie Sanders to open first Massachusetts headquarters in Charlestown on Saturday](https://www.masslive.com/news/worcester/2016/01/bernie_sanders_to_open_first_m.html) He later served as a delegate for Sanders at the [2016 Democratic National Convention](/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention \"2016 Democratic National Convention\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Sanders makes his play for Massachusetts \\|website\\=\\[\\[Politico]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331172323/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/bernie\\-sanders\\-massachusetts\\-219651 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-31 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/bernie\\-sanders\\-massachusetts\\-219651}}",
"On August 9, 2017, Eldridge announced that he was considering running for congress in the 2018 election in [Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district](/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_3rd_congressional_district \"Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district\") after Congresswoman [Niki Tsongas](/wiki/Niki_Tsongas \"Niki Tsongas\") announced that she would retire at the end of her current term.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://acton.wickedlocal.com/news/20170815/state\\-sen\\-jamie\\-eldridge\\-considers\\-running\\-for\\-congress?template\\=ampart \\|title\\=State Sen. Jamie Eldridge considers running for Congress \\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 24, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122547/https://acton.wickedlocal.com/news/20170815/state\\-sen\\-jamie\\-eldridge\\-considers\\-running\\-for\\-congress?template\\=ampart \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He later decided not to run for congress and stay in the state senate.[Sen. Eldridge will not run for Congress](https://www.lowellsun.com/2017/08/24/sen-eldridge-will-not-run-for-congress/)",
"He won re\\-election on November 6, 2018 defeating Republican challenger Margaret Busse and Independent challenger Terra Friedrichs.",
"In 2020, he endorsed Bernie Sanders in the [Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2020](/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries%2C_2020 \"Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2020\") and later served on his campaign as state co\\-chair.[Bernie Sanders campaign ramps up Massachusetts efforts ahead of Super Tuesday](https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/02/14/bernie-sanders-campaign-ramps-up-massachusetts-efforts-ahead-of-super-tuesday/)",
""
] |
In the United States
--------------------
The hospital industry in the United States includes a mix of ownership forms. Non\-profit hospitals are the most common type, but for\-profit and government hospitals also play substantial roles. A non\-profit hospital, or not\-for\-profit hospital, is a hospital which is organized as a non\-profit corporation. Non\-profit hospitals are mostly funded by charity, religion or research/educational funds.
Nonprofit hospitals do not pay federal income or state and local property taxes, and in return they benefit the community. The various exemptions given to non\-profit hospitals get scrutinized by policymakers, with the argument being whether they provide community benefits that justify forgone government tax revenues.
In 2003, of the roughly 3,900 nonfederal, short\-term, acute care general hospitals in the United States, the majority—about 62 percent—were nonprofit. The rest included government hospitals (20 percent) and for\-profit hospitals (18 percent).[GAO Testimony before Committee on Ways and Means, of Representatives, by David M. Walker, Comptroller General of the United States, May 26 2005, p.4](http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05743t.pdf) In exchange for tax\-exemptions, estimated to total $12\.6 billion in 2002, nonprofit hospitals are expected to provide community benefits.["Tax\-Exempt Hospitals and Community Benefit: New Directions in Policy and Practice"](http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122357)
Courts generally have rejected challenges to the tax\-free status of non\-profit hospitals by indigent patients who are forced to pay for services on the grounds that the question is a matter for the [IRS](/wiki/U.S._Internal_Revenue_Service "U.S. Internal Revenue Service") and that the indigent patients lack [standing](/wiki/Standing_%28law%29 "Standing (law)").["Tax\-Exempt Hospitals' Practices Challenged:46 Lawsuits Allege That Uninsured Pay the Most"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45531-2005Jan28.html) article by Ceci Connolly [Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post "Washington Post") Staff Writer, Saturday, January 29, 2005
In the State of New York, all traditional hospitals must be non\-profit by law.["At Surgery Clinic, Rush to Save Joan Rivers’s Life"](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/10/nyregion/at-east-side-surgery-center-a-rush-to-save-joan-rivers.html) article by Anemona Hartcollis and J. David Goodman, The New York Times, September 9, 2014 Exceptions include outpatient surgery centers which can be for\-profit.
A non\-profit hospital, or not\-for\-profit hospital, is a hospital which is organized as a non\-profit corporation. Based on their charitable purpose and most often affiliated with a religious denomination they are a traditional means of delivering medical care in the United States. Non\-profit hospitals are distinct from government owned public hospitals and privately owned for\-profit hospitals.
There are some exceptions, in California for example, professional medical corporations, University of California hospitals, county hospitals, narcotic treatment programs, some nonprofit organizations such as community clinics, and Knox\-Keene\-licensed HMOs are allowed to employ physicians directly.
California Health \& Safety Code section 1206(I) exempts from licensure clinics operated by a nonprofit corporation (such as a [medical foundation](/wiki/Medical_foundation "Medical foundation")) if they meet certain requirements, including conducting medical research and health education, and providing medical care through a group of 40 or more independent contractor physicians and surgeons. The foundation's board must consist of physician, hospital and local community representatives, with affiliated physicians making up no more than 20 percent of the board's members.
It is for these reasons that organizations such as the [Cedars\-Sinai Medical Center](/wiki/Cedars-Sinai_Medical_Center "Cedars-Sinai Medical Center") restructured in 1994 to become the Cedars\-Sinai Health System, comprising the Cedars\-Sinai Medical Care Foundation, Physician\-Hospital Organization and Cedars\-Sinai Medical Center."["Historical Perspective"](http://cedars-sinai.edu/About-Us/History/Documents/HistPersp703.pdf)
{{Hospital articles}}
|
[
"In the United States\n--------------------",
"The hospital industry in the United States includes a mix of ownership forms. Non\\-profit hospitals are the most common type, but for\\-profit and government hospitals also play substantial roles. A non\\-profit hospital, or not\\-for\\-profit hospital, is a hospital which is organized as a non\\-profit corporation. Non\\-profit hospitals are mostly funded by charity, religion or research/educational funds.",
"Nonprofit hospitals do not pay federal income or state and local property taxes, and in return they benefit the community. The various exemptions given to non\\-profit hospitals get scrutinized by policymakers, with the argument being whether they provide community benefits that justify forgone government tax revenues.",
"In 2003, of the roughly 3,900 nonfederal, short\\-term, acute care general hospitals in the United States, the majority—about 62 percent—were nonprofit. The rest included government hospitals (20 percent) and for\\-profit hospitals (18 percent).[GAO Testimony before Committee on Ways and Means, of Representatives, by David M. Walker, Comptroller General of the United States, May 26 2005, p.4](http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05743t.pdf) In exchange for tax\\-exemptions, estimated to total $12\\.6 billion in 2002, nonprofit hospitals are expected to provide community benefits.[\"Tax\\-Exempt Hospitals and Community Benefit: New Directions in Policy and Practice\"](http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122357)",
"Courts generally have rejected challenges to the tax\\-free status of non\\-profit hospitals by indigent patients who are forced to pay for services on the grounds that the question is a matter for the [IRS](/wiki/U.S._Internal_Revenue_Service \"U.S. Internal Revenue Service\") and that the indigent patients lack [standing](/wiki/Standing_%28law%29 \"Standing (law)\").[\"Tax\\-Exempt Hospitals' Practices Challenged:46 Lawsuits Allege That Uninsured Pay the Most\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45531-2005Jan28.html) article by Ceci Connolly [Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post \"Washington Post\") Staff Writer, Saturday, January 29, 2005",
"In the State of New York, all traditional hospitals must be non\\-profit by law.[\"At Surgery Clinic, Rush to Save Joan Rivers’s Life\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/10/nyregion/at-east-side-surgery-center-a-rush-to-save-joan-rivers.html) article by Anemona Hartcollis and J. David Goodman, The New York Times, September 9, 2014 Exceptions include outpatient surgery centers which can be for\\-profit.",
"A non\\-profit hospital, or not\\-for\\-profit hospital, is a hospital which is organized as a non\\-profit corporation. Based on their charitable purpose and most often affiliated with a religious denomination they are a traditional means of delivering medical care in the United States. Non\\-profit hospitals are distinct from government owned public hospitals and privately owned for\\-profit hospitals.",
"There are some exceptions, in California for example, professional medical corporations, University of California hospitals, county hospitals, narcotic treatment programs, some nonprofit organizations such as community clinics, and Knox\\-Keene\\-licensed HMOs are allowed to employ physicians directly.",
"California Health \\& Safety Code section 1206(I) exempts from licensure clinics operated by a nonprofit corporation (such as a [medical foundation](/wiki/Medical_foundation \"Medical foundation\")) if they meet certain requirements, including conducting medical research and health education, and providing medical care through a group of 40 or more independent contractor physicians and surgeons. The foundation's board must consist of physician, hospital and local community representatives, with affiliated physicians making up no more than 20 percent of the board's members.",
"It is for these reasons that organizations such as the [Cedars\\-Sinai Medical Center](/wiki/Cedars-Sinai_Medical_Center \"Cedars-Sinai Medical Center\") restructured in 1994 to become the Cedars\\-Sinai Health System, comprising the Cedars\\-Sinai Medical Care Foundation, Physician\\-Hospital Organization and Cedars\\-Sinai Medical Center.\"[\"Historical Perspective\"](http://cedars-sinai.edu/About-Us/History/Documents/HistPersp703.pdf)",
"{{Hospital articles}}",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|right\|[AMO\-F\-15](/wiki/AMO-F-15 "AMO-F-15") on a Soviet stamp](/wiki/File:1973_CPA_4292.jpg "1973 CPA 4292.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|NAMI\-I](/wiki/File:NAMI1.jpg "NAMI1.jpg")
### Early Soviet period
[thumb\|Motor vehicle production in the USSR, 1929\-1950](/wiki/File:Motor_vehicle_production_in_the_USSR_1929-1950.png "Motor vehicle production in the USSR 1929-1950.png")
Russia had no automotive industry prior to the Soviet era. Automobiles were manufactured, but only in small quantity and by importing the main components from abroad.{{cite web\|title\=Automotive Industry\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP83\-00423R001800170005\-9\.pdf\|publisher\=CIA\|access\-date\=22 December 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224047/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\-RDP83\-00423R001800170005\-9\.pdf\|archive\-date\=23 January 2017}}
After the 1917 [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution "October Revolution"), [Russo\-Balt](/wiki/Russo-Balt "Russo-Balt") was [nationalised](/wiki/Nationalization "Nationalization") on August 15, 1918, and renamed to [Prombron](/wiki/Prombron "Prombron") by the new leadership. It continued the production of Russo\-Balt cars and launched a new model on October 8, 1922, while AMO built FIAT 15 Ter trucks under licence and released a more modern FIAT\-derived truck developed by a team of AMO designers, the [AMO\-F\-15](/wiki/AMO-F-15 "AMO-F-15"). About 6,000–6,500 F\-15s were built in the years 1924–1931\.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.cartruckbus.ru/articles/amo\-f15\-znakomiy\-i\-neznakomiy\| title\=The AMO, known and unknown\| url\-status\=dead\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103001358/http://www.cartruckbus.ru/articles/amo\-f15\-znakomiy\-i\-neznakomiy\| archive\-date\=2015\-11\-03\|language\=ru}}{{cite web\| url\=http://www.autogallery.org.ru/amof15\.htm\| title\=Oldtimer picture gallery. The AMO\-F\-15\| url\-status\=live\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106005913/http://www.autogallery.org.ru/amof15\.htm\| archive\-date\=2016\-01\-06\|language\=ru}}
A [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn "Citroën") plant built before the war was allowed to operate as a private business until 1921, when it was nationalized.{{cite book\|last1\=Sutton\|first1\=Antony C.\|title\=Western technology and Soviet economic development, 1917 to 1930\|date\=1968\|publisher\=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace\|pages\=244–249\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/Sutton\-\-Western\-Technology\-1917\-1930/Sutton\-\-WesternTechnologyAndSovietEconomicDevelopment1917To1930\#page/n261/mode/2up/search/citroen\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128035717/http://archive.org/stream/Sutton\-\-Western\-Technology\-1917\-1930/Sutton\-\-WesternTechnologyAndSovietEconomicDevelopment1917To1930\#page/n261/mode/2up/search/citroen\|archive\-date\=2016\-11\-28}}
The first fully Soviet\-made vehicles were manufactured by the [AMO](/wiki/ZiL "ZiL") plant in Moscow on 7 November 1924\. In 1927, engineers from the Scientific Automobile \& Motor Institute (NAMI) created the first original Soviet car NAMI\-I, which was produced in small numbers by the Spartak State Automobile Factory in Moscow, between 1927 and 1931\.Kelly M. A. Russian Motor Vehicles: The Czarist Period 1784 to 1917\. Veloce Publishing Ltd. 2009\. p. 78\-79
In the early decades after the Revolution, [Gorky](/wiki/Gorky "Gorky") and Moscow became the main centers of motor vehicle manufacturing. As in Western countries, components for the industry were produced in a large number of different places.{{cite book\|last1\=Cole\|first1\=J. P.\|title\=Geography Of The Soviet Union\|date\=1984\|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.131867\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.131867/page/n223 212]\-214}}
Stalinist pressure for rapid industrialization and appreciation for [economies of scale](/wiki/Economies_of_scale "Economies of scale") brought about the construction in the late 1920s and early 1930s of massive factories manufacturing highly standard vehicle and slowly changing product lines. Construction of the Moscow (ZIL), Gor‘kiy, and Yaroslavl' plants, partly or totally built by Western firms, increased production from a few thousand vehicles in 1928 to 200,000 vehicles in 1937, nearly all of them trucks.{{cite web\|title\=The Soviet Motor Vehicle Industry: Improving Quality and Productivity\|url\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC\_0000499546\.pdf\|publisher\=CIA\|access\-date\=20 November 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201051220/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC\_0000499546\.pdf\|archive\-date\=1 December 2017}}
In 1929, due to a rapidly growing demand for automobiles and in cooperation with its trade partner, the [Ford Motor Company](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company"), the [Supreme Soviet of the National Economy](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_National_Economy "Supreme Soviet of the National Economy") established [GAZ](/wiki/GAZ "GAZ").{{cite web \| url\=http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Shpotov.pdf\&ved\=0ahUKEwjK6qfypqbJAhWk\_HIKHbl\_AOoQFggxMAg\&usg\=AFQjCNHQdo38S6\_9CScM2pP9MhTfOpZkQQ\&sig2\=Wiu34z97XD\_vPVMgYOq0ZQ \| title\=The Ford Motor Company in the Soviet Union in the 1920s\-1930s}}{{cite web \| url\= http://www.econ.yale.edu/\~egcenter/Link\_Soviet%20Fordism%20in%20Practice.pdf
\| title\=Soviet Fordism in Practice – Building and operating the Soviet River Rouge, 1927\-1945 \|publisher \= Yale University}}
A year later, a second automobile plant was founded in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"), which would become a major Soviet car maker after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") and earn nationwide fame under the name [Moskvitch](/wiki/Moskvitch "Moskvitch"). However, due to specific government aims and economic hardships of that time, cars were only a small share of all vehicles produced in the early years of Soviet production.
In 1937, the Soviet Union produced over 200,000 vehicles, mostly trucks, putting the country in second place worldwide by production of trucks.
Between 1932 and 1939 the amount of car production in the Soviet Union increased up to 844,6%.{{cite web\|title\=Прокофьева Е. Ю. История отечественной автомобильной промышленности: от единичного к массовому типу организации производства. СГУ. 2011\|url\=http://www.dissercat.com/content/istoriya\-otechestvennoi\-avtomobilnoi\-promyshlennosti\-ot\-edinichnogo\-k\-massovomu\-tipu\-organiz\|website\=Dissercat.com\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235934/http://www.dissercat.com/content/istoriya\-otechestvennoi\-avtomobilnoi\-promyshlennosti\-ot\-edinichnogo\-k\-massovomu\-tipu\-organiz\|archive\-date\=2017\-12\-27}}
### Postwar period
After the war, the Soviet automotive industry developed rapidly. The [State Defense Committee](/wiki/State_Defense_Committee "State Defense Committee") issued a number of important decisions: it established new car factories in [Kutaisi](/wiki/Kutaisi "Kutaisi") and [Dnepropetrovsk](/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk "Dnepropetrovsk") and on August 26, 1945, issued Resolution No. 9905 "On the Restoration and Development of the Automotive Industry", which outlined the future development of car production in the USSR. In 1947, the total number of automobiles produced in the Soviet Union was 132,968, including 9622 cars, 121,248 trucks, 2098 buses, but still did not exceed the pre\-war level. Two years later, in 1949, it surpassed the previous record and in 1950 the production was brought up to 363,000 vehicles per year.{{cite web\|title\=Прокофьева Е. Ю. Направления отраслевого развития автоиндустрии СССР во второй половине 40\-х – конце 60\-х гг. ХХ в. Известия ПГПУ им. В. Г. Белинского. 2011\. № 23\. С. 564–567\|url\=https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id\=17241008\|website\=eLIBRARY.RU}}
1948 marked the beginning of Soviet export of cars. In 1950, cars from the Soviet Union were present at the international car exhibition in [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 "Poznań"), Poland, and soon thereafter were exported to [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe "Western Europe"). By the late 1950s, the Soviet Union produced 43 car models, and in 1957 the overall number of vehicles produced was 495,994, which included 113,588 cars, 369,504 trucks, and 12,316 buses, and in the following year reached the level of 600,000 cars per year.
### 1960s and 1970s
[thumb\|Production of passenger cars in the USSR, 1960\-1979](/wiki/File:Production_of_passenger_cars_in_the_USSR_1960-1979.png "Production of passenger cars in the USSR 1960-1979.png")
In the 1960s the Soviets sought to diversify and broaden the motor vehicle industry but continued to rely on massive vertically integrated facilities. Their 15\-year transportation modernization plan announced in 1965 called for increasing production of automobiles and heavy trucks to boost consumer welfare and create a larger and more balanced truck fleet.
At the beginning of the 1960s, when MZMA, GAZ and ZAZ were offering a variety of cars and personal automobile ownership in the Soviet Union was on the rise, the Soviet government opted to build an even larger car manufacturing plant that would produce a people's car and help to meet the demand for personal transport.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\-histories/avtovaz\-joint\-stock\-company\-history/\| title\=AVTOVAZ Joint Stock Company History\| url\-status\=live\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124075543/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\-histories/avtovaz\-joint\-stock\-company\-history/\| archive\-date\=2015\-11\-24}} For reasons of cost\-efficiency, it was decided to sign a licence agreement with a foreign company and produce the car on the basis of an existing, modern model. Several options were considered, including [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen "Volkswagen"), [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company"), [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot "Peugeot"), [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") and [FIAT](/wiki/FIAT "FIAT"). The [Fiat 124](/wiki/FIAT_124 "FIAT 124") was chosen because of its simple and sturdy design, being easy to manufacture and repair. The plant was built in just 4 years (1966–1970\) in the small town of [Stavropol Volzhsky](/wiki/Stavropol_Volzhsky "Stavropol Volzhsky"), which later grew to a population of more than half a million and was renamed [Togliatti](/wiki/Tolyatti "Tolyatti") to commemorate [Palmiro Togliatti](/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti "Palmiro Togliatti"), the long time head of the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party") (PCI), who died shortly before construction of the plant began.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.tgl.ru/history/\| title\=The history of Togliatti\| url\-status\=live\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217134523/http://www.tgl.ru/history/\| archive\-date\=2015\-12\-17\|language\=ru}}
At the same time, the [Izhmash](/wiki/Izhmash "Izhmash") car plant was established in the city of [Izhevsk](/wiki/Izhevsk "Izhevsk") as part of the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, with the initiative coming from the Minister of Defence [Dmitriy Ustinov](/wiki/Dmitriy_Ustinov "Dmitriy Ustinov"){{cite web\| url\=http://www.zr.ru/content/articles/429725\-istorija\_rossijskogo\_avtoproma\_izhavto/\| title\=The history of the Russian automotive industry: IzhAvto\| publisher\=\[\[Za Rulem]]\| url\-status\=live\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208052828/http://www.zr.ru/content/articles/429725\-istorija\_rossijskogo\_avtoproma\_izhavto/\| archive\-date\=2015\-12\-08\|language\=ru}} and in order to increase the overall production of cars in the Soviet Union. It produced [Moskvitchs](/wiki/Moskvitch "Moskvitch") and Moskvitch\-based [*kombi* hatchbacks](/wiki/Izh_2125 "Izh 2125").
By 1970, the manufacture of trucks and other commercial vehicles was decentralized and these were made not only in Moscow and Gorky but also in Belarus (Minsk, Zhodino), Ukraine (Kremenchug), Georgia (Kutaisi), and in the Volga and Ural regions (Ulyanovsk and Miass). The manufacture of automobiles was confined exclusively to Moscow, Gorky, and Izhevsk (Ural region) until the late 1960s.
From 1970 to 1979, automobile production grew by nearly 1 million units per year, and truck production grew by 250,000 per year. The production ratio of automobiles to trucks increased in that time from 0\.7 to 1\.7, indicating that more attention was being given to the consumer market.{{cite book\|last1\=Zickel\|first1\=Raymond E.\|title\=Soviet Union: a country study; research completed May 1989\|date\=1991\|publisher\=US Gov. Print. Off.\|location\=Washington, DC\|isbn\=0844407275\|edition\=2\. ed., 1\. print.\|url\=https://archive.org/details/sovietunioncount0000zick/page/497\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/sovietunioncount0000zick/page/497 497\-498]}}
The Soviets reportedly allocated one\-half of the estimated 7 billion rubles invested in the automotive industry during 1971\-75 to the construction of the Volga car and Kama truck plants. As the 15\-year plan was drawing to a close, the Soviets modified their traditional approach of simply building additional plants to raise output. Soviet officials publicly acknowledged the need for continued growth in vehicle production, but they stressed the need for greater productivity and new vehicle designs to improve performance, utility and operating efficiency.
### 1980s
By the early 1980s, Soviet automobile industry consisted of several main plants, which produced vehicles for various market segments. Prior to 1988, private buyers were also not allowed to buy commercial vehicles like minibuses, vans, trucks or buses for personal use.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2017}} Domestic car production satisfied only 45% of the domestic demand; nevertheless, no import of cars was permitted.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gerpisa.univ\-evry.fr/rencontre/16\.rencontre/GERPISAJune2008/Colloquium/Papers/P\_Begleyjason\_Collisclive\_MorrisDavid.pdf \|archive\-url\=http://www.webcitation.org/5whnMDem9?url\=http://www.gerpisa.univ\-evry.fr/rencontre/16\.rencontre/GERPISAJune2008/Colloquium/Papers/P\_Begleyjason\_Collisclive\_MorrisDavid.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2011\-02\-23 \|title\=THE RUSSIAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT \|publisher\=Applied Research Centre in Sustainable Regeneration \|first1\=Jason \|last1\=Begley \|first2\=Clive \|last2\=Collis \|first3\=David \|last3\=Morris }}
### Post\-1991
{{main\|Automotive industry in Russia\|Automotive industry in Ukraine\|Automotive industry by country\#Uzbekistan\|Automotive industry by country\#Belarus}}
After the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union "Dissolution of the Soviet Union") in December 1991, automakers of the newly formed [Commonwealth of Independent States](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States "Commonwealth of Independent States") were integrated into a [market economy](/wiki/Market_economy "Market economy") and immediately hit by a crisis due to the loss of financial support, economic turmoil, criminal activitiesIreland A. D., Hoskisson R., Hitt M. Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and Cases. Cengage Learning. 2005\. P. 145Glazunov M. Business in Post\-Communist Russia: Privatisation and the Limits of Transformation. Routledge. 2013\. Pp. 80\-82O’Neal M. Democracy, Civic Culture and Small Business in Russia's Regions: Social Processes in Comparative Historical Perspective. Routledge. 2015\. P. 81 and stiffer competition in the domestic market during the 1990s. Some of them, like [AvtoVAZ](/wiki/AvtoVAZ "AvtoVAZ"), turned to cooperation with other companies (such as [GM\-AvtoVAZ](/wiki/GM-AvtoVAZ "GM-AvtoVAZ")) in order to obtain substantial capital investment and overcome the crisis. Few others, like AZLK, became dormant, whereas [ZAZ](/wiki/ZAZ "ZAZ") transformed itself into a new company, [UkrAVTO](/wiki/UkrAVTO "UkrAVTO").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[AMO\\-F\\-15](/wiki/AMO-F-15 \"AMO-F-15\") on a Soviet stamp](/wiki/File:1973_CPA_4292.jpg \"1973 CPA 4292.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|NAMI\\-I](/wiki/File:NAMI1.jpg \"NAMI1.jpg\")",
"### Early Soviet period",
"[thumb\\|Motor vehicle production in the USSR, 1929\\-1950](/wiki/File:Motor_vehicle_production_in_the_USSR_1929-1950.png \"Motor vehicle production in the USSR 1929-1950.png\")\nRussia had no automotive industry prior to the Soviet era. Automobiles were manufactured, but only in small quantity and by importing the main components from abroad.{{cite web\\|title\\=Automotive Industry\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP83\\-00423R001800170005\\-9\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=CIA\\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123224047/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA\\-RDP83\\-00423R001800170005\\-9\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=23 January 2017}}",
"After the 1917 [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\"), [Russo\\-Balt](/wiki/Russo-Balt \"Russo-Balt\") was [nationalised](/wiki/Nationalization \"Nationalization\") on August 15, 1918, and renamed to [Prombron](/wiki/Prombron \"Prombron\") by the new leadership. It continued the production of Russo\\-Balt cars and launched a new model on October 8, 1922, while AMO built FIAT 15 Ter trucks under licence and released a more modern FIAT\\-derived truck developed by a team of AMO designers, the [AMO\\-F\\-15](/wiki/AMO-F-15 \"AMO-F-15\"). About 6,000–6,500 F\\-15s were built in the years 1924–1931\\.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.cartruckbus.ru/articles/amo\\-f15\\-znakomiy\\-i\\-neznakomiy\\| title\\=The AMO, known and unknown\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103001358/http://www.cartruckbus.ru/articles/amo\\-f15\\-znakomiy\\-i\\-neznakomiy\\| archive\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-03\\|language\\=ru}}{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.autogallery.org.ru/amof15\\.htm\\| title\\=Oldtimer picture gallery. The AMO\\-F\\-15\\| url\\-status\\=live\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106005913/http://www.autogallery.org.ru/amof15\\.htm\\| archive\\-date\\=2016\\-01\\-06\\|language\\=ru}}",
"A [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn \"Citroën\") plant built before the war was allowed to operate as a private business until 1921, when it was nationalized.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Sutton\\|first1\\=Antony C.\\|title\\=Western technology and Soviet economic development, 1917 to 1930\\|date\\=1968\\|publisher\\=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace\\|pages\\=244–249\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/Sutton\\-\\-Western\\-Technology\\-1917\\-1930/Sutton\\-\\-WesternTechnologyAndSovietEconomicDevelopment1917To1930\\#page/n261/mode/2up/search/citroen\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128035717/http://archive.org/stream/Sutton\\-\\-Western\\-Technology\\-1917\\-1930/Sutton\\-\\-WesternTechnologyAndSovietEconomicDevelopment1917To1930\\#page/n261/mode/2up/search/citroen\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-11\\-28}}",
"The first fully Soviet\\-made vehicles were manufactured by the [AMO](/wiki/ZiL \"ZiL\") plant in Moscow on 7 November 1924\\. In 1927, engineers from the Scientific Automobile \\& Motor Institute (NAMI) created the first original Soviet car NAMI\\-I, which was produced in small numbers by the Spartak State Automobile Factory in Moscow, between 1927 and 1931\\.Kelly M. A. Russian Motor Vehicles: The Czarist Period 1784 to 1917\\. Veloce Publishing Ltd. 2009\\. p. 78\\-79",
"In the early decades after the Revolution, [Gorky](/wiki/Gorky \"Gorky\") and Moscow became the main centers of motor vehicle manufacturing. As in Western countries, components for the industry were produced in a large number of different places.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Cole\\|first1\\=J. P.\\|title\\=Geography Of The Soviet Union\\|date\\=1984\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.131867\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.131867/page/n223 212]\\-214}}",
"Stalinist pressure for rapid industrialization and appreciation for [economies of scale](/wiki/Economies_of_scale \"Economies of scale\") brought about the construction in the late 1920s and early 1930s of massive factories manufacturing highly standard vehicle and slowly changing product lines. Construction of the Moscow (ZIL), Gor‘kiy, and Yaroslavl' plants, partly or totally built by Western firms, increased production from a few thousand vehicles in 1928 to 200,000 vehicles in 1937, nearly all of them trucks.{{cite web\\|title\\=The Soviet Motor Vehicle Industry: Improving Quality and Productivity\\|url\\=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC\\_0000499546\\.pdf\\|publisher\\=CIA\\|access\\-date\\=20 November 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201051220/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC\\_0000499546\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2017}}",
"In 1929, due to a rapidly growing demand for automobiles and in cooperation with its trade partner, the [Ford Motor Company](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\"), the [Supreme Soviet of the National Economy](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_National_Economy \"Supreme Soviet of the National Economy\") established [GAZ](/wiki/GAZ \"GAZ\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Shpotov.pdf\\&ved\\=0ahUKEwjK6qfypqbJAhWk\\_HIKHbl\\_AOoQFggxMAg\\&usg\\=AFQjCNHQdo38S6\\_9CScM2pP9MhTfOpZkQQ\\&sig2\\=Wiu34z97XD\\_vPVMgYOq0ZQ \\| title\\=The Ford Motor Company in the Soviet Union in the 1920s\\-1930s}}{{cite web \\| url\\= http://www.econ.yale.edu/\\~egcenter/Link\\_Soviet%20Fordism%20in%20Practice.pdf\n\\| title\\=Soviet Fordism in Practice – Building and operating the Soviet River Rouge, 1927\\-1945 \\|publisher \\= Yale University}}",
"A year later, a second automobile plant was founded in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"), which would become a major Soviet car maker after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") and earn nationwide fame under the name [Moskvitch](/wiki/Moskvitch \"Moskvitch\"). However, due to specific government aims and economic hardships of that time, cars were only a small share of all vehicles produced in the early years of Soviet production.",
"In 1937, the Soviet Union produced over 200,000 vehicles, mostly trucks, putting the country in second place worldwide by production of trucks.",
"Between 1932 and 1939 the amount of car production in the Soviet Union increased up to 844,6%.{{cite web\\|title\\=Прокофьева Е. Ю. История отечественной автомобильной промышленности: от единичного к массовому типу организации производства. СГУ. 2011\\|url\\=http://www.dissercat.com/content/istoriya\\-otechestvennoi\\-avtomobilnoi\\-promyshlennosti\\-ot\\-edinichnogo\\-k\\-massovomu\\-tipu\\-organiz\\|website\\=Dissercat.com\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235934/http://www.dissercat.com/content/istoriya\\-otechestvennoi\\-avtomobilnoi\\-promyshlennosti\\-ot\\-edinichnogo\\-k\\-massovomu\\-tipu\\-organiz\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-27}}",
"### Postwar period",
"After the war, the Soviet automotive industry developed rapidly. The [State Defense Committee](/wiki/State_Defense_Committee \"State Defense Committee\") issued a number of important decisions: it established new car factories in [Kutaisi](/wiki/Kutaisi \"Kutaisi\") and [Dnepropetrovsk](/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk \"Dnepropetrovsk\") and on August 26, 1945, issued Resolution No. 9905 \"On the Restoration and Development of the Automotive Industry\", which outlined the future development of car production in the USSR. In 1947, the total number of automobiles produced in the Soviet Union was 132,968, including 9622 cars, 121,248 trucks, 2098 buses, but still did not exceed the pre\\-war level. Two years later, in 1949, it surpassed the previous record and in 1950 the production was brought up to 363,000 vehicles per year.{{cite web\\|title\\=Прокофьева Е. Ю. Направления отраслевого развития автоиндустрии СССР во второй половине 40\\-х – конце 60\\-х гг. ХХ в. Известия ПГПУ им. В. Г. Белинского. 2011\\. № 23\\. С. 564–567\\|url\\=https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id\\=17241008\\|website\\=eLIBRARY.RU}}",
"1948 marked the beginning of Soviet export of cars. In 1950, cars from the Soviet Union were present at the international car exhibition in [Poznań](/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 \"Poznań\"), Poland, and soon thereafter were exported to [Western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\"). By the late 1950s, the Soviet Union produced 43 car models, and in 1957 the overall number of vehicles produced was 495,994, which included 113,588 cars, 369,504 trucks, and 12,316 buses, and in the following year reached the level of 600,000 cars per year.",
"### 1960s and 1970s",
"[thumb\\|Production of passenger cars in the USSR, 1960\\-1979](/wiki/File:Production_of_passenger_cars_in_the_USSR_1960-1979.png \"Production of passenger cars in the USSR 1960-1979.png\")\nIn the 1960s the Soviets sought to diversify and broaden the motor vehicle industry but continued to rely on massive vertically integrated facilities. Their 15\\-year transportation modernization plan announced in 1965 called for increasing production of automobiles and heavy trucks to boost consumer welfare and create a larger and more balanced truck fleet.",
"At the beginning of the 1960s, when MZMA, GAZ and ZAZ were offering a variety of cars and personal automobile ownership in the Soviet Union was on the rise, the Soviet government opted to build an even larger car manufacturing plant that would produce a people's car and help to meet the demand for personal transport.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\\-histories/avtovaz\\-joint\\-stock\\-company\\-history/\\| title\\=AVTOVAZ Joint Stock Company History\\| url\\-status\\=live\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124075543/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company\\-histories/avtovaz\\-joint\\-stock\\-company\\-history/\\| archive\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-24}} For reasons of cost\\-efficiency, it was decided to sign a licence agreement with a foreign company and produce the car on the basis of an existing, modern model. Several options were considered, including [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen \"Volkswagen\"), [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\"), [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot \"Peugeot\"), [Renault](/wiki/Renault \"Renault\") and [FIAT](/wiki/FIAT \"FIAT\"). The [Fiat 124](/wiki/FIAT_124 \"FIAT 124\") was chosen because of its simple and sturdy design, being easy to manufacture and repair. The plant was built in just 4 years (1966–1970\\) in the small town of [Stavropol Volzhsky](/wiki/Stavropol_Volzhsky \"Stavropol Volzhsky\"), which later grew to a population of more than half a million and was renamed [Togliatti](/wiki/Tolyatti \"Tolyatti\") to commemorate [Palmiro Togliatti](/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti \"Palmiro Togliatti\"), the long time head of the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\") (PCI), who died shortly before construction of the plant began.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.tgl.ru/history/\\| title\\=The history of Togliatti\\| url\\-status\\=live\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217134523/http://www.tgl.ru/history/\\| archive\\-date\\=2015\\-12\\-17\\|language\\=ru}}",
"At the same time, the [Izhmash](/wiki/Izhmash \"Izhmash\") car plant was established in the city of [Izhevsk](/wiki/Izhevsk \"Izhevsk\") as part of the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, with the initiative coming from the Minister of Defence [Dmitriy Ustinov](/wiki/Dmitriy_Ustinov \"Dmitriy Ustinov\"){{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.zr.ru/content/articles/429725\\-istorija\\_rossijskogo\\_avtoproma\\_izhavto/\\| title\\=The history of the Russian automotive industry: IzhAvto\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Za Rulem]]\\| url\\-status\\=live\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208052828/http://www.zr.ru/content/articles/429725\\-istorija\\_rossijskogo\\_avtoproma\\_izhavto/\\| archive\\-date\\=2015\\-12\\-08\\|language\\=ru}} and in order to increase the overall production of cars in the Soviet Union. It produced [Moskvitchs](/wiki/Moskvitch \"Moskvitch\") and Moskvitch\\-based [*kombi* hatchbacks](/wiki/Izh_2125 \"Izh 2125\").",
"By 1970, the manufacture of trucks and other commercial vehicles was decentralized and these were made not only in Moscow and Gorky but also in Belarus (Minsk, Zhodino), Ukraine (Kremenchug), Georgia (Kutaisi), and in the Volga and Ural regions (Ulyanovsk and Miass). The manufacture of automobiles was confined exclusively to Moscow, Gorky, and Izhevsk (Ural region) until the late 1960s.",
"From 1970 to 1979, automobile production grew by nearly 1 million units per year, and truck production grew by 250,000 per year. The production ratio of automobiles to trucks increased in that time from 0\\.7 to 1\\.7, indicating that more attention was being given to the consumer market.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Zickel\\|first1\\=Raymond E.\\|title\\=Soviet Union: a country study; research completed May 1989\\|date\\=1991\\|publisher\\=US Gov. Print. Off.\\|location\\=Washington, DC\\|isbn\\=0844407275\\|edition\\=2\\. ed., 1\\. print.\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/sovietunioncount0000zick/page/497\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/sovietunioncount0000zick/page/497 497\\-498]}}",
"The Soviets reportedly allocated one\\-half of the estimated 7 billion rubles invested in the automotive industry during 1971\\-75 to the construction of the Volga car and Kama truck plants. As the 15\\-year plan was drawing to a close, the Soviets modified their traditional approach of simply building additional plants to raise output. Soviet officials publicly acknowledged the need for continued growth in vehicle production, but they stressed the need for greater productivity and new vehicle designs to improve performance, utility and operating efficiency.",
"### 1980s",
"By the early 1980s, Soviet automobile industry consisted of several main plants, which produced vehicles for various market segments. Prior to 1988, private buyers were also not allowed to buy commercial vehicles like minibuses, vans, trucks or buses for personal use.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2017}} Domestic car production satisfied only 45% of the domestic demand; nevertheless, no import of cars was permitted.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gerpisa.univ\\-evry.fr/rencontre/16\\.rencontre/GERPISAJune2008/Colloquium/Papers/P\\_Begleyjason\\_Collisclive\\_MorrisDavid.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=http://www.webcitation.org/5whnMDem9?url\\=http://www.gerpisa.univ\\-evry.fr/rencontre/16\\.rencontre/GERPISAJune2008/Colloquium/Papers/P\\_Begleyjason\\_Collisclive\\_MorrisDavid.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-23 \\|title\\=THE RUSSIAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT \\|publisher\\=Applied Research Centre in Sustainable Regeneration \\|first1\\=Jason \\|last1\\=Begley \\|first2\\=Clive \\|last2\\=Collis \\|first3\\=David \\|last3\\=Morris }}",
"### Post\\-1991",
"{{main\\|Automotive industry in Russia\\|Automotive industry in Ukraine\\|Automotive industry by country\\#Uzbekistan\\|Automotive industry by country\\#Belarus}}\nAfter the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Dissolution of the Soviet Union\") in December 1991, automakers of the newly formed [Commonwealth of Independent States](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States \"Commonwealth of Independent States\") were integrated into a [market economy](/wiki/Market_economy \"Market economy\") and immediately hit by a crisis due to the loss of financial support, economic turmoil, criminal activitiesIreland A. D., Hoskisson R., Hitt M. Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and Cases. Cengage Learning. 2005\\. P. 145Glazunov M. Business in Post\\-Communist Russia: Privatisation and the Limits of Transformation. Routledge. 2013\\. Pp. 80\\-82O’Neal M. Democracy, Civic Culture and Small Business in Russia's Regions: Social Processes in Comparative Historical Perspective. Routledge. 2015\\. P. 81 and stiffer competition in the domestic market during the 1990s. Some of them, like [AvtoVAZ](/wiki/AvtoVAZ \"AvtoVAZ\"), turned to cooperation with other companies (such as [GM\\-AvtoVAZ](/wiki/GM-AvtoVAZ \"GM-AvtoVAZ\")) in order to obtain substantial capital investment and overcome the crisis. Few others, like AZLK, became dormant, whereas [ZAZ](/wiki/ZAZ \"ZAZ\") transformed itself into a new company, [UkrAVTO](/wiki/UkrAVTO \"UkrAVTO\").",
""
] |
Laws and statistics by country
------------------------------
### Austria
Austria has a competence center for missing persons.[Kompetenzzentrum für Abgängige Personen](https://bundeskriminalamt.at/404/) The police records the missing person's data, which is stored in the Austrian Search System (EKIS) and (automatically) in the Schengen Information System (SIS).Kompetenzzentrum für Abgängige Personen: [PDF](https://www.pflegekongress.at/html/publicpages/154418999210688.pdf) In 2016, a total of 8,887 cases were processed and stored in the EKIS. Of these, 6,322 cases involved EU citizens, except for 44 resolved, and 2,565 non\-EU citizens, except for 264 resolved. As of October 1, 2017, a total of 1,300 people were reported missing in Austria: 349 were women, 198 of whom were minors; 951 were male, of whom 597 were minors. The number of EU citizens who were stored in the EKIS as missing was between 400 and 500 at all times mentioned in 2015 to 2017\.[4 Jahre KAP](https://www.bmi.gv.at/bmi_documents/2113.pdf) In 2017, 10,000 missing person reports were filed in Austria. As of May 1, 2018, 1,267 people had been reported missing, including 746 children and young people. Only 505 came from EU countries.[derstandard.at](https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000080342017/mehr-als-10-000-vermisstenanzeigen-2017-in-oesterreich)
In January 2019, 1037 people were recorded as missing in the EKIS, in January 2020 884 people. Between 2016 and 2019, 85 percent of missing persons cases were resolved within a week, 95 percent within a month, 97 percent within six months and 98 percent within a year. In 2019, the KAP published a search in only 13 cases, the result of which was: eight alive, three dead, two still missing.[tt.com](https://www.tt.com/artikel/30712365/vermisste-menschen-2019-30-personen-werden-pro-tag-abgaengig-gemeldet) The legal status of missing persons in Austria is regulated by the Declaration of Death Act (*Todeserklärungsgesetz*).[Todeserklärungsgesetz 1950](http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10001905)
### Australia
Over 305,000 people were reported missing in Australia from 2008 to 2015,{{Cite book \|last\=Bricknell \|first\=S \|url\=https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/rr/rr8 \|title\=Missing persons: Who is at risk? Research Report no. 8\. \|date\=2017\-11\-16 \|publisher\=Australian Institute of Criminology \|year\=2017 \|location\=Canberra \|publication\-date\=2017\-11\-16 \|doi\=10\.52922/rr208244}} which is estimated to be one person reported missing every 18 minutes.{{Cite book \|last\=Henderson \|first\=Monika \|url\=https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi144 \|title\=Missing persons: incidence, issues and impacts \|last2\=Henderson \|first2\=Peter \|last3\=Kiernan \|first3\=Carol \|date\=2000\-01\-02 \|publisher\=Australian Institute of Criminology \|year\=2000 \|isbn\=0642241457 \|location\=Canberra}} Around 38,159 missing person reports are made on average every year in Australia.
### Canada
Royal Canadian Mounted Police missing child statistics for a ten\-year period{{cite web\|title\=Statistics \|url\=http://www.rcmp\-grc.gc.ca/omc\-ned/about\-apropos/stats\-eng.htm \|work\=Canadian Missing Children Reports Summary For A Ten Year Period \|publisher\=Royal Canadian Mounted Police \|access\-date\=June 18, 2012 \|date\=December 22, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905062635/http://www.rcmp\-grc.gc.ca/omc\-ned/about\-apropos/stats\-eng.htm \|archive\-date\=September 5, 2012 }} show a total of 60,582 missing children in 2007\.
### France
The file named *Fichier des personnes recherchées* (FPR) is a data collection of the French national police. It is also under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence.
### Ireland
On May 26, 2002, a monument to missing persons was unveiled in [County Kilkenny](/wiki/County_Kilkenny "County Kilkenny"), [Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") by President [Mary McAleese](/wiki/Mary_McAleese "Mary McAleese"). It was the first monument of its kind in the world.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.missing.ws/\_nationalmonument/nationalmonument.asp\|title\=National Monument to Missing People\|work\=Missing Irish People WS (WebSite)\|publisher\=MISSING.WS\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313213839/http://www.missing.ws/\_nationalMonument/nationalMonument.asp\|archive\-date\=March 13, 2012\|access\-date\=June 18, 2012\|df\=mdy\-all}}
### Jamaica
The founder of Jamaica's Hear the Children's Cry, child\-rights advocate Betty Ann Blaine, asked the government to introduce missing\-children legislation in Jamaica.{{cite web\|url\=http://jamaica\-gleaner.com/article/lead\-stories/20150507/betty\-ann\-blaine\-bats\-missing\-children\-legislation\|title\=Betty Ann Blaine Bats for Missing Children Legislation\|work\=jamaica\-gleaner.com\|date\=May 7, 2015 \|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508150829/http://jamaica\-gleaner.com/article/lead\-stories/20150507/betty\-ann\-blaine\-bats\-missing\-children\-legislation\|archive\-date\=May 8, 2015\|df\=mdy\-all}} She said in May 2015: "Jamaica is facing a crisis of missing children. Every single month, we have approximately 150 reports of children who go missing. That is a crisis because we are only 2\.7 million people." She said her organization would work with the [International Centre for Missing \& Exploited Children](/wiki/International_Centre_for_Missing_%26_Exploited_Children "International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children") (ICMEC) to recommend a model law to the [Parliament of Jamaica](/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica "Parliament of Jamaica").
### Japan
It has been estimated that 100,000 Japanese people disappear annually.{{cite magazine\|last\=Tokyo\|first\=Joseph Hincks /\|date\=2017\-05\-02\|title\=Japan's Missing People: On the Trail of the Johatsu\|url\=https://time.com/4646293/japan\-missing\-people\-johatsu\-evaporated/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-03\|magazine\=Time}} The term [jouhatsu](/wiki/Jouhatsu "Jouhatsu") refers to the people in [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan") who purposely vanish from their established lives without a trace.{{cite web\|date\=2020\-09\-03\|title\=The companies that help people vansih\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200903\-the\-companies\-that\-help\-people\-vanish\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|website\=BBC}}
### Latin America
In the 1970s and 1980s, almost all South American countries were ruled for a long time by right\-wing military dictatorships. Most of them violently suppressed the opposition, usually with the secret kidnapping of unwanted people by unnamed members of the security forces.
While the families reported the disappearances, the victims were unjustly imprisoned, tortured and finally killed. In Argentina, they were loaded onto a plane and thrown into the sea. During the [Argentina's military dictatorship (1976–1983\)](/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process "National Reorganization Process"), almost 30,000 people disappeared in this way, permanently and without leaving any trace.
### Russia
According to a report by the Russian news agency [TASS](/wiki/TASS "TASS") released in 2018, between 70,000 and 100,000 people go missing in Russia every year. About 25% of missing persons cases remain unsolved.{{cite web \|url\=https://tass.com/society/1012545 \|title\=Up to 100,000 people go missing in Russia every year, says official}}
### Switzerland
The cantonal police are responsible for reports of disappearances, which do not have specialized sections on the matter. The complaint can be filed one year after an event that can be linked to a danger to life or five years after the last sign of life of the interested person. If the person found by the authorities is of age, they can only inform other people with her consent.
Police search and emergency room costs are usually charged in part or in full to the applicants. Helicopter searches are particularly expensive. The insurance covers the costs if the situation was not caused by gross negligence, if there is a risk of death and if there is a reasonable chance of survival.
A relatively large number of people are lost in Switzerland due to accidents in alpine sports. In the event of melting glaciers, the police have issued instructions on how to deal with the bodies: photograph the finds, mark them, write down the coordinates and, if there is a risk that the finds or their location may not be found a second time, they must be picked up and delivered to the nearest police station. [*Nach mehr als 50 Jahren: Leiche eines Vermissten identifiziert.*](https://www.suedostschweiz.ch/blaulicht/2016-07-25/nach-mehr-als-50-jahren-leiche-eines-vermissten-identifiziert), July 25, 2016
### United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, *The Huffington Post* reported in 2012, over 140,000 children go missing each year, as calculated by the [Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre](/wiki/Child_Exploitation_and_Online_Protection_Centre "Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre") (CEOP) of the United Kingdom's [National Crime Agency](/wiki/National_Crime_Agency "National Crime Agency").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/08/23/child\-abduction\-british\-law\-powerless\-parents\-adam\-jones\_n\_1825073\.html\|title\=Child Abduction: Why British Law Means Parents May Be Powerless To Get Their Children Back\|work\=The Huffington Post UK\|date\=August 25, 2012 \|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100949/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/08/23/child\-abduction\-british\-law\-powerless\-parents\-adam\-jones\_n\_1825073\.html\|archive\-date\=February 11, 2015\|df\=mdy\-all}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/12/12/child\-abduction\-abroad\-cases\-rise\_n\_2283497\.html\|title\=Child Abduction: Cases Rise By 88%, Foreign Office Warn Parents 'May Never Have Child Returned'\|work\=The Huffington Post UK\|date\=December 12, 2012\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211101645/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/12/12/child\-abduction\-abroad\-cases\-rise\_n\_2283497\.html\|archive\-date\=February 11, 2015\|df\=mdy\-all}}
### United States
Statistical information on missing persons in the US is provided by annual [National Crime Information Center](/wiki/National_Crime_Information_Center "National Crime Information Center") (NCIC) "Missing Person and Unidentified Person Statistics", annual [AMBER Alert](/wiki/Amber_alert "Amber alert") Reports (minors only) and a comprehensive 2002 [NISMART](/wiki/NISMART "NISMART")–2 study (covering children missing in year 1999\). AMBER Alerts are reserved for confirmed abductions, where the child is at risk of serious injury or death. In 2018, 161 such alerts were issued, concerning 203 children. Of those 161 cases, 23 were found to be hoaxes or unfounded (minor was not missing), 92 were familial abductions, 38 were non\-familial abductions and remaining 8 were runaways, lost, injured or unclassified. As of early 2019, 11 children were still missing and 7 were found deceased, with remaining children having been recovered. Notably, even though all states have operational AMBER program, 16 did not issue any alerts in 2018\.
[National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children](/wiki/National_Incidence_Studies_of_Missing%2C_Abducted%2C_Runaway%2C_and_Thrownaway_Children "National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children") (NISMART–2\) study by the U.S. [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention](/wiki/Office_of_Juvenile_Justice_and_Delinquency_Prevention "Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention") from 2002 comprehensively described missing children cases for year 1999\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/196465\.pdf\|title\=National Estimates of Missing Children: An Overview\|author1\=Andrea J. Sedlak \|author2\=David Finkelhor\|date\=October 2002\|work\=National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children\|publisher\=US Department of Justice; Office of Justice Programs\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613232821/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/196465\.pdf\|archive\-date\=June 13, 2015\|author3\=Heather Hammer\|author4\=Dana J. Schultz\|name\-list\-style\=amp}} {{PD\-notice}} The study considered a child missing when the child's whereabouts were unknown to the primary caretaker, with the result that the caretaker was alarmed for at least 1 hour and tried to locate the child. The estimated number of "caretaker missing children (reported and not reported)" was around 1\.3 million, with about 800 thousand missing children estimated to have been reported. The 1,300,000 number is further broken down into approximately 33,000 non\-familial abductions, 117,000 familial abductions, 629,000 runaway/thrownaway cases, 198,000 lost/injured, and 375,000 "benign explanations". By the time the study data were collected, 99\.8% of 1\.3 million caretaker missing children had been returned home alive or located. Only 0\.2% percent or 2,500 had not, the vast majority of which were runaways from institutions. Furthermore, only an estimated 115 of 33,000 non\-familial abductions were stereotypical kidnappings, involving a stranger or slight acquaintance, who holds the child for ransom, abducts with intent to kill or keep permanently. Data in the study was derived from a Law Enforcement Study, National Household Surveys of both Adult Caretakers and Youth (telephone interviews) and a Juvenile Facilities Study.Edith Fairman Cooper (2003\), [*Missing and Exploited Children: Overview and Policy Concerns; CRS report for Congress*](https://books.google.com/books?id=x_3ovmjODCUC&dq=NISMART+data+survey+adult+caretakers&pg=PA4), Nova Publishers, p. 4, {{ISBN\|1\-59033\-815\-4}} The estimated number of 800,000 missing children reports has been widely circulated in the popular press.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.icmec.org/missingkids/servlet/PageServlet?LanguageCountry\=en\_X1\&PageId\=4050\|title\=Activities in more than 22 Countries around the Globe will Remember Missing Children on May 25\|date\=May 22, 2013\|publisher\=ICMEC\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214011907/http://icmec.org/missingkids/servlet/PageServlet?LanguageCountry\=en\_X1\&PageId\=4050\|archive\-date\=February 14, 2015}}
The United States' [National Crime Information Center](/wiki/National_Crime_Information_Center "National Crime Information Center") (NCIC) of the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation"), mandated by the [National Child Search Assistance Act](/wiki/National_Child_Search_Assistance_Act "National Child Search Assistance Act"), maintains its own "Missing Person File" to which local police report people for whom they are searching.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/196467\.pdf\|title\=Archived copy\|access\-date\=2015\-03\-09\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525035117/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/196467\.pdf\|archive\-date\=May 25, 2015}} {{PD\-notice}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/amberalert/000308/\|title\=AMBER ALERT Fact Sheet\|author\=Office of Justice Programs • Partnerships for Safer Communities • US Department of Justice\|date\=April 2005 \|work\=ncjrs.gov\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121456/https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/amberalert/000308/\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016}} {{PD\-notice}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fbi.gov/about\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\-missing\-person\-and\-unidentified\-person\-statistics\-for\-2013\#MissingPersonFile1\|title\=NCIC Missing Person and Unidentified Person Statistics for 2013 \|publisher\=FBI\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529072424/https://www.fbi.gov/about\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\-missing\-person\-and\-unidentified\-person\-statistics\-for\-2013/\#MissingPersonFile1 \|archive\-date\=May 29, 2016}} {{PD\-notice}} The NCIC "Missing Person File" does have a category that is entitled "Juvenile" or "EMJ" (for: Enter Missing Person – Juvenile), but that category does not reflect the total number of all juveniles reported missing to the NCIC, for whom local police are searching. The NCIC also uses its own classification criteria; it does not use the above NISMART definitions of what constitutes a missing child.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\-1998\-02\-19/html/98\-4155\.htm\|title\=Federal Register, Volume 63, Issue 33\|date\=February 19, 1998\|work\=gpo.gov\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224070739/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\-1998\-02\-19/html/98\-4155\.htm\|archive\-date\=February 24, 2015}} {{PD\-notice}} The NCIC data is limited to individuals who have been reported to the NCIC as missing, and are being searched for, by local police. In addition, the EMJ category does not contain all reports of juveniles who have been reported missing to the NCIC.
While the EMJ category holds records of some of the juveniles reported missing, the totals for the EMJ category excludes those juveniles recorded missing *but* who "have a proven physical or mental disability ... are missing under circumstances indicating that they may be in physical danger ... are missing after a catastrophe ... \[or] are missing under circumstances indicating their disappearance may not have been voluntary". In 2013, the NCIC entered 445,214 "EMJ" reports (440,625 in the EMJ category under the age of 18; but 462,567 under the age of 18 in all categories, and 494,372 under the age of 21 in all categories), and NCIC's total reports numbered 627,911\.
Of the children under age 18, a total of 4,883 reports were classified as "missing under circumstances indicating that the disappearance may not have been voluntary, i.e., abduction or kidnapping" (9,572 under age 21\), and an additional 9,617 as "missing under circumstances indicating that his/her physical safety may be in danger" (15,163 under age 21\).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fbi.gov/about\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\-missing\-person\-and\-unidentified\-person\-statistics\-for\-2013\|title\=NCIC Missing Person and Unidentified Person Statistics for 2013\|publisher\=FBI\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529072424/https://www.fbi.gov/about\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\-missing\-person\-and\-unidentified\-person\-statistics\-for\-2013/\|archive\-date\=May 29, 2016}} c{{PD\-notice}} The total missing person records entered into NCIC were 661,593 in 2012, 678,860 in 2011 (550,424 of whom were under 21\), 692,944 in 2010 (531,928 of whom were under 18, and 565,692 of whom were under 21\), and 719,558 in 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fbi.gov/about\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\-missing\-person\-and\-unidentified\-person\-statistics\-for\-2011\|title\=NCIC Missing Person and Unidentified Person Statistics for 2011\|publisher\=FBI\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529072355/https://www.fbi.gov/about\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\-missing\-person\-and\-unidentified\-person\-statistics\-for\-2011/\|archive\-date\=May 29, 2016}} {{PD\-notice}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fbi.gov/about\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\-missing\-person\-and\-unidentified\-person\-statistics\-for\-2010\|title\=NCIC Missing Person and Unidentified Person Statistics for 2010\|publisher\=FBI\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529072340/https://www.fbi.gov/about\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\-missing\-person\-and\-unidentified\-person\-statistics\-for\-2010/\|archive\-date\=May 29, 2016}} {{PD\-notice}} A total of 630,990 records were cleared or canceled during 2013\. At end\-of\-year 2013, NCIC had 84,136 still\-active missing person records, with 33,849 (40\.2%) being of juveniles under 18, and 9,706 (11\.5%) being of juveniles between 18 and 20\.
### European Union
[116 000](/wiki/116_000 "116 000") is the European hotline for missing children active in all 27 countries of the EU as well as [Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania"), [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") and the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"). The hotline was an initiative pushed for by Missing Children Europe, the European federation for missing and sexually exploited children. The Council of Europe estimates that about one in five children in Europe are victims of some form of sexual violence. In 70% to 85% of cases, the abuser is somebody the child knows and trusts. Child sexual violence can take many forms: sexual abuse within the family circle, child pornography and prostitution, corruption, solicitation via Internet and sexual assault by peers. In some of the cases, with no other available option, children flee their homes and care institutions, in search of a better and safer life.
Of the 50–60% of child runaways reported by the 116 000 European missing children hotline network, one in six are assumed to rough sleep on the run, one in eight resort to stealing to survive and one in four children are at serious risk of some form of abuse. The number of rough sleeping children across Europe is on the rise. These runaways fall into vulnerable situations of [sexual abuse](/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse "Child sexual abuse"), [alcohol abuse](/wiki/Alcohol_abuse "Alcohol abuse") and drug abuse leading to depression. Runaways are 9 times likelier to have suicidal tendencies than other children. The Children's Society published a report in 2011 on recommendations to the government to keep child runaways safe.
|
[
"Laws and statistics by country\n------------------------------",
"### Austria",
"Austria has a competence center for missing persons.[Kompetenzzentrum für Abgängige Personen](https://bundeskriminalamt.at/404/) The police records the missing person's data, which is stored in the Austrian Search System (EKIS) and (automatically) in the Schengen Information System (SIS).Kompetenzzentrum für Abgängige Personen: [PDF](https://www.pflegekongress.at/html/publicpages/154418999210688.pdf) In 2016, a total of 8,887 cases were processed and stored in the EKIS. Of these, 6,322 cases involved EU citizens, except for 44 resolved, and 2,565 non\\-EU citizens, except for 264 resolved. As of October 1, 2017, a total of 1,300 people were reported missing in Austria: 349 were women, 198 of whom were minors; 951 were male, of whom 597 were minors. The number of EU citizens who were stored in the EKIS as missing was between 400 and 500 at all times mentioned in 2015 to 2017\\.[4 Jahre KAP](https://www.bmi.gv.at/bmi_documents/2113.pdf) In 2017, 10,000 missing person reports were filed in Austria. As of May 1, 2018, 1,267 people had been reported missing, including 746 children and young people. Only 505 came from EU countries.[derstandard.at](https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000080342017/mehr-als-10-000-vermisstenanzeigen-2017-in-oesterreich)",
"In January 2019, 1037 people were recorded as missing in the EKIS, in January 2020 884 people. Between 2016 and 2019, 85 percent of missing persons cases were resolved within a week, 95 percent within a month, 97 percent within six months and 98 percent within a year. In 2019, the KAP published a search in only 13 cases, the result of which was: eight alive, three dead, two still missing.[tt.com](https://www.tt.com/artikel/30712365/vermisste-menschen-2019-30-personen-werden-pro-tag-abgaengig-gemeldet) The legal status of missing persons in Austria is regulated by the Declaration of Death Act (*Todeserklärungsgesetz*).[Todeserklärungsgesetz 1950](http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10001905)",
"### Australia",
"Over 305,000 people were reported missing in Australia from 2008 to 2015,{{Cite book \\|last\\=Bricknell \\|first\\=S \\|url\\=https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/rr/rr8 \\|title\\=Missing persons: Who is at risk? Research Report no. 8\\. \\|date\\=2017\\-11\\-16 \\|publisher\\=Australian Institute of Criminology \\|year\\=2017 \\|location\\=Canberra \\|publication\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-16 \\|doi\\=10\\.52922/rr208244}} which is estimated to be one person reported missing every 18 minutes.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Henderson \\|first\\=Monika \\|url\\=https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi144 \\|title\\=Missing persons: incidence, issues and impacts \\|last2\\=Henderson \\|first2\\=Peter \\|last3\\=Kiernan \\|first3\\=Carol \\|date\\=2000\\-01\\-02 \\|publisher\\=Australian Institute of Criminology \\|year\\=2000 \\|isbn\\=0642241457 \\|location\\=Canberra}} Around 38,159 missing person reports are made on average every year in Australia.",
"### Canada",
"Royal Canadian Mounted Police missing child statistics for a ten\\-year period{{cite web\\|title\\=Statistics \\|url\\=http://www.rcmp\\-grc.gc.ca/omc\\-ned/about\\-apropos/stats\\-eng.htm \\|work\\=Canadian Missing Children Reports Summary For A Ten Year Period \\|publisher\\=Royal Canadian Mounted Police \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2012 \\|date\\=December 22, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905062635/http://www.rcmp\\-grc.gc.ca/omc\\-ned/about\\-apropos/stats\\-eng.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=September 5, 2012 }} show a total of 60,582 missing children in 2007\\.",
"### France",
"The file named *Fichier des personnes recherchées* (FPR) is a data collection of the French national police. It is also under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence.",
"### Ireland",
"On May 26, 2002, a monument to missing persons was unveiled in [County Kilkenny](/wiki/County_Kilkenny \"County Kilkenny\"), [Ireland](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\") by President [Mary McAleese](/wiki/Mary_McAleese \"Mary McAleese\"). It was the first monument of its kind in the world.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.missing.ws/\\_nationalmonument/nationalmonument.asp\\|title\\=National Monument to Missing People\\|work\\=Missing Irish People WS (WebSite)\\|publisher\\=MISSING.WS\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313213839/http://www.missing.ws/\\_nationalMonument/nationalMonument.asp\\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2012\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}}",
"### Jamaica",
"The founder of Jamaica's Hear the Children's Cry, child\\-rights advocate Betty Ann Blaine, asked the government to introduce missing\\-children legislation in Jamaica.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jamaica\\-gleaner.com/article/lead\\-stories/20150507/betty\\-ann\\-blaine\\-bats\\-missing\\-children\\-legislation\\|title\\=Betty Ann Blaine Bats for Missing Children Legislation\\|work\\=jamaica\\-gleaner.com\\|date\\=May 7, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508150829/http://jamaica\\-gleaner.com/article/lead\\-stories/20150507/betty\\-ann\\-blaine\\-bats\\-missing\\-children\\-legislation\\|archive\\-date\\=May 8, 2015\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}} She said in May 2015: \"Jamaica is facing a crisis of missing children. Every single month, we have approximately 150 reports of children who go missing. That is a crisis because we are only 2\\.7 million people.\" She said her organization would work with the [International Centre for Missing \\& Exploited Children](/wiki/International_Centre_for_Missing_%26_Exploited_Children \"International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children\") (ICMEC) to recommend a model law to the [Parliament of Jamaica](/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica \"Parliament of Jamaica\").",
"### Japan",
"It has been estimated that 100,000 Japanese people disappear annually.{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Tokyo\\|first\\=Joseph Hincks /\\|date\\=2017\\-05\\-02\\|title\\=Japan's Missing People: On the Trail of the Johatsu\\|url\\=https://time.com/4646293/japan\\-missing\\-people\\-johatsu\\-evaporated/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-03\\|magazine\\=Time}} The term [jouhatsu](/wiki/Jouhatsu \"Jouhatsu\") refers to the people in [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") who purposely vanish from their established lives without a trace.{{cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-09\\-03\\|title\\=The companies that help people vansih\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200903\\-the\\-companies\\-that\\-help\\-people\\-vanish\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|website\\=BBC}}",
"### Latin America",
"In the 1970s and 1980s, almost all South American countries were ruled for a long time by right\\-wing military dictatorships. Most of them violently suppressed the opposition, usually with the secret kidnapping of unwanted people by unnamed members of the security forces.",
"While the families reported the disappearances, the victims were unjustly imprisoned, tortured and finally killed. In Argentina, they were loaded onto a plane and thrown into the sea. During the [Argentina's military dictatorship (1976–1983\\)](/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process \"National Reorganization Process\"), almost 30,000 people disappeared in this way, permanently and without leaving any trace.",
"### Russia",
"According to a report by the Russian news agency [TASS](/wiki/TASS \"TASS\") released in 2018, between 70,000 and 100,000 people go missing in Russia every year. About 25% of missing persons cases remain unsolved.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://tass.com/society/1012545 \\|title\\=Up to 100,000 people go missing in Russia every year, says official}}",
"### Switzerland",
"The cantonal police are responsible for reports of disappearances, which do not have specialized sections on the matter. The complaint can be filed one year after an event that can be linked to a danger to life or five years after the last sign of life of the interested person. If the person found by the authorities is of age, they can only inform other people with her consent.",
"Police search and emergency room costs are usually charged in part or in full to the applicants. Helicopter searches are particularly expensive. The insurance covers the costs if the situation was not caused by gross negligence, if there is a risk of death and if there is a reasonable chance of survival.",
"A relatively large number of people are lost in Switzerland due to accidents in alpine sports. In the event of melting glaciers, the police have issued instructions on how to deal with the bodies: photograph the finds, mark them, write down the coordinates and, if there is a risk that the finds or their location may not be found a second time, they must be picked up and delivered to the nearest police station. [*Nach mehr als 50 Jahren: Leiche eines Vermissten identifiziert.*](https://www.suedostschweiz.ch/blaulicht/2016-07-25/nach-mehr-als-50-jahren-leiche-eines-vermissten-identifiziert), July 25, 2016",
"### United Kingdom",
"In the United Kingdom, *The Huffington Post* reported in 2012, over 140,000 children go missing each year, as calculated by the [Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre](/wiki/Child_Exploitation_and_Online_Protection_Centre \"Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre\") (CEOP) of the United Kingdom's [National Crime Agency](/wiki/National_Crime_Agency \"National Crime Agency\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/08/23/child\\-abduction\\-british\\-law\\-powerless\\-parents\\-adam\\-jones\\_n\\_1825073\\.html\\|title\\=Child Abduction: Why British Law Means Parents May Be Powerless To Get Their Children Back\\|work\\=The Huffington Post UK\\|date\\=August 25, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100949/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/08/23/child\\-abduction\\-british\\-law\\-powerless\\-parents\\-adam\\-jones\\_n\\_1825073\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2015\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/12/12/child\\-abduction\\-abroad\\-cases\\-rise\\_n\\_2283497\\.html\\|title\\=Child Abduction: Cases Rise By 88%, Foreign Office Warn Parents 'May Never Have Child Returned'\\|work\\=The Huffington Post UK\\|date\\=December 12, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211101645/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/12/12/child\\-abduction\\-abroad\\-cases\\-rise\\_n\\_2283497\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2015\\|df\\=mdy\\-all}}",
"### United States",
"Statistical information on missing persons in the US is provided by annual [National Crime Information Center](/wiki/National_Crime_Information_Center \"National Crime Information Center\") (NCIC) \"Missing Person and Unidentified Person Statistics\", annual [AMBER Alert](/wiki/Amber_alert \"Amber alert\") Reports (minors only) and a comprehensive 2002 [NISMART](/wiki/NISMART \"NISMART\")–2 study (covering children missing in year 1999\\). AMBER Alerts are reserved for confirmed abductions, where the child is at risk of serious injury or death. In 2018, 161 such alerts were issued, concerning 203 children. Of those 161 cases, 23 were found to be hoaxes or unfounded (minor was not missing), 92 were familial abductions, 38 were non\\-familial abductions and remaining 8 were runaways, lost, injured or unclassified. As of early 2019, 11 children were still missing and 7 were found deceased, with remaining children having been recovered. Notably, even though all states have operational AMBER program, 16 did not issue any alerts in 2018\\.",
"[National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children](/wiki/National_Incidence_Studies_of_Missing%2C_Abducted%2C_Runaway%2C_and_Thrownaway_Children \"National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children\") (NISMART–2\\) study by the U.S. [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention](/wiki/Office_of_Juvenile_Justice_and_Delinquency_Prevention \"Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention\") from 2002 comprehensively described missing children cases for year 1999\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/196465\\.pdf\\|title\\=National Estimates of Missing Children: An Overview\\|author1\\=Andrea J. Sedlak \\|author2\\=David Finkelhor\\|date\\=October 2002\\|work\\=National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children\\|publisher\\=US Department of Justice; Office of Justice Programs\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613232821/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/196465\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=June 13, 2015\\|author3\\=Heather Hammer\\|author4\\=Dana J. Schultz\\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp}} {{PD\\-notice}} The study considered a child missing when the child's whereabouts were unknown to the primary caretaker, with the result that the caretaker was alarmed for at least 1 hour and tried to locate the child. The estimated number of \"caretaker missing children (reported and not reported)\" was around 1\\.3 million, with about 800 thousand missing children estimated to have been reported. The 1,300,000 number is further broken down into approximately 33,000 non\\-familial abductions, 117,000 familial abductions, 629,000 runaway/thrownaway cases, 198,000 lost/injured, and 375,000 \"benign explanations\". By the time the study data were collected, 99\\.8% of 1\\.3 million caretaker missing children had been returned home alive or located. Only 0\\.2% percent or 2,500 had not, the vast majority of which were runaways from institutions. Furthermore, only an estimated 115 of 33,000 non\\-familial abductions were stereotypical kidnappings, involving a stranger or slight acquaintance, who holds the child for ransom, abducts with intent to kill or keep permanently. Data in the study was derived from a Law Enforcement Study, National Household Surveys of both Adult Caretakers and Youth (telephone interviews) and a Juvenile Facilities Study.Edith Fairman Cooper (2003\\), [*Missing and Exploited Children: Overview and Policy Concerns; CRS report for Congress*](https://books.google.com/books?id=x_3ovmjODCUC&dq=NISMART+data+survey+adult+caretakers&pg=PA4), Nova Publishers, p. 4, {{ISBN\\|1\\-59033\\-815\\-4}} The estimated number of 800,000 missing children reports has been widely circulated in the popular press.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.icmec.org/missingkids/servlet/PageServlet?LanguageCountry\\=en\\_X1\\&PageId\\=4050\\|title\\=Activities in more than 22 Countries around the Globe will Remember Missing Children on May 25\\|date\\=May 22, 2013\\|publisher\\=ICMEC\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214011907/http://icmec.org/missingkids/servlet/PageServlet?LanguageCountry\\=en\\_X1\\&PageId\\=4050\\|archive\\-date\\=February 14, 2015}}",
"The United States' [National Crime Information Center](/wiki/National_Crime_Information_Center \"National Crime Information Center\") (NCIC) of the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\"), mandated by the [National Child Search Assistance Act](/wiki/National_Child_Search_Assistance_Act \"National Child Search Assistance Act\"), maintains its own \"Missing Person File\" to which local police report people for whom they are searching.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/196467\\.pdf\\|title\\=Archived copy\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-03\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525035117/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/196467\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=May 25, 2015}} {{PD\\-notice}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/amberalert/000308/\\|title\\=AMBER ALERT Fact Sheet\\|author\\=Office of Justice Programs • Partnerships for Safer Communities • US Department of Justice\\|date\\=April 2005 \\|work\\=ncjrs.gov\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121456/https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/amberalert/000308/\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016}} {{PD\\-notice}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fbi.gov/about\\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\\-missing\\-person\\-and\\-unidentified\\-person\\-statistics\\-for\\-2013\\#MissingPersonFile1\\|title\\=NCIC Missing Person and Unidentified Person Statistics for 2013 \\|publisher\\=FBI\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529072424/https://www.fbi.gov/about\\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\\-missing\\-person\\-and\\-unidentified\\-person\\-statistics\\-for\\-2013/\\#MissingPersonFile1 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2016}} {{PD\\-notice}} The NCIC \"Missing Person File\" does have a category that is entitled \"Juvenile\" or \"EMJ\" (for: Enter Missing Person – Juvenile), but that category does not reflect the total number of all juveniles reported missing to the NCIC, for whom local police are searching. The NCIC also uses its own classification criteria; it does not use the above NISMART definitions of what constitutes a missing child.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\\-1998\\-02\\-19/html/98\\-4155\\.htm\\|title\\=Federal Register, Volume 63, Issue 33\\|date\\=February 19, 1998\\|work\\=gpo.gov\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224070739/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR\\-1998\\-02\\-19/html/98\\-4155\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2015}} {{PD\\-notice}} The NCIC data is limited to individuals who have been reported to the NCIC as missing, and are being searched for, by local police. In addition, the EMJ category does not contain all reports of juveniles who have been reported missing to the NCIC.",
"While the EMJ category holds records of some of the juveniles reported missing, the totals for the EMJ category excludes those juveniles recorded missing *but* who \"have a proven physical or mental disability ... are missing under circumstances indicating that they may be in physical danger ... are missing after a catastrophe ... \\[or] are missing under circumstances indicating their disappearance may not have been voluntary\". In 2013, the NCIC entered 445,214 \"EMJ\" reports (440,625 in the EMJ category under the age of 18; but 462,567 under the age of 18 in all categories, and 494,372 under the age of 21 in all categories), and NCIC's total reports numbered 627,911\\.",
"Of the children under age 18, a total of 4,883 reports were classified as \"missing under circumstances indicating that the disappearance may not have been voluntary, i.e., abduction or kidnapping\" (9,572 under age 21\\), and an additional 9,617 as \"missing under circumstances indicating that his/her physical safety may be in danger\" (15,163 under age 21\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fbi.gov/about\\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\\-missing\\-person\\-and\\-unidentified\\-person\\-statistics\\-for\\-2013\\|title\\=NCIC Missing Person and Unidentified Person Statistics for 2013\\|publisher\\=FBI\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529072424/https://www.fbi.gov/about\\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\\-missing\\-person\\-and\\-unidentified\\-person\\-statistics\\-for\\-2013/\\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2016}} c{{PD\\-notice}} The total missing person records entered into NCIC were 661,593 in 2012, 678,860 in 2011 (550,424 of whom were under 21\\), 692,944 in 2010 (531,928 of whom were under 18, and 565,692 of whom were under 21\\), and 719,558 in 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fbi.gov/about\\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\\-missing\\-person\\-and\\-unidentified\\-person\\-statistics\\-for\\-2011\\|title\\=NCIC Missing Person and Unidentified Person Statistics for 2011\\|publisher\\=FBI\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529072355/https://www.fbi.gov/about\\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\\-missing\\-person\\-and\\-unidentified\\-person\\-statistics\\-for\\-2011/\\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2016}} {{PD\\-notice}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fbi.gov/about\\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\\-missing\\-person\\-and\\-unidentified\\-person\\-statistics\\-for\\-2010\\|title\\=NCIC Missing Person and Unidentified Person Statistics for 2010\\|publisher\\=FBI\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529072340/https://www.fbi.gov/about\\-us/cjis/ncic/ncic\\-missing\\-person\\-and\\-unidentified\\-person\\-statistics\\-for\\-2010/\\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2016}} {{PD\\-notice}} A total of 630,990 records were cleared or canceled during 2013\\. At end\\-of\\-year 2013, NCIC had 84,136 still\\-active missing person records, with 33,849 (40\\.2%) being of juveniles under 18, and 9,706 (11\\.5%) being of juveniles between 18 and 20\\.",
"### European Union",
"[116 000](/wiki/116_000 \"116 000\") is the European hotline for missing children active in all 27 countries of the EU as well as [Albania](/wiki/Albania \"Albania\"), [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") and the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"). The hotline was an initiative pushed for by Missing Children Europe, the European federation for missing and sexually exploited children. The Council of Europe estimates that about one in five children in Europe are victims of some form of sexual violence. In 70% to 85% of cases, the abuser is somebody the child knows and trusts. Child sexual violence can take many forms: sexual abuse within the family circle, child pornography and prostitution, corruption, solicitation via Internet and sexual assault by peers. In some of the cases, with no other available option, children flee their homes and care institutions, in search of a better and safer life.",
"Of the 50–60% of child runaways reported by the 116 000 European missing children hotline network, one in six are assumed to rough sleep on the run, one in eight resort to stealing to survive and one in four children are at serious risk of some form of abuse. The number of rough sleeping children across Europe is on the rise. These runaways fall into vulnerable situations of [sexual abuse](/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse \"Child sexual abuse\"), [alcohol abuse](/wiki/Alcohol_abuse \"Alcohol abuse\") and drug abuse leading to depression. Runaways are 9 times likelier to have suicidal tendencies than other children. The Children's Society published a report in 2011 on recommendations to the government to keep child runaways safe.",
""
] |
History
-------
In December 1905, a [syndicate](/wiki/Syndicate "Syndicate") composed of William Salomon and Company, [International Banking Corporation](/wiki/International_Banking_Corporation "International Banking Corporation"), Heidelbach, Ickelheimer and Company, [Cornelius Vanderbilt III](/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_III "Cornelius Vanderbilt III"), [Charles M. Swift](/wiki/Charles_M._Swift "Charles M. Swift"), H. R. Wilson, and J. G. White and Company was the sole bidder for the right to construct railroads on Cebu, Panay and [Negros](/wiki/Negros_Island "Negros Island").{{cite journal\|last1\=McIntyre\|first1\=Capt. Frank\|title\=Railroads in the Philippine Islands\|journal\=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science\|date\=July 1907\|volume\= XXX\|issue\=American Colonial Policy and Administration\|pages\=52–61\|doi\=10\.1177/000271620703000106\|jstor\=1010633\|s2cid\=143192158\|url\=https://zenodo.org/record/2400329}} In 1906, the syndicate was awarded the concession and the **Philippine Railway Company Inc.** was incorporated in the state of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut"), [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") on March 5, 1906\.
{{cite news\|last\=Salvilla\|first\=Rex S.\|title\=Panay Railways\|url\=http://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/07/28/panay.railways.html\|access\-date\=May 10, 2014\|newspaper\=The News Today\|date\=July 28, 2006}}
[thumb](/wiki/File:PRC_stock_1913.jpg "PRC stock 1913.jpg")
On May 28, 1906, the Philippine government formally passed an act granting the company the concession.{{cite web\|title\=G.R. No. L\-10045 March 25, 1916 (decision of the Supreme Court)\|url\=http://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence1916/mar1916/gr\_l\-10045\_1916\.php\|publisher\=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library\|access\-date\=May 19, 2014}}
The company became part of a "Manila syndicate", a collection of Philippine infrastructure companies including the [Manila Electric Railway and Light Company](/wiki/Manila_Electric_Railway_and_Light_Company "Manila Electric Railway and Light Company"), the Manila Construction Company, and the [Manila Suburban Railways Company](/wiki/Manila_Suburban_Railways_Company "Manila Suburban Railways Company").{{cite book\|last\=Swaine\|first\=Robert T.\|title\=The Cravath firm and its predecessors, 1819–1947\|year\=2005\|publisher\=Lawbook Exchange\|location\=Clark, N.J.\|isbn\=9781584777137\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=p8jmmSwD9KEC\&q\=%22Philippine\+Railway\+Company%22\&pg\=RA1\-PA104}} Later the **Philippine Railways Construction Company** was added.
Construction began on a railroad from [Iloilo City](/wiki/Iloilo_City "Iloilo City") to [Roxas City](/wiki/Roxas_City "Roxas City") in [Capiz](/wiki/Capiz "Capiz") with crews working from both cities and meeting in the middle in 1907\. Crews working from the north and south met at the railway track's highest elevation in a flag stop near Passi's border with Dumarao, later called Summit.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2015}} Operations began immediately upon completion.
In 1937, after three decades of operations, the railroad had not yet earned a profit.{{cite news\|title\=PHILIPPINE RAILWAY FACES RECEIVERSHIP; Manila Government Is Reported Planning to Force Insolvency as Bonds Mature, Unpaid\|url\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/07/01/94395970\.html?pageNumber\=48\|access\-date\=April 25, 2017\|work\=New York Times\|date\=July 1, 1937\|language\=en}}
In 1939, three individuals were convicted in a fraud scheme involving bonds from the then Philippine Railway Company. In 1937, bonds in the "sick, sugary\-hauling road" were selling for about US$11 and were about to mature apparently worthless.{{cite news\|title\=SCANDALS: Gaiety \& Honesty\|url\=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,761684,00\.html\|access\-date\=March 17, 2016\|agency\=Time Magazine\|date\=July 10, 1939}} The price of the bonds then rose rapidly to $31 a share because of rumors that the [Philippine Commonwealth](/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth "Philippine Commonwealth") would buy them for $65\. Philippine Commonwealth President [Manuel Quezon](/wiki/Manuel_Quezon "Manuel Quezon") denied the rumor and the bonds crashed. The [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission") launched an investigation and William P. Buckner Jr. and William J. Gillespie, members of the bondholders protective committee, were convicted of [mail fraud](/wiki/Mail_fraud "Mail fraud") and conspiracy. Also convicted of a lesser charge was Filipino Felipe Abreu Buencamino, [whip](/wiki/Whip_%28politics%29 "Whip (politics)") of the [Philippine Assembly](/wiki/Philippine_Assembly "Philippine Assembly") and confidant of President Quezon, who allegedly received $50,000 ({{Inflation\|US\|50000\|1937\|fmt\=eq}}) to cooperate with the plan.
In 1974, then\-President [Ferdinand Marcos](/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos "Ferdinand Marcos") entrusted its ownership, management and operations to Philippine Veterans Investment Development Corporation (PHIVIDEC) under DBP BR No. 3463, s. of 1974 as amended by BR No. 3593, s. of 1974\. In consideration of DBP's transfer of the railway to PHIVIDEC and pursuant to a Deed of Assignment dated December 12, 1974, PHIVIDEC issued to DBP shares of stocks worth ₱5 million, PHIVIDEC spun off its transport division and organized a subsidiary corporation, Phividec Railways, Inc. In 1976, DBP extended to Phividec Railways, Inc. a ₱5\.500 million Industrial Loan and a ₱4\.000 million Guaranty Loan for the rehabilitation of the railroad tracks and acquisition of additional rolling stocks, as well as, major equipment. As security for the subject loan accommodation, Phividec Railways, Inc. mortgaged some of its assets in favor of DBP.
On March 8, 1977, Phividec Railways, Inc. mortgaged in favor of DBP certain machinery and equipment located in Iloilo City and parcels of land.
On May 12, 1979, then\-President Marcos approved the sale of PHIVIDEC's share in the Phividec Railways, Inc. to the Philippine Sugar Commission (PHILSUCOM). This covered the conversion of its ₱45 million DBP loan into equity either in the form of cumulative preferred shares or common shares with defined representation. Pursuant thereto, an agreement to sell 4,200,000 PHIVIDEC shares was entered into on May 25, 1979 by PHIVIDEC and PHILSUCOM, subject among others, the assumption by the latter of the obligations of the former with DBP and to guarantee the payment of such financial accommodations. Thereafter, Phividec Railways, Inc. changed its corporate name to Panay Railways, Incorporated (PRI).
In compliance, thereto, PRI issued stock certificates aggregating to ₱53\.727 million on various dates, the latest of which was issued on June 19, 1984\. Despite the prohibition contained in the aforementioned Deed of Undertaking, PRI obtained a loan from the Traders Royal Bank (TRB) in the amount of ₱20\.000 million and executed a Real Estate Mortgage on April 20, 1982\. In July 1985, PRI ceased operation due to mounting losses and cash flow problems.
In 1989 freight operations ceased.
In May 1986, by virtue of Executive Order No. 18, then\-President [Corazon Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_Aquino "Corazon Aquino") abolished the PHILSUCOM and created the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) which assumed trusteeship of assets and records of PRI. By virtue of the Deed of Transfer dated February 27, 1987 executed by DBP pursuant to Presidential Proclamation No. 50 as amended and by Administrative Order No. 14, the National Government (NG) was mandated to take title and possession of all shares of stocks of PRI.
During the meeting with then\-President [Benigno Aquino III](/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III "Benigno Aquino III") on September 28, 2015, the abolition of PRI had already been approved in principle. However, pending the issuance of a formal document approving such abolition, and the subsequent revocation of its certificate of registration with the SEC, PRI must follow the pertinent provisions of the Corporation Code and the Labor Code with respect to the procedure in closing down a corporation and separating its employees. On February 15, 2016, a memorandum from Executive Secretary [Paquito Ochoa Jr.](/wiki/Paquito_Ochoa_Jr. "Paquito Ochoa Jr.") to Chairman Cesar L. Villanueva of the [Governance Commission for Government Owned or Controlled Corporations](/wiki/Governance_Commission_for_GOCCs "Governance Commission for GOCCs") (GCG) on the subject of Abolition of PRI stated, among others, the 1\) approval by the Office of the President through the Executive Secretary of the GCG’s recommendation to abolish PRI and 2\) the creation of a Technical Working Group (TWG) composed of representatives from various government agencies to coordinate with the GCG to implement the activities of abolition. The PRI Board of Directors and Management continue to manage and maintain to preserve the assets of the PRI until further instructions from the GCG on the implementation of the abolition.
PRI has 10 regular employees, and 1 job order employee as of December 31, 2020\.{{Cite web \|title\=Panay Railways Incorporated Executive Summary \|url\=https://www.coa.gov.ph/download/3277/region\-vi\-western\-visayas/41633/panay\-railways\-incorporated\-executive\-summary\-2020\.pdf \|access\-date\=August 21, 2024 \|website\=\[\[Commission on Audit (Philippines)\|Commission on Audit]]}}
### Revival proposal
In 2016, then\-President [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte "Rodrigo Duterte") included Panay Railways among his administration's priorities under the [*Build! Build! Build!* program](/wiki/Build%21_Build%21_Build%21 "Build! Build! Build!"). However, the plans were never finalized.{{Cite web \|title\=NEDA\-6 head says Panay Railways revival a “pleasant surprise” \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/the\-freeman/region/2016/07/28/1607485/neda\-6\-head\-says\-panay\-railways\-revival\-pleasant\-surprise \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|website\=Philstar.com}}
On March 24, 2022, Panay Railways announced it was opening to foreign ownership to facilitate the reconstruction of its former train lines.{{Cite web \|title\=Panay railway revival part of Marcos’ priority infra projects \|url\=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/25/panay\-railway\-revival\-part\-of\-marcos\-priority\-infra\-projects \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|website\=Manila Bulletin \|language\=en}} The plan received support from the current administration of President [Bongbong Marcos](/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos "Bongbong Marcos"), with several foreign firms expressing interest, including [China Railway International Group Ltd.](/wiki/China_Railway_Group_Limited "China Railway Group Limited") (CRIG){{Cite web \|last\=Inquirer \|first\=Philippine Daily \|date\=2022\-08\-08 \|title\=China firm renews interest in Panay Railways revival \|url\=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1642358/china\-firm\-renews\-interest\-in\-panay\-railways\-revival \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|website\=INQUIRER.net \|language\=en}} and United Kingdom\-based Global Wealth Centres.{{Cite web \|last\=Chakraborty \|first\=Srishti \|date\=2022\-07\-27 \|title\=Government of Philippines plans Panay railway revival \|url\=https://southeastasiainfra.com/government\-of\-philippines\-plans\-panay\-railway\-revival/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|website\=Southeast Asia Infrastructure \|language\=en\-US}} As of January 2023, eleven investors from Turkey, the United States, Saudi Arabia, Japan, England, and China had shown interest in reviving Panay Island's railway system.{{Cite web \|last\=Sornito \|first\=Ime \|date\=2023\-01\-31 \|title\=Turkish investor to conduct feasibility study on Panay railways’ revival \|url\=https://www.panaynews.net/turkish\-investor\-to\-conduct\-feasibility\-study\-on\-panay\-railways\-revival/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|website\=Panay News \|language\=en\-GB}}
The first phase of the plan is to reconstruct the original route of Panay Railways which was 117 kilometers long, including 19 permanent and 10 flag stations. It will reconnect La Paz and [Jaro](/wiki/Jaro%2C_Iloilo_City "Jaro, Iloilo City") (now [districts of Iloilo City](/wiki/Districts_of_Iloilo_City "Districts of Iloilo City")), [Pavia](/wiki/Pavia%2C_Iloilo "Pavia, Iloilo"), [Santa Barbara](/wiki/Santa_Barbara%2C_Iloilo "Santa Barbara, Iloilo"), [New Lucena](/wiki/New_Lucena "New Lucena"), [Pototan](/wiki/Pototan "Pototan"), [Dingle](/wiki/Dingle%2C_Iloilo "Dingle, Iloilo"), [Dueñas](/wiki/Due%C3%B1as%2C_Iloilo "Dueñas, Iloilo"), and [Passi City](/wiki/Passi_City "Passi City") in [Iloilo](/wiki/Iloilo "Iloilo"); and [Dumarao](/wiki/Dumarao "Dumarao"), [Dao](/wiki/Dao%2C_Capiz "Dao, Capiz"), [Panitan](/wiki/Panitan "Panitan"), [Cuartero](/wiki/Cuartero "Cuartero"), and [Loctugan](/wiki/Roxas_City "Roxas City") in [Capiz](/wiki/Capiz "Capiz"), reaching Roxas City.
The revived railway system is expected to have an expanded coverage area. Phase 2 will involve constructing new railway routes from Roxas City to [Kalibo, Aklan](/wiki/Kalibo%2C_Aklan "Kalibo, Aklan"), and then to Caticlan in Malay, Aklan. Phase 3 will cover a new railway route from Caticlan, Malay in Aklan, to San Jose, Antique. Phase 4 will extend from San Jose, Antique, to Iloilo City via the towns of [San Joaquin](/wiki/San_Joaquin%2C_Iloilo "San Joaquin, Iloilo") and [Miag\-ao](/wiki/Miagao "Miagao") in Iloilo province.
In Iloilo City, the original trains ended at the passenger terminal along the wharf near the [Iloilo Customs House](/wiki/Iloilo_Customs_House "Iloilo Customs House"), close to the current [Iloilo City Hall](/wiki/Iloilo_City_Hall "Iloilo City Hall"). The trains crossed what is now the Drilon Bridge from La Paz and ran down the banks of the [Iloilo River](/wiki/Iloilo_River "Iloilo River") to Muelle Loney at the [Port of Iloilo](/wiki/Port_of_Iloilo "Port of Iloilo"). However, Iloilo City Mayor [Jerry Treñas](/wiki/Jerry_Tre%C3%B1as "Jerry Treñas") announced his opposition to the Panay Railway operating within the city due to the displacement of residents in the Jaro and La Paz districts. He noted that the city has an efficient public transport and road system that could connect to the railway to be constructed outside the city. Mayor Treñas suggested relocating the main passenger terminal to Santa Barbara, which already hosts a station previously used and also serves as the entry point to [Iloilo International Airport](/wiki/Iloilo_International_Airport "Iloilo International Airport").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In December 1905, a [syndicate](/wiki/Syndicate \"Syndicate\") composed of William Salomon and Company, [International Banking Corporation](/wiki/International_Banking_Corporation \"International Banking Corporation\"), Heidelbach, Ickelheimer and Company, [Cornelius Vanderbilt III](/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_III \"Cornelius Vanderbilt III\"), [Charles M. Swift](/wiki/Charles_M._Swift \"Charles M. Swift\"), H. R. Wilson, and J. G. White and Company was the sole bidder for the right to construct railroads on Cebu, Panay and [Negros](/wiki/Negros_Island \"Negros Island\").{{cite journal\\|last1\\=McIntyre\\|first1\\=Capt. Frank\\|title\\=Railroads in the Philippine Islands\\|journal\\=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science\\|date\\=July 1907\\|volume\\= XXX\\|issue\\=American Colonial Policy and Administration\\|pages\\=52–61\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/000271620703000106\\|jstor\\=1010633\\|s2cid\\=143192158\\|url\\=https://zenodo.org/record/2400329}} In 1906, the syndicate was awarded the concession and the **Philippine Railway Company Inc.** was incorporated in the state of [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\"), [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") on March 5, 1906\\.\n{{cite news\\|last\\=Salvilla\\|first\\=Rex S.\\|title\\=Panay Railways\\|url\\=http://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/07/28/panay.railways.html\\|access\\-date\\=May 10, 2014\\|newspaper\\=The News Today\\|date\\=July 28, 2006}}\n[thumb](/wiki/File:PRC_stock_1913.jpg \"PRC stock 1913.jpg\")\nOn May 28, 1906, the Philippine government formally passed an act granting the company the concession.{{cite web\\|title\\=G.R. No. L\\-10045 March 25, 1916 (decision of the Supreme Court)\\|url\\=http://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence1916/mar1916/gr\\_l\\-10045\\_1916\\.php\\|publisher\\=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library\\|access\\-date\\=May 19, 2014}}",
"The company became part of a \"Manila syndicate\", a collection of Philippine infrastructure companies including the [Manila Electric Railway and Light Company](/wiki/Manila_Electric_Railway_and_Light_Company \"Manila Electric Railway and Light Company\"), the Manila Construction Company, and the [Manila Suburban Railways Company](/wiki/Manila_Suburban_Railways_Company \"Manila Suburban Railways Company\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Swaine\\|first\\=Robert T.\\|title\\=The Cravath firm and its predecessors, 1819–1947\\|year\\=2005\\|publisher\\=Lawbook Exchange\\|location\\=Clark, N.J.\\|isbn\\=9781584777137\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=p8jmmSwD9KEC\\&q\\=%22Philippine\\+Railway\\+Company%22\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PA104}} Later the **Philippine Railways Construction Company** was added.",
"Construction began on a railroad from [Iloilo City](/wiki/Iloilo_City \"Iloilo City\") to [Roxas City](/wiki/Roxas_City \"Roxas City\") in [Capiz](/wiki/Capiz \"Capiz\") with crews working from both cities and meeting in the middle in 1907\\. Crews working from the north and south met at the railway track's highest elevation in a flag stop near Passi's border with Dumarao, later called Summit.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2015}} Operations began immediately upon completion.",
"In 1937, after three decades of operations, the railroad had not yet earned a profit.{{cite news\\|title\\=PHILIPPINE RAILWAY FACES RECEIVERSHIP; Manila Government Is Reported Planning to Force Insolvency as Bonds Mature, Unpaid\\|url\\=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/07/01/94395970\\.html?pageNumber\\=48\\|access\\-date\\=April 25, 2017\\|work\\=New York Times\\|date\\=July 1, 1937\\|language\\=en}}",
"In 1939, three individuals were convicted in a fraud scheme involving bonds from the then Philippine Railway Company. In 1937, bonds in the \"sick, sugary\\-hauling road\" were selling for about US$11 and were about to mature apparently worthless.{{cite news\\|title\\=SCANDALS: Gaiety \\& Honesty\\|url\\=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,761684,00\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2016\\|agency\\=Time Magazine\\|date\\=July 10, 1939}} The price of the bonds then rose rapidly to $31 a share because of rumors that the [Philippine Commonwealth](/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth \"Philippine Commonwealth\") would buy them for $65\\. Philippine Commonwealth President [Manuel Quezon](/wiki/Manuel_Quezon \"Manuel Quezon\") denied the rumor and the bonds crashed. The [U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission](/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission\") launched an investigation and William P. Buckner Jr. and William J. Gillespie, members of the bondholders protective committee, were convicted of [mail fraud](/wiki/Mail_fraud \"Mail fraud\") and conspiracy. Also convicted of a lesser charge was Filipino Felipe Abreu Buencamino, [whip](/wiki/Whip_%28politics%29 \"Whip (politics)\") of the [Philippine Assembly](/wiki/Philippine_Assembly \"Philippine Assembly\") and confidant of President Quezon, who allegedly received $50,000 ({{Inflation\\|US\\|50000\\|1937\\|fmt\\=eq}}) to cooperate with the plan.",
"In 1974, then\\-President [Ferdinand Marcos](/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos \"Ferdinand Marcos\") entrusted its ownership, management and operations to Philippine Veterans Investment Development Corporation (PHIVIDEC) under DBP BR No. 3463, s. of 1974 as amended by BR No. 3593, s. of 1974\\. In consideration of DBP's transfer of the railway to PHIVIDEC and pursuant to a Deed of Assignment dated December 12, 1974, PHIVIDEC issued to DBP shares of stocks worth ₱5 million, PHIVIDEC spun off its transport division and organized a subsidiary corporation, Phividec Railways, Inc. In 1976, DBP extended to Phividec Railways, Inc. a ₱5\\.500 million Industrial Loan and a ₱4\\.000 million Guaranty Loan for the rehabilitation of the railroad tracks and acquisition of additional rolling stocks, as well as, major equipment. As security for the subject loan accommodation, Phividec Railways, Inc. mortgaged some of its assets in favor of DBP.\nOn March 8, 1977, Phividec Railways, Inc. mortgaged in favor of DBP certain machinery and equipment located in Iloilo City and parcels of land.",
"On May 12, 1979, then\\-President Marcos approved the sale of PHIVIDEC's share in the Phividec Railways, Inc. to the Philippine Sugar Commission (PHILSUCOM). This covered the conversion of its ₱45 million DBP loan into equity either in the form of cumulative preferred shares or common shares with defined representation. Pursuant thereto, an agreement to sell 4,200,000 PHIVIDEC shares was entered into on May 25, 1979 by PHIVIDEC and PHILSUCOM, subject among others, the assumption by the latter of the obligations of the former with DBP and to guarantee the payment of such financial accommodations. Thereafter, Phividec Railways, Inc. changed its corporate name to Panay Railways, Incorporated (PRI).",
"In compliance, thereto, PRI issued stock certificates aggregating to ₱53\\.727 million on various dates, the latest of which was issued on June 19, 1984\\. Despite the prohibition contained in the aforementioned Deed of Undertaking, PRI obtained a loan from the Traders Royal Bank (TRB) in the amount of ₱20\\.000 million and executed a Real Estate Mortgage on April 20, 1982\\. In July 1985, PRI ceased operation due to mounting losses and cash flow problems.",
"In 1989 freight operations ceased.",
"In May 1986, by virtue of Executive Order No. 18, then\\-President [Corazon Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_Aquino \"Corazon Aquino\") abolished the PHILSUCOM and created the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) which assumed trusteeship of assets and records of PRI. By virtue of the Deed of Transfer dated February 27, 1987 executed by DBP pursuant to Presidential Proclamation No. 50 as amended and by Administrative Order No. 14, the National Government (NG) was mandated to take title and possession of all shares of stocks of PRI.",
"During the meeting with then\\-President [Benigno Aquino III](/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III \"Benigno Aquino III\") on September 28, 2015, the abolition of PRI had already been approved in principle. However, pending the issuance of a formal document approving such abolition, and the subsequent revocation of its certificate of registration with the SEC, PRI must follow the pertinent provisions of the Corporation Code and the Labor Code with respect to the procedure in closing down a corporation and separating its employees. On February 15, 2016, a memorandum from Executive Secretary [Paquito Ochoa Jr.](/wiki/Paquito_Ochoa_Jr. \"Paquito Ochoa Jr.\") to Chairman Cesar L. Villanueva of the [Governance Commission for Government Owned or Controlled Corporations](/wiki/Governance_Commission_for_GOCCs \"Governance Commission for GOCCs\") (GCG) on the subject of Abolition of PRI stated, among others, the 1\\) approval by the Office of the President through the Executive Secretary of the GCG’s recommendation to abolish PRI and 2\\) the creation of a Technical Working Group (TWG) composed of representatives from various government agencies to coordinate with the GCG to implement the activities of abolition. The PRI Board of Directors and Management continue to manage and maintain to preserve the assets of the PRI until further instructions from the GCG on the implementation of the abolition.",
"PRI has 10 regular employees, and 1 job order employee as of December 31, 2020\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Panay Railways Incorporated Executive Summary \\|url\\=https://www.coa.gov.ph/download/3277/region\\-vi\\-western\\-visayas/41633/panay\\-railways\\-incorporated\\-executive\\-summary\\-2020\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=August 21, 2024 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Commission on Audit (Philippines)\\|Commission on Audit]]}}",
"### Revival proposal",
"In 2016, then\\-President [Rodrigo Duterte](/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte \"Rodrigo Duterte\") included Panay Railways among his administration's priorities under the [*Build! Build! Build!* program](/wiki/Build%21_Build%21_Build%21 \"Build! Build! Build!\"). However, the plans were never finalized.{{Cite web \\|title\\=NEDA\\-6 head says Panay Railways revival a “pleasant surprise” \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/the\\-freeman/region/2016/07/28/1607485/neda\\-6\\-head\\-says\\-panay\\-railways\\-revival\\-pleasant\\-surprise \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=Philstar.com}}",
"On March 24, 2022, Panay Railways announced it was opening to foreign ownership to facilitate the reconstruction of its former train lines.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Panay railway revival part of Marcos’ priority infra projects \\|url\\=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/25/panay\\-railway\\-revival\\-part\\-of\\-marcos\\-priority\\-infra\\-projects \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=Manila Bulletin \\|language\\=en}} The plan received support from the current administration of President [Bongbong Marcos](/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos \"Bongbong Marcos\"), with several foreign firms expressing interest, including [China Railway International Group Ltd.](/wiki/China_Railway_Group_Limited \"China Railway Group Limited\") (CRIG){{Cite web \\|last\\=Inquirer \\|first\\=Philippine Daily \\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-08 \\|title\\=China firm renews interest in Panay Railways revival \\|url\\=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1642358/china\\-firm\\-renews\\-interest\\-in\\-panay\\-railways\\-revival \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=INQUIRER.net \\|language\\=en}} and United Kingdom\\-based Global Wealth Centres.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Chakraborty \\|first\\=Srishti \\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-27 \\|title\\=Government of Philippines plans Panay railway revival \\|url\\=https://southeastasiainfra.com/government\\-of\\-philippines\\-plans\\-panay\\-railway\\-revival/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=Southeast Asia Infrastructure \\|language\\=en\\-US}} As of January 2023, eleven investors from Turkey, the United States, Saudi Arabia, Japan, England, and China had shown interest in reviving Panay Island's railway system.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sornito \\|first\\=Ime \\|date\\=2023\\-01\\-31 \\|title\\=Turkish investor to conduct feasibility study on Panay railways’ revival \\|url\\=https://www.panaynews.net/turkish\\-investor\\-to\\-conduct\\-feasibility\\-study\\-on\\-panay\\-railways\\-revival/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|website\\=Panay News \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
"The first phase of the plan is to reconstruct the original route of Panay Railways which was 117 kilometers long, including 19 permanent and 10 flag stations. It will reconnect La Paz and [Jaro](/wiki/Jaro%2C_Iloilo_City \"Jaro, Iloilo City\") (now [districts of Iloilo City](/wiki/Districts_of_Iloilo_City \"Districts of Iloilo City\")), [Pavia](/wiki/Pavia%2C_Iloilo \"Pavia, Iloilo\"), [Santa Barbara](/wiki/Santa_Barbara%2C_Iloilo \"Santa Barbara, Iloilo\"), [New Lucena](/wiki/New_Lucena \"New Lucena\"), [Pototan](/wiki/Pototan \"Pototan\"), [Dingle](/wiki/Dingle%2C_Iloilo \"Dingle, Iloilo\"), [Dueñas](/wiki/Due%C3%B1as%2C_Iloilo \"Dueñas, Iloilo\"), and [Passi City](/wiki/Passi_City \"Passi City\") in [Iloilo](/wiki/Iloilo \"Iloilo\"); and [Dumarao](/wiki/Dumarao \"Dumarao\"), [Dao](/wiki/Dao%2C_Capiz \"Dao, Capiz\"), [Panitan](/wiki/Panitan \"Panitan\"), [Cuartero](/wiki/Cuartero \"Cuartero\"), and [Loctugan](/wiki/Roxas_City \"Roxas City\") in [Capiz](/wiki/Capiz \"Capiz\"), reaching Roxas City.",
"The revived railway system is expected to have an expanded coverage area. Phase 2 will involve constructing new railway routes from Roxas City to [Kalibo, Aklan](/wiki/Kalibo%2C_Aklan \"Kalibo, Aklan\"), and then to Caticlan in Malay, Aklan. Phase 3 will cover a new railway route from Caticlan, Malay in Aklan, to San Jose, Antique. Phase 4 will extend from San Jose, Antique, to Iloilo City via the towns of [San Joaquin](/wiki/San_Joaquin%2C_Iloilo \"San Joaquin, Iloilo\") and [Miag\\-ao](/wiki/Miagao \"Miagao\") in Iloilo province.",
"In Iloilo City, the original trains ended at the passenger terminal along the wharf near the [Iloilo Customs House](/wiki/Iloilo_Customs_House \"Iloilo Customs House\"), close to the current [Iloilo City Hall](/wiki/Iloilo_City_Hall \"Iloilo City Hall\"). The trains crossed what is now the Drilon Bridge from La Paz and ran down the banks of the [Iloilo River](/wiki/Iloilo_River \"Iloilo River\") to Muelle Loney at the [Port of Iloilo](/wiki/Port_of_Iloilo \"Port of Iloilo\"). However, Iloilo City Mayor [Jerry Treñas](/wiki/Jerry_Tre%C3%B1as \"Jerry Treñas\") announced his opposition to the Panay Railway operating within the city due to the displacement of residents in the Jaro and La Paz districts. He noted that the city has an efficient public transport and road system that could connect to the railway to be constructed outside the city. Mayor Treñas suggested relocating the main passenger terminal to Santa Barbara, which already hosts a station previously used and also serves as the entry point to [Iloilo International Airport](/wiki/Iloilo_International_Airport \"Iloilo International Airport\").",
""
] |
Career
------
After leaving academia in 1987, he joined French oil giant [Total](/wiki/Total_S.A. "Total S.A.") in 1987, rising to head of treasury by the time he left in 1994\.
In 1994, Assaf joined the French [commercial bank](/wiki/Commercial_bank "Commercial bank") [Crédit Commercial de France](/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Commercial_de_France "Crédit Commercial de France") to run the global market division.
In 2000, Assaf joined HSBC, following the UK bank's acquisition of French [commercial bank](/wiki/Commercial_bank "Commercial bank") [Crédit Commercial de France](/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Commercial_de_France "Crédit Commercial de France").[Samir Assaf](https://www.hsbc.com/who-we-are/leadership/samir-assaf) HSBC At HSBC, he started as head of [fixed income](/wiki/Fixed_income "Fixed income") [trading](/wiki/Stock_trader "Stock trader"), Europe, and head of Global Markets HSBC France. In 2006 he was promoted to head of Global Markets for EMEA and in 2007 became deputy head of Global Markets. Assaf became head of Global Markets in January 2008 and a group general manager in May 2008\.
In December 2010, Assaf was appointed [chief executive officer](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer") of Global Banking and Markets.{{cite news\|author\=Wilson, Harry\|title\=Incoming HSBC chief Stuart Gulliver names Samir Assaf as head of investment banking\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8194984/Incoming\-HSBC\-chief\-Stuart\-Gulliver\-names\-Samir\-Assaf\-as\-head\-of\-investment\-banking.html\|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph]]\|date\=11 February 2010\|accessdate\=4 August 2012}} Assaf also became a group managing director and joined the group management board with responsibility for Global Banking and Markets.
In December 2019, HSBC announced that two co\-heads, Gregory Guyett and Georges Elhedery would succeed Assaf as head of the global banking and markets division.{{cite news \|last1\=Wilson \|first1\=Harry \|title\=HSBC Investment Banking Chief to Step Down \|url\=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/hsbc\-investment\-banking\-chief\-samir\-assaf\-to\-step\-down \|work\=\[\[BloombergQuint]] \|date\=9 December 2019 \|language\=en}}{{cite news \|last1\=Cobley \|first1\=Mark \|title\=HSBC names investment bank co\-heads to succeed Samir Assaf \|url\=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/hsbc\-names\-new\-co\-heads\-of\-investment\-banking\-to\-succeed\-assaf\-20191209 \|work\=\[\[Financial News]] \|date\=9 December 2019}}{{cite news \|title\=Fear at HSBC as the old guard lose their protector \|url\=https://news.efinancialcareers.com/uk\-en/3002698/samir\-assaf\-hsbc\-leaving \|work\=eFinancialCareers \|date\=20 November 2019 \|language\=en}}
In March 2020 Assaf stepped down from his executive role in HSBC to become a senior advisor to the chairman and the chief executive officer of HSBC and chairman of the board of HSBC in the Middle East.
In June 2020, Assaf has been appointed co\-chairman of the Coalition for Climate Resilient Investment (CCRI), which was launched at the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019\.{{cite news \|title\=Who we are \|url\=https://resilientinvestment.org/who\-we\-are/ \|work\=CCRI \|language\=en}}
In October 2021 Assaf added to his current activities with HSBC a senior advisory role to [General Atlantic](/wiki/General_Atlantic "General Atlantic") one of the most successful private growth fund.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"After leaving academia in 1987, he joined French oil giant [Total](/wiki/Total_S.A. \"Total S.A.\") in 1987, rising to head of treasury by the time he left in 1994\\.",
"In 1994, Assaf joined the French [commercial bank](/wiki/Commercial_bank \"Commercial bank\") [Crédit Commercial de France](/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Commercial_de_France \"Crédit Commercial de France\") to run the global market division.",
"In 2000, Assaf joined HSBC, following the UK bank's acquisition of French [commercial bank](/wiki/Commercial_bank \"Commercial bank\") [Crédit Commercial de France](/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Commercial_de_France \"Crédit Commercial de France\").[Samir Assaf](https://www.hsbc.com/who-we-are/leadership/samir-assaf) HSBC At HSBC, he started as head of [fixed income](/wiki/Fixed_income \"Fixed income\") [trading](/wiki/Stock_trader \"Stock trader\"), Europe, and head of Global Markets HSBC France. In 2006 he was promoted to head of Global Markets for EMEA and in 2007 became deputy head of Global Markets. Assaf became head of Global Markets in January 2008 and a group general manager in May 2008\\.",
"In December 2010, Assaf was appointed [chief executive officer](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer \"Chief executive officer\") of Global Banking and Markets.{{cite news\\|author\\=Wilson, Harry\\|title\\=Incoming HSBC chief Stuart Gulliver names Samir Assaf as head of investment banking\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8194984/Incoming\\-HSBC\\-chief\\-Stuart\\-Gulliver\\-names\\-Samir\\-Assaf\\-as\\-head\\-of\\-investment\\-banking.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph]]\\|date\\=11 February 2010\\|accessdate\\=4 August 2012}} Assaf also became a group managing director and joined the group management board with responsibility for Global Banking and Markets.",
"In December 2019, HSBC announced that two co\\-heads, Gregory Guyett and Georges Elhedery would succeed Assaf as head of the global banking and markets division.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Wilson \\|first1\\=Harry \\|title\\=HSBC Investment Banking Chief to Step Down \\|url\\=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/hsbc\\-investment\\-banking\\-chief\\-samir\\-assaf\\-to\\-step\\-down \\|work\\=\\[\\[BloombergQuint]] \\|date\\=9 December 2019 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Cobley \\|first1\\=Mark \\|title\\=HSBC names investment bank co\\-heads to succeed Samir Assaf \\|url\\=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/hsbc\\-names\\-new\\-co\\-heads\\-of\\-investment\\-banking\\-to\\-succeed\\-assaf\\-20191209 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial News]] \\|date\\=9 December 2019}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Fear at HSBC as the old guard lose their protector \\|url\\=https://news.efinancialcareers.com/uk\\-en/3002698/samir\\-assaf\\-hsbc\\-leaving \\|work\\=eFinancialCareers \\|date\\=20 November 2019 \\|language\\=en}}",
"In March 2020 Assaf stepped down from his executive role in HSBC to become a senior advisor to the chairman and the chief executive officer of HSBC and chairman of the board of HSBC in the Middle East.",
"In June 2020, Assaf has been appointed co\\-chairman of the Coalition for Climate Resilient Investment (CCRI), which was launched at the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Who we are \\|url\\=https://resilientinvestment.org/who\\-we\\-are/ \\|work\\=CCRI \\|language\\=en}}",
"In October 2021 Assaf added to his current activities with HSBC a senior advisory role to [General Atlantic](/wiki/General_Atlantic \"General Atlantic\") one of the most successful private growth fund.",
""
] |
Free City of Kraków
-------------------
In 1815 the Free City of Kraków had a population of 95,000, of whom 23,000 were actually in Kraków, the remainder in the surrounding area. Under the constitution that it had been given the city was responsible for the post.400 Lat Poczty Polskiej, 1958, p.66\-68
A central post office was already in existence, from the period when Kraków was part of the Duchy of Warsaw. On 1 June 1816 the Post Office of the Free City of Kraków took control of the existing central post office. Its staff consisted of a director, four secretarial staff, two postmen and a conductor.The Polish word used, "konduktor", translates to "conductor" – no explanation is given in the source what this job is. Two post stations were established in [Krzeszowice](/wiki/Krzeszowice "Krzeszowice") and [Cło](/wiki/C%C5%82o_%28Krak%C3%B3w%29 "Cło (Kraków)"). Post routes to and from each of the three Polish areas, Galicia, Congress Poland and Prussia were soon established.
Under the constitution the Free City had the exclusive right to private mail. The three powers could only transport official mail. However, on 1 December 1816 the Prussian Government set up a post office and a mail delivery from Kraków to Prussia. Despite protests from the Free City the Prussians continued. On 16 May 1818 the Austrians followed suit, set up a post office and a mail delivery to Galicia.Ilustrowany Katalog Znaczkow Polskich, 1973, p21
In the first full financial year, 1816/17, the Kraków post office had a profit of 18,887 złoty. By 1822/23, because of the competition, this had reduced to 2,802 złoty, despite the increase in population and increase in traffic.
The delivery of letters was undertaken by two postmen, they collected 4 groszy for each letter delivered or 8 groszy if it was a money letter. In 1825 these fees were reduced by half.
In the year 1833/4 the Kraków post office dealt with a total of 66,910 letters, an average of 185 per day. In December 1834 the senate of the Free City of Kraków received a notice from Congress Poland that they would be setting up a post office in Kraków. Protests brought no result. In August 1836 the Free City of Kraków came to an agreement with Congress Poland to cease operating their own post office and to rent their post office building to them from 1837\. In return Kraków was to receive an annual fee of 12,000 złoty.
The Prussian post office used three different date stamps (1\) a two line handstamp, (2\) a two ring cancel and (3\) a single ring cancel – all with **KRAKAU** and the date. The Austrian post office used a single line handstamp with the text **CRACAU**. The Congress Poland post office used two datestamps one with a single outer ring and one with a double outer ring with text **KRAKÓW**.
|
[
"Free City of Kraków\n-------------------",
"In 1815 the Free City of Kraków had a population of 95,000, of whom 23,000 were actually in Kraków, the remainder in the surrounding area. Under the constitution that it had been given the city was responsible for the post.400 Lat Poczty Polskiej, 1958, p.66\\-68",
"A central post office was already in existence, from the period when Kraków was part of the Duchy of Warsaw. On 1 June 1816 the Post Office of the Free City of Kraków took control of the existing central post office. Its staff consisted of a director, four secretarial staff, two postmen and a conductor.The Polish word used, \"konduktor\", translates to \"conductor\" – no explanation is given in the source what this job is. Two post stations were established in [Krzeszowice](/wiki/Krzeszowice \"Krzeszowice\") and [Cło](/wiki/C%C5%82o_%28Krak%C3%B3w%29 \"Cło (Kraków)\"). Post routes to and from each of the three Polish areas, Galicia, Congress Poland and Prussia were soon established.",
"Under the constitution the Free City had the exclusive right to private mail. The three powers could only transport official mail. However, on 1 December 1816 the Prussian Government set up a post office and a mail delivery from Kraków to Prussia. Despite protests from the Free City the Prussians continued. On 16 May 1818 the Austrians followed suit, set up a post office and a mail delivery to Galicia.Ilustrowany Katalog Znaczkow Polskich, 1973, p21",
"In the first full financial year, 1816/17, the Kraków post office had a profit of 18,887 złoty. By 1822/23, because of the competition, this had reduced to 2,802 złoty, despite the increase in population and increase in traffic.",
"The delivery of letters was undertaken by two postmen, they collected 4 groszy for each letter delivered or 8 groszy if it was a money letter. In 1825 these fees were reduced by half.",
"In the year 1833/4 the Kraków post office dealt with a total of 66,910 letters, an average of 185 per day. In December 1834 the senate of the Free City of Kraków received a notice from Congress Poland that they would be setting up a post office in Kraków. Protests brought no result. In August 1836 the Free City of Kraków came to an agreement with Congress Poland to cease operating their own post office and to rent their post office building to them from 1837\\. In return Kraków was to receive an annual fee of 12,000 złoty.",
"The Prussian post office used three different date stamps (1\\) a two line handstamp, (2\\) a two ring cancel and (3\\) a single ring cancel – all with **KRAKAU** and the date. The Austrian post office used a single line handstamp with the text **CRACAU**. The Congress Poland post office used two datestamps one with a single outer ring and one with a double outer ring with text **KRAKÓW**.",
""
] |
Polish Republic provisional issues
----------------------------------
The generally accepted date of the independence of Poland is 11 November 1918\. This date really only applies to General\-Gouvernement Warschau. The area occupied by Austria was freed on 29 October 1918\. The Wielkopolska area was held by the Germans till 27 December 1918 and the Pomorze area till 10 February 1919\. Each area had a different philatelic history until stamps were issued to cover the whole country.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol IV, p. 1253
### Former German occupied Russian area
Following the Armistice on 11 November 1918 the Polish authorities set to work to organise a postal service. Instructions were issued to temporarily use existing stamps and modify or replace cancelling machines with Polish place names. Many offices, on their own initiative, overprinted the "Russisch\-Polen" and the "Gen.\-Gouv. Warschau" stamps with "Poczta Polska", "Na Skarb Narodowy" etc.
#### Local overprints
Local overprints, on the "Russisch\-Polen" and the "Gen.\-Gouv. Warschau" stamps, are known from the following locations.{{page needed\|date\=October 2020}}
* Aleksandrów Kujawski – 11 different stamps known used from 18 November 1918 to 3 January 1919\.
* Błonie – 11 stamps and two postcards were overprinted using a rubber stamp; all known copies are of philatelic origin.
* Brzeziny – 14 stamps and two postcards were overprinted; all known copies are of philatelic origin.
* Ciechocinek – 6 different stamps are known overprinted; the copies are dated between 13 and 22 December 1918\. Only used copies are known. Only two to ten of each of these are known (per 2001 catalogue). These are the highest priced Polish stamps.
* Grodzisk – 11 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted; all known copies are of philatelic origin.
* Izbica – 4 different stamps are known overprinted.
* Kalisz – 15 different stamps were overprinted by the post office in Kalisz. Four other different overprints using rubber handstamps supplied by a philatelic dealer were used on ten different stamps to produce 40 different items; these are considered philatelic.
* Koło – 10 different stamps and one postcard are known to have been overprinted with two different handstamps.
* Konin – Two different overprints were used on 10 different stamps to produce 20 items. A different overprint in January 1919 was used; all known items with this third overprint are philatelic.
* Luzino – known from 2 covers dated 1922
* Łęczyca – 14 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted.
* Łowicz – 11 different stamps and one postcard were overprinted, all used items are postmarked February or March 1919 which is after definitive stamps had been supplied.
* Łuków – Two stamps and one postcard are known to have been supplied from 12 December 1918\.
* Maków – 10 different stamps and one postcard are known used from 13 November 1918 to 5 January 1919\.
* Ostrołęka – 8 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted. They are known used from 12 November 1918\.
* Ostrów Mazowiecka – 9 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted. They are known used from 12 November 1918\.
* Otwock – all items believed to be philatelic.
* Ozorków – 10 different stamps and one postcard were overprinted. These are believed to be philatelic.
* Poddębice – 10 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted. These were in use during December 1918\.
* Płońsk – 11 stamps overprinted, these are found only used and are believed to be philatelic.
* Pułtusk – 10 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted. These are known used from 13 November 1918 to early January 1919\.
* Sieradz – 10 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted. These were in use from 13 November 1918 till the end of January 1919\.
* Skierniewice – 11 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted in black red and blue. These are considered as philatelic.
* Włocławek – Two different overprints and 13 different stamps were used to produce 23 different items. Two postcards were overprinted producing 4 items. They were in use from 13 November 1918\.
* Zduńska Wola – Two different overprints and 8 different stamps were used to produce 17 different items. Two postcards were also overprinted. These were in use from 13 November 1918 till February 1919\.
#### First provisional issue
The first stamps to be issued by newly established Polish Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in Warsaw were on 17 November 1918\. Unissued stamps, which had been produced for the Warsaw Local Post in 1916, were overprinted with the value in "fen" at the top and "Poczta Polska" at the bottom. This is the first known occasion, in the world, on which local stamps were utilised to produce state stamps. They were in use for only a few weeks. The most common postmark to be found on these stamps is "Warschau", "Warszawa" and "Łódź", stamps postmarked "Bendzin" and "Sosnowice" are also known.Larking, Nov 1929, p.23\-24
The four stamps which were produced were:
* 5 fen on 2 gr brown – statue of [Sigismund III Vasa](/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa "Sigismund III Vasa")
* 10 fen on 6 gr green – "Syrena" the [coat of arms of Warsaw](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Warsaw "Coat of arms of Warsaw")
* 25 fen on 10 gr carmine – [White Eagle of Poland](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland "Coat of arms of Poland")
* 50 fen on 20 gr blue – statue of [John III Sobieski](/wiki/John_III_Sobieski "John III Sobieski")
The original stamps had been designed by Professor Edward Trojanowski and printed lithograph at the printing works of Jan Cotty in Warsaw. The overprinting was done at the "Kopytowski i Ska" printing works in Warsaw. Each of the four stamps is known with inverted overprint.
The total number of stamps originally printed in 1916, per the invoice from the printers, was as followsŚnieżko, 1965, p.69
* 2 groszy – 874,152
* 6 groszy – 1,814,400
* 10 groszy – 290,952
* 20 groszy – 209,952
About 20,000 of each of these were not used for overprinting with "Poczta Polska" in 1918\.Śnieżko, 1965, p.70
#### Second provisional issue
A large stock of the "Gen. Gouv. Warschau" stamps had been left behind by the Germans. These were collected up and overprinted with obliterating bars and "Poczta Polska". On 5 December 1918 eight different values (3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 60 fen) were put on sale in post offices and shops. The supply of 5 fen stamps ran out after two days, so stamps with a face value of 2½ and 3 fen were surcharged "5". In addition to this a 25 fen stamp was issued by surcharging the 7½ value with "25". Due to the haste with which these stamps were produced there are many errors and varieties to be found. The overprinting was done by the "Kopytowski i Ska" private printing works in Warsaw.Larking, Nov 1929, p.24\-25Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.98\-102
On 7 December 1918 the Ministry of Post and Telegraph announced in the daily newspapers that German stamps and postcards without the overprint "Poczta Polska" would not be accepted for postage as from 16 December 1918\.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.102
### Former Austrian occupied Congress Poland
[thumb\|upright\|Poland first Lublin overprint 10 hal stamp](/wiki/File:Poland_SG17.jpg "Poland SG17.jpg")
On 5 November 1918 the Post and Telegraph Administration in Lublin issued the first instructions regarding the organising of the post in the Congress Poland area formerly occupied by the Austrians. All the post office were instructed to follow existing rules and regulations and to use existing Austrian stamps in stock. Three post offices on their own initiative overprinted Austrian stampsFischer, 2001, p.65 and the Lublin Post and Telegraph Administration supplied overprinted Austrian stamps in December 1918\. There is no record of a public announcement or any instruction being given to post offices invalidating Austrian stamps.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol IV, p.1256\-1259
#### Local overprints
Local overprints are known as follows, the status of all of these is unknown
* Jędrzejów – overprint on some 13 different postage stamps, one postcard and one postage due stamp.
* Olkusz – overprint on some 12 different postage stamps and one postage due stamp.
* Zwierzyniec nad Wieprzem – three different stamps overprinted.
#### First Lublin provisional issue
Three values (10 hal, 20 hal and 45 hal) of the Austro\-Hungarian K und K Military Post Imperial Welfare Fund stamps were overprinted in Lublin with **POLSKA** at top, Polish eagle in centre and **POCZTA** at the bottom. A total of 64,000 copies of each was overprinted. The stamps were distributed to 41 post offices and shops. All the stamps were sold within ten days of being issued on 5 December 1918\. Due to the haste of production errors such as inverted overprints and double overprints are known.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.116\-117
#### Second Lublin provisional issue
Ten different values were produced using the Austro\-Hungarian K und K Military Post Emperor Charles stamps and were issued on 19 December 1918\. As with the previous issue, numerous varieties exist due to the haste of production. The stamps overprinted and quantities are as followsPolskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.117\-120
* 3 on 3 hal – 13,000
* 3 on 15 hal – 164,600
* 10 on 30 hal – 136,600
* 25 on 40 hal – 109,900
* 45 on 60 hal – 91,800
* 45 on 80 hal – 50,000 with bars
* 45 on 80 hal – 154,900 with stars
* 50 on 60 hal – 75,000
* 50 hal – 22,000
* 90 hal – 108,800
### Former Austrian Kingdom of Galicia
On the departure of the Austrian forces the area was administered by a governing commission which was called the [Polish Liquidation Commission](/wiki/Polish_Liquidation_Committee "Polish Liquidation Committee") (Polska Komisja Likwidacyjna) which was formed on 28 October 1918, in Kraków, by a coalition of Polish political parties in Galicia.Historia Polski, Vol IV, part I, p87, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1969 (in Polish)
#### Local overprints
A number of post offices are known to have overprinted or handstamped Austrian stamps. Many of these stamps did see proper postal use. There are also many that are only known off cover and/or on philatelic covers; these are considered as speculative issues. Details of the post offices with local overprints are as followsFischer, 2001, pp.65–69
* Baranów – handstamp on 14 different values.
* Bielsko – handstamp on two different postcards.
* Bochnia – three stamps were overprinted but not used.
* Czermin – handstamp on two different stamps.
* Dziedzice – handstamp on two different stamps.
* Klimkówka – handstamp on two different stamps.
* Krosno – one postcard overprinted.
* Mielec – 19 different stamps, three postcards and a letter card are known to have been overprinted or handstamped and used non\-philatelically. There are in addition some 100 different stamps that are considered as speculative issues.
* Oświęcim – handstamp on one stamp.
* Skałat – 24 different stamps were handstamped.
* Węgierska Górka – one cover known, handstamped, dated 3 February 1919\. and two cuts off with 5 stamps each.
All the stamps with local overprints from the following post offices are considered as speculative issuesPolskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol IV, pp.1266–1276
* Myślenice
* Przemyśl
* Rozwadów
* Świątniki Górne
* Tarnów
#### Krakow issue
[thumb\|upright\|Kraków issue 3 hal stamp](/wiki/File:Austrohungary3h1919pocztapolska.jpg "Austrohungary3h1919pocztapolska.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|Kraków issue 10 hal postage due stamp](/wiki/File:Krakow_1919_10hal_postage_due.jpg "Krakow 1919 10hal postage due.jpg")
All Austrian stamps, which were still in store in Kraków, were sent to two different printers in Kraków for overprinting on 2 January 1919\. The two printing works were A Koziański and F Zieliński. The overprinting by Koziański was by typograph and the overprinting by Zieliński was by lithograph. In total 20 different postage stamps, 5 different newspaper stamps and 12 different postage due stamps were overprinted with **POCZTA POLSKA** in two lines with a diamond shape or an ornament between. The stamps were made available for sale from 10 January 1919\.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.121
The following stamps and quantities of postage stamps were produced and issued.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, pp.120–121
| 3hal −2,350 5 hal −2,050 6 hal −28,800 10 hal −2,250 12 hal −15,640 15 hal −62,750 20 hal −5,340 | 25 hal −1,150 25/80 hal −100,000 30 hal −3,740 40 hal −22,390 50 hal −58,230 60 hal −67,020 80 hal −74,190 | 90 hal −1,300 1 kr – 50,860 2 kr −90,275 3 kr −8,005 4 kr −5,508 10 kr – 440 |
| --- | --- | --- |
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + On 12 January 1919 the Post and Telegraph Director in Lwów issued instructions that unoverprinted Austrian stamps and postal stationery would not be valid for postage from 20 January 1919\.
#### Polish Liquidation Commission issue
The Polish Liquidation Commission ordered these stamps, popularly known as the Polish Liquidation Commission issue, for use in Galicia. They were issued on 25 February 1919 and the sale of these stamps was stopped while the Polish Liquidation Commission argued with the Ministry of Post and Telegraph in Warsaw over the competence of the Galicia administration issuing stamps. This argument was resolved in a matter of days and the stamps were allowed to be sold from March with the proviso that these stamps would only be valid for use till 31 May 1919\. The stamp was designed by Jan Michalski and printed in the Zieliński printing works in Kraków. They were issued ungummed and imperforate.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.139
The following stamps and quantities were produced and issued.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.141
| 2 hal grey – 501,000 3 hal violet – 400,850 5 hal green – 980,050 6 hal orange – 100,450 10 hal carmine – 1,004,050 15 hal brown – 1,504,850 | 20 hal olive – 602,650 25 hal red – 3,008,550 50 hal indigo – 806,650 70 hal blue – 501,150 1 kr red and grey – 408,000 |
| --- | --- |
|
[
"Polish Republic provisional issues\n----------------------------------",
"The generally accepted date of the independence of Poland is 11 November 1918\\. This date really only applies to General\\-Gouvernement Warschau. The area occupied by Austria was freed on 29 October 1918\\. The Wielkopolska area was held by the Germans till 27 December 1918 and the Pomorze area till 10 February 1919\\. Each area had a different philatelic history until stamps were issued to cover the whole country.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol IV, p. 1253",
"### Former German occupied Russian area",
"Following the Armistice on 11 November 1918 the Polish authorities set to work to organise a postal service. Instructions were issued to temporarily use existing stamps and modify or replace cancelling machines with Polish place names. Many offices, on their own initiative, overprinted the \"Russisch\\-Polen\" and the \"Gen.\\-Gouv. Warschau\" stamps with \"Poczta Polska\", \"Na Skarb Narodowy\" etc.",
"#### Local overprints",
"Local overprints, on the \"Russisch\\-Polen\" and the \"Gen.\\-Gouv. Warschau\" stamps, are known from the following locations.{{page needed\\|date\\=October 2020}}\n* Aleksandrów Kujawski – 11 different stamps known used from 18 November 1918 to 3 January 1919\\.\n* Błonie – 11 stamps and two postcards were overprinted using a rubber stamp; all known copies are of philatelic origin.\n* Brzeziny – 14 stamps and two postcards were overprinted; all known copies are of philatelic origin.\n* Ciechocinek – 6 different stamps are known overprinted; the copies are dated between 13 and 22 December 1918\\. Only used copies are known. Only two to ten of each of these are known (per 2001 catalogue). These are the highest priced Polish stamps.\n* Grodzisk – 11 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted; all known copies are of philatelic origin.\n* Izbica – 4 different stamps are known overprinted.\n* Kalisz – 15 different stamps were overprinted by the post office in Kalisz. Four other different overprints using rubber handstamps supplied by a philatelic dealer were used on ten different stamps to produce 40 different items; these are considered philatelic.\n* Koło – 10 different stamps and one postcard are known to have been overprinted with two different handstamps.\n* Konin – Two different overprints were used on 10 different stamps to produce 20 items. A different overprint in January 1919 was used; all known items with this third overprint are philatelic.\n* Luzino – known from 2 covers dated 1922\n* Łęczyca – 14 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted.\n* Łowicz – 11 different stamps and one postcard were overprinted, all used items are postmarked February or March 1919 which is after definitive stamps had been supplied.\n* Łuków – Two stamps and one postcard are known to have been supplied from 12 December 1918\\.\n* Maków – 10 different stamps and one postcard are known used from 13 November 1918 to 5 January 1919\\.\n* Ostrołęka – 8 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted. They are known used from 12 November 1918\\.\n* Ostrów Mazowiecka – 9 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted. They are known used from 12 November 1918\\.\n* Otwock – all items believed to be philatelic.\n* Ozorków – 10 different stamps and one postcard were overprinted. These are believed to be philatelic.\n* Poddębice – 10 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted. These were in use during December 1918\\.\n* Płońsk – 11 stamps overprinted, these are found only used and are believed to be philatelic.\n* Pułtusk – 10 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted. These are known used from 13 November 1918 to early January 1919\\.\n* Sieradz – 10 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted. These were in use from 13 November 1918 till the end of January 1919\\.\n* Skierniewice – 11 different stamps and two postcards were overprinted in black red and blue. These are considered as philatelic.\n* Włocławek – Two different overprints and 13 different stamps were used to produce 23 different items. Two postcards were overprinted producing 4 items. They were in use from 13 November 1918\\.\n* Zduńska Wola – Two different overprints and 8 different stamps were used to produce 17 different items. Two postcards were also overprinted. These were in use from 13 November 1918 till February 1919\\.",
"#### First provisional issue",
"The first stamps to be issued by newly established Polish Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in Warsaw were on 17 November 1918\\. Unissued stamps, which had been produced for the Warsaw Local Post in 1916, were overprinted with the value in \"fen\" at the top and \"Poczta Polska\" at the bottom. This is the first known occasion, in the world, on which local stamps were utilised to produce state stamps. They were in use for only a few weeks. The most common postmark to be found on these stamps is \"Warschau\", \"Warszawa\" and \"Łódź\", stamps postmarked \"Bendzin\" and \"Sosnowice\" are also known.Larking, Nov 1929, p.23\\-24",
"The four stamps which were produced were:\n* 5 fen on 2 gr brown – statue of [Sigismund III Vasa](/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa \"Sigismund III Vasa\")\n* 10 fen on 6 gr green – \"Syrena\" the [coat of arms of Warsaw](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Warsaw \"Coat of arms of Warsaw\")\n* 25 fen on 10 gr carmine – [White Eagle of Poland](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland \"Coat of arms of Poland\")\n* 50 fen on 20 gr blue – statue of [John III Sobieski](/wiki/John_III_Sobieski \"John III Sobieski\")",
"The original stamps had been designed by Professor Edward Trojanowski and printed lithograph at the printing works of Jan Cotty in Warsaw. The overprinting was done at the \"Kopytowski i Ska\" printing works in Warsaw. Each of the four stamps is known with inverted overprint.",
"The total number of stamps originally printed in 1916, per the invoice from the printers, was as followsŚnieżko, 1965, p.69\n* 2 groszy – 874,152\n* 6 groszy – 1,814,400\n* 10 groszy – 290,952\n* 20 groszy – 209,952",
"About 20,000 of each of these were not used for overprinting with \"Poczta Polska\" in 1918\\.Śnieżko, 1965, p.70",
"#### Second provisional issue",
"A large stock of the \"Gen. Gouv. Warschau\" stamps had been left behind by the Germans. These were collected up and overprinted with obliterating bars and \"Poczta Polska\". On 5 December 1918 eight different values (3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 60 fen) were put on sale in post offices and shops. The supply of 5 fen stamps ran out after two days, so stamps with a face value of 2½ and 3 fen were surcharged \"5\". In addition to this a 25 fen stamp was issued by surcharging the 7½ value with \"25\". Due to the haste with which these stamps were produced there are many errors and varieties to be found. The overprinting was done by the \"Kopytowski i Ska\" private printing works in Warsaw.Larking, Nov 1929, p.24\\-25Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.98\\-102",
"On 7 December 1918 the Ministry of Post and Telegraph announced in the daily newspapers that German stamps and postcards without the overprint \"Poczta Polska\" would not be accepted for postage as from 16 December 1918\\.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.102",
"### Former Austrian occupied Congress Poland",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Poland first Lublin overprint 10 hal stamp](/wiki/File:Poland_SG17.jpg \"Poland SG17.jpg\")\nOn 5 November 1918 the Post and Telegraph Administration in Lublin issued the first instructions regarding the organising of the post in the Congress Poland area formerly occupied by the Austrians. All the post office were instructed to follow existing rules and regulations and to use existing Austrian stamps in stock. Three post offices on their own initiative overprinted Austrian stampsFischer, 2001, p.65 and the Lublin Post and Telegraph Administration supplied overprinted Austrian stamps in December 1918\\. There is no record of a public announcement or any instruction being given to post offices invalidating Austrian stamps.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol IV, p.1256\\-1259",
"#### Local overprints",
"Local overprints are known as follows, the status of all of these is unknown\n* Jędrzejów – overprint on some 13 different postage stamps, one postcard and one postage due stamp.\n* Olkusz – overprint on some 12 different postage stamps and one postage due stamp.\n* Zwierzyniec nad Wieprzem – three different stamps overprinted.",
"#### First Lublin provisional issue",
"Three values (10 hal, 20 hal and 45 hal) of the Austro\\-Hungarian K und K Military Post Imperial Welfare Fund stamps were overprinted in Lublin with **POLSKA** at top, Polish eagle in centre and **POCZTA** at the bottom. A total of 64,000 copies of each was overprinted. The stamps were distributed to 41 post offices and shops. All the stamps were sold within ten days of being issued on 5 December 1918\\. Due to the haste of production errors such as inverted overprints and double overprints are known.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.116\\-117",
"#### Second Lublin provisional issue",
"Ten different values were produced using the Austro\\-Hungarian K und K Military Post Emperor Charles stamps and were issued on 19 December 1918\\. As with the previous issue, numerous varieties exist due to the haste of production. The stamps overprinted and quantities are as followsPolskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.117\\-120\n* 3 on 3 hal – 13,000\n* 3 on 15 hal – 164,600\n* 10 on 30 hal – 136,600\n* 25 on 40 hal – 109,900\n* 45 on 60 hal – 91,800\n* 45 on 80 hal – 50,000 with bars\n* 45 on 80 hal – 154,900 with stars\n* 50 on 60 hal – 75,000\n* 50 hal – 22,000\n* 90 hal – 108,800",
"### Former Austrian Kingdom of Galicia",
"On the departure of the Austrian forces the area was administered by a governing commission which was called the [Polish Liquidation Commission](/wiki/Polish_Liquidation_Committee \"Polish Liquidation Committee\") (Polska Komisja Likwidacyjna) which was formed on 28 October 1918, in Kraków, by a coalition of Polish political parties in Galicia.Historia Polski, Vol IV, part I, p87, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1969 (in Polish)",
"#### Local overprints",
"A number of post offices are known to have overprinted or handstamped Austrian stamps. Many of these stamps did see proper postal use. There are also many that are only known off cover and/or on philatelic covers; these are considered as speculative issues. Details of the post offices with local overprints are as followsFischer, 2001, pp.65–69\n* Baranów – handstamp on 14 different values.\n* Bielsko – handstamp on two different postcards.\n* Bochnia – three stamps were overprinted but not used.\n* Czermin – handstamp on two different stamps.\n* Dziedzice – handstamp on two different stamps.\n* Klimkówka – handstamp on two different stamps.\n* Krosno – one postcard overprinted.\n* Mielec – 19 different stamps, three postcards and a letter card are known to have been overprinted or handstamped and used non\\-philatelically. There are in addition some 100 different stamps that are considered as speculative issues.\n* Oświęcim – handstamp on one stamp.\n* Skałat – 24 different stamps were handstamped.\n* Węgierska Górka – one cover known, handstamped, dated 3 February 1919\\. and two cuts off with 5 stamps each.",
"All the stamps with local overprints from the following post offices are considered as speculative issuesPolskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol IV, pp.1266–1276\n* Myślenice\n* Przemyśl\n* Rozwadów\n* Świątniki Górne\n* Tarnów",
"#### Krakow issue",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Kraków issue 3 hal stamp](/wiki/File:Austrohungary3h1919pocztapolska.jpg \"Austrohungary3h1919pocztapolska.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Kraków issue 10 hal postage due stamp](/wiki/File:Krakow_1919_10hal_postage_due.jpg \"Krakow 1919 10hal postage due.jpg\")\nAll Austrian stamps, which were still in store in Kraków, were sent to two different printers in Kraków for overprinting on 2 January 1919\\. The two printing works were A Koziański and F Zieliński. The overprinting by Koziański was by typograph and the overprinting by Zieliński was by lithograph. In total 20 different postage stamps, 5 different newspaper stamps and 12 different postage due stamps were overprinted with **POCZTA POLSKA** in two lines with a diamond shape or an ornament between. The stamps were made available for sale from 10 January 1919\\.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.121",
"The following stamps and quantities of postage stamps were produced and issued.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, pp.120–121",
"| 3hal −2,350 5 hal −2,050 6 hal −28,800 10 hal −2,250 12 hal −15,640 15 hal −62,750 20 hal −5,340 | 25 hal −1,150 25/80 hal −100,000 30 hal −3,740 40 hal −22,390 50 hal −58,230 60 hal −67,020 80 hal −74,190 | 90 hal −1,300 1 kr – 50,860 2 kr −90,275 3 kr −8,005 4 kr −5,508 10 kr – 440 |\n| --- | --- | --- |",
"",
"* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + On 12 January 1919 the Post and Telegraph Director in Lwów issued instructions that unoverprinted Austrian stamps and postal stationery would not be valid for postage from 20 January 1919\\.",
"#### Polish Liquidation Commission issue",
"The Polish Liquidation Commission ordered these stamps, popularly known as the Polish Liquidation Commission issue, for use in Galicia. They were issued on 25 February 1919 and the sale of these stamps was stopped while the Polish Liquidation Commission argued with the Ministry of Post and Telegraph in Warsaw over the competence of the Galicia administration issuing stamps. This argument was resolved in a matter of days and the stamps were allowed to be sold from March with the proviso that these stamps would only be valid for use till 31 May 1919\\. The stamp was designed by Jan Michalski and printed in the Zieliński printing works in Kraków. They were issued ungummed and imperforate.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.139",
"The following stamps and quantities were produced and issued.Polskie Znaki Pocztowe, Vol I, p.141",
"| 2 hal grey – 501,000 3 hal violet – 400,850 5 hal green – 980,050 6 hal orange – 100,450 10 hal carmine – 1,004,050 15 hal brown – 1,504,850 | 20 hal olive – 602,650 25 hal red – 3,008,550 50 hal indigo – 806,650 70 hal blue – 501,150 1 kr red and grey – 408,000 |\n| --- | --- |",
"",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Reilly was commissioned as second lieutenant in the [Royal Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Artillery "Royal Artillery") on 18 December 1845, promoted first lieutenant on 3 April 1846 and second captain on 17 February 1854\. In that year he was appointed aide\-de\-camp to General Fox\-Strangways, who commanded the artillery in the [Crimea](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War"); but, on his way out from England, he learned that Strangways had been killed in the [battle of Inkerman](/wiki/Battle_of_Inkerman "Battle of Inkerman"). He went on to the Crimea, and volunteered for service as a battery officer. He was employed in the trenches through the winter, and in February 1855 he was made adjutant (and subsequently brigade\-major) of the [siege train](/wiki/Siege_train "Siege train"). He was present at the several bombardments, and was three times mentioned in despatches. He received a [brevet majority](/wiki/Brevet_majority "Brevet majority") on 2 November 1855, the [Légion d'honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur "Légion d'honneur") of France, and the fifth class of the [Medjidie](/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie "Order of the Medjidie"), and was created a companion of the [Order of the Bath](/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath "Order of the Bath"). After the fall of Sebastopol he was deputy\-adjutant quartermaster\-general at the headquarters of the army till it left the Crimea in June 1856\. From December 1856 to April 1859 Reilly was aide\-de\-camp to Sir [Richard Dacres](/wiki/Richard_James_Dacres "Richard James Dacres"), commanding the Royal Artillery in Ireland, and, under Dacres's direction, he compiled the official account of the artillery operations of the [siege of Sebastopol](/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_%281854%E2%80%931855%29 "Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)").
During the war of 1866 between [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") and Austria he was sent out as British commissioner with the Prussian army, but could not join it till 19 July, when the fighting was over. He wrote a memorandum on the Prussian army, or rather on its system of supply and transport, as tested in the field, and on its artillery material. While generally favourable, he blamed the hospital arrangements, and he pronounced the breech\-loading guns inferior to muzzle\-loading guns, and, for some purposes, even to smooth\-bores.
Reilly became regimental lieutenant\-colonel in 1868, and next year was the guest of [Lord Mayo](/wiki/Richard_Bourke%2C_6th_Earl_of_Mayo "Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo") in India, whence he wrote some descriptive letters to *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* newspaper. He spoke French fluently, and at the end of October 1870, while the [siege of Paris](/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_%281870%E2%80%931871%29 "Siege of Paris (1870–1871)") was going on, he was sent out as extra [military attaché](/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9 "Military attaché") to the [British embassy](/wiki/British_embassy "British embassy") at [Tours](/wiki/Tours "Tours"). He at once joined the headquarters of the French army of the Loire, and became the channel for distributing British contributions in aid of the wounded. He was present at the [Battle of Beaune\-la\-Rolande](/wiki/Battle_of_Beaune-la-Rolande "Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande"), and the subsequent battles in front of Orléans. The hurried evacuation of Orléans by the French in the night of 4 December took place without his knowledge. He was arrested there next morning by the Prussians, and sent to England by way of [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken "Saarbrücken") and Belgium. He wished to rejoin the British embassy, then at [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux"), but the British government decided that he should not. In recognition of his services the French government raised him to the grade of officer of the [Legion of Honour](/wiki/Legion_of_Honour "Legion of Honour") on 20 March 1872, and commander on 4 November 1878\.
From April 1871 to January 1876 he was employed in the [War Office](/wiki/War_Office "War Office") as assistant director of artillery. During this time he made several visits abroad to report on artillery questions: to Berlin in 1872 to France and to the [Vienna exhibition](/wiki/Vienna_exhibition "Vienna exhibition") in 1873\. He also accompanied the [Duke of Edinburgh](/wiki/Alfred%2C_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha "Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha") to Russia in 1874\. In his reports he still adhered to his preference for muzzle\-loading guns, and did not think Great Britain had much to borrow from foreign artillery.
He became [brevet](/wiki/Brevet_%28military%29 "Brevet (military)")–[colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28UK%29 "Colonel (UK)") on 22 August 1873, and regimental colonel on 25 September 1877\. In January 1879 he was appointed to command the royal artillery at [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot "Aldershot"), but in the following month he was sent out to South Africa, in a similar capacity, to take part in the [Zulu War](/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War "Anglo-Zulu War"), which was then entering on its second stage. While he was inspecting one of his batteries his horse fell with him, and broke his wrist; and this prevented his being present at [Ulundi](/wiki/Battle_of_Ulundi "Battle of Ulundi"). After his return, in 1883, he became director of artillery at the war office, with the temporary rank of [brigadier\-general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Brigadier general (United Kingdom)"). He resigned this post at the end of 1884 on account of ill\-health.
On 1 May 1885 lie was appointed inspector\-general of artillery, with the rank of [major\-general](/wiki/Major-general "Major-general"). On 28 July 1886 he died on board the steamer *Mistletoe* while engaged in the inspection of the artillery at [Guernsey](/wiki/Guernsey "Guernsey"). He was buried with military honours at [Cheriton](/wiki/Cheriton%2C_Kent "Cheriton, Kent"), near [Sandgate](/wiki/Sandgate%2C_Kent "Sandgate, Kent"). A tablet and window in memory of him were put up in St. George's garrison church at [Woolwich](/wiki/Woolwich "Woolwich") by his brother\-officers.
Reilly's knowledge of all matters pertaining to his arm of the service was most comprehensive, and as a practical artilleryman he had no rival. The energy that underlay his normal composure was conspicuously shown in the last months of his life, when he vindicated the ordnance department from the charges formulated by Colonel Hope in the columns of the *Times*. 'I deny the charges you make; I defy you to prove them; I assert that they are false!' was the last emphatic declaration of Reilly, written from Guernsey. A commission on warlike stores was appointed, under the chairmanship of Sir [James Fitzjames Stephen](/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen "James Fitzjames Stephen") to investigate the allegations; its report supported the charge of weak administration, but refuted that of corruption.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Reilly was commissioned as second lieutenant in the [Royal Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Artillery \"Royal Artillery\") on 18 December 1845, promoted first lieutenant on 3 April 1846 and second captain on 17 February 1854\\. In that year he was appointed aide\\-de\\-camp to General Fox\\-Strangways, who commanded the artillery in the [Crimea](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\"); but, on his way out from England, he learned that Strangways had been killed in the [battle of Inkerman](/wiki/Battle_of_Inkerman \"Battle of Inkerman\"). He went on to the Crimea, and volunteered for service as a battery officer. He was employed in the trenches through the winter, and in February 1855 he was made adjutant (and subsequently brigade\\-major) of the [siege train](/wiki/Siege_train \"Siege train\"). He was present at the several bombardments, and was three times mentioned in despatches. He received a [brevet majority](/wiki/Brevet_majority \"Brevet majority\") on 2 November 1855, the [Légion d'honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur \"Légion d'honneur\") of France, and the fifth class of the [Medjidie](/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie \"Order of the Medjidie\"), and was created a companion of the [Order of the Bath](/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath \"Order of the Bath\"). After the fall of Sebastopol he was deputy\\-adjutant quartermaster\\-general at the headquarters of the army till it left the Crimea in June 1856\\. From December 1856 to April 1859 Reilly was aide\\-de\\-camp to Sir [Richard Dacres](/wiki/Richard_James_Dacres \"Richard James Dacres\"), commanding the Royal Artillery in Ireland, and, under Dacres's direction, he compiled the official account of the artillery operations of the [siege of Sebastopol](/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_%281854%E2%80%931855%29 \"Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)\").",
"During the war of 1866 between [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") and Austria he was sent out as British commissioner with the Prussian army, but could not join it till 19 July, when the fighting was over. He wrote a memorandum on the Prussian army, or rather on its system of supply and transport, as tested in the field, and on its artillery material. While generally favourable, he blamed the hospital arrangements, and he pronounced the breech\\-loading guns inferior to muzzle\\-loading guns, and, for some purposes, even to smooth\\-bores.",
"Reilly became regimental lieutenant\\-colonel in 1868, and next year was the guest of [Lord Mayo](/wiki/Richard_Bourke%2C_6th_Earl_of_Mayo \"Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo\") in India, whence he wrote some descriptive letters to *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* newspaper. He spoke French fluently, and at the end of October 1870, while the [siege of Paris](/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_%281870%E2%80%931871%29 \"Siege of Paris (1870–1871)\") was going on, he was sent out as extra [military attaché](/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9 \"Military attaché\") to the [British embassy](/wiki/British_embassy \"British embassy\") at [Tours](/wiki/Tours \"Tours\"). He at once joined the headquarters of the French army of the Loire, and became the channel for distributing British contributions in aid of the wounded. He was present at the [Battle of Beaune\\-la\\-Rolande](/wiki/Battle_of_Beaune-la-Rolande \"Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande\"), and the subsequent battles in front of Orléans. The hurried evacuation of Orléans by the French in the night of 4 December took place without his knowledge. He was arrested there next morning by the Prussians, and sent to England by way of [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken \"Saarbrücken\") and Belgium. He wished to rejoin the British embassy, then at [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux \"Bordeaux\"), but the British government decided that he should not. In recognition of his services the French government raised him to the grade of officer of the [Legion of Honour](/wiki/Legion_of_Honour \"Legion of Honour\") on 20 March 1872, and commander on 4 November 1878\\.",
"From April 1871 to January 1876 he was employed in the [War Office](/wiki/War_Office \"War Office\") as assistant director of artillery. During this time he made several visits abroad to report on artillery questions: to Berlin in 1872 to France and to the [Vienna exhibition](/wiki/Vienna_exhibition \"Vienna exhibition\") in 1873\\. He also accompanied the [Duke of Edinburgh](/wiki/Alfred%2C_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha \"Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha\") to Russia in 1874\\. In his reports he still adhered to his preference for muzzle\\-loading guns, and did not think Great Britain had much to borrow from foreign artillery.",
"He became [brevet](/wiki/Brevet_%28military%29 \"Brevet (military)\")–[colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28UK%29 \"Colonel (UK)\") on 22 August 1873, and regimental colonel on 25 September 1877\\. In January 1879 he was appointed to command the royal artillery at [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot \"Aldershot\"), but in the following month he was sent out to South Africa, in a similar capacity, to take part in the [Zulu War](/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War \"Anglo-Zulu War\"), which was then entering on its second stage. While he was inspecting one of his batteries his horse fell with him, and broke his wrist; and this prevented his being present at [Ulundi](/wiki/Battle_of_Ulundi \"Battle of Ulundi\"). After his return, in 1883, he became director of artillery at the war office, with the temporary rank of [brigadier\\-general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Brigadier general (United Kingdom)\"). He resigned this post at the end of 1884 on account of ill\\-health.",
"On 1 May 1885 lie was appointed inspector\\-general of artillery, with the rank of [major\\-general](/wiki/Major-general \"Major-general\"). On 28 July 1886 he died on board the steamer *Mistletoe* while engaged in the inspection of the artillery at [Guernsey](/wiki/Guernsey \"Guernsey\"). He was buried with military honours at [Cheriton](/wiki/Cheriton%2C_Kent \"Cheriton, Kent\"), near [Sandgate](/wiki/Sandgate%2C_Kent \"Sandgate, Kent\"). A tablet and window in memory of him were put up in St. George's garrison church at [Woolwich](/wiki/Woolwich \"Woolwich\") by his brother\\-officers.",
"Reilly's knowledge of all matters pertaining to his arm of the service was most comprehensive, and as a practical artilleryman he had no rival. The energy that underlay his normal composure was conspicuously shown in the last months of his life, when he vindicated the ordnance department from the charges formulated by Colonel Hope in the columns of the *Times*. 'I deny the charges you make; I defy you to prove them; I assert that they are false!' was the last emphatic declaration of Reilly, written from Guernsey. A commission on warlike stores was appointed, under the chairmanship of Sir [James Fitzjames Stephen](/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen \"James Fitzjames Stephen\") to investigate the allegations; its report supported the charge of weak administration, but refuted that of corruption.",
""
] |
Anatomy
-------
The external anal sphincter is far more substantial than the internal anal sphincter. The proximal portion of external anal sphincter overlaps the internal anal sphincter (which terminates distally a little distance proximal to the anal orifice) superficially; where the two overlap, they are separated by the intervening [conjoint longitudinal muscle](/wiki/Conjoint_longitudinal_muscle "Conjoint longitudinal muscle").
### Structure
Historically, the sphincter was described as consisting of three parts (deep, superficial, and subcontinuous). This is not supported by current anatomical knowledge. Some sources still describe it in two layers, deep (or proximal) and superficial (or distal or subcutaneous).
Some of the muscles fibres decussate at the anterior midline and posterior midline, so forming an anterior commissure and posterior commissure.
### Attachments
{{Expand section\|date\=July 2023}}
The muscle attaches anteriorly onto the [perineal body](/wiki/Perineal_body "Perineal body"), and posteriorly onto the anococcygeal ligament.
### Innervation
The sphincter receives innervation from the bilaterally paired [inferior anal nerve](/wiki/Inferior_anal_nerves "Inferior anal nerves") (each a branch of the [pudendal nerve](/wiki/Pudendal_nerve "Pudendal nerve") which is derived from ventral rami of S2\-S4\). It may also receive additional motor innervation from the [nerve to levator ani](/wiki/Nerve_to_levator_ani "Nerve to levator ani").
### Histology
The sphincter consists mostly of [slow twitch fibers](/wiki/Slow_twitch_fiber "Slow twitch fiber") that allow extended continuous contraction.
|
[
"Anatomy\n-------",
"The external anal sphincter is far more substantial than the internal anal sphincter. The proximal portion of external anal sphincter overlaps the internal anal sphincter (which terminates distally a little distance proximal to the anal orifice) superficially; where the two overlap, they are separated by the intervening [conjoint longitudinal muscle](/wiki/Conjoint_longitudinal_muscle \"Conjoint longitudinal muscle\").",
"### Structure",
"Historically, the sphincter was described as consisting of three parts (deep, superficial, and subcontinuous). This is not supported by current anatomical knowledge. Some sources still describe it in two layers, deep (or proximal) and superficial (or distal or subcutaneous).",
"Some of the muscles fibres decussate at the anterior midline and posterior midline, so forming an anterior commissure and posterior commissure.",
"### Attachments",
"{{Expand section\\|date\\=July 2023}}\nThe muscle attaches anteriorly onto the [perineal body](/wiki/Perineal_body \"Perineal body\"), and posteriorly onto the anococcygeal ligament.",
"### Innervation",
"The sphincter receives innervation from the bilaterally paired [inferior anal nerve](/wiki/Inferior_anal_nerves \"Inferior anal nerves\") (each a branch of the [pudendal nerve](/wiki/Pudendal_nerve \"Pudendal nerve\") which is derived from ventral rami of S2\\-S4\\). It may also receive additional motor innervation from the [nerve to levator ani](/wiki/Nerve_to_levator_ani \"Nerve to levator ani\").",
"### Histology",
"The sphincter consists mostly of [slow twitch fibers](/wiki/Slow_twitch_fiber \"Slow twitch fiber\") that allow extended continuous contraction.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
Feeney trained in [Kilburn](/wiki/Kilburn%2C_London "Kilburn, London") and fought out of his [Neasden](/wiki/Neasden "Neasden") base in north west London. He had a bright start to his professional career but suffered from a number of controversial decisions which effected the progression of his career.
### Debut
Feeney had his first professional fight in October 1992, which took place at the Bayswater Arena, London, England. In this fight Feeney drew with [Bradford](/wiki/Bradford "Bradford") [bantamweight](/wiki/Bantamweight "Bantamweight") Adey Benton over six rounds the [undercard](/wiki/Undercard "Undercard") of a bill that included [Cornelius Carr](/wiki/Cornelius_Carr "Cornelius Carr").
### Title fights
#### WBC International bantamweight title
Feeney's first title fight came in December 1995 against Willy Perdomo of the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic") at the [York Hall, Bethnal Green](/wiki/York_Hall%2C_Bethnal_Green "York Hall, Bethnal Green"), London for the WBC International bantamweight title. Feeney come out to much fanfare with [Irish dancers](/wiki/Irish_dancing "Irish dancing") leading him, bedecked in [tricolor](/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland "Flag of Ireland") [poncho](/wiki/Poncho "Poncho"), [headband](/wiki/Headband "Headband") and [shorts](/wiki/Shorts "Shorts"), to the ring. However, after six furious rounds of boxing Perdomo overwhelmed Feeney and stop the Sligonian.{{cite web\|title\=Friday Fight Night\|work\=\[\[SKY Sports]]\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=5PrHABQuJow \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5PrHABQuJow \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=live\|accessdate\=13 October 2008}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\|title\=Herol's return to prove something\|work\=\[\[Irish News]]\|url\=http://www.irishnews.com/searchlog.asp?reason\=denied\_empty\&script\_name\=/pageacc.asp\&path\_info\=/pageacc.asp\&tser1\=ser∥\=ben\&sid\=210878\|accessdate\=13 August 2001\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192518/http://www.irishnews.com/searchlog.asp?reason\=denied\_empty\&script\_name\=%2Fpageacc.asp\&path\_info\=%2Fpageacc.asp\&tser1\=ser∥\=ben\&sid\=210878\|archivedate\=3 March 2016\|df\=dmy\-all}}
Feeney then won three fights in quick succession and earned a rematch with Perdomo in November 1996\. Feeney featured on top of the bill again at the York Hall with a [card](/wiki/Undercard "Undercard") that also featured [Nikolai Valuev](/wiki/Nikolai_Valuev "Nikolai Valuev"), [John Ruiz](/wiki/John_Ruiz "John Ruiz") and [David Starie](/wiki/David_Starie "David Starie").
#### Southern Area bantamweight title
His next shot at a title came in April 1997 against Francis Ampofo at the [York Hall](/wiki/York_Hall "York Hall"), [Bethnal Green](/wiki/Bethnal_Green "Bethnal Green"), London for the vacant [British](/wiki/BBBofC "BBBofC") [southern area](/wiki/Southern_England "Southern England") bantamweight title. Feeney defeated the London\-based [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana "Ghana")\-born boxer on points over ten rounds.
#### Irish title controversy
Feeney then won a shot {{When\|date\=August 2017}} at the vacant [Irish bantamweight title](/wiki/Boxing_Union_of_Ireland "Boxing Union of Ireland") against [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast")'s Tommy "Willo The Wisp" Waite. The fight took place in Waite's hometown on the [undercard](/wiki/Undercard "Undercard") of the [Darren Corbert](/wiki/Darren_Corbert "Darren Corbert") v Robert Norton fight at the Maysfield Leisure Centre, Belfast. Going into the fight Feeney was the [bookies](/wiki/Bookmaker "Bookmaker")' favourite; however Waite won the fight on points after ten rounds in what were controversial circumstances. The decision cost Feeney an opportunity of fighting for the [European bantamweight title](/wiki/European_Boxing_Union "European Boxing Union") against [Johnny Bredahl](/wiki/Johnny_Bredahl "Johnny Bredahl") from Denmark.
When Feeney's manager [Frank Maloney](/wiki/Frank_Maloney "Frank Maloney") returned to Britain after signing a World [Heavyweight](/wiki/Heavyweight "Heavyweight") unification fight deal between [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council "World Boxing Council") champion [Lennox Lewis](/wiki/Lennox_Lewis "Lennox Lewis") and [Evander Holyfield](/wiki/Evander_Holyfield "Evander Holyfield") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley "Las Vegas Valley") {{When\|date\=August 2017}} he viewed a videotape of the fight. Maloney was so outraged by the decision that he stated he would be filing the strongest possible protest with both the [British Boxing Board of Control](/wiki/British_Boxing_Board_of_Control "British Boxing Board of Control") and the Irish Boxing Board of Control as a result of the decision.{{cite web\|title\=Lewis signs up for showdown with Holyfield in Vegas\|work\=Irish Independent\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/boxing\-lewis\-and\-holyfield\-finally\-fix\-showdown\-1178071\.html\|date\=12 October 1998\|accessdate\=20 August 2017\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821051027/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/boxing\-lewis\-and\-holyfield\-finally\-fix\-showdown\-1178071\.html\|archivedate\=21 August 2017\|df\=dmy\-all}}
Maloney stated, "I have never seen such a diabolical decision in all my life. It was a disgrace. Letters of protest will be filed with the Irish boxing authority, the British Boxing Board of Control and the European Boxing Union. I will ask that they overturn the decision, declare the result void, a no contest".{{cite web\|author\=Eamonn O'Hara\|title\=Feeney manager plans protest\|work\=\[\[Irish News]]\|url\=http://www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp?tser1\=ser∥\=ben\&sid\=219960\|date\=23 December 1997}}{{deadlink\|date\=August 2017}}
### Denied world title fight after brain scan
In May 1998, Feeney was due to defend his [British southern area bantamweight title](/wiki/British_Boxing_Board_of_Control "British Boxing Board of Control") against [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot "Aldershot") based [super bantamweight](/wiki/Super_bantamweight "Super bantamweight") John Matthews, however, he suffered a cut during training and had to postpone a fight. The bout was rescheduled to August 1998 and took place at the Town Hall, [Acton, London](/wiki/Acton%2C_London "Acton, London") on the bill dubbed *"Double trouble"*.Boxing Programme for *Double Trouble* bill, 10 September 1998\. Published by) Evans\-Waterman Promotions p.3 Feeney defeated Matthews on points over ten rounds to retain his southern area title and this led to Feeney getting a shot at a world title belt.
Feeney was to fly out to South Africa to challenge for the [IBO](/wiki/International_Boxing_Organization "International Boxing Organization") super bantamweight title against Simon Ramoni. However, hours before Feeney was to board a flight at [Heathrow Airport](/wiki/Heathrow_Airport "Heathrow Airport") to [Durban](/wiki/Durban "Durban") he received a report that an irregularity had shown up during his medical check and that he had failed a routine [MRI scan](/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging "Magnetic resonance imaging") which he had undertaken earlier that year. Feeney subsequently retired from professional boxing for health reasons.{{cite web\|title\=Feeney: Doc said i'm brain\-damaged\|work\=\[\[Sunday Mirror]]\|url\=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\-60646725\|accessdate\=13 May 2007}}{{cite news\|author\=Karl MacGinty\|title\=Wayne KO'd by boxing's old failings\|work\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|url\=http://www.independent.ie/sport/wayne\-kod\-by\-boxings\-\-old\-failings\-365807\.html\|accessdate\=13 May 2007\|date\=21 October 2000}}{{cite web\|title\=Reynolds 'for pro ranks'\|work\=\[\[Sligo Weekender]]\|url\=http://www.sligoweekender.ie/news/story.asp?j\=11256\|accessdate\=13 May 2007\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235123/http://www.sligoweekender.ie/news/story.asp?j\=11256\|archivedate\=27 September 2007\|df\=dmy\-all}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"Feeney trained in [Kilburn](/wiki/Kilburn%2C_London \"Kilburn, London\") and fought out of his [Neasden](/wiki/Neasden \"Neasden\") base in north west London. He had a bright start to his professional career but suffered from a number of controversial decisions which effected the progression of his career.",
"### Debut",
"Feeney had his first professional fight in October 1992, which took place at the Bayswater Arena, London, England. In this fight Feeney drew with [Bradford](/wiki/Bradford \"Bradford\") [bantamweight](/wiki/Bantamweight \"Bantamweight\") Adey Benton over six rounds the [undercard](/wiki/Undercard \"Undercard\") of a bill that included [Cornelius Carr](/wiki/Cornelius_Carr \"Cornelius Carr\").",
"### Title fights",
"#### WBC International bantamweight title",
"Feeney's first title fight came in December 1995 against Willy Perdomo of the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\") at the [York Hall, Bethnal Green](/wiki/York_Hall%2C_Bethnal_Green \"York Hall, Bethnal Green\"), London for the WBC International bantamweight title. Feeney come out to much fanfare with [Irish dancers](/wiki/Irish_dancing \"Irish dancing\") leading him, bedecked in [tricolor](/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland \"Flag of Ireland\") [poncho](/wiki/Poncho \"Poncho\"), [headband](/wiki/Headband \"Headband\") and [shorts](/wiki/Shorts \"Shorts\"), to the ring. However, after six furious rounds of boxing Perdomo overwhelmed Feeney and stop the Sligonian.{{cite web\\|title\\=Friday Fight Night\\|work\\=\\[\\[SKY Sports]]\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=5PrHABQuJow \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5PrHABQuJow \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|accessdate\\=13 October 2008}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Herol's return to prove something\\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish News]]\\|url\\=http://www.irishnews.com/searchlog.asp?reason\\=denied\\_empty\\&script\\_name\\=/pageacc.asp\\&path\\_info\\=/pageacc.asp\\&tser1\\=ser∥\\=ben\\&sid\\=210878\\|accessdate\\=13 August 2001\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192518/http://www.irishnews.com/searchlog.asp?reason\\=denied\\_empty\\&script\\_name\\=%2Fpageacc.asp\\&path\\_info\\=%2Fpageacc.asp\\&tser1\\=ser∥\\=ben\\&sid\\=210878\\|archivedate\\=3 March 2016\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"Feeney then won three fights in quick succession and earned a rematch with Perdomo in November 1996\\. Feeney featured on top of the bill again at the York Hall with a [card](/wiki/Undercard \"Undercard\") that also featured [Nikolai Valuev](/wiki/Nikolai_Valuev \"Nikolai Valuev\"), [John Ruiz](/wiki/John_Ruiz \"John Ruiz\") and [David Starie](/wiki/David_Starie \"David Starie\").",
"#### Southern Area bantamweight title",
"His next shot at a title came in April 1997 against Francis Ampofo at the [York Hall](/wiki/York_Hall \"York Hall\"), [Bethnal Green](/wiki/Bethnal_Green \"Bethnal Green\"), London for the vacant [British](/wiki/BBBofC \"BBBofC\") [southern area](/wiki/Southern_England \"Southern England\") bantamweight title. Feeney defeated the London\\-based [Ghana](/wiki/Ghana \"Ghana\")\\-born boxer on points over ten rounds.",
"#### Irish title controversy",
"Feeney then won a shot {{When\\|date\\=August 2017}} at the vacant [Irish bantamweight title](/wiki/Boxing_Union_of_Ireland \"Boxing Union of Ireland\") against [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\")'s Tommy \"Willo The Wisp\" Waite. The fight took place in Waite's hometown on the [undercard](/wiki/Undercard \"Undercard\") of the [Darren Corbert](/wiki/Darren_Corbert \"Darren Corbert\") v Robert Norton fight at the Maysfield Leisure Centre, Belfast. Going into the fight Feeney was the [bookies](/wiki/Bookmaker \"Bookmaker\")' favourite; however Waite won the fight on points after ten rounds in what were controversial circumstances. The decision cost Feeney an opportunity of fighting for the [European bantamweight title](/wiki/European_Boxing_Union \"European Boxing Union\") against [Johnny Bredahl](/wiki/Johnny_Bredahl \"Johnny Bredahl\") from Denmark.",
"When Feeney's manager [Frank Maloney](/wiki/Frank_Maloney \"Frank Maloney\") returned to Britain after signing a World [Heavyweight](/wiki/Heavyweight \"Heavyweight\") unification fight deal between [WBC](/wiki/World_Boxing_Council \"World Boxing Council\") champion [Lennox Lewis](/wiki/Lennox_Lewis \"Lennox Lewis\") and [Evander Holyfield](/wiki/Evander_Holyfield \"Evander Holyfield\") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley \"Las Vegas Valley\") {{When\\|date\\=August 2017}} he viewed a videotape of the fight. Maloney was so outraged by the decision that he stated he would be filing the strongest possible protest with both the [British Boxing Board of Control](/wiki/British_Boxing_Board_of_Control \"British Boxing Board of Control\") and the Irish Boxing Board of Control as a result of the decision.{{cite web\\|title\\=Lewis signs up for showdown with Holyfield in Vegas\\|work\\=Irish Independent\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/boxing\\-lewis\\-and\\-holyfield\\-finally\\-fix\\-showdown\\-1178071\\.html\\|date\\=12 October 1998\\|accessdate\\=20 August 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821051027/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/boxing\\-lewis\\-and\\-holyfield\\-finally\\-fix\\-showdown\\-1178071\\.html\\|archivedate\\=21 August 2017\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
"Maloney stated, \"I have never seen such a diabolical decision in all my life. It was a disgrace. Letters of protest will be filed with the Irish boxing authority, the British Boxing Board of Control and the European Boxing Union. I will ask that they overturn the decision, declare the result void, a no contest\".{{cite web\\|author\\=Eamonn O'Hara\\|title\\=Feeney manager plans protest\\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish News]]\\|url\\=http://www.irishnews.com/pageacc.asp?tser1\\=ser∥\\=ben\\&sid\\=219960\\|date\\=23 December 1997}}{{deadlink\\|date\\=August 2017}}",
"### Denied world title fight after brain scan",
"In May 1998, Feeney was due to defend his [British southern area bantamweight title](/wiki/British_Boxing_Board_of_Control \"British Boxing Board of Control\") against [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot \"Aldershot\") based [super bantamweight](/wiki/Super_bantamweight \"Super bantamweight\") John Matthews, however, he suffered a cut during training and had to postpone a fight. The bout was rescheduled to August 1998 and took place at the Town Hall, [Acton, London](/wiki/Acton%2C_London \"Acton, London\") on the bill dubbed *\"Double trouble\"*.Boxing Programme for *Double Trouble* bill, 10 September 1998\\. Published by) Evans\\-Waterman Promotions p.3 Feeney defeated Matthews on points over ten rounds to retain his southern area title and this led to Feeney getting a shot at a world title belt.",
"Feeney was to fly out to South Africa to challenge for the [IBO](/wiki/International_Boxing_Organization \"International Boxing Organization\") super bantamweight title against Simon Ramoni. However, hours before Feeney was to board a flight at [Heathrow Airport](/wiki/Heathrow_Airport \"Heathrow Airport\") to [Durban](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\") he received a report that an irregularity had shown up during his medical check and that he had failed a routine [MRI scan](/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging \"Magnetic resonance imaging\") which he had undertaken earlier that year. Feeney subsequently retired from professional boxing for health reasons.{{cite web\\|title\\=Feeney: Doc said i'm brain\\-damaged\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sunday Mirror]]\\|url\\=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1\\-60646725\\|accessdate\\=13 May 2007}}{{cite news\\|author\\=Karl MacGinty\\|title\\=Wayne KO'd by boxing's old failings\\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|url\\=http://www.independent.ie/sport/wayne\\-kod\\-by\\-boxings\\-\\-old\\-failings\\-365807\\.html\\|accessdate\\=13 May 2007\\|date\\=21 October 2000}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Reynolds 'for pro ranks'\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sligo Weekender]]\\|url\\=http://www.sligoweekender.ie/news/story.asp?j\\=11256\\|accessdate\\=13 May 2007\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235123/http://www.sligoweekender.ie/news/story.asp?j\\=11256\\|archivedate\\=27 September 2007\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
The episode opens with a [voice\-over](/wiki/Voice-over "Voice-over") narration from [Meredith Grey](/wiki/Meredith_Grey "Meredith Grey") ([Ellen Pompeo](/wiki/Ellen_Pompeo "Ellen Pompeo")) about how disaster strikes unexpectedly, revealing our true strength in the moment.
A plane crash in downtown Seattle brings a crop of new patients to Grey Sloan Memorial and old memories back to Meredith, Arizona, and Owen. Meredith tries to make it through the day without freaking out about not knowing where Derek is; Bailey gives her a 5:00 time frame for freaking out. No freaking out until 5:00 pm.
Alex sticks close to Arizona to make sure that she's okay, but she finds him more annoying than helpful. Alex tells Arizona that it was he who cut off her leg, not Callie. When asked, Callie tells Arizona that she was the one to make the call anyway, and she wanted her to have Alex and just be mad at her alone.
Owen and Amelia's separation becomes exacerbated when he's reminded of how he “failed his men” when he hired the service of the plane that went down with his doctors on it. Stephanie, who's obsessed with finding love, is determined to make her patient remember the pilot with whom she fell in love.
The clock finally strikes 5:00 pm, but when Meredith goes to the phone to call Derek, she sees lights from a police car pulling into her driveway.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The episode opens with a [voice\\-over](/wiki/Voice-over \"Voice-over\") narration from [Meredith Grey](/wiki/Meredith_Grey \"Meredith Grey\") ([Ellen Pompeo](/wiki/Ellen_Pompeo \"Ellen Pompeo\")) about how disaster strikes unexpectedly, revealing our true strength in the moment.",
"A plane crash in downtown Seattle brings a crop of new patients to Grey Sloan Memorial and old memories back to Meredith, Arizona, and Owen. Meredith tries to make it through the day without freaking out about not knowing where Derek is; Bailey gives her a 5:00 time frame for freaking out. No freaking out until 5:00 pm.",
"Alex sticks close to Arizona to make sure that she's okay, but she finds him more annoying than helpful. Alex tells Arizona that it was he who cut off her leg, not Callie. When asked, Callie tells Arizona that she was the one to make the call anyway, and she wanted her to have Alex and just be mad at her alone.",
"Owen and Amelia's separation becomes exacerbated when he's reminded of how he “failed his men” when he hired the service of the plane that went down with his doctors on it. Stephanie, who's obsessed with finding love, is determined to make her patient remember the pilot with whom she fell in love.",
"The clock finally strikes 5:00 pm, but when Meredith goes to the phone to call Derek, she sees lights from a police car pulling into her driveway.",
""
] |
Special types
-------------
### Temporary
Vehicles issued temporary registration in Lithuania are noted by red alphanumeric characters on white background.
#### Types
[thumb\|Dealer plate](/wiki/File:Lithuanian_dealer_license_plate.JPG "Lithuanian dealer license plate.JPG")
##### Vehicles imported to Lithuania or vehicles exported from Lithuania
As of July 2022, these plates are valid for up to 30 days. They can be re\-issued to the same vehicle only after it has been issued standard license plates in the meantime.
| [19px](/wiki/File:EU-section-with-LT.svg "EU-section-with-LT.svg") 24214AA |
| --- |
##### Vehicles sold by vehicle selling companies or organizations (professional or trade number plates)
| [19px](/wiki/File:EU-section-with-LT.svg "EU-section-with-LT.svg") P28737 |
| --- |
Plates issued since April 2018 start with the letter P followed by five digits; the registration does not expire. Prior to that, numbers consisted of a letter (P or R) followed by four digits, a space and two more digits, the latter indicating the year of expiration.
### Diplomatic Corps
[thumb\|Diplomatic plate](/wiki/File:Lithuanian_diplomatic_license_plate.JPG "Lithuanian diplomatic license plate.JPG")
Reserved and used by diplomatic corps. Plates have a green background and white characters; they do not have blue sidebar on the left side. The numbers are made up of six digits, grouped **01 3 123**, with the first two digits denoting the embassy or other diplomatic or consular representation:
| Code | Country or Organization |
| --- | --- |
| 01 | {{flag\|Sweden}} |
| 02 | {{flag\|Germany}} |
| 03 | {{flag\|France}} |
| 04 | {{flag\|Latvia}} |
| 05 | {{flag\|Denmark}} |
| 06 | {{flag\|Canada}} |
| 07 | {{flag\|United Kingdom}} |
| 08 | {{flag\|Italy}} |
| 09 | {{flag\|Norway}} |
| 10 | {{flag\|Finland}} |
| 11 | {{flag\|Holy See}} |
| 12 | {{flag\|Turkey}} |
| 13 | {{flag\|Czech Republic}} |
| 14 | {{flag\|United States}} |
| 15 | {{flag\|China}} |
| 16 | {{flag\|Poland}} |
| 17 | {{flag\|Poland}} |
| 18 | {{flag\|Estonia}} |
| 19 | {{flag\|Russia}} |
| 20 | {{flag\|Russia}} |
| 21 | {{flag\|Romania}} |
| 22 | {{flag\|Ukraine}} |
| 23 | {{flag\|Belarus}} |
| 24 | {{flag\|Kazakhstan}} |
| 25 | {{flag\|Georgia}} |
| 26 | {{flag\|Japan}} |
| 27 | {{flag\|Austria}} |
| 28 | {{flag\|Belgium}} |
| 29 | {{flag\|Netherlands}} |
| 30 | {{flag\|Hungary}} |
| 31 | {{flag\|Spain}} |
| 32 | {{flag\|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}} |
| 33 | {{flag\|Democratic Republic of Congo}} |
| 34 | {{flag\|Ireland}} |
| 35 | {{flag\|Portugal}} |
| 36 | {{flag\|Moldova}} |
| 37 | {{flag\|Azerbaijan}} |
| 38 | {{flag\|Bulgaria}} |
| 39 | {{flag\|Armenia}} |
| 40 | {{flag\|Croatia}} |
| 41 | {{flag\|Israel}} |
| 80 | {{flagicon image\|Flag\_of\_the\_Nordic\_Council.svg}} [Nordic Council of Ministers](/wiki/Nordic_Council_of_Ministers "Nordic Council of Ministers") |
| 81 | {{flagicon image\|Logo\-World\-Bank\-IBRD\-IDA.svg\|36}} [International Bank for Reconstruction and Development](/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development") |
| 82 | [European Bank for Reconstruction and Development](/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development "European Bank for Reconstruction and Development") |
| 83 | {{flagicon image\|Flag of WHO.svg}} [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") |
| 84 | {{flagicon\|UN}} [United Nations Development Program](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program "United Nations Development Program") |
| 85 | [International Organization for Migration](/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration "International Organization for Migration") |
| 86 | {{flagicon\|EU}} [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") |
| 87 | {{flag\|United Nations}} |
| 88 | [European Institute for Gender Equality](/wiki/European_Institute_for_Gender_Equality "European Institute for Gender Equality") |
| 89 | [NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence](/wiki/NATO_Energy_Security_Centre_of_Excellence "NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence") |
### Taxicabs
| [19px](/wiki/File:EU-section-with-LT.svg "EU-section-with-LT.svg") T06868 |
| --- |
[thumb\|right\|Taxi registration plate of Lithuania, issued before April 2018](/wiki/Image:Taxi_plate_of_LT.png "Taxi plate of LT.png")
[Taxicabs](/wiki/Taxicab "Taxicab") have plates with white background and black text. The first letter is "T" (corresponds to the first letter of the word "taksi" in Lithuanian) and is followed by five numbers.
Before the 3rd of April, 2018, taxi plates had a yellow background and black text, with the same number scheme. These plates continued to be valid and registration centers issued these plates beyond April 3, 2018, until stocks were exhausted.
### Military transport
Military transportation has black background and white text registration plates. They do not have the side\-field, only the [flag](/wiki/Flag "Flag").
| [25px](/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg "Flag of Lithuania.svg") LK321A |
| --- |
### Vintage cars
| [19px](/wiki/File:EU-section-with-LT.svg "EU-section-with-LT.svg") H02401 |
| --- |
Plates for vintage cars have been issued since July 1, 2014\. Originally these plates had white characters on a brown background, which was changed to black on white as of April 3, 2018\. They start with the letter H, followed by five digits (four for motorcycles).
|
[
"Special types\n-------------",
"### Temporary",
"Vehicles issued temporary registration in Lithuania are noted by red alphanumeric characters on white background.",
"#### Types",
"[thumb\\|Dealer plate](/wiki/File:Lithuanian_dealer_license_plate.JPG \"Lithuanian dealer license plate.JPG\")\n##### Vehicles imported to Lithuania or vehicles exported from Lithuania",
"As of July 2022, these plates are valid for up to 30 days. They can be re\\-issued to the same vehicle only after it has been issued standard license plates in the meantime.",
"| [19px](/wiki/File:EU-section-with-LT.svg \"EU-section-with-LT.svg\") 24214AA |\n| --- |",
"##### Vehicles sold by vehicle selling companies or organizations (professional or trade number plates)",
"",
"| [19px](/wiki/File:EU-section-with-LT.svg \"EU-section-with-LT.svg\") P28737 |\n| --- |",
"Plates issued since April 2018 start with the letter P followed by five digits; the registration does not expire. Prior to that, numbers consisted of a letter (P or R) followed by four digits, a space and two more digits, the latter indicating the year of expiration.",
"### Diplomatic Corps",
"[thumb\\|Diplomatic plate](/wiki/File:Lithuanian_diplomatic_license_plate.JPG \"Lithuanian diplomatic license plate.JPG\")\nReserved and used by diplomatic corps. Plates have a green background and white characters; they do not have blue sidebar on the left side. The numbers are made up of six digits, grouped **01 3 123**, with the first two digits denoting the embassy or other diplomatic or consular representation:",
"| Code | Country or Organization |\n| --- | --- |\n| 01 | {{flag\\|Sweden}} |\n| 02 | {{flag\\|Germany}} |\n| 03 | {{flag\\|France}} |\n| 04 | {{flag\\|Latvia}} |\n| 05 | {{flag\\|Denmark}} |\n| 06 | {{flag\\|Canada}} |\n| 07 | {{flag\\|United Kingdom}} |\n| 08 | {{flag\\|Italy}} |\n| 09 | {{flag\\|Norway}} |\n| 10 | {{flag\\|Finland}} |\n| 11 | {{flag\\|Holy See}} |\n| 12 | {{flag\\|Turkey}} |\n| 13 | {{flag\\|Czech Republic}} |\n| 14 | {{flag\\|United States}} |\n| 15 | {{flag\\|China}} |\n| 16 | {{flag\\|Poland}} |\n| 17 | {{flag\\|Poland}} |\n| 18 | {{flag\\|Estonia}} |\n| 19 | {{flag\\|Russia}} |\n| 20 | {{flag\\|Russia}} |\n| 21 | {{flag\\|Romania}} |\n| 22 | {{flag\\|Ukraine}} |\n| 23 | {{flag\\|Belarus}} |\n| 24 | {{flag\\|Kazakhstan}} |\n| 25 | {{flag\\|Georgia}} |\n| 26 | {{flag\\|Japan}} |\n| 27 | {{flag\\|Austria}} |\n| 28 | {{flag\\|Belgium}} |\n| 29 | {{flag\\|Netherlands}} |\n| 30 | {{flag\\|Hungary}} |\n| 31 | {{flag\\|Spain}} |\n| 32 | {{flag\\|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}} |\n| 33 | {{flag\\|Democratic Republic of Congo}} |\n| 34 | {{flag\\|Ireland}} |\n| 35 | {{flag\\|Portugal}} |\n| 36 | {{flag\\|Moldova}} |\n| 37 | {{flag\\|Azerbaijan}} |\n| 38 | {{flag\\|Bulgaria}} |\n| 39 | {{flag\\|Armenia}} |\n| 40 | {{flag\\|Croatia}} |\n| 41 | {{flag\\|Israel}} |\n| 80 | {{flagicon image\\|Flag\\_of\\_the\\_Nordic\\_Council.svg}} [Nordic Council of Ministers](/wiki/Nordic_Council_of_Ministers \"Nordic Council of Ministers\") |\n| 81 | {{flagicon image\\|Logo\\-World\\-Bank\\-IBRD\\-IDA.svg\\|36}} [International Bank for Reconstruction and Development](/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development \"International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\") |\n| 82 | [European Bank for Reconstruction and Development](/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development \"European Bank for Reconstruction and Development\") |\n| 83 | {{flagicon image\\|Flag of WHO.svg}} [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") |\n| 84 | {{flagicon\\|UN}} [United Nations Development Program](/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program \"United Nations Development Program\") |\n| 85 | [International Organization for Migration](/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration \"International Organization for Migration\") |\n| 86 | {{flagicon\\|EU}} [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission \"European Commission\") |\n| 87 | {{flag\\|United Nations}} |\n| 88 | [European Institute for Gender Equality](/wiki/European_Institute_for_Gender_Equality \"European Institute for Gender Equality\") |\n| 89 | [NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence](/wiki/NATO_Energy_Security_Centre_of_Excellence \"NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence\") |",
"",
"### Taxicabs",
"",
"| [19px](/wiki/File:EU-section-with-LT.svg \"EU-section-with-LT.svg\") T06868 |\n| --- |",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Taxi registration plate of Lithuania, issued before April 2018](/wiki/Image:Taxi_plate_of_LT.png \"Taxi plate of LT.png\")",
"[Taxicabs](/wiki/Taxicab \"Taxicab\") have plates with white background and black text. The first letter is \"T\" (corresponds to the first letter of the word \"taksi\" in Lithuanian) and is followed by five numbers.",
"Before the 3rd of April, 2018, taxi plates had a yellow background and black text, with the same number scheme. These plates continued to be valid and registration centers issued these plates beyond April 3, 2018, until stocks were exhausted.",
"### Military transport",
"Military transportation has black background and white text registration plates. They do not have the side\\-field, only the [flag](/wiki/Flag \"Flag\").",
"",
"| [25px](/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg \"Flag of Lithuania.svg\") LK321A |\n| --- |",
"### Vintage cars",
"",
"| [19px](/wiki/File:EU-section-with-LT.svg \"EU-section-with-LT.svg\") H02401 |\n| --- |",
"Plates for vintage cars have been issued since July 1, 2014\\. Originally these plates had white characters on a brown background, which was changed to black on white as of April 3, 2018\\. They start with the letter H, followed by five digits (four for motorcycles).",
""
] |
Career
------
Robert McCormick was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1907\. The following year, he co\-founded the law firm that became [Kirkland \& Ellis](/wiki/Kirkland_%26_Ellis "Kirkland & Ellis"), which represented the [Tribune Company](/wiki/Tribune_Company "Tribune Company"). However, his elder brother, Medill McCormick, had become depressed after taking over and expanding the family newspaper business, so, in 1908, on the advice of [psychoanalyst](/wiki/Psychoanalyst "Psychoanalyst") [Carl Jung](/wiki/Carl_Jung "Carl Jung"), Medill gave up that job, and Robert became increasingly involved in the family publishing business. Despite that business involvement, a scandal that ultimately led to his marriage (see below), and his military service (which led to him becoming known as "the Colonel"), McCormick continued as a law firm partner until 1920\.
In 1910, Robert McCormick took control of the *Chicago Tribune* and, in 1914, became editor and publisher with his cousin, Captain [Joseph Medill Patterson](/wiki/Joseph_Medill_Patterson "Joseph Medill Patterson"), who was the son of a *Tribune* editor who had wed Joseph Medill's daughter. In 1919, Patterson, a former U.S. Representative from Illinois, moved to New York City and founded the [tabloid](/wiki/Tabloid_%28newspaper_format%29 "Tabloid (newspaper format)") *[New York Daily News](/wiki/New_York_Daily_News "New York Daily News")*. However he and McCormick, while often disagreeing, jointly held both positions at the *Chicago Tribune* until 1926, when McCormick assumed both roles at the *Tribune*, and Patterson concentrated on the *New York Daily News*.{{cite book \|author\= Richard Norton Smith \|author\-link\= Richard Norton Smith \|title\= The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, 1880–1955 \|publisher\= \[\[Northwestern University Press]] \|year\= 2003 \|orig\-year\= 1997 \|isbn\= 978\-0\-8101\-2039\-6 \|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=0tIW6XTGsOAC}}
In 1904, a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") ward leader persuaded McCormick to run for alderman. Elected, he served two years on the [Chicago City Council](/wiki/Chicago_City_Council "Chicago City Council"). In 1905, at the age of 25, he was elected to a five\-year term as president of the board of trustees of the [Chicago Sanitary District](/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_District "Chicago Sanitary District"), which operated the city's vast drainage and sewage disposal system. In 1907 McCormick was appointed to the Chicago Permanent Charter Commission and the [Chicago Plan Commission](/wiki/Chicago_Plan_Commission "Chicago Plan Commission"). However, his political career ended abruptly when he took control of the *Tribune.*
McCormick went to Europe as a [war correspondent](/wiki/War_correspondent "War correspondent") for the *Tribune* in February 1915, early in World War I. He interviewed [Tsar Nicholas](/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia "Nicholas II of Russia"), [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") [H. H. Asquith](/wiki/H._H._Asquith "H. H. Asquith"), and [First Lord of the Admiralty](/wiki/Lord_Commissioner_of_the_Admiralty "Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty") [Winston Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill"). McCormick also visited (and was under fire on) both the [Eastern](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Eastern Front (World War I)") and [Western](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Western Front (World War I)") Fronts. Using connections his father had made while ambassador to Russia, McCormick attended formal dinners with [Grand Duke Nicholas](/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_%281856%E2%80%931929%29 "Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)") and [Grand Duke Peter](/wiki/Grand_Duke_Peter_Nikolaevich_of_Russia "Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia").{{cite news \|title\= Two Grand Dukes lead the russians: Peter, Brother of Nicholas, an Important, Though Unofficial, Member of the Staff.n \|newspaper\= \[\[New York Times]] \|date\= July 12, 1915 \|author\= Robert R. McCormick \|page\= 3 \|url\= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/07/12/100166360\.pdf \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }} During this trip, McCormick collected fragments of the [cathedral](/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Cathedral%2C_Ypres "St Martin's Cathedral, Ypres") at [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres "Ypres") and the [city hall](/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville%2C_Arras "Hôtel de Ville, Arras") of [Arras](/wiki/Arras "Arras"). Reputedly, these pieces were the first of the collection of stones that were later embedded in the facade of the Tribune Tower. However, they are not actually on display.Annabel Wharton, "The Tribune Tower: Spolia as Despoliation", in *Reuse Value: Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture, from Constantine to Sherrie Levine*, ed. Richard Brilliant and Dale Kinney (Ashgate, 2011\), 179\-197
### Military service
Returning to the United States in early 1915, McCormick joined the [Illinois National Guard](/wiki/Illinois_National_Guard "Illinois National Guard") on June 21, 1916\. His family background, education and expert horsemanship led to his being commissioned as a [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 "Major (United States)") in its 1st Cavalry Regiment. Two days earlier, President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson") had called the Illinois National Guard into federal service, along with those of several other states, to patrol the Mexican border during [General](/wiki/General "General") [John Joseph Pershing](/wiki/John_Joseph_Pershing "John Joseph Pershing")'s [Punitive Expedition](/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition "Pancho Villa Expedition"). McCormick accompanied his regiment to the Mexican border. Soon after, the United States entered the war, the entire Illinois National Guard was mobilized for federal service in Europe. McCormick thus became part of the [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army "U.S. Army") on June 13, 1917, and was sent to France as an [intelligence officer](/wiki/Intelligence_officer "Intelligence officer") on the staff of General Pershing. Seeking more active service, he was assigned to an [artillery](/wiki/Artillery "Artillery") school.
By June 17, 1918, McCormick became a [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 "Lieutenant colonel (United States)"), and by September 5, 1918, was promoted to a full [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 "Colonel (United States)") in the [field artillery](/wiki/Field_artillery "Field artillery"). He took part in the [capture of Cantigny](/wiki/Battle_of_Cantigny "Battle of Cantigny") (hence his later naming his [farm estate](/wiki/Cantigny "Cantigny") near [Wheaton, Illinois](/wiki/Wheaton%2C_Illinois "Wheaton, Illinois")), and in the battles of [Soissons](/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_%281918%29 "Battle of Soissons (1918)"), [Saint\-Mihiel](/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel "Battle of Saint-Mihiel"), and the second phase of the [Argonne](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive "Meuse-Argonne Offensive"). McCormick served in the 1st Battalion, [5th Field Artillery Regiment](/wiki/5th_Field_Artillery_Regiment "5th Field Artillery Regiment"), with the [1st Infantry Division](/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Infantry Division (United States)"). His service ended on December 31, 1918, though he remained a part of the Officers Reserve Corps from October 8, 1919, to September 30, 1929\. Cited for prompt action in battle, he received the [Distinguished Service Medal](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_%28U.S._Army%29 "Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)"), and was later always referred to as "Colonel McCormick".
### Crusading publisher
McCormick returned from the war and took control of the *Tribune* in the 1920s. Given the lack of schools of [journalism](/wiki/Journalism "Journalism") in the [midwestern United States](/wiki/Midwestern_United_States "Midwestern United States") at the time, McCormick and Patterson sponsored a school named for their grandfather, the [Joseph Medill School of Journalism](/wiki/Medill_School_of_Journalism "Medill School of Journalism"). It was announced by [Walter Dill Scott](/wiki/Walter_Dill_Scott "Walter Dill Scott") in November 1920, and began classes in 1921\.{{cite book \|publisher\= \[\[Northwestern University]] \|location\= \[\[Evanston, Illinois]] \|title\=Bulletin \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=0mjOAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA5 \|year\=1920 \|page\=5}}{{cite news \|title\= New Journalism School: Chicago Newspapers to Aid Students at Northwestern University \|newspaper\= \[\[New York Times]] \|date\= November 14, 1920 \|page\=11 \|url\= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/11/14/113319414\.pdf \|access\-date\= January 9, 2011 }}
As publisher of the *Tribune*, McCormick was involved in a number of legal disputes regarding [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press "Freedom of the press") that were handled by McCormick's longtime lawyer [Weymouth Kirkland](/wiki/Weymouth_Kirkland "Weymouth Kirkland"). The most famous of these cases is *[Near v. Minnesota](/wiki/Near_v._Minnesota "Near v. Minnesota")*, 283 U.S. 697 (1931\), a case championed by McCormick in his role as chairman of the [American Newspaper Publishers Association](/wiki/American_Newspaper_Publishers_Association "American Newspaper Publishers Association")'s Committee on Free Speech.
[thumb\|upright\|right\| [Tribune Tower](/wiki/Tribune_Tower "Tribune Tower")](/wiki/File:Chicago_Tribune_Building.jpg "Chicago Tribune Building.jpg")
A [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States "Conservatism in the United States") Republican, McCormick was an opponent of President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") and compared the New Deal to [Communism](/wiki/Communism "Communism"). For a period in 1935, he protested Rhode Island's Democratic judiciary by displaying a 47\-star flag outside the [Tribune building](/wiki/Tribune_Tower "Tribune Tower"), with the 13th star (representing Rhode Island) removed; he relented after he was advised that alteration of the American flag was unlawful.{{cite book \|title\= \[\[Current Biography\|Current Biography yearbook]] \|year\= 1942 \|pages\= 54–58 \|publisher\= \[\[H. W. Wilson Company]] }}
He was also an [America First](/wiki/America_First_Committee "America First Committee") [non\-interventionist](/wiki/Non-interventionist "Non-interventionist") who strongly opposed entering World War II "to rescue the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire")". He famously published the "[Victory Program](/wiki/Victory_Program "Victory Program")," a military plan that FDR had ordered in the summer of 1941 to prepare the United States for possible entry into World War II. It had been leaked to him by US Senator [Burton K. Wheeler](/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler "Burton K. Wheeler"). The publication was on December 4, 1941, only three days before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The controversy it stirred died off quickly after the December 7 attack. In June 1942, the *Tribune* published an article that indicated that the Americans had broken Japanese codes, the [1942 *Chicago Tribune* incident](/wiki/Japanese_naval_codes%23Chicago_Tribune_incident "Japanese naval codes#Chicago Tribune incident").
As a publisher he was very innovative. McCormick was a 25 percent owner of the Tribune's 50,000 watt [radio station](/wiki/Radio_station "Radio station"), which was purchased in 1924; he named it [WGN](/wiki/WGN_%28AM%29 "WGN (AM)"), the initials of the *Tribune'''s motto, the "World's Greatest Newspaper". He also established the town of [Baie\-Comeau](/wiki/Baie-Comeau "Baie-Comeau"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec") in 1936 and constructed a [paper mill](/wiki/Paper_mill "Paper mill") and a [hydroelectric power plant](/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_plant "Hydroelectric power plant") there named [McCormick Dam](/wiki/McCormick_Dam "McCormick Dam") to generate electricity for the mill.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no\_seq\=370330 \|title\=Centrale McCormick \|author\=Commission de la toponymie du Québec \|work\=Topos sur le Web \|location\=Quebec City \|date\= June 5, 2001 \|access\-date\= January 7, 2011 \|language\=fr}}*
McCormick carried on crusades against various local, state, and national politicians, [gangsters](/wiki/Gangster "Gangster") and [racketeers](/wiki/Racketeer "Racketeer"), [labor unions](/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States "Labor unions in the United States"), [prohibition](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States "Prohibition in the United States") and prohibitionists, [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street "Wall Street"), the [East](/wiki/Eastern_United_States "Eastern United States") and Easterners, [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)"), the [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal "New Deal") and the [Fair Deal](/wiki/Fair_Deal "Fair Deal"), [liberal Republicans](/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican "Rockefeller Republican"), the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations "League of Nations"), the [World Court](/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice "Permanent Court of International Justice"), the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations"), British imperialism, [socialism](/wiki/Socialism "Socialism"), and [communism](/wiki/Communism "Communism"). Besides Roosevelt, his chief targets included [Chicago Mayor](/wiki/Chicago_Mayor "Chicago Mayor") [William Hale Thompson](/wiki/William_Hale_Thompson "William Hale Thompson") and [Illinois Governor](/wiki/Illinois_Governor "Illinois Governor") [Len Small](/wiki/Len_Small "Len Small").
Some of McCormick's personal crusades were seen as quixotic (such as his attempts to reform spelling of the English language) and were parodied in political cartoons in rival [Frank Knox](/wiki/Frank_Knox "Frank Knox")'s [Chicago Daily News](/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News "Chicago Daily News")*. Knox's political cartoonists, including [Cecil Jensen](/wiki/Cecil_Jensen "Cecil Jensen"), derided McCormick as "Colonel McCosmic", a "pompous, paunchy, didactic individual with a bristling mustache and superlative ego."{{cite magazine \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=CVAEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA28 \| title\=Chicago's Col. M'Cosmic Makes Hit as U. S. Counterpart of England's Late Col. Blimp \| magazine\=Life \| date\=1942\-05\-11 \| access\-date\=November 17, 2011 \| pages\=28}}{{cite book\|author\=John Churchill Chase \|title\=Today's cartoon \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3PLVAAAAMAAJ \|year\=1962 \|publisher\=Hauser Press}}*
In 1943, he told an audience he helped plan a defence against an invasion from Canada at the end of World War I.
In June 1947, he gave a 100\-year birthday party for the Tribune *that included a fireworks show called "the most colossal show since the Chicago fire."{{cite magazine \|title\= The Press: The Colonel's Century \|date\= June 9, 1947 \|magazine\= \[\[Time (magazine)\|Time magazine]] \|url\= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,779077\-1,00\.html \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121106171751/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,779077\-1,00\.html \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-date\= November 6, 2012 \|access\-date\= January 8, 2011 }}
Other publications noted that everything about the celebration was called "the world's greatest". [Time magazine](/wiki/Time_magazine "Time magazine") editorialized that "the* Tribune *has been made into a worldwide symbol of reaction, isolation, and prejudice by a man capable of real hate."{{cite magazine \|title\= Newspaper Congratulates Itself \|magazine\= \[\[Life (magazine)\|Life magazine]] \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=N0gEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA25\|date\=June 23, 1947 \|publisher\=Time Inc \|pages\=25–29 \|issn\=0024\-3019 }}*
McCormick had purchased the [Washington Times\-Herald](/wiki/Washington_Times-Herald "Washington Times-Herald") *newspaper following the 1948 death of [Eleanor Medill "Cissy" Patterson](/wiki/Cissy_Patterson "Cissy Patterson"), his first cousin.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/03/27/a\-complicated\-person/ \|last\=Warren\|first\=James\|title\=A Complicated Person\|work\=Chicago Tribune \|date\=March 27, 2005 \|access\-date\=April 25, 2013}} The paper was an "isolationist and archconservative" publication known for sensationalism.{{cite news\|last\=Bernstein \|first\=Adam \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ruth\-tankersley\-tribune\-scion\-dc\-publisher\-and\-arabian\-horse\-breeder\-dies/2013/02/06/a237a26e\-6fb7\-11e2\-ac36\-3d8d9dcaa2e2\_story.html \|title\=Ruth Tankersley, Tribune scion, D.C. publisher and Arabian horse breeder, dies\|newspaper\=Washington Post \|date\=February 6, 2013 \|access\-date\=March 25, 2013}}{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,819679,00\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116224137/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,819679,00\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=November 16, 2010 \|title\=The Press: Sale of the ''Times\-Herald'' \|magazine\=Time \|date\=March 29, 1954 \|access\-date\=March 25, 2013}}*
McCormick appointed his niece, then known as [Ruth "Bazy" McCormick Miller](/wiki/Bazy_Tankersley "Bazy Tankersley") as the publisher of the paper in 1949\.{{cite web\|url\=http://newstrib.com/main.asp?SectionID\=5\&SubSectionID\=42\&ArticleID\=26410\|title\=Ruth 'Bazy' McCormick Tankersley\|work\=LaSalle News Tribune\|date\=February 6, 2013\|access\-date\=March 25, 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311154951/http://www.newstrib.com/main.asp?SectionID\=5\&SubSectionID\=42\&ArticleID\=26410\|archive\-date\=March 11, 2016}} He wanted Bazy to use the paper to create "an outpost of American principles".{{cite web\|last\=Davis \|first\=Tony \|url\=http://www.hcn.org/issues/45\.14/the\-right\-wing\-heiress\-who\-changed\-course\-in\-the\-desert \|title\=The right\-wing heiress who changed course in the desert\|work\=High Country News\|date\=August 28, 2013 \|access\-date\=December 6, 2013}} When the two came to a parting of the ways over her relationship with one of the paper's editors, Garvin Tankersley, as well as editorial control over the paper, he ordered her to choose between Tankersley and the Tribune Company. As a result, she resigned from the Times\-Herald*. Bazy later said, "I understood when I went to the* Times\-Herald *I was to have full control. That control was not given me ... There is some difference in our political beliefs. I have broader Republican views than \[McCormick] has. I am for the same people as the colonel, but I am for some more people.*
McCormick tried to run the paper himself, but lost money on the venture, and sold the Times\-Herald *to* [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post") *in 1954\. When he announced the sale, one of the paper's board members insisted that Bazy be given a chance to purchase it, so McCormick gave her 48 hours to match the $10 million asking price. She could not raise the money to do so. Upon the purchase of the* Times\-Herald*, the* Post *consolidated its market position by discontinuing the rival paper.{{cite web\|last\=Warren\|first\=James\|title\=Graham's Visit Conjures Tale Of 2 Cities, 2 Strong Women\|url\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/02/23/grahams\-visit\-conjures\-tale\-of\-2\-cities\-2\-strong\-women/\|work\=Chicago Tribune\|access\-date\=March 27, 2014\|date\=February 23, 1997}}*
### Family life and scandal
McCormick married twice, but had no children from either marriage. His first wife was Amy Irwin, the former wife of his father's first cousin, Edward Shields Adams. Starting in the summer of 1904, McCormick had spent much time at the homes of Adams in downtown Chicago and [Lake Forest, Illinois](/wiki/Lake_Forest%2C_Illinois "Lake Forest, Illinois"). Amanda McCormick (1822–1891\), youngest daughter of family patriarch [Robert McCormick](/wiki/Robert_McCormick_%28Virginia_inventor%29 "Robert McCormick (Virginia inventor)"), had married fellow [Virginian](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") Hugh Adams (1820–1880\) before moving to Chicago to start the McCormick \& Adams grain trading business. Their son, Edward Shields Adams, born in 1859, had married the much younger Amie de Houle "Amy" Irwin on April 15, 1895\. She was born in 1872, the daughter of decorated soldier [Bernard J. D. Irwin](/wiki/Bernard_J._D._Irwin "Bernard J. D. Irwin").{{cite book \|title\= Family record and biography \|publisher\= L.J. McCormick \|author\= Leander James McCormick \|author\-link\= Leander James McCormick \|year\= 1896 \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/familyrecordand00mccogoog/page/n13 300]–303 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/familyrecordand00mccogoog }}
Starting in November 1913, a bitter family dispute developed.{{cite news \|title\= E. S. Adams Sues Bert M'Cormick for Alienating his Wife's Love \|date\= September 26, 1914 \|newspaper\= \[\[The Day Book]] \|location\= \[\[Chicago]] \|pages\= 1–5 \|url\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914\-09\-26/ed\-1/seq\-1/ \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }} Amy Irwin Adams filed for divorce, claiming Adams was [alcoholic](/wiki/Alcoholic "Alcoholic"), and the suit was granted on March 6, 1914, without her husband appearing in court. In September 1914, Adams filed another lawsuit. He sued McCormick for trespass and asked for the divorce case to be heard again. The opposition press made the most out of the scandals.{{cite news \|title\= Edward Adams Sues for a Rehearing of Divorce Case\|date\= September 12, 1914 \|newspaper\= The Day Book \|location\= \[\[Chicago]] \|page\= 30 \|url\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914\-09\-12/ed\-1/seq\-30/ \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }} Adams presented McCormick with a bill for eight years of lodging,{{cite news \|title\= Eight\-year Board Bill is Contested Point in McCormick\-Edwards Mess \|date\= October 1, 1914 \|newspaper\= The Day Book \|location\= \[\[Chicago]] \|page\= 30 \|url\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914\-10\-01/ed\-1/seq\-30/ \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }} and claimed McCormick had "wickedly and maliciously debauched and carnally knew the said Amy Irwin Adams" while his guest. Other allegations included that McCormick had a former chauffeur arrested and interrogated by a private detective.{{cite news \|title\= Robert M'Cormick, Tribune Head, Named in Big Damage Suit \|date\= September 25, 1914 \|newspaper\= The Day Book \|location\= \[\[Chicago]] \|page\= 1 \|url\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914\-09\-25/ed\-1/seq\-1/ \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }} McCormick then [counterclaimed](/wiki/Counterclaim "Counterclaim") that he had made loans to Adams which had to be repaid. The case was heard by Federal Court Judge [Kenesaw Mountain Landis](/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis "Kenesaw Mountain Landis") in November. It was hinted that McCormick had promised to forgive the loans if Adams dropped his suit to reopen the divorce.{{cite news \|title\= Federal Judge Landis Takes McCormick\-Adams Case under Advisement \|date\=November 19, 1914 \|newspaper\= The Day Book \|location\= \[\[Chicago]] \|page\= 30 \|url\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914\-11\-19/ed\-1/seq\-29/ \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }} Landis ruled in favor of McCormick in February 1915\.{{cite news \|title\= Rob't M'Cormick Wins Case before Judge Landis \|date\= February 10, 1915 \|newspaper\= The Day Book \|location\= \[\[Chicago]] \|page\= 3 \|url\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1915\-02\-10/ed\-1/seq\-3/ \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }}
Following the settlement, on March 10, 1915, McCormick married Amy Irwin Adams, after waiting the year after the original divorce decree as was required by law at the time. The wedding occurred in London, in the registry office of [St George's, Hanover Square](/wiki/St_George%27s%2C_Hanover_Square "St George's, Hanover Square"), with only two witnesses present.{{cite news \|title\= R. R. M'Cormick Marries Divorcee: Editor of The Chicago Tribune Weds Mrs. E. S. Adams in St. George's Church, London \|newspaper\= \[\[New York Times]] \|date\= March 11, 1915 \|page\=11 \|url\= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/03/11/105035186\.pdf \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }} The Tribune *did not mention the wedding, nor any of the previous lawsuits.{{cite news \|title\= Robert McCormick Weds Mrs. Amy Adams in London as Society Expected \|date\= March 11, 1915 \|newspaper\= The Day Book \|location\= \[\[Chicago]] \|page\= 8 \|url\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1915\-03\-11/ed\-2/seq\-8/ \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }}*
After Amy died in 1939, McCormick became a near social recluse. On December 21, 1944, he married Mrs. Maryland Mathison Hooper in the apartment of his cousin [Chauncey McCormick](/wiki/Chauncey_McCormick "Chauncey McCormick").{{cite magazine \|title\= McCormick Weds: At 64, famous Chicago Publisher marries and old family friend \|magazine\= \[\[Life (magazine)\|Life]] \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=U1MEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA35 \|date\= January 8, 1945 \|publisher\=Time Inc \|pages\=35–38 \|issn\=0024\-3019 }} She was 47 and he was 64 at the time. She lived until July 21, 1985\.{{cite news \|title\= Maryland Mathison Hooper McCormick, 87, second wife of Col. Robert R. McCormick \|date\= July 28, 1985 \|newspaper\= \[\[Chicago Tribune]] \|url\= https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/07/28/maryland\-mathison\-hooper\-mccormick\-87\-second\-wife/ \|access\-date\= January 8, 2011 }} In his later years and until his death, McCormick lived at the estate named [Cantigny](/wiki/Cantigny "Cantigny"), in Wheaton, Illinois.
The childless McCormick for a time mentored his niece, Ruth (later Tankersley) to be the heir to his publishing empire. He was said to have "doted" on Bazy. When McCormick appointed her as the publisher of the Washington Times\-Herald *in 1949, she was 28 years old and was given the title of vice\-president.{{cite web\|agency\=Associated Press\|title\=Born Newswoman, Bazy Miller At 28 Is Major Publisher\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=1955\&dat\=19490904\&id\=XLMhAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5537,922836\|work\=Reading Eagle\|access\-date\=March 27, 2014\|date\=September 4, 1949}} When Bazy divorced her husband in 1951, ultimately to elope with an editor at the paper, Garvin "Tank" Tankersley,{{cite web\|author\=Peachin, Mary Levy \|url\=http://www.insidetucsonbusiness.com/news/profiles/bazy\-tankersley\-and\-her\-lifetime\-passion\-breeding\-arabian\-horses/article\_7b499e3c\-dcd2\-11e1\-ac47\-001a4bcf887a.html \|title\=Bazy Tankersley and her lifetime passion breeding Arabian horses\|work\=Inside Tucson Business \|date\=August 3, 2012 \|access\-date\=March 25, 2013}} the two came to a parting of the ways. McCormick considered Tankersley to be of unsuitable social status for Bazy because "Tank" was from a poor [Lynchburg, Virginia](/wiki/Lynchburg%2C_Virginia "Lynchburg, Virginia"), family. McCormick also disapproved of her divorce in general, which Bazy viewed as hypocritical, given McCormick's own complicated personal life. When McCormick delivered the ultimatum that she choose between Garvin Tankersley and the paper, she resigned from the* Times\-Herald*. Though estranged for many years, Bazy and McCormick reconciled prior to his death.*
Personality
-----------
McCormick was regarded as a "remote, coldly aloof, ruthless aristocrat, living in lonely magnificence, disdaining the common people ... an exceptional man, a lone wolf whose strength and courage could be looked up to, but at the same time had to be feared; an eccentric, misanthropic genius whose haughty bearing, cold eye and steely reserve made it impossible to like or trust him." McCormick was described by one opponent as "the greatest mind of the fourteenth century"*Current Biography 1941*, p. 545\. and by the American labor historian Art Preis as a "fascist\-minded multi\-millionaire"."Police\-State Liberals: A case of "midsummer madness"?", Art Preis, Fall 1954\. Retrieved April 27, 2008\. On line [here](http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/preis/1954/xx/liberals.htm). In his memoirs, publisher [Henry Regnery](/wiki/Henry_Regnery "Henry Regnery") described his meeting with McCormick and [William Henry Chamberlin](/wiki/William_Henry_Chamberlin "William Henry Chamberlin"):
> The Colonel received us in his rather feudal office, high above [Michigan Avenue](/wiki/Michigan_Avenue%2C_Chicago "Michigan Avenue, Chicago") at the top of his Gothic tower. He was a tall, erect, distinguished\-looking man, who, with his white hair, blue eyes, ruddy complexion, white mustache, and in his manner and dress, conveyed the impression that he might have come from the English landed aristocracy. He was perfectly cordial, but gave us clearly to understand that our rather similar views on such matters as foreign policy and the administration in Washington were no basis for familiarity.{{cite book \|author\=Henry Regnery \|title\= Memoirs of a dissident publisher \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=H\_NhOnKZdr4C\&pg\=PA125 \|date\= July 1985 \|publisher\=Regnery Publishing \|isbn\=978\-0\-89526\-802\-0 \|pages\= 125–126 }}
[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") *wrote:
> He did consider himself an aristocrat, and his imposing stature—{{convert\|6\|ft\|4\|in\|cm}} tall, with a muscular body weighing over {{convert\|200\|lbs\|kg}}, his erect soldierly bearing, his reserved manner and his distinguished appearance—made it easy for him to play that role. But if he was one, he was an aristocrat, according to his friends, in the best sense of the word, despising the idle rich and having no use for parasites, dilettantes or mere pleasure\-seekers, whose company, clubs and amusements he avoided. With an extraordinary capacity for hard work, he often put in seven long days a week at his job even when elderly, keeping fit through polo and later horseback riding. In his seventies, he could still get into the war uniform of his thirties.{{cite news \|title\= Debates Swirled About M'Cormick \|newspaper\= \[\[New York Times]] \|date\= April 1, 1955 \|page\=17 \|url\= https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/07/13/reviews/mccormick\-obit.html \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }}*
Death and legacy
----------------
In failing health since an attack of [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia"), following a trip to Europe in April 1953;["Publisher Died in Sleep", *The New York Times*, April 2, 1955\. Retrieved September 13, 2020\.](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/04/02/93736754.html?pageNumber=12) McCormick nonetheless remained active in his work until the month before he died, on April 1, 1955\. He was buried on his farm, in his [war uniform](/wiki/Military_uniform "Military uniform"). His second wife survived him by three decades. Upon his death, the childless McCormick left an estate estimated at $55 million, including stock in the Chicago Tribune Company. His will established a trust devoted to charitable purposes, including maintenance of his former home, which became [Cantigny](/wiki/Cantigny "Cantigny") and includes a house and war museum as well as formal gardens.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.cantigny.org/about\-us/Pages/McCormick%20Foundation.aspx \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315010423/http://www.cantigny.org/about\-us/Pages/McCormick%20Foundation.aspx \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-15 \|title\=McCormick Foundation}}
The [Northwestern University School of Law](/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law "Northwestern University School of Law") building that opened in 1962 was named McCormick Hall following a donation from the foundation.{{cite web \|title\= Northwestern Law through the Years \|work\= Northwestern Law School web site \|url\= http://www.law.northwestern.edu/news/150anniversary/ \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101223091413/http://www.law.northwestern.edu/news/150anniversary/ \|archive\-date\= December 23, 2010 }}
After a donation to renovate the [Technological Institute](/wiki/Technological_Institute "Technological Institute") building at Northwestern University in 1989, the [Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science](/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science "Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science") was also named for him.{{cite web \|title\= History: 1989\-1998 \|work\= Northwestern Engineering web site \|url\= http://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/100/?history\#decade\-9 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100605030026/http://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/100/?history\#decade\-9 \|url\-status\= dead \|archive\-date\= June 5, 2010 \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }}
[thumb\| [McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum](/wiki/McCormick_Tribune_Freedom_Museum "McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum") was funded by the foundation](/wiki/File:20070509_McCormick_Tribune_Freedom_Museum.JPG "20070509 McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum.JPG")
Within days of McCormick's death, [Richard J. Daley](/wiki/Richard_J._Daley "Richard J. Daley") was elected mayor and a new family would dominate Chicago, this time aligned with the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") for over half a century.
Since McCormick had long advocated building a [convention center](/wiki/Convention_center "Convention center"), after it was built from 1957 to 1960 [McCormick Place](/wiki/McCormick_Place "McCormick Place") was named for him.{{cite book \|author1\=Adam Seth Cohen \|author2\=Elizabeth Joel Taylor \|title\=American pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley : his battle for Chicago and the nation \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=nGem2g467GAC\&pg\=PT223 \|date\=May 2000 \|publisher\=Hachette Digital, Inc.\|isbn\=978\-0\-316\-83403\-2 \|pages\=223–224}}{{cite web \|title\= About Colonel Robert R. McCormick: The Man Behind the Name \|work\= Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority web site \|url\= http://www.mpea.com/about/col\_mccormick.html \|access\-date\= January 8, 2011}}
The trust eventually divested its ownership of the Tribune Company, so in 2008 changed its name from the McCormick Tribune Foundation to the [Robert R. McCormick Foundation](/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick_Foundation "Robert R. McCormick Foundation").{{cite news \|title\= McCormick Tribune Foundation Announces Name Change \|date\= May 15, 2008 \|work\= press release \|url\= http://www.mccormickfoundation.org/news/2008/McCormickFoundation/pr051508\.aspx \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }} It contributed more than a billion [US dollars](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar") for journalism, early childhood education, civic health, social and economic services, arts and culture and citizenship.{{cite web \|title\= McCormick Foundation \|work\= official web site \|url\= http://www.mccormickfoundation.org/ \|access\-date\= January 5, 2011 }}
McCormick endowed five scholarships at [The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina](/wiki/The_Citadel%2C_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina "The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina") and deeded his [Aiken, South Carolina](/wiki/Aiken%2C_South_Carolina "Aiken, South Carolina") estate to friend and former commander [Charles Pelot Summerall](/wiki/Charles_Pelot_Summerall "Charles Pelot Summerall") with the stipulation that the General live there the remainder of his life. After Summerall's death in 1954, the estate was sold and the proceeds used to purchase a beach house in [Isle of Palms, South Carolina](/wiki/Isle_of_Palms%2C_South_Carolina "Isle of Palms, South Carolina"), now known as the Robert R. McCormick Citadel Beach Club. The structure was destroyed by [Hurricane Hugo](/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo "Hurricane Hugo") in 1989 and subsequently rebuilt and hosts many functions including weddings and corporate events.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.citadel.edu/root/beachclub\-history\|publisher\=The Citadel\|title\=The Citadel Beach Club – History\|access\-date\=May 8, 2016}}
McCormick's legacy also extended to Canada, his grandfather Joseph Medill's birthplace. Six towns were created for the purpose of [forestry](/wiki/Forestry "Forestry") and journal paper production: [Heron Bay](/wiki/Heron_Bay%2C_Ontario "Heron Bay, Ontario") (Ont.), [Gore Bay](/wiki/Gore_Bay%2C_Ontario "Gore Bay, Ontario") (Ont), [Thorold](/wiki/Thorold "Thorold") (Ont.), Baie\-Comeau (Que), [Franquelin](/wiki/Franquelin%2C_Quebec "Franquelin, Quebec") (Que) and [Shelter Bay](/wiki/Shelter_Bay%2C_Quebec "Shelter Bay, Quebec") (Que), known as Port\-Cartier today. Many monuments have been made in honor of the Colonel, in [Baie\-Comeau](/wiki/Baie-Comeau "Baie-Comeau") lay the biggest of them all, a bronze statue of the Colonel canoeing as he did in 1915 when he discovered the land that would welcome the town in 1937\. The monument was made by [Wheeler Williams](/wiki/Wheeler_Williams "Wheeler Williams") an American sculptor. In 1955 the [Quebec \& Ontario Transportation Company](/wiki/Quebec_%26_Ontario_Transportation_Company "Quebec & Ontario Transportation Company") renamed the [cargo vessel](/wiki/Cargo_vessel "Cargo vessel") the Manicouagan *the* [Col. Robert R. McCormick](/wiki/Col._Robert_R._McCormick "Col. Robert R. McCormick")*.
{{cite news
\| url \= http://www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/documents/Gilmore/default.asp?ID\=s021c\#cl2155
\| title \= The St Lawrence River Canals Vessel
\| publisher \= Maritime History of the Great Lakes
\| author \= James Gilmore
\| date \= 1957
\| access\-date \= 2014\-01\-26}}*
Family tree
-----------
### Paternal side
{{McCormick Chicago family tree}}
### Maternal side
{{Medill Chicago family tree}}
See also
--------
{{portal\-inline\|Conservatism}}
References
----------
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
---------------
{{cite book \|author\= Gies, Joseph \|title\=The Colonel of Chicago: A Biography of the Chicago Tribune's Legendary Publisher, Colonel Robert McCormick \|date\= September 1979 \|publisher\= Dutton Adult \|isbn\= 978\-0525082675 }}
{{cite book \|author\= Madigan, Charles \|author\-link\= Charles Madigan \|title\=Robert R. McCormick: A Celebration of His Life and Legacy \|date\= January 2005 \|publisher\= McCormick Tribune Foundation \|isbn\= 978\-1\-890093\-19\-8 }}
{{cite book \|author1\=Morgan. Gwen \|author2\=Arthur Veysey \|title\=Poor little rich boy (and how he made good) \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=utw3AAAAIAAJ \|date\= February 1985 \|publisher\= Crossroad Communications \|isbn\=978\-0\-916445\-10\-2}}
Olmsted, Kathryn S. * + - * The Newspaper Axis: Six Press Barons Who Enabled Hitler'' (Yale UP, 2022\)[online](https://www.amazon.com/Newspaper-Axis-Barons-Enabled-Hitler/dp/0300256426/) also [online review](https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-newspaper-axis-review-hitlers-editorial-allies-11649435547?page=1)
* {{cite book \|author\=Tebbel, John William \|title\=An American dynasty \|url\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\.166629 \|year\=1947 \|publisher\=Doubleday \& Company }}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Robert McCormick was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1907\\. The following year, he co\\-founded the law firm that became [Kirkland \\& Ellis](/wiki/Kirkland_%26_Ellis \"Kirkland & Ellis\"), which represented the [Tribune Company](/wiki/Tribune_Company \"Tribune Company\"). However, his elder brother, Medill McCormick, had become depressed after taking over and expanding the family newspaper business, so, in 1908, on the advice of [psychoanalyst](/wiki/Psychoanalyst \"Psychoanalyst\") [Carl Jung](/wiki/Carl_Jung \"Carl Jung\"), Medill gave up that job, and Robert became increasingly involved in the family publishing business. Despite that business involvement, a scandal that ultimately led to his marriage (see below), and his military service (which led to him becoming known as \"the Colonel\"), McCormick continued as a law firm partner until 1920\\.",
"In 1910, Robert McCormick took control of the *Chicago Tribune* and, in 1914, became editor and publisher with his cousin, Captain [Joseph Medill Patterson](/wiki/Joseph_Medill_Patterson \"Joseph Medill Patterson\"), who was the son of a *Tribune* editor who had wed Joseph Medill's daughter. In 1919, Patterson, a former U.S. Representative from Illinois, moved to New York City and founded the [tabloid](/wiki/Tabloid_%28newspaper_format%29 \"Tabloid (newspaper format)\") *[New York Daily News](/wiki/New_York_Daily_News \"New York Daily News\")*. However he and McCormick, while often disagreeing, jointly held both positions at the *Chicago Tribune* until 1926, when McCormick assumed both roles at the *Tribune*, and Patterson concentrated on the *New York Daily News*.{{cite book \\|author\\= Richard Norton Smith \\|author\\-link\\= Richard Norton Smith \\|title\\= The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, 1880–1955 \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Northwestern University Press]] \\|year\\= 2003 \\|orig\\-year\\= 1997 \\|isbn\\= 978\\-0\\-8101\\-2039\\-6 \\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0tIW6XTGsOAC}}",
"In 1904, a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") ward leader persuaded McCormick to run for alderman. Elected, he served two years on the [Chicago City Council](/wiki/Chicago_City_Council \"Chicago City Council\"). In 1905, at the age of 25, he was elected to a five\\-year term as president of the board of trustees of the [Chicago Sanitary District](/wiki/Chicago_Sanitary_District \"Chicago Sanitary District\"), which operated the city's vast drainage and sewage disposal system. In 1907 McCormick was appointed to the Chicago Permanent Charter Commission and the [Chicago Plan Commission](/wiki/Chicago_Plan_Commission \"Chicago Plan Commission\"). However, his political career ended abruptly when he took control of the *Tribune.*",
"McCormick went to Europe as a [war correspondent](/wiki/War_correspondent \"War correspondent\") for the *Tribune* in February 1915, early in World War I. He interviewed [Tsar Nicholas](/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia \"Nicholas II of Russia\"), [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") [H. H. Asquith](/wiki/H._H._Asquith \"H. H. Asquith\"), and [First Lord of the Admiralty](/wiki/Lord_Commissioner_of_the_Admiralty \"Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty\") [Winston Churchill](/wiki/Winston_Churchill \"Winston Churchill\"). McCormick also visited (and was under fire on) both the [Eastern](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Eastern Front (World War I)\") and [Western](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Western Front (World War I)\") Fronts. Using connections his father had made while ambassador to Russia, McCormick attended formal dinners with [Grand Duke Nicholas](/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_%281856%E2%80%931929%29 \"Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)\") and [Grand Duke Peter](/wiki/Grand_Duke_Peter_Nikolaevich_of_Russia \"Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia\").{{cite news \\|title\\= Two Grand Dukes lead the russians: Peter, Brother of Nicholas, an Important, Though Unofficial, Member of the Staff.n \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[New York Times]] \\|date\\= July 12, 1915 \\|author\\= Robert R. McCormick \\|page\\= 3 \\|url\\= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/07/12/100166360\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }} During this trip, McCormick collected fragments of the [cathedral](/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Cathedral%2C_Ypres \"St Martin's Cathedral, Ypres\") at [Ypres](/wiki/Ypres \"Ypres\") and the [city hall](/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville%2C_Arras \"Hôtel de Ville, Arras\") of [Arras](/wiki/Arras \"Arras\"). Reputedly, these pieces were the first of the collection of stones that were later embedded in the facade of the Tribune Tower. However, they are not actually on display.Annabel Wharton, \"The Tribune Tower: Spolia as Despoliation\", in *Reuse Value: Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture, from Constantine to Sherrie Levine*, ed. Richard Brilliant and Dale Kinney (Ashgate, 2011\\), 179\\-197",
"### Military service",
"Returning to the United States in early 1915, McCormick joined the [Illinois National Guard](/wiki/Illinois_National_Guard \"Illinois National Guard\") on June 21, 1916\\. His family background, education and expert horsemanship led to his being commissioned as a [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 \"Major (United States)\") in its 1st Cavalry Regiment. Two days earlier, President [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\") had called the Illinois National Guard into federal service, along with those of several other states, to patrol the Mexican border during [General](/wiki/General \"General\") [John Joseph Pershing](/wiki/John_Joseph_Pershing \"John Joseph Pershing\")'s [Punitive Expedition](/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition \"Pancho Villa Expedition\"). McCormick accompanied his regiment to the Mexican border. Soon after, the United States entered the war, the entire Illinois National Guard was mobilized for federal service in Europe. McCormick thus became part of the [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army \"U.S. Army\") on June 13, 1917, and was sent to France as an [intelligence officer](/wiki/Intelligence_officer \"Intelligence officer\") on the staff of General Pershing. Seeking more active service, he was assigned to an [artillery](/wiki/Artillery \"Artillery\") school.",
"By June 17, 1918, McCormick became a [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Lieutenant colonel (United States)\"), and by September 5, 1918, was promoted to a full [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Colonel (United States)\") in the [field artillery](/wiki/Field_artillery \"Field artillery\"). He took part in the [capture of Cantigny](/wiki/Battle_of_Cantigny \"Battle of Cantigny\") (hence his later naming his [farm estate](/wiki/Cantigny \"Cantigny\") near [Wheaton, Illinois](/wiki/Wheaton%2C_Illinois \"Wheaton, Illinois\")), and in the battles of [Soissons](/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_%281918%29 \"Battle of Soissons (1918)\"), [Saint\\-Mihiel](/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel \"Battle of Saint-Mihiel\"), and the second phase of the [Argonne](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive \"Meuse-Argonne Offensive\"). McCormick served in the 1st Battalion, [5th Field Artillery Regiment](/wiki/5th_Field_Artillery_Regiment \"5th Field Artillery Regiment\"), with the [1st Infantry Division](/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Infantry Division (United States)\"). His service ended on December 31, 1918, though he remained a part of the Officers Reserve Corps from October 8, 1919, to September 30, 1929\\. Cited for prompt action in battle, he received the [Distinguished Service Medal](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_%28U.S._Army%29 \"Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)\"), and was later always referred to as \"Colonel McCormick\".",
"### Crusading publisher",
"McCormick returned from the war and took control of the *Tribune* in the 1920s. Given the lack of schools of [journalism](/wiki/Journalism \"Journalism\") in the [midwestern United States](/wiki/Midwestern_United_States \"Midwestern United States\") at the time, McCormick and Patterson sponsored a school named for their grandfather, the [Joseph Medill School of Journalism](/wiki/Medill_School_of_Journalism \"Medill School of Journalism\"). It was announced by [Walter Dill Scott](/wiki/Walter_Dill_Scott \"Walter Dill Scott\") in November 1920, and began classes in 1921\\.{{cite book \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Northwestern University]] \\|location\\= \\[\\[Evanston, Illinois]] \\|title\\=Bulletin \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0mjOAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA5 \\|year\\=1920 \\|page\\=5}}{{cite news \\|title\\= New Journalism School: Chicago Newspapers to Aid Students at Northwestern University \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[New York Times]] \\|date\\= November 14, 1920 \\|page\\=11 \\|url\\= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/11/14/113319414\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\= January 9, 2011 }}",
"As publisher of the *Tribune*, McCormick was involved in a number of legal disputes regarding [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press \"Freedom of the press\") that were handled by McCormick's longtime lawyer [Weymouth Kirkland](/wiki/Weymouth_Kirkland \"Weymouth Kirkland\"). The most famous of these cases is *[Near v. Minnesota](/wiki/Near_v._Minnesota \"Near v. Minnesota\")*, 283 U.S. 697 (1931\\), a case championed by McCormick in his role as chairman of the [American Newspaper Publishers Association](/wiki/American_Newspaper_Publishers_Association \"American Newspaper Publishers Association\")'s Committee on Free Speech.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|right\\| [Tribune Tower](/wiki/Tribune_Tower \"Tribune Tower\")](/wiki/File:Chicago_Tribune_Building.jpg \"Chicago Tribune Building.jpg\") \nA [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States \"Conservatism in the United States\") Republican, McCormick was an opponent of President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") and compared the New Deal to [Communism](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\"). For a period in 1935, he protested Rhode Island's Democratic judiciary by displaying a 47\\-star flag outside the [Tribune building](/wiki/Tribune_Tower \"Tribune Tower\"), with the 13th star (representing Rhode Island) removed; he relented after he was advised that alteration of the American flag was unlawful.{{cite book \\|title\\= \\[\\[Current Biography\\|Current Biography yearbook]] \\|year\\= 1942 \\|pages\\= 54–58 \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[H. W. Wilson Company]] }}",
"He was also an [America First](/wiki/America_First_Committee \"America First Committee\") [non\\-interventionist](/wiki/Non-interventionist \"Non-interventionist\") who strongly opposed entering World War II \"to rescue the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\")\". He famously published the \"[Victory Program](/wiki/Victory_Program \"Victory Program\"),\" a military plan that FDR had ordered in the summer of 1941 to prepare the United States for possible entry into World War II. It had been leaked to him by US Senator [Burton K. Wheeler](/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler \"Burton K. Wheeler\"). The publication was on December 4, 1941, only three days before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The controversy it stirred died off quickly after the December 7 attack. In June 1942, the *Tribune* published an article that indicated that the Americans had broken Japanese codes, the [1942 *Chicago Tribune* incident](/wiki/Japanese_naval_codes%23Chicago_Tribune_incident \"Japanese naval codes#Chicago Tribune incident\").",
"As a publisher he was very innovative. McCormick was a 25 percent owner of the Tribune's 50,000 watt [radio station](/wiki/Radio_station \"Radio station\"), which was purchased in 1924; he named it [WGN](/wiki/WGN_%28AM%29 \"WGN (AM)\"), the initials of the *Tribune'''s motto, the \"World's Greatest Newspaper\". He also established the town of [Baie\\-Comeau](/wiki/Baie-Comeau \"Baie-Comeau\"), [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\") in 1936 and constructed a [paper mill](/wiki/Paper_mill \"Paper mill\") and a [hydroelectric power plant](/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_plant \"Hydroelectric power plant\") there named [McCormick Dam](/wiki/McCormick_Dam \"McCormick Dam\") to generate electricity for the mill.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no\\_seq\\=370330 \\|title\\=Centrale McCormick \\|author\\=Commission de la toponymie du Québec \\|work\\=Topos sur le Web \\|location\\=Quebec City \\|date\\= June 5, 2001 \\|access\\-date\\= January 7, 2011 \\|language\\=fr}}*",
"McCormick carried on crusades against various local, state, and national politicians, [gangsters](/wiki/Gangster \"Gangster\") and [racketeers](/wiki/Racketeer \"Racketeer\"), [labor unions](/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States \"Labor unions in the United States\"), [prohibition](/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States \"Prohibition in the United States\") and prohibitionists, [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street \"Wall Street\"), the [East](/wiki/Eastern_United_States \"Eastern United States\") and Easterners, [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\"), the [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal \"New Deal\") and the [Fair Deal](/wiki/Fair_Deal \"Fair Deal\"), [liberal Republicans](/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican \"Rockefeller Republican\"), the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations \"League of Nations\"), the [World Court](/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice \"Permanent Court of International Justice\"), the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\"), British imperialism, [socialism](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\"), and [communism](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\"). Besides Roosevelt, his chief targets included [Chicago Mayor](/wiki/Chicago_Mayor \"Chicago Mayor\") [William Hale Thompson](/wiki/William_Hale_Thompson \"William Hale Thompson\") and [Illinois Governor](/wiki/Illinois_Governor \"Illinois Governor\") [Len Small](/wiki/Len_Small \"Len Small\"). \nSome of McCormick's personal crusades were seen as quixotic (such as his attempts to reform spelling of the English language) and were parodied in political cartoons in rival [Frank Knox](/wiki/Frank_Knox \"Frank Knox\")'s [Chicago Daily News](/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News \"Chicago Daily News\")*. Knox's political cartoonists, including [Cecil Jensen](/wiki/Cecil_Jensen \"Cecil Jensen\"), derided McCormick as \"Colonel McCosmic\", a \"pompous, paunchy, didactic individual with a bristling mustache and superlative ego.\"{{cite magazine \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CVAEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA28 \\| title\\=Chicago's Col. M'Cosmic Makes Hit as U. S. Counterpart of England's Late Col. Blimp \\| magazine\\=Life \\| date\\=1942\\-05\\-11 \\| access\\-date\\=November 17, 2011 \\| pages\\=28}}{{cite book\\|author\\=John Churchill Chase \\|title\\=Today's cartoon \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3PLVAAAAMAAJ \\|year\\=1962 \\|publisher\\=Hauser Press}}*",
"In 1943, he told an audience he helped plan a defence against an invasion from Canada at the end of World War I.\nIn June 1947, he gave a 100\\-year birthday party for the Tribune *that included a fireworks show called \"the most colossal show since the Chicago fire.\"{{cite magazine \\|title\\= The Press: The Colonel's Century \\|date\\= June 9, 1947 \\|magazine\\= \\[\\[Time (magazine)\\|Time magazine]] \\|url\\= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,779077\\-1,00\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121106171751/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,779077\\-1,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-date\\= November 6, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\= January 8, 2011 }}\nOther publications noted that everything about the celebration was called \"the world's greatest\". [Time magazine](/wiki/Time_magazine \"Time magazine\") editorialized that \"the* Tribune *has been made into a worldwide symbol of reaction, isolation, and prejudice by a man capable of real hate.\"{{cite magazine \\|title\\= Newspaper Congratulates Itself \\|magazine\\= \\[\\[Life (magazine)\\|Life magazine]] \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=N0gEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA25\\|date\\=June 23, 1947 \\|publisher\\=Time Inc \\|pages\\=25–29 \\|issn\\=0024\\-3019 }}*",
"McCormick had purchased the [Washington Times\\-Herald](/wiki/Washington_Times-Herald \"Washington Times-Herald\") *newspaper following the 1948 death of [Eleanor Medill \"Cissy\" Patterson](/wiki/Cissy_Patterson \"Cissy Patterson\"), his first cousin.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/03/27/a\\-complicated\\-person/ \\|last\\=Warren\\|first\\=James\\|title\\=A Complicated Person\\|work\\=Chicago Tribune \\|date\\=March 27, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=April 25, 2013}} The paper was an \"isolationist and archconservative\" publication known for sensationalism.{{cite news\\|last\\=Bernstein \\|first\\=Adam \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ruth\\-tankersley\\-tribune\\-scion\\-dc\\-publisher\\-and\\-arabian\\-horse\\-breeder\\-dies/2013/02/06/a237a26e\\-6fb7\\-11e2\\-ac36\\-3d8d9dcaa2e2\\_story.html \\|title\\=Ruth Tankersley, Tribune scion, D.C. publisher and Arabian horse breeder, dies\\|newspaper\\=Washington Post \\|date\\=February 6, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2013}}{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,819679,00\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116224137/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,819679,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=November 16, 2010 \\|title\\=The Press: Sale of the ''Times\\-Herald'' \\|magazine\\=Time \\|date\\=March 29, 1954 \\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2013}}*",
"McCormick appointed his niece, then known as [Ruth \"Bazy\" McCormick Miller](/wiki/Bazy_Tankersley \"Bazy Tankersley\") as the publisher of the paper in 1949\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://newstrib.com/main.asp?SectionID\\=5\\&SubSectionID\\=42\\&ArticleID\\=26410\\|title\\=Ruth 'Bazy' McCormick Tankersley\\|work\\=LaSalle News Tribune\\|date\\=February 6, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311154951/http://www.newstrib.com/main.asp?SectionID\\=5\\&SubSectionID\\=42\\&ArticleID\\=26410\\|archive\\-date\\=March 11, 2016}} He wanted Bazy to use the paper to create \"an outpost of American principles\".{{cite web\\|last\\=Davis \\|first\\=Tony \\|url\\=http://www.hcn.org/issues/45\\.14/the\\-right\\-wing\\-heiress\\-who\\-changed\\-course\\-in\\-the\\-desert \\|title\\=The right\\-wing heiress who changed course in the desert\\|work\\=High Country News\\|date\\=August 28, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2013}} When the two came to a parting of the ways over her relationship with one of the paper's editors, Garvin Tankersley, as well as editorial control over the paper, he ordered her to choose between Tankersley and the Tribune Company. As a result, she resigned from the Times\\-Herald*. Bazy later said, \"I understood when I went to the* Times\\-Herald *I was to have full control. That control was not given me ... There is some difference in our political beliefs. I have broader Republican views than \\[McCormick] has. I am for the same people as the colonel, but I am for some more people.*",
"McCormick tried to run the paper himself, but lost money on the venture, and sold the Times\\-Herald *to* [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\") *in 1954\\. When he announced the sale, one of the paper's board members insisted that Bazy be given a chance to purchase it, so McCormick gave her 48 hours to match the $10 million asking price. She could not raise the money to do so. Upon the purchase of the* Times\\-Herald*, the* Post *consolidated its market position by discontinuing the rival paper.{{cite web\\|last\\=Warren\\|first\\=James\\|title\\=Graham's Visit Conjures Tale Of 2 Cities, 2 Strong Women\\|url\\=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/02/23/grahams\\-visit\\-conjures\\-tale\\-of\\-2\\-cities\\-2\\-strong\\-women/\\|work\\=Chicago Tribune\\|access\\-date\\=March 27, 2014\\|date\\=February 23, 1997}}*",
"### Family life and scandal",
"McCormick married twice, but had no children from either marriage. His first wife was Amy Irwin, the former wife of his father's first cousin, Edward Shields Adams. Starting in the summer of 1904, McCormick had spent much time at the homes of Adams in downtown Chicago and [Lake Forest, Illinois](/wiki/Lake_Forest%2C_Illinois \"Lake Forest, Illinois\"). Amanda McCormick (1822–1891\\), youngest daughter of family patriarch [Robert McCormick](/wiki/Robert_McCormick_%28Virginia_inventor%29 \"Robert McCormick (Virginia inventor)\"), had married fellow [Virginian](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") Hugh Adams (1820–1880\\) before moving to Chicago to start the McCormick \\& Adams grain trading business. Their son, Edward Shields Adams, born in 1859, had married the much younger Amie de Houle \"Amy\" Irwin on April 15, 1895\\. She was born in 1872, the daughter of decorated soldier [Bernard J. D. Irwin](/wiki/Bernard_J._D._Irwin \"Bernard J. D. Irwin\").{{cite book \\|title\\= Family record and biography \\|publisher\\= L.J. McCormick \\|author\\= Leander James McCormick \\|author\\-link\\= Leander James McCormick \\|year\\= 1896 \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/familyrecordand00mccogoog/page/n13 300]–303 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/familyrecordand00mccogoog }}\nStarting in November 1913, a bitter family dispute developed.{{cite news \\|title\\= E. S. Adams Sues Bert M'Cormick for Alienating his Wife's Love \\|date\\= September 26, 1914 \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[The Day Book]] \\|location\\= \\[\\[Chicago]] \\|pages\\= 1–5 \\|url\\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914\\-09\\-26/ed\\-1/seq\\-1/ \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }} Amy Irwin Adams filed for divorce, claiming Adams was [alcoholic](/wiki/Alcoholic \"Alcoholic\"), and the suit was granted on March 6, 1914, without her husband appearing in court. In September 1914, Adams filed another lawsuit. He sued McCormick for trespass and asked for the divorce case to be heard again. The opposition press made the most out of the scandals.{{cite news \\|title\\= Edward Adams Sues for a Rehearing of Divorce Case\\|date\\= September 12, 1914 \\|newspaper\\= The Day Book \\|location\\= \\[\\[Chicago]] \\|page\\= 30 \\|url\\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914\\-09\\-12/ed\\-1/seq\\-30/ \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }} Adams presented McCormick with a bill for eight years of lodging,{{cite news \\|title\\= Eight\\-year Board Bill is Contested Point in McCormick\\-Edwards Mess \\|date\\= October 1, 1914 \\|newspaper\\= The Day Book \\|location\\= \\[\\[Chicago]] \\|page\\= 30 \\|url\\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914\\-10\\-01/ed\\-1/seq\\-30/ \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }} and claimed McCormick had \"wickedly and maliciously debauched and carnally knew the said Amy Irwin Adams\" while his guest. Other allegations included that McCormick had a former chauffeur arrested and interrogated by a private detective.{{cite news \\|title\\= Robert M'Cormick, Tribune Head, Named in Big Damage Suit \\|date\\= September 25, 1914 \\|newspaper\\= The Day Book \\|location\\= \\[\\[Chicago]] \\|page\\= 1 \\|url\\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914\\-09\\-25/ed\\-1/seq\\-1/ \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }} McCormick then [counterclaimed](/wiki/Counterclaim \"Counterclaim\") that he had made loans to Adams which had to be repaid. The case was heard by Federal Court Judge [Kenesaw Mountain Landis](/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis \"Kenesaw Mountain Landis\") in November. It was hinted that McCormick had promised to forgive the loans if Adams dropped his suit to reopen the divorce.{{cite news \\|title\\= Federal Judge Landis Takes McCormick\\-Adams Case under Advisement \\|date\\=November 19, 1914 \\|newspaper\\= The Day Book \\|location\\= \\[\\[Chicago]] \\|page\\= 30 \\|url\\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914\\-11\\-19/ed\\-1/seq\\-29/ \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }} Landis ruled in favor of McCormick in February 1915\\.{{cite news \\|title\\= Rob't M'Cormick Wins Case before Judge Landis \\|date\\= February 10, 1915 \\|newspaper\\= The Day Book \\|location\\= \\[\\[Chicago]] \\|page\\= 3 \\|url\\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1915\\-02\\-10/ed\\-1/seq\\-3/ \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }}\nFollowing the settlement, on March 10, 1915, McCormick married Amy Irwin Adams, after waiting the year after the original divorce decree as was required by law at the time. The wedding occurred in London, in the registry office of [St George's, Hanover Square](/wiki/St_George%27s%2C_Hanover_Square \"St George's, Hanover Square\"), with only two witnesses present.{{cite news \\|title\\= R. R. M'Cormick Marries Divorcee: Editor of The Chicago Tribune Weds Mrs. E. S. Adams in St. George's Church, London \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[New York Times]] \\|date\\= March 11, 1915 \\|page\\=11 \\|url\\= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/03/11/105035186\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }} The Tribune *did not mention the wedding, nor any of the previous lawsuits.{{cite news \\|title\\= Robert McCormick Weds Mrs. Amy Adams in London as Society Expected \\|date\\= March 11, 1915 \\|newspaper\\= The Day Book \\|location\\= \\[\\[Chicago]] \\|page\\= 8 \\|url\\= http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1915\\-03\\-11/ed\\-2/seq\\-8/ \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }}*",
"After Amy died in 1939, McCormick became a near social recluse. On December 21, 1944, he married Mrs. Maryland Mathison Hooper in the apartment of his cousin [Chauncey McCormick](/wiki/Chauncey_McCormick \"Chauncey McCormick\").{{cite magazine \\|title\\= McCormick Weds: At 64, famous Chicago Publisher marries and old family friend \\|magazine\\= \\[\\[Life (magazine)\\|Life]] \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=U1MEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA35 \\|date\\= January 8, 1945 \\|publisher\\=Time Inc \\|pages\\=35–38 \\|issn\\=0024\\-3019 }} She was 47 and he was 64 at the time. She lived until July 21, 1985\\.{{cite news \\|title\\= Maryland Mathison Hooper McCormick, 87, second wife of Col. Robert R. McCormick \\|date\\= July 28, 1985 \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[Chicago Tribune]] \\|url\\= https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/07/28/maryland\\-mathison\\-hooper\\-mccormick\\-87\\-second\\-wife/ \\|access\\-date\\= January 8, 2011 }} In his later years and until his death, McCormick lived at the estate named [Cantigny](/wiki/Cantigny \"Cantigny\"), in Wheaton, Illinois.\nThe childless McCormick for a time mentored his niece, Ruth (later Tankersley) to be the heir to his publishing empire. He was said to have \"doted\" on Bazy. When McCormick appointed her as the publisher of the Washington Times\\-Herald *in 1949, she was 28 years old and was given the title of vice\\-president.{{cite web\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|title\\=Born Newswoman, Bazy Miller At 28 Is Major Publisher\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=1955\\&dat\\=19490904\\&id\\=XLMhAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5537,922836\\|work\\=Reading Eagle\\|access\\-date\\=March 27, 2014\\|date\\=September 4, 1949}} When Bazy divorced her husband in 1951, ultimately to elope with an editor at the paper, Garvin \"Tank\" Tankersley,{{cite web\\|author\\=Peachin, Mary Levy \\|url\\=http://www.insidetucsonbusiness.com/news/profiles/bazy\\-tankersley\\-and\\-her\\-lifetime\\-passion\\-breeding\\-arabian\\-horses/article\\_7b499e3c\\-dcd2\\-11e1\\-ac47\\-001a4bcf887a.html \\|title\\=Bazy Tankersley and her lifetime passion breeding Arabian horses\\|work\\=Inside Tucson Business \\|date\\=August 3, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2013}} the two came to a parting of the ways. McCormick considered Tankersley to be of unsuitable social status for Bazy because \"Tank\" was from a poor [Lynchburg, Virginia](/wiki/Lynchburg%2C_Virginia \"Lynchburg, Virginia\"), family. McCormick also disapproved of her divorce in general, which Bazy viewed as hypocritical, given McCormick's own complicated personal life. When McCormick delivered the ultimatum that she choose between Garvin Tankersley and the paper, she resigned from the* Times\\-Herald*. Though estranged for many years, Bazy and McCormick reconciled prior to his death.*",
"Personality\n-----------",
"McCormick was regarded as a \"remote, coldly aloof, ruthless aristocrat, living in lonely magnificence, disdaining the common people ... an exceptional man, a lone wolf whose strength and courage could be looked up to, but at the same time had to be feared; an eccentric, misanthropic genius whose haughty bearing, cold eye and steely reserve made it impossible to like or trust him.\" McCormick was described by one opponent as \"the greatest mind of the fourteenth century\"*Current Biography 1941*, p. 545\\. and by the American labor historian Art Preis as a \"fascist\\-minded multi\\-millionaire\".\"Police\\-State Liberals: A case of \"midsummer madness\"?\", Art Preis, Fall 1954\\. Retrieved April 27, 2008\\. On line [here](http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/preis/1954/xx/liberals.htm). In his memoirs, publisher [Henry Regnery](/wiki/Henry_Regnery \"Henry Regnery\") described his meeting with McCormick and [William Henry Chamberlin](/wiki/William_Henry_Chamberlin \"William Henry Chamberlin\"):",
"> The Colonel received us in his rather feudal office, high above [Michigan Avenue](/wiki/Michigan_Avenue%2C_Chicago \"Michigan Avenue, Chicago\") at the top of his Gothic tower. He was a tall, erect, distinguished\\-looking man, who, with his white hair, blue eyes, ruddy complexion, white mustache, and in his manner and dress, conveyed the impression that he might have come from the English landed aristocracy. He was perfectly cordial, but gave us clearly to understand that our rather similar views on such matters as foreign policy and the administration in Washington were no basis for familiarity.{{cite book \\|author\\=Henry Regnery \\|title\\= Memoirs of a dissident publisher \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=H\\_NhOnKZdr4C\\&pg\\=PA125 \\|date\\= July 1985 \\|publisher\\=Regnery Publishing \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-89526\\-802\\-0 \\|pages\\= 125–126 }}",
"[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\") *wrote:",
"> He did consider himself an aristocrat, and his imposing stature—{{convert\\|6\\|ft\\|4\\|in\\|cm}} tall, with a muscular body weighing over {{convert\\|200\\|lbs\\|kg}}, his erect soldierly bearing, his reserved manner and his distinguished appearance—made it easy for him to play that role. But if he was one, he was an aristocrat, according to his friends, in the best sense of the word, despising the idle rich and having no use for parasites, dilettantes or mere pleasure\\-seekers, whose company, clubs and amusements he avoided. With an extraordinary capacity for hard work, he often put in seven long days a week at his job even when elderly, keeping fit through polo and later horseback riding. In his seventies, he could still get into the war uniform of his thirties.{{cite news \\|title\\= Debates Swirled About M'Cormick \\|newspaper\\= \\[\\[New York Times]] \\|date\\= April 1, 1955 \\|page\\=17 \\|url\\= https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/07/13/reviews/mccormick\\-obit.html \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }}*",
"Death and legacy\n----------------",
"In failing health since an attack of [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia \"Pneumonia\"), following a trip to Europe in April 1953;[\"Publisher Died in Sleep\", *The New York Times*, April 2, 1955\\. Retrieved September 13, 2020\\.](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/04/02/93736754.html?pageNumber=12) McCormick nonetheless remained active in his work until the month before he died, on April 1, 1955\\. He was buried on his farm, in his [war uniform](/wiki/Military_uniform \"Military uniform\"). His second wife survived him by three decades. Upon his death, the childless McCormick left an estate estimated at $55 million, including stock in the Chicago Tribune Company. His will established a trust devoted to charitable purposes, including maintenance of his former home, which became [Cantigny](/wiki/Cantigny \"Cantigny\") and includes a house and war museum as well as formal gardens.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cantigny.org/about\\-us/Pages/McCormick%20Foundation.aspx \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315010423/http://www.cantigny.org/about\\-us/Pages/McCormick%20Foundation.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-15 \\|title\\=McCormick Foundation}}\nThe [Northwestern University School of Law](/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law \"Northwestern University School of Law\") building that opened in 1962 was named McCormick Hall following a donation from the foundation.{{cite web \\|title\\= Northwestern Law through the Years \\|work\\= Northwestern Law School web site \\|url\\= http://www.law.northwestern.edu/news/150anniversary/ \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20101223091413/http://www.law.northwestern.edu/news/150anniversary/ \\|archive\\-date\\= December 23, 2010 }}\nAfter a donation to renovate the [Technological Institute](/wiki/Technological_Institute \"Technological Institute\") building at Northwestern University in 1989, the [Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science](/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science \"Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science\") was also named for him.{{cite web \\|title\\= History: 1989\\-1998 \\|work\\= Northwestern Engineering web site \\|url\\= http://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/100/?history\\#decade\\-9 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100605030026/http://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/100/?history\\#decade\\-9 \\|url\\-status\\= dead \\|archive\\-date\\= June 5, 2010 \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }}\n[thumb\\| [McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum](/wiki/McCormick_Tribune_Freedom_Museum \"McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum\") was funded by the foundation](/wiki/File:20070509_McCormick_Tribune_Freedom_Museum.JPG \"20070509 McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum.JPG\") \nWithin days of McCormick's death, [Richard J. Daley](/wiki/Richard_J._Daley \"Richard J. Daley\") was elected mayor and a new family would dominate Chicago, this time aligned with the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") for over half a century.\nSince McCormick had long advocated building a [convention center](/wiki/Convention_center \"Convention center\"), after it was built from 1957 to 1960 [McCormick Place](/wiki/McCormick_Place \"McCormick Place\") was named for him.{{cite book \\|author1\\=Adam Seth Cohen \\|author2\\=Elizabeth Joel Taylor \\|title\\=American pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley : his battle for Chicago and the nation \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nGem2g467GAC\\&pg\\=PT223 \\|date\\=May 2000 \\|publisher\\=Hachette Digital, Inc.\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-316\\-83403\\-2 \\|pages\\=223–224}}{{cite web \\|title\\= About Colonel Robert R. McCormick: The Man Behind the Name \\|work\\= Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority web site \\|url\\= http://www.mpea.com/about/col\\_mccormick.html \\|access\\-date\\= January 8, 2011}}\nThe trust eventually divested its ownership of the Tribune Company, so in 2008 changed its name from the McCormick Tribune Foundation to the [Robert R. McCormick Foundation](/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick_Foundation \"Robert R. McCormick Foundation\").{{cite news \\|title\\= McCormick Tribune Foundation Announces Name Change \\|date\\= May 15, 2008 \\|work\\= press release \\|url\\= http://www.mccormickfoundation.org/news/2008/McCormickFoundation/pr051508\\.aspx \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }} It contributed more than a billion [US dollars](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\") for journalism, early childhood education, civic health, social and economic services, arts and culture and citizenship.{{cite web \\|title\\= McCormick Foundation \\|work\\= official web site \\|url\\= http://www.mccormickfoundation.org/ \\|access\\-date\\= January 5, 2011 }} \nMcCormick endowed five scholarships at [The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina](/wiki/The_Citadel%2C_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina \"The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina\") and deeded his [Aiken, South Carolina](/wiki/Aiken%2C_South_Carolina \"Aiken, South Carolina\") estate to friend and former commander [Charles Pelot Summerall](/wiki/Charles_Pelot_Summerall \"Charles Pelot Summerall\") with the stipulation that the General live there the remainder of his life. After Summerall's death in 1954, the estate was sold and the proceeds used to purchase a beach house in [Isle of Palms, South Carolina](/wiki/Isle_of_Palms%2C_South_Carolina \"Isle of Palms, South Carolina\"), now known as the Robert R. McCormick Citadel Beach Club. The structure was destroyed by [Hurricane Hugo](/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo \"Hurricane Hugo\") in 1989 and subsequently rebuilt and hosts many functions including weddings and corporate events.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.citadel.edu/root/beachclub\\-history\\|publisher\\=The Citadel\\|title\\=The Citadel Beach Club – History\\|access\\-date\\=May 8, 2016}}\nMcCormick's legacy also extended to Canada, his grandfather Joseph Medill's birthplace. Six towns were created for the purpose of [forestry](/wiki/Forestry \"Forestry\") and journal paper production: [Heron Bay](/wiki/Heron_Bay%2C_Ontario \"Heron Bay, Ontario\") (Ont.), [Gore Bay](/wiki/Gore_Bay%2C_Ontario \"Gore Bay, Ontario\") (Ont), [Thorold](/wiki/Thorold \"Thorold\") (Ont.), Baie\\-Comeau (Que), [Franquelin](/wiki/Franquelin%2C_Quebec \"Franquelin, Quebec\") (Que) and [Shelter Bay](/wiki/Shelter_Bay%2C_Quebec \"Shelter Bay, Quebec\") (Que), known as Port\\-Cartier today. Many monuments have been made in honor of the Colonel, in [Baie\\-Comeau](/wiki/Baie-Comeau \"Baie-Comeau\") lay the biggest of them all, a bronze statue of the Colonel canoeing as he did in 1915 when he discovered the land that would welcome the town in 1937\\. The monument was made by [Wheeler Williams](/wiki/Wheeler_Williams \"Wheeler Williams\") an American sculptor. In 1955 the [Quebec \\& Ontario Transportation Company](/wiki/Quebec_%26_Ontario_Transportation_Company \"Quebec & Ontario Transportation Company\") renamed the [cargo vessel](/wiki/Cargo_vessel \"Cargo vessel\") the Manicouagan *the* [Col. Robert R. McCormick](/wiki/Col._Robert_R._McCormick \"Col. Robert R. McCormick\")*.\n{{cite news \n\\| url \\= http://www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca/documents/Gilmore/default.asp?ID\\=s021c\\#cl2155\n\\| title \\= The St Lawrence River Canals Vessel \n\\| publisher \\= Maritime History of the Great Lakes\n\\| author \\= James Gilmore\n\\| date \\= 1957\n\\| access\\-date \\= 2014\\-01\\-26}}*",
"Family tree\n-----------",
"### Paternal side",
"{{McCormick Chicago family tree}}\n### Maternal side",
"{{Medill Chicago family tree}}\nSee also\n--------",
"{{portal\\-inline\\|Conservatism}}\nReferences\n----------",
"{{Reflist}}\nFurther reading\n---------------",
"{{cite book \\|author\\= Gies, Joseph \\|title\\=The Colonel of Chicago: A Biography of the Chicago Tribune's Legendary Publisher, Colonel Robert McCormick \\|date\\= September 1979 \\|publisher\\= Dutton Adult \\|isbn\\= 978\\-0525082675 }}\n {{cite book \\|author\\= Madigan, Charles \\|author\\-link\\= Charles Madigan \\|title\\=Robert R. McCormick: A Celebration of His Life and Legacy \\|date\\= January 2005 \\|publisher\\= McCormick Tribune Foundation \\|isbn\\= 978\\-1\\-890093\\-19\\-8 }}\n {{cite book \\|author1\\=Morgan. Gwen \\|author2\\=Arthur Veysey \\|title\\=Poor little rich boy (and how he made good) \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=utw3AAAAIAAJ \\|date\\= February 1985 \\|publisher\\= Crossroad Communications \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-916445\\-10\\-2}}\n Olmsted, Kathryn S. * + - * The Newspaper Axis: Six Press Barons Who Enabled Hitler'' (Yale UP, 2022\\)[online](https://www.amazon.com/Newspaper-Axis-Barons-Enabled-Hitler/dp/0300256426/) also [online review](https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-newspaper-axis-review-hitlers-editorial-allies-11649435547?page=1)\n* {{cite book \\|author\\=Tebbel, John William \\|title\\=An American dynasty \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015\\.166629 \\|year\\=1947 \\|publisher\\=Doubleday \\& Company }}"
] |
Career
------
### The First Band
During the 1940s Les was a member of bands led by [Raymond Scott](/wiki/Raymond_Scott "Raymond Scott"), [Charlie Spivak](/wiki/Charlie_Spivak "Charlie Spivak"), and [Harry James](/wiki/Harry_James "Harry James"), occasionally finding himself alongside brother Larry. They formed their own orchestra in 1945, hiring [Nelson Riddle](/wiki/Nelson_Riddle "Nelson Riddle"), [Ralph Flanagan](/wiki/Ralph_Flanagan "Ralph Flanagan"), and [Bill Finegan](/wiki/Bill_Finegan "Bill Finegan") to write arrangements.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.allmusic.com/artist/les\-elgart\-mn0000203769/biography \|title\=Artist Biography \|author\=Steve Huey \|website\= AllAccess.com\|access\-date\= February 7, 2022}} The band signed with General Amusement Corporation for bookings, and in May 1945, made recordings in New York City at a [V\-Disc](/wiki/V-Disc "V-Disc") session. None of these were issued, however.
This was a "sweet band" generally, and far removed from their swing style of a decade later. The band had a familiar Glenn Miller touch to its sound, only a slower tempo.Liner notes, *Les Elgart and His Orchestra \- 1946*, Richard F. Palmer, Circle Records CLP\-126, released 1988\.
In mid\-1946, Les signed with [Musicraft Records](/wiki/Musicraft_Records "Musicraft Records") but the recordings never made the hit parade.”Li’l Liza Jane,” Sutton 283, “Nobody Knows The Trouble I’ve Seen,” Musicraft 15079/Sutton 283, “Mabel, Mabel,” Musicraft 15079/Sutton 283, and “I’m In The Mood For Love,” Sutton 283\. In October 1946, the band recorded a performance for [Lang\-Worth Transcriptions](/wiki/Langlois_%26_Wentworth%2C_Inc. "Langlois & Wentworth, Inc.") for radio broadcast.The songs included were “Theme (To The Future),” “The Rickety Richshaw Man,” “The Cradle Song,” “Largo,” “Walkin’ My Baby Back Home,” “The Old Lamplighter,” “A\-Huggin’ and A\-Chalkin’,” “Dream, Dream, Dream,” “The Bells of St. Mary’s,” and “Mimi.” The program included vocals by The Tune Tellers. Another transcription from this period included “Chicken Lickin’,” “Evening Star,” “When Johnny Comes Marching Home,” “On, Brave Old Army Team,” “Clair De Lune,” “Hymn To The Sun,” “Drigo’s Serenade,” “Anvil Chorus,” “When The Saints Go Marching In,” “Greensleeves,” and “Goin’ Home.” The band performed at venues in New York and northern New Jersey for the next two years, and recorded two singles for Bullet Records in March 1948\.“Doodle Doo Doo” b/w “I Left My Heart in Hartford,” Bullet 1025, and “I Went Down to Virginia” b/w “What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For?”, Bullet 1028\. With the post\-World War II decline in popularity of the big bands of the 30s and 40s, the Les Elgart Orchestra disbanded, and between 1949 and 1952, Les freelanced on record dates, worked in pick\-up bands, and contracted for a few singers.
### The Elgart Sound
In late 1952, Larry Elgart was working with fellow saxophonist [Charles Albertine](/wiki/Charles_Albertine "Charles Albertine") in the pit band for the Broadway play ‘’[Top Banana](/wiki/Top_Banana_%28musical%29 "Top Banana (musical)")’’. Larry said,
We wondered if this was it . . . if this was what we had to do to make a living in the music business. But we knew it wasn’t. And that’s why Les, I and Charlie started a new band with the determination that it had to happen.
With $1,000, they gathered sidemen and recorded three [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 "Demo (music)") tracks to shop the record labels. In April 1953, [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records") [A\&R](/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire "Artists and repertoire") executive [George Avakian](/wiki/George_Avakian "George Avakian") liked what he heard, and signed the band to the label.Columbia bought the demos and assigned master numbers: CO48933 “Big Man On Campus” (unreleased); CO48934 “Senior Hop” (released on “The Dancing Sound,” CL684\); and CO48935 “My Heart Belongs To Daddy” (released on “Prom Date,” CL2503\). ‘’Sophisticated Swing,’’ the band’s first album, was released that year. It enjoyed immediate success. The Elgart ensemble was lauded as "a new band with a handsome sound and smart arrangements."{{cite magazine \|author\= \|title\=Down Beat Best Bets\|magazine\=DownBeat\|url\=\|page\=\|location\= \|date\=December 30, 1953\|access\-date\=}} The band came from nowhere to third place in the 1954 [DownBeat Magazine](/wiki/DownBeat "DownBeat") popularity poll, behind the [Les Brown Band](/wiki/Les_Brown_%28bandleader%29 "Les Brown (bandleader)") and the [Ray Anthony Orchestra](/wiki/Ray_Anthony "Ray Anthony").{{cite magazine \|author\= \|title\=Dance Band\|magazine\=DownBeat\|url\=\|page\=26\|location\= \|date\=December 29, 1954\|access\-date\=}} Elgart displaced Anthony for second place in 1955 and again in 1956\.{{cite magazine \|author\= \|title\=Dance Band\|magazine\=DownBeat\|url\=\|page\=21\|location\= \|date\=December 26, 1956\|access\-date\=}}
Over the next three years, the band released a half dozen albums and enjoyed success on tour, with many appearances on college campuses. The band's unique blend of brass and reeds became known as “The Elgart Sound.”{{cite web \|url\=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias\-almanacs\-transcripts\-and\-maps/elgart\-lester\-elliot \|title\=Elgart, Les(Ter) Elliot \|author\=Susan Fleet \|website\=encyclopedia.com\|access\-date\=February 9, 2022}} The best selling albums were "The Elgart Touch" (1956\) and "For Dancers Also" (1957\), both of which reached the Top 15 on the LP charts. Among the band's popular tunes was "[Bandstand Boogie](/wiki/Bandstand_Boogie "Bandstand Boogie")", which was used by [Dick Clark](/wiki/Dick_Clark "Dick Clark") as the theme song for the ABC\-TV dance show *[American Bandstand](/wiki/American_Bandstand "American Bandstand")*.
The band's first stereo recording in 1957 reflected a name change to *Les and Larry Elgart and Their Orchestra*. After the 1958 release of “Sound Ideas,” however, the brothers parted ways, and Larry formed his own band.
The popularity of the Les Elgart Orchestra remained strong. The band took second place, again behind Les Brown, in the 1959 DownBeat poll.{{cite magazine \|author\= \|title\=Favorites of the Year: Dance Band\|magazine\=DownBeat\|url\=\|page\=31\|location\= \|date\=December 24, 1959\|access\-date\=}} In 1960, the band won the [Cashbox Magazine](/wiki/Cashbox_%28magazine%29 "Cashbox (magazine)") award as the Most Programmed Band by America's Disc Jockeys, and the [Billboard Magazine](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)") award as "America’s Favorite Band 1960 Outstanding Achievement in Recorded Music.”{{cite magazine \|author\= \|title\=Swingin' Your Way Soon\-\-Les Elgart\|magazine\=DownBeat\|url\=\|page\=52\|location\= \|date\=April 27, 1961\|access\-date\=}}
By the end of the decade, Les quit performing, preferring to handle the business aspects of the band. Under several producers and arrangers, the band released eight more albums.
### Later years
The brothers reunited again in 1963, hiring arrangers Charles Albertine and [Bobby Scott](/wiki/Bobby_Scott_%28musician%29 "Bobby Scott (musician)"). The Les and Larry Elgart Orchestra attempted to align itself with popular music trends such as folk ("Big Band Hootenanny" 1963\) and disco ("Elgart Au Go\-Go" 1965\). Its remaining releases, arrangements of contemporary hits, could be categorized as [easy listening](/wiki/Easy_listening "Easy listening"). The band performed on the radio between 1964 and 1966, and appeared on a [Jackie Gleason](/wiki/Jackie_Gleason "Jackie Gleason") television special featuring big bands in November 1966\. Veteran Columbia Records producer [Teo Macero](/wiki/Teo_Macero "Teo Macero") produced the Elgarts' final three albums for the label. After 1967's *The Wonderful World of Today’s Hits*, Les and Larry parted again, this time for good.
In 1969, Larry was invited to London to make three records for Swampfire Records under the imprint of Les and Larry Elgart. The albums claimed a [Nashville sound](/wiki/Nashville_sound "Nashville sound") and bore no relationship to the Elgart Sound of the early 1950s.{{cite book \|first1\=Lynn \|last1\=Elgart \|first2\=Larry \|last2\=Elgart \|title\=The Music Business and the Monkey Business: Recollections \|publisher\=\[\[Archway Publishing]] \|year\=2014 \|isbn\=978\-1480812086}}
Les Elgart lived in Chicago for several years, and Santa Monica and Hollywood Hills on the West Coast. He returned to Chicago, then relocated to Miami, and San Antonio, Texas. From his home in Dallas, Les continued to tour with his band, performing at colleges and conventions, and on cruises. In 1977 he married Joerene Ingram, who managed the band. In 1987 Les Elgart traveled to Brazil at the invitation of Brazilian radio program producer and Elgart biographer Joaquim Gaspar Machado.{{cite book \|last\=Machado \|first\=Joaquim Gaspar \|author\-link\= \|date\=2014 \|title\=O Som Elgart (The Elgart Sound) \|url\= \|location\= \|publisher\=Scortecci \|page\= \|isbn\=978\-85\-366\-3415\-9}}
Les continued to work until his death from heart failure, in Dallas, Texas, at age 77\.{{cite web\|title\=Les Elgart, 77 \|url\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1995/08/01/les\-elgart\-77\-who\-died\-saturday\-of/\|work\=The Baltimore Sun\|date\=August 1, 1995\|access\-date\=6 February 2012}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### The First Band",
"During the 1940s Les was a member of bands led by [Raymond Scott](/wiki/Raymond_Scott \"Raymond Scott\"), [Charlie Spivak](/wiki/Charlie_Spivak \"Charlie Spivak\"), and [Harry James](/wiki/Harry_James \"Harry James\"), occasionally finding himself alongside brother Larry. They formed their own orchestra in 1945, hiring [Nelson Riddle](/wiki/Nelson_Riddle \"Nelson Riddle\"), [Ralph Flanagan](/wiki/Ralph_Flanagan \"Ralph Flanagan\"), and [Bill Finegan](/wiki/Bill_Finegan \"Bill Finegan\") to write arrangements.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.allmusic.com/artist/les\\-elgart\\-mn0000203769/biography \\|title\\=Artist Biography \\|author\\=Steve Huey \\|website\\= AllAccess.com\\|access\\-date\\= February 7, 2022}} The band signed with General Amusement Corporation for bookings, and in May 1945, made recordings in New York City at a [V\\-Disc](/wiki/V-Disc \"V-Disc\") session. None of these were issued, however.",
"This was a \"sweet band\" generally, and far removed from their swing style of a decade later. The band had a familiar Glenn Miller touch to its sound, only a slower tempo.Liner notes, *Les Elgart and His Orchestra \\- 1946*, Richard F. Palmer, Circle Records CLP\\-126, released 1988\\.\nIn mid\\-1946, Les signed with [Musicraft Records](/wiki/Musicraft_Records \"Musicraft Records\") but the recordings never made the hit parade.”Li’l Liza Jane,” Sutton 283, “Nobody Knows The Trouble I’ve Seen,” Musicraft 15079/Sutton 283, “Mabel, Mabel,” Musicraft 15079/Sutton 283, and “I’m In The Mood For Love,” Sutton 283\\. In October 1946, the band recorded a performance for [Lang\\-Worth Transcriptions](/wiki/Langlois_%26_Wentworth%2C_Inc. \"Langlois & Wentworth, Inc.\") for radio broadcast.The songs included were “Theme (To The Future),” “The Rickety Richshaw Man,” “The Cradle Song,” “Largo,” “Walkin’ My Baby Back Home,” “The Old Lamplighter,” “A\\-Huggin’ and A\\-Chalkin’,” “Dream, Dream, Dream,” “The Bells of St. Mary’s,” and “Mimi.” The program included vocals by The Tune Tellers. Another transcription from this period included “Chicken Lickin’,” “Evening Star,” “When Johnny Comes Marching Home,” “On, Brave Old Army Team,” “Clair De Lune,” “Hymn To The Sun,” “Drigo’s Serenade,” “Anvil Chorus,” “When The Saints Go Marching In,” “Greensleeves,” and “Goin’ Home.” The band performed at venues in New York and northern New Jersey for the next two years, and recorded two singles for Bullet Records in March 1948\\.“Doodle Doo Doo” b/w “I Left My Heart in Hartford,” Bullet 1025, and “I Went Down to Virginia” b/w “What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For?”, Bullet 1028\\. With the post\\-World War II decline in popularity of the big bands of the 30s and 40s, the Les Elgart Orchestra disbanded, and between 1949 and 1952, Les freelanced on record dates, worked in pick\\-up bands, and contracted for a few singers.",
"### The Elgart Sound",
"In late 1952, Larry Elgart was working with fellow saxophonist [Charles Albertine](/wiki/Charles_Albertine \"Charles Albertine\") in the pit band for the Broadway play ‘’[Top Banana](/wiki/Top_Banana_%28musical%29 \"Top Banana (musical)\")’’. Larry said,",
"We wondered if this was it . . . if this was what we had to do to make a living in the music business. But we knew it wasn’t. And that’s why Les, I and Charlie started a new band with the determination that it had to happen.\nWith $1,000, they gathered sidemen and recorded three [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 \"Demo (music)\") tracks to shop the record labels. In April 1953, [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\") [A\\&R](/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire \"Artists and repertoire\") executive [George Avakian](/wiki/George_Avakian \"George Avakian\") liked what he heard, and signed the band to the label.Columbia bought the demos and assigned master numbers: CO48933 “Big Man On Campus” (unreleased); CO48934 “Senior Hop” (released on “The Dancing Sound,” CL684\\); and CO48935 “My Heart Belongs To Daddy” (released on “Prom Date,” CL2503\\). ‘’Sophisticated Swing,’’ the band’s first album, was released that year. It enjoyed immediate success. The Elgart ensemble was lauded as \"a new band with a handsome sound and smart arrangements.\"{{cite magazine \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Down Beat Best Bets\\|magazine\\=DownBeat\\|url\\=\\|page\\=\\|location\\= \\|date\\=December 30, 1953\\|access\\-date\\=}} The band came from nowhere to third place in the 1954 [DownBeat Magazine](/wiki/DownBeat \"DownBeat\") popularity poll, behind the [Les Brown Band](/wiki/Les_Brown_%28bandleader%29 \"Les Brown (bandleader)\") and the [Ray Anthony Orchestra](/wiki/Ray_Anthony \"Ray Anthony\").{{cite magazine \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Dance Band\\|magazine\\=DownBeat\\|url\\=\\|page\\=26\\|location\\= \\|date\\=December 29, 1954\\|access\\-date\\=}} Elgart displaced Anthony for second place in 1955 and again in 1956\\.{{cite magazine \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Dance Band\\|magazine\\=DownBeat\\|url\\=\\|page\\=21\\|location\\= \\|date\\=December 26, 1956\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"Over the next three years, the band released a half dozen albums and enjoyed success on tour, with many appearances on college campuses. The band's unique blend of brass and reeds became known as “The Elgart Sound.”{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias\\-almanacs\\-transcripts\\-and\\-maps/elgart\\-lester\\-elliot \\|title\\=Elgart, Les(Ter) Elliot \\|author\\=Susan Fleet \\|website\\=encyclopedia.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2022}} The best selling albums were \"The Elgart Touch\" (1956\\) and \"For Dancers Also\" (1957\\), both of which reached the Top 15 on the LP charts. Among the band's popular tunes was \"[Bandstand Boogie](/wiki/Bandstand_Boogie \"Bandstand Boogie\")\", which was used by [Dick Clark](/wiki/Dick_Clark \"Dick Clark\") as the theme song for the ABC\\-TV dance show *[American Bandstand](/wiki/American_Bandstand \"American Bandstand\")*.",
"The band's first stereo recording in 1957 reflected a name change to *Les and Larry Elgart and Their Orchestra*. After the 1958 release of “Sound Ideas,” however, the brothers parted ways, and Larry formed his own band.",
"The popularity of the Les Elgart Orchestra remained strong. The band took second place, again behind Les Brown, in the 1959 DownBeat poll.{{cite magazine \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Favorites of the Year: Dance Band\\|magazine\\=DownBeat\\|url\\=\\|page\\=31\\|location\\= \\|date\\=December 24, 1959\\|access\\-date\\=}} In 1960, the band won the [Cashbox Magazine](/wiki/Cashbox_%28magazine%29 \"Cashbox (magazine)\") award as the Most Programmed Band by America's Disc Jockeys, and the [Billboard Magazine](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\") award as \"America’s Favorite Band 1960 Outstanding Achievement in Recorded Music.”{{cite magazine \\|author\\= \\|title\\=Swingin' Your Way Soon\\-\\-Les Elgart\\|magazine\\=DownBeat\\|url\\=\\|page\\=52\\|location\\= \\|date\\=April 27, 1961\\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"By the end of the decade, Les quit performing, preferring to handle the business aspects of the band. Under several producers and arrangers, the band released eight more albums.",
"### Later years",
"The brothers reunited again in 1963, hiring arrangers Charles Albertine and [Bobby Scott](/wiki/Bobby_Scott_%28musician%29 \"Bobby Scott (musician)\"). The Les and Larry Elgart Orchestra attempted to align itself with popular music trends such as folk (\"Big Band Hootenanny\" 1963\\) and disco (\"Elgart Au Go\\-Go\" 1965\\). Its remaining releases, arrangements of contemporary hits, could be categorized as [easy listening](/wiki/Easy_listening \"Easy listening\"). The band performed on the radio between 1964 and 1966, and appeared on a [Jackie Gleason](/wiki/Jackie_Gleason \"Jackie Gleason\") television special featuring big bands in November 1966\\. Veteran Columbia Records producer [Teo Macero](/wiki/Teo_Macero \"Teo Macero\") produced the Elgarts' final three albums for the label. After 1967's *The Wonderful World of Today’s Hits*, Les and Larry parted again, this time for good.",
"In 1969, Larry was invited to London to make three records for Swampfire Records under the imprint of Les and Larry Elgart. The albums claimed a [Nashville sound](/wiki/Nashville_sound \"Nashville sound\") and bore no relationship to the Elgart Sound of the early 1950s.{{cite book \\|first1\\=Lynn \\|last1\\=Elgart \\|first2\\=Larry \\|last2\\=Elgart \\|title\\=The Music Business and the Monkey Business: Recollections \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Archway Publishing]] \\|year\\=2014 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1480812086}}",
"Les Elgart lived in Chicago for several years, and Santa Monica and Hollywood Hills on the West Coast. He returned to Chicago, then relocated to Miami, and San Antonio, Texas. From his home in Dallas, Les continued to tour with his band, performing at colleges and conventions, and on cruises. In 1977 he married Joerene Ingram, who managed the band. In 1987 Les Elgart traveled to Brazil at the invitation of Brazilian radio program producer and Elgart biographer Joaquim Gaspar Machado.{{cite book \\|last\\=Machado \\|first\\=Joaquim Gaspar \\|author\\-link\\= \\|date\\=2014 \\|title\\=O Som Elgart (The Elgart Sound) \\|url\\= \\|location\\= \\|publisher\\=Scortecci \\|page\\= \\|isbn\\=978\\-85\\-366\\-3415\\-9}}",
"Les continued to work until his death from heart failure, in Dallas, Texas, at age 77\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Les Elgart, 77 \\|url\\=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1995/08/01/les\\-elgart\\-77\\-who\\-died\\-saturday\\-of/\\|work\\=The Baltimore Sun\\|date\\=August 1, 1995\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2012}}",
""
] |
Education and career
--------------------
Tooker served as a Teaching Fellow at Harvard University from 1956\-1957\. In 1957, she served as an Instructor at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
She received a bachelor's and doctorate from [Radcliffe College](/wiki/Radcliffe_College "Radcliffe College") in 1949 and 1958, respectively, and a master's from the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona") in 1953\. Her PhD dissertation was titled *Ritual, Power and the Supernatural: A Comparative Study of Indian Religions in Southwestern United States*.{{Cite journal\|last\=Graymont\|first\=Barbara\|date\=December 2005\|title\=Elisabeth Jane Tooker (1927\-2005\)\|journal\=\[\[American Anthropologist]]\|language\=en\|volume\=107\|issue\=4\|pages\=\[\[iarchive:sim\_american\-anthropologist\_2005\-12\_107\_4/page/757/mode/1up\|757–759]]\|doi\=10\.1525/aa.2005\.107\.4\.757}}
Before completing her degree at Radcliffe, Tooker was employed as a Teaching Fellow at Harvard from 1956\-1957, and in 1957, she accepted a position as Instructor at the State University of New York at Buffalo.[Elisabeth Tooker Papers: American Philosophical Society Library](/wiki/%23aps "#aps")
Tooker taught history at the [University at Buffalo](/wiki/University_at_Buffalo "University at Buffalo"), [Mount Holyoke College](/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College "Mount Holyoke College"), and [Temple University](/wiki/Temple_University "Temple University"), where she spent most of her career.{{Cite book\|title\=Contemporary Authors\|title\-link\=Contemporary Authors\|publisher\=\[\[Gale (publisher)\|Gale]]\|year\=1975\|isbn\=0\-8103\-0024\-9\|volume\=49\-52\|pages\=\[\[iarchive:contemporaryauth49–52fran/page/549/mode/1up\|549–550]]\|oclc\=650348527}}
Tooker was [Professor Emerita](/wiki/Professor_Emerita "Professor Emerita") of Anthropology, [Temple University](/wiki/Temple_University "Temple University"), Philadelphia, where she spent the remainder her career. While at temple she was promoted to Associate Professor in 1967 and Professor in 1977\.
Tooker's research focused on the Haudenosaunee ([Iroquois](/wiki/Iroquois "Iroquois")). She did [field research](/wiki/Field_research "Field research") with [Seneca people](/wiki/Seneca_people "Seneca people") in [Tonawanda, New York](/wiki/Tonawanda_%28city%29%2C_New_York "Tonawanda (city), New York"), and published on topics including Iroquois religion.
Tooker belonged to a number of professional anthropological organizations, which include the American Ethnological Society, where she served as editor of American Ethnologist, 1978\-1982; the American Society for Ethnohistory. From 1981\-1982 she was President of the Conference on Iroquois Research From 1966\-1968 she served at the Northeastern Anthropological Association as Secretary, In 1967 Vice President of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society and President in 1967\. Her extensive involvement in anthropology has earned recognition as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She was also an alumna member of Phi Beta Kappa at Radcliffe College, 1974\. She was awarded of the Cornplanter Medal for Iroquois Research in 1986\.
Tooker died at the age of 76 on January 13, 2005, in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), Pennsylvania.
|
[
"Education and career\n--------------------",
"Tooker served as a Teaching Fellow at Harvard University from 1956\\-1957\\. In 1957, she served as an Instructor at the State University of New York at Buffalo.",
"She received a bachelor's and doctorate from [Radcliffe College](/wiki/Radcliffe_College \"Radcliffe College\") in 1949 and 1958, respectively, and a master's from the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona \"University of Arizona\") in 1953\\. Her PhD dissertation was titled *Ritual, Power and the Supernatural: A Comparative Study of Indian Religions in Southwestern United States*.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Graymont\\|first\\=Barbara\\|date\\=December 2005\\|title\\=Elisabeth Jane Tooker (1927\\-2005\\)\\|journal\\=\\[\\[American Anthropologist]]\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=107\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=\\[\\[iarchive:sim\\_american\\-anthropologist\\_2005\\-12\\_107\\_4/page/757/mode/1up\\|757–759]]\\|doi\\=10\\.1525/aa.2005\\.107\\.4\\.757}}",
"Before completing her degree at Radcliffe, Tooker was employed as a Teaching Fellow at Harvard from 1956\\-1957, and in 1957, she accepted a position as Instructor at the State University of New York at Buffalo.[Elisabeth Tooker Papers: American Philosophical Society Library](/wiki/%23aps \"#aps\")",
"Tooker taught history at the [University at Buffalo](/wiki/University_at_Buffalo \"University at Buffalo\"), [Mount Holyoke College](/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College \"Mount Holyoke College\"), and [Temple University](/wiki/Temple_University \"Temple University\"), where she spent most of her career.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Contemporary Authors\\|title\\-link\\=Contemporary Authors\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Gale (publisher)\\|Gale]]\\|year\\=1975\\|isbn\\=0\\-8103\\-0024\\-9\\|volume\\=49\\-52\\|pages\\=\\[\\[iarchive:contemporaryauth49–52fran/page/549/mode/1up\\|549–550]]\\|oclc\\=650348527}}",
"Tooker was [Professor Emerita](/wiki/Professor_Emerita \"Professor Emerita\") of Anthropology, [Temple University](/wiki/Temple_University \"Temple University\"), Philadelphia, where she spent the remainder her career. While at temple she was promoted to Associate Professor in 1967 and Professor in 1977\\.",
"Tooker's research focused on the Haudenosaunee ([Iroquois](/wiki/Iroquois \"Iroquois\")). She did [field research](/wiki/Field_research \"Field research\") with [Seneca people](/wiki/Seneca_people \"Seneca people\") in [Tonawanda, New York](/wiki/Tonawanda_%28city%29%2C_New_York \"Tonawanda (city), New York\"), and published on topics including Iroquois religion.",
"Tooker belonged to a number of professional anthropological organizations, which include the American Ethnological Society, where she served as editor of American Ethnologist, 1978\\-1982; the American Society for Ethnohistory. From 1981\\-1982 she was President of the Conference on Iroquois Research From 1966\\-1968 she served at the Northeastern Anthropological Association as Secretary, In 1967 Vice President of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society and President in 1967\\. Her extensive involvement in anthropology has earned recognition as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She was also an alumna member of Phi Beta Kappa at Radcliffe College, 1974\\. She was awarded of the Cornplanter Medal for Iroquois Research in 1986\\.",
"Tooker died at the age of 76 on January 13, 2005, in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), Pennsylvania.",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
He was first elected to the [House of Commons](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada "House of Commons of Canada") in the [1963 federal election](/wiki/1963_Canadian_federal_election "1963 Canadian federal election").{{Canadian Parliament links\|ID\=6472\|nolist\=yes}}. Retrieved February 8, 2018\. He resigned his seat in 1965 when he was named leader of the [Nova Scotia Liberal Party](/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Liberal_Party "Nova Scotia Liberal Party"). Regan entered the [Nova Scotia House of Assembly](/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly "Nova Scotia House of Assembly") in 1967, and aggressively pursued the government of [Premier](/wiki/List_of_Nova_Scotia_premiers "List of Nova Scotia premiers") [George Isaac Smith](/wiki/George_Isaac_Smith "George Isaac Smith") as [Leader of the opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28parliamentary%29 "Opposition (parliamentary)"). Regan led a fourteen\-hour [filibuster](/wiki/Filibuster "Filibuster") against the government's plans to increase the sales tax in 1969\.
Regan's Liberals won a [minority government](/wiki/Minority_government "Minority government") in [1970](/wiki/1970_Nova_Scotia_general_election "1970 Nova Scotia general election"), and were re\-elected with a [majority](/wiki/Majority_government "Majority government") in [1974](/wiki/1974_Nova_Scotia_general_election "1974 Nova Scotia general election").
As [premier](/wiki/Premier_%28Canada%29 "Premier (Canada)"), Regan supported industrialization and the development of offshore gas and oil. His first government amended the province's labour code to prevent courts from issuing injunctions to prevent picketing in labour disputes, and the office of the provincial ombudsman was established. In its second term, the Regan government nationalized the [Nova Scotia Light and Power](/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Light_and_Power "Nova Scotia Light and Power") electrical utility, and consolidated electricity supply under the Nova Scotia Power Corporation. A massive plan for the development of tidal power in the Bay of Fundy was also announced.
His government was defeated by [John Buchanan](/wiki/John_Buchanan_%28Canadian_politician%29 "John Buchanan (Canadian politician)")'s [Progressive Conservative Party](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Nova_Scotia "Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia") in the [1978 general election](/wiki/1978_Nova_Scotia_general_election "1978 Nova Scotia general election"), in part due to the oil shock's effect on the economy.
Regan returned to the federal House of Commons in the [1980 federal election](/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election "1980 Canadian federal election"), and was appointed Minister of Labour and Minister of State for International Trade in the [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada "Cabinet of Canada") of Prime Minister [Pierre Trudeau](/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau "Pierre Trudeau"). Regan was defeated along with the Liberal government in the [1984 election](/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election "1984 Canadian federal election").
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"He was first elected to the [House of Commons](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada \"House of Commons of Canada\") in the [1963 federal election](/wiki/1963_Canadian_federal_election \"1963 Canadian federal election\").{{Canadian Parliament links\\|ID\\=6472\\|nolist\\=yes}}. Retrieved February 8, 2018\\. He resigned his seat in 1965 when he was named leader of the [Nova Scotia Liberal Party](/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Liberal_Party \"Nova Scotia Liberal Party\"). Regan entered the [Nova Scotia House of Assembly](/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly \"Nova Scotia House of Assembly\") in 1967, and aggressively pursued the government of [Premier](/wiki/List_of_Nova_Scotia_premiers \"List of Nova Scotia premiers\") [George Isaac Smith](/wiki/George_Isaac_Smith \"George Isaac Smith\") as [Leader of the opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28parliamentary%29 \"Opposition (parliamentary)\"). Regan led a fourteen\\-hour [filibuster](/wiki/Filibuster \"Filibuster\") against the government's plans to increase the sales tax in 1969\\.",
"Regan's Liberals won a [minority government](/wiki/Minority_government \"Minority government\") in [1970](/wiki/1970_Nova_Scotia_general_election \"1970 Nova Scotia general election\"), and were re\\-elected with a [majority](/wiki/Majority_government \"Majority government\") in [1974](/wiki/1974_Nova_Scotia_general_election \"1974 Nova Scotia general election\").",
"As [premier](/wiki/Premier_%28Canada%29 \"Premier (Canada)\"), Regan supported industrialization and the development of offshore gas and oil. His first government amended the province's labour code to prevent courts from issuing injunctions to prevent picketing in labour disputes, and the office of the provincial ombudsman was established. In its second term, the Regan government nationalized the [Nova Scotia Light and Power](/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Light_and_Power \"Nova Scotia Light and Power\") electrical utility, and consolidated electricity supply under the Nova Scotia Power Corporation. A massive plan for the development of tidal power in the Bay of Fundy was also announced.",
"His government was defeated by [John Buchanan](/wiki/John_Buchanan_%28Canadian_politician%29 \"John Buchanan (Canadian politician)\")'s [Progressive Conservative Party](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Nova_Scotia \"Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia\") in the [1978 general election](/wiki/1978_Nova_Scotia_general_election \"1978 Nova Scotia general election\"), in part due to the oil shock's effect on the economy.",
"Regan returned to the federal House of Commons in the [1980 federal election](/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election \"1980 Canadian federal election\"), and was appointed Minister of Labour and Minister of State for International Trade in the [Cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada \"Cabinet of Canada\") of Prime Minister [Pierre Trudeau](/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau \"Pierre Trudeau\"). Regan was defeated along with the Liberal government in the [1984 election](/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election \"1984 Canadian federal election\").",
""
] |
Story arcs
----------
### *The Rebel Opposition* (1995\)
The art is by Allen Nunis.{{efn\|Formerly \[\[Al Williamson]]'s assistant; the two collaborated on ''\[\[Classic Star Wars]]'' compilations of the latter's work between 1992 and 1994\.{{Cite book\|last\=Goodwin\|first\=Archie\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31326940\|title\=Classic Star Wars: Volume One – In Deadly Pursuit\|publisher\=Dark Horse Comics\|others\=Williamson, Al\|year\=1994\|isbn\=1\-56971\-017\-1\|editor\-last\=Cooper\|editor\-first\=Bob\|edition\=1st\|location\=Milwaukie, OR\|pages\=i, 192–194\|oclc\=31326940\|author\-link\=Archie Goodwin (comics)}}}} The [Rebel Alliance](/wiki/Rebel_Alliance "Rebel Alliance")'s Rogue Squadron defend the [New Republic](/wiki/New_Republic_%28Star_Wars%29%23Legends "New Republic (Star Wars)#Legends") against the remnants of the Empire shortly after the events of *Return of the Jedi*.
### *The Phantom Affair* (1996\)
Rogue Squadron must travel to a neutral planet to secure new cloaking technology from the Empire being sold to the highest bidder.
### *Battleground: Tatooine* (1996\)
Rogue Squadron goes to Tatooine to find a secret cache of weapons hidden by Sate Pestage, on the Darklighters' farm.
### *The Warrior Princess* (1996–97\)
### *Requiem for a Rogue* (1997\)
Rogue Squadron is sent to track down a lost [Bothan](/wiki/Bothan "Bothan") ship full of innocent civilians; victim of a rare computer bug that transposes spatial coordinates. They soon learn that the mission is far more complicated. [Wedge Antilles](/wiki/Wedge_Antilles "Wedge Antilles") is shot down and presumed dead. The wild, savage humanoid natives are armed with Imperial blasters. Most everyone is acting completely out of character.
The Rogues must work with the Bothans to simply survive, rescue Wedge and discover the source of the strange energies making everyone off\-kilter.
### *In the Empire's Service* (1997\)
Rogue Squadron and General Horton Salm's Defender Wing must take the Brentaal System from the hands of a slothful Imperial General, who has an ace up his sleeve. Recently assigned to Brentaal is the 181st Squadron, the Fighting 181st, led by none other than the deadly Baron Soontir Fel.
### *The Making of Baron Fel* (1997\)
Rogue Squadron mourns their lost comrades from the Battle of Brentaal, while on a mission of mercy on [Corellia](/wiki/Corellia "Corellia"). The newly defected Baron Fel's family has been taken hostage, and its up to Rogue Squadron to get them out safely. During Soontir Fel's interrogation, he tells a tale of Imperial corruption and deception, and slowly executes a plan to defect to the Alliance. Along the way the Rogues encounter future allies and enemies in the form of two maverick CorSec officers, and an incompetent Imperial Liaison Officer.
### *Family Ties* (1998\)
### *Masquerade* (1998\)
[Han Solo](/wiki/Han_Solo "Han Solo"), [Chewbacca](/wiki/Chewbacca "Chewbacca"), and [Winter](/wiki/Winter_%28Star_Wars%29 "Winter (Star Wars)") (disguised as [Princess Leia](/wiki/Princess_Leia "Princess Leia")) join the Rogues on a mission to Ciutric to make contact with Imperial Grand Vizier Sate Pestage, who wishes to defect.
### *Mandatory Retirement* (1998\)
### Special issues
* *X\-wing Rogue Squadron: Apple Jacks Special Bonus Story*
* *X\-wing Rogue Squadron 1/2*
### Prequel series
*X\-Wing – Rogue Leader* is a three\-part comic book series set approximately one week after the Battle of Endor in *[Return of the Jedi](/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi "Return of the Jedi")*. It was published by Dark Horse between September 28 and December 21, 2005\.
Several participants in the destruction of the [second Death Star](/wiki/Second_Death_Star "Second Death Star") are sent, a little while after the events of [Bakura](/wiki/The_Truce_at_Bakura "The Truce at Bakura"), to scout out Imperial activity in Corellian space. It quickly turns dangerous as Ten Numb is captured by rampaging Imperial Forces. The Rogues' attempt to rescue him comes too late as he does not survive the torture.
Rogue Squadron becomes more official as many more officers volunteer in the wake of the rescue attempt. The first assigned mission; to escort a Rebel convoy, and it then turns mysterious when Imperial fighters show up instead. The Rogue squadron pilots must depend on the aid of insurgents who hate them in order to survive.
Following the story's resolution, [Luke Skywalker](/wiki/Luke_Skywalker "Luke Skywalker") explains that he cannot stay with Rogue Squadron as he must focus on building a [New Jedi Order](/wiki/Jedi%23The_New_Jedi_Order "Jedi#The New Jedi Order").
|
[
"Story arcs\n----------",
"### *The Rebel Opposition* (1995\\)",
"The art is by Allen Nunis.{{efn\\|Formerly \\[\\[Al Williamson]]'s assistant; the two collaborated on ''\\[\\[Classic Star Wars]]'' compilations of the latter's work between 1992 and 1994\\.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Goodwin\\|first\\=Archie\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31326940\\|title\\=Classic Star Wars: Volume One – In Deadly Pursuit\\|publisher\\=Dark Horse Comics\\|others\\=Williamson, Al\\|year\\=1994\\|isbn\\=1\\-56971\\-017\\-1\\|editor\\-last\\=Cooper\\|editor\\-first\\=Bob\\|edition\\=1st\\|location\\=Milwaukie, OR\\|pages\\=i, 192–194\\|oclc\\=31326940\\|author\\-link\\=Archie Goodwin (comics)}}}} The [Rebel Alliance](/wiki/Rebel_Alliance \"Rebel Alliance\")'s Rogue Squadron defend the [New Republic](/wiki/New_Republic_%28Star_Wars%29%23Legends \"New Republic (Star Wars)#Legends\") against the remnants of the Empire shortly after the events of *Return of the Jedi*.",
"### *The Phantom Affair* (1996\\)",
"Rogue Squadron must travel to a neutral planet to secure new cloaking technology from the Empire being sold to the highest bidder.",
"### *Battleground: Tatooine* (1996\\)",
"Rogue Squadron goes to Tatooine to find a secret cache of weapons hidden by Sate Pestage, on the Darklighters' farm.",
"### *The Warrior Princess* (1996–97\\)",
"### *Requiem for a Rogue* (1997\\)",
"Rogue Squadron is sent to track down a lost [Bothan](/wiki/Bothan \"Bothan\") ship full of innocent civilians; victim of a rare computer bug that transposes spatial coordinates. They soon learn that the mission is far more complicated. [Wedge Antilles](/wiki/Wedge_Antilles \"Wedge Antilles\") is shot down and presumed dead. The wild, savage humanoid natives are armed with Imperial blasters. Most everyone is acting completely out of character.",
"The Rogues must work with the Bothans to simply survive, rescue Wedge and discover the source of the strange energies making everyone off\\-kilter.",
"### *In the Empire's Service* (1997\\)",
"Rogue Squadron and General Horton Salm's Defender Wing must take the Brentaal System from the hands of a slothful Imperial General, who has an ace up his sleeve. Recently assigned to Brentaal is the 181st Squadron, the Fighting 181st, led by none other than the deadly Baron Soontir Fel.",
"### *The Making of Baron Fel* (1997\\)",
"Rogue Squadron mourns their lost comrades from the Battle of Brentaal, while on a mission of mercy on [Corellia](/wiki/Corellia \"Corellia\"). The newly defected Baron Fel's family has been taken hostage, and its up to Rogue Squadron to get them out safely. During Soontir Fel's interrogation, he tells a tale of Imperial corruption and deception, and slowly executes a plan to defect to the Alliance. Along the way the Rogues encounter future allies and enemies in the form of two maverick CorSec officers, and an incompetent Imperial Liaison Officer.",
"### *Family Ties* (1998\\)",
"### *Masquerade* (1998\\)",
"[Han Solo](/wiki/Han_Solo \"Han Solo\"), [Chewbacca](/wiki/Chewbacca \"Chewbacca\"), and [Winter](/wiki/Winter_%28Star_Wars%29 \"Winter (Star Wars)\") (disguised as [Princess Leia](/wiki/Princess_Leia \"Princess Leia\")) join the Rogues on a mission to Ciutric to make contact with Imperial Grand Vizier Sate Pestage, who wishes to defect.",
"### *Mandatory Retirement* (1998\\)",
"### Special issues",
"* *X\\-wing Rogue Squadron: Apple Jacks Special Bonus Story*\n* *X\\-wing Rogue Squadron 1/2*",
"### Prequel series",
"*X\\-Wing – Rogue Leader* is a three\\-part comic book series set approximately one week after the Battle of Endor in *[Return of the Jedi](/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi \"Return of the Jedi\")*. It was published by Dark Horse between September 28 and December 21, 2005\\.",
"Several participants in the destruction of the [second Death Star](/wiki/Second_Death_Star \"Second Death Star\") are sent, a little while after the events of [Bakura](/wiki/The_Truce_at_Bakura \"The Truce at Bakura\"), to scout out Imperial activity in Corellian space. It quickly turns dangerous as Ten Numb is captured by rampaging Imperial Forces. The Rogues' attempt to rescue him comes too late as he does not survive the torture.",
"Rogue Squadron becomes more official as many more officers volunteer in the wake of the rescue attempt. The first assigned mission; to escort a Rebel convoy, and it then turns mysterious when Imperial fighters show up instead. The Rogue squadron pilots must depend on the aid of insurgents who hate them in order to survive.",
"Following the story's resolution, [Luke Skywalker](/wiki/Luke_Skywalker \"Luke Skywalker\") explains that he cannot stay with Rogue Squadron as he must focus on building a [New Jedi Order](/wiki/Jedi%23The_New_Jedi_Order \"Jedi#The New Jedi Order\").",
""
] |
Career
------
Corletto started playing netball at aged 10 in her home town of [Kerang](/wiki/Kerang "Kerang"). She made her [Commonwealth Bank Trophy](/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank_Trophy "Commonwealth Bank Trophy") debut at the age of 16 for the [Melbourne Phoenix](/wiki/Melbourne_Phoenix "Melbourne Phoenix"), where her style of defence saw her named [Netball Australia](/wiki/Netball_Australia "Netball Australia")'s best new talent. She was selected in the Australian open squad at the age of 17\. In 2005 she captained the Australian U\-21 team to a bronze medal at the World Youth Championships, while on the comeback trail from a stress fracture in her foot.
In 2007 Corletto was recruited from the Melbourne Phoenix to cross\-town rivals, [Melbourne Kestrels](/wiki/Melbourne_Kestrels "Melbourne Kestrels"). Also that year, she was named in the [Australian national team](/wiki/Australia_national_netball_team "Australia national netball team") to tour England in a tri\-series. However, after injuring her ankle in the first minutes of the season opener, the local derby between Phoenix and Kestrels, she was forced to pull out, with Melbourne Kestrels teammate [Rebecca Bulley](/wiki/Rebecca_Bulley "Rebecca Bulley") called up in her place. But a few months later Corletto went on to make a debut for Australia against [Jamaica](/wiki/The_Sunshine_Girls_%28team%29 "The Sunshine Girls (team)"), and played goal defence during a subsequent Australian series win against [New Zealand](/wiki/Silver_Ferns "Silver Ferns"). In November 2007, she won her first ever world championship title, as the youngest member of the victorious Australian team.
In 2008 Corletto signed with the [Melbourne Vixens](/wiki/Melbourne_Vixens "Melbourne Vixens") to play in the new trans\-Tasman [ANZ Championship](/wiki/ANZ_Championship "ANZ Championship"). She again played for the Vixens in the 2009\. She capped off the 2009 season with the ANZ Championship premiership\-winning Vixens, coming runner\-up in the Vixens' Best \& Fairest, and being awarded the Liz Ellis Diamond, the highest and most prestigious individual honour in Australian netball, awarded to the player that has polled the most votes across the ANZ Championship and Australian Diamonds seasons. Corletto's 2010 season was interrupted with her having to undergo knee surgery on both knees, thus missing out in representing Australia in the Commonwealth Games.
Corletto made up for her misfortunes in 2011, returning to the Vixens team during round 5 of the 2011 season, and being named in the Diamonds Squad to represent Australia in the World Netball Championships. At the end of the 2012 ANZ championship season, she announced she was leaving the Vixens to sign with the New Zealand team the [Northern Mystics](/wiki/Northern_Mystics "Northern Mystics") in 2013Rebecca Williams ["Julie Corletto walks out on Melbourne Vixens to join Northern Mystics"](http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/netball/julie-corletto-walks-out-on-melbourne-vixens-to-join-northern-mystics/story-e6frfgl6-1226454366967) Melbourne, 20 August 2012\. Retrieved 4 November 2012\. to join husband [Daryl](/wiki/Daryl_Corletto "Daryl Corletto"),Dana Johannsen ["Netball: Sport's courting couple reunited as Mystic's new signing hits town"](http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10829880) New Zealand, 28 August 2012\. Retrieved 4 November 2012\. who had re\-signed with the [New Zealand Breakers](/wiki/New_Zealand_Breakers "New Zealand Breakers"). She played for the [Northern Mystics](/wiki/Northern_Mystics "Northern Mystics") in 2013 and 2014\. Corletto played in the [Australian Netball Diamonds](/wiki/Australian_Netball_Diamonds "Australian Netball Diamonds") 2014 [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Commonwealth_Games "Commonwealth Games") team that won the gold medal.
In 2015, Corletto was part of the [New South Wales Swifts](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Swifts "New South Wales Swifts") team that lost in the [ANZ Championship](/wiki/ANZ_Championship "ANZ Championship") finals to the [Queensland Firebirds](/wiki/Queensland_Firebirds "Queensland Firebirds"). She also won the gold medal playing for the Diamonds at [2015 Netball World Cup](/wiki/2015_Netball_World_Cup "2015 Netball World Cup"), playing with injured knees and a broken foot. Corletto subsequently announced her retirement from international netball after the tournament.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Corletto started playing netball at aged 10 in her home town of [Kerang](/wiki/Kerang \"Kerang\"). She made her [Commonwealth Bank Trophy](/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank_Trophy \"Commonwealth Bank Trophy\") debut at the age of 16 for the [Melbourne Phoenix](/wiki/Melbourne_Phoenix \"Melbourne Phoenix\"), where her style of defence saw her named [Netball Australia](/wiki/Netball_Australia \"Netball Australia\")'s best new talent. She was selected in the Australian open squad at the age of 17\\. In 2005 she captained the Australian U\\-21 team to a bronze medal at the World Youth Championships, while on the comeback trail from a stress fracture in her foot.",
"In 2007 Corletto was recruited from the Melbourne Phoenix to cross\\-town rivals, [Melbourne Kestrels](/wiki/Melbourne_Kestrels \"Melbourne Kestrels\"). Also that year, she was named in the [Australian national team](/wiki/Australia_national_netball_team \"Australia national netball team\") to tour England in a tri\\-series. However, after injuring her ankle in the first minutes of the season opener, the local derby between Phoenix and Kestrels, she was forced to pull out, with Melbourne Kestrels teammate [Rebecca Bulley](/wiki/Rebecca_Bulley \"Rebecca Bulley\") called up in her place. But a few months later Corletto went on to make a debut for Australia against [Jamaica](/wiki/The_Sunshine_Girls_%28team%29 \"The Sunshine Girls (team)\"), and played goal defence during a subsequent Australian series win against [New Zealand](/wiki/Silver_Ferns \"Silver Ferns\"). In November 2007, she won her first ever world championship title, as the youngest member of the victorious Australian team.",
"In 2008 Corletto signed with the [Melbourne Vixens](/wiki/Melbourne_Vixens \"Melbourne Vixens\") to play in the new trans\\-Tasman [ANZ Championship](/wiki/ANZ_Championship \"ANZ Championship\"). She again played for the Vixens in the 2009\\. She capped off the 2009 season with the ANZ Championship premiership\\-winning Vixens, coming runner\\-up in the Vixens' Best \\& Fairest, and being awarded the Liz Ellis Diamond, the highest and most prestigious individual honour in Australian netball, awarded to the player that has polled the most votes across the ANZ Championship and Australian Diamonds seasons. Corletto's 2010 season was interrupted with her having to undergo knee surgery on both knees, thus missing out in representing Australia in the Commonwealth Games.",
"Corletto made up for her misfortunes in 2011, returning to the Vixens team during round 5 of the 2011 season, and being named in the Diamonds Squad to represent Australia in the World Netball Championships. At the end of the 2012 ANZ championship season, she announced she was leaving the Vixens to sign with the New Zealand team the [Northern Mystics](/wiki/Northern_Mystics \"Northern Mystics\") in 2013Rebecca Williams [\"Julie Corletto walks out on Melbourne Vixens to join Northern Mystics\"](http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/netball/julie-corletto-walks-out-on-melbourne-vixens-to-join-northern-mystics/story-e6frfgl6-1226454366967) Melbourne, 20 August 2012\\. Retrieved 4 November 2012\\. to join husband [Daryl](/wiki/Daryl_Corletto \"Daryl Corletto\"),Dana Johannsen [\"Netball: Sport's courting couple reunited as Mystic's new signing hits town\"](http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10829880) New Zealand, 28 August 2012\\. Retrieved 4 November 2012\\. who had re\\-signed with the [New Zealand Breakers](/wiki/New_Zealand_Breakers \"New Zealand Breakers\"). She played for the [Northern Mystics](/wiki/Northern_Mystics \"Northern Mystics\") in 2013 and 2014\\. Corletto played in the [Australian Netball Diamonds](/wiki/Australian_Netball_Diamonds \"Australian Netball Diamonds\") 2014 [Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Commonwealth_Games \"Commonwealth Games\") team that won the gold medal.",
"In 2015, Corletto was part of the [New South Wales Swifts](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Swifts \"New South Wales Swifts\") team that lost in the [ANZ Championship](/wiki/ANZ_Championship \"ANZ Championship\") finals to the [Queensland Firebirds](/wiki/Queensland_Firebirds \"Queensland Firebirds\"). She also won the gold medal playing for the Diamonds at [2015 Netball World Cup](/wiki/2015_Netball_World_Cup \"2015 Netball World Cup\"), playing with injured knees and a broken foot. Corletto subsequently announced her retirement from international netball after the tournament.",
""
] |
Activism and civic work
-----------------------
Gascon was an active student leader during his time at the [University of the Philippines](/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines "University of the Philippines"). In the wake of the [assassination](/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino "Assassination of Ninoy Aquino") of Senator [Ninoy Aquino](/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino "Ninoy Aquino") on 21 August 1983, he helped mobilize protest actions in schools demanding justice and radical political change.
In 1985, he was elected Chair of the [University of the Philippines](/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines "University of the Philippines") Student Council and led the youth movement that participated in the [EDSA People Power Revolution](/wiki/People_Power_Revolution "People Power Revolution"). He organized Human Rights Awareness Fairs in campuses and was an active member of Amnesty International Philippine Section at which he served for many years as a board member.
He also actively campaigned for the release of Political Prisoners and visited detention centers with Lingap Bilanggo. He was a member of Liberal International's Human Rights Committee \& was also alternate member in the Inter\-Agency Committee on Extra\-Judicial Killings and Enforced Disappearances established under AO 35\. He was in the Official Delegation for the 2012 Universal Periodic Review at the Human Rights Council in Geneva that was led by then\-Justice Secretary and former CHR Chair [Leila De Lima](/wiki/Leila_de_Lima "Leila de Lima").
He has been involved in many different civil society political alliances working for human rights and democracy such as the Kongreso ng Mamamayang Pilipino (KOMPIL 1 \& 2\), Bansang Nagkaisa sa Diwa at Layunin (BANDILA), the Black \& White Movement, Social Liberals \& Democrats for the Advancement of Reforms (SoLiDAR), and Re:Publika@DemokraXXIa \- a new network of progressive activists. He was previously the executive director to both the liberal think tank National Institute for Policy Studies (NIPS) from 1987 to 2002 and LIBERTAS \- a lawyers' network on the Rule of Law from 2005 to 2008\.
He was founding trustee and corporate counsel of the International Center for Innovation, Transformation, and Excellence in Governance (InciteGov) \- the policy group of the so\-called "Hyatt 10," and was part of its Advisory Group. He was Founding Trustee of the Institute for Leadership, Empowerment, and Democracy (iLEAD) and was in the organizing committee of the Asian Democracy Network (ADN). He was Director General of the Liberal Party from 2008 to 2011 and was Political Director of its successful 2010 National Electoral Campaign.
He has taught law, Politics, \& Human Rights at the Political Science Departments at both the Ateneo de Manila and De la Salle Universities. He was also a Fellow at the Robredo Institute of Governance (RSIG).{{cn\|date\=October 2022}}
|
[
"Activism and civic work\n-----------------------",
"Gascon was an active student leader during his time at the [University of the Philippines](/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines \"University of the Philippines\"). In the wake of the [assassination](/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino \"Assassination of Ninoy Aquino\") of Senator [Ninoy Aquino](/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino \"Ninoy Aquino\") on 21 August 1983, he helped mobilize protest actions in schools demanding justice and radical political change.",
"In 1985, he was elected Chair of the [University of the Philippines](/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines \"University of the Philippines\") Student Council and led the youth movement that participated in the [EDSA People Power Revolution](/wiki/People_Power_Revolution \"People Power Revolution\"). He organized Human Rights Awareness Fairs in campuses and was an active member of Amnesty International Philippine Section at which he served for many years as a board member.",
"He also actively campaigned for the release of Political Prisoners and visited detention centers with Lingap Bilanggo. He was a member of Liberal International's Human Rights Committee \\& was also alternate member in the Inter\\-Agency Committee on Extra\\-Judicial Killings and Enforced Disappearances established under AO 35\\. He was in the Official Delegation for the 2012 Universal Periodic Review at the Human Rights Council in Geneva that was led by then\\-Justice Secretary and former CHR Chair [Leila De Lima](/wiki/Leila_de_Lima \"Leila de Lima\").",
"He has been involved in many different civil society political alliances working for human rights and democracy such as the Kongreso ng Mamamayang Pilipino (KOMPIL 1 \\& 2\\), Bansang Nagkaisa sa Diwa at Layunin (BANDILA), the Black \\& White Movement, Social Liberals \\& Democrats for the Advancement of Reforms (SoLiDAR), and Re:Publika@DemokraXXIa \\- a new network of progressive activists. He was previously the executive director to both the liberal think tank National Institute for Policy Studies (NIPS) from 1987 to 2002 and LIBERTAS \\- a lawyers' network on the Rule of Law from 2005 to 2008\\.",
"He was founding trustee and corporate counsel of the International Center for Innovation, Transformation, and Excellence in Governance (InciteGov) \\- the policy group of the so\\-called \"Hyatt 10,\" and was part of its Advisory Group. He was Founding Trustee of the Institute for Leadership, Empowerment, and Democracy (iLEAD) and was in the organizing committee of the Asian Democracy Network (ADN). He was Director General of the Liberal Party from 2008 to 2011 and was Political Director of its successful 2010 National Electoral Campaign.",
"He has taught law, Politics, \\& Human Rights at the Political Science Departments at both the Ateneo de Manila and De la Salle Universities. He was also a Fellow at the Robredo Institute of Governance (RSIG).{{cn\\|date\\=October 2022}}",
""
] |
Life
----
### Rise to power
Little is known about the early life of Postumus. He has been claimed as being of [Batavian](/wiki/Batavii "Batavii")State, Paul F., *A Brief History of the Netherlands*, Infobase Publishing, 2008, p. 8 origin; certainly his coinage honors deities—[Hercules Magusanus](/wiki/Hercules_Magusanus "Hercules Magusanus") and Hercules Deusoniensis—who would have been popular among the Batavians.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|pp\=162–163}}. Hercules Magusanus was probably an *[interpretatio romana](/wiki/Interpretatio_romana "Interpretatio romana")* translation of the Germanic deity [Þunraz](/wiki/Thor "Thor").Fields, Nic (2006\): *Roman Auxiliary Cavalryman: AD 14–193*, {{ISBN\|1841769738}}, p. 45–46 *Deusoniensis* may refer to the town of Deuso, located in or near Batavian territory and likely to be identified with modern\-day [Diessen](/wiki/Diessen "Diessen"); it has been hypothesized that Postumus himself was born in Deuso.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.regionaalarchieftilburg.nl/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=191\&Itemid\=327\| title\=Regionaal Archief Tilburg \- II. Romeinen in Deusone\| language\=nl\| access\-date\=30 March 2013\| url\-status\=dead\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131225132849/http://www.regionaalarchieftilburg.nl/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=191\&Itemid\=327\| archive\-date\=25 December 2013}}. From these relatively obscure provincial origins, Postumus would have risen through the ranks of the army until he held command of the Roman forces "... among the Celts".The phrase is [Zosimus](/wiki/Zosimus_%28historian%29 "Zosimus (historian)")'s, quoted in {{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=59}}. What his precise title was is not definitely known,{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=25}}. though he may plausibly have been promoted by the emperor [Valerian](/wiki/Valerian_%28Roman_emperor%29 "Valerian (Roman emperor)") to the position of [imperial legate](/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore "Legatus Augusti pro praetore") of [Germania Inferior](/wiki/Germania_Inferior "Germania Inferior").{{sfn\|PLRE\|loc\=Vol 1, p. 720}}{{harvp\|Potter\|2004\|p\=257}}. Postumus was evidently in favour at court, and, according to König, was granted an honorary consulship.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=67}}.
By 259, Valerian was campaigning in the east against the Persians, while his son and co\-emperor [Gallienus](/wiki/Gallienus "Gallienus") was preoccupied with the situation on the [Danubian](/wiki/Danube "Danube") [frontier](/wiki/Limes_%28Roman_Empire%29 "Limes (Roman Empire)").{{harvp\|Southern\|2001\|p\=79}}. Consequently, Gallienus left his son, [Saloninus](/wiki/Saloninus "Saloninus"), and military commanders, including Postumus, to protect the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine "Rhine").{{harvp\|Polfer\|2000}} Amid the chaos of an invasion by the [Alamanni](/wiki/Alamanni "Alamanni") and [Franks](/wiki/Franks "Franks"), and spurred on by news of the [defeat and capture](/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa "Battle of Edessa") of Valerian, the army in Gaul revolted and proclaimed Postumus emperor.
The trigger was their defeat in 260 of a [Juthungian](/wiki/Juthungi "Juthungi") army which was returning from [Italy](/wiki/Italia_%28Roman_Empire%29 "Italia (Roman Empire)") laden with prisoners, even though they had been repulsed by Gallienus at [Mediolanum](/wiki/Mediolanum "Mediolanum") ([Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan")).{{harvp\|Potter\|2004\|p\=256}}. Under the command of Postumus and [Marcus Simplicinius Genialis](/wiki/Marcus_Simplicinius_Genialis "Marcus Simplicinius Genialis"), the Roman army crushed the Juthungi, and Postumus proceeded to distribute the captured spoils to the legions he commanded. Saloninus, on the advice of his [praetorian prefect](/wiki/Praetorian_prefect "Praetorian prefect") [Silvanus](/wiki/Silvanus_%28praetorian_prefect%29 "Silvanus (praetorian prefect)") (who had coordinated Roman policy in Gaul alongside Postumus), demanded the transfer of the recovered booty to his residence at [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium](/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium "Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium") ([Cologne](/wiki/Cologne "Cologne")). Postumus assembled his army and made a show of reluctantly enforcing this command, thus inviting his troops to instead throw off their allegiance to Gallienus.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=89}}. The troops accordingly proclaimed Postumus emperor and besieged Colonia, trapping Saloninus and Silvanus. After breaching the walls of the city, Postumus had Silvanus and Saloninus killed, although his supporters later claimed that it was the native Gauls who were responsible for the murders.{{harvp\|Southern\|2001\|p\=98}}. Later he erected a triumphal arch to celebrate his victory.
### Establishment of a Gallic Empire
{{Further\|Gallic Empire}}[thumb\|left\|upright\=.8\|[Antoninianus](/wiki/Antoninianus "Antoninianus") of Postumus: IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG](/wiki/File:Postumus_antoninianus.jpg "Postumus antoninianus.jpg")
Postumus was immediately recognized as emperor in Gaul (except perhaps for the province of [Gallia Narbonensis](/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis "Gallia Narbonensis")), [Germania Superior](/wiki/Germania_Superior "Germania Superior") and [Inferior](/wiki/Germania_Inferior "Germania Inferior"), and [Raetia](/wiki/Raetia "Raetia"). By 261, Britannia, Narbonensis and Hispania also acknowledged him as emperor, possibly after an expedition to Britain in the winter of 260–261\.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=168}}. He established his capital in northern Gaul, probably at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium or [Augusta Treverorum](/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum "Augusta Treverorum") ([Trier](/wiki/Trier "Trier")),{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|pp\=146, 167}}. and furnished his government with many of the traditional Roman legislative and executive structures.{{harvp\|Southern\|2001\|p\=97}}. Apart from the position of [emperor](/wiki/Roman_Emperor "Roman Emperor"), he immediately assumed the office of [consul](/wiki/Consul_%28Gallic_Empire%29 "Consul (Gallic Empire)") alongside a colleague, [Honoratianus](/wiki/Honoratianus "Honoratianus").{{harvp\|Potter\|2004\|p\=260}}. Like his imperial predecessors, he became the *[pontifex maximus](/wiki/Pontifex_maximus "Pontifex maximus")* of the state and assumed [tribunician](/wiki/Tribune "Tribune") power each year. He is thought to have established a [senate](/wiki/Roman_Senate "Roman Senate"), perhaps on the basis of the Council of the Three Gauls or provincial councils,{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=29}}. and a [Pretorian Guard](/wiki/Pretorian_Guard "Pretorian Guard"), one of whose officers was the future Gallic emperor [Victorinus](/wiki/Victorinus "Victorinus").{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=130}}. The chief members of Postumus's administration, such as Victorinus and [Tetricus](/wiki/Tetricus_I "Tetricus I"), appear to have been drawn from his power base in northern Gaul, and indeed the entire administration rapidly became Gallicized.{{harvp\|Potter\|2004\|p\=261}}.
[thumb\|upright\|Milestone of Postumus c.261\-269 found in [Vitoria\-Gasteiz](/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz "Vitoria-Gasteiz"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"). It bears the inscription: \[I]MP(ERATORI) CAE\[S(ARI)] \[M]ARCO CA\[SSIJANO] LAT\[IN]IO POSTUMO AUG(USTO).](/wiki/File:PostumusMilestoneAraba.jpg "PostumusMilestoneAraba.jpg")
Postumus represented himself as the restorer of Gaul (*Restitutor Galliarum*) and the bringer of security to the provinces (*Salus Provinciarum*) on some of his coins; prior to 10 December 261, he also took the title of *Germanicus maximus*, a title he earned after successfully defending Gaul against the Germans. His principal objective in assuming the purple appeared to be the restoration and defence of the Rhine frontier and the surrounding area, a task that he approached with vigour, earning the admiration of the ancient authors, who declared that he restored the security that the provinces had enjoyed in the past. So successful was he in the task of stabilizing his domain that the coins issued by Postumus were of better workmanship and higher precious metal content than coins issued by Gallienus.Southern (2001\), p. 118 His control of the Spanish and British mining regions was presumably crucial in this regard,{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=27}}. as was his employment of master minters who would have come into Gaul with Gallienus.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=136}}. Postumus fought successful campaigns against the [Franks](/wiki/Franks "Franks") and [Alemanni](/wiki/Alemanni "Alemanni") in 262 and 263; following his victory over them in 263, his coin\-types celebrated peaceful themes such as *Felicitas Augusti* for some time.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|pp\=30, 170}}. After having spent much of the last four years pushing the Franks out of Gaul, Postumus then recruited Frankish troops to fight against other Franks, probably dispersed within existing Roman army units.{{harvp\|Southern\|2001\|p\=217}}.
Scholars continue to debate whether Postumus originally intended to dislodge Gallienus from Rome or was content to rule only the western provinces. From the beginning of his usurpation, Postumus had made it clear that his priority was for Gaul, and that he had no immediate intentions to make a bid for Rome. Postumus's power base was Gaul and his main responsibility was the defense of the Rhine provinces. If he marched against Gallienus, then he would be exposing his heartland not only to the Germanic tribes but also potentially to any number of usurpers. Perhaps he hoped to achieve some official recognition from Gallienus; what is clear, however, is that Postumus was not overtly separatist and did not revive the 1st\-century dream of an independent *Galliarum imperium*. (See [Julius Sabinus](/wiki/Julius_Sabinus "Julius Sabinus") and [revolt of the Batavi](/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Batavi "Revolt of the Batavi").) The forms, titles, and administrative structures of Postumus's principate remained conventionally Roman.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=28}}.
### Confrontation with Gallienus
For four years Gallienus was too distracted by Germanic invasions and other usurpers in the east to address the situation to his north and west,{{harvp\|Potter\|2004\|p\=263}}. but in 265 he launched a campaign to defeat Postumus. His first attempt failed when Postumus managed to escape from a precarious situation due to the carelessness of Gallienus's cavalry commander [Aureolus](/wiki/Aureolus "Aureolus"). Aureolus was punished with demotion, eventually leading him to turn against Gallienus in 267\.
A second campaign, led by Gallienus himself, also seemed to have the advantage over Postumus, but while Gallienus was besieging a city in Gaul (perhaps [Augusta Treverorum](/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum "Augusta Treverorum"){{harvp\|Southern\|2001\|p\=100}}.), he was wounded and forced to withdraw.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=89}}, who cites [Zonaras](/wiki/Zonaras "Zonaras") (12\.24\.13\-18\) as the ancient authority for these events. After this, Gallienus was occupied with crises in the rest of his empire and did not confront Postumus again.
### Final years
[left\|thumb\|upright\=.8\|An [antoninianus](/wiki/Antoninianus "Antoninianus") of Postumus. Legend: IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG.](/wiki/File:Radiate_of_Postumus_%28YORYM_2001_8633%29_obverse.jpg "Radiate of Postumus (YORYM 2001 8633) obverse.jpg")
By the end of 265, Postumus's coin issues were triumphantly commemorating the victory over Gallienus, and the festivities celebrating his *[quinquennalia](/wiki/Quinquennalia "Quinquennalia")* continued into the following year. Very little troubled the reign of Postumus from 265 to 268; archaeological evidence, such as it is, points to a general return to peace and normalcy.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=231}}. In 266, Postumus became consul for the fourth time, taking as his colleague [Marcus Piavonius Victorinus](/wiki/Victorinus "Victorinus"), a Gallic noble who was also a senior military officer; his selection to such a high\-profile position may be seen as an attempt to broaden Postumus's base of support.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=174}}. The year 268 saw the issuing of the 'Labours of Hercules' series of gold coins in honour of Postumus's favourite god.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|pp\=32, 174}}. A sudden debasement of the coinage later that year shows that Postumus was facing increasing financial difficulties, due perhaps to a disruption of silver production in the Spanish mines{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=210}}. or the need to buy off an increasingly discontented army.
Such discontent was probably due to Postumus's failure to take advantage of a golden opportunity to move against Gallienus in 268\.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=32}}. Aureolus, the general who was in command of [Mediolanum](/wiki/Mediolanum "Mediolanum") (Milan) in Gallienus's interest, rebelled and ultimately declared for Postumus. The city of Mediolanum and its north Italian and [Raetian](/wiki/Raetia "Raetia") hinterland would have been critical to Postumus if he planned to march on Rome. For whatever reason, Postumus failed to support Aureolus, who was defeated by Gallienus and besieged inside Mediolanum.{{harvp\|Southern\|2001\|p\=106}}. Before the end of summer in 268, Gallienus was assassinated, and his successor, [Claudius II](/wiki/Claudius_II_Gothicus "Claudius II Gothicus"), captured and killed Aureolus.{{harvp\|Potter\|2004\|p\=264}}. At the same time, a sequence of events began which would end Postumus's rule in Gaul.
### Fall
Postumus assumed his fifth consulship on 1 January 269, but the army in [Germania Superior](/wiki/Germania_Superior "Germania Superior") raised a usurper in early 269\. [Laelianus](/wiki/Laelianus "Laelianus"), one of Postumus's top military leaders and the governor of Germania Superior, was declared emperor in [Mogontiacum (Mainz)](/wiki/Mainz "Mainz") by the local garrison and surrounding troops ([Legio XXII *Primigenia*](/wiki/Legio_XXII_Primigenia "Legio XXII Primigenia")).{{harvp\|Potter\|2004\|p\=265}}. Within a few months, Postumus was able to capture Mogontiacum and kill Laelianus. His army wanted to sack the defeated city, and when Postumus tried to restrain them, the soldiers turned on him and killed him.[Aurelius Victor](/wiki/Aurelius_Victor "Aurelius Victor") 33\.8; [Historian](/wiki/Eutropius_%28historian%29 "Eutropius (historian)") 9\.9\.1
The mutineers set up [Marius](/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius "Marcus Aurelius Marius"), a common soldier, as emperor. Marius held sway for a short while before being overthrown by [Victorinus](/wiki/Victorinus "Victorinus"), Postumus's erstwhile colleague in the consulship and tribune of the praetorian guard.{{harvp\|Drinkwater\|1987\|p\=35}}. In the meantime, the Gallic Empire lost Hispania.{{harvp\|Potter\|2004\|p\=266}}.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"### Rise to power",
"Little is known about the early life of Postumus. He has been claimed as being of [Batavian](/wiki/Batavii \"Batavii\")State, Paul F., *A Brief History of the Netherlands*, Infobase Publishing, 2008, p. 8 origin; certainly his coinage honors deities—[Hercules Magusanus](/wiki/Hercules_Magusanus \"Hercules Magusanus\") and Hercules Deusoniensis—who would have been popular among the Batavians.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|pp\\=162–163}}. Hercules Magusanus was probably an *[interpretatio romana](/wiki/Interpretatio_romana \"Interpretatio romana\")* translation of the Germanic deity [Þunraz](/wiki/Thor \"Thor\").Fields, Nic (2006\\): *Roman Auxiliary Cavalryman: AD 14–193*, {{ISBN\\|1841769738}}, p. 45–46 *Deusoniensis* may refer to the town of Deuso, located in or near Batavian territory and likely to be identified with modern\\-day [Diessen](/wiki/Diessen \"Diessen\"); it has been hypothesized that Postumus himself was born in Deuso.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.regionaalarchieftilburg.nl/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=191\\&Itemid\\=327\\| title\\=Regionaal Archief Tilburg \\- II. Romeinen in Deusone\\| language\\=nl\\| access\\-date\\=30 March 2013\\| url\\-status\\=dead\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20131225132849/http://www.regionaalarchieftilburg.nl/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=191\\&Itemid\\=327\\| archive\\-date\\=25 December 2013}}. From these relatively obscure provincial origins, Postumus would have risen through the ranks of the army until he held command of the Roman forces \"... among the Celts\".The phrase is [Zosimus](/wiki/Zosimus_%28historian%29 \"Zosimus (historian)\")'s, quoted in {{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=59}}. What his precise title was is not definitely known,{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=25}}. though he may plausibly have been promoted by the emperor [Valerian](/wiki/Valerian_%28Roman_emperor%29 \"Valerian (Roman emperor)\") to the position of [imperial legate](/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore \"Legatus Augusti pro praetore\") of [Germania Inferior](/wiki/Germania_Inferior \"Germania Inferior\").{{sfn\\|PLRE\\|loc\\=Vol 1, p. 720}}{{harvp\\|Potter\\|2004\\|p\\=257}}. Postumus was evidently in favour at court, and, according to König, was granted an honorary consulship.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=67}}.",
"By 259, Valerian was campaigning in the east against the Persians, while his son and co\\-emperor [Gallienus](/wiki/Gallienus \"Gallienus\") was preoccupied with the situation on the [Danubian](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\") [frontier](/wiki/Limes_%28Roman_Empire%29 \"Limes (Roman Empire)\").{{harvp\\|Southern\\|2001\\|p\\=79}}. Consequently, Gallienus left his son, [Saloninus](/wiki/Saloninus \"Saloninus\"), and military commanders, including Postumus, to protect the [Rhine](/wiki/Rhine \"Rhine\").{{harvp\\|Polfer\\|2000}} Amid the chaos of an invasion by the [Alamanni](/wiki/Alamanni \"Alamanni\") and [Franks](/wiki/Franks \"Franks\"), and spurred on by news of the [defeat and capture](/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa \"Battle of Edessa\") of Valerian, the army in Gaul revolted and proclaimed Postumus emperor.",
"The trigger was their defeat in 260 of a [Juthungian](/wiki/Juthungi \"Juthungi\") army which was returning from [Italy](/wiki/Italia_%28Roman_Empire%29 \"Italia (Roman Empire)\") laden with prisoners, even though they had been repulsed by Gallienus at [Mediolanum](/wiki/Mediolanum \"Mediolanum\") ([Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\")).{{harvp\\|Potter\\|2004\\|p\\=256}}. Under the command of Postumus and [Marcus Simplicinius Genialis](/wiki/Marcus_Simplicinius_Genialis \"Marcus Simplicinius Genialis\"), the Roman army crushed the Juthungi, and Postumus proceeded to distribute the captured spoils to the legions he commanded. Saloninus, on the advice of his [praetorian prefect](/wiki/Praetorian_prefect \"Praetorian prefect\") [Silvanus](/wiki/Silvanus_%28praetorian_prefect%29 \"Silvanus (praetorian prefect)\") (who had coordinated Roman policy in Gaul alongside Postumus), demanded the transfer of the recovered booty to his residence at [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium](/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium \"Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium\") ([Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\")). Postumus assembled his army and made a show of reluctantly enforcing this command, thus inviting his troops to instead throw off their allegiance to Gallienus.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=89}}. The troops accordingly proclaimed Postumus emperor and besieged Colonia, trapping Saloninus and Silvanus. After breaching the walls of the city, Postumus had Silvanus and Saloninus killed, although his supporters later claimed that it was the native Gauls who were responsible for the murders.{{harvp\\|Southern\\|2001\\|p\\=98}}. Later he erected a triumphal arch to celebrate his victory.",
"### Establishment of a Gallic Empire",
"{{Further\\|Gallic Empire}}[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=.8\\|[Antoninianus](/wiki/Antoninianus \"Antoninianus\") of Postumus: IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG](/wiki/File:Postumus_antoninianus.jpg \"Postumus antoninianus.jpg\")",
"Postumus was immediately recognized as emperor in Gaul (except perhaps for the province of [Gallia Narbonensis](/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis \"Gallia Narbonensis\")), [Germania Superior](/wiki/Germania_Superior \"Germania Superior\") and [Inferior](/wiki/Germania_Inferior \"Germania Inferior\"), and [Raetia](/wiki/Raetia \"Raetia\"). By 261, Britannia, Narbonensis and Hispania also acknowledged him as emperor, possibly after an expedition to Britain in the winter of 260–261\\.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=168}}. He established his capital in northern Gaul, probably at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium or [Augusta Treverorum](/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum \"Augusta Treverorum\") ([Trier](/wiki/Trier \"Trier\")),{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|pp\\=146, 167}}. and furnished his government with many of the traditional Roman legislative and executive structures.{{harvp\\|Southern\\|2001\\|p\\=97}}. Apart from the position of [emperor](/wiki/Roman_Emperor \"Roman Emperor\"), he immediately assumed the office of [consul](/wiki/Consul_%28Gallic_Empire%29 \"Consul (Gallic Empire)\") alongside a colleague, [Honoratianus](/wiki/Honoratianus \"Honoratianus\").{{harvp\\|Potter\\|2004\\|p\\=260}}. Like his imperial predecessors, he became the *[pontifex maximus](/wiki/Pontifex_maximus \"Pontifex maximus\")* of the state and assumed [tribunician](/wiki/Tribune \"Tribune\") power each year. He is thought to have established a [senate](/wiki/Roman_Senate \"Roman Senate\"), perhaps on the basis of the Council of the Three Gauls or provincial councils,{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=29}}. and a [Pretorian Guard](/wiki/Pretorian_Guard \"Pretorian Guard\"), one of whose officers was the future Gallic emperor [Victorinus](/wiki/Victorinus \"Victorinus\").{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=130}}. The chief members of Postumus's administration, such as Victorinus and [Tetricus](/wiki/Tetricus_I \"Tetricus I\"), appear to have been drawn from his power base in northern Gaul, and indeed the entire administration rapidly became Gallicized.{{harvp\\|Potter\\|2004\\|p\\=261}}.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Milestone of Postumus c.261\\-269 found in [Vitoria\\-Gasteiz](/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz \"Vitoria-Gasteiz\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"). It bears the inscription: \\[I]MP(ERATORI) CAE\\[S(ARI)] \\[M]ARCO CA\\[SSIJANO] LAT\\[IN]IO POSTUMO AUG(USTO).](/wiki/File:PostumusMilestoneAraba.jpg \"PostumusMilestoneAraba.jpg\")",
"Postumus represented himself as the restorer of Gaul (*Restitutor Galliarum*) and the bringer of security to the provinces (*Salus Provinciarum*) on some of his coins; prior to 10 December 261, he also took the title of *Germanicus maximus*, a title he earned after successfully defending Gaul against the Germans. His principal objective in assuming the purple appeared to be the restoration and defence of the Rhine frontier and the surrounding area, a task that he approached with vigour, earning the admiration of the ancient authors, who declared that he restored the security that the provinces had enjoyed in the past. So successful was he in the task of stabilizing his domain that the coins issued by Postumus were of better workmanship and higher precious metal content than coins issued by Gallienus.Southern (2001\\), p. 118 His control of the Spanish and British mining regions was presumably crucial in this regard,{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=27}}. as was his employment of master minters who would have come into Gaul with Gallienus.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=136}}. Postumus fought successful campaigns against the [Franks](/wiki/Franks \"Franks\") and [Alemanni](/wiki/Alemanni \"Alemanni\") in 262 and 263; following his victory over them in 263, his coin\\-types celebrated peaceful themes such as *Felicitas Augusti* for some time.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|pp\\=30, 170}}. After having spent much of the last four years pushing the Franks out of Gaul, Postumus then recruited Frankish troops to fight against other Franks, probably dispersed within existing Roman army units.{{harvp\\|Southern\\|2001\\|p\\=217}}.",
"Scholars continue to debate whether Postumus originally intended to dislodge Gallienus from Rome or was content to rule only the western provinces. From the beginning of his usurpation, Postumus had made it clear that his priority was for Gaul, and that he had no immediate intentions to make a bid for Rome. Postumus's power base was Gaul and his main responsibility was the defense of the Rhine provinces. If he marched against Gallienus, then he would be exposing his heartland not only to the Germanic tribes but also potentially to any number of usurpers. Perhaps he hoped to achieve some official recognition from Gallienus; what is clear, however, is that Postumus was not overtly separatist and did not revive the 1st\\-century dream of an independent *Galliarum imperium*. (See [Julius Sabinus](/wiki/Julius_Sabinus \"Julius Sabinus\") and [revolt of the Batavi](/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Batavi \"Revolt of the Batavi\").) The forms, titles, and administrative structures of Postumus's principate remained conventionally Roman.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=28}}.",
"### Confrontation with Gallienus",
"For four years Gallienus was too distracted by Germanic invasions and other usurpers in the east to address the situation to his north and west,{{harvp\\|Potter\\|2004\\|p\\=263}}. but in 265 he launched a campaign to defeat Postumus. His first attempt failed when Postumus managed to escape from a precarious situation due to the carelessness of Gallienus's cavalry commander [Aureolus](/wiki/Aureolus \"Aureolus\"). Aureolus was punished with demotion, eventually leading him to turn against Gallienus in 267\\.",
"A second campaign, led by Gallienus himself, also seemed to have the advantage over Postumus, but while Gallienus was besieging a city in Gaul (perhaps [Augusta Treverorum](/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum \"Augusta Treverorum\"){{harvp\\|Southern\\|2001\\|p\\=100}}.), he was wounded and forced to withdraw.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=89}}, who cites [Zonaras](/wiki/Zonaras \"Zonaras\") (12\\.24\\.13\\-18\\) as the ancient authority for these events. After this, Gallienus was occupied with crises in the rest of his empire and did not confront Postumus again.",
"### Final years",
"[left\\|thumb\\|upright\\=.8\\|An [antoninianus](/wiki/Antoninianus \"Antoninianus\") of Postumus. Legend: IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG.](/wiki/File:Radiate_of_Postumus_%28YORYM_2001_8633%29_obverse.jpg \"Radiate of Postumus (YORYM 2001 8633) obverse.jpg\")",
"By the end of 265, Postumus's coin issues were triumphantly commemorating the victory over Gallienus, and the festivities celebrating his *[quinquennalia](/wiki/Quinquennalia \"Quinquennalia\")* continued into the following year. Very little troubled the reign of Postumus from 265 to 268; archaeological evidence, such as it is, points to a general return to peace and normalcy.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=231}}. In 266, Postumus became consul for the fourth time, taking as his colleague [Marcus Piavonius Victorinus](/wiki/Victorinus \"Victorinus\"), a Gallic noble who was also a senior military officer; his selection to such a high\\-profile position may be seen as an attempt to broaden Postumus's base of support.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=174}}. The year 268 saw the issuing of the 'Labours of Hercules' series of gold coins in honour of Postumus's favourite god.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|pp\\=32, 174}}. A sudden debasement of the coinage later that year shows that Postumus was facing increasing financial difficulties, due perhaps to a disruption of silver production in the Spanish mines{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=210}}. or the need to buy off an increasingly discontented army.",
"Such discontent was probably due to Postumus's failure to take advantage of a golden opportunity to move against Gallienus in 268\\.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=32}}. Aureolus, the general who was in command of [Mediolanum](/wiki/Mediolanum \"Mediolanum\") (Milan) in Gallienus's interest, rebelled and ultimately declared for Postumus. The city of Mediolanum and its north Italian and [Raetian](/wiki/Raetia \"Raetia\") hinterland would have been critical to Postumus if he planned to march on Rome. For whatever reason, Postumus failed to support Aureolus, who was defeated by Gallienus and besieged inside Mediolanum.{{harvp\\|Southern\\|2001\\|p\\=106}}. Before the end of summer in 268, Gallienus was assassinated, and his successor, [Claudius II](/wiki/Claudius_II_Gothicus \"Claudius II Gothicus\"), captured and killed Aureolus.{{harvp\\|Potter\\|2004\\|p\\=264}}. At the same time, a sequence of events began which would end Postumus's rule in Gaul.",
"### Fall",
"Postumus assumed his fifth consulship on 1 January 269, but the army in [Germania Superior](/wiki/Germania_Superior \"Germania Superior\") raised a usurper in early 269\\. [Laelianus](/wiki/Laelianus \"Laelianus\"), one of Postumus's top military leaders and the governor of Germania Superior, was declared emperor in [Mogontiacum (Mainz)](/wiki/Mainz \"Mainz\") by the local garrison and surrounding troops ([Legio XXII *Primigenia*](/wiki/Legio_XXII_Primigenia \"Legio XXII Primigenia\")).{{harvp\\|Potter\\|2004\\|p\\=265}}. Within a few months, Postumus was able to capture Mogontiacum and kill Laelianus. His army wanted to sack the defeated city, and when Postumus tried to restrain them, the soldiers turned on him and killed him.[Aurelius Victor](/wiki/Aurelius_Victor \"Aurelius Victor\") 33\\.8; [Historian](/wiki/Eutropius_%28historian%29 \"Eutropius (historian)\") 9\\.9\\.1",
"The mutineers set up [Marius](/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius \"Marcus Aurelius Marius\"), a common soldier, as emperor. Marius held sway for a short while before being overthrown by [Victorinus](/wiki/Victorinus \"Victorinus\"), Postumus's erstwhile colleague in the consulship and tribune of the praetorian guard.{{harvp\\|Drinkwater\\|1987\\|p\\=35}}. In the meantime, the Gallic Empire lost Hispania.{{harvp\\|Potter\\|2004\\|p\\=266}}.",
""
] |
Comeback: the triumphal quinquennium (1981–1985\)
-------------------------------------------------
Antoñete came back to the bullrings on 18 December 1977 in [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela"), where he put on a presentation, with bulls from the Tarapío ranch, on [Margarita Island](/wiki/Margarita_Island "Margarita Island"). At this time, he was hoping to once again become a bullfighting star, after having believed that his days as a matador were over. There followed later engagements in that country in various places, including one in [Guanare](/wiki/Guanare "Guanare"), alternating with Curro Girón and Juan Diego, with some impressive bulls from the Rocha ranch, and in [Caracas](/wiki/Caracas "Caracas"), together with [José Mari Manzanares](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mari_Manzanares "José Mari Manzanares") and Pepe Cámara.{{cite web
\| url \= https://issuu.com/fcth/docs/memoriarena/s/11473142
\| title \= Antoñete, Caracas lo rescata para Madrid
\| last \= FCTH
\| date \= 10 December 2020
\| website \= issuu.com
\| publisher \= Issuu Inc.
\| access\-date \= 17 September 2024
\| language \= es
}} It was in Caracas on 15 October 1978 that he reaped an ear from a bull from the Manuel Haro ranch.
Antoñete made his comeback in Spain on 12 April 1981 in [Marbella](/wiki/Marbella "Marbella"), alternating with Rafael de Paula and Francisco Núñez Currillo, and with bulls supplied by the José Luis Osborne ranch (from one of which he cut an ear), and later on 22 May in Madrid, wearing a burgundy and gold suit of lights, and with Madrid bullfight\-goers barely remembering who he was after his years away from the Spanish bullrings. That year, he appeared at 32 bullfighting events. When Spain's bullfighting season ended, he went to Mexico. Now aged 49, a new epoch in his career began, which went on for five years, and definitively made him into a bullfighting star.
In the 1983 bullfighting season, Antoñete had 25 *corridas*, and afterwards went to Colombia and Venezuela; the following year, he appeared at 23 engagements.
Although Antoñete earned a trip out through the Great Gate at Las Ventas on 3 June 1982 after cutting both ears from the bull Danzarín from the Don Juan Andrés Garzón ranch (alternating that afternoon with José Antonio Campuzano and Jairo Antonio Castro), this triumphal period's (1981–1985\) highlight was nonetheless the *faena* that he performed with the bull named Cantinero ("Bartender") from the Garzón ranch on 7 June 1985 at Las Ventas. Some bullfighting historians even consider it superior, in terms of perfection and purity, to the one that he had performed with the Osborne bull nineteen years earlier. This performance with Cantinero earned Antoñete another ride on shoulders out through the Great Gate.
Other *corridas* for Antoñete that year included one on 22 April at the [Maestranza](/wiki/Maestranza_%28Seville%29 "Maestranza (Seville)") in [Seville](/wiki/Seville "Seville"), alternating with [Curro Romero](/wiki/Curro_Romero "Curro Romero") and Rafael de Paula as they fought bulls from the Carlos Núñez ranch, and another at Las Ventas in Madrid, alternating once again with Curro Romero, and also Durán, this time fighting bulls from the Santiago Martín ranch. He won [Córdoba's](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Spain "Córdoba, Spain") *Gran Capitán* trophy. Less happily, he was also on hand at the [Colmenar Viejo](/wiki/Colmenar_Viejo "Colmenar Viejo") bullring on 30 August 1985 when one of his fellow bullfighters, [José Cubero Sánchez](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cubero_S%C3%A1nchez "José Cubero Sánchez"), known as "El Yiyo", was killed by a bull.
These years were ones that brought Antoñete to the fore as one of bullfighting's greatest stars, and achievement in which he overcame poor health, an ample waistline and his unusually advanced age for a bullfighter (he was by now over 50\), thanks to a highly refined technique, and to a deep understanding of bulls:
{{blockquote\|Antoñete, as well as a high\-class bullfighter, has been an extraordinary technician. I would say, a virtuoso of bullfighting technique. Only thus, with a most flawless knowledge of technique and bulls, has he been capable of triumphing at an unlikely age, before the very well\-built bull that is fought in Madrid. And courage, because it takes a lot of courage to, at that age, let a Madrid bull come at one from twenty metres away. Antoñete has handled with special lucidity all that has to do with the grounds where the ''faena'' is executed. With the slightest possible effort he has known how to draw the longest charges from the bulls.\|Domingo Delgado de la Cámara, ''Revisión del toreo'', Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 2002{{cite web
\| url \= https://torosenelmundo.com/2020/06/07/paco\-camino\-y\-antonete\-protagonizan\-nuestras\-efemerides\-de\-san\-isidro/
\| title \= Paco Camino y Antoñete protagonizan nuestras efemérides de San Isidro
\| last \= Yáñez
\| first \= Miguel Ángel
\| date \= 7 June 2020
\| website \= torosenelmundo.com
\| publisher \= TorosenelMundo
\| access\-date \= 17 September 2024
\| language \= es
}}{{Refn\|group\=note\|The original Spanish text reads: ''Antoñete, además de torero de gran clase, ha sido un extraordinario técnico. Diría más, un virtuoso de la técnica torera. Sólo así, con un perfectísimo conocimiento de la técnica y de los toros, ha sido capaz de triunfar a una edad inverosímil, delante del cuajadísimo toro que se lidia en Madrid. Y valor, porque hace falta mucho valor para, a esa edad, dejarse venir desde veinte metros un toro de Madrid. Antoñete ha manejado con especial lucidez todo lo que se refiere a los terrenos donde ejecutar la faena. Con el mínimo esfuerzo posible ha sabido sacar las más largas embestidas de los toros.''.}}}}
On 21 September 1985, Antoñete did exceptionally well at a *corrida* held at the bullring in [Consuegra](/wiki/Consuegra "Consuegra"), appearing after a month's absence due to a goring that he had sustained in late August. He cut one ear from the first bull, and got the full set of appendages – both ears and the tail – from the fourth.{{cite news
\| url \= https://elpais.com/diario/1985/09/23/cultura/496274404\_850215\.html
\| title \= Antoñete corta orejas y rabo en su reaparición
\| last \=
\| first \=
\| date \= 22 September 1985
\| newspaper \= El País
\| access\-date \= 17 September 2024
\| language \= es
}}
|
[
"Comeback: the triumphal quinquennium (1981–1985\\)\n-------------------------------------------------",
"Antoñete came back to the bullrings on 18 December 1977 in [Venezuela](/wiki/Venezuela \"Venezuela\"), where he put on a presentation, with bulls from the Tarapío ranch, on [Margarita Island](/wiki/Margarita_Island \"Margarita Island\"). At this time, he was hoping to once again become a bullfighting star, after having believed that his days as a matador were over. There followed later engagements in that country in various places, including one in [Guanare](/wiki/Guanare \"Guanare\"), alternating with Curro Girón and Juan Diego, with some impressive bulls from the Rocha ranch, and in [Caracas](/wiki/Caracas \"Caracas\"), together with [José Mari Manzanares](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mari_Manzanares \"José Mari Manzanares\") and Pepe Cámara.{{cite web\n \\| url \\= https://issuu.com/fcth/docs/memoriarena/s/11473142\n \\| title \\= Antoñete, Caracas lo rescata para Madrid\n \\| last \\= FCTH\n \\| date \\= 10 December 2020\n \\| website \\= issuu.com\n \\| publisher \\= Issuu Inc.\n \\| access\\-date \\= 17 September 2024\n \\| language \\= es\n}} It was in Caracas on 15 October 1978 that he reaped an ear from a bull from the Manuel Haro ranch.",
"Antoñete made his comeback in Spain on 12 April 1981 in [Marbella](/wiki/Marbella \"Marbella\"), alternating with Rafael de Paula and Francisco Núñez Currillo, and with bulls supplied by the José Luis Osborne ranch (from one of which he cut an ear), and later on 22 May in Madrid, wearing a burgundy and gold suit of lights, and with Madrid bullfight\\-goers barely remembering who he was after his years away from the Spanish bullrings. That year, he appeared at 32 bullfighting events. When Spain's bullfighting season ended, he went to Mexico. Now aged 49, a new epoch in his career began, which went on for five years, and definitively made him into a bullfighting star.",
"In the 1983 bullfighting season, Antoñete had 25 *corridas*, and afterwards went to Colombia and Venezuela; the following year, he appeared at 23 engagements.",
"Although Antoñete earned a trip out through the Great Gate at Las Ventas on 3 June 1982 after cutting both ears from the bull Danzarín from the Don Juan Andrés Garzón ranch (alternating that afternoon with José Antonio Campuzano and Jairo Antonio Castro), this triumphal period's (1981–1985\\) highlight was nonetheless the *faena* that he performed with the bull named Cantinero (\"Bartender\") from the Garzón ranch on 7 June 1985 at Las Ventas. Some bullfighting historians even consider it superior, in terms of perfection and purity, to the one that he had performed with the Osborne bull nineteen years earlier. This performance with Cantinero earned Antoñete another ride on shoulders out through the Great Gate.",
"Other *corridas* for Antoñete that year included one on 22 April at the [Maestranza](/wiki/Maestranza_%28Seville%29 \"Maestranza (Seville)\") in [Seville](/wiki/Seville \"Seville\"), alternating with [Curro Romero](/wiki/Curro_Romero \"Curro Romero\") and Rafael de Paula as they fought bulls from the Carlos Núñez ranch, and another at Las Ventas in Madrid, alternating once again with Curro Romero, and also Durán, this time fighting bulls from the Santiago Martín ranch. He won [Córdoba's](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Spain \"Córdoba, Spain\") *Gran Capitán* trophy. Less happily, he was also on hand at the [Colmenar Viejo](/wiki/Colmenar_Viejo \"Colmenar Viejo\") bullring on 30 August 1985 when one of his fellow bullfighters, [José Cubero Sánchez](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cubero_S%C3%A1nchez \"José Cubero Sánchez\"), known as \"El Yiyo\", was killed by a bull.",
"These years were ones that brought Antoñete to the fore as one of bullfighting's greatest stars, and achievement in which he overcame poor health, an ample waistline and his unusually advanced age for a bullfighter (he was by now over 50\\), thanks to a highly refined technique, and to a deep understanding of bulls:",
"{{blockquote\\|Antoñete, as well as a high\\-class bullfighter, has been an extraordinary technician. I would say, a virtuoso of bullfighting technique. Only thus, with a most flawless knowledge of technique and bulls, has he been capable of triumphing at an unlikely age, before the very well\\-built bull that is fought in Madrid. And courage, because it takes a lot of courage to, at that age, let a Madrid bull come at one from twenty metres away. Antoñete has handled with special lucidity all that has to do with the grounds where the ''faena'' is executed. With the slightest possible effort he has known how to draw the longest charges from the bulls.\\|Domingo Delgado de la Cámara, ''Revisión del toreo'', Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 2002{{cite web\n \\| url \\= https://torosenelmundo.com/2020/06/07/paco\\-camino\\-y\\-antonete\\-protagonizan\\-nuestras\\-efemerides\\-de\\-san\\-isidro/\n \\| title \\= Paco Camino y Antoñete protagonizan nuestras efemérides de San Isidro\n \\| last \\= Yáñez\n \\| first \\= Miguel Ángel\n \\| date \\= 7 June 2020\n \\| website \\= torosenelmundo.com\n \\| publisher \\= TorosenelMundo\n \\| access\\-date \\= 17 September 2024\n \\| language \\= es\n}}{{Refn\\|group\\=note\\|The original Spanish text reads: ''Antoñete, además de torero de gran clase, ha sido un extraordinario técnico. Diría más, un virtuoso de la técnica torera. Sólo así, con un perfectísimo conocimiento de la técnica y de los toros, ha sido capaz de triunfar a una edad inverosímil, delante del cuajadísimo toro que se lidia en Madrid. Y valor, porque hace falta mucho valor para, a esa edad, dejarse venir desde veinte metros un toro de Madrid. Antoñete ha manejado con especial lucidez todo lo que se refiere a los terrenos donde ejecutar la faena. Con el mínimo esfuerzo posible ha sabido sacar las más largas embestidas de los toros.''.}}}}",
"On 21 September 1985, Antoñete did exceptionally well at a *corrida* held at the bullring in [Consuegra](/wiki/Consuegra \"Consuegra\"), appearing after a month's absence due to a goring that he had sustained in late August. He cut one ear from the first bull, and got the full set of appendages – both ears and the tail – from the fourth.{{cite news\n \\| url \\= https://elpais.com/diario/1985/09/23/cultura/496274404\\_850215\\.html\n \\| title \\= Antoñete corta orejas y rabo en su reaparición\n \\| last \\= \n \\| first \\= \n \\| date \\= 22 September 1985\n \\| newspaper \\= El País\n \\| access\\-date \\= 17 September 2024\n \\| language \\= es\n}}",
""
] |
The Combahee Ferry raid
-----------------------
On the evening of June 1, 1863 three small ships (*Sentinel*, *Harriet A. Weed*, and *John Adams*){{efn\|These were converted ferries. The ''John Adams'' is not to be confused with the {{USS\|John Adams\|1799\|6}}, a naval \[\[frigate]].}}{{cite web \|last1\=Donnelly \|first1\=Paul \|title\=Harriet Tubman's Great Raid \|url\=https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/07/harriet\-tubmans\-great\-raid/ \|website\=New York Times \|access\-date\=10 July 2024 \|language\=en \|date\=8 June 2013}} left Beaufort heading for the Combahee. They transported 300 men from the 2nd South Carolina, commanded by Colonel Montgomery, with Company C of the [3rd Rhode Island Heavy Artillery](/wiki/3rd_Rhode_Island_Heavy_Artillery "3rd Rhode Island Heavy Artillery") manning the ships' guns. Well known abolitionist [Harriet Tubman](/wiki/Harriet_Tubman "Harriet Tubman") accompanied the troops. Shortly after leaving Beaufort, the *Sentinel* ran aground in [St. Helena Sound](/wiki/St._Helena_Sound "St. Helena Sound").
About three o'clock in the morning of the same June 2, the two remaining ships arrived at the mouth of the Combahee River at Fields Point, where Montgomery landed a small detachment under Captain Thompson. They drove off several Confederate [pickets](/wiki/Picket_%28military%29 "Picket (military)") and advanced up the river. Some of the fleeing Confederates rode to the nearby village of [Green Pond](/wiki/Green_Pond%2C_South_Carolina "Green Pond, South Carolina") to sound the alarm. Meanwhile, a company of the 2nd South Carolina under Captain Carver landed two miles above Fields Point at Tar Bluff and deployed into position. The two ships steamed upriver to the Nichols Plantation, where the [gunboat](/wiki/Gunboat "Gunboat") *Harriet A. Weed* anchored.
Carrying the remainder of the 2nd South Carolina and Tubman, the *John Adams* went upriver to Combahee Ferry, where a temporary [pontoon bridge](/wiki/Pontoon_bridge "Pontoon bridge") spanned the river. As the Union ship approached, several mounted Confederates rode over the bridge in the direction of Green Pond. The *John Adams* fired a few shells at them. Troops deployed from the ship set fire to the bridge. Captain Hoyt took his men to the far side, while Captain Brayton, of the 3rd Rhode Island, proceeded up the left riverbank to the Middleton plantation, "Newport", under orders to confiscate all property and lay waste to what could not be carried off.
The *John Adams* steamed upriver for a short distance until forced to stop by obstructions and pilings. Turning back, she tied up at the [causeway](/wiki/Causeway "Causeway"). Although Confederate troops stationed at Green Pond were notified of the raid, they did not respond at first. Because of diseases [endemic](/wiki/Endemism "Endemism") in the Lowcountry during the summer "sick season", such as [malaria](/wiki/Malaria "Malaria"), [typhoid fever](/wiki/Typhoid_fever "Typhoid fever"), and [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox "Smallpox"), officers had pulled back most Confederate troops from the rivers and swamps, leaving only small detachments. Before this raid, the Confederates had received a false alarm, so the few remaining outposts were cautious about responding to reports of ships or activity until certain they were Union.
Within a few hours, Confederate reinforcements responded from McPhearsonville, Pocotaligo, Green Pond and Adams Run. Colonel Breeden arrived with a few guns and opened fire on the retiring Union troops headed back across the causeway. The *John Adams* soon overwhelmed them with its superior firepower, forcing the Confederates from the causeway and back into the woods.
By this time, the rest of Montgomery's troops had torched William Cruger Heyward's plantation and C.T. Lowndes's rice mill. They destroyed the houses, mills, and outbuildings. At Nichols Plantation, all of the buildings were set on fire. Union forces took the stores of commodity rice and cotton, as well as supplies of potatoes, corn, and livestock, and left the plantations as smoking ruins. Hearing reports of Federal advances from Fields Point up to the Stokes (Stocks) Causeway, Confederate commanders sent troops in that direction. Upon arrival, they found the Union forces out of reach. Outgunned and outnumbered, the Southern reinforcements retreated to their previous positions.["Combahee Raid"](http://www.lowcountryafricana.com/project/who-lived-this-history-the-combahee-raid/), Who Lived This History?, Lowcountry Africana
### Liberation of slaves
Those slaves working in the fields, unaware of the Emancipation Proclamation, were wary when they first saw the approaching Union ships and troops, but word spread quickly that the forces were there to liberate them. Many ran to the riverbank and begged to be taken on board the ships, despite the efforts of overseers and Confederate soldiers to stop them.["Harriet Tubman's Civil War Campaign"](http://www.duboislc.net/read/Tubman'sCivilWarCampaign.html), W.E.B. Du Bois Learning Center, Kansas City, Missouri, extracted from Kate Clifford Larson, *Bound For The Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait Of An American Hero*, pp. 212–214, accessed 27 January 2011\.
In an 1869 biography of Tubman written by [Sarah Hopkins Bradford](/wiki/Sarah_Hopkins_Bradford "Sarah Hopkins Bradford"), Harriet Tubman is quoted:[Sarah Hopkins Bradford, *Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman*](https://web.archive.org/web/20161216040502/http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bradford/bradford.html#bradf40), Auburn \[N.Y.]: W.J. Moses, printer, 1869, p. 39, online at *Documents of the American South*, University of North Carolina. Archived from the [original](https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bradford/bradford.html#bradf40) as of 16 December 2016\. Accessed on 1 December 2019\.
{{Blockquote\|I nebber see such a sight. We laughed, an' laughed, an' laughed. Here you'd see a woman wid a pail on her head, rice a smokin' in it jus' as she'd taken it from de fire, young one hangin' on behind, one han' roun' her forehead to hold on, t'other han' diggin' into de rice\-pot, eatin' wid all its might; hold of her dress two or three more; down her back a bag with a pig in it. One woman brought two pigs, a white one an' a black one; we took 'em all on board; named de white pig \[\[P. G. T. Beauregard\|Beauregard]], and the black pig \[\[Jefferson Davis\|Jeff Davis]]. Sometimes de women would come wid twins hangin' roun' der necks; 'pears like I never see so many twins in my life; bags on der shoulders, baskets on der heads, and young ones taggin' behin', all loaded; pigs squealin', chickens screamin', young ones squallin'.}}
Hundreds of slaves stood on the shore. When the small boats put out to get them, they all wanted to get in at once. After the boats were filled to capacity and beyond, the throng of escapees still ashore held on to the boats to prevent them from leaving, putting the boats in danger of capsizing. Oarsmen tried beating them on their hands, but the freed workers would not let go. The small boats made several trips back and forth to load those who wanted to leave.
The Union ships returned to Beaufort the next day. Soldiers took the freedmen to stay at the First Baptist Church before they were transported to a resettlement camp on [St. Helena Island](/wiki/Saint_Helena_Island_%28South_Carolina%29 "Saint Helena Island (South Carolina)"). Due to the efforts in planning and intelligence provided by Tubman and her contacts, more than 750 slaves were freed as a result of Montgomery's raid. Many of the men joined the Union Army.
### Newspaper accounts of the raid
The official Union reports of the raid have never been found. Numerous newspaper accounts reported the raid and included comments by the commanding officers.
The pro\-Union *Commonwealth* of Boston reported:[*The Commonwealth*, Boston, Massachusetts, July 10, 1863](http://www.harriettubman.com/tubman2.html), Harriet Tubman Website
{{Blockquote\|Colonel Montgomery and his gallant band of 300 black soldiers under the guidance of a black woman, dashed into the enemy's country, struck a bold and effective blow, destroying millions of dollars worth of commissary stores, cotton and lordly dwellings, and striking terror into the heart of rebeldom, brought off nearly 800 slaves and thousands of dollars worth of property, without losing a man or receiving a scratch. It was a glorious consummation.... The colonel was followed by a speech from the black woman who led the raid and under whose inspiration it was originated and conducted. For sound sense and real native eloquence her address would do honor to any man, and it created a great sensation.}}
The pro\-Southern *[Charleston Mercury](/wiki/Charleston_Mercury "Charleston Mercury")* of South Carolina reported:[*The Enemy's Raid on the Banks of the Combahee*](https://web.archive.org/web/20111004194604/http://www.cw-chronicles.com/blog/the-enemy%e2%80%99s-raid-on-the-banks-of-the-combahee/), June 4, 1863
{{Blockquote\|We have gathered some additional particulars of the recent destructive Yankee raid along the banks of the Combahee. The latest official dispatch from Gen. WALKER, dated Green Pond, eleven o'clock Tuesday night, and which was received here on Wednesday morning, conveyed intelligence that the enemy had entirely disappeared. It seems that the first landing of the Vandels {{sic}}, whose force consisted mainly of three 'companies, officered by whites, took place at Field Point, on the plantation of Dr. R. L. BAKER, at the mouth of the Combahee River. After destroying the residence and outbuildings, the incendiaries proceeded along the river bank, visiting successively the plantations of Mr. OLIVER MIDDLETON, Mr. ANDREW W. BURNETT, Mr. WM. KIRKLAND, Mr. JOSHUA NICHOLLS, Mr. JAMES PAUL, Mr. MANIGAULT, Mr. CHAS. T. LOWNDES and Mr. WM. C. HEYWARD. After pillaging the premises of these gentlemen, the enemy set fire to the residences, outbuildings and whatever grain, etc., they could find. The last place at which they stopped was the plantation of WM. C. HEYWARD, and, after their work of devastation there had been consummated, they destroyed the pontoon bridge at Combahee Ferry. They then drew off, taking with them between 600 and 700 slaves, belonging chiefly, as we are informed, to Mr. WM. C. HEYWARD and Mr. C.T. LOWNDES.
The residences on these plantations are located at different distances from the river, varying in different cases from one to two miles. On the plantation of Mr. NICHOLLS between 8000 and 10,000 bushels of rice were destroyed. Besides his residence and outbuildings, which were burned, he lost a choice library of rare books, valued at $10,000\. Several overseers are missing, and it is supposed that they are in the hands of the enemy.}}
|
[
"The Combahee Ferry raid\n-----------------------",
"On the evening of June 1, 1863 three small ships (*Sentinel*, *Harriet A. Weed*, and *John Adams*){{efn\\|These were converted ferries. The ''John Adams'' is not to be confused with the {{USS\\|John Adams\\|1799\\|6}}, a naval \\[\\[frigate]].}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Donnelly \\|first1\\=Paul \\|title\\=Harriet Tubman's Great Raid \\|url\\=https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/07/harriet\\-tubmans\\-great\\-raid/ \\|website\\=New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2024 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=8 June 2013}} left Beaufort heading for the Combahee. They transported 300 men from the 2nd South Carolina, commanded by Colonel Montgomery, with Company C of the [3rd Rhode Island Heavy Artillery](/wiki/3rd_Rhode_Island_Heavy_Artillery \"3rd Rhode Island Heavy Artillery\") manning the ships' guns. Well known abolitionist [Harriet Tubman](/wiki/Harriet_Tubman \"Harriet Tubman\") accompanied the troops. Shortly after leaving Beaufort, the *Sentinel* ran aground in [St. Helena Sound](/wiki/St._Helena_Sound \"St. Helena Sound\").",
"About three o'clock in the morning of the same June 2, the two remaining ships arrived at the mouth of the Combahee River at Fields Point, where Montgomery landed a small detachment under Captain Thompson. They drove off several Confederate [pickets](/wiki/Picket_%28military%29 \"Picket (military)\") and advanced up the river. Some of the fleeing Confederates rode to the nearby village of [Green Pond](/wiki/Green_Pond%2C_South_Carolina \"Green Pond, South Carolina\") to sound the alarm. Meanwhile, a company of the 2nd South Carolina under Captain Carver landed two miles above Fields Point at Tar Bluff and deployed into position. The two ships steamed upriver to the Nichols Plantation, where the [gunboat](/wiki/Gunboat \"Gunboat\") *Harriet A. Weed* anchored.",
"Carrying the remainder of the 2nd South Carolina and Tubman, the *John Adams* went upriver to Combahee Ferry, where a temporary [pontoon bridge](/wiki/Pontoon_bridge \"Pontoon bridge\") spanned the river. As the Union ship approached, several mounted Confederates rode over the bridge in the direction of Green Pond. The *John Adams* fired a few shells at them. Troops deployed from the ship set fire to the bridge. Captain Hoyt took his men to the far side, while Captain Brayton, of the 3rd Rhode Island, proceeded up the left riverbank to the Middleton plantation, \"Newport\", under orders to confiscate all property and lay waste to what could not be carried off.",
"The *John Adams* steamed upriver for a short distance until forced to stop by obstructions and pilings. Turning back, she tied up at the [causeway](/wiki/Causeway \"Causeway\"). Although Confederate troops stationed at Green Pond were notified of the raid, they did not respond at first. Because of diseases [endemic](/wiki/Endemism \"Endemism\") in the Lowcountry during the summer \"sick season\", such as [malaria](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\"), [typhoid fever](/wiki/Typhoid_fever \"Typhoid fever\"), and [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox \"Smallpox\"), officers had pulled back most Confederate troops from the rivers and swamps, leaving only small detachments. Before this raid, the Confederates had received a false alarm, so the few remaining outposts were cautious about responding to reports of ships or activity until certain they were Union.",
"Within a few hours, Confederate reinforcements responded from McPhearsonville, Pocotaligo, Green Pond and Adams Run. Colonel Breeden arrived with a few guns and opened fire on the retiring Union troops headed back across the causeway. The *John Adams* soon overwhelmed them with its superior firepower, forcing the Confederates from the causeway and back into the woods.",
"By this time, the rest of Montgomery's troops had torched William Cruger Heyward's plantation and C.T. Lowndes's rice mill. They destroyed the houses, mills, and outbuildings. At Nichols Plantation, all of the buildings were set on fire. Union forces took the stores of commodity rice and cotton, as well as supplies of potatoes, corn, and livestock, and left the plantations as smoking ruins. Hearing reports of Federal advances from Fields Point up to the Stokes (Stocks) Causeway, Confederate commanders sent troops in that direction. Upon arrival, they found the Union forces out of reach. Outgunned and outnumbered, the Southern reinforcements retreated to their previous positions.[\"Combahee Raid\"](http://www.lowcountryafricana.com/project/who-lived-this-history-the-combahee-raid/), Who Lived This History?, Lowcountry Africana",
"### Liberation of slaves",
"Those slaves working in the fields, unaware of the Emancipation Proclamation, were wary when they first saw the approaching Union ships and troops, but word spread quickly that the forces were there to liberate them. Many ran to the riverbank and begged to be taken on board the ships, despite the efforts of overseers and Confederate soldiers to stop them.[\"Harriet Tubman's Civil War Campaign\"](http://www.duboislc.net/read/Tubman'sCivilWarCampaign.html), W.E.B. Du Bois Learning Center, Kansas City, Missouri, extracted from Kate Clifford Larson, *Bound For The Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait Of An American Hero*, pp. 212–214, accessed 27 January 2011\\.",
"In an 1869 biography of Tubman written by [Sarah Hopkins Bradford](/wiki/Sarah_Hopkins_Bradford \"Sarah Hopkins Bradford\"), Harriet Tubman is quoted:[Sarah Hopkins Bradford, *Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman*](https://web.archive.org/web/20161216040502/http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bradford/bradford.html#bradf40), Auburn \\[N.Y.]: W.J. Moses, printer, 1869, p. 39, online at *Documents of the American South*, University of North Carolina. Archived from the [original](https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bradford/bradford.html#bradf40) as of 16 December 2016\\. Accessed on 1 December 2019\\.",
"{{Blockquote\\|I nebber see such a sight. We laughed, an' laughed, an' laughed. Here you'd see a woman wid a pail on her head, rice a smokin' in it jus' as she'd taken it from de fire, young one hangin' on behind, one han' roun' her forehead to hold on, t'other han' diggin' into de rice\\-pot, eatin' wid all its might; hold of her dress two or three more; down her back a bag with a pig in it. One woman brought two pigs, a white one an' a black one; we took 'em all on board; named de white pig \\[\\[P. G. T. Beauregard\\|Beauregard]], and the black pig \\[\\[Jefferson Davis\\|Jeff Davis]]. Sometimes de women would come wid twins hangin' roun' der necks; 'pears like I never see so many twins in my life; bags on der shoulders, baskets on der heads, and young ones taggin' behin', all loaded; pigs squealin', chickens screamin', young ones squallin'.}}",
"Hundreds of slaves stood on the shore. When the small boats put out to get them, they all wanted to get in at once. After the boats were filled to capacity and beyond, the throng of escapees still ashore held on to the boats to prevent them from leaving, putting the boats in danger of capsizing. Oarsmen tried beating them on their hands, but the freed workers would not let go. The small boats made several trips back and forth to load those who wanted to leave.",
"The Union ships returned to Beaufort the next day. Soldiers took the freedmen to stay at the First Baptist Church before they were transported to a resettlement camp on [St. Helena Island](/wiki/Saint_Helena_Island_%28South_Carolina%29 \"Saint Helena Island (South Carolina)\"). Due to the efforts in planning and intelligence provided by Tubman and her contacts, more than 750 slaves were freed as a result of Montgomery's raid. Many of the men joined the Union Army.",
"### Newspaper accounts of the raid",
"The official Union reports of the raid have never been found. Numerous newspaper accounts reported the raid and included comments by the commanding officers.",
"The pro\\-Union *Commonwealth* of Boston reported:[*The Commonwealth*, Boston, Massachusetts, July 10, 1863](http://www.harriettubman.com/tubman2.html), Harriet Tubman Website",
"{{Blockquote\\|Colonel Montgomery and his gallant band of 300 black soldiers under the guidance of a black woman, dashed into the enemy's country, struck a bold and effective blow, destroying millions of dollars worth of commissary stores, cotton and lordly dwellings, and striking terror into the heart of rebeldom, brought off nearly 800 slaves and thousands of dollars worth of property, without losing a man or receiving a scratch. It was a glorious consummation.... The colonel was followed by a speech from the black woman who led the raid and under whose inspiration it was originated and conducted. For sound sense and real native eloquence her address would do honor to any man, and it created a great sensation.}}",
"The pro\\-Southern *[Charleston Mercury](/wiki/Charleston_Mercury \"Charleston Mercury\")* of South Carolina reported:[*The Enemy's Raid on the Banks of the Combahee*](https://web.archive.org/web/20111004194604/http://www.cw-chronicles.com/blog/the-enemy%e2%80%99s-raid-on-the-banks-of-the-combahee/), June 4, 1863",
"{{Blockquote\\|We have gathered some additional particulars of the recent destructive Yankee raid along the banks of the Combahee. The latest official dispatch from Gen. WALKER, dated Green Pond, eleven o'clock Tuesday night, and which was received here on Wednesday morning, conveyed intelligence that the enemy had entirely disappeared. It seems that the first landing of the Vandels {{sic}}, whose force consisted mainly of three 'companies, officered by whites, took place at Field Point, on the plantation of Dr. R. L. BAKER, at the mouth of the Combahee River. After destroying the residence and outbuildings, the incendiaries proceeded along the river bank, visiting successively the plantations of Mr. OLIVER MIDDLETON, Mr. ANDREW W. BURNETT, Mr. WM. KIRKLAND, Mr. JOSHUA NICHOLLS, Mr. JAMES PAUL, Mr. MANIGAULT, Mr. CHAS. T. LOWNDES and Mr. WM. C. HEYWARD. After pillaging the premises of these gentlemen, the enemy set fire to the residences, outbuildings and whatever grain, etc., they could find. The last place at which they stopped was the plantation of WM. C. HEYWARD, and, after their work of devastation there had been consummated, they destroyed the pontoon bridge at Combahee Ferry. They then drew off, taking with them between 600 and 700 slaves, belonging chiefly, as we are informed, to Mr. WM. C. HEYWARD and Mr. C.T. LOWNDES.",
"The residences on these plantations are located at different distances from the river, varying in different cases from one to two miles. On the plantation of Mr. NICHOLLS between 8000 and 10,000 bushels of rice were destroyed. Besides his residence and outbuildings, which were burned, he lost a choice library of rare books, valued at $10,000\\. Several overseers are missing, and it is supposed that they are in the hands of the enemy.}}",
""
] |
Text
----
{{Blockquote\|text\= Now that I, tying thy glass mask tightly,
May gaze thro' these faint smokes curling whitely,
As thou pliest thy trade in this devil's\-smithy—
Which is the poison to poison her, prithee?
He is with her, and they know that I know
Where they are, what they do: they believe my tears flow
While they laugh, laugh at me, at me fled to the drear
Empty church, to pray God in, for them!—I am here.
Grind away, moisten and mash up thy paste,
Pound at thy powder,—I am not in haste!
Better sit thus and observe thy strange things,
Than go where men wait me and dance at the King's.
That in the mortar—you call it a gum?
Ah, the brave tree whence such gold oozings come!
And yonder soft phial, the exquisite blue,
Sure to taste sweetly,—is that poison too?
Had I but all of them, thee and thy treasures,
What a wild crowd of invisible pleasures!
To carry pure death in an earring, a casket,
A signet, a fan\-mount, a filigree basket!
Soon, at the King's, a mere lozenge to give
And Pauline should have just thirty minutes to live!
But to light a pastile, and Elise, with her head
And her breast and her arms and her hands, should drop dead!
Quick—is it finished? The colour's too grim!
Why not soft like the phial's, enticing and dim?
Let it brighten her drink, let her turn it and stir,
And try it and taste, ere she fix and prefer!
What a drop! She's not little, no minion like me—
That's why she ensnared him: this never will free
The soul from those masculine eyes,—say, "no!"
To that pulse's magnificent come\-and\-go.
For only last night, as they whispered, I brought
My own eyes to bear on her so, that I thought
Could I keep them one half minute fixed, she would fall,
Shrivelled; she fell not; yet this does it all!
Not that I bid you spare her the pain!
Let death be felt and the proof remain;
Brand, burn up, bite into its grace—
He is sure to remember her dying face!
Is it done? Take my mask off! Nay, be not morose;
It kills her, and this prevents seeing it close:
The delicate droplet, my whole fortune's fee—
If it hurts her, beside, can it ever hurt me?
Now, take all my jewels, gorge gold to your fill,
You may kiss me, old man, on my mouth if you will!
But brush this dust off me, lest horror it brings
Ere I know it—next moment I dance at the King's!}}
|
[
"Text\n----",
"{{Blockquote\\|text\\= Now that I, tying thy glass mask tightly,\nMay gaze thro' these faint smokes curling whitely,\nAs thou pliest thy trade in this devil's\\-smithy—\nWhich is the poison to poison her, prithee?",
"He is with her, and they know that I know\nWhere they are, what they do: they believe my tears flow\nWhile they laugh, laugh at me, at me fled to the drear\nEmpty church, to pray God in, for them!—I am here.",
"Grind away, moisten and mash up thy paste,\nPound at thy powder,—I am not in haste!\nBetter sit thus and observe thy strange things,\nThan go where men wait me and dance at the King's.",
"That in the mortar—you call it a gum?\nAh, the brave tree whence such gold oozings come!\nAnd yonder soft phial, the exquisite blue,\nSure to taste sweetly,—is that poison too?",
"Had I but all of them, thee and thy treasures,\nWhat a wild crowd of invisible pleasures!\nTo carry pure death in an earring, a casket,\nA signet, a fan\\-mount, a filigree basket!",
"Soon, at the King's, a mere lozenge to give\nAnd Pauline should have just thirty minutes to live!\nBut to light a pastile, and Elise, with her head\nAnd her breast and her arms and her hands, should drop dead!",
"Quick—is it finished? The colour's too grim!\nWhy not soft like the phial's, enticing and dim?\nLet it brighten her drink, let her turn it and stir,\nAnd try it and taste, ere she fix and prefer!",
"What a drop! She's not little, no minion like me—\nThat's why she ensnared him: this never will free\nThe soul from those masculine eyes,—say, \"no!\"\nTo that pulse's magnificent come\\-and\\-go.",
"For only last night, as they whispered, I brought\nMy own eyes to bear on her so, that I thought\nCould I keep them one half minute fixed, she would fall,\nShrivelled; she fell not; yet this does it all!",
"Not that I bid you spare her the pain!\nLet death be felt and the proof remain;\nBrand, burn up, bite into its grace—\nHe is sure to remember her dying face!",
"Is it done? Take my mask off! Nay, be not morose;\nIt kills her, and this prevents seeing it close:\nThe delicate droplet, my whole fortune's fee—\nIf it hurts her, beside, can it ever hurt me?",
"Now, take all my jewels, gorge gold to your fill,\nYou may kiss me, old man, on my mouth if you will!\nBut brush this dust off me, lest horror it brings\nEre I know it—next moment I dance at the King's!}}",
""
] |
Minister in Bavaria
-------------------
In 1799, the Duke of Zweibrücken succeeded to the throne of the [Electorate of Bavaria](/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria "Electorate of Bavaria"), and he kept Montgelas as his most trusted adviser. Montgelas was the inspirer and director of the policy by which in 1806 the Electorate was turned into a [kingdom](/wiki/Monarchy "Monarchy") and was also greatly increased in size by the annexation of church lands, free towns, and small lordships, such as [Wallerstein](/wiki/Wallerstein%2C_Bavaria "Wallerstein, Bavaria"). As this end was achieved by undeviating servility to [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon "Napoleon"), and by the most cynical disregard of the rights of Bavaria's German\-speaking neighbors, Montgelas became the type of an unpatriotic politician in the eyes of all Germans who revolted against the supremacy of France. From his own conduct and his written defence of his policy, it is clear that such sentiments as theirs appeared to Montgelas to be merely childish.
He was a thorough politician of the 18th century type, who saw and attempted to see nothing except that Bavaria had always been threatened by the house of [Habsburg](/wiki/Habsburg "Habsburg"), had been supported by [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") for purely selfish reasons, and could look for useful support against these two only from France, which had selfish reasons of her own for wishing to counterbalance the power both of [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire") and Prussia in Germany. As late as 1813, when Napoleon's power was visibly breaking down, and Montgelas knew the internal weakness of his empire well from visits to Paris, he still continued to maintain that France was necessary to Bavaria.
The decision of the king to turn against Napoleon in 1814 was taken under the influence of [his son](/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria "Ludwig I of Bavaria") and of [Marshal Wrede](/wiki/Karl_Philipp%2C_Prince_von_Wrede "Karl Philipp, Prince von Wrede") rather than of Montgelas, although the minister would not have been influenced by any feeling of sentimentality to adhere to an ally who had ceased to be useful. In internal affairs, Montgelas carried out a policy of secularization and of administrative centralization by determined means, which showed that he had never wholly renounced his opinions of the time of the [Enlightenment](/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment "The Age of Enlightenment") movement.
In the field in interior politics he can be regarded as the most successful{{citation needed\|date\=June 2018}} German politician of the early 19th century with a long list of achievements. Already in 1796, when the Duke of Zweibrücken (after the French advance towards Zweibrücken) was a landless prince exiled in [Ansbach](/wiki/Ansbach "Ansbach"), Montgelas had developed a masterplan for the future modernisation of Bavaria. This lengthy paper, the "Ansbacher mémoire"{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hdbg.de/montgelas/pages/hmv33\.htm\|title\=Montgelas\|website\=www.hdbg.de}} was rediscovered in the 1960s and published in 1970 by the Bavarian historian [Eberhard Weis](/wiki/Eberhard_Weis "Eberhard Weis"), who also is Montgelas' biographer. After 1799 when [Maximilian Joseph](/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria "Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria") succeeded to the Electorate of Bavaria, Montgelas as his primary adviser and leading statesman very much followed his concept throughout the following years in a very uncompromising manner:
Montgelas enforced the taxation of the nobility and the clergy. Taxation went along with a complete economic description and measurement of Bavaria leading to an outstanding cadastral system. Montgelas passed the first modern constitution for Bavaria in 1808,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/by/bayern08\.htm\|title\=Verfassung des Königreichs Bayern (1808\)\|last\=webmaster@verfassungen.de\|website\=www.verfassungen.de}} which included the abolition of any relics of serfdom that had survived until then. Montgelas was responsible for the abolition of the torture in 1812 by introducing a new penal code based on contemporary humanitarian standards. He introduced compulsory school education, compulsory military service, compulsory vaccination. He reorganised the Bavarian administration by a centralised cabinet of modern ministries instead of a multitude of chambers. Montgelas was also responsible for the abolition of all tolls within the Kingdom of Bavaria thus enabling free trade within the country. And he designed and passed a regulation for civil servants, the "Dienstpragmatik", which became a model for civil service in Germany as whole. According to its rules, admission to any service within the public administration was no longer dependent on whether one was Catholic or of noble family, but solely on the quality of one's education. Thus Montgelas broke the preponderance of the nobility in the higher and decisive ranks of public administration. Civil servants were granted a sufficient salary and their widows a pension. Thus Montgelas refounded the civil service on new ethics and created a social group of servants loyal only to the crown and Kingdom of Bavaria.
[thumb\|left\|Portrait of Countess Ernestine von Arco](/wiki/File:Ernestine_von_Montgelas.jpg "Ernestine von Montgelas.jpg")
In order to reduce the political and cultural influence of the Catholic Church in Bavaria in favor of the secular state, Montgelas extended civil rights, including citizenship, to Protestants. The Jewish communities were awarded a secure legal status, although there remained a discriminating special registration.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gda.bayern.de/jewmat.htm \|title\=Archived copy \|accessdate\=2006\-01\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217114727/http://www.gda.bayern.de/jewmat.htm \|archivedate\=2005\-12\-17 }}
Along these lines, Montgelas secularized—that is seized for the use and benefit of the State—many Catholic land\-holdings, most especially the Bavarian monasteries. Montgelas was attempting to sever the *[Mortmain](/wiki/Mortmain "Mortmain")* that had driven the state to the treasury to the brink of financial ruin under Karl Theodor. According to principles of the Enlightenment and the Napoleonic reorganization of Europe, the expropriation of Church property and the suppression of Church institutions were essential steps to the modernization of the State. Since the earliest centuries of the Middle Ages, the monasteries had owned large stretches of land and governed the farmers working that land. Montgelas, again in keeping with principles of the Enlightenment and the Napoleonic reorganization of Europe that favored the establishment of absolute secular authority over against religion, eliminating such exercises of authority by and resources from church institutions was necessary. Monastic life as such was viewed by Montgelas, in keeping with the most religiously hostile forms of Enlightenment thinking, as useless, at best, and as a breeding ground of "superstition."
In Montgelas's eyes, any form of parliamentary representation was as dangerous to the modern state as was the Church. Even the powerless and highly plutocratic Parliament introduced by the constitution of 1808 practically never came into being. Montgelas himself declared, that the repeated wars prevented any convocation of the Parliament. In fact he preferred his status as a benevolent dictator and successfully evaded any control by any form of Parliament. Only after Montgelas' dismissal in 1817, the {{ill\|Bavarian constitution of 1818\|de\|Verfassung des Königreichs Bayern von 1818}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/by/bayern18\.htm\|title\=Verfassungsurkunde für das Königreich Bayern (1818\)\|last\=webmaster@verfassungen.de\|website\=www.verfassungen.de}} second introduced a real bicameral Parliament (to the standards of the era).
His enemies persuaded the king to dismiss him in 1817, and he spent the remainder of his life as a member of the Bavarian House of Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") till his death in 1838\.
He had married the Countess von Arco in 1803, and had eight children; in 1809 he was made a [count](/wiki/Count "Count"). As a typical generous nobleman of the 18th century he allowed his very attractive wife{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.uni\-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/phil\_Fak\_III/Geschichte/ernestine.jpg \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=2018\-12\-15 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200718/http://www.uni\-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/phil\_Fak\_III/Geschichte/ernestine.jpg \|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-03 \|url\-status\=dead }} to have her lovers and even invited some of them to his palace.
{{\-}}
|
[
"Minister in Bavaria\n-------------------",
"In 1799, the Duke of Zweibrücken succeeded to the throne of the [Electorate of Bavaria](/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria \"Electorate of Bavaria\"), and he kept Montgelas as his most trusted adviser. Montgelas was the inspirer and director of the policy by which in 1806 the Electorate was turned into a [kingdom](/wiki/Monarchy \"Monarchy\") and was also greatly increased in size by the annexation of church lands, free towns, and small lordships, such as [Wallerstein](/wiki/Wallerstein%2C_Bavaria \"Wallerstein, Bavaria\"). As this end was achieved by undeviating servility to [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon \"Napoleon\"), and by the most cynical disregard of the rights of Bavaria's German\\-speaking neighbors, Montgelas became the type of an unpatriotic politician in the eyes of all Germans who revolted against the supremacy of France. From his own conduct and his written defence of his policy, it is clear that such sentiments as theirs appeared to Montgelas to be merely childish.",
"He was a thorough politician of the 18th century type, who saw and attempted to see nothing except that Bavaria had always been threatened by the house of [Habsburg](/wiki/Habsburg \"Habsburg\"), had been supported by [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") for purely selfish reasons, and could look for useful support against these two only from France, which had selfish reasons of her own for wishing to counterbalance the power both of [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\") and Prussia in Germany. As late as 1813, when Napoleon's power was visibly breaking down, and Montgelas knew the internal weakness of his empire well from visits to Paris, he still continued to maintain that France was necessary to Bavaria.",
"The decision of the king to turn against Napoleon in 1814 was taken under the influence of [his son](/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria \"Ludwig I of Bavaria\") and of [Marshal Wrede](/wiki/Karl_Philipp%2C_Prince_von_Wrede \"Karl Philipp, Prince von Wrede\") rather than of Montgelas, although the minister would not have been influenced by any feeling of sentimentality to adhere to an ally who had ceased to be useful. In internal affairs, Montgelas carried out a policy of secularization and of administrative centralization by determined means, which showed that he had never wholly renounced his opinions of the time of the [Enlightenment](/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment \"The Age of Enlightenment\") movement.",
"In the field in interior politics he can be regarded as the most successful{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2018}} German politician of the early 19th century with a long list of achievements. Already in 1796, when the Duke of Zweibrücken (after the French advance towards Zweibrücken) was a landless prince exiled in [Ansbach](/wiki/Ansbach \"Ansbach\"), Montgelas had developed a masterplan for the future modernisation of Bavaria. This lengthy paper, the \"Ansbacher mémoire\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hdbg.de/montgelas/pages/hmv33\\.htm\\|title\\=Montgelas\\|website\\=www.hdbg.de}} was rediscovered in the 1960s and published in 1970 by the Bavarian historian [Eberhard Weis](/wiki/Eberhard_Weis \"Eberhard Weis\"), who also is Montgelas' biographer. After 1799 when [Maximilian Joseph](/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria \"Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria\") succeeded to the Electorate of Bavaria, Montgelas as his primary adviser and leading statesman very much followed his concept throughout the following years in a very uncompromising manner:",
"Montgelas enforced the taxation of the nobility and the clergy. Taxation went along with a complete economic description and measurement of Bavaria leading to an outstanding cadastral system. Montgelas passed the first modern constitution for Bavaria in 1808,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/by/bayern08\\.htm\\|title\\=Verfassung des Königreichs Bayern (1808\\)\\|last\\=webmaster@verfassungen.de\\|website\\=www.verfassungen.de}} which included the abolition of any relics of serfdom that had survived until then. Montgelas was responsible for the abolition of the torture in 1812 by introducing a new penal code based on contemporary humanitarian standards. He introduced compulsory school education, compulsory military service, compulsory vaccination. He reorganised the Bavarian administration by a centralised cabinet of modern ministries instead of a multitude of chambers. Montgelas was also responsible for the abolition of all tolls within the Kingdom of Bavaria thus enabling free trade within the country. And he designed and passed a regulation for civil servants, the \"Dienstpragmatik\", which became a model for civil service in Germany as whole. According to its rules, admission to any service within the public administration was no longer dependent on whether one was Catholic or of noble family, but solely on the quality of one's education. Thus Montgelas broke the preponderance of the nobility in the higher and decisive ranks of public administration. Civil servants were granted a sufficient salary and their widows a pension. Thus Montgelas refounded the civil service on new ethics and created a social group of servants loyal only to the crown and Kingdom of Bavaria.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Portrait of Countess Ernestine von Arco](/wiki/File:Ernestine_von_Montgelas.jpg \"Ernestine von Montgelas.jpg\")\nIn order to reduce the political and cultural influence of the Catholic Church in Bavaria in favor of the secular state, Montgelas extended civil rights, including citizenship, to Protestants. The Jewish communities were awarded a secure legal status, although there remained a discriminating special registration.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gda.bayern.de/jewmat.htm \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|accessdate\\=2006\\-01\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217114727/http://www.gda.bayern.de/jewmat.htm \\|archivedate\\=2005\\-12\\-17 }}",
"Along these lines, Montgelas secularized—that is seized for the use and benefit of the State—many Catholic land\\-holdings, most especially the Bavarian monasteries. Montgelas was attempting to sever the *[Mortmain](/wiki/Mortmain \"Mortmain\")* that had driven the state to the treasury to the brink of financial ruin under Karl Theodor. According to principles of the Enlightenment and the Napoleonic reorganization of Europe, the expropriation of Church property and the suppression of Church institutions were essential steps to the modernization of the State. Since the earliest centuries of the Middle Ages, the monasteries had owned large stretches of land and governed the farmers working that land. Montgelas, again in keeping with principles of the Enlightenment and the Napoleonic reorganization of Europe that favored the establishment of absolute secular authority over against religion, eliminating such exercises of authority by and resources from church institutions was necessary. Monastic life as such was viewed by Montgelas, in keeping with the most religiously hostile forms of Enlightenment thinking, as useless, at best, and as a breeding ground of \"superstition.\"",
"In Montgelas's eyes, any form of parliamentary representation was as dangerous to the modern state as was the Church. Even the powerless and highly plutocratic Parliament introduced by the constitution of 1808 practically never came into being. Montgelas himself declared, that the repeated wars prevented any convocation of the Parliament. In fact he preferred his status as a benevolent dictator and successfully evaded any control by any form of Parliament. Only after Montgelas' dismissal in 1817, the {{ill\\|Bavarian constitution of 1818\\|de\\|Verfassung des Königreichs Bayern von 1818}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/by/bayern18\\.htm\\|title\\=Verfassungsurkunde für das Königreich Bayern (1818\\)\\|last\\=webmaster@verfassungen.de\\|website\\=www.verfassungen.de}} second introduced a real bicameral Parliament (to the standards of the era).",
"His enemies persuaded the king to dismiss him in 1817, and he spent the remainder of his life as a member of the Bavarian House of Lords (\"Kammer der Reichsräte\") till his death in 1838\\.",
"He had married the Countess von Arco in 1803, and had eight children; in 1809 he was made a [count](/wiki/Count \"Count\"). As a typical generous nobleman of the 18th century he allowed his very attractive wife{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.uni\\-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/phil\\_Fak\\_III/Geschichte/ernestine.jpg \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-12\\-15 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200718/http://www.uni\\-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/phil\\_Fak\\_III/Geschichte/ernestine.jpg \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-03 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} to have her lovers and even invited some of them to his palace.\n{{\\-}}",
""
] |
Role
----
The department serves the Executive branch of government (the [governor\-general](/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand "Governor-General of New Zealand"), the prime minister and the Cabinet) through the provision of impartial advice and support services. Additionally, a major role of the department is to help co\-ordinate the work of the core public service departments and ministries.
### Supporting the prime minister and Cabinet
The department supports the prime minister's twin roles as leader of the government and chair of Cabinet, and provides three kinds of direct support to the prime minister:
* Support for constitutional issues, including those associated with the formation of governments; and issues associated with the operation of the Cabinet system.
* Overview of government activity and access to information on any and all issues that arise.
* Administrative support to the prime minister (and also to the governor\-general). This includes services to the Prime Minister – such as preparing replies to Parliamentary questions, and dealing with [Official Information Act 1982](/wiki/Official_Information_Act_1982 "Official Information Act 1982") requests and other correspondence.
### Supporting the Governor\-General
The Governor\-General of New Zealand is the representative of the monarch of New Zealand, currently, [King Charles III](/wiki/Charles_III "Charles III"). The Governor\-General performs various ceremonial, constitutional, and diplomatic duties on behalf of the monarch, and is considered the highest\-ranking public official in the country. The Governor\-General is appointed by the monarch on the advice of Prime Minister of New Zealand and serves a term of five years. The position is largely ceremonial, with the Governor\-General performing various duties such as opening and closing parliamentary sessions, signing bills into law, and granting royal assent. The Governor\-General also has a number of other ceremonial and diplomatic functions, such as hosting visiting dignitaries and representing New Zealand at international events.
The DPMC supports the Governor\-General of New Zealand in carrying out his or her functions to represent the Sovereign.{{cite journal \|title\=Strategic Intentions \|journal\=Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet \|date\=2023 \|url\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2023\-02/dpmc\-strategic\-intentions\-2023\-24\-to\-2026\-27\.pdf \|issn\=2463\-4298}} In this support framework, the department is expected to provide advice, administrative and support services so the Governor\-General can perform her roles and duties effectively, ensuring consistent, lawful, and reliable professionalism.
The current Governor\-General of New Zealand is Dame [Cindy Kiro](/wiki/Cindy_Kiro "Cindy Kiro"), who was appointed on 26 March 2021\.
|
[
"Role\n----",
"The department serves the Executive branch of government (the [governor\\-general](/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand \"Governor-General of New Zealand\"), the prime minister and the Cabinet) through the provision of impartial advice and support services. Additionally, a major role of the department is to help co\\-ordinate the work of the core public service departments and ministries.",
"### Supporting the prime minister and Cabinet",
"The department supports the prime minister's twin roles as leader of the government and chair of Cabinet, and provides three kinds of direct support to the prime minister:\n* Support for constitutional issues, including those associated with the formation of governments; and issues associated with the operation of the Cabinet system.\n* Overview of government activity and access to information on any and all issues that arise.\n* Administrative support to the prime minister (and also to the governor\\-general). This includes services to the Prime Minister – such as preparing replies to Parliamentary questions, and dealing with [Official Information Act 1982](/wiki/Official_Information_Act_1982 \"Official Information Act 1982\") requests and other correspondence.",
"### Supporting the Governor\\-General",
"The Governor\\-General of New Zealand is the representative of the monarch of New Zealand, currently, [King Charles III](/wiki/Charles_III \"Charles III\"). The Governor\\-General performs various ceremonial, constitutional, and diplomatic duties on behalf of the monarch, and is considered the highest\\-ranking public official in the country. The Governor\\-General is appointed by the monarch on the advice of Prime Minister of New Zealand and serves a term of five years. The position is largely ceremonial, with the Governor\\-General performing various duties such as opening and closing parliamentary sessions, signing bills into law, and granting royal assent. The Governor\\-General also has a number of other ceremonial and diplomatic functions, such as hosting visiting dignitaries and representing New Zealand at international events.",
"The DPMC supports the Governor\\-General of New Zealand in carrying out his or her functions to represent the Sovereign.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Strategic Intentions \\|journal\\=Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet \\|date\\=2023 \\|url\\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2023\\-02/dpmc\\-strategic\\-intentions\\-2023\\-24\\-to\\-2026\\-27\\.pdf \\|issn\\=2463\\-4298}} In this support framework, the department is expected to provide advice, administrative and support services so the Governor\\-General can perform her roles and duties effectively, ensuring consistent, lawful, and reliable professionalism.",
"The current Governor\\-General of New Zealand is Dame [Cindy Kiro](/wiki/Cindy_Kiro \"Cindy Kiro\"), who was appointed on 26 March 2021\\.",
""
] |
Programmes
----------
The Department is responsible for a number of programmes and initiatives in response to significant events.
It leads the All\-of\-Government (AoG) Response to the [COVID\-19 pandemic in New Zealand](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand"). As a part of this response, in March 2020, the department headed the first table\-top COVID\-19 planning exercise.{{Cite web \|date\=2022 \|title\=Proactive release: Timeline of Aotearoa New Zealand's significant events and activities. \|url\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2023\-10/pr\-timeline\-significant\-events\-activities.pdf \|access\-date\=26 May 2024 \|website\=www.dpmc.govt.nz.}} In December 2020, the COVID\-19 Response Unit (COVID\-19 Group) was established as a business unit of the DPMC. The group acted as a central COVID\-19 response function, responsible for oversight, integration and coordination across the response system as a whole. In February 2021, the Auditor\-general announced a performance audit of the AoG response to COVID\-19 (released on 13/12/22\). By August 2022, the coordination of COVID\-19 response functions began to transition from the DPMC to (mainly health sector) agencies .
It leads the Royal Commission of Inquiry (RCOI) into the [Terrorist Attack on the Christchurch Mosques](/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings "Christchurch mosque shootings").{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-09\-12 \|title\=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain {{!}} Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC) \|url\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our\-programmes/national\-security/royal\-commission\-inquiry\-terrorist\-attack\-christchurch\-masjidain \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \|website\=www.dpmc.govt.nz \|language\=en}} The report was released in December 2020 that details what the Public Sector knew about the terrorist. In November 2021, cabinet developed an approach to monitoring the Government’s response to the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attacks.
It previously led and coordinated the central government's ongoing role in the recovery and regeneration of greater Christchurch following the earthquakes of [2010](/wiki/2010_Canterbury_earthquake "2010 Canterbury earthquake") and [2011](/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake "2011 Christchurch earthquake"). The Greater Christchurch Group (GCG) provided policy, planning, and monitoring support to Ministers on a broad range of regeneration issues across the greater Christchurch region. GCG also inherited specific responsibilities from the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA). GCG operated from April 2016 until January 2021\.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-07\-09 \|title\=Greater Christchurch Group (GCG) {{!}} Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC) \|url\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our\-programmes/greater\-christchurch\-recovery\-and\-regeneration/greater\-christchurch\-group \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-18 \|website\=www.dpmc.govt.nz \|language\=en}}
In February 2018 the Child Wellbeing and Poverty Reduction Group became a business unit of the DPMC to support the then\-Prime Minister [Jacinda Ardern](/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern "Jacinda Ardern") in her role as Minister for Child Poverty Reduction and to support the development of New Zealand’s Wellbeing Strategy for children and young people.{{Cite web \|date\=2019 \|title\=Child Wellbeing and Poverty Reduction Group \|url\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our\-programmes/special\-programmes/historical\-programmes/child\-wellbeing\-and\-poverty\-reduction/child\-wellbeing\-and\-poverty\-reduction\-group \|access\-date\=26 May 2024 \|website\=www.dpmc.govt.nz.}} To achieve this, the group's purpose is to; embed the child wellbeing and poverty reduction legislative framework, support the system to focus on things most likely to make a positive difference, and influence change and drive action across the system. As the current Minister for Child Poverty Reduction, [Jan Tinetti](/wiki/Jan_Tinetti "Jan Tinetti") is now the lead minister for this work.
Following a review by Cabinet of the Health and Disability System Review/Hauora Manaaki Ki Aotearoa Whānui a business unit known as the Health and Disability Review Transition Unit was established in September 2020 to lead the response to the review.{{Cite web \|date\=2023 \|title\=Health and Disability Review Transition Unit \|url\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our\-programmes/special\-programmes/historical\-programmes/health\-transition\-unit \|access\-date\=26 May 2024 \|website\=www.dpmc.govt.nz}} The Transition Unit has launched a new website dedicated to the reform of the health system in Aotearoa New Zealand. This business unit ceased to operate in September 2022 with its monitoring function handed to the Ministry of Health.
The most recent addition to the department’s portfolio of business units is the Implementation Unit which began operating in June 2021 with the goal of supporting the implementation of selected priority programmes and ensuring that key relevant figures and agencies are kept regularly and accurately informed on the progress of these programmes.{{Cite web \|date\=2021 \|title\=Implementation Unit \|url\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our\-programmes/special\-programmes/historical\-programmes/implementation\-unit \|access\-date\=26 May 2024 \|website\=www.dpmc.govt.nz}}
|
[
"Programmes\n----------",
"The Department is responsible for a number of programmes and initiatives in response to significant events.",
"It leads the All\\-of\\-Government (AoG) Response to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic in New Zealand](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\"). As a part of this response, in March 2020, the department headed the first table\\-top COVID\\-19 planning exercise.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=Proactive release: Timeline of Aotearoa New Zealand's significant events and activities. \\|url\\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2023\\-10/pr\\-timeline\\-significant\\-events\\-activities.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2024 \\|website\\=www.dpmc.govt.nz.}} In December 2020, the COVID\\-19 Response Unit (COVID\\-19 Group) was established as a business unit of the DPMC. The group acted as a central COVID\\-19 response function, responsible for oversight, integration and coordination across the response system as a whole. In February 2021, the Auditor\\-general announced a performance audit of the AoG response to COVID\\-19 (released on 13/12/22\\). By August 2022, the coordination of COVID\\-19 response functions began to transition from the DPMC to (mainly health sector) agencies .",
"It leads the Royal Commission of Inquiry (RCOI) into the [Terrorist Attack on the Christchurch Mosques](/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings \"Christchurch mosque shootings\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-09\\-12 \\|title\\=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain {{!}} Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC) \\|url\\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our\\-programmes/national\\-security/royal\\-commission\\-inquiry\\-terrorist\\-attack\\-christchurch\\-masjidain \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=www.dpmc.govt.nz \\|language\\=en}} The report was released in December 2020 that details what the Public Sector knew about the terrorist. In November 2021, cabinet developed an approach to monitoring the Government’s response to the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attacks.",
"It previously led and coordinated the central government's ongoing role in the recovery and regeneration of greater Christchurch following the earthquakes of [2010](/wiki/2010_Canterbury_earthquake \"2010 Canterbury earthquake\") and [2011](/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake \"2011 Christchurch earthquake\"). The Greater Christchurch Group (GCG) provided policy, planning, and monitoring support to Ministers on a broad range of regeneration issues across the greater Christchurch region. GCG also inherited specific responsibilities from the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA). GCG operated from April 2016 until January 2021\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-09 \\|title\\=Greater Christchurch Group (GCG) {{!}} Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC) \\|url\\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our\\-programmes/greater\\-christchurch\\-recovery\\-and\\-regeneration/greater\\-christchurch\\-group \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=www.dpmc.govt.nz \\|language\\=en}}",
"In February 2018 the Child Wellbeing and Poverty Reduction Group became a business unit of the DPMC to support the then\\-Prime Minister [Jacinda Ardern](/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern \"Jacinda Ardern\") in her role as Minister for Child Poverty Reduction and to support the development of New Zealand’s Wellbeing Strategy for children and young people.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019 \\|title\\=Child Wellbeing and Poverty Reduction Group \\|url\\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our\\-programmes/special\\-programmes/historical\\-programmes/child\\-wellbeing\\-and\\-poverty\\-reduction/child\\-wellbeing\\-and\\-poverty\\-reduction\\-group \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2024 \\|website\\=www.dpmc.govt.nz.}} To achieve this, the group's purpose is to; embed the child wellbeing and poverty reduction legislative framework, support the system to focus on things most likely to make a positive difference, and influence change and drive action across the system. As the current Minister for Child Poverty Reduction, [Jan Tinetti](/wiki/Jan_Tinetti \"Jan Tinetti\") is now the lead minister for this work.",
"Following a review by Cabinet of the Health and Disability System Review/Hauora Manaaki Ki Aotearoa Whānui a business unit known as the Health and Disability Review Transition Unit was established in September 2020 to lead the response to the review.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Health and Disability Review Transition Unit \\|url\\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our\\-programmes/special\\-programmes/historical\\-programmes/health\\-transition\\-unit \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2024 \\|website\\=www.dpmc.govt.nz}} The Transition Unit has launched a new website dedicated to the reform of the health system in Aotearoa New Zealand. This business unit ceased to operate in September 2022 with its monitoring function handed to the Ministry of Health.",
"The most recent addition to the department’s portfolio of business units is the Implementation Unit which began operating in June 2021 with the goal of supporting the implementation of selected priority programmes and ensuring that key relevant figures and agencies are kept regularly and accurately informed on the progress of these programmes.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021 \\|title\\=Implementation Unit \\|url\\=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our\\-programmes/special\\-programmes/historical\\-programmes/implementation\\-unit \\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2024 \\|website\\=www.dpmc.govt.nz}}",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|Map of the Brijuni islands](/wiki/File:Brijuni_%28hr%29.svg "Brijuni (hr).svg")
The Brijuni islands were called Pollariae or Pullariae (Πολλάριαι) by the ancient Greeks, and later, they were called Brioniano.
The Brijuni Islands had some [Ancient Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Roman "Ancient Roman") settlements, but up to the late 19th century the islands were mainly used for their [quarries](/wiki/Quarry "Quarry"), which have been worked on for centuries. The islands belonged to [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice") from the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"), and stone from the islands was used to build the palaces and bridges of the city.Naklada Naprijed, *The Croatian Adriatic Tourist Guide*, pg. 58, Zagreb (1999\), {{ISBN\|953\-178\-097\-8}} The islands were part of the [Illyrian Provinces](/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces "Illyrian Provinces") after [Napoleon's](/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France "Napoleon I of France") brief annexation.
In 1815 the islands became part of the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire"), which later became [Austria\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary"). During this period the islands' quarries first supplied stone to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") and [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"). With the erection of a naval base in the harbour of [Pula](/wiki/Pula "Pula"), the Austrians built a strong fortress, "Fort Tegetthoff," on [Veliki Brijun Island](/wiki/Veliki_Brijun "Veliki Brijun") Island, together with minor fortifications on some of the others.{{EB1911\|inline\=1\|wstitle\=Brionian Islands\|volume\=4\|pages\=572–573}}
The [Austro\-Hungarian Navy](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy "Austro-Hungarian Navy") abandoned the fortress, and in 1893 the [Viennese](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") business magnate [Paul Kupelwieser](/wiki/Paul_Kupelwieser "Paul Kupelwieser") bought the whole archipelago and began to create an exclusive beach resort. In 1900 Kupelwieser invited [Robert Koch](/wiki/Robert_Koch "Robert Koch"), the renowned microbiologist, to conduct his [malaria](/wiki/Malaria "Malaria") eradication experiments on Brijuni. Koch and his associates were successful, and in 1901 the island was declared malaria\-free.{{cite encyclopedia \| url\=http://www.istrapedia.hr/hrv/1924/kupelwieser\-paul/istra\-a\-z/ \| title\=Kupelwieser, Paul \| encyclopedia\=Istrapedia \| language\=hr \| access\-date\=9 January 2016}}
[thumb\|Robert Koch commemoration for eradication of malaria on the island](/wiki/File:Croatia_Brijuni_BW_2014-10-11_15-44-28.jpg "Croatia Brijuni BW 2014-10-11 15-44-28.jpg")
The estate was supplemented with a harbour, water of the Istrian hills down under the sea, wonderful parks, vineyards, milk\-oeconomy ("Imperial cheese" was famous, James Joyce enjoyed), first class hotels, a bath inside with warm saltwater, restaurants, beach resorts, tennis and a yacht harbour and became a focal point in social life on the [Austrian Riviera](/wiki/Austrian_Riviera "Austrian Riviera"). Many famous poets, actors, artists visited the isle (Hugo Charlemont painted about 150 pictures showing Brionian motives). Kupelwieser also established a sailing regatta and – due to the flourish of [Austrian Culture](/wiki/Austrian_Culture "Austrian Culture") – various musical concerts and literature events. The Brijuni islands (called always Brioni) became popular as a destination for the Viennese upper class, people of industry and cuture and were visited by members of the Imperial family.
During [The Great War](/wiki/The_Great_War "The Great War") the Austro\-Hungarian navy had a submarine base here.
[thumb\|The main port on Brijuni, showing the 1902 boathouse.](/wiki/File:Brijuni28.maj2006.jpg "Brijuni28.maj2006.jpg")
In 1918 after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") \- Paul Kupelwieser died 1919 in Vienna \- Brijuni became part of the state of [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). [Karl Kupelwieser](/wiki/Karl_Kupelwieser "Karl Kupelwieser"), the son of the founder of the estate tried to maintain the former splendor, but more international. He invited wealthy European bourgeois and aristocrats. Brioni should be an isle of sports, he organised international games on the first European golf course with 18 holes (1922\) and a polo court. Professional players lived in the hotels and horses werde waiting permanent for guests, a Casino with high taxes by Italy made great financial problems. The estate went bankrupt and Karl committed suicide in 1930\. The heirs were three sisters, the granddaughters of Paul Kupelwieser. 1936 ownership of the islands was acquired by the Italian government due to the bankruptcy, and they remained part of Italy until the capitulation in 1943\.
German soldiers were there from 1943 until end of the war.
In 1945 after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") the Brijuni became part of [Yugoslavia](/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia "SFR Yugoslavia") and President Marshal [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito "Josip Broz Tito") made the Brijuni Islands his personal State Summer Residence. Slovenian architect [Jože Plečnik](/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Ple%C4%8Dnik "Jože Plečnik") designed a pavilion for Tito. Almost 100 foreign heads of state visited Tito on his islands, along with film stars including [Elizabeth Taylor](/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor "Elizabeth Taylor"), [Richard Burton](/wiki/Richard_Burton "Richard Burton"), [Sophia Loren](/wiki/Sophia_Loren "Sophia Loren"), [Carlo Ponti](/wiki/Carlo_Ponti "Carlo Ponti"), and [Gina Lollobrigida](/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida "Gina Lollobrigida"). Tito died in 1980, and by 1983 the islands were declared a [National Park](/wiki/National_Park "National Park") of [Yugoslavia](/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia "SFR Yugoslavia").
In mid\-July 1956, [President of Egypt](/wiki/President_of_Egypt "President of Egypt") [Gamal Abdel Nasser](/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser "Gamal Abdel Nasser"), [Prime Minister of India](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India "Prime Minister of India") [Jawaharlal Nehru](/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru "Jawaharlal Nehru"), and [President of Yugoslavia](/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia "President of Yugoslavia") [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito "Josip Broz Tito") met here to discuss their opposition to the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"). These ideas later crystallized into the [Non\-Aligned Movement](/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement "Non-Aligned Movement"). [Vijay Prashad](/wiki/Vijay_Prashad "Vijay Prashad") has compared this meeting to the [Yalta Conference](/wiki/Yalta_Conference "Yalta Conference").[Vijay Prashad](/wiki/Vijay_Prashad "Vijay Prashad"), *The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World.* New York: The New Press, 2007\. Page 95\. Brijuni Islands were initially considered to host the [1st Summit of the Non\-Aligned Movement](/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement "1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement") yet the City of [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade") was ultimately selected due to Brijuni's insufficient venues and concentration of the international communication and media facilities in the capital city of Yugoslavia.{{cite book \|editor\=Paul Stubbs \|author1\=Mila Turajlić \|author\-link1\=Mila Turajlić \|chapter\=Film as the Memory Site of the 1961 Belgrade Conference of Non\-Aligned States \|title\=Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non\-Aligned Movement: Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Imaginaries \|publisher\=\[\[McGill\-Queen's University Press]] \|isbn\=9780228014652 \|pages\=203–231 \|date\=2023}} Brijuni hosted the [1987 Mediterranean Non\-Aligned Countries Ministerial Meeting](/wiki/1987_Mediterranean_Non-Aligned_Countries_Ministerial_Meeting "1987 Mediterranean Non-Aligned Countries Ministerial Meeting") as well.
In 1991 [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia "Croatia") gained independence and made the Brijuni Islands an International Conference Center (see [Brioni Agreement](/wiki/Brioni_Agreement "Brioni Agreement")). Four hotels on [Veliki Brijun Island](/wiki/Veliki_Brijun "Veliki Brijun") were re\-opened, as well as a Safari Park, which holds animals given to Tito, such as Sony and Lanka, two Indian elephants donated by [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi "Indira Gandhi"). Sony, who was donated to Tito in 1970 as a two\-year\-old calf, died in 2010\. The International Brijuni [Polo](/wiki/Polo "Polo") Tournament, dating back to [Karl Kupelwieser](/wiki/Karl_Kupelwieser "Karl Kupelwieser")'s Austro\-Italian Brijuni in 1924, was relaunched in 2004\.
[thumb\|right\|1700\-year\-old olive tree](/wiki/File:RNK_Brioni_03.jpg "RNK Brioni 03.jpg")
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|Map of the Brijuni islands](/wiki/File:Brijuni_%28hr%29.svg \"Brijuni (hr).svg\")\nThe Brijuni islands were called Pollariae or Pullariae (Πολλάριαι) by the ancient Greeks, and later, they were called Brioniano.",
"The Brijuni Islands had some [Ancient Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Roman \"Ancient Roman\") settlements, but up to the late 19th century the islands were mainly used for their [quarries](/wiki/Quarry \"Quarry\"), which have been worked on for centuries. The islands belonged to [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\") from the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"), and stone from the islands was used to build the palaces and bridges of the city.Naklada Naprijed, *The Croatian Adriatic Tourist Guide*, pg. 58, Zagreb (1999\\), {{ISBN\\|953\\-178\\-097\\-8}} The islands were part of the [Illyrian Provinces](/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces \"Illyrian Provinces\") after [Napoleon's](/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France \"Napoleon I of France\") brief annexation.",
"In 1815 the islands became part of the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\"), which later became [Austria\\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\"). During this period the islands' quarries first supplied stone to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") and [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"). With the erection of a naval base in the harbour of [Pula](/wiki/Pula \"Pula\"), the Austrians built a strong fortress, \"Fort Tegetthoff,\" on [Veliki Brijun Island](/wiki/Veliki_Brijun \"Veliki Brijun\") Island, together with minor fortifications on some of the others.{{EB1911\\|inline\\=1\\|wstitle\\=Brionian Islands\\|volume\\=4\\|pages\\=572–573}}",
"The [Austro\\-Hungarian Navy](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy \"Austro-Hungarian Navy\") abandoned the fortress, and in 1893 the [Viennese](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") business magnate [Paul Kupelwieser](/wiki/Paul_Kupelwieser \"Paul Kupelwieser\") bought the whole archipelago and began to create an exclusive beach resort. In 1900 Kupelwieser invited [Robert Koch](/wiki/Robert_Koch \"Robert Koch\"), the renowned microbiologist, to conduct his [malaria](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\") eradication experiments on Brijuni. Koch and his associates were successful, and in 1901 the island was declared malaria\\-free.{{cite encyclopedia \\| url\\=http://www.istrapedia.hr/hrv/1924/kupelwieser\\-paul/istra\\-a\\-z/ \\| title\\=Kupelwieser, Paul \\| encyclopedia\\=Istrapedia \\| language\\=hr \\| access\\-date\\=9 January 2016}}\n[thumb\\|Robert Koch commemoration for eradication of malaria on the island](/wiki/File:Croatia_Brijuni_BW_2014-10-11_15-44-28.jpg \"Croatia Brijuni BW 2014-10-11 15-44-28.jpg\")\nThe estate was supplemented with a harbour, water of the Istrian hills down under the sea, wonderful parks, vineyards, milk\\-oeconomy (\"Imperial cheese\" was famous, James Joyce enjoyed), first class hotels, a bath inside with warm saltwater, restaurants, beach resorts, tennis and a yacht harbour and became a focal point in social life on the [Austrian Riviera](/wiki/Austrian_Riviera \"Austrian Riviera\"). Many famous poets, actors, artists visited the isle (Hugo Charlemont painted about 150 pictures showing Brionian motives). Kupelwieser also established a sailing regatta and – due to the flourish of [Austrian Culture](/wiki/Austrian_Culture \"Austrian Culture\") – various musical concerts and literature events. The Brijuni islands (called always Brioni) became popular as a destination for the Viennese upper class, people of industry and cuture and were visited by members of the Imperial family. \nDuring [The Great War](/wiki/The_Great_War \"The Great War\") the Austro\\-Hungarian navy had a submarine base here.",
"[thumb\\|The main port on Brijuni, showing the 1902 boathouse.](/wiki/File:Brijuni28.maj2006.jpg \"Brijuni28.maj2006.jpg\")",
"In 1918 after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") \\- Paul Kupelwieser died 1919 in Vienna \\- Brijuni became part of the state of [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). [Karl Kupelwieser](/wiki/Karl_Kupelwieser \"Karl Kupelwieser\"), the son of the founder of the estate tried to maintain the former splendor, but more international. He invited wealthy European bourgeois and aristocrats. Brioni should be an isle of sports, he organised international games on the first European golf course with 18 holes (1922\\) and a polo court. Professional players lived in the hotels and horses werde waiting permanent for guests, a Casino with high taxes by Italy made great financial problems. The estate went bankrupt and Karl committed suicide in 1930\\. The heirs were three sisters, the granddaughters of Paul Kupelwieser. 1936 ownership of the islands was acquired by the Italian government due to the bankruptcy, and they remained part of Italy until the capitulation in 1943\\.\nGerman soldiers were there from 1943 until end of the war.",
"In 1945 after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") the Brijuni became part of [Yugoslavia](/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia \"SFR Yugoslavia\") and President Marshal [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito \"Josip Broz Tito\") made the Brijuni Islands his personal State Summer Residence. Slovenian architect [Jože Plečnik](/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Ple%C4%8Dnik \"Jože Plečnik\") designed a pavilion for Tito. Almost 100 foreign heads of state visited Tito on his islands, along with film stars including [Elizabeth Taylor](/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor \"Elizabeth Taylor\"), [Richard Burton](/wiki/Richard_Burton \"Richard Burton\"), [Sophia Loren](/wiki/Sophia_Loren \"Sophia Loren\"), [Carlo Ponti](/wiki/Carlo_Ponti \"Carlo Ponti\"), and [Gina Lollobrigida](/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida \"Gina Lollobrigida\"). Tito died in 1980, and by 1983 the islands were declared a [National Park](/wiki/National_Park \"National Park\") of [Yugoslavia](/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia \"SFR Yugoslavia\").",
"In mid\\-July 1956, [President of Egypt](/wiki/President_of_Egypt \"President of Egypt\") [Gamal Abdel Nasser](/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser \"Gamal Abdel Nasser\"), [Prime Minister of India](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India \"Prime Minister of India\") [Jawaharlal Nehru](/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru \"Jawaharlal Nehru\"), and [President of Yugoslavia](/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia \"President of Yugoslavia\") [Josip Broz Tito](/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito \"Josip Broz Tito\") met here to discuss their opposition to the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"). These ideas later crystallized into the [Non\\-Aligned Movement](/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement \"Non-Aligned Movement\"). [Vijay Prashad](/wiki/Vijay_Prashad \"Vijay Prashad\") has compared this meeting to the [Yalta Conference](/wiki/Yalta_Conference \"Yalta Conference\").[Vijay Prashad](/wiki/Vijay_Prashad \"Vijay Prashad\"), *The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World.* New York: The New Press, 2007\\. Page 95\\. Brijuni Islands were initially considered to host the [1st Summit of the Non\\-Aligned Movement](/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement \"1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement\") yet the City of [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\") was ultimately selected due to Brijuni's insufficient venues and concentration of the international communication and media facilities in the capital city of Yugoslavia.{{cite book \\|editor\\=Paul Stubbs \\|author1\\=Mila Turajlić \\|author\\-link1\\=Mila Turajlić \\|chapter\\=Film as the Memory Site of the 1961 Belgrade Conference of Non\\-Aligned States \\|title\\=Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non\\-Aligned Movement: Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Imaginaries \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[McGill\\-Queen's University Press]] \\|isbn\\=9780228014652 \\|pages\\=203–231 \\|date\\=2023}} Brijuni hosted the [1987 Mediterranean Non\\-Aligned Countries Ministerial Meeting](/wiki/1987_Mediterranean_Non-Aligned_Countries_Ministerial_Meeting \"1987 Mediterranean Non-Aligned Countries Ministerial Meeting\") as well.",
"In 1991 [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia \"Croatia\") gained independence and made the Brijuni Islands an International Conference Center (see [Brioni Agreement](/wiki/Brioni_Agreement \"Brioni Agreement\")). Four hotels on [Veliki Brijun Island](/wiki/Veliki_Brijun \"Veliki Brijun\") were re\\-opened, as well as a Safari Park, which holds animals given to Tito, such as Sony and Lanka, two Indian elephants donated by [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi \"Indira Gandhi\"). Sony, who was donated to Tito in 1970 as a two\\-year\\-old calf, died in 2010\\. The International Brijuni [Polo](/wiki/Polo \"Polo\") Tournament, dating back to [Karl Kupelwieser](/wiki/Karl_Kupelwieser \"Karl Kupelwieser\")'s Austro\\-Italian Brijuni in 1924, was relaunched in 2004\\.\n[thumb\\|right\\|1700\\-year\\-old olive tree](/wiki/File:RNK_Brioni_03.jpg \"RNK Brioni 03.jpg\")",
""
] |
Fauna
-----
[330 px\|thumb\|right\|The Safari Park](/wiki/File:Exposure_4000e_second.jpg "Exposure 4000e second.jpg")
[thumb\|200px\|Istrian donkey](/wiki/File:Istarski_magarac.jpg "Istarski magarac.jpg")
Because of the millennial presence of men on the archipelago of Brijuni, the animal world on the islands, especially [Veliki Brijun](/wiki/Veliki_Brijun "Veliki Brijun"), besides the [autochthonous](/wiki/Indigenous_%28ecology%29 "Indigenous (ecology)") species, was enriched by many imported species that are not congenial to this habitat but got acclimated to it thanks to the almost ideal microclimatic conditions. Inside the park there is an ethno park is an area within the Safari park presenting a typical Istrian homestead with its autochthonous animal species. Istrian ox (a descendant of the [Aurochs](/wiki/Aurochs "Aurochs")), Istrian sheep, donkeys and goats. It is intended both as a habitat and presentation of domestic animals of [Istria](/wiki/Istria "Istria").
In addition, the [chital deer](/wiki/Chital "Chital"), [fallow deer](/wiki/Fallow_deer "Fallow deer") and [mouflons](/wiki/Mouflon "Mouflon") were introduced to the [Veliki Brijun Island](/wiki/Veliki_Brijun "Veliki Brijun") in the early 20th century.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.brijuni.hr/Home.aspx?PageID\=69 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329125631/http://www.brijuni.hr/Home.aspx?PageID\=69 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=29 March 2007 \|title\=Životinje u slobodnoj prirodi \|publisher\=Brijuni National Park \|language\=hr \|access\-date\=16 June 2010 }} Their numbers increased in the following decades and can be seen roaming freely around the island.
In the late 19th century and early 20th century the [European hare](/wiki/European_hare "European hare"), the chital, the fallow deer and the mouflon were imported, so their descendants still adorn the forests, parks and glades of Brijuni and are part of its identity.{{cn\|date\=February 2022}} The autochthonous birds are quite well represented. Some of the smaller islands are excellent habitats where [gulls](/wiki/Gulls "Gulls") and sea swallows nest, as well as some rare [genera](/wiki/Genera "Genera") of [cormorants](/wiki/Cormorants "Cormorants"). The Brionian islands are also important seasonal habitats of northern bird species and the most interesting is the locality of Saline. That is a very damp area with three marshy lakes of {{convert\|8\|acre\|m2}} of fenced area with the aim of forming an [ornithology](/wiki/Ornithological "Ornithological") reservation. The biggest lake is overgrown with reed and is a good nestling ground for numerous types of birds.
On the island there is also a Safari Park, it is home to a variety of exotic animals which were given to the park as gifts from diplomatic partners. The [nilgai](/wiki/Nilgai "Nilgai"), [zebu](/wiki/Zebu "Zebu") and [Asian elephant](/wiki/Asian_elephant "Asian elephant") were donated as a gift from [India](/wiki/India "India"), [plains zebra](/wiki/Plains_zebra "Plains zebra") and [mountain zebra](/wiki/Mountain_zebra "Mountain zebra") were given by [Ahmed Sékou Touré](/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9 "Ahmed Sékou Touré") from [Guinea](/wiki/Guinea "Guinea"), [waterbuck](/wiki/Waterbuck "Waterbuck") came from [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia "Ethiopia").{{cn\|date\=February 2022}}. As Titos animals died one after the other \- Indira Ghandis male elefant Sony died 2010, widow Lanka is now alone \- they made an Ethnopark. No camels, antilopes, but more and more Istrian animals.
The local seas of the Brijuni archipelago are important hatching grounds and representative [marine parks](/wiki/Marine_park "Marine park") for the typical marine organisms of the northern Adriatic. Of the marine organisms that are protected by the [Law on Environmental Conservation](/wiki/Environmental_law "Environmental law") in the waters of Brijuni you can find the [pen\-shell](/wiki/Pinnidae "Pinnidae") and the [date\-shell](/wiki/Lithophaga "Lithophaga"). [Sea turtles](/wiki/Sea_turtle "Sea turtle") and [dolphins](/wiki/Dolphin "Dolphin"), the protected marine vertebrates, can also from time to time be seen in the waters of Brijuni. There are also some endemic species like the [black tang](/wiki/Fucus_vesiculosus "Fucus vesiculosus"), [Jadranski bračić](/wiki/Algae "Algae"), and the [Tunicate](/wiki/Tunicate "Tunicate"), Jadranski ciganin.
The seabed abounds in sponges, shellfish, sea urchins, crustaceans, fish etc. In the past in the seas of Brijuni were found some species that were never seen in the Adriatic, as well as some species up to then unknown to scientists like the soft coral *Alcyonium brionense* or the variety of the sponge *Ircinia variabilis fistulata*.
|
[
"Fauna\n-----",
"[330 px\\|thumb\\|right\\|The Safari Park](/wiki/File:Exposure_4000e_second.jpg \"Exposure 4000e second.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|200px\\|Istrian donkey](/wiki/File:Istarski_magarac.jpg \"Istarski magarac.jpg\")\nBecause of the millennial presence of men on the archipelago of Brijuni, the animal world on the islands, especially [Veliki Brijun](/wiki/Veliki_Brijun \"Veliki Brijun\"), besides the [autochthonous](/wiki/Indigenous_%28ecology%29 \"Indigenous (ecology)\") species, was enriched by many imported species that are not congenial to this habitat but got acclimated to it thanks to the almost ideal microclimatic conditions. Inside the park there is an ethno park is an area within the Safari park presenting a typical Istrian homestead with its autochthonous animal species. Istrian ox (a descendant of the [Aurochs](/wiki/Aurochs \"Aurochs\")), Istrian sheep, donkeys and goats. It is intended both as a habitat and presentation of domestic animals of [Istria](/wiki/Istria \"Istria\").",
"In addition, the [chital deer](/wiki/Chital \"Chital\"), [fallow deer](/wiki/Fallow_deer \"Fallow deer\") and [mouflons](/wiki/Mouflon \"Mouflon\") were introduced to the [Veliki Brijun Island](/wiki/Veliki_Brijun \"Veliki Brijun\") in the early 20th century.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.brijuni.hr/Home.aspx?PageID\\=69 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329125631/http://www.brijuni.hr/Home.aspx?PageID\\=69 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2007 \\|title\\=Životinje u slobodnoj prirodi \\|publisher\\=Brijuni National Park \\|language\\=hr \\|access\\-date\\=16 June 2010 }} Their numbers increased in the following decades and can be seen roaming freely around the island.",
"In the late 19th century and early 20th century the [European hare](/wiki/European_hare \"European hare\"), the chital, the fallow deer and the mouflon were imported, so their descendants still adorn the forests, parks and glades of Brijuni and are part of its identity.{{cn\\|date\\=February 2022}} The autochthonous birds are quite well represented. Some of the smaller islands are excellent habitats where [gulls](/wiki/Gulls \"Gulls\") and sea swallows nest, as well as some rare [genera](/wiki/Genera \"Genera\") of [cormorants](/wiki/Cormorants \"Cormorants\"). The Brionian islands are also important seasonal habitats of northern bird species and the most interesting is the locality of Saline. That is a very damp area with three marshy lakes of {{convert\\|8\\|acre\\|m2}} of fenced area with the aim of forming an [ornithology](/wiki/Ornithological \"Ornithological\") reservation. The biggest lake is overgrown with reed and is a good nestling ground for numerous types of birds.",
"On the island there is also a Safari Park, it is home to a variety of exotic animals which were given to the park as gifts from diplomatic partners. The [nilgai](/wiki/Nilgai \"Nilgai\"), [zebu](/wiki/Zebu \"Zebu\") and [Asian elephant](/wiki/Asian_elephant \"Asian elephant\") were donated as a gift from [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), [plains zebra](/wiki/Plains_zebra \"Plains zebra\") and [mountain zebra](/wiki/Mountain_zebra \"Mountain zebra\") were given by [Ahmed Sékou Touré](/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9 \"Ahmed Sékou Touré\") from [Guinea](/wiki/Guinea \"Guinea\"), [waterbuck](/wiki/Waterbuck \"Waterbuck\") came from [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia \"Ethiopia\").{{cn\\|date\\=February 2022}}. As Titos animals died one after the other \\- Indira Ghandis male elefant Sony died 2010, widow Lanka is now alone \\- they made an Ethnopark. No camels, antilopes, but more and more Istrian animals.",
"The local seas of the Brijuni archipelago are important hatching grounds and representative [marine parks](/wiki/Marine_park \"Marine park\") for the typical marine organisms of the northern Adriatic. Of the marine organisms that are protected by the [Law on Environmental Conservation](/wiki/Environmental_law \"Environmental law\") in the waters of Brijuni you can find the [pen\\-shell](/wiki/Pinnidae \"Pinnidae\") and the [date\\-shell](/wiki/Lithophaga \"Lithophaga\"). [Sea turtles](/wiki/Sea_turtle \"Sea turtle\") and [dolphins](/wiki/Dolphin \"Dolphin\"), the protected marine vertebrates, can also from time to time be seen in the waters of Brijuni. There are also some endemic species like the [black tang](/wiki/Fucus_vesiculosus \"Fucus vesiculosus\"), [Jadranski bračić](/wiki/Algae \"Algae\"), and the [Tunicate](/wiki/Tunicate \"Tunicate\"), Jadranski ciganin.",
"The seabed abounds in sponges, shellfish, sea urchins, crustaceans, fish etc. In the past in the seas of Brijuni were found some species that were never seen in the Adriatic, as well as some species up to then unknown to scientists like the soft coral *Alcyonium brionense* or the variety of the sponge *Ircinia variabilis fistulata*.",
""
] |
Campus facilities
-----------------
The school has a main classroom building, dining hall, arena, five playing fields (one football size), five tennis courts, three squash courts, a gymnasium, a 20m swimming pool, four boarding houses and the [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican "Anglican") John Bell Chapel, designed in the [Westminster](/wiki/Westminster_Abbey "Westminster Abbey") style. The chapel houses an Inuit\-designed stained glass window, created on commission by [Kenojuak Ashevak](/wiki/Kenojuak_Ashevak "Kenojuak Ashevak"), O.C. As well, the south boundary of the campus runs along the shores of [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario "Lake Ontario"), and a creek runs through the west side of campus, bordered by playing fields and forest.
### Athletic facilities
The campus is equipped with four full\-size soccer/rugby fields, an [astro\-turf](/wiki/Astro-turf "Astro-turf") field for [field hockey](/wiki/Field_hockey "Field hockey") and lacrosse, ice rink, a fitness room, three squash courts, a climbing wall, a gym, one outdoor basketball courts, a beach volleyball court, a 50\-yard swimming pool and an athletic therapy centre.
With the new AWB Alumni Athletics centre built, Appleby now offers three more gyms, a new climbing wall, new yoga/meditation rooms, new squash courts, new spinning room, new weight room, and a new athletic therapy clinic.
### Academic facilities
There are four science labs located by the Appleby Arena and several more located on the science wing. Each of the houses, Walker being the exception, are home to classrooms that are located on the basement level of the houses. The Samuel Academic Resource Centre is home to the Williams IT Centre, the Raymond Massey Reading Room and the Appleby Archives.
As of 2024, Appleby College has announced Cockwell Hall. It has not yet started building, and is expected to be done by 2026\-2027\.
### Chapel
The John Bell Chapel features several stained glass windows including 'Iggalaaq' (2004\) by [Kenojuak Ashevak](/wiki/Kenojuak_Ashevak "Kenojuak Ashevak") and Sue Obata.
[thumb\|Window of John Bell Chapel, designed by late Canadian artist [Kenojuak Ashevak](/wiki/Kenojuak_Ashevak "Kenojuak Ashevak") (Appleby College, [Oakville](/wiki/Oakville%2C_Ontario "Oakville, Ontario") near [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"); designed in 2004\)](/wiki/File:Kenojuak_Fenster_%28Oakville%29.jpg "Kenojuak Fenster (Oakville).jpg")
|
[
"Campus facilities\n-----------------",
"The school has a main classroom building, dining hall, arena, five playing fields (one football size), five tennis courts, three squash courts, a gymnasium, a 20m swimming pool, four boarding houses and the [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican \"Anglican\") John Bell Chapel, designed in the [Westminster](/wiki/Westminster_Abbey \"Westminster Abbey\") style. The chapel houses an Inuit\\-designed stained glass window, created on commission by [Kenojuak Ashevak](/wiki/Kenojuak_Ashevak \"Kenojuak Ashevak\"), O.C. As well, the south boundary of the campus runs along the shores of [Lake Ontario](/wiki/Lake_Ontario \"Lake Ontario\"), and a creek runs through the west side of campus, bordered by playing fields and forest.",
"### Athletic facilities",
"The campus is equipped with four full\\-size soccer/rugby fields, an [astro\\-turf](/wiki/Astro-turf \"Astro-turf\") field for [field hockey](/wiki/Field_hockey \"Field hockey\") and lacrosse, ice rink, a fitness room, three squash courts, a climbing wall, a gym, one outdoor basketball courts, a beach volleyball court, a 50\\-yard swimming pool and an athletic therapy centre.",
"With the new AWB Alumni Athletics centre built, Appleby now offers three more gyms, a new climbing wall, new yoga/meditation rooms, new squash courts, new spinning room, new weight room, and a new athletic therapy clinic.",
"### Academic facilities",
"There are four science labs located by the Appleby Arena and several more located on the science wing. Each of the houses, Walker being the exception, are home to classrooms that are located on the basement level of the houses. The Samuel Academic Resource Centre is home to the Williams IT Centre, the Raymond Massey Reading Room and the Appleby Archives.",
"As of 2024, Appleby College has announced Cockwell Hall. It has not yet started building, and is expected to be done by 2026\\-2027\\.",
"### Chapel",
"The John Bell Chapel features several stained glass windows including 'Iggalaaq' (2004\\) by [Kenojuak Ashevak](/wiki/Kenojuak_Ashevak \"Kenojuak Ashevak\") and Sue Obata.\n[thumb\\|Window of John Bell Chapel, designed by late Canadian artist [Kenojuak Ashevak](/wiki/Kenojuak_Ashevak \"Kenojuak Ashevak\") (Appleby College, [Oakville](/wiki/Oakville%2C_Ontario \"Oakville, Ontario\") near [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"); designed in 2004\\)](/wiki/File:Kenojuak_Fenster_%28Oakville%29.jpg \"Kenojuak Fenster (Oakville).jpg\")",
""
] |
In fiction
----------
{{Main\|Occult detective fiction}}
There is a long history of psychic detectives in [horror](/wiki/Horror_fiction "Horror fiction") and [crime fiction](/wiki/Crime_fiction "Crime fiction"), and in other [genres](/wiki/Genre "Genre") as well. One of the earliest forms of the genre was the character [Flaxman Low](/wiki/Flaxman_Low "Flaxman Low"), created in 1897 by mother and son Kate and [Hesketh Hesketh\-Prichard](/wiki/Hesketh_Hesketh-Prichard "Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard") under the pseudonyms H. Heron and E. Heron.{{cite book\|last\=Parker\|first\=Eric\|title\=Hesketh Prichard\|pages\=36–42}} The Prichards wrote their stories at the behest of the press baron [Cyril Pearson](/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Pearson%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Arthur Pearson, 1st Baronet") for his monthly *[Pearson's Magazine](/wiki/Pearson%27s_Magazine "Pearson's Magazine")*, though they were disconcerted to find the tales promoted by Pearson as "real". The collected work was published as *The Experiences of Flaxman Low* in 1899\.
Other literary examples include [Jules de Grandin](/wiki/Jules_de_Grandin "Jules de Grandin") (created by [Seabury Quinn](/wiki/Seabury_Quinn "Seabury Quinn")), [Doctor Occult](/wiki/Doctor_Occult "Doctor Occult") (created by [Jerry Siegel](/wiki/Jerry_Siegel "Jerry Siegel") and [Joe Shuster](/wiki/Joe_Shuster "Joe Shuster")) and Agent Jasi McLellan created by Cheryl Kaye Tardif.
The popular TV show, *[Psych](/wiki/Psych "Psych")* features [Shawn Spencer](/wiki/Shawn_Spencer "Shawn Spencer") ([James Roday Rodriguez](/wiki/James_Roday_Rodriguez "James Roday Rodriguez")), a charlatan paranormal detective helping the [Santa Barbara](/wiki/Santa_Barbara%2C_California "Santa Barbara, California") police with crimes that range from robberies to kidnappings to murders. However, the man actually uses an acute sense of observation that he acquired as a child; an [eidetic memory](/wiki/Eidetic_memory "Eidetic memory"); excellent vision; and deduction and reasoning to solve cases, making a [running gag](/wiki/Running_gag "Running gag") of his claim to be a psychic.
In [Douglas Adams](/wiki/Douglas_Adams "Douglas Adams")'s *[Dirk Gently](/wiki/Dirk_Gently "Dirk Gently")* novels, the titular character—a "holistic" detective—is implied to have psychic powers on occasion. One incident involved Gently attempting to scam his university classmates into paying for a set of answers to an exam, supposedly obtained using psychic powers that Gently did not think he had. To his surprise, the answers he provided, which he thought he had produced randomly, turned out to be entirely correct. He was expelled as a result.
[Peter F. Hamilton](/wiki/Peter_F._Hamilton "Peter F. Hamilton") wrote a series of books about the ex\-military psychic [Greg Mandel](/wiki/Greg_Mandel "Greg Mandel"). In the series, Greg was a retired special forces soldier created as part of an elite spec\-ops unit, the Mindstar Brigade, in the 'English Army', having fought a vicious war in Turkey and helped a rebellion overthrow the People's Socialist Party at home. Having won the rebellion he then retired to Rutland, suddenly being called out of retirement by the rich heiress Julia Evans to use his psychic talents to find the root of industrial espionage against her company, Event Horizon \[an organisation that was also integral to the overthrow of the communist government]. The series not only focuses on Greg's abilities, but also the abilities of other psychics created as part of the Mindstar Programme, the effects of social and economic change throughout the 21st century, global warming and rapid scientific advances. Greg regularly uses his abilities both for interrogation and as an offensive weapon.
The episode "[Bart the Murderer](/wiki/Bart_the_Murderer "Bart the Murderer")" of *[The Simpsons](/wiki/The_Simpsons "The Simpsons")* depicts a psychic joining the hunt to find [Principal Skinner](/wiki/Principal_Skinner "Principal Skinner").
The episode "[Cartman's Incredible Gift](/wiki/Cartman%27s_Incredible_Gift "Cartman's Incredible Gift")" of *[South Park](/wiki/South_Park "South Park")* depicts a skeptical view of psychic detectives.
The manga and anime series *[YuYu Hakusho](/wiki/YuYu_Hakusho "YuYu Hakusho")* depicts a teenage boy working as a Spirit Detective: a human who hunts down demons using psychic abilities.
|
[
"In fiction\n----------",
"{{Main\\|Occult detective fiction}}\nThere is a long history of psychic detectives in [horror](/wiki/Horror_fiction \"Horror fiction\") and [crime fiction](/wiki/Crime_fiction \"Crime fiction\"), and in other [genres](/wiki/Genre \"Genre\") as well. One of the earliest forms of the genre was the character [Flaxman Low](/wiki/Flaxman_Low \"Flaxman Low\"), created in 1897 by mother and son Kate and [Hesketh Hesketh\\-Prichard](/wiki/Hesketh_Hesketh-Prichard \"Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard\") under the pseudonyms H. Heron and E. Heron.{{cite book\\|last\\=Parker\\|first\\=Eric\\|title\\=Hesketh Prichard\\|pages\\=36–42}} The Prichards wrote their stories at the behest of the press baron [Cyril Pearson](/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Pearson%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Arthur Pearson, 1st Baronet\") for his monthly *[Pearson's Magazine](/wiki/Pearson%27s_Magazine \"Pearson's Magazine\")*, though they were disconcerted to find the tales promoted by Pearson as \"real\". The collected work was published as *The Experiences of Flaxman Low* in 1899\\.",
"Other literary examples include [Jules de Grandin](/wiki/Jules_de_Grandin \"Jules de Grandin\") (created by [Seabury Quinn](/wiki/Seabury_Quinn \"Seabury Quinn\")), [Doctor Occult](/wiki/Doctor_Occult \"Doctor Occult\") (created by [Jerry Siegel](/wiki/Jerry_Siegel \"Jerry Siegel\") and [Joe Shuster](/wiki/Joe_Shuster \"Joe Shuster\")) and Agent Jasi McLellan created by Cheryl Kaye Tardif.",
"The popular TV show, *[Psych](/wiki/Psych \"Psych\")* features [Shawn Spencer](/wiki/Shawn_Spencer \"Shawn Spencer\") ([James Roday Rodriguez](/wiki/James_Roday_Rodriguez \"James Roday Rodriguez\")), a charlatan paranormal detective helping the [Santa Barbara](/wiki/Santa_Barbara%2C_California \"Santa Barbara, California\") police with crimes that range from robberies to kidnappings to murders. However, the man actually uses an acute sense of observation that he acquired as a child; an [eidetic memory](/wiki/Eidetic_memory \"Eidetic memory\"); excellent vision; and deduction and reasoning to solve cases, making a [running gag](/wiki/Running_gag \"Running gag\") of his claim to be a psychic.",
"In [Douglas Adams](/wiki/Douglas_Adams \"Douglas Adams\")'s *[Dirk Gently](/wiki/Dirk_Gently \"Dirk Gently\")* novels, the titular character—a \"holistic\" detective—is implied to have psychic powers on occasion. One incident involved Gently attempting to scam his university classmates into paying for a set of answers to an exam, supposedly obtained using psychic powers that Gently did not think he had. To his surprise, the answers he provided, which he thought he had produced randomly, turned out to be entirely correct. He was expelled as a result.",
"[Peter F. Hamilton](/wiki/Peter_F._Hamilton \"Peter F. Hamilton\") wrote a series of books about the ex\\-military psychic [Greg Mandel](/wiki/Greg_Mandel \"Greg Mandel\"). In the series, Greg was a retired special forces soldier created as part of an elite spec\\-ops unit, the Mindstar Brigade, in the 'English Army', having fought a vicious war in Turkey and helped a rebellion overthrow the People's Socialist Party at home. Having won the rebellion he then retired to Rutland, suddenly being called out of retirement by the rich heiress Julia Evans to use his psychic talents to find the root of industrial espionage against her company, Event Horizon \\[an organisation that was also integral to the overthrow of the communist government]. The series not only focuses on Greg's abilities, but also the abilities of other psychics created as part of the Mindstar Programme, the effects of social and economic change throughout the 21st century, global warming and rapid scientific advances. Greg regularly uses his abilities both for interrogation and as an offensive weapon.",
"The episode \"[Bart the Murderer](/wiki/Bart_the_Murderer \"Bart the Murderer\")\" of *[The Simpsons](/wiki/The_Simpsons \"The Simpsons\")* depicts a psychic joining the hunt to find [Principal Skinner](/wiki/Principal_Skinner \"Principal Skinner\").",
"The episode \"[Cartman's Incredible Gift](/wiki/Cartman%27s_Incredible_Gift \"Cartman's Incredible Gift\")\" of *[South Park](/wiki/South_Park \"South Park\")* depicts a skeptical view of psychic detectives.",
"The manga and anime series *[YuYu Hakusho](/wiki/YuYu_Hakusho \"YuYu Hakusho\")* depicts a teenage boy working as a Spirit Detective: a human who hunts down demons using psychic abilities.",
""
] |
Career
------
In 1971, at the age of 29, Wulf\-Mathies joined the then German Chancellor [Willy Brandt](/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt")’s office in Bonn.[True pragmatist](https://www.politico.eu/article/true-pragmatist/) [European Voice](/wiki/European_Voice "European Voice"), October 30, 1996\. In the government of [Chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany") [Helmut Schmidt](/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt"), she later led the Federal Chancellery’s department of social affairs.[True pragmatist](https://www.politico.eu/article/true-pragmatist/) *[European Voice](/wiki/European_Voice "European Voice")*, October 30, 1996\.
In 1976, Wulf\-Mathies left the chancellor’s office to join the managing board of the public service trade union [ÖTV](/wiki/%C3%96TV "ÖTV"). Four years later, and to many observers’ surprise, she was elected as the first woman ever to lead one of Germany's most powerful unions, succeeding [Heinz Kluncker](/wiki/Heinz_Kluncker "Heinz Kluncker"). In this capacity, she also served as president of [Public Services International](/wiki/Public_Services_International "Public Services International") (PSI) from 1989 until 1995\.
In 1994, Wulf\-Mathies was – again unexpectedly – appointed as one of Germany's two [European Commissioners](/wiki/European_Commissioner "European Commissioner") by Chancellor [Helmut Kohl](/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl"); she succeeded [Peter Schmidhuber](/wiki/Peter_Schmidhuber "Peter Schmidhuber").[True pragmatist](https://www.politico.eu/article/true-pragmatist/) *[European Voice](/wiki/European_Voice "European Voice")*, October 30, 1996\.Axel Granzow (September 9, 1994\), [Weg von der Basis](https://www.zeit.de/1994/37/weg-von-der-basis) *[Die Zeit](/wiki/Die_Zeit "Die Zeit")*. From 1994 until 1998, she served as [European Commissioner for Regional Policy](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Regional_Policy "European Commissioner for Regional Policy") in the [administration](/wiki/Santer_Commission "Santer Commission") of [President](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission "President of the European Commission") [Jacques Santer](/wiki/Jacques_Santer "Jacques Santer").
After leaving the European Commission, Wulf\-Mathies served as Executive Vice President Head of Corporate Public Policy and Sustainability at [Deutsche Post](/wiki/Deutsche_Post "Deutsche Post") from 2001 until 2009, working under the leadership of the company's CEO [Klaus Zumwinkel](/wiki/Klaus_Zumwinkel "Klaus Zumwinkel").Axel Granzow (April 26, 2007\), [Die „rote“ Cheflobbyistin](https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/management/monika-wulf-mathies-die-rote-cheflobbyistin/2800402.html?ticket=ST-1255796-soAZmVVd6mkRaQellM5f-ap2) *[Handelsblatt](/wiki/Handelsblatt "Handelsblatt")*. From 2009 until 2011 she worked as policy advisor to the Board of Management, this time under [Frank Appel](/wiki/Frank_Appel "Frank Appel").
In 2018, Wulf\-Mathies was appointed by intendant [Tom Buhrow](/wiki/Tom_Buhrow "Tom Buhrow") to lead an internal investigation into allegations of sexual harassment at German public broadcaster [Westdeutscher Rundfunk](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk "Westdeutscher Rundfunk") (WDR).[Monika Wulf\-Mathies: WDR will Hinweisen auf sexuelle Übergriffe nachgehen](http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/tv/monika-wulf-mathies-soll-beim-wdr-hinweise-auf-sexuelle-belaestigung-pruefen-a-1205001.html) *[Spiegel Online](/wiki/Spiegel_Online "Spiegel Online")*, April 26, 2018\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In 1971, at the age of 29, Wulf\\-Mathies joined the then German Chancellor [Willy Brandt](/wiki/Willy_Brandt \"Willy Brandt\")’s office in Bonn.[True pragmatist](https://www.politico.eu/article/true-pragmatist/) [European Voice](/wiki/European_Voice \"European Voice\"), October 30, 1996\\. In the government of [Chancellor](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany \"Chancellor of Germany\") [Helmut Schmidt](/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt \"Helmut Schmidt\"), she later led the Federal Chancellery’s department of social affairs.[True pragmatist](https://www.politico.eu/article/true-pragmatist/) *[European Voice](/wiki/European_Voice \"European Voice\")*, October 30, 1996\\.",
"In 1976, Wulf\\-Mathies left the chancellor’s office to join the managing board of the public service trade union [ÖTV](/wiki/%C3%96TV \"ÖTV\"). Four years later, and to many observers’ surprise, she was elected as the first woman ever to lead one of Germany's most powerful unions, succeeding [Heinz Kluncker](/wiki/Heinz_Kluncker \"Heinz Kluncker\"). In this capacity, she also served as president of [Public Services International](/wiki/Public_Services_International \"Public Services International\") (PSI) from 1989 until 1995\\.",
"In 1994, Wulf\\-Mathies was – again unexpectedly – appointed as one of Germany's two [European Commissioners](/wiki/European_Commissioner \"European Commissioner\") by Chancellor [Helmut Kohl](/wiki/Helmut_Kohl \"Helmut Kohl\"); she succeeded [Peter Schmidhuber](/wiki/Peter_Schmidhuber \"Peter Schmidhuber\").[True pragmatist](https://www.politico.eu/article/true-pragmatist/) *[European Voice](/wiki/European_Voice \"European Voice\")*, October 30, 1996\\.Axel Granzow (September 9, 1994\\), [Weg von der Basis](https://www.zeit.de/1994/37/weg-von-der-basis) *[Die Zeit](/wiki/Die_Zeit \"Die Zeit\")*. From 1994 until 1998, she served as [European Commissioner for Regional Policy](/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Regional_Policy \"European Commissioner for Regional Policy\") in the [administration](/wiki/Santer_Commission \"Santer Commission\") of [President](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission \"President of the European Commission\") [Jacques Santer](/wiki/Jacques_Santer \"Jacques Santer\").",
"After leaving the European Commission, Wulf\\-Mathies served as Executive Vice President Head of Corporate Public Policy and Sustainability at [Deutsche Post](/wiki/Deutsche_Post \"Deutsche Post\") from 2001 until 2009, working under the leadership of the company's CEO [Klaus Zumwinkel](/wiki/Klaus_Zumwinkel \"Klaus Zumwinkel\").Axel Granzow (April 26, 2007\\), [Die „rote“ Cheflobbyistin](https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/management/monika-wulf-mathies-die-rote-cheflobbyistin/2800402.html?ticket=ST-1255796-soAZmVVd6mkRaQellM5f-ap2) *[Handelsblatt](/wiki/Handelsblatt \"Handelsblatt\")*. From 2009 until 2011 she worked as policy advisor to the Board of Management, this time under [Frank Appel](/wiki/Frank_Appel \"Frank Appel\").",
"In 2018, Wulf\\-Mathies was appointed by intendant [Tom Buhrow](/wiki/Tom_Buhrow \"Tom Buhrow\") to lead an internal investigation into allegations of sexual harassment at German public broadcaster [Westdeutscher Rundfunk](/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk \"Westdeutscher Rundfunk\") (WDR).[Monika Wulf\\-Mathies: WDR will Hinweisen auf sexuelle Übergriffe nachgehen](http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/tv/monika-wulf-mathies-soll-beim-wdr-hinweise-auf-sexuelle-belaestigung-pruefen-a-1205001.html) *[Spiegel Online](/wiki/Spiegel_Online \"Spiegel Online\")*, April 26, 2018\\.",
""
] |
Scientific contributions
------------------------
### History of sociology
Georgy Fotev's studies in the field of history of sociology encompass the classics of sociology and the development of the Western sociological tradition from [Antiquity](/wiki/Antiquity_of_humanity "Antiquity of humanity") to the end of the 20th century. His books, *The Sociological Theories of E. Durkheim*, *A Critical Comparative Analysis* and *Principles of Positivist Sociology*, and many of his articles and studies are devoted to classical names in sociology. In his two\-volume work *History of Sociology* (two editions), he makes the distinction between proto\-sociology and the development of sociology as a differentiated and poly\-paradigmatic science.
### Historical sociology
Fotev's works on [historical sociology](/wiki/Historical_sociology "Historical sociology"), in particular his *Social Reality and Imagination. A Sociological Study on the Renaissance*, hold significance for the Bulgarian sociological tradition. The concept of [historical sociology](/wiki/Historical_sociology "Historical sociology") rethinks the established disciplinary perspectives and status of this field within the ensemble of sociological sub\-disciplines.
### Crisis of legitimacy and civil society
In Fotev's view, the unfolding project of modernity is linked to periodic crises of legitimacy, which, in late modernity, create the impression of a permanent crisis. After the collapse of the [totalitarian system](/wiki/Totalitarian_system "Totalitarian system"), Fotev published the first book in Bulgaria specially devoted to the topic of civil society; in it, he explains why this concept was taboo in a totalitarian society.
### Ethnosociology, sociology of religions
Georgy Fotev is the founder of the disciplines of ethnosociology and sociology of religions in Bulgaria. He has rethought fundamental concepts in these fields, such as *ethnos*, and has grounded an original thesis regarding the other ethnos. His contributions in this area go beyond the boundaries of Bulgarian national sociology.
### Sociology of politics
In his large\-scale sociological treatise *Limits of Politics* and in his books *The Meaning of Politics and Ethnicity* and *Religion and Politics*, he has treated of fundamental problems of politics. His studies in this field hold a major place in the author's work.
### Dialogical sociology
Georgy Fotev sees dialogue as being the foundation of the poly\-paradigmatic sociology, which otherwise would be doomed to constant internecine feuding due to the incommensurable elements contained in the various [sociological paradigms](/wiki/Sociological_paradigms "Sociological paradigms"). The author refers to a dialogical reason that can be an alternative and opposition to the century\-long domination of monological reason. As a concept, Fotev argues that dialogue is something more than conversation, discussion or debate.
### Disciplinary structure of sociology
In contrast with certain influential views regarding the chaos of scientific disciplines, the end of [disciplinary knowledge](/wiki/Disciplinary_knowledge "Disciplinary knowledge"), and [methodological anarchy](/wiki/Methodological_anarchism "Methodological anarchism"), Georgy Fotev proposes the thesis that scientific cognition would be impossible outside a certain disciplinary framework, which, however, must be different from the framework of monodisciplinary sciences, respectively, of sociology as a monodisciplinary science. There also exist [interdisciplinary](/wiki/Interdisciplinarity "Interdisciplinarity"), [multidisciplinary](/wiki/Multidisciplinary "Multidisciplinary"), and [transdisciplinary](/wiki/Transdisciplinarity "Transdisciplinarity") sciences.\[13]
### *The Long Night of Communism*
In his monographical work *The Long Night of Communism* in Bulgaria and other publications, Fotev has studied the formation, functioning and implosion of the totalitarian Communist system. As the author puts it, these analyses resemble a surrealistic sociology of a [Utopia](/wiki/Utopia "Utopia").
### *Bulgarian Melancholy*
The eponymous book is a large\-scale attempt at sociological characterization of the Bulgarian national community in the age of modernization in which Fotev views melancholy in the perspective of phenomenological sociology.
### Axiology and sociology of values
In Fotev's works devoted to sociology of values and [axiology](/wiki/Axiology "Axiology"), he has elaborated a complex theory of values, including the distinction between value, fact, and norm, the crisis of values, the revaluation of values and the values functioning in present\-day Bulgarian society.
|
[
"Scientific contributions\n------------------------",
"### History of sociology",
"Georgy Fotev's studies in the field of history of sociology encompass the classics of sociology and the development of the Western sociological tradition from [Antiquity](/wiki/Antiquity_of_humanity \"Antiquity of humanity\") to the end of the 20th century. His books, *The Sociological Theories of E. Durkheim*, *A Critical Comparative Analysis* and *Principles of Positivist Sociology*, and many of his articles and studies are devoted to classical names in sociology. In his two\\-volume work *History of Sociology* (two editions), he makes the distinction between proto\\-sociology and the development of sociology as a differentiated and poly\\-paradigmatic science.",
"### Historical sociology",
"Fotev's works on [historical sociology](/wiki/Historical_sociology \"Historical sociology\"), in particular his *Social Reality and Imagination. A Sociological Study on the Renaissance*, hold significance for the Bulgarian sociological tradition. The concept of [historical sociology](/wiki/Historical_sociology \"Historical sociology\") rethinks the established disciplinary perspectives and status of this field within the ensemble of sociological sub\\-disciplines.",
"### Crisis of legitimacy and civil society",
"In Fotev's view, the unfolding project of modernity is linked to periodic crises of legitimacy, which, in late modernity, create the impression of a permanent crisis. After the collapse of the [totalitarian system](/wiki/Totalitarian_system \"Totalitarian system\"), Fotev published the first book in Bulgaria specially devoted to the topic of civil society; in it, he explains why this concept was taboo in a totalitarian society.",
"### Ethnosociology, sociology of religions",
"Georgy Fotev is the founder of the disciplines of ethnosociology and sociology of religions in Bulgaria. He has rethought fundamental concepts in these fields, such as *ethnos*, and has grounded an original thesis regarding the other ethnos. His contributions in this area go beyond the boundaries of Bulgarian national sociology.",
"### Sociology of politics",
"In his large\\-scale sociological treatise *Limits of Politics* and in his books *The Meaning of Politics and Ethnicity* and *Religion and Politics*, he has treated of fundamental problems of politics. His studies in this field hold a major place in the author's work.",
"### Dialogical sociology",
"Georgy Fotev sees dialogue as being the foundation of the poly\\-paradigmatic sociology, which otherwise would be doomed to constant internecine feuding due to the incommensurable elements contained in the various [sociological paradigms](/wiki/Sociological_paradigms \"Sociological paradigms\"). The author refers to a dialogical reason that can be an alternative and opposition to the century\\-long domination of monological reason. As a concept, Fotev argues that dialogue is something more than conversation, discussion or debate.",
"### Disciplinary structure of sociology",
"In contrast with certain influential views regarding the chaos of scientific disciplines, the end of [disciplinary knowledge](/wiki/Disciplinary_knowledge \"Disciplinary knowledge\"), and [methodological anarchy](/wiki/Methodological_anarchism \"Methodological anarchism\"), Georgy Fotev proposes the thesis that scientific cognition would be impossible outside a certain disciplinary framework, which, however, must be different from the framework of monodisciplinary sciences, respectively, of sociology as a monodisciplinary science. There also exist [interdisciplinary](/wiki/Interdisciplinarity \"Interdisciplinarity\"), [multidisciplinary](/wiki/Multidisciplinary \"Multidisciplinary\"), and [transdisciplinary](/wiki/Transdisciplinarity \"Transdisciplinarity\") sciences.\\[13]",
"### *The Long Night of Communism*",
"In his monographical work *The Long Night of Communism* in Bulgaria and other publications, Fotev has studied the formation, functioning and implosion of the totalitarian Communist system. As the author puts it, these analyses resemble a surrealistic sociology of a [Utopia](/wiki/Utopia \"Utopia\").",
"### *Bulgarian Melancholy*",
"The eponymous book is a large\\-scale attempt at sociological characterization of the Bulgarian national community in the age of modernization in which Fotev views melancholy in the perspective of phenomenological sociology.",
"### Axiology and sociology of values",
"In Fotev's works devoted to sociology of values and [axiology](/wiki/Axiology \"Axiology\"), he has elaborated a complex theory of values, including the distinction between value, fact, and norm, the crisis of values, the revaluation of values and the values functioning in present\\-day Bulgarian society.",
""
] |
Life
----
### Early family difficulties
Dorothea Primrose Campbell was born in [Lerwick](/wiki/Lerwick "Lerwick") on 4 May 1793{{Cite journal \|last\=R. S. B. \|date\=1938\-07\-30 \|title\=The Ancestry of Daniel Defoe: Registration of Baptisms \|journal\=Notes and Queries \|volume\=175 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=86 \|doi\=10\.1093/nq/175\.5\.86b \|issn\=1471\-6941}} and was baptised on 11 May in her birthplace. Her father, Duncan Campbell, was a surgeon who had married Elizabeth (Eliza), one of the Scotts of Scottshall in [Scalloway](/wiki/Scalloway "Scalloway"). Dorothea was the eldest of the family, with a younger sister and two brothers.{{Cite ODNB \|title\=Campbell, Dorothea Primrose (1792–1863\), poet and novelist \|last\=Grundy \|first\=Isobel \|date\=2004\-09\-23 \|series\=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography \|doi\=10\.1093/ref:odnb/45837}} The many difficulties included long family struggles with debts from her grandfather, her mother's struggle against opium addiction, and the death of her father when she was just 16\.
### Teaching
Dorothea Primrose Campbell was well educated and appears to have begun writing poetry at a very young age. She later used her writing abilities to support her family. By 1812 Campbell had become a teacher"Archives of the Royal Literary Fund, 1790\-1918\." Location: London, World Microfilms. N.d. and in 1813 opened her own school in Lerwick. Through her family connections she met [Sir Walter Scott](/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott "Sir Walter Scott"), a distant relative, during his tour of the north of Scotland aboard the [Lighthouse Commission](/wiki/Lighthouse_Commission "Lighthouse Commission")'s yacht. Scott was encouraging and even shipped her a piano for the little school she had established.
However, the school closed due to Campbell's poor health and her mother's opium addiction. After the closure, Campbell worked as a schoolteacher to support her family. During a correspondence between 1817 and 1821, Walter Scott offered her moral and financial support.{{Cite book \|title\=Scott, Sir Walter \|last\=Wainwright \|first\=Clive \|date\=2003 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|series\=Oxford Art Online \|doi\=10\.1093/gao/9781884446054\.article.t077153}} Nonetheless, court records reveal that she owed sums to creditors in 1822, 1823, and 1835\.{{Cite journal \|last\=Walker \|first\=Constance \|date\=2014\-06\-16 \|title\=Dorothea Primrose Campbell: A Newly Discovered Pseudonym, Poems and Tales \|journal\=Women's Writing \|volume\=21 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=592–608 \|doi\=10\.1080/09699082\.2014\.912258 \|s2cid\=161601624 \|issn\=0969\-9082}}
In 1841, Campbell was invited to move from Shetland to England, to serve as a governess to Dr Clarke's family, which consisted of his daughter, Eliza Frances Hook, and Eliza's husband, James Hook. Unfortunately, the Clarke family soon went bankrupt and Campbell was left unemployed in England. In the 1841 England Census, she is listed as governess to seven children of the Richard Smith family at [Stoke Newington](/wiki/Stoke_Newington "Stoke Newington"), [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex "Middlesex").Class: *HO107*; Piece: *669*; Book: *5*; Civil Parish: *Stoke Newington*; County: *Middlesex*; Enumeration District: *4*; Folio: *29*; Page: *2*; Line: *1*; GSU roll: *438784\.* Ancestry.com. *1841 England Census* \[database on\-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc, 2010\. *Census Returns of England and Wales, 1841*. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1841\. Data imaged from the National Archives, London, England.
### Perseverance and downfall
Campbell applied unsuccessfully for several jobs, but as a woman over forty and a Shetlander, the prejudices against her were strong.{{Cite journal \|last\=Saglia \|first\=Diego \|date\=2014 \|title\=Review:Romantic Appropriations of History: The Legends of Joanna Baillie and Margaret Holford HodsonJudith Bailey Slagle, Romantic Appropriations of History: The Legends of Joanna Baillie and Margaret Holford Hodson. Madison and Teaneck, N. J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2012, pp. xviii \+ 121\. $60 \|journal\=Nineteenth\-Century Literature \|volume\=69 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=129–132 \|doi\=10\.1525/ncl.2014\.69\.1\.129 \|issn\=0891\-9356}} Campbell applied to the [Royal Literary Fund](/wiki/Royal_Literary_Fund "Royal Literary Fund") in 1844, having been unemployed for some time. The Fund paid her £30\. Eventually she was also able to find a job teaching at [Sevenoaks](/wiki/Sevenoaks "Sevenoaks"). In the 1851 England Census, Campbell is listed as living alone at 16 Quartre Bras, [Hexham](/wiki/Hexham "Hexham"), [Northumberland](/wiki/Northumberland "Northumberland"), assisted by a pension from the Governesses' Benevolent Institution.Class: *HO107*; Piece: *2414*; Folio: *552*; Page: *3*; GSU roll: *87092\.* Ancestry.com. *1851 England Census* \[database on\-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005\. *Census Returns of England and Wales, 1851*. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1851\. Data imaged from the National Archives, London, England.
#### Death
In January 1863, Campbell died at the Aged Governesses' Asylum in [Kentish Town](/wiki/Kentish_Town "Kentish Town") in London, where she had been living as an inmate at the time of the 1861 England Census."Cutting added to Dorothea Campbell's 'Poems', 1816\." Location: British Library.Class: RG 9; Piece: 121; Folio: 136; Page: 1; GSU roll: 542577\. \[Ancestry.com.] *1861 England Census* \[database on\-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005\. *Census Returns of England and Wales, 1861*. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1861\. Data imaged from The National Archives, London, England. On 10 January 1863, she was buried at the former parish of St James, Hampstead Road, St Pancras, [Camden](/wiki/Camden_Town "Camden Town").London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; Reference Number: DL/T/063/020\. Ancestry.com. London, England, Church of England Deaths and Burials, 1813\-2003 \[database on\-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010\. *Board of Guardian Records, 1834\-1906 and Church of England Parish Registers, 1813\-2003\.* London Metropolitan Archives, London.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"### Early family difficulties",
"Dorothea Primrose Campbell was born in [Lerwick](/wiki/Lerwick \"Lerwick\") on 4 May 1793{{Cite journal \\|last\\=R. S. B. \\|date\\=1938\\-07\\-30 \\|title\\=The Ancestry of Daniel Defoe: Registration of Baptisms \\|journal\\=Notes and Queries \\|volume\\=175 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=86 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/nq/175\\.5\\.86b \\|issn\\=1471\\-6941}} and was baptised on 11 May in her birthplace. Her father, Duncan Campbell, was a surgeon who had married Elizabeth (Eliza), one of the Scotts of Scottshall in [Scalloway](/wiki/Scalloway \"Scalloway\"). Dorothea was the eldest of the family, with a younger sister and two brothers.{{Cite ODNB \\|title\\=Campbell, Dorothea Primrose (1792–1863\\), poet and novelist \\|last\\=Grundy \\|first\\=Isobel \\|date\\=2004\\-09\\-23 \\|series\\=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ref:odnb/45837}} The many difficulties included long family struggles with debts from her grandfather, her mother's struggle against opium addiction, and the death of her father when she was just 16\\.",
"### Teaching",
"Dorothea Primrose Campbell was well educated and appears to have begun writing poetry at a very young age. She later used her writing abilities to support her family. By 1812 Campbell had become a teacher\"Archives of the Royal Literary Fund, 1790\\-1918\\.\" Location: London, World Microfilms. N.d. and in 1813 opened her own school in Lerwick. Through her family connections she met [Sir Walter Scott](/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott \"Sir Walter Scott\"), a distant relative, during his tour of the north of Scotland aboard the [Lighthouse Commission](/wiki/Lighthouse_Commission \"Lighthouse Commission\")'s yacht. Scott was encouraging and even shipped her a piano for the little school she had established.",
"However, the school closed due to Campbell's poor health and her mother's opium addiction. After the closure, Campbell worked as a schoolteacher to support her family. During a correspondence between 1817 and 1821, Walter Scott offered her moral and financial support.{{Cite book \\|title\\=Scott, Sir Walter \\|last\\=Wainwright \\|first\\=Clive \\|date\\=2003 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|series\\=Oxford Art Online \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/gao/9781884446054\\.article.t077153}} Nonetheless, court records reveal that she owed sums to creditors in 1822, 1823, and 1835\\.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Walker \\|first\\=Constance \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-16 \\|title\\=Dorothea Primrose Campbell: A Newly Discovered Pseudonym, Poems and Tales \\|journal\\=Women's Writing \\|volume\\=21 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=592–608 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/09699082\\.2014\\.912258 \\|s2cid\\=161601624 \\|issn\\=0969\\-9082}}",
"In 1841, Campbell was invited to move from Shetland to England, to serve as a governess to Dr Clarke's family, which consisted of his daughter, Eliza Frances Hook, and Eliza's husband, James Hook. Unfortunately, the Clarke family soon went bankrupt and Campbell was left unemployed in England. In the 1841 England Census, she is listed as governess to seven children of the Richard Smith family at [Stoke Newington](/wiki/Stoke_Newington \"Stoke Newington\"), [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex \"Middlesex\").Class: *HO107*; Piece: *669*; Book: *5*; Civil Parish: *Stoke Newington*; County: *Middlesex*; Enumeration District: *4*; Folio: *29*; Page: *2*; Line: *1*; GSU roll: *438784\\.* Ancestry.com. *1841 England Census* \\[database on\\-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc, 2010\\. *Census Returns of England and Wales, 1841*. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1841\\. Data imaged from the National Archives, London, England.",
"### Perseverance and downfall",
"Campbell applied unsuccessfully for several jobs, but as a woman over forty and a Shetlander, the prejudices against her were strong.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Saglia \\|first\\=Diego \\|date\\=2014 \\|title\\=Review:Romantic Appropriations of History: The Legends of Joanna Baillie and Margaret Holford HodsonJudith Bailey Slagle, Romantic Appropriations of History: The Legends of Joanna Baillie and Margaret Holford Hodson. Madison and Teaneck, N. J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2012, pp. xviii \\+ 121\\. $60 \\|journal\\=Nineteenth\\-Century Literature \\|volume\\=69 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=129–132 \\|doi\\=10\\.1525/ncl.2014\\.69\\.1\\.129 \\|issn\\=0891\\-9356}} Campbell applied to the [Royal Literary Fund](/wiki/Royal_Literary_Fund \"Royal Literary Fund\") in 1844, having been unemployed for some time. The Fund paid her £30\\. Eventually she was also able to find a job teaching at [Sevenoaks](/wiki/Sevenoaks \"Sevenoaks\"). In the 1851 England Census, Campbell is listed as living alone at 16 Quartre Bras, [Hexham](/wiki/Hexham \"Hexham\"), [Northumberland](/wiki/Northumberland \"Northumberland\"), assisted by a pension from the Governesses' Benevolent Institution.Class: *HO107*; Piece: *2414*; Folio: *552*; Page: *3*; GSU roll: *87092\\.* Ancestry.com. *1851 England Census* \\[database on\\-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005\\. *Census Returns of England and Wales, 1851*. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1851\\. Data imaged from the National Archives, London, England.",
"#### Death",
"In January 1863, Campbell died at the Aged Governesses' Asylum in [Kentish Town](/wiki/Kentish_Town \"Kentish Town\") in London, where she had been living as an inmate at the time of the 1861 England Census.\"Cutting added to Dorothea Campbell's 'Poems', 1816\\.\" Location: British Library.Class: RG 9; Piece: 121; Folio: 136; Page: 1; GSU roll: 542577\\. \\[Ancestry.com.] *1861 England Census* \\[database on\\-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005\\. *Census Returns of England and Wales, 1861*. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1861\\. Data imaged from The National Archives, London, England. On 10 January 1863, she was buried at the former parish of St James, Hampstead Road, St Pancras, [Camden](/wiki/Camden_Town \"Camden Town\").London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; Reference Number: DL/T/063/020\\. Ancestry.com. London, England, Church of England Deaths and Burials, 1813\\-2003 \\[database on\\-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010\\. *Board of Guardian Records, 1834\\-1906 and Church of England Parish Registers, 1813\\-2003\\.* London Metropolitan Archives, London.",
""
] |
Career
------
Smolina has performed with orchestras such as [Mariinsky Orchestra](/wiki/Mariinsky_Orchestra "Mariinsky Orchestra") at [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall "Carnegie Hall"), [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic "New York Philharmonic") at [Avery Fisher](/wiki/Avery_Fisher_Hall "Avery Fisher Hall"), [St.Petersburg Philharmonic](/wiki/St._Petersburg_Philharmonic "St. Petersburg Philharmonic"), [Orchestra National de France](/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_France "Orchestre National de France"), Odessa and Nizhny Novgorod Philharmonic, [Pittsburgh Symphony](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra "Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra"), New Florida Philharmonic, [Shreveport Symphony](/wiki/Shreveport_Symphony_Orchestra "Shreveport Symphony Orchestra"), and New York Chamber Orchestra. She has performed at venues including [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival "Salzburg Festival"), [Hollywood Bowl](/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl "Hollywood Bowl"), Ravinia Rising Stars, White Nights, Maggio Musicale, Mikkeli, Ruhr, Easter, Rotterdam Phillips Gergiev, International Gilmore, Settimane Musicali di Stresa and many others.
Later recordings include Stravinsky's Igor Stravinsky Les noces (Valery Gergiev, conductor on Decca/Phillips and on Mariinsky Label which received the ICMA award for Best Choral Work in 2011\), a recording of solo Chopin Album for the Chopin iTunes Project, Benjamin Britten Young Apollo live recording from Walt Disney Hall for BCM\+D records and broadcasts for NPR, BBC, PBS, RAI, Cultura TV and other networks.
In the summer of 2011, Smolina joined iPalpiti Festival of International Laureates in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), making her debut at [Walt Disney Concert Hall](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall "Walt Disney Concert Hall") with iPalpiti Orchestra (Eduard Schmieder, conductor).
Since 2011, Smolina is directing the piano program at Philadelphia International Music Festival. In 2014, she was appointed as Artist in Residence in Temple University's Esther Boyer College of Music and Dance, in the Department of Instrumental Studies.
In 2014, Smolina won the "Live on Stage” live showcases and was chosen as their only Classical Pianist Artist for the 2015–16 season US tour of more than 20 states. Other collaborations include a series of concerts with Robert Davi and Dave Konig at Eisenhower Park, Harry Chapin Lakeside Theater.
In 2014\-15 Vadim Repin gave a series of concerts /presentation with Smolina at the residence of the Ambassador of Russia in [Washington DC](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") and in London UK for Maestro Repin's Trans\-Siberian Art Festival. In March 2015 they performed a recital at [Koerner Hall](/wiki/Koerner_Hall "Koerner Hall") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), Canada, and, in July 2015, they performed a recital as part of "2015 – Russian Year in Monaco" in the [Salle Garnier](/wiki/Salle_Garnier "Salle Garnier"), Monte\-Carlo Opera.
In the 2015–16 season, Smolina opened the season with [Orquesta Sinfonica Nacional Juvenil](/wiki/Youth_and_Children%27s_Orchestras_Foundation_of_Chile%23National_youth_orchestra "Youth and Children's Orchestras Foundation of Chile#National youth orchestra") in [Lima](/wiki/Lima "Lima"), Peru, and was chosen as the soloist on the New Year tour to China with the [Dublin Philharmonic](/wiki/Dublin_Philharmonic_Orchestra "Dublin Philharmonic Orchestra") (conductor [Derek Gleeson](/wiki/Derek_Gleeson "Derek Gleeson")) performing a Rachmaninoff Concerto in seven cities including Suzhou Grand Theater, Harbin New Opera House and Harbin Concert Hall, Wuhan Qintai Concert Hall, Tianjin Grand Theater and in Changsha opening its new Concert Hall.
Highlights of 2016\-2017 included performances and recordings at the inauguration year/ opening of [Tippet Rise](/wiki/Tippet_Rise_Art_Center "Tippet Rise Art Center") Festival in [Montana](/wiki/Montana "Montana") together with [Christopher O'Riley](/wiki/Christopher_O%27Riley "Christopher O'Riley") with a CD released on [Pentatone](/wiki/Pentatone_%28record_label%29 "Pentatone (record label)") Oxingale Records in July 2017\. This was followed by duo recitals with Vadim Repin at Cartagena Music Festival in Teatro Colón, Bogota for “2017 Colombia\- France Year”, then, in [Bangalore](/wiki/Bangalore "Bangalore"), Mumbai India, for XXV Lakshminarayana Global Music Festival, at Teatro Lirico di Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. Then came a Carnegie Hall recital with Lee\-Chin Siow, Sentosa World Theater in Singapore concert for International Women Day/Chinese Chamber of Commerce. Smolina then performed with the South Florida Symphony (conductor [Sebrina Alfonso](/wiki/Sebrina_Alfonso "Sebrina Alfonso")) in [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida"), and, in 2017, she performed at a number of concerts including a recital in Buenos Aires, Argentina at “The Best Pianists of the 21st Century “ series.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Smolina has performed with orchestras such as [Mariinsky Orchestra](/wiki/Mariinsky_Orchestra \"Mariinsky Orchestra\") at [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\"), [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic \"New York Philharmonic\") at [Avery Fisher](/wiki/Avery_Fisher_Hall \"Avery Fisher Hall\"), [St.Petersburg Philharmonic](/wiki/St._Petersburg_Philharmonic \"St. Petersburg Philharmonic\"), [Orchestra National de France](/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_France \"Orchestre National de France\"), Odessa and Nizhny Novgorod Philharmonic, [Pittsburgh Symphony](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra \"Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra\"), New Florida Philharmonic, [Shreveport Symphony](/wiki/Shreveport_Symphony_Orchestra \"Shreveport Symphony Orchestra\"), and New York Chamber Orchestra. She has performed at venues including [Salzburg Festival](/wiki/Salzburg_Festival \"Salzburg Festival\"), [Hollywood Bowl](/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl \"Hollywood Bowl\"), Ravinia Rising Stars, White Nights, Maggio Musicale, Mikkeli, Ruhr, Easter, Rotterdam Phillips Gergiev, International Gilmore, Settimane Musicali di Stresa and many others.",
"Later recordings include Stravinsky's Igor Stravinsky Les noces (Valery Gergiev, conductor on Decca/Phillips and on Mariinsky Label which received the ICMA award for Best Choral Work in 2011\\), a recording of solo Chopin Album for the Chopin iTunes Project, Benjamin Britten Young Apollo live recording from Walt Disney Hall for BCM\\+D records and broadcasts for NPR, BBC, PBS, RAI, Cultura TV and other networks.",
"In the summer of 2011, Smolina joined iPalpiti Festival of International Laureates in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), making her debut at [Walt Disney Concert Hall](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall \"Walt Disney Concert Hall\") with iPalpiti Orchestra (Eduard Schmieder, conductor). \nSince 2011, Smolina is directing the piano program at Philadelphia International Music Festival. In 2014, she was appointed as Artist in Residence in Temple University's Esther Boyer College of Music and Dance, in the Department of Instrumental Studies.",
"In 2014, Smolina won the \"Live on Stage” live showcases and was chosen as their only Classical Pianist Artist for the 2015–16 season US tour of more than 20 states. Other collaborations include a series of concerts with Robert Davi and Dave Konig at Eisenhower Park, Harry Chapin Lakeside Theater.",
"In 2014\\-15 Vadim Repin gave a series of concerts /presentation with Smolina at the residence of the Ambassador of Russia in [Washington DC](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") and in London UK for Maestro Repin's Trans\\-Siberian Art Festival. In March 2015 they performed a recital at [Koerner Hall](/wiki/Koerner_Hall \"Koerner Hall\") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), Canada, and, in July 2015, they performed a recital as part of \"2015 – Russian Year in Monaco\" in the [Salle Garnier](/wiki/Salle_Garnier \"Salle Garnier\"), Monte\\-Carlo Opera.",
"In the 2015–16 season, Smolina opened the season with [Orquesta Sinfonica Nacional Juvenil](/wiki/Youth_and_Children%27s_Orchestras_Foundation_of_Chile%23National_youth_orchestra \"Youth and Children's Orchestras Foundation of Chile#National youth orchestra\") in [Lima](/wiki/Lima \"Lima\"), Peru, and was chosen as the soloist on the New Year tour to China with the [Dublin Philharmonic](/wiki/Dublin_Philharmonic_Orchestra \"Dublin Philharmonic Orchestra\") (conductor [Derek Gleeson](/wiki/Derek_Gleeson \"Derek Gleeson\")) performing a Rachmaninoff Concerto in seven cities including Suzhou Grand Theater, Harbin New Opera House and Harbin Concert Hall, Wuhan Qintai Concert Hall, Tianjin Grand Theater and in Changsha opening its new Concert Hall.",
"Highlights of 2016\\-2017 included performances and recordings at the inauguration year/ opening of [Tippet Rise](/wiki/Tippet_Rise_Art_Center \"Tippet Rise Art Center\") Festival in [Montana](/wiki/Montana \"Montana\") together with [Christopher O'Riley](/wiki/Christopher_O%27Riley \"Christopher O'Riley\") with a CD released on [Pentatone](/wiki/Pentatone_%28record_label%29 \"Pentatone (record label)\") Oxingale Records in July 2017\\. This was followed by duo recitals with Vadim Repin at Cartagena Music Festival in Teatro Colón, Bogota for “2017 Colombia\\- France Year”, then, in [Bangalore](/wiki/Bangalore \"Bangalore\"), Mumbai India, for XXV Lakshminarayana Global Music Festival, at Teatro Lirico di Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. Then came a Carnegie Hall recital with Lee\\-Chin Siow, Sentosa World Theater in Singapore concert for International Women Day/Chinese Chamber of Commerce. Smolina then performed with the South Florida Symphony (conductor [Sebrina Alfonso](/wiki/Sebrina_Alfonso \"Sebrina Alfonso\")) in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), and, in 2017, she performed at a number of concerts including a recital in Buenos Aires, Argentina at “The Best Pianists of the 21st Century “ series.",
""
] |
Model years
-----------
### 1962
[thumb\|1962 Dodge Custom 880](/wiki/File:62_Dodge_Custom_880_%289129418753%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "62 Dodge Custom 880 (9129418753) (cropped).jpg")
For the 1962 model year, the Dodge shared the full\-size body used by the [Chrysler Newport](/wiki/Chrysler_Newport "Chrysler Newport") and the non\-letter [300](/wiki/Chrysler_300_non-letter_series "Chrysler 300 non-letter series") series. The models were differentiated by mating a modified 1961 Dodge Polara front clip to the Newport's de\-finned rear quarter panels and passenger compartment. Since the 1962 Newport sedans had been created by combining a modified 1961 Newport front clip to the de\-finned bodies of 1961 [Dodge Polaras](/wiki/Dodge_Polara "Dodge Polara"),{{cite magazine \|last\=Godshall \|first\=Jeffrey I. \|date\=December 1994 \|title\=1960\-62 Chrysler "Positively No Jr. Editions" \|magazine\=Collectible Automobile \|volume\=11 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=53–54}} this meant that the 1962 Custom 880 was essentially the reunion of the front and rear ends of the 1961 Dodge Polara, updated for 1962 by way of the 1962 Newport.{{cite magazine \|last\=Godshall \|first\=Jeffrey I. \|date\=December 1994 \|title\=The Other 1962 Chrysler" \|magazine\=Collectible Automobile \|volume\=11 \|issue\=4 \|page\=54}} A similar process was used to produce the 1962 Custom 880 wagon, except the wagon was created by mating the updated front end of a 1961 Polara to the body of a 1961 full\-sized [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth "Plymouth") wagon. This body\-sharing allowed Dodge to launch the car in January 1962\. It was fitted with a {{convert\|361\|CID\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} {{convert\|265\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} V8 engine from the [B family](/wiki/Chrysler_B_engine "Chrysler B engine");{{cite journal\|journal\=Popular Science\|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=DSEDAAAAMBAJ\&dq\=Detroit\+Report\+Devon\+Francis\+Dodge:An\+advance\+peek\+at\+Chrysler\+Corp.\+cars\&pg\=PA48 \|title\=Detroit Report \| first\=Devon \|last\=Francis \|page\=50 \|date\=September 1962 \|volume\=181 \|issue\=3 \|access\-date\=2015\-12\-20}} there were no optional engines.
The only visible cue at the front of the car that was different from the 1961 Dodge was the addition of a horizontal bar across the grille, bisected by Dodge’s new three\-pointed "Fratzog" emblem in place of the stylized star bar from the 1961 Polara. The 1962 Custom 880 was identical to the Chrysler Newport from the rear, except for Dodge badging.
The model name **Custom 880** was derived from Dodge’s numerical sub\-model naming structure that was also used on the Dart and sportier models of the Polara. However, the model designation was not physically present on the car. Only "Dodge" badges on the car's rear quarter panels and decklid were applied. A six\-way power seat was optional.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Dodge/1962\_Dodge/1962\_Dodge\_880\_Brochure/1962%20Dodge%20880\-06\.html \|title\=1962 Dodge 880 brochure \|website\=oldcarbrochures.com \|access\-date\=2011\-11\-20}}
For the short 1962 run, the Custom 880 was available as a four\-door sedan, two\- or four\-door hardtop, a two\-door convertible, as well as in six\- or nine\-passenger station wagons that featured the Chrysler [hardtop](/wiki/Hardtop "Hardtop") (no center or B\-pillar) body design.
Custom 880 production totaled 17,500 for the 1962 model year.
### 1963
[thumb\|right\|1963 Dodge 880 Sedan Wagon](/wiki/File:1963_Dodge_880_%284217499717%29.jpg "1963 Dodge 880 (4217499717).jpg")
[thumb\|right\|1963 Dodge Custom 880 Hardtop Wagon](/wiki/File:1963_Dodge_880_station_wagon_at_2015_Macungie_show_2of3.jpg "1963 Dodge 880 station wagon at 2015 Macungie show 2of3.jpg")
For the 1963 model year, the Custom 880 series included a new base model, the **880**, available only as a pillared four\-door sedan or a station wagon. Chrysler\-branded cars were redesigned for 1963, leaving the 880s body unique to Dodge, although the car was still produced alongside the now\-different Chrysler. There was also an optional engine, the {{convert\|305\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on\|adj\=on}} {{convert\|361\|CID\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} two\-barrel V8\.
Dodge designers created an entirely new look for the car ahead of the cowl, fronted by a new convex grille in a very long oval shape, which shared visual similarities with the AMC Rambler. Straighter front fenders flanked a hood with a depressed central section featuring the Dodge name in block letters above the grille. The designers integrated the new Chrysler's front bumper into the design.
At the rear, there was less change, although the car received restyled [taillights](/wiki/Automotive_lighting "Automotive lighting"). Set in large chromed housings, they were mounted to the carryover quarter panels and imparted a Dodge familial appearance to the rear, as one of Dodge's styling hallmarks of the time was round taillights.
The new base\-model 880 station wagons utilized the pillared body in six\- and nine\-passenger models, while the Custom\-series wagons featured the pillarless hardtop design. With Chrysler no longer using the body and interior trim elements, the Custom 880s were better appointed than during the 1962 model year.
A total of 28,200 vehicles were produced in 1963, of which 5,600 were station wagons.
{{\-}}
### 1964
[thumb\|1964 Dodge Custom 880 Convertible](/wiki/File:1964_Dodge_Custom_880_convertible_%285200724701%29.jpg "1964 Dodge Custom 880 convertible (5200724701).jpg")
The 880 and Custom 880 received their most significant and final redesign of the 1960 body for the 1964 model year. The rear body contours were squared up with new decklids, wraparound rectangular taillights, and new quarter panels. Four\-door models received a new roofline that was used on the [Chrysler New Yorker](/wiki/Chrysler_New_Yorker "Chrysler New Yorker") until 1962\. The grille was also updated featuring a concave design with a central horizontal break spanning the distance between the [headlights](/wiki/Headlamp "Headlamp").
The Custom 880s included stainless steel rocker panel trim, foam\-padded seats, and a grooved [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel "Stainless steel") panel that spanned the distance between the taillights. The Customs, at the top of the 880 line, also received better interior appointments than the base models. The engines remained as they had been in 1963\.
Because of tooling expenses, station wagon bodies — which were also shared with Chrysler models — did not receive all of the changes applied to non\-wagon models. Most notably, wagons continued to feature the heavy rear horizontal blade stamping first seen on the 1961 [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth_automobile "Plymouth automobile") wagons. The station wagons continued in both pillared (880\) and hardtop (Custom 880\) models. However, this would be the final year for the hardtop wagon — Dodge and Chrysler being the last American automotive brands to offer the style. Station wagons also received rectangular taillights that wrapped around the sides of the vehicle.
All 880s and Custom 880s received a revised instrument cluster layout, replacing the previous design, which had been in use with little change since 1961\. An oil pressure gauge was standard.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Dodge/1964\_Dodge/1964\_Dodge\_880\_Brochure/1964%20Dodge%20880\-05\.html \|title\=1964 Dodge 880 brochure \|website\=oldcarbrochures.com \|access\-date\=2011\-11\-20}} Front leg room was 41\.9 inches.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Dodge/1964\_Dodge/1964\_Dodge\_880\_Brochure/1964%20Dodge%20880\-16\.html \|title\=1964 Dodge 880 brochure \|website\=oldcarbrochures.com \|access\-date\=2011\-11\-20}}
The 880 and Custom 880 received favorable press reviews, especially for their redesign. Sales for 1964 totaled 31,800 vehicles, a record for the model.
### 1965
[thumb\|1965 Dodge Custom 880 4\-door sedan](/wiki/File:1965_Dodge_Custom_880_4-door_sedan%2C_front_right%2C_07-10-2023.jpg "1965 Dodge Custom 880 4-door sedan, front right, 07-10-2023.jpg")
The 1965 model year cars were the first to fully incorporate [Elwood Engel](/wiki/Elwood_Engel "Elwood Engel")'s influence on Chrysler's overall corporate design themes, although he joined the company in 1961\. Gone were the relatively extreme curves and angles that were a legacy of the final Exner\-styled cars. Engel's design philosophy, which was encouraged by Chrysler chairman [Lynn Townsend](/wiki/Lynn_Townsend "Lynn Townsend"), took Chrysler's products in the direction of rectilinear geometric angles; rectangular and trapezoidal shapes dominated Dodge's full\-size designs for the year.
The introductions of the 1965 models also allowed Chrysler to rectify its 1962 mistake and reintroduce a full\-sized [Dodge Polara](/wiki/Dodge_Polara "Dodge Polara") to the public. The "new" Polara took the position formerly held by the 880, with the Custom 880 taking the top trim level. The luxurious new [Dodge Monaco](/wiki/Dodge_Monaco "Dodge Monaco"), which was available only as a two\-door hardtop, was the top\-of\-the\-line model produced by Dodge in 1965 and was designed to compete against the [Ford Galaxie 500 LTD](/wiki/Ford_LTD_%28Americas%29 "Ford LTD (Americas)") and [Chevrolet Caprice](/wiki/Chevrolet_Caprice "Chevrolet Caprice"), both new top\-line luxury models for 1965\. An AM/FM radio and a seven\-position tilt steering wheel were optional.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/new/171110/1965%20Dodge%20Full%20Line/1965%20Dodge%20Full%20Line\-25\.html \|title\=1965 Dodge full line brochure \|page\=25 \|website\=oldcarbrochures.com \|access\-date\=2012\-04\-07}}{{cite web\|url\= http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/new/171110/1965%20Dodge%20Full%20Line/1965%20Dodge%20Full%20Line\-24\.html \|title\=1965 Dodge full line brochure \|page\=24 \|website\=oldcarbrochures.com \|access\-date\=2012\-04\-07}}
All big Dodges, 880, Monaco, and Polara, now featured the same body and styling. Gone was the 1961 Chrysler design. All Custom 880s came with the standard features found in the Polara and added foam\-padded seats and stainless steel window frames on station wagons and sedans. Hardtops and convertibles featured all\-vinyl interiors. Custom 880s also featured a pillared six\-window "town sedan" body that was unavailable in the Polara series. The series also featured the first Dodge\-brand "wood" trimmed station wagon since the early 1950s, a look achieved through [DI\-NOC](/wiki/DI-NOC "DI-NOC") appliqué framed in stainless steel trim. A total of 23,700 Custom 880s, all with V8 engines, were built during the model year.
The {{convert\|361\|CID\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} V8 was replaced by a {{convert\|270\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} version of the {{convert\|383\|CID\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}}. A more powerful 383 included a four\-barrel carburetor rated at {{convert\|315\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}}. There was also an optional {{convert\|340\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} {{convert\|413\|CID\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} [*RB*](/wiki/Chrysler_B_engine%23413 "Chrysler B engine#413") V8, and at the top of the line was the {{convert\|365\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} {{convert\|426\|CID\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} [Wedge](/wiki/Chrysler_B_engine%23426_Wedge "Chrysler B engine#426 Wedge") V8 that was available with a four\-speed manual transmission.
|
[
"Model years\n-----------",
"### 1962",
"[thumb\\|1962 Dodge Custom 880](/wiki/File:62_Dodge_Custom_880_%289129418753%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"62 Dodge Custom 880 (9129418753) (cropped).jpg\")",
"For the 1962 model year, the Dodge shared the full\\-size body used by the [Chrysler Newport](/wiki/Chrysler_Newport \"Chrysler Newport\") and the non\\-letter [300](/wiki/Chrysler_300_non-letter_series \"Chrysler 300 non-letter series\") series. The models were differentiated by mating a modified 1961 Dodge Polara front clip to the Newport's de\\-finned rear quarter panels and passenger compartment. Since the 1962 Newport sedans had been created by combining a modified 1961 Newport front clip to the de\\-finned bodies of 1961 [Dodge Polaras](/wiki/Dodge_Polara \"Dodge Polara\"),{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Godshall \\|first\\=Jeffrey I. \\|date\\=December 1994 \\|title\\=1960\\-62 Chrysler \"Positively No Jr. Editions\" \\|magazine\\=Collectible Automobile \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=53–54}} this meant that the 1962 Custom 880 was essentially the reunion of the front and rear ends of the 1961 Dodge Polara, updated for 1962 by way of the 1962 Newport.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Godshall \\|first\\=Jeffrey I. \\|date\\=December 1994 \\|title\\=The Other 1962 Chrysler\" \\|magazine\\=Collectible Automobile \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=4 \\|page\\=54}} A similar process was used to produce the 1962 Custom 880 wagon, except the wagon was created by mating the updated front end of a 1961 Polara to the body of a 1961 full\\-sized [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth \"Plymouth\") wagon. This body\\-sharing allowed Dodge to launch the car in January 1962\\. It was fitted with a {{convert\\|361\\|CID\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} {{convert\\|265\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} V8 engine from the [B family](/wiki/Chrysler_B_engine \"Chrysler B engine\");{{cite journal\\|journal\\=Popular Science\\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DSEDAAAAMBAJ\\&dq\\=Detroit\\+Report\\+Devon\\+Francis\\+Dodge:An\\+advance\\+peek\\+at\\+Chrysler\\+Corp.\\+cars\\&pg\\=PA48 \\|title\\=Detroit Report \\| first\\=Devon \\|last\\=Francis \\|page\\=50 \\|date\\=September 1962 \\|volume\\=181 \\|issue\\=3 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-12\\-20}} there were no optional engines.",
"The only visible cue at the front of the car that was different from the 1961 Dodge was the addition of a horizontal bar across the grille, bisected by Dodge’s new three\\-pointed \"Fratzog\" emblem in place of the stylized star bar from the 1961 Polara. The 1962 Custom 880 was identical to the Chrysler Newport from the rear, except for Dodge badging.",
"The model name **Custom 880** was derived from Dodge’s numerical sub\\-model naming structure that was also used on the Dart and sportier models of the Polara. However, the model designation was not physically present on the car. Only \"Dodge\" badges on the car's rear quarter panels and decklid were applied. A six\\-way power seat was optional.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Dodge/1962\\_Dodge/1962\\_Dodge\\_880\\_Brochure/1962%20Dodge%20880\\-06\\.html \\|title\\=1962 Dodge 880 brochure \\|website\\=oldcarbrochures.com \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-20}}",
"For the short 1962 run, the Custom 880 was available as a four\\-door sedan, two\\- or four\\-door hardtop, a two\\-door convertible, as well as in six\\- or nine\\-passenger station wagons that featured the Chrysler [hardtop](/wiki/Hardtop \"Hardtop\") (no center or B\\-pillar) body design.",
"Custom 880 production totaled 17,500 for the 1962 model year.",
"### 1963",
"[thumb\\|right\\|1963 Dodge 880 Sedan Wagon](/wiki/File:1963_Dodge_880_%284217499717%29.jpg \"1963 Dodge 880 (4217499717).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|1963 Dodge Custom 880 Hardtop Wagon](/wiki/File:1963_Dodge_880_station_wagon_at_2015_Macungie_show_2of3.jpg \"1963 Dodge 880 station wagon at 2015 Macungie show 2of3.jpg\")",
"For the 1963 model year, the Custom 880 series included a new base model, the **880**, available only as a pillared four\\-door sedan or a station wagon. Chrysler\\-branded cars were redesigned for 1963, leaving the 880s body unique to Dodge, although the car was still produced alongside the now\\-different Chrysler. There was also an optional engine, the {{convert\\|305\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on\\|adj\\=on}} {{convert\\|361\\|CID\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} two\\-barrel V8\\.",
"Dodge designers created an entirely new look for the car ahead of the cowl, fronted by a new convex grille in a very long oval shape, which shared visual similarities with the AMC Rambler. Straighter front fenders flanked a hood with a depressed central section featuring the Dodge name in block letters above the grille. The designers integrated the new Chrysler's front bumper into the design.",
"At the rear, there was less change, although the car received restyled [taillights](/wiki/Automotive_lighting \"Automotive lighting\"). Set in large chromed housings, they were mounted to the carryover quarter panels and imparted a Dodge familial appearance to the rear, as one of Dodge's styling hallmarks of the time was round taillights.",
"The new base\\-model 880 station wagons utilized the pillared body in six\\- and nine\\-passenger models, while the Custom\\-series wagons featured the pillarless hardtop design. With Chrysler no longer using the body and interior trim elements, the Custom 880s were better appointed than during the 1962 model year.",
"A total of 28,200 vehicles were produced in 1963, of which 5,600 were station wagons.\n{{\\-}}\n### 1964",
"[thumb\\|1964 Dodge Custom 880 Convertible](/wiki/File:1964_Dodge_Custom_880_convertible_%285200724701%29.jpg \"1964 Dodge Custom 880 convertible (5200724701).jpg\")",
"The 880 and Custom 880 received their most significant and final redesign of the 1960 body for the 1964 model year. The rear body contours were squared up with new decklids, wraparound rectangular taillights, and new quarter panels. Four\\-door models received a new roofline that was used on the [Chrysler New Yorker](/wiki/Chrysler_New_Yorker \"Chrysler New Yorker\") until 1962\\. The grille was also updated featuring a concave design with a central horizontal break spanning the distance between the [headlights](/wiki/Headlamp \"Headlamp\").",
"The Custom 880s included stainless steel rocker panel trim, foam\\-padded seats, and a grooved [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel \"Stainless steel\") panel that spanned the distance between the taillights. The Customs, at the top of the 880 line, also received better interior appointments than the base models. The engines remained as they had been in 1963\\.",
"Because of tooling expenses, station wagon bodies — which were also shared with Chrysler models — did not receive all of the changes applied to non\\-wagon models. Most notably, wagons continued to feature the heavy rear horizontal blade stamping first seen on the 1961 [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth_automobile \"Plymouth automobile\") wagons. The station wagons continued in both pillared (880\\) and hardtop (Custom 880\\) models. However, this would be the final year for the hardtop wagon — Dodge and Chrysler being the last American automotive brands to offer the style. Station wagons also received rectangular taillights that wrapped around the sides of the vehicle.",
"All 880s and Custom 880s received a revised instrument cluster layout, replacing the previous design, which had been in use with little change since 1961\\. An oil pressure gauge was standard.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Dodge/1964\\_Dodge/1964\\_Dodge\\_880\\_Brochure/1964%20Dodge%20880\\-05\\.html \\|title\\=1964 Dodge 880 brochure \\|website\\=oldcarbrochures.com \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-20}} Front leg room was 41\\.9 inches.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Dodge/1964\\_Dodge/1964\\_Dodge\\_880\\_Brochure/1964%20Dodge%20880\\-16\\.html \\|title\\=1964 Dodge 880 brochure \\|website\\=oldcarbrochures.com \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-20}}",
"The 880 and Custom 880 received favorable press reviews, especially for their redesign. Sales for 1964 totaled 31,800 vehicles, a record for the model.",
"### 1965",
"[thumb\\|1965 Dodge Custom 880 4\\-door sedan](/wiki/File:1965_Dodge_Custom_880_4-door_sedan%2C_front_right%2C_07-10-2023.jpg \"1965 Dodge Custom 880 4-door sedan, front right, 07-10-2023.jpg\")",
"The 1965 model year cars were the first to fully incorporate [Elwood Engel](/wiki/Elwood_Engel \"Elwood Engel\")'s influence on Chrysler's overall corporate design themes, although he joined the company in 1961\\. Gone were the relatively extreme curves and angles that were a legacy of the final Exner\\-styled cars. Engel's design philosophy, which was encouraged by Chrysler chairman [Lynn Townsend](/wiki/Lynn_Townsend \"Lynn Townsend\"), took Chrysler's products in the direction of rectilinear geometric angles; rectangular and trapezoidal shapes dominated Dodge's full\\-size designs for the year.",
"The introductions of the 1965 models also allowed Chrysler to rectify its 1962 mistake and reintroduce a full\\-sized [Dodge Polara](/wiki/Dodge_Polara \"Dodge Polara\") to the public. The \"new\" Polara took the position formerly held by the 880, with the Custom 880 taking the top trim level. The luxurious new [Dodge Monaco](/wiki/Dodge_Monaco \"Dodge Monaco\"), which was available only as a two\\-door hardtop, was the top\\-of\\-the\\-line model produced by Dodge in 1965 and was designed to compete against the [Ford Galaxie 500 LTD](/wiki/Ford_LTD_%28Americas%29 \"Ford LTD (Americas)\") and [Chevrolet Caprice](/wiki/Chevrolet_Caprice \"Chevrolet Caprice\"), both new top\\-line luxury models for 1965\\. An AM/FM radio and a seven\\-position tilt steering wheel were optional.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/new/171110/1965%20Dodge%20Full%20Line/1965%20Dodge%20Full%20Line\\-25\\.html \\|title\\=1965 Dodge full line brochure \\|page\\=25 \\|website\\=oldcarbrochures.com \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-07}}{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/new/171110/1965%20Dodge%20Full%20Line/1965%20Dodge%20Full%20Line\\-24\\.html \\|title\\=1965 Dodge full line brochure \\|page\\=24 \\|website\\=oldcarbrochures.com \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-04\\-07}}",
"All big Dodges, 880, Monaco, and Polara, now featured the same body and styling. Gone was the 1961 Chrysler design. All Custom 880s came with the standard features found in the Polara and added foam\\-padded seats and stainless steel window frames on station wagons and sedans. Hardtops and convertibles featured all\\-vinyl interiors. Custom 880s also featured a pillared six\\-window \"town sedan\" body that was unavailable in the Polara series. The series also featured the first Dodge\\-brand \"wood\" trimmed station wagon since the early 1950s, a look achieved through [DI\\-NOC](/wiki/DI-NOC \"DI-NOC\") appliqué framed in stainless steel trim. A total of 23,700 Custom 880s, all with V8 engines, were built during the model year.",
"The {{convert\\|361\\|CID\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} V8 was replaced by a {{convert\\|270\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} version of the {{convert\\|383\\|CID\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}}. A more powerful 383 included a four\\-barrel carburetor rated at {{convert\\|315\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}. There was also an optional {{convert\\|340\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} {{convert\\|413\\|CID\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} [*RB*](/wiki/Chrysler_B_engine%23413 \"Chrysler B engine#413\") V8, and at the top of the line was the {{convert\\|365\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} {{convert\\|426\\|CID\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} [Wedge](/wiki/Chrysler_B_engine%23426_Wedge \"Chrysler B engine#426 Wedge\") V8 that was available with a four\\-speed manual transmission.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Original church
The site of St Mary's has been the centre of worship for people in the area for over 1,000 years, and a church was built in about 930 AD by [King Athelstan](/wiki/Athelstan_of_England "Athelstan of England") as an act of thanksgiving for victory over the [Danes](/wiki/Danes_%28Germanic_tribe%29 "Danes (Germanic tribe)"). The land here was owned by the king in [Saxon](/wiki/Anglo-Saxons "Anglo-Saxons") and early [Norman](/wiki/Normans "Normans") times and the church was very richly endowed.
### 12th century
The current church was built by [Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester "Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester") in 1121 and consecrated in 1137\. The original structure of the church was a [cruciform](/wiki/Cruciform "Cruciform") without aisles, but with the increases in population, the north and south aisles were added within 40 years of each other around the start of the 13th century.
### 14th century
This was a time of great extension to the church, with a tower being built, [transepts](/wiki/Transepts "Transepts") being extended, with twin arches opening into the new chapels on their east side. A vaulted [sacristy](/wiki/Sacristy "Sacristy") with an upper room was built north of the chancel and a new [font](/wiki/Baptismal_font "Baptismal font") was given a unique canopy of richly carved stone in an octagonal shape.
### 15th century
[thumb\|right\|The Wenlock Chapel](/wiki/Image:Wenlock_chapel%2C_Luton.jpg "Wenlock chapel, Luton.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Image of [Sir John Wenlock](/wiki/Sir_John_Wenlock "Sir John Wenlock") in the Wenlock Chapel](/wiki/Image:Sir_John_Wenlock_1.jpg "Sir John Wenlock 1.jpg")
A lot of [restoration](/wiki/Building_restoration "Building restoration") and [rebuilding](/wiki/Rebuilding "Rebuilding") work was carried out in this time, with Someries chapel being extended, the sacristy being re\-built further east and the west tower made taller and having most of the windows renewed. All this work was carried out with the help of [Lord John Wenlock](/wiki/John_Wenlock%2C_1st_Baron_Wenlock "John Wenlock, 1st Baron Wenlock"), whose family had been connected with the church since 1389\. In 1461 the chapel was renamed the Wenlock Chapel, and William Wenlock (father of John) is one of three people interred there.
In addition to the Wenlock Chapel there is also the Hoo Chapel, the Rotheram family{{cite web\|title\=Rotheram, George (1541–99\)\|url\=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558\-1603/member/rotheram\-george\-1541\-99\|publisher\=History of Parliament}} monuments and the Barnard Chantry chapel.{{cite web\|title\=St Mary's Church, Luton\|url\=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\-35798\-parish\-church\-of\-st\-mary\-\|publisher\=British Listed Buildings}}
### 19th and 20th centuries
Again, in this time, [restoration](/wiki/Victorian_restoration "Victorian restoration") work began to help restore the church to its full glory. The distinctive [flint](/wiki/Flint "Flint") and [stone](/wiki/Masonry "Masonry") chequer was extended to cover most of the church and the tower was restored in 1906 and the Wenlock Chapel was also restored in 1914\. In the 1960s, offices, halls and [vestries](/wiki/Vestries "Vestries") were built in the chequered style to provide more space and the Magnificat Window in the south transept was installed in 1979\. The church has also installed projection screens, moved the pulpit to its former position and completely replaced the Victorian heating system in 2019\.
#### The Friends of St Mary's
Much of the funding for the building has come from the [Friends of St Mary's Luton](http://www.friendsoflutonparishchurch.org/) who have raised over £1 million since 1965\.
#### Clock of St Mary's
The [clock](/wiki/Clock "Clock") itself was installed in 1901, and faced west across the town. Described as a Cambridge quarter clock with an eight day movement, it was constructed by [J.W. Benson](/wiki/James_William_Benson "James William Benson"){{cite news \|author\= \|title\=New Parish Clock and Chimes for Luton \|url\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000536/19011108/088/0008 \|newspaper\=Luton Times and Advertiser \|location\=England \|date\=8 November 1901 \|access\-date\=27 August 2023 \|via\=British Newspaper Archive \|url\-access\=subscription }} at a cost of £200\. The quarters were chime on the second, third, fourth and seventh bells, and the hours struck on the tenor bell, weighing close to 17 cwt.
However, after two overhauls in 1909 and 1949, which included the installation of a new bell, the clock's mechanism's seized and gave up in 1979\. The bell was not heard for 28 years, until the [University of Bedfordshire](/wiki/University_of_Bedfordshire "University of Bedfordshire") (formerly of Luton), decided to offer to help restore the clock, ready for the new year and the millennium. The university owned buildings next to the church and decided it was time to restore the clock to its former glory. The clock was officially re\-opened on 11 November 1999, [Armistice Day](/wiki/Armistice_Day "Armistice Day").
### Present day
St Mary's currently stands in the [Open Evangelical](/wiki/Open_Evangelical "Open Evangelical") [tradition](/wiki/Churchmanship "Churchmanship") of the Church of England.{{cite web\|title\=St Mary, Luton\|url\=https://www.achurchnearyou.com/luton\-st\-mary/\|website\=A Church Near You\|publisher\=Archbishops' Council\|accessdate\=10 July 2017\|date\=3 April 2017}} It has been known for its youth work in the town and its pioneering [peace and reconciliation ministry](https://www.stmarysforpeace.org)
The area next to St Mary's Church (Power Court) has been due to be renovated for years. Currently Luton Town Football Club have proposed to develop the site with a stadium and other facilities. The project has been granted planning permission and is due to be completed eventually.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Original church",
"The site of St Mary's has been the centre of worship for people in the area for over 1,000 years, and a church was built in about 930 AD by [King Athelstan](/wiki/Athelstan_of_England \"Athelstan of England\") as an act of thanksgiving for victory over the [Danes](/wiki/Danes_%28Germanic_tribe%29 \"Danes (Germanic tribe)\"). The land here was owned by the king in [Saxon](/wiki/Anglo-Saxons \"Anglo-Saxons\") and early [Norman](/wiki/Normans \"Normans\") times and the church was very richly endowed.",
"### 12th century",
"The current church was built by [Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester](/wiki/Robert%2C_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester \"Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester\") in 1121 and consecrated in 1137\\. The original structure of the church was a [cruciform](/wiki/Cruciform \"Cruciform\") without aisles, but with the increases in population, the north and south aisles were added within 40 years of each other around the start of the 13th century.",
"### 14th century",
"This was a time of great extension to the church, with a tower being built, [transepts](/wiki/Transepts \"Transepts\") being extended, with twin arches opening into the new chapels on their east side. A vaulted [sacristy](/wiki/Sacristy \"Sacristy\") with an upper room was built north of the chancel and a new [font](/wiki/Baptismal_font \"Baptismal font\") was given a unique canopy of richly carved stone in an octagonal shape.",
"### 15th century",
"[thumb\\|right\\|The Wenlock Chapel](/wiki/Image:Wenlock_chapel%2C_Luton.jpg \"Wenlock chapel, Luton.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Image of [Sir John Wenlock](/wiki/Sir_John_Wenlock \"Sir John Wenlock\") in the Wenlock Chapel](/wiki/Image:Sir_John_Wenlock_1.jpg \"Sir John Wenlock 1.jpg\")\nA lot of [restoration](/wiki/Building_restoration \"Building restoration\") and [rebuilding](/wiki/Rebuilding \"Rebuilding\") work was carried out in this time, with Someries chapel being extended, the sacristy being re\\-built further east and the west tower made taller and having most of the windows renewed. All this work was carried out with the help of [Lord John Wenlock](/wiki/John_Wenlock%2C_1st_Baron_Wenlock \"John Wenlock, 1st Baron Wenlock\"), whose family had been connected with the church since 1389\\. In 1461 the chapel was renamed the Wenlock Chapel, and William Wenlock (father of John) is one of three people interred there.",
"In addition to the Wenlock Chapel there is also the Hoo Chapel, the Rotheram family{{cite web\\|title\\=Rotheram, George (1541–99\\)\\|url\\=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558\\-1603/member/rotheram\\-george\\-1541\\-99\\|publisher\\=History of Parliament}} monuments and the Barnard Chantry chapel.{{cite web\\|title\\=St Mary's Church, Luton\\|url\\=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\\-35798\\-parish\\-church\\-of\\-st\\-mary\\-\\|publisher\\=British Listed Buildings}}",
"### 19th and 20th centuries",
"Again, in this time, [restoration](/wiki/Victorian_restoration \"Victorian restoration\") work began to help restore the church to its full glory. The distinctive [flint](/wiki/Flint \"Flint\") and [stone](/wiki/Masonry \"Masonry\") chequer was extended to cover most of the church and the tower was restored in 1906 and the Wenlock Chapel was also restored in 1914\\. In the 1960s, offices, halls and [vestries](/wiki/Vestries \"Vestries\") were built in the chequered style to provide more space and the Magnificat Window in the south transept was installed in 1979\\. The church has also installed projection screens, moved the pulpit to its former position and completely replaced the Victorian heating system in 2019\\.",
"#### The Friends of St Mary's",
"Much of the funding for the building has come from the [Friends of St Mary's Luton](http://www.friendsoflutonparishchurch.org/) who have raised over £1 million since 1965\\.",
"#### Clock of St Mary's",
"The [clock](/wiki/Clock \"Clock\") itself was installed in 1901, and faced west across the town. Described as a Cambridge quarter clock with an eight day movement, it was constructed by [J.W. Benson](/wiki/James_William_Benson \"James William Benson\"){{cite news \\|author\\= \\|title\\=New Parish Clock and Chimes for Luton \\|url\\=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000536/19011108/088/0008 \\|newspaper\\=Luton Times and Advertiser \\|location\\=England \\|date\\=8 November 1901 \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2023 \\|via\\=British Newspaper Archive \\|url\\-access\\=subscription }} at a cost of £200\\. The quarters were chime on the second, third, fourth and seventh bells, and the hours struck on the tenor bell, weighing close to 17 cwt.",
"However, after two overhauls in 1909 and 1949, which included the installation of a new bell, the clock's mechanism's seized and gave up in 1979\\. The bell was not heard for 28 years, until the [University of Bedfordshire](/wiki/University_of_Bedfordshire \"University of Bedfordshire\") (formerly of Luton), decided to offer to help restore the clock, ready for the new year and the millennium. The university owned buildings next to the church and decided it was time to restore the clock to its former glory. The clock was officially re\\-opened on 11 November 1999, [Armistice Day](/wiki/Armistice_Day \"Armistice Day\").",
"### Present day",
"St Mary's currently stands in the [Open Evangelical](/wiki/Open_Evangelical \"Open Evangelical\") [tradition](/wiki/Churchmanship \"Churchmanship\") of the Church of England.{{cite web\\|title\\=St Mary, Luton\\|url\\=https://www.achurchnearyou.com/luton\\-st\\-mary/\\|website\\=A Church Near You\\|publisher\\=Archbishops' Council\\|accessdate\\=10 July 2017\\|date\\=3 April 2017}} It has been known for its youth work in the town and its pioneering [peace and reconciliation ministry](https://www.stmarysforpeace.org)",
"The area next to St Mary's Church (Power Court) has been due to be renovated for years. Currently Luton Town Football Club have proposed to develop the site with a stadium and other facilities. The project has been granted planning permission and is due to be completed eventually.",
""
] |
Recordings
----------
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra has amassed an extensive discography. Recordings by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the [Chicago Symphony Chorus](/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Chorus "Chicago Symphony Chorus") have earned sixty\-five [Grammy Awards](/wiki/Grammy_Awards "Grammy Awards") from [the Recording Academy](/wiki/The_Recording_Academy "The Recording Academy"). These include several Classical Album of the Year awards, awards in Best Classical Performance in vocal soloist, choral, instrumental, engineering and orchestral categories.
On May 1, 1916, [Frederick Stock](/wiki/Frederick_Stock "Frederick Stock") and the orchestra recorded the Wedding March from [Felix Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn "Felix Mendelssohn")'s music to *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_%28Mendelssohn%29 "A Midsummer Night's Dream (Mendelssohn)")* for [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records"). Stock and the CSO made numerous recordings for Columbia and the [Victor Talking Machine Company](/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company "Victor Talking Machine Company")/[RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor "RCA Victor"). The Chicago Symphony's first [electrical recordings](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction%23Electrical "Sound recording and reproduction#Electrical") were made for Victor in December 1925, including a performance of [Karl Goldmark](/wiki/Karl_Goldmark "Karl Goldmark")'s *In Springtime* overture. These early electrical recordings were made in Victor's Chicago studios; within a couple of years Victor began recording the CSO in Orchestra Hall. Stock continued recording for Columbia and RCA Victor until his death in 1942\.
In 1951, [Rafael Kubelík](/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk "Rafael Kubelík") made the first modern [high fidelity](/wiki/High_fidelity "High fidelity") recordings with the orchestra, in Orchestra Hall, for [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_Records "Mercury Records"). Like the first electrical recordings, these performances were made with a single microphone. [Philips](/wiki/Philips "Philips") has reissued these performances on compact disc with the original Mercury label and liner notes.
[thumb\|left\|Sir Georg Solti](/wiki/File:Sir_George_Solti_6_Allan_Allan_Warren.jpg "Sir George Solti 6 Allan Allan Warren.jpg")
In March 1954, [Fritz Reiner](/wiki/Fritz_Reiner "Fritz Reiner") made the first stereophonic recordings with the CSO, again in Orchestra Hall, for RCA Victor, including performances of two symphonic poems by [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss "Richard Strauss"): *[Ein Heldenleben](/wiki/Ein_Heldenleben "Ein Heldenleben")* and *[Also sprach Zarathustra](/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra_%28Strauss%29 "Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)")*. Reiner and the orchestra continued to record for RCA Victor through 1963\. These were mostly recorded in RCA Victor's triple\-channel "Living Stereo" process. RCA has digitally remastered the recordings and released them on CD and SACD. [Jean Martinon](/wiki/Jean_Martinon "Jean Martinon") also recorded with the CSO for RCA Victor during the 1960s, producing performances that have been reissued on CD.
[Sir Georg Solti](/wiki/Sir_Georg_Solti "Sir Georg Solti") recorded with the CSO primarily for [Decca Records](/wiki/Decca_Records "Decca Records"). These [Solti recordings](/wiki/Georg_Solti_discography "Georg Solti discography") were issued in the U.S. on the London label and include a highly acclaimed [Mahler](/wiki/Mahler "Mahler") series, recorded, in part, in the historic [Medinah Temple](/wiki/Medinah_Temple "Medinah Temple")—some installments were recorded in the [Krannert Center for the Performing Arts](/wiki/Krannert_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts "Krannert Center for the Performing Arts") at the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois "University of Illinois") (in [Urbana](/wiki/Urbana%2C_Illinois "Urbana, Illinois")), as well as in the [Sofiensaal](/wiki/Sofiensaal "Sofiensaal") in Vienna, Austria. Many of the recordings with [Daniel Barenboim](/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim "Daniel Barenboim") were released on [Teldec](/wiki/Teldec "Teldec").
In 2007, the Chicago Symphony formed its own recording label, [CSO Resound](/wiki/CSO_Resound "CSO Resound"). After an agreement was reached with the Orchestra's musicians, arrangements were made for new recordings to be released digitally at online outlets and on compact disc. The first CSO Resound CD, a recording of [Haitink's](/wiki/Bernard_Haitink "Bernard Haitink") rendition of Mahler's Third Symphony, was released in the spring of 2007\. Releases that followed included Bruckner's Seventh Symphony, Mahler's Sixth Symphony, and Shostakovich's Fourth Symphony (Grammy winner), all conducted by Haitink; Shostakovich's Fifth Symphony led by [Myung\-Whun Chung](/wiki/Myung-Whun_Chung "Myung-Whun Chung"); "Traditions and Transformations: Sounds of Silk Road Chicago" with the Orchestra's Judson and Joyce Green Creative Consultant [Yo\-Yo Ma](/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma "Yo-Yo Ma") (Grammy winner); and recordings of Verdi's [Requiem](/wiki/Verdi_Requiem "Verdi Requiem") (Grammy winner) and [Otello](/wiki/Otello "Otello"), under the direction of Muti.
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus have recorded the music for two movies: *[Fantasia 2000](/wiki/Fantasia_2000 "Fantasia 2000")* conducted by James Levine and *[Lincoln](/wiki/Lincoln_%282012_film%29 "Lincoln (2012 film)")* conducted by John Williams. Selections from the Orchestra and Chorus's recording of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach")'s *[St Matthew Passion](/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion "St Matthew Passion")*, conducted by Sir Georg Solti, were used in the movie *[Casino](/wiki/Casino_%281995_film%29 "Casino (1995 film)")*.
|
[
"Recordings\n----------",
"The Chicago Symphony Orchestra has amassed an extensive discography. Recordings by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the [Chicago Symphony Chorus](/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Chorus \"Chicago Symphony Chorus\") have earned sixty\\-five [Grammy Awards](/wiki/Grammy_Awards \"Grammy Awards\") from [the Recording Academy](/wiki/The_Recording_Academy \"The Recording Academy\"). These include several Classical Album of the Year awards, awards in Best Classical Performance in vocal soloist, choral, instrumental, engineering and orchestral categories.",
"On May 1, 1916, [Frederick Stock](/wiki/Frederick_Stock \"Frederick Stock\") and the orchestra recorded the Wedding March from [Felix Mendelssohn](/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn \"Felix Mendelssohn\")'s music to *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_%28Mendelssohn%29 \"A Midsummer Night's Dream (Mendelssohn)\")* for [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\"). Stock and the CSO made numerous recordings for Columbia and the [Victor Talking Machine Company](/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company \"Victor Talking Machine Company\")/[RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor \"RCA Victor\"). The Chicago Symphony's first [electrical recordings](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction%23Electrical \"Sound recording and reproduction#Electrical\") were made for Victor in December 1925, including a performance of [Karl Goldmark](/wiki/Karl_Goldmark \"Karl Goldmark\")'s *In Springtime* overture. These early electrical recordings were made in Victor's Chicago studios; within a couple of years Victor began recording the CSO in Orchestra Hall. Stock continued recording for Columbia and RCA Victor until his death in 1942\\.",
"In 1951, [Rafael Kubelík](/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk \"Rafael Kubelík\") made the first modern [high fidelity](/wiki/High_fidelity \"High fidelity\") recordings with the orchestra, in Orchestra Hall, for [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_Records \"Mercury Records\"). Like the first electrical recordings, these performances were made with a single microphone. [Philips](/wiki/Philips \"Philips\") has reissued these performances on compact disc with the original Mercury label and liner notes.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Sir Georg Solti](/wiki/File:Sir_George_Solti_6_Allan_Allan_Warren.jpg \"Sir George Solti 6 Allan Allan Warren.jpg\")\nIn March 1954, [Fritz Reiner](/wiki/Fritz_Reiner \"Fritz Reiner\") made the first stereophonic recordings with the CSO, again in Orchestra Hall, for RCA Victor, including performances of two symphonic poems by [Richard Strauss](/wiki/Richard_Strauss \"Richard Strauss\"): *[Ein Heldenleben](/wiki/Ein_Heldenleben \"Ein Heldenleben\")* and *[Also sprach Zarathustra](/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra_%28Strauss%29 \"Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)\")*. Reiner and the orchestra continued to record for RCA Victor through 1963\\. These were mostly recorded in RCA Victor's triple\\-channel \"Living Stereo\" process. RCA has digitally remastered the recordings and released them on CD and SACD. [Jean Martinon](/wiki/Jean_Martinon \"Jean Martinon\") also recorded with the CSO for RCA Victor during the 1960s, producing performances that have been reissued on CD.",
"[Sir Georg Solti](/wiki/Sir_Georg_Solti \"Sir Georg Solti\") recorded with the CSO primarily for [Decca Records](/wiki/Decca_Records \"Decca Records\"). These [Solti recordings](/wiki/Georg_Solti_discography \"Georg Solti discography\") were issued in the U.S. on the London label and include a highly acclaimed [Mahler](/wiki/Mahler \"Mahler\") series, recorded, in part, in the historic [Medinah Temple](/wiki/Medinah_Temple \"Medinah Temple\")—some installments were recorded in the [Krannert Center for the Performing Arts](/wiki/Krannert_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts \"Krannert Center for the Performing Arts\") at the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois \"University of Illinois\") (in [Urbana](/wiki/Urbana%2C_Illinois \"Urbana, Illinois\")), as well as in the [Sofiensaal](/wiki/Sofiensaal \"Sofiensaal\") in Vienna, Austria. Many of the recordings with [Daniel Barenboim](/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim \"Daniel Barenboim\") were released on [Teldec](/wiki/Teldec \"Teldec\").",
"In 2007, the Chicago Symphony formed its own recording label, [CSO Resound](/wiki/CSO_Resound \"CSO Resound\"). After an agreement was reached with the Orchestra's musicians, arrangements were made for new recordings to be released digitally at online outlets and on compact disc. The first CSO Resound CD, a recording of [Haitink's](/wiki/Bernard_Haitink \"Bernard Haitink\") rendition of Mahler's Third Symphony, was released in the spring of 2007\\. Releases that followed included Bruckner's Seventh Symphony, Mahler's Sixth Symphony, and Shostakovich's Fourth Symphony (Grammy winner), all conducted by Haitink; Shostakovich's Fifth Symphony led by [Myung\\-Whun Chung](/wiki/Myung-Whun_Chung \"Myung-Whun Chung\"); \"Traditions and Transformations: Sounds of Silk Road Chicago\" with the Orchestra's Judson and Joyce Green Creative Consultant [Yo\\-Yo Ma](/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma \"Yo-Yo Ma\") (Grammy winner); and recordings of Verdi's [Requiem](/wiki/Verdi_Requiem \"Verdi Requiem\") (Grammy winner) and [Otello](/wiki/Otello \"Otello\"), under the direction of Muti.",
"The Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus have recorded the music for two movies: *[Fantasia 2000](/wiki/Fantasia_2000 \"Fantasia 2000\")* conducted by James Levine and *[Lincoln](/wiki/Lincoln_%282012_film%29 \"Lincoln (2012 film)\")* conducted by John Williams. Selections from the Orchestra and Chorus's recording of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\")'s *[St Matthew Passion](/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion \"St Matthew Passion\")*, conducted by Sir Georg Solti, were used in the movie *[Casino](/wiki/Casino_%281995_film%29 \"Casino (1995 film)\")*.",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|view from the *Roter Turm* (Red Tower) onto the castle quarter and the river bow](/wiki/File:Wimpfen_am_berg.JPG "Wimpfen am berg.JPG")
[thumb\|view from the *Roter Turm* (Red tower) onto *Wimpfen im Tal*](/wiki/File:Wimpfen_im_tal.JPG "Wimpfen im tal.JPG")
### First settlement by the Celts
The first traces of settlement at Bad Wimpfen date from the [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic "Neolithic") and the [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age"). An old trade road running from France forks here towards [Nürnberg](/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg "Nürnberg") and [Öhringen](/wiki/%C3%96hringen "Öhringen") linking to the [Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube"). Several archaeological finds demonstrate that the route has existed since prehistoric times.
Around 450 B.C. the Celtic tribe of [Helvetii](/wiki/Helvetii "Helvetii") settled around the Neckar, Kocher and Jagst, including the site of Bad Wimpfen. Presumably the [Celts](/wiki/Celts "Celts") had given names to the rivers as they are today. *Wimpfen* presumably comes from "uimpe" (*umwallt*) \= "surrounded" and "bin" (*Berg*) \= "mountain".{{citation needed\|date\=May 2019}}
### Roman time
It is believed that around 98 A.D. the Romans secured the area in southwestern Germany conquered by Domitian (called the *[Agri Decumates](/wiki/Agri_Decumates "Agri Decumates")*) by the [Upper Germanic\-Rhaetian Limes](/wiki/Upper_Germanic-Rhaetian_Limes "Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes"), a system of *castella* built every {{convert\|12\|to\|15\|km\|mi\|0}}. Opposite the Jagst mouth, the *castellum* of Wimpfen im Tal was created. As elsewhere, a civilian settlement formed around the *castellum* containing many traders and manual workers.
After the expansion of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") up to the [limes](/wiki/Limes_%28Roman_Empire%29 "Limes (Roman Empire)") near Jagsthausen arranged by emperor [Antoninus Pius](/wiki/Antoninus_Pius "Antoninus Pius") in 138–161 A.D., the *castellum* lost its military importance.
All the more important was Wimpfen im Tal as a civilian town. It used to be the centre of a district called the *Civitas Alisinensium* and was surrounded by a city wall like only a few Roman towns in what is southern Germany today. With an area of about 19 hectares, Wimpfen was one of the biggest Roman towns in today's Baden\-Württemberg. Despite this importance, the Latin name of the town is unknown today.
In addition, there was a wooden bridge above the Neckar which got destroyed by severe ice occurrence in the early Middle Ages. A beam salvaged during excavation works in 1957 was proved to have originated as part of the old bridge. A survey proved the origin to be around 85 A.D.
### Development until Middle Ages
After the withdrawal of the Romans, the [Alamanni](/wiki/Alamanni "Alamanni") governed the Neckar area from 260 A.D. During that time, most Roman buildings became dilapidated, since the Alamanni did not know anything about stone building and how to use Roman infrastructure. Around 500, Wimpfen became part of [Franconia](/wiki/Franconia "Franconia"). During the settlement of the [Franks](/wiki/Franks "Franks") under [Clovis I](/wiki/Clovis_I "Clovis I"), Christianity was flourishing, and today's oldest Christian buildings originate from this time.
In the 9th century, Wimpfen became part of the [Bishopric of Worms](/wiki/Bishopric_of_Worms "Bishopric of Worms"); it was first mentioned documentary as Wimpina in 829\. During that time the Hungarians [attacked the region](/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe "Hungarian invasions of Europe") and devastated most settlements, including Wimpfen. Within the framework of the following reconstruction, the new parish church of St. Peter was built. Being a bigger building, it was dedicated to the patron of the Bishopric of Worms. During more than three centuries the local dioceses performed the jurisdiction there.
### Growth of trade
[thumb\|left\|250px\|Wall drawings in the Duttenberg chapel from the 15th century show the oldest known view of Wimpfen](/wiki/File:Kreuzkap-duttenberg-wandmalerei5.jpg "Kreuzkap-duttenberg-wandmalerei5.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|250px\|*Blauer Turm* (Blue Tower) and town hall on the left](/wiki/File:BadWimpfenRathaus.jpg "BadWimpfenRathaus.jpg")
In 965 a document dictated by [King Otto I](/wiki/Otto_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor") granted market rights to Wimpfen. Thanks to its good location in terms of transport and catchment area, the market developed significantly. Wimpfen's *Talmarkt* (valley market) has a history of more than 1000 years and is one of the longest running traditional market events in Germany.
In 1182 [Frederick Barbarossa](/wiki/Frederick_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor") is believed to have stayed in Wimpfen. He had decentralised the administration of his empire. The *Staufers* had built *Kaiserpfalzen* (local castles) across the empire. These were big castles where local lords stayed and gave rulings. The *Pfalz* of Wimpfen was built on a rocky hill above the settlement of the Neckar Valley. The *Pfalz* and its surrounding settlement grew so strong that it outstripped the older settlement on the Neckar bank. By around 1200 most of the Staufer buildings had been built, including the *Blauer Turm* (Blue Tower), which is now generally seen as the town's principal visual landmark. It served as a watch\-tower until the 20th century.
The *Stauferpfalz* of Wimpfen is the largest to be preserved north of the Alps. Its original length was about {{convert\|215\|m\|ft}}, its width about {{convert\|88\|m\|ft}}. Emperor [Henry VI](/wiki/Henry_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor") stayed there at least three times, [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor") eight times. In 1235 there was a historical meeting between Frederick II and his rebellious son [Henry](/wiki/Henry_%28VII%29_of_Germany "Henry (VII) of Germany"). Also in the 13th century Richard von Deidesheim arranged a rebuilding of the diocesan church into the Gothic style. At the same time a hospital and a Dominican monastery was founded.
Due to the decline of the Staufers' Empire, Wimpfen became an [imperial city](/wiki/Free_imperial_city "Free imperial city"), many manual workers settled there, and the population grew, establishing a large core of citizens. A town constitution was established, setting an example to many other towns. Many of today's buildings originate from this time.
Emperor [Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor") gave the right to hold a second annual market, the *Katharinenmarkt*, in addition to the established *Talmarkt*. This second market, held before Christmas, also survives in today's Christmas market, and its fame extends throughout the Baden\-Württemberg region.
### Times of Reformation
In the 16th century Wimpfen was a focal point of the Reformation. Probably the most important reformer was [Erhard Schnepf](/wiki/Erhard_Schnepf "Erhard Schnepf") who preached here from 1523 to 1526\. His contemporary [Heinrich Vogtherr](/wiki/Heinrich_Vogtherr "Heinrich Vogtherr") wrote many reforming essays and hymns. Although the Catholics offered huge resistance to the Reformation, their influence and number decreased. By 1588 there were only 30 Catholic inhabitants. Catholics eventually lost their civil rights and their churches were converted to Protestant use.
### Thirty Years' War
[thumb\|right\|200px\|*Wimpfen im Tal*, St. Peter parish church, *Wimpfen am Berg* in the background, Michael Neher, 1846](/wiki/File:WimpfenImTal-Neher-1846.jpg "WimpfenImTal-Neher-1846.jpg")
This religious conflict soon grew less important, as the imperial troops of the [Count of Tilly](/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes%2C_Count_of_Tilly "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly") fought against the army of Margrave [Georg Friedrich](/wiki/Georg_Friedrich%2C_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach "Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach") of [Baden\-Durlach](/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden-Durlach "Margraviate of Baden-Durlach") in 1622 near the town. This [Battle of Wimpfen](/wiki/Battle_of_Wimpfen "Battle of Wimpfen") was one of the most important and bloody ones during [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War").
During this period Wimpfen was sacked several times, and houses and fields were burned. The population decreased radically due to disease and pestilence. At the end of the war, in 1648, the population had been reduced to a tenth of its pre\-war size. Many important buildings were destroyed in this period, and redevelopment brought about loss of large parts of the castle which was used for building materials.
The town suffered the devastating consequences of the Thirty Years' War for more than 150 years. Although the Celts had extracted salt since pre\-Christian times, there was now no possibility to produce salt. There was huge poverty within the population. During this time the town got financial aid from [Nuremberg](/wiki/Nuremberg "Nuremberg").
In 1783 it was declared that the removal of wood from surrounding forests was to be taxed to improve the town's financial situation. However, the citizens could not afford these fees. Consequently, there were many riots, but ultimately these were suppressed by local orders.
Originally, in terms of administration, by the *[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss](/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss")* the town was part of Baden. However, the knightly diocese of Wimpfen im Tal belonged to [Hesse\-Darmstadt](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse "Grand Duchy of Hesse"). Consequently, a conflict about sovereignty rights over the parish increased between Baden and Hesse. Finally Baden agreed to cede the area, since their own territory was far away – and so Wimpfen under Hessian rule. This change was officially proclaimed on April 5, 1803\. Starting in 1805–1806 Wimpfen was an outlying town under the control of Hesse.
For Wimpfen, this was a very comfortable situation as it was able to administer itself autonomously. At the time of the foundation of the [People's State of Hesse](/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse "People's State of Hesse") in 1919, Wimpfen became part of the district of [Heppenheim](/wiki/Heppenheim "Heppenheim"). It was merged with the district of [Bensheim](/wiki/Bensheim "Bensheim") in 1938 and given the status of [Kreis Bergstraße](/wiki/Kreis_Bergstra%C3%9Fe "Kreis Bergstraße"). In total, Wimpfen belonged to Hesse for 140 years. In 1945 the [American military government](/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government%2C_United_States "Office of Military Government, United States") reorganised administrational areas, and Bad Wimpfen came again under the reign of Baden (Nord\-Württemberg Nord\-Baden).
### Salt production and bathing
In 1752 the first bore\-holes were drilled for salt\-water.*Discover Bad Wimpfen*, tourist board publication 2010
In 1817 a permanent salt production works was established. The brine was usually able to be used therapeutically, and in 1835 the first therapeutic hotel opened (Mathilden Spa Hotel). A new economic prosperity began, and a new town hall was built in 1836\. Many of the older Staufer buildings were destroyed at this time or fell into disrepair or disuse.
After the opening of the new rail road, running from Heilbronn to Heidelberg, in the 1860s, the spa business increased greatly. Therapeutic baths were expanded more and more, resulting in a major economic growth. Even [Mark Twain](/wiki/Mark_Twain "Mark Twain") reported this fact within accounts of his journey through Europe in 1867\. On April 26, 1930, the town got its prefix *Bad* officially.
The town survived World War II almost undamaged, and many refugees came here for accommodation.
### Between Hesse and Baden\-Württemberg
On September 19, 1945, the American military government proclaimed the foundation of [Greater Hesse](/wiki/Greater_Hesse "Greater Hesse") and [Württemberg\-Baden](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden "Württemberg-Baden"). Now the area was completely surrounded by Württemberg\-Baden, namely by the districts of Sinsheim and Heilbronn belonging to Baden area of Württemberg. On November 26 the occupying American officials decided to transfer control of Wimpfen to the district of Sinsheim. Eventually the town legally became a part of Württemberg\-Baden, this being confirmed by the OLG in Stuttgart on March 6, 1951\.
Among local people, this decision was not well received. Even Hesse demanded a return of its enclave. In a plebiscite held on April 29, 1951, only 0\.7% of the inhabitants voted to stay in the district of Sinsheim. Around 41% voted to return to Hesse, but a majority of 57% decided to change into the district of Heilbronn. This change to Heilbronn was carried out on May 1, 1952\.
Despite this result, Hesse persisted in its opinion that Bad Wimpfen was a Hessian town. However, it agreed that the newly founded state of Baden\-Württemberg should administer the town. This means that the final status of any affiliation remains unclear even today. However, Bad Wimpfen is completely integrated into the administration and jurisdiction of Baden\-Württemberg.
Due to its Hessian past, the Catholic Church still belongs as an exclave to the [Diocese of Mainz](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mainz "Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz").
### Present
The present\-day town of Bad Wimpfen is impressive both due to its various spa institutions and its numerous fine historic buildings. The historical old part of the town is completely protected. Since 1976 a comprehensive program of redevelopment resulted in an important restoration of most buildings. Due to the recession of the 1990s, private initiatives have now superseded the earlier state interventions, but generally the pace of development has decreased and settled.
File:Wimpfen\-marktplatz6\.JPG\|Older timbering of 1266
File:Wimpfen\-buegeleisenhaus\-badgasse.JPG\|''Bügeleisenhaus''
File:Wimpfen\-fachwerk\-klostergasse.JPG\|Half\-timbering in the ''Klostergasse''
File:Wimpfen\-fachwerk\-badgasse.JPG\|Half\-timbering in the ''Badgasse''
### Religions
Aside from a Protestant and Catholic parish in Bad Wimpfen, the town also has a [New Apostolic Church](/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church "New Apostolic Church") and some [Jehovah's Witnesses](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses "Jehovah's Witnesses"). From 1947 to 2006 the buildings adjacent to the Catholic Church of St. Peter housed [Grüssau Abbey](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCssau_Abbey "Grüssau Abbey"). This [Benedictine](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict "Order of Saint Benedict") monastery in the district of Heilbronn, which had only three monks in 2005, was eventually closed in the autumn of 2006\. Now the remaining monks live in [Neuburg Abbey](/wiki/Neuburg_Abbey "Neuburg Abbey") near Heidelberg, [Sigmaringen](/wiki/Sigmaringen "Sigmaringen"), [Kellenried Abbey](/wiki/Kellenried_Abbey "Kellenried Abbey") and [Pannonhalma Archabbey](/wiki/Pannonhalma_Archabbey "Pannonhalma Archabbey").
Formerly there also was a Jewish representation in the town. One of the earliest mentioned Jews in Wimpfen was Alexander ben Salomon, who released the remains of Rabbi [Meir of Rothenburg](/wiki/Meir_of_Rothenburg "Meir of Rothenburg") in the early 14th century. Both are buried in [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany "Worms, Germany"). Jews are known to have lived in Wimpfen in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. Around 1550 there was a brief expulsion of Jews. From the 17th century Jewish families lived in at least five houses in Bad Wimpfen, although several orders were passed that discriminated against them in 1598, 1630, 1756 and 1762\. In 1672 there was another expulsion, cancelled two years later. Jews were given some equality in the years that Wimpfen was a free imperial city, but by 1933 only 22 Jews lived in Bad Wimpfen and they faced increasing discrimination by the Nazi party. The 1938 riots against Jews forced them to leave their homes and businesses. At least four deaths are known to have occurred during this persecution.
File:Wimpfen\-stadtkirche.JPG\|Protestant church
File:Wimpfen\-stiftskirche\-edit.jpg\|St. Peter parish church
File:Wimpfen\-judenhaus1580\.JPG\|Jewish synagogue of 1580, seized in the 1930s and converted into apartments
File:Wimpfen\-judenfriedhof4\.JPG\|Jewish graveyard
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|view from the *Roter Turm* (Red Tower) onto the castle quarter and the river bow](/wiki/File:Wimpfen_am_berg.JPG \"Wimpfen am berg.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|view from the *Roter Turm* (Red tower) onto *Wimpfen im Tal*](/wiki/File:Wimpfen_im_tal.JPG \"Wimpfen im tal.JPG\")",
"### First settlement by the Celts",
"The first traces of settlement at Bad Wimpfen date from the [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\") and the [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\"). An old trade road running from France forks here towards [Nürnberg](/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg \"Nürnberg\") and [Öhringen](/wiki/%C3%96hringen \"Öhringen\") linking to the [Danube](/wiki/Danube \"Danube\"). Several archaeological finds demonstrate that the route has existed since prehistoric times.",
"Around 450 B.C. the Celtic tribe of [Helvetii](/wiki/Helvetii \"Helvetii\") settled around the Neckar, Kocher and Jagst, including the site of Bad Wimpfen. Presumably the [Celts](/wiki/Celts \"Celts\") had given names to the rivers as they are today. *Wimpfen* presumably comes from \"uimpe\" (*umwallt*) \\= \"surrounded\" and \"bin\" (*Berg*) \\= \"mountain\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2019}}",
"### Roman time",
"It is believed that around 98 A.D. the Romans secured the area in southwestern Germany conquered by Domitian (called the *[Agri Decumates](/wiki/Agri_Decumates \"Agri Decumates\")*) by the [Upper Germanic\\-Rhaetian Limes](/wiki/Upper_Germanic-Rhaetian_Limes \"Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes\"), a system of *castella* built every {{convert\\|12\\|to\\|15\\|km\\|mi\\|0}}. Opposite the Jagst mouth, the *castellum* of Wimpfen im Tal was created. As elsewhere, a civilian settlement formed around the *castellum* containing many traders and manual workers.",
"After the expansion of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") up to the [limes](/wiki/Limes_%28Roman_Empire%29 \"Limes (Roman Empire)\") near Jagsthausen arranged by emperor [Antoninus Pius](/wiki/Antoninus_Pius \"Antoninus Pius\") in 138–161 A.D., the *castellum* lost its military importance.",
"All the more important was Wimpfen im Tal as a civilian town. It used to be the centre of a district called the *Civitas Alisinensium* and was surrounded by a city wall like only a few Roman towns in what is southern Germany today. With an area of about 19 hectares, Wimpfen was one of the biggest Roman towns in today's Baden\\-Württemberg. Despite this importance, the Latin name of the town is unknown today.",
"In addition, there was a wooden bridge above the Neckar which got destroyed by severe ice occurrence in the early Middle Ages. A beam salvaged during excavation works in 1957 was proved to have originated as part of the old bridge. A survey proved the origin to be around 85 A.D.",
"### Development until Middle Ages",
"After the withdrawal of the Romans, the [Alamanni](/wiki/Alamanni \"Alamanni\") governed the Neckar area from 260 A.D. During that time, most Roman buildings became dilapidated, since the Alamanni did not know anything about stone building and how to use Roman infrastructure. Around 500, Wimpfen became part of [Franconia](/wiki/Franconia \"Franconia\"). During the settlement of the [Franks](/wiki/Franks \"Franks\") under [Clovis I](/wiki/Clovis_I \"Clovis I\"), Christianity was flourishing, and today's oldest Christian buildings originate from this time.",
"In the 9th century, Wimpfen became part of the [Bishopric of Worms](/wiki/Bishopric_of_Worms \"Bishopric of Worms\"); it was first mentioned documentary as Wimpina in 829\\. During that time the Hungarians [attacked the region](/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe \"Hungarian invasions of Europe\") and devastated most settlements, including Wimpfen. Within the framework of the following reconstruction, the new parish church of St. Peter was built. Being a bigger building, it was dedicated to the patron of the Bishopric of Worms. During more than three centuries the local dioceses performed the jurisdiction there.",
"### Growth of trade",
"[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|Wall drawings in the Duttenberg chapel from the 15th century show the oldest known view of Wimpfen](/wiki/File:Kreuzkap-duttenberg-wandmalerei5.jpg \"Kreuzkap-duttenberg-wandmalerei5.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|*Blauer Turm* (Blue Tower) and town hall on the left](/wiki/File:BadWimpfenRathaus.jpg \"BadWimpfenRathaus.jpg\")\nIn 965 a document dictated by [King Otto I](/wiki/Otto_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor\") granted market rights to Wimpfen. Thanks to its good location in terms of transport and catchment area, the market developed significantly. Wimpfen's *Talmarkt* (valley market) has a history of more than 1000 years and is one of the longest running traditional market events in Germany.",
"In 1182 [Frederick Barbarossa](/wiki/Frederick_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor\") is believed to have stayed in Wimpfen. He had decentralised the administration of his empire. The *Staufers* had built *Kaiserpfalzen* (local castles) across the empire. These were big castles where local lords stayed and gave rulings. The *Pfalz* of Wimpfen was built on a rocky hill above the settlement of the Neckar Valley. The *Pfalz* and its surrounding settlement grew so strong that it outstripped the older settlement on the Neckar bank. By around 1200 most of the Staufer buildings had been built, including the *Blauer Turm* (Blue Tower), which is now generally seen as the town's principal visual landmark. It served as a watch\\-tower until the 20th century.",
"The *Stauferpfalz* of Wimpfen is the largest to be preserved north of the Alps. Its original length was about {{convert\\|215\\|m\\|ft}}, its width about {{convert\\|88\\|m\\|ft}}. Emperor [Henry VI](/wiki/Henry_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor\") stayed there at least three times, [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\") eight times. In 1235 there was a historical meeting between Frederick II and his rebellious son [Henry](/wiki/Henry_%28VII%29_of_Germany \"Henry (VII) of Germany\"). Also in the 13th century Richard von Deidesheim arranged a rebuilding of the diocesan church into the Gothic style. At the same time a hospital and a Dominican monastery was founded.",
"Due to the decline of the Staufers' Empire, Wimpfen became an [imperial city](/wiki/Free_imperial_city \"Free imperial city\"), many manual workers settled there, and the population grew, establishing a large core of citizens. A town constitution was established, setting an example to many other towns. Many of today's buildings originate from this time.",
"Emperor [Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor\") gave the right to hold a second annual market, the *Katharinenmarkt*, in addition to the established *Talmarkt*. This second market, held before Christmas, also survives in today's Christmas market, and its fame extends throughout the Baden\\-Württemberg region.",
"### Times of Reformation",
"In the 16th century Wimpfen was a focal point of the Reformation. Probably the most important reformer was [Erhard Schnepf](/wiki/Erhard_Schnepf \"Erhard Schnepf\") who preached here from 1523 to 1526\\. His contemporary [Heinrich Vogtherr](/wiki/Heinrich_Vogtherr \"Heinrich Vogtherr\") wrote many reforming essays and hymns. Although the Catholics offered huge resistance to the Reformation, their influence and number decreased. By 1588 there were only 30 Catholic inhabitants. Catholics eventually lost their civil rights and their churches were converted to Protestant use.",
"### Thirty Years' War",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|*Wimpfen im Tal*, St. Peter parish church, *Wimpfen am Berg* in the background, Michael Neher, 1846](/wiki/File:WimpfenImTal-Neher-1846.jpg \"WimpfenImTal-Neher-1846.jpg\")\nThis religious conflict soon grew less important, as the imperial troops of the [Count of Tilly](/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes%2C_Count_of_Tilly \"Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly\") fought against the army of Margrave [Georg Friedrich](/wiki/Georg_Friedrich%2C_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach \"Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach\") of [Baden\\-Durlach](/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden-Durlach \"Margraviate of Baden-Durlach\") in 1622 near the town. This [Battle of Wimpfen](/wiki/Battle_of_Wimpfen \"Battle of Wimpfen\") was one of the most important and bloody ones during [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\").",
"During this period Wimpfen was sacked several times, and houses and fields were burned. The population decreased radically due to disease and pestilence. At the end of the war, in 1648, the population had been reduced to a tenth of its pre\\-war size. Many important buildings were destroyed in this period, and redevelopment brought about loss of large parts of the castle which was used for building materials.",
"The town suffered the devastating consequences of the Thirty Years' War for more than 150 years. Although the Celts had extracted salt since pre\\-Christian times, there was now no possibility to produce salt. There was huge poverty within the population. During this time the town got financial aid from [Nuremberg](/wiki/Nuremberg \"Nuremberg\").",
"In 1783 it was declared that the removal of wood from surrounding forests was to be taxed to improve the town's financial situation. However, the citizens could not afford these fees. Consequently, there were many riots, but ultimately these were suppressed by local orders.",
"Originally, in terms of administration, by the *[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss](/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss \"Reichsdeputationshauptschluss\")* the town was part of Baden. However, the knightly diocese of Wimpfen im Tal belonged to [Hesse\\-Darmstadt](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse \"Grand Duchy of Hesse\"). Consequently, a conflict about sovereignty rights over the parish increased between Baden and Hesse. Finally Baden agreed to cede the area, since their own territory was far away – and so Wimpfen under Hessian rule. This change was officially proclaimed on April 5, 1803\\. Starting in 1805–1806 Wimpfen was an outlying town under the control of Hesse.",
"For Wimpfen, this was a very comfortable situation as it was able to administer itself autonomously. At the time of the foundation of the [People's State of Hesse](/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse \"People's State of Hesse\") in 1919, Wimpfen became part of the district of [Heppenheim](/wiki/Heppenheim \"Heppenheim\"). It was merged with the district of [Bensheim](/wiki/Bensheim \"Bensheim\") in 1938 and given the status of [Kreis Bergstraße](/wiki/Kreis_Bergstra%C3%9Fe \"Kreis Bergstraße\"). In total, Wimpfen belonged to Hesse for 140 years. In 1945 the [American military government](/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government%2C_United_States \"Office of Military Government, United States\") reorganised administrational areas, and Bad Wimpfen came again under the reign of Baden (Nord\\-Württemberg Nord\\-Baden).",
"### Salt production and bathing",
"In 1752 the first bore\\-holes were drilled for salt\\-water.*Discover Bad Wimpfen*, tourist board publication 2010",
"In 1817 a permanent salt production works was established. The brine was usually able to be used therapeutically, and in 1835 the first therapeutic hotel opened (Mathilden Spa Hotel). A new economic prosperity began, and a new town hall was built in 1836\\. Many of the older Staufer buildings were destroyed at this time or fell into disrepair or disuse.",
"After the opening of the new rail road, running from Heilbronn to Heidelberg, in the 1860s, the spa business increased greatly. Therapeutic baths were expanded more and more, resulting in a major economic growth. Even [Mark Twain](/wiki/Mark_Twain \"Mark Twain\") reported this fact within accounts of his journey through Europe in 1867\\. On April 26, 1930, the town got its prefix *Bad* officially.",
"The town survived World War II almost undamaged, and many refugees came here for accommodation.",
"### Between Hesse and Baden\\-Württemberg",
"On September 19, 1945, the American military government proclaimed the foundation of [Greater Hesse](/wiki/Greater_Hesse \"Greater Hesse\") and [Württemberg\\-Baden](/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden \"Württemberg-Baden\"). Now the area was completely surrounded by Württemberg\\-Baden, namely by the districts of Sinsheim and Heilbronn belonging to Baden area of Württemberg. On November 26 the occupying American officials decided to transfer control of Wimpfen to the district of Sinsheim. Eventually the town legally became a part of Württemberg\\-Baden, this being confirmed by the OLG in Stuttgart on March 6, 1951\\.",
"Among local people, this decision was not well received. Even Hesse demanded a return of its enclave. In a plebiscite held on April 29, 1951, only 0\\.7% of the inhabitants voted to stay in the district of Sinsheim. Around 41% voted to return to Hesse, but a majority of 57% decided to change into the district of Heilbronn. This change to Heilbronn was carried out on May 1, 1952\\.",
"Despite this result, Hesse persisted in its opinion that Bad Wimpfen was a Hessian town. However, it agreed that the newly founded state of Baden\\-Württemberg should administer the town. This means that the final status of any affiliation remains unclear even today. However, Bad Wimpfen is completely integrated into the administration and jurisdiction of Baden\\-Württemberg.",
"Due to its Hessian past, the Catholic Church still belongs as an exclave to the [Diocese of Mainz](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mainz \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz\").",
"### Present",
"The present\\-day town of Bad Wimpfen is impressive both due to its various spa institutions and its numerous fine historic buildings. The historical old part of the town is completely protected. Since 1976 a comprehensive program of redevelopment resulted in an important restoration of most buildings. Due to the recession of the 1990s, private initiatives have now superseded the earlier state interventions, but generally the pace of development has decreased and settled.",
"File:Wimpfen\\-marktplatz6\\.JPG\\|Older timbering of 1266\nFile:Wimpfen\\-buegeleisenhaus\\-badgasse.JPG\\|''Bügeleisenhaus'' \nFile:Wimpfen\\-fachwerk\\-klostergasse.JPG\\|Half\\-timbering in the ''Klostergasse''\nFile:Wimpfen\\-fachwerk\\-badgasse.JPG\\|Half\\-timbering in the ''Badgasse''",
"",
"### Religions",
"Aside from a Protestant and Catholic parish in Bad Wimpfen, the town also has a [New Apostolic Church](/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church \"New Apostolic Church\") and some [Jehovah's Witnesses](/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses \"Jehovah's Witnesses\"). From 1947 to 2006 the buildings adjacent to the Catholic Church of St. Peter housed [Grüssau Abbey](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCssau_Abbey \"Grüssau Abbey\"). This [Benedictine](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict \"Order of Saint Benedict\") monastery in the district of Heilbronn, which had only three monks in 2005, was eventually closed in the autumn of 2006\\. Now the remaining monks live in [Neuburg Abbey](/wiki/Neuburg_Abbey \"Neuburg Abbey\") near Heidelberg, [Sigmaringen](/wiki/Sigmaringen \"Sigmaringen\"), [Kellenried Abbey](/wiki/Kellenried_Abbey \"Kellenried Abbey\") and [Pannonhalma Archabbey](/wiki/Pannonhalma_Archabbey \"Pannonhalma Archabbey\").",
"Formerly there also was a Jewish representation in the town. One of the earliest mentioned Jews in Wimpfen was Alexander ben Salomon, who released the remains of Rabbi [Meir of Rothenburg](/wiki/Meir_of_Rothenburg \"Meir of Rothenburg\") in the early 14th century. Both are buried in [Worms](/wiki/Worms%2C_Germany \"Worms, Germany\"). Jews are known to have lived in Wimpfen in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. Around 1550 there was a brief expulsion of Jews. From the 17th century Jewish families lived in at least five houses in Bad Wimpfen, although several orders were passed that discriminated against them in 1598, 1630, 1756 and 1762\\. In 1672 there was another expulsion, cancelled two years later. Jews were given some equality in the years that Wimpfen was a free imperial city, but by 1933 only 22 Jews lived in Bad Wimpfen and they faced increasing discrimination by the Nazi party. The 1938 riots against Jews forced them to leave their homes and businesses. At least four deaths are known to have occurred during this persecution.",
"",
"File:Wimpfen\\-stadtkirche.JPG\\|Protestant church\nFile:Wimpfen\\-stiftskirche\\-edit.jpg\\|St. Peter parish church\nFile:Wimpfen\\-judenhaus1580\\.JPG\\|Jewish synagogue of 1580, seized in the 1930s and converted into apartments\nFile:Wimpfen\\-judenfriedhof4\\.JPG\\|Jewish graveyard",
"",
""
] |
### Thirty Years' War
[thumb\|right\|200px\|*Wimpfen im Tal*, St. Peter parish church, *Wimpfen am Berg* in the background, Michael Neher, 1846](/wiki/File:WimpfenImTal-Neher-1846.jpg "WimpfenImTal-Neher-1846.jpg")
This religious conflict soon grew less important, as the imperial troops of the [Count of Tilly](/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes%2C_Count_of_Tilly "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly") fought against the army of Margrave [Georg Friedrich](/wiki/Georg_Friedrich%2C_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach "Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach") of [Baden\-Durlach](/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden-Durlach "Margraviate of Baden-Durlach") in 1622 near the town. This [Battle of Wimpfen](/wiki/Battle_of_Wimpfen "Battle of Wimpfen") was one of the most important and bloody ones during [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War").
During this period Wimpfen was sacked several times, and houses and fields were burned. The population decreased radically due to disease and pestilence. At the end of the war, in 1648, the population had been reduced to a tenth of its pre\-war size. Many important buildings were destroyed in this period, and redevelopment brought about loss of large parts of the castle which was used for building materials.
The town suffered the devastating consequences of the Thirty Years' War for more than 150 years. Although the Celts had extracted salt since pre\-Christian times, there was now no possibility to produce salt. There was huge poverty within the population. During this time the town got financial aid from [Nuremberg](/wiki/Nuremberg "Nuremberg").
In 1783 it was declared that the removal of wood from surrounding forests was to be taxed to improve the town's financial situation. However, the citizens could not afford these fees. Consequently, there were many riots, but ultimately these were suppressed by local orders.
Originally, in terms of administration, by the *[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss](/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss")* the town was part of Baden. However, the knightly diocese of Wimpfen im Tal belonged to [Hesse\-Darmstadt](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse "Grand Duchy of Hesse"). Consequently, a conflict about sovereignty rights over the parish increased between Baden and Hesse. Finally Baden agreed to cede the area, since their own territory was far away – and so Wimpfen under Hessian rule. This change was officially proclaimed on April 5, 1803\. Starting in 1805–1806 Wimpfen was an outlying town under the control of Hesse.
For Wimpfen, this was a very comfortable situation as it was able to administer itself autonomously. At the time of the foundation of the [People's State of Hesse](/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse "People's State of Hesse") in 1919, Wimpfen became part of the district of [Heppenheim](/wiki/Heppenheim "Heppenheim"). It was merged with the district of [Bensheim](/wiki/Bensheim "Bensheim") in 1938 and given the status of [Kreis Bergstraße](/wiki/Kreis_Bergstra%C3%9Fe "Kreis Bergstraße"). In total, Wimpfen belonged to Hesse for 140 years. In 1945 the [American military government](/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government%2C_United_States "Office of Military Government, United States") reorganised administrational areas, and Bad Wimpfen came again under the reign of Baden (Nord\-Württemberg Nord\-Baden).
|
[
"### Thirty Years' War",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|*Wimpfen im Tal*, St. Peter parish church, *Wimpfen am Berg* in the background, Michael Neher, 1846](/wiki/File:WimpfenImTal-Neher-1846.jpg \"WimpfenImTal-Neher-1846.jpg\")\nThis religious conflict soon grew less important, as the imperial troops of the [Count of Tilly](/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes%2C_Count_of_Tilly \"Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly\") fought against the army of Margrave [Georg Friedrich](/wiki/Georg_Friedrich%2C_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach \"Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach\") of [Baden\\-Durlach](/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden-Durlach \"Margraviate of Baden-Durlach\") in 1622 near the town. This [Battle of Wimpfen](/wiki/Battle_of_Wimpfen \"Battle of Wimpfen\") was one of the most important and bloody ones during [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\").",
"During this period Wimpfen was sacked several times, and houses and fields were burned. The population decreased radically due to disease and pestilence. At the end of the war, in 1648, the population had been reduced to a tenth of its pre\\-war size. Many important buildings were destroyed in this period, and redevelopment brought about loss of large parts of the castle which was used for building materials.",
"The town suffered the devastating consequences of the Thirty Years' War for more than 150 years. Although the Celts had extracted salt since pre\\-Christian times, there was now no possibility to produce salt. There was huge poverty within the population. During this time the town got financial aid from [Nuremberg](/wiki/Nuremberg \"Nuremberg\").",
"In 1783 it was declared that the removal of wood from surrounding forests was to be taxed to improve the town's financial situation. However, the citizens could not afford these fees. Consequently, there were many riots, but ultimately these were suppressed by local orders.",
"Originally, in terms of administration, by the *[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss](/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss \"Reichsdeputationshauptschluss\")* the town was part of Baden. However, the knightly diocese of Wimpfen im Tal belonged to [Hesse\\-Darmstadt](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse \"Grand Duchy of Hesse\"). Consequently, a conflict about sovereignty rights over the parish increased between Baden and Hesse. Finally Baden agreed to cede the area, since their own territory was far away – and so Wimpfen under Hessian rule. This change was officially proclaimed on April 5, 1803\\. Starting in 1805–1806 Wimpfen was an outlying town under the control of Hesse.",
"For Wimpfen, this was a very comfortable situation as it was able to administer itself autonomously. At the time of the foundation of the [People's State of Hesse](/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse \"People's State of Hesse\") in 1919, Wimpfen became part of the district of [Heppenheim](/wiki/Heppenheim \"Heppenheim\"). It was merged with the district of [Bensheim](/wiki/Bensheim \"Bensheim\") in 1938 and given the status of [Kreis Bergstraße](/wiki/Kreis_Bergstra%C3%9Fe \"Kreis Bergstraße\"). In total, Wimpfen belonged to Hesse for 140 years. In 1945 the [American military government](/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government%2C_United_States \"Office of Military Government, United States\") reorganised administrational areas, and Bad Wimpfen came again under the reign of Baden (Nord\\-Württemberg Nord\\-Baden).",
""
] |
Culture and sights
------------------
[thumb\|upright\|*Blauer Turm*](/wiki/File:Bad_Wimpfen_2000_Blauer_Turm_by-RaBoe_02.jpg "Bad Wimpfen 2000 Blauer Turm by-RaBoe 02.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|town church](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-stadtkirche2008.jpg "Wimpfen-stadtkirche2008.jpg")
### Notable buildings
#### *Kaiserpfalz*
The most important building in Bad Wimpfen is the *Kaiserpfalz*. Its most potent remaining symbol is the *Blauer Turm* (Blue Tower) of c.1170, which was occupied for 650 years. The tower is open to visitors and offers a spectacular panorama over the whole town.{{cite news \| url\=https://taz.de/Der\-Hausbesuch/!5883502/ \| title\=Der Hausbesuch: Die Türmerin \| newspaper\=Die Tageszeitung: Taz \| date\=9 January 2023 \| last1\=Söfjer \| first1\=Jan }} The *Roter Turm* (Red Tower) dating from c.1200 is a second tower of the *Pfalz*.
File:Wimpfen\-steinhaus2008\.jpg\|''Steinhaus''
File:Wimpfen\-palasarkaden2008\.jpg\|''Palas\-Arkadenfenster''
File:Wimpfen\-schwibbogen2008\.jpg\|''Schwibbogentor''
#### Historic churches
[thumb\|Dominican church with former monastery](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg "Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg")
The Protestant *Stadtkirche* was built in the 13th century, initially in the style of [Romanesque architecture](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture "Romanesque architecture") but finishing with [Gothic architecture](/wiki/Gothic_architecture "Gothic architecture"). Next to the church is a calvary shrine.
The construction of the *Dominikanerkirche* presumably started in the 13th and ended in the 18th century. The former monastery with artistic cloister houses a school today. The church is used as the Catholic parish church.
The former *Johanneskirche* was built in the 15th century and rebuilt in 1778\. It was [secularized](/wiki/Secularization "Secularization") in 1803\. As a result of a fire in 1851 the church lost its function, and since then the building served as a restaurant.
In the castle quarter on *Schwibbogengasse* lies the former Jewish synagogue of 1580\. This was seized in the 1930s and converted into flats.
The diocesan church *St. Peter* in *Wimpfen im Tal*, under the control of [Grüssau Abbey](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCssau_Abbey "Grüssau Abbey") from 1947 to 2004, is thought to go back to the 7th century. Today's church with its bordering cloister was built in the 13th and 14th century. There was a comprehensive renovation in 2006\.
The *Cornelienkirche* lies east of the centre of Wimpfen im Tal. The building was built in 1476 in the Gothic style, and has a splendid portal with wall murals. It is believed that Tilly camped here during the Battle of Wimpfen.
Nearby, the village of [Hohenstadt](/wiki/Hohenstadt "Hohenstadt") contains an old Protestant parish church.
File:Wimpfen\-dominikanerkloster.JPG\|former \[\[Dominican Order\|Dominican]] monastery, now a school
File:Wimpfen\-ex\-johanneskirche.JPG\|former hospital, now a residential building
File:Wimpfen\-cornel\-2008\.jpg\|''Cornelienkirche''
File:Hohenstadt\-evang\-kirche.jpg\|Protestant parish church in Hohenstadt
#### Secular monuments
[thumb\|*Wormser Hof*, portal of 1566](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-wormser-hof-erker.JPG "Wimpfen-wormser-hof-erker.JPG")
* The *Bürgerspital* (donated around 1230\) is one of the oldest half\-timbered buildings of the town. Since 1992 it contains the imperial town's museum.
* The *Wormser Hof* is situated next to the *Kaiserpfalz* nearby the town hall. The bordering wall behind represents a part of the city wall.
* The *Bürgermeister\-Elsässer\-Haus* was built in the shadow of the *Blauer Turm* in the 16th century
* The *Nürnberger Türmchen* next to the Red Tower was erected in gratitude from the city of Nuremberg for its help in the reconstruction of the heavily damaged city walls after the Thirty Years' War.
* Inside the whole old part of the town there are many half\-timbered buildings of the 16th century.
File:Wimpfen\-wormser\-hof\-zehntscheuer.JPG\|''Wormser Hof''
File:Wimpfen\-riesenhaus\-langgasse.JPG\|''Riesenhaus'', 1532
File:Wimpfen\-stadthaus\-ehrenberg\-15jhd.JPG\|residential building, 1451
File:Wimpfen\-bm\-elsaesser\-haus.JPG\|''Bgm\-Elsässer\-Haus'', 16th c., bay window of 1717
File:Wimpfen\-konventshaus1765\.JPG\|''Konventshaus'', 1765
File:Wimpfen\-gasthaus\-rappen.JPG\|inn ''Rappen'' (Black Stallion)
File:Wimpfen\-haus\-feyerabend.JPG\| Haus Feyerabend, 1563
File:Wimpfen\-nuernberger\-tuermchen.JPG\|''Nürnberger Türmchen'', 17th century
#### Fountains/wells
File:Wimpfen\-loewenbrunnen.JPG\|''Löwenbrunnen''
File:Wimpfen\-adlerbrunnen.JPG\|''Adlerbrunnen''
File:Wimpfen\-marktbrunnen.JPG\|''Marktbrunnen''
### Museums
[thumb\|*Bürgerspital* with museum](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-spital.JPG "Wimpfen-spital.JPG")
There are several museums inside the historical old part of the town.
* Museum of Ecclesiastical History, within the Staufen Imperial Palace Chapel (c.1200\).
* Museum of History, within the *Steinhaus*.
* Imperial Town Museum, within the former civic hospital on *Langgasse*.
* The Odenburg Local Environment Museum set between *Langgasse* and *Hauptstrasse*.
### Theatre
Since 2003 the Wimpfen open\-air shows open\-air plays in front of the historical old scenery of the town.
### Sports and leisure
In Wimpfen there's a brine bath and an open\-air pool. The most successful sports club is the row club of the town.
### Regular events
The *Talmarkt* has taken place since 965\. Additionally there is a famous traditional Christmas market.
|
[
"Culture and sights\n------------------",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|*Blauer Turm*](/wiki/File:Bad_Wimpfen_2000_Blauer_Turm_by-RaBoe_02.jpg \"Bad Wimpfen 2000 Blauer Turm by-RaBoe 02.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\|town church](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-stadtkirche2008.jpg \"Wimpfen-stadtkirche2008.jpg\")",
"### Notable buildings",
"#### *Kaiserpfalz*",
"The most important building in Bad Wimpfen is the *Kaiserpfalz*. Its most potent remaining symbol is the *Blauer Turm* (Blue Tower) of c.1170, which was occupied for 650 years. The tower is open to visitors and offers a spectacular panorama over the whole town.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://taz.de/Der\\-Hausbesuch/!5883502/ \\| title\\=Der Hausbesuch: Die Türmerin \\| newspaper\\=Die Tageszeitung: Taz \\| date\\=9 January 2023 \\| last1\\=Söfjer \\| first1\\=Jan }} The *Roter Turm* (Red Tower) dating from c.1200 is a second tower of the *Pfalz*.",
"",
"File:Wimpfen\\-steinhaus2008\\.jpg\\|''Steinhaus''\nFile:Wimpfen\\-palasarkaden2008\\.jpg\\|''Palas\\-Arkadenfenster''\nFile:Wimpfen\\-schwibbogen2008\\.jpg\\|''Schwibbogentor''",
"",
"#### Historic churches",
"[thumb\\|Dominican church with former monastery](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg \"Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg\")\nThe Protestant *Stadtkirche* was built in the 13th century, initially in the style of [Romanesque architecture](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture \"Romanesque architecture\") but finishing with [Gothic architecture](/wiki/Gothic_architecture \"Gothic architecture\"). Next to the church is a calvary shrine.",
"The construction of the *Dominikanerkirche* presumably started in the 13th and ended in the 18th century. The former monastery with artistic cloister houses a school today. The church is used as the Catholic parish church.",
"The former *Johanneskirche* was built in the 15th century and rebuilt in 1778\\. It was [secularized](/wiki/Secularization \"Secularization\") in 1803\\. As a result of a fire in 1851 the church lost its function, and since then the building served as a restaurant.",
"In the castle quarter on *Schwibbogengasse* lies the former Jewish synagogue of 1580\\. This was seized in the 1930s and converted into flats.",
"The diocesan church *St. Peter* in *Wimpfen im Tal*, under the control of [Grüssau Abbey](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCssau_Abbey \"Grüssau Abbey\") from 1947 to 2004, is thought to go back to the 7th century. Today's church with its bordering cloister was built in the 13th and 14th century. There was a comprehensive renovation in 2006\\.",
"The *Cornelienkirche* lies east of the centre of Wimpfen im Tal. The building was built in 1476 in the Gothic style, and has a splendid portal with wall murals. It is believed that Tilly camped here during the Battle of Wimpfen.",
"Nearby, the village of [Hohenstadt](/wiki/Hohenstadt \"Hohenstadt\") contains an old Protestant parish church.",
"",
"File:Wimpfen\\-dominikanerkloster.JPG\\|former \\[\\[Dominican Order\\|Dominican]] monastery, now a school\nFile:Wimpfen\\-ex\\-johanneskirche.JPG\\|former hospital, now a residential building\nFile:Wimpfen\\-cornel\\-2008\\.jpg\\|''Cornelienkirche'' \nFile:Hohenstadt\\-evang\\-kirche.jpg\\|Protestant parish church in Hohenstadt",
"",
"#### Secular monuments",
"[thumb\\|*Wormser Hof*, portal of 1566](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-wormser-hof-erker.JPG \"Wimpfen-wormser-hof-erker.JPG\")\n* The *Bürgerspital* (donated around 1230\\) is one of the oldest half\\-timbered buildings of the town. Since 1992 it contains the imperial town's museum.\n* The *Wormser Hof* is situated next to the *Kaiserpfalz* nearby the town hall. The bordering wall behind represents a part of the city wall.\n* The *Bürgermeister\\-Elsässer\\-Haus* was built in the shadow of the *Blauer Turm* in the 16th century\n* The *Nürnberger Türmchen* next to the Red Tower was erected in gratitude from the city of Nuremberg for its help in the reconstruction of the heavily damaged city walls after the Thirty Years' War.\n* Inside the whole old part of the town there are many half\\-timbered buildings of the 16th century.",
"",
"File:Wimpfen\\-wormser\\-hof\\-zehntscheuer.JPG\\|''Wormser Hof''\nFile:Wimpfen\\-riesenhaus\\-langgasse.JPG\\|''Riesenhaus'', 1532\nFile:Wimpfen\\-stadthaus\\-ehrenberg\\-15jhd.JPG\\|residential building, 1451\nFile:Wimpfen\\-bm\\-elsaesser\\-haus.JPG\\|''Bgm\\-Elsässer\\-Haus'', 16th c., bay window of 1717\nFile:Wimpfen\\-konventshaus1765\\.JPG\\|''Konventshaus'', 1765\nFile:Wimpfen\\-gasthaus\\-rappen.JPG\\|inn ''Rappen'' (Black Stallion)\nFile:Wimpfen\\-haus\\-feyerabend.JPG\\| Haus Feyerabend, 1563\nFile:Wimpfen\\-nuernberger\\-tuermchen.JPG\\|''Nürnberger Türmchen'', 17th century",
"",
"#### Fountains/wells",
"",
"File:Wimpfen\\-loewenbrunnen.JPG\\|''Löwenbrunnen''\nFile:Wimpfen\\-adlerbrunnen.JPG\\|''Adlerbrunnen''\nFile:Wimpfen\\-marktbrunnen.JPG\\|''Marktbrunnen''",
"",
"### Museums",
"[thumb\\|*Bürgerspital* with museum](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-spital.JPG \"Wimpfen-spital.JPG\")\nThere are several museums inside the historical old part of the town.",
"* Museum of Ecclesiastical History, within the Staufen Imperial Palace Chapel (c.1200\\).\n* Museum of History, within the *Steinhaus*.\n* Imperial Town Museum, within the former civic hospital on *Langgasse*.\n* The Odenburg Local Environment Museum set between *Langgasse* and *Hauptstrasse*.",
"### Theatre",
"Since 2003 the Wimpfen open\\-air shows open\\-air plays in front of the historical old scenery of the town.",
"### Sports and leisure",
"In Wimpfen there's a brine bath and an open\\-air pool. The most successful sports club is the row club of the town.",
"### Regular events",
"The *Talmarkt* has taken place since 965\\. Additionally there is a famous traditional Christmas market.",
""
] |
### Notable buildings
#### *Kaiserpfalz*
The most important building in Bad Wimpfen is the *Kaiserpfalz*. Its most potent remaining symbol is the *Blauer Turm* (Blue Tower) of c.1170, which was occupied for 650 years. The tower is open to visitors and offers a spectacular panorama over the whole town.{{cite news \| url\=https://taz.de/Der\-Hausbesuch/!5883502/ \| title\=Der Hausbesuch: Die Türmerin \| newspaper\=Die Tageszeitung: Taz \| date\=9 January 2023 \| last1\=Söfjer \| first1\=Jan }} The *Roter Turm* (Red Tower) dating from c.1200 is a second tower of the *Pfalz*.
File:Wimpfen\-steinhaus2008\.jpg\|''Steinhaus''
File:Wimpfen\-palasarkaden2008\.jpg\|''Palas\-Arkadenfenster''
File:Wimpfen\-schwibbogen2008\.jpg\|''Schwibbogentor''
#### Historic churches
[thumb\|Dominican church with former monastery](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg "Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg")
The Protestant *Stadtkirche* was built in the 13th century, initially in the style of [Romanesque architecture](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture "Romanesque architecture") but finishing with [Gothic architecture](/wiki/Gothic_architecture "Gothic architecture"). Next to the church is a calvary shrine.
The construction of the *Dominikanerkirche* presumably started in the 13th and ended in the 18th century. The former monastery with artistic cloister houses a school today. The church is used as the Catholic parish church.
The former *Johanneskirche* was built in the 15th century and rebuilt in 1778\. It was [secularized](/wiki/Secularization "Secularization") in 1803\. As a result of a fire in 1851 the church lost its function, and since then the building served as a restaurant.
In the castle quarter on *Schwibbogengasse* lies the former Jewish synagogue of 1580\. This was seized in the 1930s and converted into flats.
The diocesan church *St. Peter* in *Wimpfen im Tal*, under the control of [Grüssau Abbey](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCssau_Abbey "Grüssau Abbey") from 1947 to 2004, is thought to go back to the 7th century. Today's church with its bordering cloister was built in the 13th and 14th century. There was a comprehensive renovation in 2006\.
The *Cornelienkirche* lies east of the centre of Wimpfen im Tal. The building was built in 1476 in the Gothic style, and has a splendid portal with wall murals. It is believed that Tilly camped here during the Battle of Wimpfen.
Nearby, the village of [Hohenstadt](/wiki/Hohenstadt "Hohenstadt") contains an old Protestant parish church.
File:Wimpfen\-dominikanerkloster.JPG\|former \[\[Dominican Order\|Dominican]] monastery, now a school
File:Wimpfen\-ex\-johanneskirche.JPG\|former hospital, now a residential building
File:Wimpfen\-cornel\-2008\.jpg\|''Cornelienkirche''
File:Hohenstadt\-evang\-kirche.jpg\|Protestant parish church in Hohenstadt
#### Secular monuments
[thumb\|*Wormser Hof*, portal of 1566](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-wormser-hof-erker.JPG "Wimpfen-wormser-hof-erker.JPG")
* The *Bürgerspital* (donated around 1230\) is one of the oldest half\-timbered buildings of the town. Since 1992 it contains the imperial town's museum.
* The *Wormser Hof* is situated next to the *Kaiserpfalz* nearby the town hall. The bordering wall behind represents a part of the city wall.
* The *Bürgermeister\-Elsässer\-Haus* was built in the shadow of the *Blauer Turm* in the 16th century
* The *Nürnberger Türmchen* next to the Red Tower was erected in gratitude from the city of Nuremberg for its help in the reconstruction of the heavily damaged city walls after the Thirty Years' War.
* Inside the whole old part of the town there are many half\-timbered buildings of the 16th century.
File:Wimpfen\-wormser\-hof\-zehntscheuer.JPG\|''Wormser Hof''
File:Wimpfen\-riesenhaus\-langgasse.JPG\|''Riesenhaus'', 1532
File:Wimpfen\-stadthaus\-ehrenberg\-15jhd.JPG\|residential building, 1451
File:Wimpfen\-bm\-elsaesser\-haus.JPG\|''Bgm\-Elsässer\-Haus'', 16th c., bay window of 1717
File:Wimpfen\-konventshaus1765\.JPG\|''Konventshaus'', 1765
File:Wimpfen\-gasthaus\-rappen.JPG\|inn ''Rappen'' (Black Stallion)
File:Wimpfen\-haus\-feyerabend.JPG\| Haus Feyerabend, 1563
File:Wimpfen\-nuernberger\-tuermchen.JPG\|''Nürnberger Türmchen'', 17th century
#### Fountains/wells
File:Wimpfen\-loewenbrunnen.JPG\|''Löwenbrunnen''
File:Wimpfen\-adlerbrunnen.JPG\|''Adlerbrunnen''
File:Wimpfen\-marktbrunnen.JPG\|''Marktbrunnen''
|
[
"### Notable buildings",
"#### *Kaiserpfalz*",
"The most important building in Bad Wimpfen is the *Kaiserpfalz*. Its most potent remaining symbol is the *Blauer Turm* (Blue Tower) of c.1170, which was occupied for 650 years. The tower is open to visitors and offers a spectacular panorama over the whole town.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://taz.de/Der\\-Hausbesuch/!5883502/ \\| title\\=Der Hausbesuch: Die Türmerin \\| newspaper\\=Die Tageszeitung: Taz \\| date\\=9 January 2023 \\| last1\\=Söfjer \\| first1\\=Jan }} The *Roter Turm* (Red Tower) dating from c.1200 is a second tower of the *Pfalz*.",
"",
"File:Wimpfen\\-steinhaus2008\\.jpg\\|''Steinhaus''\nFile:Wimpfen\\-palasarkaden2008\\.jpg\\|''Palas\\-Arkadenfenster''\nFile:Wimpfen\\-schwibbogen2008\\.jpg\\|''Schwibbogentor''",
"",
"#### Historic churches",
"[thumb\\|Dominican church with former monastery](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg \"Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg\")\nThe Protestant *Stadtkirche* was built in the 13th century, initially in the style of [Romanesque architecture](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture \"Romanesque architecture\") but finishing with [Gothic architecture](/wiki/Gothic_architecture \"Gothic architecture\"). Next to the church is a calvary shrine.",
"The construction of the *Dominikanerkirche* presumably started in the 13th and ended in the 18th century. The former monastery with artistic cloister houses a school today. The church is used as the Catholic parish church.",
"The former *Johanneskirche* was built in the 15th century and rebuilt in 1778\\. It was [secularized](/wiki/Secularization \"Secularization\") in 1803\\. As a result of a fire in 1851 the church lost its function, and since then the building served as a restaurant.",
"In the castle quarter on *Schwibbogengasse* lies the former Jewish synagogue of 1580\\. This was seized in the 1930s and converted into flats.",
"The diocesan church *St. Peter* in *Wimpfen im Tal*, under the control of [Grüssau Abbey](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCssau_Abbey \"Grüssau Abbey\") from 1947 to 2004, is thought to go back to the 7th century. Today's church with its bordering cloister was built in the 13th and 14th century. There was a comprehensive renovation in 2006\\.",
"The *Cornelienkirche* lies east of the centre of Wimpfen im Tal. The building was built in 1476 in the Gothic style, and has a splendid portal with wall murals. It is believed that Tilly camped here during the Battle of Wimpfen.",
"Nearby, the village of [Hohenstadt](/wiki/Hohenstadt \"Hohenstadt\") contains an old Protestant parish church.",
"",
"File:Wimpfen\\-dominikanerkloster.JPG\\|former \\[\\[Dominican Order\\|Dominican]] monastery, now a school\nFile:Wimpfen\\-ex\\-johanneskirche.JPG\\|former hospital, now a residential building\nFile:Wimpfen\\-cornel\\-2008\\.jpg\\|''Cornelienkirche'' \nFile:Hohenstadt\\-evang\\-kirche.jpg\\|Protestant parish church in Hohenstadt",
"",
"#### Secular monuments",
"[thumb\\|*Wormser Hof*, portal of 1566](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-wormser-hof-erker.JPG \"Wimpfen-wormser-hof-erker.JPG\")\n* The *Bürgerspital* (donated around 1230\\) is one of the oldest half\\-timbered buildings of the town. Since 1992 it contains the imperial town's museum.\n* The *Wormser Hof* is situated next to the *Kaiserpfalz* nearby the town hall. The bordering wall behind represents a part of the city wall.\n* The *Bürgermeister\\-Elsässer\\-Haus* was built in the shadow of the *Blauer Turm* in the 16th century\n* The *Nürnberger Türmchen* next to the Red Tower was erected in gratitude from the city of Nuremberg for its help in the reconstruction of the heavily damaged city walls after the Thirty Years' War.\n* Inside the whole old part of the town there are many half\\-timbered buildings of the 16th century.",
"",
"File:Wimpfen\\-wormser\\-hof\\-zehntscheuer.JPG\\|''Wormser Hof''\nFile:Wimpfen\\-riesenhaus\\-langgasse.JPG\\|''Riesenhaus'', 1532\nFile:Wimpfen\\-stadthaus\\-ehrenberg\\-15jhd.JPG\\|residential building, 1451\nFile:Wimpfen\\-bm\\-elsaesser\\-haus.JPG\\|''Bgm\\-Elsässer\\-Haus'', 16th c., bay window of 1717\nFile:Wimpfen\\-konventshaus1765\\.JPG\\|''Konventshaus'', 1765\nFile:Wimpfen\\-gasthaus\\-rappen.JPG\\|inn ''Rappen'' (Black Stallion)\nFile:Wimpfen\\-haus\\-feyerabend.JPG\\| Haus Feyerabend, 1563\nFile:Wimpfen\\-nuernberger\\-tuermchen.JPG\\|''Nürnberger Türmchen'', 17th century",
"",
"#### Fountains/wells",
"",
"File:Wimpfen\\-loewenbrunnen.JPG\\|''Löwenbrunnen''\nFile:Wimpfen\\-adlerbrunnen.JPG\\|''Adlerbrunnen''\nFile:Wimpfen\\-marktbrunnen.JPG\\|''Marktbrunnen''",
"",
""
] |
#### Historic churches
[thumb\|Dominican church with former monastery](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg "Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg")
The Protestant *Stadtkirche* was built in the 13th century, initially in the style of [Romanesque architecture](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture "Romanesque architecture") but finishing with [Gothic architecture](/wiki/Gothic_architecture "Gothic architecture"). Next to the church is a calvary shrine.
The construction of the *Dominikanerkirche* presumably started in the 13th and ended in the 18th century. The former monastery with artistic cloister houses a school today. The church is used as the Catholic parish church.
The former *Johanneskirche* was built in the 15th century and rebuilt in 1778\. It was [secularized](/wiki/Secularization "Secularization") in 1803\. As a result of a fire in 1851 the church lost its function, and since then the building served as a restaurant.
In the castle quarter on *Schwibbogengasse* lies the former Jewish synagogue of 1580\. This was seized in the 1930s and converted into flats.
The diocesan church *St. Peter* in *Wimpfen im Tal*, under the control of [Grüssau Abbey](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCssau_Abbey "Grüssau Abbey") from 1947 to 2004, is thought to go back to the 7th century. Today's church with its bordering cloister was built in the 13th and 14th century. There was a comprehensive renovation in 2006\.
The *Cornelienkirche* lies east of the centre of Wimpfen im Tal. The building was built in 1476 in the Gothic style, and has a splendid portal with wall murals. It is believed that Tilly camped here during the Battle of Wimpfen.
Nearby, the village of [Hohenstadt](/wiki/Hohenstadt "Hohenstadt") contains an old Protestant parish church.
File:Wimpfen\-dominikanerkloster.JPG\|former \[\[Dominican Order\|Dominican]] monastery, now a school
File:Wimpfen\-ex\-johanneskirche.JPG\|former hospital, now a residential building
File:Wimpfen\-cornel\-2008\.jpg\|''Cornelienkirche''
File:Hohenstadt\-evang\-kirche.jpg\|Protestant parish church in Hohenstadt
|
[
"#### Historic churches",
"[thumb\\|Dominican church with former monastery](/wiki/File:Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg \"Wimpfen-dominikaner2008.jpg\")\nThe Protestant *Stadtkirche* was built in the 13th century, initially in the style of [Romanesque architecture](/wiki/Romanesque_architecture \"Romanesque architecture\") but finishing with [Gothic architecture](/wiki/Gothic_architecture \"Gothic architecture\"). Next to the church is a calvary shrine.",
"The construction of the *Dominikanerkirche* presumably started in the 13th and ended in the 18th century. The former monastery with artistic cloister houses a school today. The church is used as the Catholic parish church.",
"The former *Johanneskirche* was built in the 15th century and rebuilt in 1778\\. It was [secularized](/wiki/Secularization \"Secularization\") in 1803\\. As a result of a fire in 1851 the church lost its function, and since then the building served as a restaurant.",
"In the castle quarter on *Schwibbogengasse* lies the former Jewish synagogue of 1580\\. This was seized in the 1930s and converted into flats.",
"The diocesan church *St. Peter* in *Wimpfen im Tal*, under the control of [Grüssau Abbey](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCssau_Abbey \"Grüssau Abbey\") from 1947 to 2004, is thought to go back to the 7th century. Today's church with its bordering cloister was built in the 13th and 14th century. There was a comprehensive renovation in 2006\\.",
"The *Cornelienkirche* lies east of the centre of Wimpfen im Tal. The building was built in 1476 in the Gothic style, and has a splendid portal with wall murals. It is believed that Tilly camped here during the Battle of Wimpfen.",
"Nearby, the village of [Hohenstadt](/wiki/Hohenstadt \"Hohenstadt\") contains an old Protestant parish church.",
"",
"File:Wimpfen\\-dominikanerkloster.JPG\\|former \\[\\[Dominican Order\\|Dominican]] monastery, now a school\nFile:Wimpfen\\-ex\\-johanneskirche.JPG\\|former hospital, now a residential building\nFile:Wimpfen\\-cornel\\-2008\\.jpg\\|''Cornelienkirche'' \nFile:Hohenstadt\\-evang\\-kirche.jpg\\|Protestant parish church in Hohenstadt",
"",
""
] |
Economy and infrastructure
--------------------------
[thumb\|Bad Wimpfen station](/wiki/File:Bad_Wimpfen_Bahnhof_20070315.jpg "Bad Wimpfen Bahnhof 20070315.jpg")
One of the biggest employers in Bad Wimpfen is *Solvay Fluor GmbH* containing more than 350 employees and producing different products in [fluorine](/wiki/Fluorine "Fluorine") chemistry, e. g. [refrigerants](/wiki/Refrigerant "Refrigerant") and [propellants](/wiki/Propellant "Propellant"). The biggest employer is “[Lidl AG](/wiki/Lidl "Lidl")”, which is the main office of one of the biggest supermarket chains in Germany and Europe. They have about 2000 employees. Many inhabitants are working at the [AUDI AG](/wiki/Audi "Audi") in [Neckarsulm](/wiki/Neckarsulm "Neckarsulm").
### Transport
[Bad Wimpfen station](/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen_station "Bad Wimpfen station") is on the [Elsenz Valley Railway](/wiki/Elsenz_Valley_Railway "Elsenz Valley Railway") (*Elsenztalbahn*) running from [Heilbronn](/wiki/Heilbronn "Heilbronn") to [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg "Heidelberg"). The station, dating from 1868Discover Bad Wimpfen, local tourist board publication is a rare Neo\-Gothic style, which many consider to appear Scottish in influence. It contains an apartment and a cocktail bar . [Bad Wimpfen Im Tal](/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen_Im_Tal_station "Bad Wimpfen Im Tal station") and *Bad Wimpfen\-Hohenstadt* halts are on the same line in the municipality. Line S 42 of the Heilbronn Stadtbahn stops at all three stations every half hour.
The town lies near the [A 6](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_6 "Bundesautobahn 6") (junction *Heilbronn/Untereisesheim*).
### Media
The Heilbronner Stimme (edition north\-middle) and the official paper *Wimpfener Heimat\-Bote* report on the happenings of the area.
### Education
In Bad Wimpfen there is a primary school, *Hauptschule* incl. *Werkrealschule* containing around 380 pupils.
In addition, there is the *Hohenstaufen\-Gymnasium* which has more than 900 students from Bad Wimpfen and its surrounding municipalities.
### Health
The urban health centre of Bad Wimpfen (former cure hospital) cares about 4800 patients by a staff of around 200\.
|
[
"Economy and infrastructure\n--------------------------",
"[thumb\\|Bad Wimpfen station](/wiki/File:Bad_Wimpfen_Bahnhof_20070315.jpg \"Bad Wimpfen Bahnhof 20070315.jpg\")\nOne of the biggest employers in Bad Wimpfen is *Solvay Fluor GmbH* containing more than 350 employees and producing different products in [fluorine](/wiki/Fluorine \"Fluorine\") chemistry, e. g. [refrigerants](/wiki/Refrigerant \"Refrigerant\") and [propellants](/wiki/Propellant \"Propellant\"). The biggest employer is “[Lidl AG](/wiki/Lidl \"Lidl\")”, which is the main office of one of the biggest supermarket chains in Germany and Europe. They have about 2000 employees. Many inhabitants are working at the [AUDI AG](/wiki/Audi \"Audi\") in [Neckarsulm](/wiki/Neckarsulm \"Neckarsulm\").",
"### Transport",
"[Bad Wimpfen station](/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen_station \"Bad Wimpfen station\") is on the [Elsenz Valley Railway](/wiki/Elsenz_Valley_Railway \"Elsenz Valley Railway\") (*Elsenztalbahn*) running from [Heilbronn](/wiki/Heilbronn \"Heilbronn\") to [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg \"Heidelberg\"). The station, dating from 1868Discover Bad Wimpfen, local tourist board publication is a rare Neo\\-Gothic style, which many consider to appear Scottish in influence. It contains an apartment and a cocktail bar . [Bad Wimpfen Im Tal](/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen_Im_Tal_station \"Bad Wimpfen Im Tal station\") and *Bad Wimpfen\\-Hohenstadt* halts are on the same line in the municipality. Line S 42 of the Heilbronn Stadtbahn stops at all three stations every half hour.",
"The town lies near the [A 6](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_6 \"Bundesautobahn 6\") (junction *Heilbronn/Untereisesheim*).",
"### Media",
"The Heilbronner Stimme (edition north\\-middle) and the official paper *Wimpfener Heimat\\-Bote* report on the happenings of the area.",
"### Education",
"In Bad Wimpfen there is a primary school, *Hauptschule* incl. *Werkrealschule* containing around 380 pupils.",
"In addition, there is the *Hohenstaufen\\-Gymnasium* which has more than 900 students from Bad Wimpfen and its surrounding municipalities.",
"### Health",
"The urban health centre of Bad Wimpfen (former cure hospital) cares about 4800 patients by a staff of around 200\\.",
""
] |
Conservation
------------
The property was offered for sale in early 2004\. Despite claims that it was likely that the new buyer would demolish the property and redevelop it, the Government of Hong Kong did not act.
The [Conservancy Association](/wiki/Conservancy_Association "Conservancy Association") of Hong Kong, a heritage advocacy group, wrote to the [Secretary for Home Affairs](/wiki/Secretary_for_Home_Affairs "Secretary for Home Affairs") [Patrick Ho](/wiki/Patrick_Ho "Patrick Ho") in April 2004 requesting him to consider declaring the mansion a monument under the [Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance](/wiki/Antiquities_and_Monuments_Ordinance "Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance"). The Association also organised a "Save King Yin Lei Campaign" in June and generated public discussion. Yow Mok Shing then announced that he would not sell the building for the moment.
The Government of Hong Kong did not act to preserve the building, arguing that it was private property and had not used its allocated land mass to the fullest. If the government was to declare it a historical building, thus forbidding the demolition and any further development on the site, it would have to pay a large amount of compensation to the owner, in the millions.
The owner wrote to the government on the preservation of the site but received no reply. Later, [Secretary for Development](/wiki/Secretary_for_Development "Secretary for Development") [Carrie Lam](/wiki/Carrie_Lam_Cheng_Yuet_Ngor "Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet Ngor") admitted it was insensitive of her department not to do so.{{cite news \| url \= http://www.news.gov.hk/isd/ebulletin/en/category/healthandcommunity/070920/html/070920en05010\.htm \| title \= Antiquities: Carrie Lam urges meeting with building owner \| date \= 20 September 2007 \| work \= news.gov.hk \| publisher \= Information Services Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region \| access\-date \= 20 January 2019}}
On 11 September 2007, dump trucks were spotted at the site. Parts of the roof were removed. All three Chinese characters on a front gate plaque were chiselled away by workers.[Cable TV](/wiki/Cable_TV_Hong_Kong "Cable TV Hong Kong") news, Hong Kong – 1700 edition, 14 September 2007\. The Conservancy Association of Hong Kong expressed disappointment that the government had not been able to preserve the estate. When the start of demolition was reported in the Hong Kong media, the government declared the site a [proposed monument](/wiki/Declared_monuments_of_Hong_Kong%23Proposed_monuments "Declared monuments of Hong Kong#Proposed monuments") and ordered a work stoppage.{{cite news \| url \= http://www.news.gov.hk/isd/ebulletin/en/category/healthandcommunity/070914/html/070914en05002\.htm \| title \= Antiquities: King Yin Lei declared proposed monument \| date \= 14 September 2007 \| work \= news.gov.hk \| publisher \= Information Services Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region \| access\-date \= 20 January 2019}}
On 25 January 2008, the government reached a preliminary understanding with the owner on a possible preservation option for the mansion. Under the agreement, the owner surrendered King Yin Lei's entire site to the government after restoration. Subject to the necessary town planning approval, the government would grant an adjacent man\-made slope site of a size similar to King Yin Lei to the owner for development, subject to the same plot ratio of 0\.5 and a height restriction of three storeys.{{cite news \| url \= http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/infrastructureandlogistics/080125/html/080125en06010\.htm \| title \= Heritage: King Yin Lei to be declared a monument \| date \= 25 January 2008 \| work \= news.gov.hk \| publisher \= Information Services Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080128182602/http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/infrastructureandlogistics/080125/html/080125en06010\.htm \| archive\-date \= 28 January 2008}}Report No. 60 of the Director of Audit, [Chapter 1: "Conservation of monuments and historic buildings"](http://www.aud.gov.hk/pdf_e/e60ch01.pdf), 28 March 2013\.
Conservation work was undertaken from 2008 to December 2010\.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/kyl/background.htm \| title \= Batch III of Revitalisation Scheme \| date \= 23 December 2016 \| work \= Conserve and Revitalise Hong Kong Heritage \| publisher \= Development Bureau \- Works Branch of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region \| access\-date \= 20 January 2019}} The roof was restored in Phase One, including about 50,000 glazed roof tiles from [Guangdong Province](/wiki/Guangdong_Province "Guangdong Province"). Phase Two involved the exterior walls and the mansion's interior. In late 2010, the restoration was considered to be "substantially completed" and management of the property was taken over by the government of Hong Kong. It is graded as a [declared Monument](/wiki/Declared_monuments_of_Hong_Kong "Declared monuments of Hong Kong").
|
[
"Conservation\n------------",
"The property was offered for sale in early 2004\\. Despite claims that it was likely that the new buyer would demolish the property and redevelop it, the Government of Hong Kong did not act.",
"The [Conservancy Association](/wiki/Conservancy_Association \"Conservancy Association\") of Hong Kong, a heritage advocacy group, wrote to the [Secretary for Home Affairs](/wiki/Secretary_for_Home_Affairs \"Secretary for Home Affairs\") [Patrick Ho](/wiki/Patrick_Ho \"Patrick Ho\") in April 2004 requesting him to consider declaring the mansion a monument under the [Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance](/wiki/Antiquities_and_Monuments_Ordinance \"Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance\"). The Association also organised a \"Save King Yin Lei Campaign\" in June and generated public discussion. Yow Mok Shing then announced that he would not sell the building for the moment.",
"The Government of Hong Kong did not act to preserve the building, arguing that it was private property and had not used its allocated land mass to the fullest. If the government was to declare it a historical building, thus forbidding the demolition and any further development on the site, it would have to pay a large amount of compensation to the owner, in the millions.",
"The owner wrote to the government on the preservation of the site but received no reply. Later, [Secretary for Development](/wiki/Secretary_for_Development \"Secretary for Development\") [Carrie Lam](/wiki/Carrie_Lam_Cheng_Yuet_Ngor \"Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet Ngor\") admitted it was insensitive of her department not to do so.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.news.gov.hk/isd/ebulletin/en/category/healthandcommunity/070920/html/070920en05010\\.htm \\| title \\= Antiquities: Carrie Lam urges meeting with building owner \\| date \\= 20 September 2007 \\| work \\= news.gov.hk \\| publisher \\= Information Services Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region \\| access\\-date \\= 20 January 2019}}",
"On 11 September 2007, dump trucks were spotted at the site. Parts of the roof were removed. All three Chinese characters on a front gate plaque were chiselled away by workers.[Cable TV](/wiki/Cable_TV_Hong_Kong \"Cable TV Hong Kong\") news, Hong Kong – 1700 edition, 14 September 2007\\. The Conservancy Association of Hong Kong expressed disappointment that the government had not been able to preserve the estate. When the start of demolition was reported in the Hong Kong media, the government declared the site a [proposed monument](/wiki/Declared_monuments_of_Hong_Kong%23Proposed_monuments \"Declared monuments of Hong Kong#Proposed monuments\") and ordered a work stoppage.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.news.gov.hk/isd/ebulletin/en/category/healthandcommunity/070914/html/070914en05002\\.htm \\| title \\= Antiquities: King Yin Lei declared proposed monument \\| date \\= 14 September 2007 \\| work \\= news.gov.hk \\| publisher \\= Information Services Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region \\| access\\-date \\= 20 January 2019}}",
"On 25 January 2008, the government reached a preliminary understanding with the owner on a possible preservation option for the mansion. Under the agreement, the owner surrendered King Yin Lei's entire site to the government after restoration. Subject to the necessary town planning approval, the government would grant an adjacent man\\-made slope site of a size similar to King Yin Lei to the owner for development, subject to the same plot ratio of 0\\.5 and a height restriction of three storeys.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/infrastructureandlogistics/080125/html/080125en06010\\.htm \\| title \\= Heritage: King Yin Lei to be declared a monument \\| date \\= 25 January 2008 \\| work \\= news.gov.hk \\| publisher \\= Information Services Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080128182602/http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/infrastructureandlogistics/080125/html/080125en06010\\.htm \\| archive\\-date \\= 28 January 2008}}Report No. 60 of the Director of Audit, [Chapter 1: \"Conservation of monuments and historic buildings\"](http://www.aud.gov.hk/pdf_e/e60ch01.pdf), 28 March 2013\\.",
"Conservation work was undertaken from 2008 to December 2010\\.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/kyl/background.htm \\| title \\= Batch III of Revitalisation Scheme \\| date \\= 23 December 2016 \\| work \\= Conserve and Revitalise Hong Kong Heritage \\| publisher \\= Development Bureau \\- Works Branch of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region \\| access\\-date \\= 20 January 2019}} The roof was restored in Phase One, including about 50,000 glazed roof tiles from [Guangdong Province](/wiki/Guangdong_Province \"Guangdong Province\"). Phase Two involved the exterior walls and the mansion's interior. In late 2010, the restoration was considered to be \"substantially completed\" and management of the property was taken over by the government of Hong Kong. It is graded as a [declared Monument](/wiki/Declared_monuments_of_Hong_Kong \"Declared monuments of Hong Kong\").",
""
] |
Life
----
### Personal life
Richard Woodhouse Johnsonfamilyresearch.com was born on February 27, 1827, in [Smithland](/wiki/Smithland%2C_Kentucky "Smithland, Kentucky"), to James Johnson (1785–1837\) and Louisa Harmon Johnson (1790–1837\).{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3zYOAQAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA391\-IA1 \|title\=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography \|volume\=XV \|publisher\=James T. White \& Company \|pages\=391–392 \|year\=1916 \|access\-date\=2020\-12\-26 \|via\=Google Books}}geni.com Johnson married Rachael Elizabeth Steele (1826–1891\). Their sons were Alfred Bainbridge Johnson (1853–1897\) and Richard Woodhouse Johnson (1855–1929\).
### Early career
Johnson graduated from the [United States Military Academy](/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy") in 1849 and up to the time of the American Civil War was employed chiefly on frontier service. In 1861 he was commissioned [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 "Lieutenant colonel (United States)") of the [3rd Kentucky Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/3rd_Regiment_Kentucky_Volunteer_Cavalry "3rd Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry") and soon after was promoted to [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 "Brigadier general (United States)"), [United States Volunteers](/wiki/United_States_Volunteers "United States Volunteers"). As a cavalry commander he took part in the [western campaigns](/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War "Western Theater of the American Civil War") of 1861 and 1862\. On August 21, 1862, he was defeated and captured by [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 "Colonel (United States)") [John Hunt Morgan](/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan "John Hunt Morgan"), whom he had been sent to drive out of [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee").{{cite book\|title\=Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy from 1802 to 1890\|first\=George Washington\|last\=Cullum}}
### In the Army of the Cumberland
[thumb\|In Graysville, northern Georgia](/wiki/File:The_Civil_War_through_the_camera_-_hundreds_of_vivid_photographs_actually_taken_in_Civil_War_times%2C_together_with_Elson%27s_new_history_%281912%29_%2814576337258%29.jpg "The Civil War through the camera - hundreds of vivid photographs actually taken in Civil War times, together with Elson's new history (1912) (14576337258).jpg")
In 1863 at the [Battle of Stones River](/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River "Battle of Stones River"), Johnson commanded a division on the right flank under [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28United_States%29 "Major general (United States)") [Alexander McCook](/wiki/Alexander_McCook "Alexander McCook"). Johnson's command was flanked from its position by the initial Confederate attack. At the [Battle of Chickamauga](/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga "Battle of Chickamauga"), his division of the [XX Corps](/wiki/XX_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "XX Corps (Union Army)") formed part of the command of Maj. Gen. [George Henry Thomas](/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas "George Henry Thomas") on the Union left. During the [Battle of Chattanooga](/wiki/Chattanooga_Campaign "Chattanooga Campaign"), his division was one of the several that charged up [Missionary Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge "Battle of Missionary Ridge"). The next year he commanded a division in the [Army of the Cumberland](/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland "Army of the Cumberland") during the invasion of [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 "Georgia (U.S. state)") and was severely wounded at the [Battle of New Hope Church](/wiki/Battle_of_New_Hope_Church "Battle of New Hope Church") on May 28, 1864\.
In the midst of the [Battle of Utoy Creek](/wiki/Battle_of_Utoy_Creek "Battle of Utoy Creek"), Johnson assumed command of the XIV Corps when the previous commander, [John M. Palmer](/wiki/John_M._Palmer_%28politician%29 "John M. Palmer (politician)"), abruptly resigned due to a rank dispute. Johnson briefly led the corps through the rest of August.
### Cavalry service
On August 22, 1864, Johnson was made chief of cavalry of the [Military Division of the Mississippi](/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi "Military Division of the Mississippi"). He commanded a cavalry division at the [Battle of Nashville](/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville "Battle of Nashville"). On the second day of the battle, Johnson was given the [brevet](/wiki/Brevet_%28military%29 "Brevet (military)") rank of major general of volunteers, supplemented on March 13, 1865, by the brevet rank of brigadier general in the regular army, and on the same day was brevetted major general in the regular army for "gallant and meritorious services during the war". Johnson was left behind when Maj. Gen. [James H. Wilson](/wiki/James_H._Wilson "James H. Wilson") began his raid into Alabama in 1865\.
### Post war
Johnson was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 15, 1866, and became provost marshal general of the Military Division of the Tennessee, and later acting judge advocate in various military departments. He resigned in 1867 with the rank of [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 "Major (United States)"), which grade by an Act of Congress (March 3, 1875\) was changed to that of brigadier general. He published *A Soldier's Reminiscences in Peace and War* (1866\) and a *Memoir of Major General George H. Thomas* (1881\).
On December 6, 1865, Johnson was elected as a Veteran Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the [Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States](/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States "Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States") (MOLLUS), a military society of officers who had served in the Union armed forces during the Civil War. He was assigned MOLLUS insignia number 99\.
Johnson ran for Governor of Minnesota in [1881](/wiki/Minnesota_gubernatorial_election%2C_1881 "Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1881") as a [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)"), but lost to Republican [Lucius Frederick Hubbard](/wiki/Lucius_Frederick_Hubbard "Lucius Frederick Hubbard"); he received about 35% of the vote.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\=62054\|title\=Our Campaigns \- MN Governor Race \- Nov 08, 1881\|access\-date\=May 5, 2016}}
Johnson died on April 21, 1897, in [Saint Paul, Minnesota](/wiki/Saint_Paul%2C_Minnesota "Saint Paul, Minnesota"), and is buried there in Oakland Cemetery.{{cite book\|title\=Medical Histories of Union Generals\|date\=2005\|first\=Jack\|last\=Welsh\|publisher\=Kent State University Press}}
|
[
"Life\n----",
"### Personal life",
"Richard Woodhouse Johnsonfamilyresearch.com was born on February 27, 1827, in [Smithland](/wiki/Smithland%2C_Kentucky \"Smithland, Kentucky\"), to James Johnson (1785–1837\\) and Louisa Harmon Johnson (1790–1837\\).{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3zYOAQAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA391\\-IA1 \\|title\\=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography \\|volume\\=XV \\|publisher\\=James T. White \\& Company \\|pages\\=391–392 \\|year\\=1916 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-26 \\|via\\=Google Books}}geni.com Johnson married Rachael Elizabeth Steele (1826–1891\\). Their sons were Alfred Bainbridge Johnson (1853–1897\\) and Richard Woodhouse Johnson (1855–1929\\).",
"### Early career",
"Johnson graduated from the [United States Military Academy](/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy \"United States Military Academy\") in 1849 and up to the time of the American Civil War was employed chiefly on frontier service. In 1861 he was commissioned [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Lieutenant colonel (United States)\") of the [3rd Kentucky Cavalry Regiment](/wiki/3rd_Regiment_Kentucky_Volunteer_Cavalry \"3rd Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry\") and soon after was promoted to [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 \"Brigadier general (United States)\"), [United States Volunteers](/wiki/United_States_Volunteers \"United States Volunteers\"). As a cavalry commander he took part in the [western campaigns](/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War \"Western Theater of the American Civil War\") of 1861 and 1862\\. On August 21, 1862, he was defeated and captured by [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Colonel (United States)\") [John Hunt Morgan](/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan \"John Hunt Morgan\"), whom he had been sent to drive out of [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\").{{cite book\\|title\\=Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy from 1802 to 1890\\|first\\=George Washington\\|last\\=Cullum}}",
"### In the Army of the Cumberland",
"[thumb\\|In Graysville, northern Georgia](/wiki/File:The_Civil_War_through_the_camera_-_hundreds_of_vivid_photographs_actually_taken_in_Civil_War_times%2C_together_with_Elson%27s_new_history_%281912%29_%2814576337258%29.jpg \"The Civil War through the camera - hundreds of vivid photographs actually taken in Civil War times, together with Elson's new history (1912) (14576337258).jpg\")",
"In 1863 at the [Battle of Stones River](/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River \"Battle of Stones River\"), Johnson commanded a division on the right flank under [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28United_States%29 \"Major general (United States)\") [Alexander McCook](/wiki/Alexander_McCook \"Alexander McCook\"). Johnson's command was flanked from its position by the initial Confederate attack. At the [Battle of Chickamauga](/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga \"Battle of Chickamauga\"), his division of the [XX Corps](/wiki/XX_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"XX Corps (Union Army)\") formed part of the command of Maj. Gen. [George Henry Thomas](/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas \"George Henry Thomas\") on the Union left. During the [Battle of Chattanooga](/wiki/Chattanooga_Campaign \"Chattanooga Campaign\"), his division was one of the several that charged up [Missionary Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge \"Battle of Missionary Ridge\"). The next year he commanded a division in the [Army of the Cumberland](/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland \"Army of the Cumberland\") during the invasion of [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\") and was severely wounded at the [Battle of New Hope Church](/wiki/Battle_of_New_Hope_Church \"Battle of New Hope Church\") on May 28, 1864\\.",
"In the midst of the [Battle of Utoy Creek](/wiki/Battle_of_Utoy_Creek \"Battle of Utoy Creek\"), Johnson assumed command of the XIV Corps when the previous commander, [John M. Palmer](/wiki/John_M._Palmer_%28politician%29 \"John M. Palmer (politician)\"), abruptly resigned due to a rank dispute. Johnson briefly led the corps through the rest of August.",
"### Cavalry service",
"On August 22, 1864, Johnson was made chief of cavalry of the [Military Division of the Mississippi](/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi \"Military Division of the Mississippi\"). He commanded a cavalry division at the [Battle of Nashville](/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville \"Battle of Nashville\"). On the second day of the battle, Johnson was given the [brevet](/wiki/Brevet_%28military%29 \"Brevet (military)\") rank of major general of volunteers, supplemented on March 13, 1865, by the brevet rank of brigadier general in the regular army, and on the same day was brevetted major general in the regular army for \"gallant and meritorious services during the war\". Johnson was left behind when Maj. Gen. [James H. Wilson](/wiki/James_H._Wilson \"James H. Wilson\") began his raid into Alabama in 1865\\.",
"### Post war",
"Johnson was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 15, 1866, and became provost marshal general of the Military Division of the Tennessee, and later acting judge advocate in various military departments. He resigned in 1867 with the rank of [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 \"Major (United States)\"), which grade by an Act of Congress (March 3, 1875\\) was changed to that of brigadier general. He published *A Soldier's Reminiscences in Peace and War* (1866\\) and a *Memoir of Major General George H. Thomas* (1881\\).",
"On December 6, 1865, Johnson was elected as a Veteran Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the [Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States](/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States \"Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States\") (MOLLUS), a military society of officers who had served in the Union armed forces during the Civil War. He was assigned MOLLUS insignia number 99\\.",
"Johnson ran for Governor of Minnesota in [1881](/wiki/Minnesota_gubernatorial_election%2C_1881 \"Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1881\") as a [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\"), but lost to Republican [Lucius Frederick Hubbard](/wiki/Lucius_Frederick_Hubbard \"Lucius Frederick Hubbard\"); he received about 35% of the vote.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID\\=62054\\|title\\=Our Campaigns \\- MN Governor Race \\- Nov 08, 1881\\|access\\-date\\=May 5, 2016}}",
"Johnson died on April 21, 1897, in [Saint Paul, Minnesota](/wiki/Saint_Paul%2C_Minnesota \"Saint Paul, Minnesota\"), and is buried there in Oakland Cemetery.{{cite book\\|title\\=Medical Histories of Union Generals\\|date\\=2005\\|first\\=Jack\\|last\\=Welsh\\|publisher\\=Kent State University Press}}",
""
] |
Life
----
Grimwood was born in [Mathura](/wiki/Mathura "Mathura") in 1867\. Her first language was said to be [Hindustani](/wiki/Hindustani_language "Hindustani language"). Her mother was Margaret Emma Boisragon (born Gerrard) who in 1864 had left her husband Major\-General Theodore Boisragon, CB, A. M. to live with Charles William Moore, a judge in Bengal. The subsequent divorce was a scandal at the time. Ethel Moore was left with an elder half\-brother [Alan Maxwell Boisragon](/wiki/Alan_Maxwell_Boisragon "Alan Maxwell Boisragon") in addition to younger sisters. She and her sisters were educated at Hove in England by Mary Ann Moulson. She married Frank St Clair Grimwood in 1887\. He had been accepted at the bar in London before he accepted a position in the [Indian civil service](/wiki/Indian_civil_service "Indian civil service").
In 1890 Frank Grimwood became the political agent in [Imphal](/wiki/Imphal "Imphal") in Manipur on the British Empire’s north\-west border. He lived there with Ethel Grimwood and they were friendly with the local rulers, notably the ruler's eight sons and especially [Tikendrajit](/wiki/Tikendrajit "Tikendrajit").{{Cite ODNB\|title\=Grimwood \[née Moore; other married name Miller], Ethel Brabazon \[pseud. Ethel St Clair Grimwood] (1867–1928\), the heroine of Manipur\|url\=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10\.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128\.001\.0001/odnb\-9780198614128\-e\-101006\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-11\|year\=2010\|language\=en\|doi\=10\.1093/ref:odnb/101006\|last1\=Reynolds\|first1\=K. D.}} He was their best friend there, he played polo with her husband and because he could speak [Hindustani](/wiki/Hindustani_language "Hindustani language") they could have a conversation. Neither Ethel nor her husband could speak the local language although Frank persevered with lessons. On 21 September 1890, prince [Kulachandra Singh](/wiki/Kulachandra_Singh "Kulachandra Singh") led his brothers in a revolt against reigning Maharaja Surchandra who had taken power after Maharajah Chandrakirti died. However Surchandra appealed to the [Viceroy of India](/wiki/Viceroy_of_India "Viceroy of India"), [Lord Lansdowne](/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice%2C_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne "Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne"), who dispatched 400 [Gurkhas](/wiki/Gurkha "Gurkha") under the inexperienced [James Wallace Quinton](/wiki/James_Wallace_Quinton "James Wallace Quinton") to arrest the conspirators.{{Cite ODNB\|title\=Quinton, James Wallace (1834–1891\), administrator in India\|url\=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10\.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128\.001\.0001/odnb\-9780198614128\-e\-22968\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-11\|year\=2004\|language\=en\|doi\=10\.1093/ref:odnb/22968\|last1\=Prior\|first1\=Katherine}}
On 22 March 1891, Quinton reached [Imphal](/wiki/Imphal "Imphal"), where his request for the surrender of [Tikendrajit](/wiki/Tikendrajit "Tikendrajit") and the abdication of Maharajah Kulachandra, was declined. The following night, the British decided to attack the fort where Tikendrajit was residing, but soon realized they were outmatched; eventually, they were surrounded by Manipuri troops. Quinton then held talks with Kulachandra, but Frank Grimwood was speared to death. Quinton was detained and beheaded along with other British officers on 24 March 1891\.{{cite web\|url\=http://archivesmanipur.nic.in/whoswho.htm\|title\=THE ANGLO MANIPUR WAR 1891 AND ITS CONSEQUENCES\|work\=Manipur State Archives\|author\=\|date\=19 January 2012\|accessdate\=12 October 2020}} The British who were besieged in the residency were led by two junior officers into a disorganised retreat.
On 27/28 March 1891, Colonel [Charles James William Grant](/wiki/Charles_James_William_Grant "Charles James William Grant") led a punitive force from [Tamu, Burma](/wiki/Tamu%2C_Burma "Tamu, Burma") to assist. Grant was awarded the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross "Victoria Cross").{{London Gazette\|issue\=26192\|page\=4370\|date\=14 August 1891}}
On 13 August, after a trial, Jubraj Tikendrajit and General Thangal were publicly hanged on the polo field. Three others would later be hanged in the prison.
On 22 September 1891 the five\-year\-old [Meidingngu Churachand](/wiki/Meidingngu_Churachand "Meidingngu Churachand") became the new nominal head of the state of Manipur.
Ethel had been the only woman in the retreat from the residency. She returned to England and she was lionised as a heroine of the "[Manipur Disaster](/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War "Anglo-Manipur War")". [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria") sought her advice as she thought using capital punishment on a prince might make the British appear treacherous. The queen wanted to give the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross "Victoria Cross") or the [Crown of India](/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_India "Order of the Crown of India") to Grimwood but she was persuaded to use a lesser award. Grimwood received a [Red Cross Medal](/wiki/Royal_Red_Cross "Royal Red Cross") even though the medal was for nursing and Grimwood was not a nurse. Grimwood assured the Queen that she did not hold Tikendrajit responsible for her husband's death, but she felt that he had committed other crimes.{{Cite book\|last\=Taylor\|first\=Miles\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=radvDwAAQBAJ\&q\=ethel\+grimwood\&pg\=PA250\|title\=Empress: Queen Victoria and India\|date\=2018\-10\-02\|page\=249\|publisher\=Yale University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-300\-11809\-4\|language\=en}} Grimwood was given £1,000 in addition to a collection and money to cover her losses during the fighting. As a widow she was given a pension of £140 per year. She wrote her biography, *"My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Recent Mutiny"*, by November{{Cite web\|title\=My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Recent Mutiny.\|url\=https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/grimwood/manipur/manipur.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-12\|website\=digital.library.upenn.edu}} which sold well. It is unclear now as to her actual contribution, but a hero was required and Ethel became that hero.
She went on to marry again in 1895\. Her new husband Andrew Cornwall Miller owned a paper mill in Surrey but by 1899 he had emigrated to America. He returned in 1903 when she was in court trying to recover money she had invested in a business with Madame Hugh Barry. She appears to have mortgaged her pension to invest in the business venture which failed. She and her husband went to [Clackamas](/wiki/Clackamas_County%2C_Oregon "Clackamas County, Oregon") in Oregon but her husband returned to the UK without her.
Grimwood died in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"), having changed her name to Evelyn.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Grimwood was born in [Mathura](/wiki/Mathura \"Mathura\") in 1867\\. Her first language was said to be [Hindustani](/wiki/Hindustani_language \"Hindustani language\"). Her mother was Margaret Emma Boisragon (born Gerrard) who in 1864 had left her husband Major\\-General Theodore Boisragon, CB, A. M. to live with Charles William Moore, a judge in Bengal. The subsequent divorce was a scandal at the time. Ethel Moore was left with an elder half\\-brother [Alan Maxwell Boisragon](/wiki/Alan_Maxwell_Boisragon \"Alan Maxwell Boisragon\") in addition to younger sisters. She and her sisters were educated at Hove in England by Mary Ann Moulson. She married Frank St Clair Grimwood in 1887\\. He had been accepted at the bar in London before he accepted a position in the [Indian civil service](/wiki/Indian_civil_service \"Indian civil service\").",
"In 1890 Frank Grimwood became the political agent in [Imphal](/wiki/Imphal \"Imphal\") in Manipur on the British Empire’s north\\-west border. He lived there with Ethel Grimwood and they were friendly with the local rulers, notably the ruler's eight sons and especially [Tikendrajit](/wiki/Tikendrajit \"Tikendrajit\").{{Cite ODNB\\|title\\=Grimwood \\[née Moore; other married name Miller], Ethel Brabazon \\[pseud. Ethel St Clair Grimwood] (1867–1928\\), the heroine of Manipur\\|url\\=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10\\.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128\\.001\\.0001/odnb\\-9780198614128\\-e\\-101006\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-11\\|year\\=2010\\|language\\=en\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ref:odnb/101006\\|last1\\=Reynolds\\|first1\\=K. D.}} He was their best friend there, he played polo with her husband and because he could speak [Hindustani](/wiki/Hindustani_language \"Hindustani language\") they could have a conversation. Neither Ethel nor her husband could speak the local language although Frank persevered with lessons. On 21 September 1890, prince [Kulachandra Singh](/wiki/Kulachandra_Singh \"Kulachandra Singh\") led his brothers in a revolt against reigning Maharaja Surchandra who had taken power after Maharajah Chandrakirti died. However Surchandra appealed to the [Viceroy of India](/wiki/Viceroy_of_India \"Viceroy of India\"), [Lord Lansdowne](/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice%2C_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne \"Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne\"), who dispatched 400 [Gurkhas](/wiki/Gurkha \"Gurkha\") under the inexperienced [James Wallace Quinton](/wiki/James_Wallace_Quinton \"James Wallace Quinton\") to arrest the conspirators.{{Cite ODNB\\|title\\=Quinton, James Wallace (1834–1891\\), administrator in India\\|url\\=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10\\.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128\\.001\\.0001/odnb\\-9780198614128\\-e\\-22968\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-11\\|year\\=2004\\|language\\=en\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ref:odnb/22968\\|last1\\=Prior\\|first1\\=Katherine}}",
"On 22 March 1891, Quinton reached [Imphal](/wiki/Imphal \"Imphal\"), where his request for the surrender of [Tikendrajit](/wiki/Tikendrajit \"Tikendrajit\") and the abdication of Maharajah Kulachandra, was declined. The following night, the British decided to attack the fort where Tikendrajit was residing, but soon realized they were outmatched; eventually, they were surrounded by Manipuri troops. Quinton then held talks with Kulachandra, but Frank Grimwood was speared to death. Quinton was detained and beheaded along with other British officers on 24 March 1891\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://archivesmanipur.nic.in/whoswho.htm\\|title\\=THE ANGLO MANIPUR WAR 1891 AND ITS CONSEQUENCES\\|work\\=Manipur State Archives\\|author\\=\\|date\\=19 January 2012\\|accessdate\\=12 October 2020}} The British who were besieged in the residency were led by two junior officers into a disorganised retreat.",
"On 27/28 March 1891, Colonel [Charles James William Grant](/wiki/Charles_James_William_Grant \"Charles James William Grant\") led a punitive force from [Tamu, Burma](/wiki/Tamu%2C_Burma \"Tamu, Burma\") to assist. Grant was awarded the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross \"Victoria Cross\").{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=26192\\|page\\=4370\\|date\\=14 August 1891}}",
"On 13 August, after a trial, Jubraj Tikendrajit and General Thangal were publicly hanged on the polo field. Three others would later be hanged in the prison.",
"On 22 September 1891 the five\\-year\\-old [Meidingngu Churachand](/wiki/Meidingngu_Churachand \"Meidingngu Churachand\") became the new nominal head of the state of Manipur.",
"Ethel had been the only woman in the retreat from the residency. She returned to England and she was lionised as a heroine of the \"[Manipur Disaster](/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War \"Anglo-Manipur War\")\". [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") sought her advice as she thought using capital punishment on a prince might make the British appear treacherous. The queen wanted to give the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross \"Victoria Cross\") or the [Crown of India](/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_India \"Order of the Crown of India\") to Grimwood but she was persuaded to use a lesser award. Grimwood received a [Red Cross Medal](/wiki/Royal_Red_Cross \"Royal Red Cross\") even though the medal was for nursing and Grimwood was not a nurse. Grimwood assured the Queen that she did not hold Tikendrajit responsible for her husband's death, but she felt that he had committed other crimes.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Taylor\\|first\\=Miles\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=radvDwAAQBAJ\\&q\\=ethel\\+grimwood\\&pg\\=PA250\\|title\\=Empress: Queen Victoria and India\\|date\\=2018\\-10\\-02\\|page\\=249\\|publisher\\=Yale University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-300\\-11809\\-4\\|language\\=en}} Grimwood was given £1,000 in addition to a collection and money to cover her losses during the fighting. As a widow she was given a pension of £140 per year. She wrote her biography, *\"My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Recent Mutiny\"*, by November{{Cite web\\|title\\=My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Recent Mutiny.\\|url\\=https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/grimwood/manipur/manipur.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-12\\|website\\=digital.library.upenn.edu}} which sold well. It is unclear now as to her actual contribution, but a hero was required and Ethel became that hero.",
"She went on to marry again in 1895\\. Her new husband Andrew Cornwall Miller owned a paper mill in Surrey but by 1899 he had emigrated to America. He returned in 1903 when she was in court trying to recover money she had invested in a business with Madame Hugh Barry. She appears to have mortgaged her pension to invest in the business venture which failed. She and her husband went to [Clackamas](/wiki/Clackamas_County%2C_Oregon \"Clackamas County, Oregon\") in Oregon but her husband returned to the UK without her.",
"Grimwood died in [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), having changed her name to Evelyn.",
""
] |
History
-------
HSC\-85 traces its lineage back through a number of previous aviation units, both active and reserve, all the way to the U.S. Navy’s first operational helicopter squadron, the FLEET ANGELS of [Helicopter Utility Squadron ONE](/wiki/HC-1 "HC-1") (HU\-1\) which was established 1 April 1948\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nhahistoricalsociety.org/index.php/squadron\-history/navy\-squadron\-history/\|title\=Naval Aviation Squadron Lineage and History\|website\=Naval Helicopter Association\|access\-date\=2019\-09\-04}} Former missions of [anti\-submarine warfare](/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare "Anti-submarine warfare") and [logistics support](/wiki/Vertical_replenishment "Vertical replenishment") and current missions of [combat search and rescue](/wiki/Combat_search_and_rescue "Combat search and rescue") and special operations support are also traceable back to HSC\-85 predecessors.{{fact\|date\=February 2024}}
HU\-1 was re\-designated as [Helicopter Combat Support Squadron ONE](/wiki/HC-1 "HC-1") (HC\-1\) in 1966 and deployed in detachments to support [combat operations in Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). The squadron continued to grow in size and in mission, leading to its breakup and formation of four new squadrons. Of these new squadrons, the SEA DEVILS of [Helicopter Combat Support Squadron SEVEN](/wiki/Helicopter_Combat_Support_Squadron_Seven "Helicopter Combat Support Squadron Seven") (HC\-7\) were assigned the "[Combat Search and Rescue](/wiki/Combat_search_and_rescue "Combat search and rescue")" mission and the SEAWOLVES of [Helicopter Attack Squadron (Light) THREE](/wiki/HA%28L%29-3 "HA(L)-3") (HA(L)\-3\) were assigned the "Special Operations Support" mission.{{fact\|date\=February 2024}}
As the utility of helicopters continued to grow throughout U.S. Navy operations, "[Anti\-Submarine Warfare](/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare "Anti-submarine warfare")" helicopter units were stood\-up to protect [surface action groups](/wiki/Carrier_battle_group "Carrier battle group") from submarine threats and provide [search and rescue](/wiki/Search_and_rescue "Search and rescue") capabilities and "[Logistics Support](/wiki/Vertical_replenishment "Vertical replenishment")" to the surface fleet.{{fact\|date\=February 2024}}
As hostilities ended in Vietnam, the U.S. Navy recognized a need to form reserve aviation squadrons in order to retain combat experienced aviators and maintenance personnel leaving active service but desiring to remain in the ready reserve as citizen Sailors. In June 1975 [Helicopter Wing Reserve](/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_wings%23Disestablished_Wings_or_Air_Wing_Designations_no_longer_in_use "List of United States Navy aircraft wings#Disestablished Wings or Air Wing Designations no longer in use") (HELWINGRES) was established at [NAS North Island](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_North_Island "Naval Air Station North Island") and included (among other helicopter squadrons) the [HA(L)\-4](/wiki/HSC-84 "HSC-84") REDWOLVES and [HA(L)\-5](/wiki/Helicopter_Attack_Squadron_%28Light%29_Five "Helicopter Attack Squadron (Light) Five") BLUEHAWKS performing the special operations support mission and the HC\-9 PROTECTORS performing the combat search and rescue mission.{{fact\|date\=February 2024}}
### Anti\-Submarine Warfare and Logistics Support
[thumb\|left\|225px\|An HS\-85 SH\-3 *Sea King* conducting anti\-submarine warfare training.](/wiki/File:SH-3H_Sea_King_of_HS-85_in_flight_c1985.jpg "SH-3H Sea King of HS-85 in flight c1985.jpg")
[thumb\|HSC\-85 aircrews flying the MH\-60S conduct aerial fire fighting support](/wiki/File:US_Navy_071023-N-2717A-044_Sailors_attached_to_Helicopter_Sea_Combat_Squadron_%28HSC%29_85_disembark_from_aircraft_number_85_after_assisting_in_fire_fighting_efforts_in_the_San_Diego_area.jpg "US Navy 071023-N-2717A-044 Sailors attached to Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 85 disembark from aircraft number 85 after assisting in fire fighting efforts in the San Diego area.jpg")
On 1 July 1970, the GOLDEN GATERS of Helicopter Anti\-Submarine Squadron EIGHT FIVE (HS\-85\) were established. Operating out of [NAS Alameda](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Alameda "Naval Air Station Alameda"), HS\-85 flew the [Sikorsky SH\-3A Sea King](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King "Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King"), and later the SH\-3D and SH\-3H, providing logistics support to the Pacific Fleet and serving as a repository of anti\-submarine experience and talent for aircrews and maintainers of the Navy Reserve. In 1993 HS\-85 moved from [NAS Alameda](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Alameda "Naval Air Station Alameda") to [NAS North Island](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_North_Island "Naval Air Station North Island") in San Diego, CA.
In October 1994 HS\-85 was re\-designated as HC\-85 and assimilated into HELWINGRES while retaining the GOLDEN GATERS moniker. HC\-85 operated the utility [UH\-3H Sea King](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King "Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King") and remained a provider of search and rescue and logistics support to the Pacific Fleet, as well as supporting target launch and torpedo recovery on the Southern California Offshore Range (SCORE) complex at [NALF San Clemente Island](/wiki/San_Clemente_Island "San Clemente Island").
In February 2006, the squadron was again re\-designated, this time as Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron EIGHT FIVE (HSC\-85\), and changed its name to HIGH ROLLERS, keeping with the theme of newly formed expeditionary squadrons, the [HSC\-21 BLACKJACKS](/wiki/HSC-21 "HSC-21") (re\-designated from the HC\-11 GUNBEARERS) and the [HSC\-23 WILDCARDS](/wiki/HSC-23 "HSC-23"). Trading in its UH\-3H Sea Kings for utility [Sikorsky MH\-60S Seahawks](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk "Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk"), HSC\-85 continued its Pacific Fleet and SCORE support until 2011 when the squadron’s mission changed to dedicated special operations support.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story\_id\=61526\|title\=HSC\-85 Takes on New Role Supporting Special Warfare Operations\|date\=2014\-07\-14\|website\=www.navy.mil}}
### Combat Search and Rescue Support
[thumb\|An HC\-85 UH\-3 Sea King conducts search and rescue training.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_040115-N-8252B-001_An_SH-3_Sea_King_helicopter_assigned_to_the_Golden_Gators_of_Helicopter_Combat_Support_Squadron_Eight_Five_%28HC-85%29_conduct_search_and_rescue_training_with_Special_Boat_Unit_12_%28SBU-12%29.jpg "US Navy 040115-N-8252B-001 An SH-3 Sea King helicopter assigned to the Golden Gators of Helicopter Combat Support Squadron Eight Five (HC-85) conduct search and rescue training with Special Boat Unit 12 (SBU-12).jpg")
On 1 September 1967, the HC\-7 SEA DEVILS were established out of two separate HC\-1 search and rescue detachments, one homeported at [NAAF Ream Field](/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Landing_Field_Imperial_Beach "Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach") in Imperial Beach, CA and one homeported at [NAF Atsugi, Japan](/wiki/Naval_Air_Facility_Atsugi "Naval Air Facility Atsugi"). HC\-7 flew the [Kaman HH\-2C Sea Sprite](/wiki/Kaman_SH-2_Seasprite "Kaman SH-2 Seasprite") and [Sikorsky HH\-3A Sea King](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King "Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King") – dubbed "Big Mothers" – and deployed as detachments supporting combat search and rescue operations throughout the Pacific fleet and Southeast Asia areas of operations. Despite an incredible record of over 150 personnel rescued (including fighter aces [LT William Driscoll](/wiki/William_P._Driscoll "William P. Driscoll") and [LT Randy Cunningham](/wiki/Duke_Cunningham "Duke Cunningham")), awards of 5 Navy Crosses, 3 Silver Stars, 8 Distinguished Flying Crosses and the only Medal of Honor awarded to a Naval Aviator during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") ([LT Clyde Lassen](/wiki/Clyde_Everett_Lassen "Clyde Everett Lassen")), HC\-7 and all associated detachments were disestablished on 30 June 1975\.
In an attempt to preserve the combat experience of HC\-7 aircrews and personnel, the U.S. Navy Reserve established the HC\-9 PROTECTORS on 1 August 1975 as part of HELWINGRES. HC\-9 continued to fly the [HH\-3A Sea King](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King "Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King"), providing [combat search and rescue](/wiki/Combat_search_and_rescue "Combat search and rescue") training, as well as operational support when called upon, to carrier strike groups. HC\-9 was disestablished in 1988 as HELWINGRES combined combat search and rescue and special operations support into two remaining reserve squadrons, [Helicopter Combat Support Squadrons (Special) FOUR](/wiki/HSC-84 "HSC-84") and FIVE (HCS\-4 and HCS\-5\).
### Special Operations Support
[left\|thumb\|300px\|Two HCS\-5 HH\-60H assigned to JSOAD\-AP in OIF.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_031130-N-0000P-001_Two_HH-60H_helicopters_assigned_to_the_%22Firehawks%22_of_Helicopter_Combat_Search_and_Rescue_Squadron-Special_Warfare_Support_Special_Squadron_Five.jpg "US Navy 031130-N-0000P-001 Two HH-60H helicopters assigned to the ")
U.S. Forces in Vietnam initiated [Operation GAME WARDEN](/wiki/Operation_Game_Warden "Operation Game Warden") in 1966, which consisted of Navy SEALs on [Patrol Boat, Riverine (PBR) watercraft](/wiki/Patrol_Boat%2C_River "Patrol Boat, River") patrolling the rivers of the [Mekong Delta](/wiki/Mekong_Delta "Mekong Delta") attempting to limit [Viet Cong](/wiki/Viet_Cong "Viet Cong") traffic, supported from the air during enemy contact by U.S. Army [Bell UH\-1 Iroquois gunships](/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois "Bell UH-1 Iroquois"). The distance from Army forward operating bases housing the gunships was often too great for timely support. HC\-1 was soon assigned the task, operating hand\-me\-down UH\-1 Hueys in two\-helicopter detachments aboard [Tank Landing Ships (LST)](/wiki/Landing_Ship%2C_Tank "Landing Ship, Tank") stationed nearer the waterways of the Delta. As HC\-1 grew and became too unwieldy to be effective as a single squadron, the detachments of [Operation SEALORDS](/wiki/Operation_Sealords "Operation Sealords"), were consolidated into a single squadron, the [SEAWOLVES of HA(L)\-3](/wiki/HA%28L%29-3 "HA(L)-3"), established 1 April 1967\. The all\-volunteer squadron of former HC\-1 personnel eventually became nine detachments along the Delta with a maintenance facility at Binh Thuy, Vietnam.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval\-history\-magazine/2019/june/i\-am\-sailor\-and\-seawolf\|title\=I Am a Sailor and a Seawolf\|date\=2019\-04\-11\|website\=U.S. Naval Institute\|language\=en}}
[left\|thumb\|An HSC\-85 HH\-60H fastropes Navy SEALs to an oil and gas platform.](/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_A_U.S._Navy_SEAL_fast_ropes_from_an_HH-60H_Sea_Hawk_helicopter.jpg "Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - A U.S. Navy SEAL fast ropes from an HH-60H Sea Hawk helicopter.jpg")
The SEAWOLVES support to [Navy SEALs](/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs "United States Navy SEALs") and PBR crews during 78,000 combat mission between April 1967 and March 1972 is legendary, resulting in 24,000 individual decorations, including 5 Navy Crosses, 31 Silver Stars, 219 Distinguished Flying Crosses, 16,000 Air Medals and six Presidential Unit Citations. Forty\-four SEAWOLVES were killed\-in\-action or remain missing. Despite this incredible record, HA(L)\-3 was disestablished in March 1972, giving the unit the distinction of the only Naval Aviation squadron to be commissioned and decommissioned outside of the United States.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.flightjournal.com/wp\-content/uploads/2017/09/RidersontheStorm.pdf\|title\=Riders on the Storm: Attack of the Navy's Little Known Seawolves\|date\=2016\-04\-01\|website\=Flight Journal}}
Again attempting to preserve combat experience in helicopter operations, HELWINGRES established two squadrons to continue the special operations support mission, the [REDWOLVES of HA(L)\-4](/wiki/HSC-84 "HSC-84") and the BLUEHAWKS of HA(L)\-5\. HA(L)\-5, established 1 March 1977 and based at [NAS Point Mugu](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Point_Mugu "Naval Air Station Point Mugu"), and HA(L)\-4, established one year later and based at [NS Norfolk](/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk "Naval Station Norfolk"), both operated the [HH\-1K Huey](/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois "Bell UH-1 Iroquois"), providing special operations training and deployed operational support when called upon to Navy SEAL units and surface strike groups of the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets.
On 1 October 1988, HA(L)\-5 was re\-designated HCS\-5, became known as the FIREHAWKS and moved to NAS North Island a few years later. HA(L)\-4 was re\-designated HCS\-4 and kept the REDWOLVES name. Both squadrons transitioned to flying the [Sikorsky HH\-60H](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk "Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk"), known unofficially as the Rescue Hawk, continuing their mission of special operations support and assuming the combat search and rescue mission as HC\-9 was disestablished.
[thumb\|310px\|HSC\-85 MH\-60S perform overland insertion training.](/wiki/File:MH-60S_helicopters_assigned_to_HSC-85_perform_overland_insertion_training.jpg "MH-60S helicopters assigned to HSC-85 perform overland insertion training.jpg")
Despite a robust history of support to combat operations, including combat search and rescue strip alert during Operations [DESERT SHIELD](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War") and [DESERT STORM](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War"), special operations support during [UPHOLD DEMOCRACY](/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy "Operation Uphold Democracy"), and performing both missions during three years of constant support to Joint Special Operations Air Detachment, Arabian Peninsula (JSOAD\-AP) during [IRAQI FREEDOM](/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story\_id\=22585\|title\=HCS\-5 Earns Navy Unit Commendation\|date\=2006\-03\-30\|website\=www.navy.mil}} HCS\-5 was disestablished 31 December 2006, leaving HCS\-4, now re\-designated HSC\-84, as the sole Navy squadron dedicated to special operations support.
### Current Operations
In 2011 the primary mission of HSC\-85 was assigned as dedicated special operations support at the request of [U.S. Special Operations Command](/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command "United States Special Operations Command"). The squadron still housed remnants of mission experienced personnel from HCS\-5 as well as HCS\-4, now known as HSC\-84\. HSC\-85 took on the FIREHAWKS name and transitioned from the utility MH\-60S to the HH\-60H.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.verticalmag.com/features/special\-seahawks/\|title\=Special Seahawks\|date\=2019\-05\-30\|website\=Vertical Magazine}}
In 2016 the U.S. Navy again decided to disestablish HSC\-85 and HSC\-84, even though both were deployed at the time in support of U.S. Pacific Command and U.S. Central Command, respectively.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.navytimes.com/news/your\-navy/2016/01/02/navy\-to\-shutdown\-combat\-tested\-spec\-ops\-helicopter\-squadron/\|title\=Navy to Shutdown Combat Tested Spec Ops Helicopter Squadron\|date\=2016\-01\-02\|website\=Navy Times}} Following Congressional involvement,{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th\-congress/senate\-bill/1356/text?q\=%257b%2522search%2522%253A%255b%2522national\+defense\+authorization\+act%2522%255d%257d\&resultIndex\=1\|title\=The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016\|date\=2015\-11\-25\|website\=Congress.gov}} HSC\-85 remained while HSC\-84 was shuttered, with the U.S. Navy pledging to retain special operations and combat search and rescue mission experience in newly formed Tactical Support Units on both the east (TSULANT) and west (TSUPAC) coasts.{{Cite web\|url\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS22373\.pdf\|title\=Navy Irregular Warfare and Counterterrorism Operations: Background and Issues for Congress\|last\=Congressional Research Service\|date\=2019\-06\-19\|website\=Federation of American Scientists}}
In 2018 HSC\-85 transitioned from the HH\-60H to the [Block III MH\-60S](/wiki/MH-60S "MH-60S"). The squadron currently operates in support of U.S. Indo\-Pacific Command and provides training and readiness support to [Naval Special Warfare (WARCOM)](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Special_Warfare_Command "United States Naval Special Warfare Command") and other service’s special operations units.
The Squadron is slated for deactivation in Fall of 2023\.
### Insignia of HSC\-85 and Squadron Predecessors
File:HS\-85 Insignia.jpeg\|'''HS\-85 "Golden Gaters" 1970–1994'''
File:HA(L)\-5 Patch \- Modern Version.jpg\|'''HA(L)\-5 "Bluehawks" 1977–1988'''
File:Helicopter Combat Support Special Squadron 5 (US Navy \- insignia).jpg\|'''HCS\-5 "Firehawks" 1988–2006'''
File:USN\-HC85\-Insignia.svg\|'''HC\-85 "Golden Gaters" 1994–2006'''
File:HSC\-85 Highrollers insignia.jpg\|'''HSC\-85 "High Rollers" 2006–2011'''
|
[
"History\n-------",
"HSC\\-85 traces its lineage back through a number of previous aviation units, both active and reserve, all the way to the U.S. Navy’s first operational helicopter squadron, the FLEET ANGELS of [Helicopter Utility Squadron ONE](/wiki/HC-1 \"HC-1\") (HU\\-1\\) which was established 1 April 1948\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nhahistoricalsociety.org/index.php/squadron\\-history/navy\\-squadron\\-history/\\|title\\=Naval Aviation Squadron Lineage and History\\|website\\=Naval Helicopter Association\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-04}} Former missions of [anti\\-submarine warfare](/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare \"Anti-submarine warfare\") and [logistics support](/wiki/Vertical_replenishment \"Vertical replenishment\") and current missions of [combat search and rescue](/wiki/Combat_search_and_rescue \"Combat search and rescue\") and special operations support are also traceable back to HSC\\-85 predecessors.{{fact\\|date\\=February 2024}}",
"HU\\-1 was re\\-designated as [Helicopter Combat Support Squadron ONE](/wiki/HC-1 \"HC-1\") (HC\\-1\\) in 1966 and deployed in detachments to support [combat operations in Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). The squadron continued to grow in size and in mission, leading to its breakup and formation of four new squadrons. Of these new squadrons, the SEA DEVILS of [Helicopter Combat Support Squadron SEVEN](/wiki/Helicopter_Combat_Support_Squadron_Seven \"Helicopter Combat Support Squadron Seven\") (HC\\-7\\) were assigned the \"[Combat Search and Rescue](/wiki/Combat_search_and_rescue \"Combat search and rescue\")\" mission and the SEAWOLVES of [Helicopter Attack Squadron (Light) THREE](/wiki/HA%28L%29-3 \"HA(L)-3\") (HA(L)\\-3\\) were assigned the \"Special Operations Support\" mission.{{fact\\|date\\=February 2024}}",
"As the utility of helicopters continued to grow throughout U.S. Navy operations, \"[Anti\\-Submarine Warfare](/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare \"Anti-submarine warfare\")\" helicopter units were stood\\-up to protect [surface action groups](/wiki/Carrier_battle_group \"Carrier battle group\") from submarine threats and provide [search and rescue](/wiki/Search_and_rescue \"Search and rescue\") capabilities and \"[Logistics Support](/wiki/Vertical_replenishment \"Vertical replenishment\")\" to the surface fleet.{{fact\\|date\\=February 2024}}",
"As hostilities ended in Vietnam, the U.S. Navy recognized a need to form reserve aviation squadrons in order to retain combat experienced aviators and maintenance personnel leaving active service but desiring to remain in the ready reserve as citizen Sailors. In June 1975 [Helicopter Wing Reserve](/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_wings%23Disestablished_Wings_or_Air_Wing_Designations_no_longer_in_use \"List of United States Navy aircraft wings#Disestablished Wings or Air Wing Designations no longer in use\") (HELWINGRES) was established at [NAS North Island](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_North_Island \"Naval Air Station North Island\") and included (among other helicopter squadrons) the [HA(L)\\-4](/wiki/HSC-84 \"HSC-84\") REDWOLVES and [HA(L)\\-5](/wiki/Helicopter_Attack_Squadron_%28Light%29_Five \"Helicopter Attack Squadron (Light) Five\") BLUEHAWKS performing the special operations support mission and the HC\\-9 PROTECTORS performing the combat search and rescue mission.{{fact\\|date\\=February 2024}}",
"### Anti\\-Submarine Warfare and Logistics Support",
"[thumb\\|left\\|225px\\|An HS\\-85 SH\\-3 *Sea King* conducting anti\\-submarine warfare training.](/wiki/File:SH-3H_Sea_King_of_HS-85_in_flight_c1985.jpg \"SH-3H Sea King of HS-85 in flight c1985.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|HSC\\-85 aircrews flying the MH\\-60S conduct aerial fire fighting support](/wiki/File:US_Navy_071023-N-2717A-044_Sailors_attached_to_Helicopter_Sea_Combat_Squadron_%28HSC%29_85_disembark_from_aircraft_number_85_after_assisting_in_fire_fighting_efforts_in_the_San_Diego_area.jpg \"US Navy 071023-N-2717A-044 Sailors attached to Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 85 disembark from aircraft number 85 after assisting in fire fighting efforts in the San Diego area.jpg\")\nOn 1 July 1970, the GOLDEN GATERS of Helicopter Anti\\-Submarine Squadron EIGHT FIVE (HS\\-85\\) were established. Operating out of [NAS Alameda](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Alameda \"Naval Air Station Alameda\"), HS\\-85 flew the [Sikorsky SH\\-3A Sea King](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King \"Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King\"), and later the SH\\-3D and SH\\-3H, providing logistics support to the Pacific Fleet and serving as a repository of anti\\-submarine experience and talent for aircrews and maintainers of the Navy Reserve. In 1993 HS\\-85 moved from [NAS Alameda](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Alameda \"Naval Air Station Alameda\") to [NAS North Island](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_North_Island \"Naval Air Station North Island\") in San Diego, CA.",
"In October 1994 HS\\-85 was re\\-designated as HC\\-85 and assimilated into HELWINGRES while retaining the GOLDEN GATERS moniker. HC\\-85 operated the utility [UH\\-3H Sea King](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King \"Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King\") and remained a provider of search and rescue and logistics support to the Pacific Fleet, as well as supporting target launch and torpedo recovery on the Southern California Offshore Range (SCORE) complex at [NALF San Clemente Island](/wiki/San_Clemente_Island \"San Clemente Island\").",
"In February 2006, the squadron was again re\\-designated, this time as Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron EIGHT FIVE (HSC\\-85\\), and changed its name to HIGH ROLLERS, keeping with the theme of newly formed expeditionary squadrons, the [HSC\\-21 BLACKJACKS](/wiki/HSC-21 \"HSC-21\") (re\\-designated from the HC\\-11 GUNBEARERS) and the [HSC\\-23 WILDCARDS](/wiki/HSC-23 \"HSC-23\"). Trading in its UH\\-3H Sea Kings for utility [Sikorsky MH\\-60S Seahawks](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk \"Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk\"), HSC\\-85 continued its Pacific Fleet and SCORE support until 2011 when the squadron’s mission changed to dedicated special operations support.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story\\_id\\=61526\\|title\\=HSC\\-85 Takes on New Role Supporting Special Warfare Operations\\|date\\=2014\\-07\\-14\\|website\\=www.navy.mil}}",
"### Combat Search and Rescue Support",
"[thumb\\|An HC\\-85 UH\\-3 Sea King conducts search and rescue training.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_040115-N-8252B-001_An_SH-3_Sea_King_helicopter_assigned_to_the_Golden_Gators_of_Helicopter_Combat_Support_Squadron_Eight_Five_%28HC-85%29_conduct_search_and_rescue_training_with_Special_Boat_Unit_12_%28SBU-12%29.jpg \"US Navy 040115-N-8252B-001 An SH-3 Sea King helicopter assigned to the Golden Gators of Helicopter Combat Support Squadron Eight Five (HC-85) conduct search and rescue training with Special Boat Unit 12 (SBU-12).jpg\")\nOn 1 September 1967, the HC\\-7 SEA DEVILS were established out of two separate HC\\-1 search and rescue detachments, one homeported at [NAAF Ream Field](/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Landing_Field_Imperial_Beach \"Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach\") in Imperial Beach, CA and one homeported at [NAF Atsugi, Japan](/wiki/Naval_Air_Facility_Atsugi \"Naval Air Facility Atsugi\"). HC\\-7 flew the [Kaman HH\\-2C Sea Sprite](/wiki/Kaman_SH-2_Seasprite \"Kaman SH-2 Seasprite\") and [Sikorsky HH\\-3A Sea King](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King \"Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King\") – dubbed \"Big Mothers\" – and deployed as detachments supporting combat search and rescue operations throughout the Pacific fleet and Southeast Asia areas of operations. Despite an incredible record of over 150 personnel rescued (including fighter aces [LT William Driscoll](/wiki/William_P._Driscoll \"William P. Driscoll\") and [LT Randy Cunningham](/wiki/Duke_Cunningham \"Duke Cunningham\")), awards of 5 Navy Crosses, 3 Silver Stars, 8 Distinguished Flying Crosses and the only Medal of Honor awarded to a Naval Aviator during the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") ([LT Clyde Lassen](/wiki/Clyde_Everett_Lassen \"Clyde Everett Lassen\")), HC\\-7 and all associated detachments were disestablished on 30 June 1975\\.",
"In an attempt to preserve the combat experience of HC\\-7 aircrews and personnel, the U.S. Navy Reserve established the HC\\-9 PROTECTORS on 1 August 1975 as part of HELWINGRES. HC\\-9 continued to fly the [HH\\-3A Sea King](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King \"Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King\"), providing [combat search and rescue](/wiki/Combat_search_and_rescue \"Combat search and rescue\") training, as well as operational support when called upon, to carrier strike groups. HC\\-9 was disestablished in 1988 as HELWINGRES combined combat search and rescue and special operations support into two remaining reserve squadrons, [Helicopter Combat Support Squadrons (Special) FOUR](/wiki/HSC-84 \"HSC-84\") and FIVE (HCS\\-4 and HCS\\-5\\).",
"### Special Operations Support",
"[left\\|thumb\\|300px\\|Two HCS\\-5 HH\\-60H assigned to JSOAD\\-AP in OIF.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_031130-N-0000P-001_Two_HH-60H_helicopters_assigned_to_the_%22Firehawks%22_of_Helicopter_Combat_Search_and_Rescue_Squadron-Special_Warfare_Support_Special_Squadron_Five.jpg \"US Navy 031130-N-0000P-001 Two HH-60H helicopters assigned to the \")\nU.S. Forces in Vietnam initiated [Operation GAME WARDEN](/wiki/Operation_Game_Warden \"Operation Game Warden\") in 1966, which consisted of Navy SEALs on [Patrol Boat, Riverine (PBR) watercraft](/wiki/Patrol_Boat%2C_River \"Patrol Boat, River\") patrolling the rivers of the [Mekong Delta](/wiki/Mekong_Delta \"Mekong Delta\") attempting to limit [Viet Cong](/wiki/Viet_Cong \"Viet Cong\") traffic, supported from the air during enemy contact by U.S. Army [Bell UH\\-1 Iroquois gunships](/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois \"Bell UH-1 Iroquois\"). The distance from Army forward operating bases housing the gunships was often too great for timely support. HC\\-1 was soon assigned the task, operating hand\\-me\\-down UH\\-1 Hueys in two\\-helicopter detachments aboard [Tank Landing Ships (LST)](/wiki/Landing_Ship%2C_Tank \"Landing Ship, Tank\") stationed nearer the waterways of the Delta. As HC\\-1 grew and became too unwieldy to be effective as a single squadron, the detachments of [Operation SEALORDS](/wiki/Operation_Sealords \"Operation Sealords\"), were consolidated into a single squadron, the [SEAWOLVES of HA(L)\\-3](/wiki/HA%28L%29-3 \"HA(L)-3\"), established 1 April 1967\\. The all\\-volunteer squadron of former HC\\-1 personnel eventually became nine detachments along the Delta with a maintenance facility at Binh Thuy, Vietnam.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval\\-history\\-magazine/2019/june/i\\-am\\-sailor\\-and\\-seawolf\\|title\\=I Am a Sailor and a Seawolf\\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-11\\|website\\=U.S. Naval Institute\\|language\\=en}}",
"[left\\|thumb\\|An HSC\\-85 HH\\-60H fastropes Navy SEALs to an oil and gas platform.](/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_A_U.S._Navy_SEAL_fast_ropes_from_an_HH-60H_Sea_Hawk_helicopter.jpg \"Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - A U.S. Navy SEAL fast ropes from an HH-60H Sea Hawk helicopter.jpg\")\nThe SEAWOLVES support to [Navy SEALs](/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs \"United States Navy SEALs\") and PBR crews during 78,000 combat mission between April 1967 and March 1972 is legendary, resulting in 24,000 individual decorations, including 5 Navy Crosses, 31 Silver Stars, 219 Distinguished Flying Crosses, 16,000 Air Medals and six Presidential Unit Citations. Forty\\-four SEAWOLVES were killed\\-in\\-action or remain missing. Despite this incredible record, HA(L)\\-3 was disestablished in March 1972, giving the unit the distinction of the only Naval Aviation squadron to be commissioned and decommissioned outside of the United States.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.flightjournal.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2017/09/RidersontheStorm.pdf\\|title\\=Riders on the Storm: Attack of the Navy's Little Known Seawolves\\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-01\\|website\\=Flight Journal}}",
"Again attempting to preserve combat experience in helicopter operations, HELWINGRES established two squadrons to continue the special operations support mission, the [REDWOLVES of HA(L)\\-4](/wiki/HSC-84 \"HSC-84\") and the BLUEHAWKS of HA(L)\\-5\\. HA(L)\\-5, established 1 March 1977 and based at [NAS Point Mugu](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Point_Mugu \"Naval Air Station Point Mugu\"), and HA(L)\\-4, established one year later and based at [NS Norfolk](/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk \"Naval Station Norfolk\"), both operated the [HH\\-1K Huey](/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois \"Bell UH-1 Iroquois\"), providing special operations training and deployed operational support when called upon to Navy SEAL units and surface strike groups of the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets.",
"On 1 October 1988, HA(L)\\-5 was re\\-designated HCS\\-5, became known as the FIREHAWKS and moved to NAS North Island a few years later. HA(L)\\-4 was re\\-designated HCS\\-4 and kept the REDWOLVES name. Both squadrons transitioned to flying the [Sikorsky HH\\-60H](/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk \"Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk\"), known unofficially as the Rescue Hawk, continuing their mission of special operations support and assuming the combat search and rescue mission as HC\\-9 was disestablished.",
"[thumb\\|310px\\|HSC\\-85 MH\\-60S perform overland insertion training.](/wiki/File:MH-60S_helicopters_assigned_to_HSC-85_perform_overland_insertion_training.jpg \"MH-60S helicopters assigned to HSC-85 perform overland insertion training.jpg\")\nDespite a robust history of support to combat operations, including combat search and rescue strip alert during Operations [DESERT SHIELD](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\") and [DESERT STORM](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\"), special operations support during [UPHOLD DEMOCRACY](/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy \"Operation Uphold Democracy\"), and performing both missions during three years of constant support to Joint Special Operations Air Detachment, Arabian Peninsula (JSOAD\\-AP) during [IRAQI FREEDOM](/wiki/Iraq_War \"Iraq War\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story\\_id\\=22585\\|title\\=HCS\\-5 Earns Navy Unit Commendation\\|date\\=2006\\-03\\-30\\|website\\=www.navy.mil}} HCS\\-5 was disestablished 31 December 2006, leaving HCS\\-4, now re\\-designated HSC\\-84, as the sole Navy squadron dedicated to special operations support.",
"### Current Operations",
"In 2011 the primary mission of HSC\\-85 was assigned as dedicated special operations support at the request of [U.S. Special Operations Command](/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command \"United States Special Operations Command\"). The squadron still housed remnants of mission experienced personnel from HCS\\-5 as well as HCS\\-4, now known as HSC\\-84\\. HSC\\-85 took on the FIREHAWKS name and transitioned from the utility MH\\-60S to the HH\\-60H.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.verticalmag.com/features/special\\-seahawks/\\|title\\=Special Seahawks\\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-30\\|website\\=Vertical Magazine}}",
"In 2016 the U.S. Navy again decided to disestablish HSC\\-85 and HSC\\-84, even though both were deployed at the time in support of U.S. Pacific Command and U.S. Central Command, respectively.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.navytimes.com/news/your\\-navy/2016/01/02/navy\\-to\\-shutdown\\-combat\\-tested\\-spec\\-ops\\-helicopter\\-squadron/\\|title\\=Navy to Shutdown Combat Tested Spec Ops Helicopter Squadron\\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-02\\|website\\=Navy Times}} Following Congressional involvement,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th\\-congress/senate\\-bill/1356/text?q\\=%257b%2522search%2522%253A%255b%2522national\\+defense\\+authorization\\+act%2522%255d%257d\\&resultIndex\\=1\\|title\\=The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016\\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-25\\|website\\=Congress.gov}} HSC\\-85 remained while HSC\\-84 was shuttered, with the U.S. Navy pledging to retain special operations and combat search and rescue mission experience in newly formed Tactical Support Units on both the east (TSULANT) and west (TSUPAC) coasts.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS22373\\.pdf\\|title\\=Navy Irregular Warfare and Counterterrorism Operations: Background and Issues for Congress\\|last\\=Congressional Research Service\\|date\\=2019\\-06\\-19\\|website\\=Federation of American Scientists}}",
"In 2018 HSC\\-85 transitioned from the HH\\-60H to the [Block III MH\\-60S](/wiki/MH-60S \"MH-60S\"). The squadron currently operates in support of U.S. Indo\\-Pacific Command and provides training and readiness support to [Naval Special Warfare (WARCOM)](/wiki/United_States_Naval_Special_Warfare_Command \"United States Naval Special Warfare Command\") and other service’s special operations units.",
"The Squadron is slated for deactivation in Fall of 2023\\.",
"### Insignia of HSC\\-85 and Squadron Predecessors",
"",
"File:HS\\-85 Insignia.jpeg\\|'''HS\\-85 \"Golden Gaters\" 1970–1994'''\nFile:HA(L)\\-5 Patch \\- Modern Version.jpg\\|'''HA(L)\\-5 \"Bluehawks\" 1977–1988'''\nFile:Helicopter Combat Support Special Squadron 5 (US Navy \\- insignia).jpg\\|'''HCS\\-5 \"Firehawks\" 1988–2006'''\nFile:USN\\-HC85\\-Insignia.svg\\|'''HC\\-85 \"Golden Gaters\" 1994–2006'''\nFile:HSC\\-85 Highrollers insignia.jpg\\|'''HSC\\-85 \"High Rollers\" 2006–2011'''",
"",
""
] |
Overview
--------
[thumb\|In *"full\-fixed mode"* the entire computation is done by the fixed\-function VCE unit. Full\-fixed mode can be accessed through the OpenMAX IL API.](/wiki/File:AMD_VCE_fixed_mode.svg "AMD VCE fixed mode.svg")
[thumb\|The entropy encoding block of the VCE ASIC is also separately accessible, enabling *"hybrid mode"*. In *"hybrid mode"* most of the computation is done by the 3D engine of the GPU. Using [AMD's Accelerated Parallel Programming SDK](/wiki/AMD_APP_SDK "AMD APP SDK") and [OpenCL](/wiki/OpenCL "OpenCL") developers can create hybrid encoders that pair custom motion estimation, inverse discrete cosine transform and motion compensation with the hardware entropy encoding to achieve faster than real\-time encoding.](/wiki/File:AMD_VCE_hybrid_mode.svg "AMD VCE hybrid mode.svg")
The handling of video data involves computation of [data compression](/wiki/Data_compression "Data compression") algorithms and possibly of [video processing](/wiki/Video_processing "Video processing") algorithms. As the template [compression methods](/wiki/Template:Compression_methods "Compression methods") shows, lossy video compression algorithms involve the steps: [motion estimation](/wiki/Motion_compensation "Motion compensation") (ME), [discrete cosine transform](/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform "Discrete cosine transform") (DCT), and [entropy encoding](/wiki/Entropy_encoding "Entropy encoding") (EC).
AMD Video Code Engine (VCE) is a full hardware implementation of the video codec H.264/MPEG\-4 AVC. It is capable of delivering 1080p at 60 frames/sec. Because its entropy encoding block is also a separately accessible Video Codec Engine, it can be operated in two modes: full\-fixed mode and hybrid mode.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.anandtech.com/show/5261/amd\-radeon\-hd\-7970\-review/9 \|title\=Video \& Movies: The Video Codec Engine, UVD3, \& Steady Video 2\.0 \|publisher\=\[\[AnandTech]] \|date\=December 22, 2011 \|access\-date\=2017\-05\-20}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.amd.com/en\-us/products/graphics/desktop/oem/8900 \|title\=Radeon HD 8900 Specs \|publisher\=AMD \|access\-date\=2016\-07\-18}}
By employing [AMD APP SDK](/wiki/AMD_APP_SDK "AMD APP SDK"), available for Linux and Microsoft Windows, developers can create hybrid encoders that pair custom motion estimation, inverse discrete cosine transform and motion compensation with the hardware entropy encoding to achieve faster than real\-time encoding. In hybrid mode, only the entropy encoding block of the VCE unit is used, while the remaining computation is offloaded to the 3D engine of the GPU, so the computing scales with the number of available compute units (CUs).
### {{Anchor\|1\.0\|DEM}}VCE 1\.0
VCE{{cite web \|url\=http://developer.amd.com/community/blog/2014/02/19/introducing\-video\-coding\-engine\-vce/ \|title\=Introducing the Video Coding Engine (VCE) \- AMD \|website\=developer.amd.com \|access\-date\=15 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604071338/http://developer.amd.com/community/blog/2014/02/19/introducing\-video\-coding\-engine\-vce/ \|archive\-date\=4 June 2016 \|url\-status\=dead}} Version 1\.0 supports H.264 YUV420 (I \& P frames), H.264 SVC Temporal Encode VCE, and *Display Encode Mode* (DEM).
It can be found on:
* [Piledriver](/wiki/Piledriver_%28microarchitecture%29 "Piledriver (microarchitecture)")\-based
+ Trinity APUs (Ax\-5xxx, e.g. A10\-5800K)
+ Richland APUs (Ax\-6xxx, e.g. A10\-6800K)
* GPUs of the Southern Islands generation (GCN1: CAYMAN, ARUBA (Trinity/Richland), CAPE VERDE, PITCAIRN, TAHITI). These are
+ Radeon HD 7700 series (except HD 7790 with VCE 2\.0\)
+ Radeon HD 7800 series
+ Radeon HD 7900 series
+ Radeon HD 8570 to 8990 (except HD 8770 with VCE 2\.0\)
+ Radeon R7 250E, 250X, 265 / R9 270, 270X, 280, 280X
+ Radeon R7 360, 370, 455 / R9 370, 370X
+ Mobile Radeon HD 77x0M to HD 7970M
+ Mobile Radeon HD 8000\-Series
+ Mobile Radeon Rx M2xx Series (except R9 M280X with VCE 2\.0 and R9 M295X with VCE 3\.0\)
+ Mobile Radeon R5 M330 to R9 M390
+ FirePro cards with 1st Generation GCN (GCN1\) (Except W2100, which is Oland XT)
### {{Anchor\|2\.0}}VCE 2\.0
Compared to the first version, VCE 2\.0 adds H.264 YUV444 (I\-Frames), B\-frames for H.264 YUV420, and improvements to the DEM (Display Encode Mode), which results in a better encoding quality.
It can be found on:
* [Steamroller](/wiki/Steamroller_%28microarchitecture%29 "Steamroller (microarchitecture)")\-based
+ Kaveri APUs (Ax\-7xxx, e.g. A10\-7850K)
+ Godavari APUs (Ax\-7xxx, e.g. A10\-7890K)
* [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_%28microarchitecture%29 "Jaguar (microarchitecture)")\-based
+ Kabini APUs (e.g. Athlon 5350, Sempron 2650\)
+ Temash APUs (e.g. A6\-1450, A4\-1200\)
* [Puma](/wiki/Puma_%28microarchitecture%29 "Puma (microarchitecture)")\-based
+ Beema and Mullins
* GPUs of the Sea Islands generation as well Bonaire or Hawaii GPUs (2nd Generation Graphics Core Next), such as
+ Radeon HD 7790, 8770
+ Radeon R7 260, 260X / R9 290, 290X, 295X2
+ Radeon R7 360 / R9 390, 390X
+ Mobile Radeon R9 M280X
+ Mobile Radeon R9 M385, M385X
+ Mobile Radeon R9 M470, M470X
+ FirePro cards with 2nd Generation GCN (GCN2\)
### {{Anchor\|3\.0}}VCE 3\.0
Video Code Engine 3\.0 (VCE 3\.0\) technology features a new high\-quality video scaling and \- since version 3\.4 \- [High Efficiency Video Coding](/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding "High Efficiency Video Coding") (HEVC/H.265\).{{cite web \| title\=Mailing Lists \| website\=lists.freedesktop.org \| date\=4 June 2015 \| url\=https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/dri\-devel/2015\-June/084083\.html \| access\-date\=25 September 2023}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://github.com/rigaya/VCEEnc\|title\=VCEEnc\|date\=June 10, 2023\|via\=GitHub}}
It, together with [UVD](/wiki/Unified_Video_Decoder "Unified Video Decoder") 6\.0, can be found on 3rd generation of Graphics Core Next (GCN3\) with "Tonga", "Fiji", "Iceland", and "Carrizo" (VCE 3\.1\) based graphics controller hardware, which is now used [AMD Radeon Rx 300 series](/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Rx_300_series "AMD Radeon Rx 300 series") (Pirate Islands GPU family) and VCE 3\.4 by actual [AMD Radeon Rx 400 series](/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Rx_400_series "AMD Radeon Rx 400 series") and [AMD Radeon 500 series](/wiki/AMD_Radeon_500_series "AMD Radeon 500 series") (both Polaris GPU family).
* Tonga: Radeon R9 285, 380, 380X; Mobile Radeon R9 M390X, M395, M395X, M485X
* Tonga XT: FirePro W7100, S7100X, S7150, S7150 X2
* Fiji: Radeon R9 Fury, Fury X, Nano; Radeon Pro Duo (2016\); FirePro S9300, W7170M; Instinct MI8
* Polaris: RX 460, 470, 480; RX 550, 560, 570, 580; Radeon Pro Duo (2017\)
VCE 3\.0 removes support for H.264 B\-frames.{{cite web \|title\=Video Encode API: BFrames not supported on RX 4xx? · Issue \#8 · GPUOpen\-LibrariesAndSDKs/AMF \|url\=https://github.com/GPUOpen\-LibrariesAndSDKs/AMF/issues/8 \|website\=GitHub \|language\=en}}
### {{Anchor\|4\.0}}VCE 4\.0
The Video Code Engine 4\.0 encoder and UVD 7\.0 decoder are included in the Vega\-based GPUs.{{cite news \|last1\=Larabel \|first1\=Michael \|title\=AMD Sends Out 100 Patches, Enabling Vega Support In AMDGPU DRM \|url\=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page\=news\_item\&px\=AMDGPU\-Vega\-10\-Support \|access\-date\=25 August 2017 \|publisher\=Phoronix \|date\=20 March 2017}}
#### VCE 4\.1
AMD's Vega20 GPU, present in the Instinct Mi50, Instinct Mi60 and Radeon VII cards, include VCE 4\.1 and two UVD 7\.2 instances.{{cite web\|url\=https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/amd\-gfx/2018\-May/022291\.html\|title\=\[PATCH 50/57] drm/amdgpu/vg20:Enable the 2nd instance IRQ for uvd 7\.2\|last\=Deucher\|first\=Alex\|date\=15 May 2018\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-13}}{{cite web\|url\=https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/amd\-gfx/2018\-May/022282\.html\|title\=\[PATCH 42/57] drm/amd/include/vg20: adjust VCE\_BASE to reuse vce 4\.0 header files\|last\=Deucher\|first\=Alex\|date\=15 May 2018\|access\-date\=2019\-01\-13}}
### Feature overview
#### APUs
{{AMD APU features}}
#### GPUs
{{AMD GPU features}}
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"[thumb\\|In *\"full\\-fixed mode\"* the entire computation is done by the fixed\\-function VCE unit. Full\\-fixed mode can be accessed through the OpenMAX IL API.](/wiki/File:AMD_VCE_fixed_mode.svg \"AMD VCE fixed mode.svg\")\n[thumb\\|The entropy encoding block of the VCE ASIC is also separately accessible, enabling *\"hybrid mode\"*. In *\"hybrid mode\"* most of the computation is done by the 3D engine of the GPU. Using [AMD's Accelerated Parallel Programming SDK](/wiki/AMD_APP_SDK \"AMD APP SDK\") and [OpenCL](/wiki/OpenCL \"OpenCL\") developers can create hybrid encoders that pair custom motion estimation, inverse discrete cosine transform and motion compensation with the hardware entropy encoding to achieve faster than real\\-time encoding.](/wiki/File:AMD_VCE_hybrid_mode.svg \"AMD VCE hybrid mode.svg\")",
"The handling of video data involves computation of [data compression](/wiki/Data_compression \"Data compression\") algorithms and possibly of [video processing](/wiki/Video_processing \"Video processing\") algorithms. As the template [compression methods](/wiki/Template:Compression_methods \"Compression methods\") shows, lossy video compression algorithms involve the steps: [motion estimation](/wiki/Motion_compensation \"Motion compensation\") (ME), [discrete cosine transform](/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform \"Discrete cosine transform\") (DCT), and [entropy encoding](/wiki/Entropy_encoding \"Entropy encoding\") (EC).",
"AMD Video Code Engine (VCE) is a full hardware implementation of the video codec H.264/MPEG\\-4 AVC. It is capable of delivering 1080p at 60 frames/sec. Because its entropy encoding block is also a separately accessible Video Codec Engine, it can be operated in two modes: full\\-fixed mode and hybrid mode.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.anandtech.com/show/5261/amd\\-radeon\\-hd\\-7970\\-review/9 \\|title\\=Video \\& Movies: The Video Codec Engine, UVD3, \\& Steady Video 2\\.0 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AnandTech]] \\|date\\=December 22, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-20}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.amd.com/en\\-us/products/graphics/desktop/oem/8900 \\|title\\=Radeon HD 8900 Specs \\|publisher\\=AMD \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-18}}",
"By employing [AMD APP SDK](/wiki/AMD_APP_SDK \"AMD APP SDK\"), available for Linux and Microsoft Windows, developers can create hybrid encoders that pair custom motion estimation, inverse discrete cosine transform and motion compensation with the hardware entropy encoding to achieve faster than real\\-time encoding. In hybrid mode, only the entropy encoding block of the VCE unit is used, while the remaining computation is offloaded to the 3D engine of the GPU, so the computing scales with the number of available compute units (CUs).",
"### {{Anchor\\|1\\.0\\|DEM}}VCE 1\\.0",
"VCE{{cite web \\|url\\=http://developer.amd.com/community/blog/2014/02/19/introducing\\-video\\-coding\\-engine\\-vce/ \\|title\\=Introducing the Video Coding Engine (VCE) \\- AMD \\|website\\=developer.amd.com \\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604071338/http://developer.amd.com/community/blog/2014/02/19/introducing\\-video\\-coding\\-engine\\-vce/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 June 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Version 1\\.0 supports H.264 YUV420 (I \\& P frames), H.264 SVC Temporal Encode VCE, and *Display Encode Mode* (DEM).",
"It can be found on: \n* [Piledriver](/wiki/Piledriver_%28microarchitecture%29 \"Piledriver (microarchitecture)\")\\-based\n\t+ Trinity APUs (Ax\\-5xxx, e.g. A10\\-5800K)\n\t+ Richland APUs (Ax\\-6xxx, e.g. A10\\-6800K)\n* GPUs of the Southern Islands generation (GCN1: CAYMAN, ARUBA (Trinity/Richland), CAPE VERDE, PITCAIRN, TAHITI). These are\n\t+ Radeon HD 7700 series (except HD 7790 with VCE 2\\.0\\)\n\t+ Radeon HD 7800 series\n\t+ Radeon HD 7900 series\n\t+ Radeon HD 8570 to 8990 (except HD 8770 with VCE 2\\.0\\)\n\t+ Radeon R7 250E, 250X, 265 / R9 270, 270X, 280, 280X\n\t+ Radeon R7 360, 370, 455 / R9 370, 370X\n\t+ Mobile Radeon HD 77x0M to HD 7970M\n\t+ Mobile Radeon HD 8000\\-Series\n\t+ Mobile Radeon Rx M2xx Series (except R9 M280X with VCE 2\\.0 and R9 M295X with VCE 3\\.0\\)\n\t+ Mobile Radeon R5 M330 to R9 M390\n\t+ FirePro cards with 1st Generation GCN (GCN1\\) (Except W2100, which is Oland XT)",
"### {{Anchor\\|2\\.0}}VCE 2\\.0",
"Compared to the first version, VCE 2\\.0 adds H.264 YUV444 (I\\-Frames), B\\-frames for H.264 YUV420, and improvements to the DEM (Display Encode Mode), which results in a better encoding quality.",
"It can be found on:\n* [Steamroller](/wiki/Steamroller_%28microarchitecture%29 \"Steamroller (microarchitecture)\")\\-based\n\t+ Kaveri APUs (Ax\\-7xxx, e.g. A10\\-7850K)\n\t+ Godavari APUs (Ax\\-7xxx, e.g. A10\\-7890K)\n* [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_%28microarchitecture%29 \"Jaguar (microarchitecture)\")\\-based\n\t+ Kabini APUs (e.g. Athlon 5350, Sempron 2650\\)\n\t+ Temash APUs (e.g. A6\\-1450, A4\\-1200\\)\n* [Puma](/wiki/Puma_%28microarchitecture%29 \"Puma (microarchitecture)\")\\-based\n\t+ Beema and Mullins\n* GPUs of the Sea Islands generation as well Bonaire or Hawaii GPUs (2nd Generation Graphics Core Next), such as\n\t+ Radeon HD 7790, 8770\n\t+ Radeon R7 260, 260X / R9 290, 290X, 295X2\n\t+ Radeon R7 360 / R9 390, 390X\n\t+ Mobile Radeon R9 M280X\n\t+ Mobile Radeon R9 M385, M385X\n\t+ Mobile Radeon R9 M470, M470X\n\t+ FirePro cards with 2nd Generation GCN (GCN2\\)",
"### {{Anchor\\|3\\.0}}VCE 3\\.0",
"Video Code Engine 3\\.0 (VCE 3\\.0\\) technology features a new high\\-quality video scaling and \\- since version 3\\.4 \\- [High Efficiency Video Coding](/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding \"High Efficiency Video Coding\") (HEVC/H.265\\).{{cite web \\| title\\=Mailing Lists \\| website\\=lists.freedesktop.org \\| date\\=4 June 2015 \\| url\\=https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/dri\\-devel/2015\\-June/084083\\.html \\| access\\-date\\=25 September 2023}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://github.com/rigaya/VCEEnc\\|title\\=VCEEnc\\|date\\=June 10, 2023\\|via\\=GitHub}}",
"It, together with [UVD](/wiki/Unified_Video_Decoder \"Unified Video Decoder\") 6\\.0, can be found on 3rd generation of Graphics Core Next (GCN3\\) with \"Tonga\", \"Fiji\", \"Iceland\", and \"Carrizo\" (VCE 3\\.1\\) based graphics controller hardware, which is now used [AMD Radeon Rx 300 series](/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Rx_300_series \"AMD Radeon Rx 300 series\") (Pirate Islands GPU family) and VCE 3\\.4 by actual [AMD Radeon Rx 400 series](/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Rx_400_series \"AMD Radeon Rx 400 series\") and [AMD Radeon 500 series](/wiki/AMD_Radeon_500_series \"AMD Radeon 500 series\") (both Polaris GPU family).",
"* Tonga: Radeon R9 285, 380, 380X; Mobile Radeon R9 M390X, M395, M395X, M485X\n* Tonga XT: FirePro W7100, S7100X, S7150, S7150 X2\n* Fiji: Radeon R9 Fury, Fury X, Nano; Radeon Pro Duo (2016\\); FirePro S9300, W7170M; Instinct MI8\n* Polaris: RX 460, 470, 480; RX 550, 560, 570, 580; Radeon Pro Duo (2017\\)",
"VCE 3\\.0 removes support for H.264 B\\-frames.{{cite web \\|title\\=Video Encode API: BFrames not supported on RX 4xx? · Issue \\#8 · GPUOpen\\-LibrariesAndSDKs/AMF \\|url\\=https://github.com/GPUOpen\\-LibrariesAndSDKs/AMF/issues/8 \\|website\\=GitHub \\|language\\=en}}",
"### {{Anchor\\|4\\.0}}VCE 4\\.0",
"The Video Code Engine 4\\.0 encoder and UVD 7\\.0 decoder are included in the Vega\\-based GPUs.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Larabel \\|first1\\=Michael \\|title\\=AMD Sends Out 100 Patches, Enabling Vega Support In AMDGPU DRM \\|url\\=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page\\=news\\_item\\&px\\=AMDGPU\\-Vega\\-10\\-Support \\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2017 \\|publisher\\=Phoronix \\|date\\=20 March 2017}}",
"#### VCE 4\\.1",
"AMD's Vega20 GPU, present in the Instinct Mi50, Instinct Mi60 and Radeon VII cards, include VCE 4\\.1 and two UVD 7\\.2 instances.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/amd\\-gfx/2018\\-May/022291\\.html\\|title\\=\\[PATCH 50/57] drm/amdgpu/vg20:Enable the 2nd instance IRQ for uvd 7\\.2\\|last\\=Deucher\\|first\\=Alex\\|date\\=15 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-13}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/amd\\-gfx/2018\\-May/022282\\.html\\|title\\=\\[PATCH 42/57] drm/amd/include/vg20: adjust VCE\\_BASE to reuse vce 4\\.0 header files\\|last\\=Deucher\\|first\\=Alex\\|date\\=15 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-13}}",
"### Feature overview",
"#### APUs",
"{{AMD APU features}}",
"#### GPUs",
"{{AMD GPU features}}",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|left\|Information board, 2006](/wiki/File:St_Mark%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Slacks_Creek_-_sign%2C_2006.JPG "St Mark's Anglican Church, Slacks Creek - sign, 2006.JPG")
[thumb\|left\|Cemetery with Old St Mark's Anglican Church in the background, 2006](/wiki/File:St_Mark%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Slacks_Creek_-_cemetery_in_relation_to_old_church%2C_2006.JPG "St Mark's Anglican Church, Slacks Creek - cemetery in relation to old church, 2006.JPG")
[thumb\|left\|The present day St Mark's Anglican Church, 2006](/wiki/File:St_Mark%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Slacks_Creek_-_modern_church%2C_2006.JPG "St Mark's Anglican Church, Slacks Creek - modern church, 2006.JPG")
The Winnetts Road property on which St Mark's Anglican church is sited was donated in 1880 by the Gommersall family for use as a community burial ground. Mrs and Mrs Gommersall were the first to be buried in the cemetery and their graves are dated 1883\.
On Friday 9 March 1900, a committee formed by local families met in the local school building to plan for the building of a church in [Slacks Creek](/wiki/Slacks_Creek%2C_Queensland "Slacks Creek, Queensland") and it was agreed to build the church within the site originally set aside for burials. At its meeting on 10 September 1900, the committee decided to call tenders for a church of plain weatherboard, {{convert\|20\|by\|20\|ft}}, also a porch to same, {{convert\|6\|by\|6\|ft}} which was to accommodate 24 worshippers.
Only one tender for a church at Slacks Creek was submitted, and builder W Anthony's price of eight\-five pounds and ten shillings was accepted in January 1901\.
The church of St Mark was dedicated on 21 April 1901 by Bishop [William Webber](/wiki/William_Webber_%28bishop%29 "William Webber (bishop)"). Later additions to the original building include a vestry added at the north\-eastern end and the lining of the ceiling and walls internal walls.
Surrounding the church, the cemetery contains the graves of several of the original parish council members who were instrumental in the planning and construction of old St Mark's. The 1901 parish council included Thomas White, Thomas Usher, Robert Gommersall, Frederick Armstrong and William Winnett. The Winnett family graves are located in close proximity to the rear of the church. There are also other well known local families and settlers in the cemetery such as the Ushers, Murrays, Morrows and Shailers.
In 1977 when St Marks, Slacks Creek was formed as a separate parish the rectory was built at No 4 Boronia Avenue. By 1978 the church could no longer accommodate the growth in population and from that time services were held in the rectory garage until the second church was built adjacent to the original church. The 1901 church was converted for use as a hall by the parish and the community. To celebrate the church's centenary in conjunction with the Centenary of Federation celebrations, the church was recommissioned on 30 March 2001\. As part of this celebration, the church was restored, its early furniture and fittings returned and disabled access provided.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Information board, 2006](/wiki/File:St_Mark%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Slacks_Creek_-_sign%2C_2006.JPG \"St Mark's Anglican Church, Slacks Creek - sign, 2006.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Cemetery with Old St Mark's Anglican Church in the background, 2006](/wiki/File:St_Mark%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Slacks_Creek_-_cemetery_in_relation_to_old_church%2C_2006.JPG \"St Mark's Anglican Church, Slacks Creek - cemetery in relation to old church, 2006.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|The present day St Mark's Anglican Church, 2006](/wiki/File:St_Mark%27s_Anglican_Church%2C_Slacks_Creek_-_modern_church%2C_2006.JPG \"St Mark's Anglican Church, Slacks Creek - modern church, 2006.JPG\")\nThe Winnetts Road property on which St Mark's Anglican church is sited was donated in 1880 by the Gommersall family for use as a community burial ground. Mrs and Mrs Gommersall were the first to be buried in the cemetery and their graves are dated 1883\\.",
"On Friday 9 March 1900, a committee formed by local families met in the local school building to plan for the building of a church in [Slacks Creek](/wiki/Slacks_Creek%2C_Queensland \"Slacks Creek, Queensland\") and it was agreed to build the church within the site originally set aside for burials. At its meeting on 10 September 1900, the committee decided to call tenders for a church of plain weatherboard, {{convert\\|20\\|by\\|20\\|ft}}, also a porch to same, {{convert\\|6\\|by\\|6\\|ft}} which was to accommodate 24 worshippers.",
"Only one tender for a church at Slacks Creek was submitted, and builder W Anthony's price of eight\\-five pounds and ten shillings was accepted in January 1901\\.",
"The church of St Mark was dedicated on 21 April 1901 by Bishop [William Webber](/wiki/William_Webber_%28bishop%29 \"William Webber (bishop)\"). Later additions to the original building include a vestry added at the north\\-eastern end and the lining of the ceiling and walls internal walls.",
"Surrounding the church, the cemetery contains the graves of several of the original parish council members who were instrumental in the planning and construction of old St Mark's. The 1901 parish council included Thomas White, Thomas Usher, Robert Gommersall, Frederick Armstrong and William Winnett. The Winnett family graves are located in close proximity to the rear of the church. There are also other well known local families and settlers in the cemetery such as the Ushers, Murrays, Morrows and Shailers.",
"In 1977 when St Marks, Slacks Creek was formed as a separate parish the rectory was built at No 4 Boronia Avenue. By 1978 the church could no longer accommodate the growth in population and from that time services were held in the rectory garage until the second church was built adjacent to the original church. The 1901 church was converted for use as a hall by the parish and the community. To celebrate the church's centenary in conjunction with the Centenary of Federation celebrations, the church was recommissioned on 30 March 2001\\. As part of this celebration, the church was restored, its early furniture and fittings returned and disabled access provided.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
St Mark's Anglican Church is located on a south\-west facing slope on {{convert\|6212\|m2}} overlooking Winnetts Road at Slacks Creek. Located in the grounds of an earlier cemetery, the church is a simple timber building with a steeply pitched painted roof of corrugated iron. It is lowset on concrete stumps and is clad with painted weatherboards. The gabled roof [porch](/wiki/Porch "Porch") at its south\-western end has a valance of simple detailing, the vestry is attached at the north\-eastern end of the building and has a skillion roof. The roof space is ventilated with timber louvred vents at each end.
The original porch roof that extended over a narrow landing and [stairs](/wiki/Stairs "Stairs") survives but the flooring has been replaced. The recently constructed landing and disabled access ramp replace a later set of stairs and landing.
The walls of the interior of the nave are lined vertically with silky oak v\-jointed tongue and groove boards and the boards to the ceiling are laid along its length. From the wall the ceiling follows the line of the rafters, then the pitch is reduced up to a central section of flat ceiling. A pair of iron tie rods provide structural stability.
All of the joinery is of silky oak and includes a belt rail, pair of doors and six lancet shaped windows, three to each side wall with a nine pane central pivoting sash beneath a fixed sash of six. panes. The whole of the interior of the nave is unpainted and is clear finished. The vestry is unlined and unpainted.
Whilst the church is orientated so that it faces the road, the graves within the cemetery are orientated east west with headstones facing east up the hill and away from the church. There are 32 marked graves and 20 unmarked graves with 2 reserved and 15 vacant plots.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"St Mark's Anglican Church is located on a south\\-west facing slope on {{convert\\|6212\\|m2}} overlooking Winnetts Road at Slacks Creek. Located in the grounds of an earlier cemetery, the church is a simple timber building with a steeply pitched painted roof of corrugated iron. It is lowset on concrete stumps and is clad with painted weatherboards. The gabled roof [porch](/wiki/Porch \"Porch\") at its south\\-western end has a valance of simple detailing, the vestry is attached at the north\\-eastern end of the building and has a skillion roof. The roof space is ventilated with timber louvred vents at each end.",
"The original porch roof that extended over a narrow landing and [stairs](/wiki/Stairs \"Stairs\") survives but the flooring has been replaced. The recently constructed landing and disabled access ramp replace a later set of stairs and landing.",
"The walls of the interior of the nave are lined vertically with silky oak v\\-jointed tongue and groove boards and the boards to the ceiling are laid along its length. From the wall the ceiling follows the line of the rafters, then the pitch is reduced up to a central section of flat ceiling. A pair of iron tie rods provide structural stability.",
"All of the joinery is of silky oak and includes a belt rail, pair of doors and six lancet shaped windows, three to each side wall with a nine pane central pivoting sash beneath a fixed sash of six. panes. The whole of the interior of the nave is unpainted and is clear finished. The vestry is unlined and unpainted.",
"Whilst the church is orientated so that it faces the road, the graves within the cemetery are orientated east west with headstones facing east up the hill and away from the church. There are 32 marked graves and 20 unmarked graves with 2 reserved and 15 vacant plots.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
Old St Mark's Anglican Church was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 30 March 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**
St Mark's Anglican Church and its cemetery, an early community burial ground donated by a local resident, is a strong focus of the community of Logan City and provides evidence of the efforts of the early pioneers within the locality and the development of the Anglican Church within it.
**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**
The siting of St Mark's church within a graveyard is of particular interest as it provides evidence of an uncommon aspect of our cultural heritage. This practice has a long history and is one which has been largely discontinued. The collection of memorials and gravestones in the graveyard at St Mark's Anglican Church records unique documentary information that is of interest to historians, genealogists and relatives of the deceased providing evidence of early settlers and those closely associated with the founding of the church in the local area.
Through its unpainted interior linings and its retention of early fixtures and fittings, St Mark's Anglican Church also demonstrates an uncommon example of an intact interior in a timber church.
**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
St Mark's Anglican Church and its cemetery, an early community burial ground donated by a local resident, is a strong focus of the community of Logan City and provides evidence of the efforts of the early pioneers within the locality and the development of the Anglican Church within it.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"Old St Mark's Anglican Church was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 30 March 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**",
"St Mark's Anglican Church and its cemetery, an early community burial ground donated by a local resident, is a strong focus of the community of Logan City and provides evidence of the efforts of the early pioneers within the locality and the development of the Anglican Church within it.",
"**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**",
"The siting of St Mark's church within a graveyard is of particular interest as it provides evidence of an uncommon aspect of our cultural heritage. This practice has a long history and is one which has been largely discontinued. The collection of memorials and gravestones in the graveyard at St Mark's Anglican Church records unique documentary information that is of interest to historians, genealogists and relatives of the deceased providing evidence of early settlers and those closely associated with the founding of the church in the local area.",
"Through its unpainted interior linings and its retention of early fixtures and fittings, St Mark's Anglican Church also demonstrates an uncommon example of an intact interior in a timber church.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"St Mark's Anglican Church and its cemetery, an early community burial ground donated by a local resident, is a strong focus of the community of Logan City and provides evidence of the efforts of the early pioneers within the locality and the development of the Anglican Church within it.",
""
] |
Life cycle
----------
The following description of the tent caterpillar [life cycle](/wiki/Biological_life_cycle "Biological life cycle") is based on that of the eastern tent caterpillar, the best\-known species. The details of the life histories of other species vary to a small extent.
Tent caterpillars hatch from their eggs in the early spring at the time the leaves of their host trees are just unfolding. The caterpillars establish their tent soon after they hatch. The tent is constructed at a site that intercepts the early morning sun. The position of the tent is critical because the caterpillars must bask in the sun to elevate their temperatures above the cool ambient temperatures that occur in the early spring. Studies have shown that when the body temperature of a caterpillar is less than about {{convert\|15\|°C}}, digestion cannot occur. The tent consists of discrete layers of silk separated by gaps and the temperature in these compartments varies markedly. Caterpillars can adjust their body temperatures by moving from one compartment to another. On cool mornings they typically rest in a tight aggregate just under a sunlit surface of the tent. It is not uncommon to find that the temperature of the aggregate is as much as 30 °C (54 °F) warmer than the surrounding air temperature on cold but sunny spring mornings. Later on in the spring, temperatures may become excessive at midday and the caterpillars may retreat to the shaded outside surface of the tent to cool down.
The digestive physiology of tent caterpillars is tuned to young leaves, and their need to complete their larval development before the leaves of the host trees become too aged for them to eat compels them to feed several times each day. At the onset of a bout of foraging, caterpillars leave the tent en masse, moving to distant feeding sites. Immediately after feeding the caterpillars return to the tent and aggregate in sunlight to facilitate the digestive process. Thus, eastern tent caterpillars are central place foragers. In contrast, the forest tent caterpillar is a nomadic forager that establishes a series of temporary resting sites during the course of its larval development.
Studies have shown that eastern tent caterpillars recruit their tent mates to go on food finds. Caterpillars move from the tent in search of food, laying down an exploratory pheromone trail as they pass over the branches of the host tree. These chemical exploratory trails allow caterpillars to find their way back to the tent. If a caterpillar finds food and feeds to repletion, it returns to the tent, laying down a recruitment trail that serves to recruit hungry tent mates to its food find. The chemical nature of the pheromone has been determined, but it is unclear how exploratory and recruitment trails differ. The chemical recruitment trail of the eastern tent caterpillar is remarkably similar to the pheromone trails that are used by ants and termites to alert nest mates to the discovery of food.
Leaves consist largely of nondigestible components, and it has been estimated that tent caterpillars void as [frass](/wiki/Frass "Frass") (fecal pellets) nearly half of the energy they ingest. As a consequence, a colony of caterpillars produces large quantities of frass. This is particularly noticeable during outbreaks of the forest tent caterpillar. Frass dropping from treetops in which the caterpillars are feeding create the auditory illusion of rainfall. Tent caterpillars typically have five to six larval [instars](/wiki/Instar "Instar"). It is estimated that the last instar consumes about 80% of all the food taken in by a larva during the whole of its life cycle. Consequently, it is not uncommon for populations of forest tent caterpillars to go unnoticed until the last instar, when their feeding causes extensive defoliation of trees.
Caterpillars grow rapidly and typically complete their larval development in seven to eight weeks. When fully grown, the caterpillars leave the natal tree and seek protected places on the ground or under the eaves of buildings to spin their cocoons. About two weeks later, they emerge as adults. Shortly after eclosing from the cocoon, the female moth secretes a [pheromone](/wiki/Pheromone "Pheromone") which draws males to her. Mating typically occurs in the early evening and the mated female, already fully laden with eggs, typically oviposits the full complement later that same evening. The eggs are placed around the circumference of a branch and covered with a frothy material called [spumaline](/wiki/Spumaline "Spumaline"). Spumaline is hydrophilic and prevents the eggs from drying out. It also serves as a protective covering which limits the ability of small wasps to parasitize the eggs. Although the male moth may live for a week or more, the female dies soon after laying her eggs. Thus, the whole of the female's adult life may take place in fewer than 24 hours.
Shortly after the egg mass is deposited, [embryogenesis](/wiki/Embryogenesis "Embryogenesis") begins. Within three weeks or so, small larvae can be found within each egg mass. These [pharate](/wiki/Pharate "Pharate") larvae lie sequestered within the shells of the eggs until the following spring. Henceforth, these encased larvae are the most durable of the insect's life stages. In northern areas, the pharate larvae are highly freeze\-tolerant and can withstand midwinter temperatures of {{convert\|−40\|°C}} or lower.
Tent caterpillars exhibit boom\-or\-bust population dynamics. The most notorious of the outbreak species is the forest tent caterpillar. During outbreaks, the caterpillars can become so abundant that they are capable of completely defoliating tens of thousands of acres of forest. Even though these outbreaks do not follow true cycles in the sense that they occur at regular intervals, some particularly prone regions have recorded outbreaks every ten years or so. Caterpillars rarely remain in outbreak numbers for more than two to three years. Factors which bring outbreaks to a close include parasitoids and disease. In some cases populations collapse because caterpillars starve to death either because trees are completely defoliated before the caterpillars are fully grown or because the quality of host leaves declines to the point where they are no longer palatable. Defoliated trees typically refoliate after caterpillar attacks and experience no lasting damage. In some cases, however, trees or parts of trees may be killed after several seasons of repeated defoliation. This has occurred when forest tent caterpillars defoliated [sugar maples](/wiki/Sugar_maple "Sugar maple") that were already stressed due to drought.
File:Western tent caterpillars Malacosoma californicum in Joshua Tree NP.jpg\|Western tent caterpillars
Image:Tent caterpillar group.jpg\|A group of tent caterpillars climbing a tree to eat
Image:Malacosoma.neustria.jpg\|\[\[Lackey moth]], ''Malacosoma neustrium''
Image:East tent caterpillar tent.jpg\|Eastern tent caterpillar tent
File:The Moth larvae Nest.jpg\|Several tent caterpillars on a nest
File:tent\_caterpillars\_uk.jpg\|A tent caterpillar nest in the UK
|
[
"Life cycle\n----------",
"The following description of the tent caterpillar [life cycle](/wiki/Biological_life_cycle \"Biological life cycle\") is based on that of the eastern tent caterpillar, the best\\-known species. The details of the life histories of other species vary to a small extent.",
"Tent caterpillars hatch from their eggs in the early spring at the time the leaves of their host trees are just unfolding. The caterpillars establish their tent soon after they hatch. The tent is constructed at a site that intercepts the early morning sun. The position of the tent is critical because the caterpillars must bask in the sun to elevate their temperatures above the cool ambient temperatures that occur in the early spring. Studies have shown that when the body temperature of a caterpillar is less than about {{convert\\|15\\|°C}}, digestion cannot occur. The tent consists of discrete layers of silk separated by gaps and the temperature in these compartments varies markedly. Caterpillars can adjust their body temperatures by moving from one compartment to another. On cool mornings they typically rest in a tight aggregate just under a sunlit surface of the tent. It is not uncommon to find that the temperature of the aggregate is as much as 30 °C (54 °F) warmer than the surrounding air temperature on cold but sunny spring mornings. Later on in the spring, temperatures may become excessive at midday and the caterpillars may retreat to the shaded outside surface of the tent to cool down.",
"The digestive physiology of tent caterpillars is tuned to young leaves, and their need to complete their larval development before the leaves of the host trees become too aged for them to eat compels them to feed several times each day. At the onset of a bout of foraging, caterpillars leave the tent en masse, moving to distant feeding sites. Immediately after feeding the caterpillars return to the tent and aggregate in sunlight to facilitate the digestive process. Thus, eastern tent caterpillars are central place foragers. In contrast, the forest tent caterpillar is a nomadic forager that establishes a series of temporary resting sites during the course of its larval development.",
"Studies have shown that eastern tent caterpillars recruit their tent mates to go on food finds. Caterpillars move from the tent in search of food, laying down an exploratory pheromone trail as they pass over the branches of the host tree. These chemical exploratory trails allow caterpillars to find their way back to the tent. If a caterpillar finds food and feeds to repletion, it returns to the tent, laying down a recruitment trail that serves to recruit hungry tent mates to its food find. The chemical nature of the pheromone has been determined, but it is unclear how exploratory and recruitment trails differ. The chemical recruitment trail of the eastern tent caterpillar is remarkably similar to the pheromone trails that are used by ants and termites to alert nest mates to the discovery of food.",
"Leaves consist largely of nondigestible components, and it has been estimated that tent caterpillars void as [frass](/wiki/Frass \"Frass\") (fecal pellets) nearly half of the energy they ingest. As a consequence, a colony of caterpillars produces large quantities of frass. This is particularly noticeable during outbreaks of the forest tent caterpillar. Frass dropping from treetops in which the caterpillars are feeding create the auditory illusion of rainfall. Tent caterpillars typically have five to six larval [instars](/wiki/Instar \"Instar\"). It is estimated that the last instar consumes about 80% of all the food taken in by a larva during the whole of its life cycle. Consequently, it is not uncommon for populations of forest tent caterpillars to go unnoticed until the last instar, when their feeding causes extensive defoliation of trees.",
"Caterpillars grow rapidly and typically complete their larval development in seven to eight weeks. When fully grown, the caterpillars leave the natal tree and seek protected places on the ground or under the eaves of buildings to spin their cocoons. About two weeks later, they emerge as adults. Shortly after eclosing from the cocoon, the female moth secretes a [pheromone](/wiki/Pheromone \"Pheromone\") which draws males to her. Mating typically occurs in the early evening and the mated female, already fully laden with eggs, typically oviposits the full complement later that same evening. The eggs are placed around the circumference of a branch and covered with a frothy material called [spumaline](/wiki/Spumaline \"Spumaline\"). Spumaline is hydrophilic and prevents the eggs from drying out. It also serves as a protective covering which limits the ability of small wasps to parasitize the eggs. Although the male moth may live for a week or more, the female dies soon after laying her eggs. Thus, the whole of the female's adult life may take place in fewer than 24 hours.",
"Shortly after the egg mass is deposited, [embryogenesis](/wiki/Embryogenesis \"Embryogenesis\") begins. Within three weeks or so, small larvae can be found within each egg mass. These [pharate](/wiki/Pharate \"Pharate\") larvae lie sequestered within the shells of the eggs until the following spring. Henceforth, these encased larvae are the most durable of the insect's life stages. In northern areas, the pharate larvae are highly freeze\\-tolerant and can withstand midwinter temperatures of {{convert\\|−40\\|°C}} or lower.",
"Tent caterpillars exhibit boom\\-or\\-bust population dynamics. The most notorious of the outbreak species is the forest tent caterpillar. During outbreaks, the caterpillars can become so abundant that they are capable of completely defoliating tens of thousands of acres of forest. Even though these outbreaks do not follow true cycles in the sense that they occur at regular intervals, some particularly prone regions have recorded outbreaks every ten years or so. Caterpillars rarely remain in outbreak numbers for more than two to three years. Factors which bring outbreaks to a close include parasitoids and disease. In some cases populations collapse because caterpillars starve to death either because trees are completely defoliated before the caterpillars are fully grown or because the quality of host leaves declines to the point where they are no longer palatable. Defoliated trees typically refoliate after caterpillar attacks and experience no lasting damage. In some cases, however, trees or parts of trees may be killed after several seasons of repeated defoliation. This has occurred when forest tent caterpillars defoliated [sugar maples](/wiki/Sugar_maple \"Sugar maple\") that were already stressed due to drought.",
"",
"File:Western tent caterpillars Malacosoma californicum in Joshua Tree NP.jpg\\|Western tent caterpillars\nImage:Tent caterpillar group.jpg\\|A group of tent caterpillars climbing a tree to eat\nImage:Malacosoma.neustria.jpg\\|\\[\\[Lackey moth]], ''Malacosoma neustrium''\nImage:East tent caterpillar tent.jpg\\|Eastern tent caterpillar tent\nFile:The Moth larvae Nest.jpg\\|Several tent caterpillars on a nest\nFile:tent\\_caterpillars\\_uk.jpg\\|A tent caterpillar nest in the UK",
"",
""
] |
Club career
-----------
### Hibernian
McCann started his senior career with [Hibs](/wiki/Hibernian_F.C. "Hibernian F.C."). He made his first team debut in a [Scottish Cup](/wiki/Scottish_Cup "Scottish Cup") tie at [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C. "Aberdeen F.C.") on 10 January 2007\.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot\_cups/6234281\.stm \|title\=Aberdeen 2–2 Hibernian \|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]] \|date\=10 January 2007}} He remained in the first team squad after this and he appeared as a late substitute in Hibs' victory in the [2007 Scottish League Cup Final](/wiki/2007_Scottish_League_Cup_Final "2007 Scottish League Cup Final") against [Kilmarnock](/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C. "Kilmarnock F.C.").
After the sale of Hibs' first choice right full\-back [Steven Whittaker](/wiki/Steven_Whittaker "Steven Whittaker") to [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. "Rangers F.C.") during the summer of 2007,{{cite news \|url\=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/01082007/58/spl\-whittaker\-makes\-rangers\-switch.html \|title\=SPL – Whittaker makes Rangers switch \|publisher\=\[\[Eurosport]] \|date\=1 August 2007}} it was expected that McCann would regularly play in the Hibs first team.{{cite news \|url\=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/10082007/1/mccann\-fill\-whittaker\-s\-boots.html \|title\=McCann can fill Whittaker's boots \|publisher\=\[\[Eurosport]] \|date\=10 August 2007}} McCann suffered from [tendinitis](/wiki/Tendinitis "Tendinitis") in his right knee, which also led to him being withdrawn from the Scotland squad for the [2007 FIFA U\-20 World Cup](/wiki/2007_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup "2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup").
McCann's opportunities were further limited after the appointment of [Mixu Paatelainen](/wiki/Mixu_Paatelainen "Mixu Paatelainen") as manager.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football\-news/scottish\-football/spl\-football/hibs\-fc/2008/05/02/kevin\-mccann\-could\-ease\-hibs\-selection\-woes\-86908\-20402387/ \|title\=Kevin McCann could ease Hibs' selection woes \|work\=\[\[Daily Record (Scotland)\|Daily Record]] \|date\=2 May 2008}} Paatelainen signed another right back, [David van Zanten](/wiki/David_van_Zanten "David van Zanten"), for the [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_Scottish_football "2008–09 in Scottish football") season.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/st\_mirren/7386903\.stm \|title\=Hibs snatch defender Van Zanten \|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]] \|date\=6 May 2008}} McCann also suffered further problems with tendinitis in his right knee, which kept him out of action for the rest of the 2008–09 season.{{cite news \|url\=http://sport.scotsman.com/football/Motherwell\-1\-Hibernian\-4\-Classy.4722493\.jp \|title\=McCann's season is over after another injury setback \|work\=\[\[Scotland on Sunday]] \|date\=23 November 2008}} He resumed light training towards the end of the season.{{cite news \|url\=http://sport.scotsman.com/football/Hibs\-kid\-Kevin\-set\-for.5289476\.jp \|title\=Hibs kid Kevin set for cruel summer \|work\=\[\[Edinburgh Evening News]] \|date\=21 May 2009}}
McCann returned to fitness soon after the appointment of [John Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28footballer_born_1964%29 "John Hughes (footballer born 1964)") as manager to the club.{{cite news \|url\=http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/HIBS\-Van\-Zanten\-welcomes\-McCann.5557709\.jp \|title\=Hibs: Van Zanten welcomes McCann duel \|work\=\[\[Edinburgh Evening News]] \|date\=15 August 2009}} He played in the opening day win against [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. "St Mirren F.C."), but was subsequently injured again{{cite news \|url\=http://sport.scotsman.com/football/John\-Hughes\-willing\-\-to.6234561\.jp \|last\=Strachan \|first\=Colleen \|title\=John Hughes willing to call on Kevin McCann as injuries mount \|date\=17 April 2010 \|access\-date\=10 May 2010 \|work\=\[\[Edinburgh Evening News]]}} and did not make another appearance in the 2009–10 season.
After Hibs signed another right back during the 2010 close season ([Michael Hart](/wiki/Michael_Hart_%28footballer%29 "Michael Hart (footballer)")), McCann was loaned to [Inverness Caledonian Thistle](/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C. "Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.hibernianfc.co.uk/news/20100716/player\-update\_2262950\_2094427 \|title\=Player Update \|publisher\=\[\[Hibernian F.C.\|Hibernian FC]] \|date\=16 July 2010 \|access\-date\=16 July 2010}} McCann impressed in pre\-season and started the first three league games.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/inverness\-caledonian\-thistle/2010/09/04/boost\-for\-inverness\-caley\-thistle\-as\-kevin\-mccann\-shakes\-off\-injury\-86908\-22536764/ \|title\=Boost for Inverness Caley Thistle as Kevin McCann shakes off injury \|work\=\[\[Daily Record (Scotland)\|Daily Record]] \|date\=4 September 2010 \|access\-date\=4 September 2010}} He scored his first goal for Inverness in his second league appearance, "an unstoppable shot into the top corner of the net from 30 yards" in a 4–0 win against [Dundee United](/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C. "Dundee United F.C.").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot\_prem/8930127\.stm \|title\=Dundee Utd 0–4 Inverness CT \|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]] \|date\=22 August 2010 \|access\-date\=22 August 2010}} McCann returned to Hibs in January 2011 at the end of his loan spell. Inverness manager [Terry Butcher](/wiki/Terry_Butcher "Terry Butcher") commented that he would have been signing McCann again, but he had suffered an injury that would prevent him from playing for up to eight weeks.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/Article.aspx/2100103?UserKey\=\|title\=Inverness are keen on Raith Rovers attacker Tade\|first\=Stephen\|last\=Kasiewicz\|work\=\[\[The Press and Journal (Scotland)\|The Press and Journal]]\|access\-date\=21 January 2011\|date\=21 January 2011}} McCann has not played for Hibs since returning from Inverness and he expected to be [released](/wiki/Free_transfer_%28football%29 "Free transfer (football)") at the end of the 2010–11 season.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/2011/04/22/hibs\-star\-kevin\-mccann\-admits\-his\-future\-lies\-elsewhere\-as\-contract\-runs\-down\-86908\-23078784/\|title\=Hibs star Kevin McCann admits his future lies elsewhere as contract runs down\|first\=Alan\|last\=Marshall\|work\=\[\[Daily Record (Scotland)\|Daily Record]]\|date\=22 April 2011\|access\-date\=22 April 2011}} Hibs confirmed this in late April.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13242007\.stm\|title\=Hibernian to release 10 players\|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|date\=29 April 2011\|access\-date\=29 April 2011}}
### Greenock Morton
In August 2011, McCann played a trial match for [Greenock Morton](/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C. "Greenock Morton F.C.") in the [First Division](/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division "Scottish Football League First Division") victory over [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston_F.C. "Livingston F.C.").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/football/first/live\-scores/3407232/ \|title\=LIVE: Greenock Morton 2 – 1 Livingston \|publisher\=\[\[Scottish Football League]] \|access\-date\=15 August 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826090132/http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/football/first/live\-scores/3407232/ \|archive\-date\=26 August 2012 }} On 22 August, McCann signed a short\-term deal until January 2012\.{{cite news \| url \= http://www.gmfc.net/News/\&action\=fullnews\&id\=581 \| title \= McCann signs \| publisher \= Greenock Morton FC \| date \= 22 August 2011 \| access\-date \= 22 August 2011 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20110929061616/http://www.gmfc.net/News/%26action%3Dfullnews%26id%3D581 \| archive\-date \= 29 September 2011 }} His contract was not extended following this deal and he was released.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.greenocktelegraph.co.uk/sport/morton/articles/2012/01/04/421680\-ton\-offer\-young\-contract\-extension/\|title\=Ton offer Young contract extension\|work\=Greenock Telegraph\|first\=Chris\|last\=Tait\|date\=4 January 2012\|access\-date\=4 January 2012}}
### Livingston
On 10 March 2012, he played in a trial match for [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston_F.C. "Livingston F.C.") against his former club [Greenock Morton](/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C. "Greenock Morton F.C.").{{cite web \| url\=http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/football/first/results/3409261/ \| title\=Greenock Morton 1 – 3 Livingston \| publisher\=\[\[Scottish Football League]] \| date\=10 March 2012 \| access\-date\=29 March 2012 \| url\-status\=dead \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524043701/http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/football/first/results/3409261/ \| archive\-date\=24 May 2012 }} Also setting up a goal for [Iain Russell](/wiki/Iain_Russell "Iain Russell") with a cross. After a further two games as a trialist, he signed for them on a short\-term contract until the end of the season.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.livingstonfc.co.uk/news/news\_20120329\_1\.php \| title\=Short term deal for McCann \| publisher\=\[\[Livingston F.C.]] \| date\=29 March 2012 \| access\-date\=29 March 2012}} McCann extended his stay with the [West Lothian](/wiki/West_Lothian "West Lothian") club by signing a new one\-year contract in May 2012\.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.livingstonfc.co.uk/news/news\_20120508\_1\.php \| title\=Quartet sign new contracts \| publisher\=\[\[Livingston F.C.]] \| date\=8 May 2012 \| access\-date\=3 May 2013}} McCann scored in a record victory, 8–0 against Stranraer in Scottish League Cup First round on 4 August 2012\.
### Raith Rovers
On 26 October 2013, McCann signed for [Raith Rovers](/wiki/Raith_Rovers_F.C. "Raith Rovers F.C.").{{cite web \| url\=http://www.raithrovers.net/11248/new\-signing\-at\-starks.htm \| title\=New Signing at Stark's Park \| publisher\=\[\[Raith Rovers F.C.]] \| date\=26 October 2013 \| access\-date\=26 October 2013}}
### Warriors (Singapore)
When his deal at Raith Rovers ended coach [Alex Weaver](/wiki/Alex_Weaver "Alex Weaver") offered a contract to McCann who moved to [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"), signing for [S.League](/wiki/Singapore_Premier_League "Singapore Premier League") club [Warriors](/wiki/Warriors_F.C. "Warriors F.C."){{cite web\|title\=A Scot in Singapore\|url\=http://www.mobosports.com/blog.html\|publisher\=MOBO Sports Management\|access\-date\=20 February 2014}}{{cite web\|title\=S.League Club Preview: Warriors FC\|url\=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/sg/features/sleague\-club\-preview\-warriors\-fc\|publisher\=FourFourTwo\|last\=Koh\|first\=Gary\|date\=18 February 2014\|access\-date\=20 February 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226063813/http://www.fourfourtwo.com/sg/features/sleague\-club\-preview\-warriors\-fc\|archive\-date\=26 February 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} Currently playing in a defensive midfield role where he scored his first S league goal against [Harimau Muda B](/wiki/Harimau_Muda_B "Harimau Muda B"). Scoring also a vital 35\-yard free kick against title rivals [DPMM](/wiki/DPMM_FC "DPMM FC") away in [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei "Brunei") for Warriors to win 2–3\. In his first season became a key player playing every match in the S.League winning season. He became the first [Scottish player](/wiki/Scottish_people "Scottish people") to ever win the Singapore S.League title. He won the [2014 S.League](/wiki/2014_S.League "2014 S.League") for Warriors; making it the club's ninth in their history.
### Return to Scotland
McCann returned to Scotland in January 2016, signing for [Scottish Championship](/wiki/Scottish_Championship "Scottish Championship") side [Falkirk](/wiki/Falkirk_F.C. "Falkirk F.C.") on a short\-term deal until the end of the season.{{cite web\|title\=Bairns recruit Kevin McCann \|url\=http://www.falkirkfc.co.uk/bairns\-recruit\-kevin\-mccann/ \|publisher\=falkirkfc.co.uk \|date\=28 January 2016 \|access\-date\=28 January 2016}} Falkirk finished second in the league and were also runners\-up in the play\-off final.
In August 2016, McCann signed for [Albion Rovers](/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C. "Albion Rovers F.C."). After one season with the side, McCann moved to [Lowland League](/wiki/Lowland_Football_League "Lowland Football League") side [East Kilbride](/wiki/East_Kilbride_F.C. "East Kilbride F.C.") for the 2017–18 season.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40606057 \|title\=Scottish League One ins and outs – Summer 2017 \|first\=Clive \|last\=Lindsay \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=9 September 2017 \|access\-date\=29 September 2017}}
|
[
"Club career\n-----------",
"### Hibernian",
"McCann started his senior career with [Hibs](/wiki/Hibernian_F.C. \"Hibernian F.C.\"). He made his first team debut in a [Scottish Cup](/wiki/Scottish_Cup \"Scottish Cup\") tie at [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C. \"Aberdeen F.C.\") on 10 January 2007\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot\\_cups/6234281\\.stm \\|title\\=Aberdeen 2–2 Hibernian \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\|date\\=10 January 2007}} He remained in the first team squad after this and he appeared as a late substitute in Hibs' victory in the [2007 Scottish League Cup Final](/wiki/2007_Scottish_League_Cup_Final \"2007 Scottish League Cup Final\") against [Kilmarnock](/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C. \"Kilmarnock F.C.\").",
"After the sale of Hibs' first choice right full\\-back [Steven Whittaker](/wiki/Steven_Whittaker \"Steven Whittaker\") to [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. \"Rangers F.C.\") during the summer of 2007,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/01082007/58/spl\\-whittaker\\-makes\\-rangers\\-switch.html \\|title\\=SPL – Whittaker makes Rangers switch \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Eurosport]] \\|date\\=1 August 2007}} it was expected that McCann would regularly play in the Hibs first team.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/10082007/1/mccann\\-fill\\-whittaker\\-s\\-boots.html \\|title\\=McCann can fill Whittaker's boots \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Eurosport]] \\|date\\=10 August 2007}} McCann suffered from [tendinitis](/wiki/Tendinitis \"Tendinitis\") in his right knee, which also led to him being withdrawn from the Scotland squad for the [2007 FIFA U\\-20 World Cup](/wiki/2007_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup \"2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup\").",
"McCann's opportunities were further limited after the appointment of [Mixu Paatelainen](/wiki/Mixu_Paatelainen \"Mixu Paatelainen\") as manager.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football\\-news/scottish\\-football/spl\\-football/hibs\\-fc/2008/05/02/kevin\\-mccann\\-could\\-ease\\-hibs\\-selection\\-woes\\-86908\\-20402387/ \\|title\\=Kevin McCann could ease Hibs' selection woes \\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Record (Scotland)\\|Daily Record]] \\|date\\=2 May 2008}} Paatelainen signed another right back, [David van Zanten](/wiki/David_van_Zanten \"David van Zanten\"), for the [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_Scottish_football \"2008–09 in Scottish football\") season.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/st\\_mirren/7386903\\.stm \\|title\\=Hibs snatch defender Van Zanten \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\|date\\=6 May 2008}} McCann also suffered further problems with tendinitis in his right knee, which kept him out of action for the rest of the 2008–09 season.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://sport.scotsman.com/football/Motherwell\\-1\\-Hibernian\\-4\\-Classy.4722493\\.jp \\|title\\=McCann's season is over after another injury setback \\|work\\=\\[\\[Scotland on Sunday]] \\|date\\=23 November 2008}} He resumed light training towards the end of the season.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://sport.scotsman.com/football/Hibs\\-kid\\-Kevin\\-set\\-for.5289476\\.jp \\|title\\=Hibs kid Kevin set for cruel summer \\|work\\=\\[\\[Edinburgh Evening News]] \\|date\\=21 May 2009}}",
"McCann returned to fitness soon after the appointment of [John Hughes](/wiki/John_Hughes_%28footballer_born_1964%29 \"John Hughes (footballer born 1964)\") as manager to the club.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/HIBS\\-Van\\-Zanten\\-welcomes\\-McCann.5557709\\.jp \\|title\\=Hibs: Van Zanten welcomes McCann duel \\|work\\=\\[\\[Edinburgh Evening News]] \\|date\\=15 August 2009}} He played in the opening day win against [St Mirren](/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C. \"St Mirren F.C.\"), but was subsequently injured again{{cite news \\|url\\=http://sport.scotsman.com/football/John\\-Hughes\\-willing\\-\\-to.6234561\\.jp \\|last\\=Strachan \\|first\\=Colleen \\|title\\=John Hughes willing to call on Kevin McCann as injuries mount \\|date\\=17 April 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2010 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Edinburgh Evening News]]}} and did not make another appearance in the 2009–10 season.",
"After Hibs signed another right back during the 2010 close season ([Michael Hart](/wiki/Michael_Hart_%28footballer%29 \"Michael Hart (footballer)\")), McCann was loaned to [Inverness Caledonian Thistle](/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C. \"Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.hibernianfc.co.uk/news/20100716/player\\-update\\_2262950\\_2094427 \\|title\\=Player Update \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hibernian F.C.\\|Hibernian FC]] \\|date\\=16 July 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2010}} McCann impressed in pre\\-season and started the first three league games.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/inverness\\-caledonian\\-thistle/2010/09/04/boost\\-for\\-inverness\\-caley\\-thistle\\-as\\-kevin\\-mccann\\-shakes\\-off\\-injury\\-86908\\-22536764/ \\|title\\=Boost for Inverness Caley Thistle as Kevin McCann shakes off injury \\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Record (Scotland)\\|Daily Record]] \\|date\\=4 September 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2010}} He scored his first goal for Inverness in his second league appearance, \"an unstoppable shot into the top corner of the net from 30 yards\" in a 4–0 win against [Dundee United](/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C. \"Dundee United F.C.\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot\\_prem/8930127\\.stm \\|title\\=Dundee Utd 0–4 Inverness CT \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\|date\\=22 August 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2010}} McCann returned to Hibs in January 2011 at the end of his loan spell. Inverness manager [Terry Butcher](/wiki/Terry_Butcher \"Terry Butcher\") commented that he would have been signing McCann again, but he had suffered an injury that would prevent him from playing for up to eight weeks.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/Article.aspx/2100103?UserKey\\=\\|title\\=Inverness are keen on Raith Rovers attacker Tade\\|first\\=Stephen\\|last\\=Kasiewicz\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Press and Journal (Scotland)\\|The Press and Journal]]\\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2011\\|date\\=21 January 2011}} McCann has not played for Hibs since returning from Inverness and he expected to be [released](/wiki/Free_transfer_%28football%29 \"Free transfer (football)\") at the end of the 2010–11 season.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/2011/04/22/hibs\\-star\\-kevin\\-mccann\\-admits\\-his\\-future\\-lies\\-elsewhere\\-as\\-contract\\-runs\\-down\\-86908\\-23078784/\\|title\\=Hibs star Kevin McCann admits his future lies elsewhere as contract runs down\\|first\\=Alan\\|last\\=Marshall\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Record (Scotland)\\|Daily Record]]\\|date\\=22 April 2011\\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2011}} Hibs confirmed this in late April.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13242007\\.stm\\|title\\=Hibernian to release 10 players\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|date\\=29 April 2011\\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2011}}",
"### Greenock Morton",
"In August 2011, McCann played a trial match for [Greenock Morton](/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C. \"Greenock Morton F.C.\") in the [First Division](/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division \"Scottish Football League First Division\") victory over [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston_F.C. \"Livingston F.C.\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/football/first/live\\-scores/3407232/ \\|title\\=LIVE: Greenock Morton 2 – 1 Livingston \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Scottish Football League]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 August 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826090132/http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/football/first/live\\-scores/3407232/ \\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2012 }} On 22 August, McCann signed a short\\-term deal until January 2012\\.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.gmfc.net/News/\\&action\\=fullnews\\&id\\=581 \\| title \\= McCann signs \\| publisher \\= Greenock Morton FC \\| date \\= 22 August 2011 \\| access\\-date \\= 22 August 2011 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110929061616/http://www.gmfc.net/News/%26action%3Dfullnews%26id%3D581 \\| archive\\-date \\= 29 September 2011 }} His contract was not extended following this deal and he was released.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.greenocktelegraph.co.uk/sport/morton/articles/2012/01/04/421680\\-ton\\-offer\\-young\\-contract\\-extension/\\|title\\=Ton offer Young contract extension\\|work\\=Greenock Telegraph\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=Tait\\|date\\=4 January 2012\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2012}}",
"### Livingston",
"On 10 March 2012, he played in a trial match for [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston_F.C. \"Livingston F.C.\") against his former club [Greenock Morton](/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C. \"Greenock Morton F.C.\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/football/first/results/3409261/ \\| title\\=Greenock Morton 1 – 3 Livingston \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Scottish Football League]] \\| date\\=10 March 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=29 March 2012 \\| url\\-status\\=dead \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524043701/http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/football/first/results/3409261/ \\| archive\\-date\\=24 May 2012 }} Also setting up a goal for [Iain Russell](/wiki/Iain_Russell \"Iain Russell\") with a cross. After a further two games as a trialist, he signed for them on a short\\-term contract until the end of the season.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.livingstonfc.co.uk/news/news\\_20120329\\_1\\.php \\| title\\=Short term deal for McCann \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Livingston F.C.]] \\| date\\=29 March 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=29 March 2012}} McCann extended his stay with the [West Lothian](/wiki/West_Lothian \"West Lothian\") club by signing a new one\\-year contract in May 2012\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.livingstonfc.co.uk/news/news\\_20120508\\_1\\.php \\| title\\=Quartet sign new contracts \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Livingston F.C.]] \\| date\\=8 May 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=3 May 2013}} McCann scored in a record victory, 8–0 against Stranraer in Scottish League Cup First round on 4 August 2012\\.",
"### Raith Rovers",
"On 26 October 2013, McCann signed for [Raith Rovers](/wiki/Raith_Rovers_F.C. \"Raith Rovers F.C.\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.raithrovers.net/11248/new\\-signing\\-at\\-starks.htm \\| title\\=New Signing at Stark's Park \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Raith Rovers F.C.]] \\| date\\=26 October 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=26 October 2013}}",
"### Warriors (Singapore)",
"When his deal at Raith Rovers ended coach [Alex Weaver](/wiki/Alex_Weaver \"Alex Weaver\") offered a contract to McCann who moved to [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"), signing for [S.League](/wiki/Singapore_Premier_League \"Singapore Premier League\") club [Warriors](/wiki/Warriors_F.C. \"Warriors F.C.\"){{cite web\\|title\\=A Scot in Singapore\\|url\\=http://www.mobosports.com/blog.html\\|publisher\\=MOBO Sports Management\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2014}}{{cite web\\|title\\=S.League Club Preview: Warriors FC\\|url\\=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/sg/features/sleague\\-club\\-preview\\-warriors\\-fc\\|publisher\\=FourFourTwo\\|last\\=Koh\\|first\\=Gary\\|date\\=18 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226063813/http://www.fourfourtwo.com/sg/features/sleague\\-club\\-preview\\-warriors\\-fc\\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Currently playing in a defensive midfield role where he scored his first S league goal against [Harimau Muda B](/wiki/Harimau_Muda_B \"Harimau Muda B\"). Scoring also a vital 35\\-yard free kick against title rivals [DPMM](/wiki/DPMM_FC \"DPMM FC\") away in [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei \"Brunei\") for Warriors to win 2–3\\. In his first season became a key player playing every match in the S.League winning season. He became the first [Scottish player](/wiki/Scottish_people \"Scottish people\") to ever win the Singapore S.League title. He won the [2014 S.League](/wiki/2014_S.League \"2014 S.League\") for Warriors; making it the club's ninth in their history.",
"### Return to Scotland",
"McCann returned to Scotland in January 2016, signing for [Scottish Championship](/wiki/Scottish_Championship \"Scottish Championship\") side [Falkirk](/wiki/Falkirk_F.C. \"Falkirk F.C.\") on a short\\-term deal until the end of the season.{{cite web\\|title\\=Bairns recruit Kevin McCann \\|url\\=http://www.falkirkfc.co.uk/bairns\\-recruit\\-kevin\\-mccann/ \\|publisher\\=falkirkfc.co.uk \\|date\\=28 January 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=28 January 2016}} Falkirk finished second in the league and were also runners\\-up in the play\\-off final.",
"In August 2016, McCann signed for [Albion Rovers](/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C. \"Albion Rovers F.C.\"). After one season with the side, McCann moved to [Lowland League](/wiki/Lowland_Football_League \"Lowland Football League\") side [East Kilbride](/wiki/East_Kilbride_F.C. \"East Kilbride F.C.\") for the 2017–18 season.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40606057 \\|title\\=Scottish League One ins and outs – Summer 2017 \\|first\\=Clive \\|last\\=Lindsay \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=9 September 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2017}}",
""
] |
Political positions
-------------------
[thumb\|upright\|Warnock speaking at a press conference on the [COVID\-19 relief bill](/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021 "American Rescue Plan Act of 2021") in 2021](/wiki/File:Senator_Reverend_Raphael_Warnock_%28D-GA%29_%2850933141641%29.jpg "Senator Reverend Raphael Warnock (D-GA) (50933141641).jpg")
[thumb\|Warnock with President Biden at Ebenezer Baptist Church, 2023](/wiki/File:P20230115AS-0849_%2852634746521%29.jpg "P20230115AS-0849 (52634746521).jpg")
In April 2021, *[Politico](/wiki/Politico "Politico")* reported that Warnock, as a U.S. senator, had embraced "a [progressive](/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States "Progressivism in the United States") agenda".{{cite news \|last1\=Everett \|first1\=Burgess \|last2\=Arkin \|first2\=James \|title\=Democrats' surprising 2\-man team to hold the Senate \|url\=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/27/democrats\-warnock\-kelly\-election\-484742 \|access\-date\=June 14, 2021 \|work\=POLITICO \|date\=April 27, 2021 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=March 24, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324062949/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/27/democrats\-warnock\-kelly\-election\-484742 \|url\-status\=live }} As of December 2022, Warnock had voted in line with President [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")'s stated position 96\.5% of the time.{{cite news \|url\=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden\-congress\-votes/raphael\-g\-warnock/ \|title\=Does Your Member Of Congress Vote With Or Against Biden? – Raphael Warnock \|first1\=Aaron \|last1\=Bycoffe \|last2\=Silver \|first2\=Nate \|work\=\[\[FiveThirtyEight]] \|publisher\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]] \|accessdate\=June 1, 2022 \|archive\-date\=February 11, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211072900/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden\-congress\-votes/raphael\-g\-warnock/ \|url\-status\=live }}
According to website [GovTrack](/wiki/GovTrack "GovTrack"), for Warnock's Senate term from January 2021 to January 2023, he was ranked "most politically [right](/wiki/Right-wing "Right-wing")" of all Senate Democrats in the 117th Congress, and was noted to have joined "bipartisan bills the 2nd most often" of all Senate Democrats in the 117th Congress.{{cite news \|title\=Sen. Raphael Warnock's 2022 Report Card \|url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/raphael\_warnock/456858/report\-card/2022 \|access\-date\=April 26, 2023 \|work\=\[\[GovTrack]] \|date\=February 12, 2023}}
### Abortion
Warnock has described himself as a "pro\-choice pastor".{{cite news \|last1\=Ziegler \|first1\=Mary \|title\=How Raphael Warnock Came to Be an Abortion\-Rights Outlier \|url\=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/liberal\-religion\-abortion/617491/ \|access\-date\=February 18, 2021 \|work\=The Atlantic \|date\=December 31, 2020 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=February 11, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211072847/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/liberal\-religion\-abortion/617491/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|last\=King \|first\=Maya \|date\=May 11, 2022 \|title\=How abortion is already animating the Senate race in Georgia. \|language\=en\-US \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/11/us/politics/georgia\-senate\-race\-abortion.html \|access\-date\=December 5, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205040839/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/11/us/politics/georgia\-senate\-race\-abortion.html \|archive\-date\=December 5, 2022 \|issn\=0362\-4331}}
In December 2020, during Warnock's Senate campaign, a group of 25 Black ministers wrote him an [open letter](/wiki/Open_letter "Open letter") asking him to reconsider his abortion stance, calling it "contrary to Christian teachings" and saying abortion disproportionately affects African Americans. The Warnock campaign responded with a statement, writing that "Warnock believes a patient's room is too small a place for a woman, her doctor, and the US government and that these are deeply personal health care decisions – not political ones."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2020/12/14/raphael\-warnock\-abortion\-stance\-criticized\-black\-pastors/6529810002/\|title\=Group of Black pastors criticizes Senate candidate Raphael Warnock for his abortion stance\|first\=Will\|last\=Peebles\|website\=Savannah Morning News\|access\-date\=January 11, 2021\|archive\-date\=May 14, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514203402/https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2020/12/14/raphael\-warnock\-abortion\-stance\-criticized\-black\-pastors/6529810002/\|url\-status\=live}}
Warnock called the June 2022 [overturning of *Roe v. Wade*](/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization") "misguided" and "devastating for women and families in Georgia and nationwide."{{cite web \|last1\=Warnock \|first1\=Raphael \|date\=June 24, 2022 \|title\="The Supreme Court's misguided decision to overturn Roe v. Wade is devastating for women and families in Georgia and nationwide." \|url\=https://twitter.com/SenatorWarnock/status/1540339779048542209 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005021536/https://twitter.com/SenatorWarnock/status/1540339779048542209 \|archive\-date\=October 5, 2022 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2022 \|website\=Twitter \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Bluestein \|first\=Greg \|date\=June 24, 2022 \|title\=Abortion ruling likely shifts focus of Georgia 2022 campaigns \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/abortion\-ruling\-likely\-shifts\-focus\-of\-georgia\-2022\-campaigns/HSAW7MZDJBG5NI76IXY5U4FGLY/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205040839/https://www.ajc.com/politics/abortion\-ruling\-likely\-shifts\-focus\-of\-georgia\-2022\-campaigns/HSAW7MZDJBG5NI76IXY5U4FGLY/ \|archive\-date\=December 5, 2022 \|access\-date\=December 5, 2022 \|website\=ajc \|language\=English}}{{Cite web \|date\=June 24, 2022 \|title\=Georgia lawmakers, leaders react to overturning of Roe v. Wade \|url\=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/national/georgia\-lawmakers\-leaders\-overturning\-of\-roe\-v\-wade/85\-0c5c58c5\-a0d1\-4210\-9f96\-937dcf1741d1 \|access\-date\=December 5, 2022 \|website\=11Alive.com \|language\=en\-US}}
### Agriculture
Warnock was the main sponsor of S.278 \- Emergency Relief for Farmers of Color Act of 2021\.{{Cite web \|title\=Emergency Relief for Farmers of Color Act of 2021 (S. 278\) \|url\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/s278 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025013611/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/s278 \|archive\-date\=October 25, 2022 \|access\-date\=October 23, 2022 \|website\=GovTrack.us \|language\=en}} The bill would aid historically disaffected minority groups in the [agriculture](/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States "Agriculture in the United States") sector.{{cite news\| last\=Wiley\|first\=Kenny\|work\=The Bryan\-College Station Eagle\|url\=https://theeagle.com/news/local/usda\-prairie\-view\-a\-m\-leaders\-discuss\-debt\-relief\-plan\-for\-farmers\-of\-color/article\_c8082a60\-d082\-11eb\-980c\-1b41163aceb2\.html \| title\=USDA, Prairie View A\&M leaders discuss debt relief plan for farmers of color \| date\=June 19, 2021\|access\-date\=October 4, 2022 \| archive\-date\=April 17, 2022 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417161008/https://theeagle.com/news/local/usda\-prairie\-view\-a\-m\-leaders\-discuss\-debt\-relief\-plan\-for\-farmers\-of\-color/article\_c8082a60\-d082\-11eb\-980c\-1b41163aceb2\.html\#:\~:text\=The%20provision%2C%20the%20Emergency%20Relief%20for%20Farmers%20of,Native%20American%20and%20Asian%20American%20farmers%20and%20ranchers \| url\-status\=live }}
Warnock worked with Senator [Tommy Tuberville](/wiki/Tommy_Tuberville "Tommy Tuberville") to reduce barriers to trade for [peanut](/wiki/Peanut "Peanut") exports, to assist peanut farmers in Georgia.{{cite news \|last1\=Kenmore \|first1\=Abraham \|date\=October 14, 2022 \|title\=Abortion? Inflation? What will Herschel Walker\-Raphael Warnock U.S. Senate debate cover? \|work\=\[\[Savannah Morning News]] \|url\=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/10/14/herschel\-walker\-raphael\-warnock\-debate\-may\-cover\-abortion\-joe\-biden\-qualifications/10465882002/ \|access\-date\=November 12, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206035437/https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/10/14/herschel\-walker\-raphael\-warnock\-debate\-may\-cover\-abortion\-joe\-biden\-qualifications/10465882002/ \|archive\-date\=December 6, 2022}}{{cite news \|last1\=Kruse \|first1\=Michael \|date\=August 5, 2022 \|title\='There's Never Been Anybody Like Him in the United States Senate' \|work\=\[\[Politico Magazine]] \|url\=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/08/05/raphael\-warnock\-georgia\-senate\-2022\-profile\-00049352 \|access\-date\=November 12, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128235459/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/08/05/raphael\-warnock\-georgia\-senate\-2022\-profile\-00049352 \|archive\-date\=November 28, 2022}}{{cite news \|last1\=Warren \|first1\=Michael \|date\=October 14, 2022 \|title\=In battleground Georgia, the Kemp\-Warnock voter is the target for both parties in 2022 and beyond \|work\=\[\[CNN]] \|url\=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/14/politics/kemp\-warnock\-split\-ticket/index.html \|access\-date\=November 12, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027052524/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/14/politics/kemp\-warnock\-split\-ticket/index.html \|archive\-date\=October 27, 2022}}
### Capital punishment and criminal justice
Warnock opposes the [death penalty](/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States "Capital punishment in the United States").{{Cite news \|last\=Scott \|first\=Eugene \|date\=January 6, 2021 \|title\=Analysis {{!}} What you need to know about Raphael Warnock \|language\=en\-US \|newspaper\=Washington Post \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/06/who\-is\-raphael\-warnock/ \|access\-date\=January 6, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214223141/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/06/who\-is\-raphael\-warnock/ \|archive\-date\=February 14, 2021 \|issn\=0190\-8286}} He unsuccessfully attempted to stop death row inmate [Troy Davis](/wiki/Troy_Davis "Troy Davis")'s execution.
### Defense
After President Joe Biden recommended in March 2022 that the [Air National Guard](/wiki/Air_National_Guard "Air National Guard")'s Combat Readiness Training Center in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia "Savannah, Georgia"), be closed, Warnock was one of several Georgia lawmakers to oppose the move, calling Biden's recommendation "bad for Savannah and bad for our national security"; the Appropriations subcommittee of the House of Representatives rejected the recommendation in June 2022\.{{cite news \|last1\=Mitchell \|first1\=Tia \|title\=U.S. House subcommittee rejects Biden plan to close Savannah military facility \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/us\-house\-committee\-rejects\-biden\-plan\-to\-close\-savannah\-military\-facility/2OSTD65J75CMJIPUU7LNAP3YYI/ \|access\-date\=November 30, 2022 \|work\=\[\[The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution]] \|archive\-date\=November 12, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20221112124659/https://www.ajc.com/politics/us\-house\-committee\-rejects\-biden\-plan\-to\-close\-savannah\-military\-facility/2OSTD65J75CMJIPUU7LNAP3YYI/ \|date\=June 20, 2022}}
Warnock supported the [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022](/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2022 "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022"), which provides funding for defense purposes, saying: "Georgia is an important military state ... [Fort Stewart](/wiki/Fort_Stewart "Fort Stewart") will get an upgrade in its energy plant to the tune of $22 million. There is also $100 million in this bill for barracks at Fort Stewart. We have to make sure that those who we ask to serve have what they need in order to serve".{{cite news \|last1\=Coy \|first1\=Greg \|date\=December 1, 2021 \|title\=Georgia senator says NDAA will benefit military bases in Savannah \|work\=\[\[WJCL (TV)]] \|url\=https://www.wjcl.com/article/georgia\-senator\-says\-ndaa\-will\-benefit\-military\-bases\-in\-savannah/38406212 \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126084700/https://www.wjcl.com/article/georgia\-senator\-says\-ndaa\-will\-benefit\-military\-bases\-in\-savannah/38406212 \|archive\-date\=January 26, 2022}} The barracks are slated to house over 370 soldiers.{{cite news \|date\=September 29, 2021 \|title\=New housing facility coming to Fort Stewart \|work\=\[\[WTOC\-TV]] \|url\=https://www.wtoc.com/2021/09/28/new\-housing\-facility\-coming\-fort\-stewart/ \|access\-date\=November 30, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130124952/https://www.wtoc.com/2021/09/28/new\-housing\-facility\-coming\-fort\-stewart/ \|archive\-date\=November 30, 2022}}
### Economy and infrastructure
Warnock worked together with Senator [Ted Cruz](/wiki/Ted_Cruz "Ted Cruz") to introduce legislation to prioritize the building of [Interstate 14](/wiki/Interstate_14 "Interstate 14") connecting [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Georgia "Augusta, Georgia"), [Macon](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia "Macon, Georgia"), and [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Georgia "Columbus, Georgia") in Georgia to Texas; Warnock said the interstate would be "helpful for our military installations" and "for the economy in this region".{{cite news \|last1\=Volk \|first1\=Will \|date\=August 21, 2021 \|title\=Warnock visits Augusta, discusses plans for I\-14 to stretch from Texas to CSRA \|work\=\[\[WRDW\-TV]] \|url\=https://www.wrdw.com/2021/08/21/warnock\-visits\-augusta\-discusses\-plans\-i\-14\-stretch\-texas\-csra/ \|access\-date\= \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822032751/https://www.wrdw.com/2021/08/21/warnock\-visits\-augusta\-discusses\-plans\-i\-14\-stretch\-texas\-csra/ \|archive\-date\=August 22, 2021}} The prioritization was ultimately approved within the [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act](/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act "Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act") that passed in November 2021, with the interstate slated to also pass through [Midland–Odessa](/wiki/Midland%E2%80%93Odessa "Midland–Odessa"), Texas; [Alexandria, Louisiana](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Louisiana "Alexandria, Louisiana"); [Laurel, Mississippi](/wiki/Laurel%2C_Mississippi "Laurel, Mississippi"); and [Montgomery, Alabama](/wiki/Montgomery%2C_Alabama "Montgomery, Alabama").{{cite news \|date\=November 15, 2021 \|title\=Congress designates Interstate 14 across five states with I\-14 corridor through San Angelo \|work\=\[\[San Angelo Standard\-Times]] \|url\=https://www.gosanangelo.com/story/news/2021/11/15/five\-state\-14\-designation\-now\-final\-infrastructure\-bill/8630360002/ \|access\-date\=November 12, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112024407/https://www.gosanangelo.com/story/news/2021/11/15/five\-state\-14\-designation\-now\-final\-infrastructure\-bill/8630360002/ \|archive\-date\=November 12, 2022}}
Warnock has helped to obtain millions in funding for the [Port of Savannah](/wiki/Port_of_Savannah "Port of Savannah") and for the new [Northeast Georgia Inland Port](/wiki/Northeast_Georgia_Inland_Port "Northeast Georgia Inland Port") in [Hall County, Georgia](/wiki/Hall_County%2C_Georgia "Hall County, Georgia").{{cite news \|last1\=Bunch \|first1\=Riley \|date\=October 21, 2022 \|title\=U.S. Senate race voter guide: Warnock, Walker on the issues \|work\=\[\[Georgia Public Broadcasting]] \|url\=https://www.gpb.org/news/2022/10/21/us\-senate\-race\-voter\-guide\-warnock\-walker\-on\-the\-issues \|access\-date\=November 30, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202183352/https://www.gpb.org/news/2022/12/02/us\-senate\-race\-voter\-guide\-warnock\-walker\-on\-the\-issues \|archive\-date\=December 2, 2022}}{{Cite web \|date\=June 13, 2021 \|title\=Inland rail port for NE Georgia getting $2M federal grant \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/ga\-state\-wire\-georgia\-business\-c0c268028cced1462caaa83cdff97458 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022084323/https://apnews.com/article/ga\-state\-wire\-georgia\-business\-c0c268028cced1462caaa83cdff97458 \|archive\-date\=October 22, 2022 \|access\-date\=December 5, 2022 \|website\=AP NEWS \|language\=en}}
Warnock supports raising the [federal minimum wage](/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States "Minimum wage in the United States") to $15 an hour.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/politics/national\-politics/warnock\-stimulus\-package\-minimum\-wage\-voting\-rights/85\-891892a7\-3101\-4bc9\-922c\-fae20a896605\|title\=Senator Warnock on stimulus package, federal minimum wage, and voting rights bills\|orig\-date\= March 5, 2021\|date\=March 6, 2021\| last\=Ford\|first\=Hope\| work\= 11 Alive, \[\[WXIA\-TV]]}}{{Cite web \|last\=Iacurci \|first\=Greg \|date\=January 6, 2021 \|title\=$15 minimum wage edges closer as Democrats win Senate control \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/georgia\-election\-result\-puts\-15\-federal\-minimum\-wage\-closer.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518144445/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/georgia\-election\-result\-puts\-15\-federal\-minimum\-wage\-closer.html \|archive\-date\=May 18, 2022 \|website\=CNBC \|language\=en}}
### Environment
In 2022, Warnock emphasized the importance of the national climate bill within his campaign.{{Cite news \|last\=Lutz \|first\=Meris \|title\=Climate change remains partisan issue in Georgia elections \|language\=English \|work\=The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/news/climate\-change\-remains\-partisan\-issue\-in\-georgia\-elections/3GCWTYWTY5BXJLNEMZKLQI4ZCE/ \|access\-date\=December 6, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109233621/https://www.ajc.com/news/climate\-change\-remains\-partisan\-issue\-in\-georgia\-elections/3GCWTYWTY5BXJLNEMZKLQI4ZCE/ \|archive\-date\=November 9, 2022 \|issn\=1539\-7459}} Warnock referenced the contaminated water and air in Black and brown communities, such as the water crises in [Jackson, Mississippi](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi%2C_water_crisis "Jackson, Mississippi, water crisis"), and [Flint, Michigan](/wiki/Flint_water_crisis "Flint water crisis"), and the burden placed on low\-income families that pay a larger portion of their income on utilities.
After attending a groundbreaking at [Hyundai's](/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company "Hyundai Motor Company") electric vehicle plant in Savannah, Georgia alongside Brian Kemp, Warnock told reporters that climate policy is a "moral" issue.{{Cite web \|last\=Waldman \|first\=Scott \|title\=Young Climate Voters Could Tilt Georgia's Runoff Election for Senate \|url\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/young\-climate\-voters\-could\-tilt\-georgias\-runoff\-election\-for\-senate/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129052333/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/young\-climate\-voters\-could\-tilt\-georgias\-runoff\-election\-for\-senate/ \|archive\-date\=November 29, 2022 \|access\-date\=December 6, 2022 \|website\=Scientific American \|language\=en}} He said, "I've also put forward a lot of legislation focused on creating a green energy future, everything from electric vehicles to electric batteries being manufactured in the state to investing in solar manufacturing".
Warnock was a cosponsor of the Recycling Infrastructure and Accessibility Act of 2022,{{Cite web \|title\=Senator Raphael G. Warnock (1969 \- ) \|url\=https://www.congress.gov/member/raphael\-warnock/W000790?q\=%7B%22subject%22%3A%22Environmental\+Protection%22%7D}} a bipartisan bill that "requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish a pilot grant program for improving recycling accessibility in communities".{{Cite web \|title\=S.3742 \- Recycling Infrastructure and Accessibility Act of 2022 \|url\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th\-congress/senate\-bill/3742?s\=1\&r\=1}}
### Gun control
Warnock received a grade of "F" from the [NRA Political Victory Fund](/wiki/NRA_Political_Victory_Fund "NRA Political Victory Fund") during his Senate campaign.{{cite web \|title\=NRAPVF {{!}} Grades {{!}} Georgia \|url\=http://nrapvf.org/grades/georgia \|website\=nrapvf.org \|publisher\=NRA\-PVF \|access\-date\=30 August 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105152933/nrapvf.org/grades/georgia \|archive\-date\=January 5, 2021 \|language\=en\-US \|url\-status\=usurped}} The NRA accused him of supporting the criminalization of private gun transfers and banning standard issue magazines, and endorsed Loeffler.{{cite web\|title\=Defend Freedom. Defeat Raphael Warnock.\|url\=https://www.nrapvf.org/campaigns/2020/raphael\-warnock/\|access\-date\=April 6, 2021\|website\=NRA\-PVF\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=March 26, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326130646/https://www.nrapvf.org/campaigns/2020/raphael\-warnock/\|url\-status\=live}} In 2014, Warnock gave a sermon in which he criticized [Georgia's gun laws](/wiki/Georgia%27s_gun_laws "Georgia's gun laws"), saying that "somebody decided that they had the bright idea to pass a piece of legislation that would allow guns and concealed weapons to be carried in churches. Have you ever been to a church meeting?... Whoever thought of that had never been to a church meeting."{{cite web\|last\=Richardson\|first\=Valerie\|date\=December 1, 2020\|title\=NRA ad rips Georgia Democrat Warnock for joking about concealed\-carry in church\|url\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/dec/1/warnock\-ripped\-nra\-ad\-mocking\-concealed\-carry\-chur/\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=April 6, 2021\|website\=The Washington Times\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=March 29, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329021210/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/dec/1/warnock\-ripped\-nra\-ad\-mocking\-concealed\-carry\-chur/}}
### Healthcare
In October 2021, Warnock and Ossoff said that they had acquired federal funding under the [American Rescue Plan](/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan "American Rescue Plan") for health centers across Georgia, including two in [Macon](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia "Macon, Georgia") and four in [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_Georgia "Albany, Georgia"), each of which received between $500,000 to $1,100,000\.{{cite news \|last1\=Helm \|first1\=Clare \|date\=October 5, 2021 \|title\=Macon community health centers get $1\.3M in American Rescue Plan funds \|work\=\[\[WGXA]] \|url\=https://wgxa.tv/news/local/macon\-community\-health\-centers\-get\-13m\-in\-american\-rescue\-plan\-funds \|access\-date\=November 30, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130091826/https://wgxa.tv/news/local/macon\-community\-health\-centers\-get\-13m\-in\-american\-rescue\-plan\-funds \|archive\-date\=November 30, 2022}}{{cite news \|date\=October 5, 2021 \|title\=Albany community health centers get $2\.8M in American Rescue Plan funds \|work\=\[\[WXFL]] \|url\=https://wfxl.com/news/local/albany\-community\-health\-centers\-get\-28m\-in\-american\-rescue\-plan\-funds \|access\-date\=November 30, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130131337/https://wfxl.com/news/local/albany\-community\-health\-centers\-get\-28m\-in\-american\-rescue\-plan\-funds \|archive\-date\=November 30, 2022}} Reacting to this, Warnock affirmed his support for the American Rescue Plan, saying: "We must continue to do all we can to provide support and funding to our health care infrastructure and workers on the front lines of this pandemic."
A bipartisan bill on maternal health by Warnock and Senator [Marco Rubio](/wiki/Marco_Rubio "Marco Rubio") was incorporated into [a $1\.5 trillion federal spending package](/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act%2C_2022 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022") that passed Congress in March 2022\.{{cite news \|last1\=Ford \|first1\=Hope \|title\=Georgia has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the nation. Here's how the government spending plan can help \|url\=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/health/senator\-raphael\-warnock\-maternal\-healthcare\-bill/85\-43f54fc4\-68b8\-4e9c\-859d\-3af479166f74 \|access\-date\=November 30, 2022 \|work\=\[\[11Alive]] \|date\=March 10, 2022}} Warnock's bill allocated $50 million for integrated healthcare services grants, $45 million to innovation grants, $25 million for training of healthcare workers, and approval of a study on how to teach health professionals to reduce discrimination. Warnock said, "Georgia is dead last when it comes to women and their access to healthcare" and that the bill's aim was "to make sure that when women are trying to bring a child in this world, they don't have to do so with one foot in the grave".
In August 2022, the Senate passed the [Inflation Reduction Act](/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act "Inflation Reduction Act"), which included two proposals by Warnock: a $2,000 annual limit on prescription drug costs for seniors on [Medicare](/wiki/Medicare_%28United_States%29 "Medicare (United States)"), and a $35 monthly limit on insulin costs for people on Medicare.{{cite news \|last1\=Bunch \|first1\=Riley \|date\=August 8, 2022 \|title\=Georgia Democrats score legislative wins in Senate spending bill \|work\=\[\[Georgia Public Broadcasting]] \|url\=https://www.gpb.org/news/2022/08/08/georgia\-democrats\-score\-legislative\-wins\-in\-senate\-spending\-bill \|access\-date\=November 30, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130135250/https://www.gpb.org/news/2022/08/08/georgia\-democrats\-score\-legislative\-wins\-in\-senate\-spending\-bill \|archive\-date\=November 30, 2022}} Republican lawmakers removed a third proposal by Warnock that would have imposed a $35 monthly limit on out\-of\-pocket insulin costs for people on private insurance.
### Immigration
Warnock criticized Trump's "[shithole countries](/wiki/Shithole_countries "Shithole countries")" comment in 2018 and his subsequent signing of a proclamation honoring [Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Martin Luther King Jr."), saying, "I would argue that a proclamation without an apology is hypocrisy. There is no redemption without repentance and the president of the United States needs to repent."{{cite web\|title\=CNN.com \- Transcripts\|url\=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1801/14/sotu.01\.html\|access\-date\=April 5, 2021\|website\=transcripts.cnn.com\|archive\-date\=June 14, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614212832/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1801/14/sotu.01\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
Warnock also has supported keeping [Title 42 expulsions](/wiki/Title_42_expulsion "Title 42 expulsion"), saying, "We need assurances that we have security at the border and that we protect communities on this side of the border."{{Cite web \|last1\=Mitchell \|first1\=Tia \|last2\=Murphy \|first2\=Patricia \|last3\=Bluestein \|first3\=Greg \|title\=The Jolt: Immigrant groups unhappy with Warnock criticism of new border policy \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/politics\-blog/the\-jolt\-immigrant\-groups\-unhappy\-with\-warnock\-criticism\-of\-new\-border\-policy/A4R3Q3N62VHPZBHWTCYYKNYD3Q/?outputType\=amp \|access\-date\=May 15, 2022 \|website\=Political Insider (The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution) \|language\=English \|archive\-date\=May 15, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515004316/https://www.ajc.com/politics/politics\-blog/the\-jolt\-immigrant\-groups\-unhappy\-with\-warnock\-criticism\-of\-new\-border\-policy/A4R3Q3N62VHPZBHWTCYYKNYD3Q/?outputType\=amp \|url\-status\=live }}
### LGBT rights
Warnock was endorsed by the [Human Rights Campaign](/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign "Human Rights Campaign") in 2020 and 2022 for his views on LGBT rights.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hrc.org/press\-releases/hrc\-endorses\-warnock\-for\-u\-s\-senate\-bush\-and\-williams\-for\-u\-s\-house\|title\=HRC Endorses Warnock for U.S. Senate, Bush and Williams for U.S. House\|date\=September 22, 2022\|access\-date\=October 15, 2023}}{{cite web\|last1\=Luneau\|first1\=Delphine\|url\=https://www.hrc.org/press\-releases/human\-rights\-campaign\-congratulates\-senator\-raphael\-warnock\-pledges\-continued\-support\-as\-he\-heads\-to\-december\-runoff\-election\|title\=Human Rights Campaign Congratulates Senator Raphael Warnock, Pledges Continued Support as He Heads to December Runoff Election\|date\=November 9, 2022\|access\-date\=October 15, 2023}} He supports the [Equality Act](/wiki/Equality_Act_%28United_States%29 "Equality Act (United States)"), which would prohibit discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation.{{cite web\|last1\=Bauer\|first1\=Sydney\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc\-out/lgbtq\-georgians\-hopeful\-following\-warnock\-ossoff\-senate\-victories\-n1253485\|title\=LGBTQ Georgians hopeful following Warnock, Ossoff Senate victories\|work\=\[\[NBC News]]\|date\=January 9, 2021\|access\-date\=March 12, 2021\|archive\-date\=February 11, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211073854/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc\-out/lgbtq\-georgians\-hopeful\-following\-warnock\-ossoff\-senate\-victories\-n1253485\|url\-status\=live}} Warnock also supported and cosponsored the [Respect for Marriage Act](/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act "Respect for Marriage Act"), which would codify same\-sex and interracial marriages, but was absent for the final vote due to campaigning.{{Cite news \|last\=Mitchell \|first\=Tia \|title\=Warnock breaks from campaigning to cast vote on gay marriage protection \|language\=English \|work\=The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/warnock\-breaks\-from\-campaigning\-to\-cast\-vote\-on\-gay\-marriage\-protection/RU2LNPUITRFURA2WKSRSHT7PYQ/ \|access\-date\=November 24, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124033806/https://www.ajc.com/politics/warnock\-breaks\-from\-campaigning\-to\-cast\-vote\-on\-gay\-marriage\-protection/RU2LNPUITRFURA2WKSRSHT7PYQ/ \|archive\-date\=November 24, 2022 \|issn\=1539\-7459}}{{cite web\|last1\=Kapur\|first1\=Sahil\|url\=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate\-vote\-tuesday\-same\-sex\-marriage\-bill\-filibuster\-rcna59125\|title\=Senate passes bill to protect same\-sex and interracial marriage over GOP opposition\|work\=\[\[NBC News]]\|date\=November 29, 2022\|access\-date\=April 9, 2023}}
### Supreme Court
Warnock twice declined to answer when asked whether he supported "packing the Supreme Court" by adding additional justices during a December 2020 debate.{{cite news \|last1\=Hollis \|first1\=Henri \|title\=Campaign check: Loeffler says Warnock will 'pack' Supreme Court \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/senate\-watch/campaign\-check\-loeffler\-says\-warnock\-will\-pack\-supreme\-court/N5QT5FE3LVAPHNLZKIVXGGJRNY/ \|access\-date\=February 18, 2021 \|publisher\=Atlanta Journal\-Constitution \|date\=December 16, 2020 \|language\=English \|archive\-date\=February 11, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211073858/https://www.ajc.com/politics/senate\-watch/campaign\-check\-loeffler\-says\-warnock\-will\-pack\-supreme\-court/N5QT5FE3LVAPHNLZKIVXGGJRNY/ \|url\-status\=live }}
### Veterans and military families
[thumb\|President Biden meeting with U.S. Senators Raphael Warnock, [Chuck Schumer](/wiki/Chuck_Schumer "Chuck Schumer"), and [Elizabeth Warren](/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren "Elizabeth Warren") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") in May 2022](/wiki/File:P20220518AS-1680-1_%2852196357096%29.jpg "P20220518AS-1680-1 (52196357096).jpg")
In June 2021, Warnock and Ossoff assisted six Georgia organizations that work to reduce veteran homelessness by obtaining between $375,000 to $500,000 of federal funds for each organization, using funds from the Department of Labor's Homeless Veterans' Reintegration Program, which are intended to help the veterans find jobs.{{cite news \|last1\=Cieslak \|first1\=McKenna \|date\=August 31, 2021 \|title\=Sens. Ossoff \& Warnock announce over $2\.5 million to help homeless Georgia veterans reenter the workforce \|work\=\[\[WSAV\-TV]] \|url\=https://www.wjbf.com/news/sens\-ossoff\-warnock\-announce\-over\-2\-5\-million\-to\-help\-homeless\-georgia\-veterans\-reenter\-the\-workforce/ \|access\-date\=November 30, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130132910/https://www.wjbf.com/news/sens\-ossoff\-warnock\-announce\-over\-2\-5\-million\-to\-help\-homeless\-georgia\-veterans\-reenter\-the\-workforce/ \|archive\-date\=November 30, 2022}}{{cite news \|date\=July 6, 2022 \|title\=Sens. Ossoff, Warnock announce resources to help veterans reenter the workforce \|work\=\[\[WFXL]] \|url\=https://wfxl.com/news/state\-news/sens\-ossoff\-warnock\-announce\-resources\-to\-help\-veterans\-reenter\-the\-workforce \|access\-date\=November 30, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130132907/https://wfxl.com/news/state\-news/sens\-ossoff\-warnock\-announce\-resources\-to\-help\-veterans\-reenter\-the\-workforce \|archive\-date\=November 30, 2022}}
In September 2021, Warnock worked together with Senator [Cindy Hyde\-Smith](/wiki/Cindy_Hyde-Smith "Cindy Hyde-Smith") to introduce legislation designating September 19 to 25 as [Gold Star Families](/wiki/Gold_Star_family "Gold Star family") Remembrance Week nationwide, to honor sacrifices made by families of servicemen who died serving the United States; the legislation passed the Senate unanimously.{{cite news \|last1\=McCullough \|first1\=Kim \|date\=September 23, 2021 \|title\=Warnock, Hyde\-Smith pass bipartisan resolution honoring Gold Star families \|work\=\[\[WRDW\-TV]] \|url\=https://www.wrdw.com/2021/09/22/warnock\-hyde\-smith\-pass\-bipartisan\-resolution\-honoring\-gold\-star\-families/ \|access\-date\=November 12, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112083624/https://www.wrdw.com/2021/09/22/warnock\-hyde\-smith\-pass\-bipartisan\-resolution\-honoring\-gold\-star\-families/ \|archive\-date\=November 12, 2022}}
In November 2021, a bill of Warnock's was enacted that approved a government study into whether there were racial disparities in benefits provided by the [United States Department of Veterans Affairs](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs "United States Department of Veterans Affairs").{{cite news \|last1\=Kheel \|first1\=Rebecca \|date\=November 30, 2021 \|title\=Racial Disparities in VA Benefits Advocates Say Are Rampant Set to Get Watchdog Probe \|work\=\[\[Military.com]] \|url\=https://www.military.com/daily\-news/2021/11/30/racial\-disparities\-va\-benefits\-advocates\-say\-are\-rampant\-set\-get\-watchdog\-probe.html \|access\-date\=November 30, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130095553/https://www.military.com/daily\-news/2021/11/30/racial\-disparities\-va\-benefits\-advocates\-say\-are\-rampant\-set\-get\-watchdog\-probe.html \|archive\-date\=November 30, 2022}}
### Voting rights
In his [maiden speech](/wiki/Maiden_speech "Maiden speech") on the U.S. Senate floor, Warnock said one of his primary goals upon assuming office was to oppose voting restrictions and support federal voting reforms.{{Cite news \|last\=Mitchell \|first\=Tia \|title\=Warnock, in first floor speech, champions federal voting laws to blunt GA's proposed restrictions \|language\=English \|work\=The Atlanta Journal\-Constitution \|url\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/warnock\-in\-first\-floor\-speech\-will\-blast\-proposed\-voting\-restrictions\-in\-georgia/XYKJV5P6VFEFHC6XKAF6E5GRX4/ \|access\-date\=May 14, 2022 \|issn\=1539\-7459 \|archive\-date\=October 5, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005015156/https://www.ajc.com/politics/warnock\-in\-first\-floor\-speech\-will\-blast\-proposed\-voting\-restrictions\-in\-georgia/XYKJV5P6VFEFHC6XKAF6E5GRX4/ \|url\-status\=live }} He has said that passing legislation to expand voting rights is important enough to end the [Senate filibuster](/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate "Filibuster in the United States Senate").{{cite news \|last1\=Kelly \|first1\=Mary Louise \|title\=Sen. Raphael Warnock On Ending The Filibuster: 'All Options Must Be On The Table' \|url\=https://www.npr.org/2021/03/11/976109486/sen\-raphael\-warnock\-on\-ending\-the\-filibuster\-all\-options\-must\-be\-on\-the\-table \|access\-date\=June 14, 2021 \|work\=NPR.org \|date\=March 11, 2021 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=February 11, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211074012/https://www.npr.org/2021/03/11/976109486/sen\-raphael\-warnock\-on\-ending\-the\-filibuster\-all\-options\-must\-be\-on\-the\-table \|url\-status\=live }}
On March 17, 2021, Warnock said in a Senate floor speech that voting rights were under attack at a rate not seen since the Jim Crow era.{{cite news\|date\=March 18, 2021\|last\=Garcia\|first\=Catherine\|title\=Georgia Sen. Warnock warns voting rights are under assault at a rate not seen 'since the Jim Crow era'\|url\=https://theweek.com/speedreads/972699/warnock\-warns\-voting\-rights\-are\-under\-assault\-rate\-not\-seen\-since\-jim\-crow\-era\|access\-date\=March 19, 2021\|work\=The Week\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=March 18, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318224820/https://theweek.com/speedreads/972699/warnock\-warns\-voting\-rights\-are\-under\-assault\-rate\-not\-seen\-since\-jim\-crow\-era\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|last\=Barrow\|first\=Bill\|date\=March 17, 2021\|title\=Warnock: GOP voting restrictions resurrect 'Jim Crow era'\|url\=https://apnews.com/article/race\-and\-ethnicity\-georgia\-voting\-rights\-elections\-voter\-registration\-debcae867733d6b4ace9325d4e65fe7a\|access\-date\=March 19, 2021\|work\=Associated Press\|archive\-date\=March 29, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329065917/https://apnews.com/article/race\-and\-ethnicity\-georgia\-voting\-rights\-elections\-voter\-registration\-debcae867733d6b4ace9325d4e65fe7a\|url\-status\=live}} On April 20, 2021, Warnock and voting rights activist [Stacey Abrams](/wiki/Stacey_Abrams "Stacey Abrams") testified before the [Senate Judiciary Committee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary "United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary") in favor of passing the [John Lewis Voting Rights Act](/wiki/John_Lewis_Voting_Rights_Act "John Lewis Voting Rights Act") and [For the People Act](/wiki/For_the_People_Act "For the People Act"). He was again critical of [the new election laws passed in his home state](/wiki/Election_Integrity_Act_of_2021 "Election Integrity Act of 2021"), calling it a "full\-fledged assault on voting rights, unlike anything we seen since the era of Jim Crow."{{cite web\|date\=April 20, 2021\|title\=Warnock addresses Senate committee on voting rights\|url\=https://www.wrdw.com/2021/04/20/warnock\-addresses\-senate\-committee\-on\-voting\-rights/\|url\-status\=live\|website\=wrdw.com\|access\-date\=April 21, 2021\|archive\-date\=February 11, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211074053/https://www.wrdw.com/2021/04/20/warnock\-addresses\-senate\-committee\-on\-voting\-rights/}} He is not opposed to [voter ID laws](/wiki/Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States "Voter identification laws in the United States"), but criticizes them when they discriminate against certain groups.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/21/democrats\-voter\-id/\|title\=Stacey Abrams and the Democrats' evolution on voter ID\|access\-date\=June 29, 2021\|date\=June 21, 2021\|newspaper\=\[\[Washington Post]]\|first\=Aaron\|last\=Blake\|archive\-date\=January 15, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115190347/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/21/democrats\-voter\-id/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.nationalreview.com/news/stacey\-abrams\-endorses\-manchins\-election\-law\-compromise/\|title\=Stacey Abrams Endorses Manchin's Election Law Compromise\|access\-date\=June 29, 2021\|date\=June 17, 2021\|author\=Brittany Bernstein\|work\=\[\[National Review]]\|archive\-date\=February 11, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211074051/https://www.nationalreview.com/news/stacey\-abrams\-endorses\-manchins\-election\-law\-compromise/\|url\-status\=live}}
### Welfare
Warnock opposed New York mayor [Rudy Giuliani](/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani "Rudy Giuliani")'s workfare reforms while he was assistant pastor at [Abyssinian Baptist Church](/wiki/Abyssinian_Baptist_Church "Abyssinian Baptist Church"). In 1997, he told *The New York Times*, "We are worried that workfare is being used to displace other workers who receive respectable compensation... We are concerned that poor people are being put into competition with other poor people, and in that respect, we think workfare is a hoax".{{Cite news\|last\=Greenhouse\|first\=Steven\|date\=August 4, 1997\|title\=2 Well\-Known Churches Say No to Workfare Jobs\|language\=en\-US\|work\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/04/nyregion/2\-well\-known\-churches\-say\-no\-to\-workfare\-jobs.html\|access\-date\=July 1, 2021\|issn\=0362\-4331\|archive\-date\=January 6, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106141451/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/04/nyregion/2\-well\-known\-churches\-say\-no\-to\-workfare\-jobs.html\|url\-status\=live}}
### Israeli\-Palestinian conflict
Warnock has expressed a range of views on the [Israeli\-Palestinian conflict](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict "Israeli–Palestinian conflict"). He has criticized Israel's actions, particularly in a May 2018 sermon where he discussed Israel's shooting of nonviolent Palestinian protesters, comparing the Palestinian cause to the Black Lives Matter movement. Warnock emphasized the struggle for human dignity and the Palestinians' right to self\-determination, while also advocating for a [two\-state solution](/wiki/Two-state_solution "Two-state solution") where "all of God's children can live together".{{Cite web \|title\=Warnock clarifies stances on Israel, Palestinians after 2018 speech surfaces \|url\=https://www.jns.org/warnock\-clarifies\-stances\-on\-israel\-palestinians\-after\-2018\-speech\-surfaces/ \|website\=Jewish News Syndicate}}
In 2019, after a visit to Israel and the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank "West Bank"), Warnock signed a statement with other clergy that was critical of Israel's military occupation and settlement expansion in the West Bank. This statement compared the West Bank's heavy militarization to apartheid [South Africa's occupation of Namibia](/wiki/South_West_Africa "South West Africa"), highlighting concerns about the viability of a two\-state solution given these conditions.{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-11\-11 \|title\=Raphael Warnock's Israel stance is suddenly an issue in his Georgia Senate campaign \|url\=https://forward.com/news/458267/raphael\-warnock\-israel\-georgia\-loeffler\-runoff/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-29 \|website\=The Forward \|language\=en}}
Warnock reversed course on some of these positions during his Senate campaign in November 2020, calling the [Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions](/wiki/Boycott%2C_Divestment_and_Sanctions "Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions") (BDS) movement against Israel "[anti\-Semitic](/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism")" and a refusal to acknowledge Israel's right to exist. He has said that he does not believe Israel is an [apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid "Apartheid") state and recognizes Israel's significance as a democracy in the Middle East and its importance as America's partner in the region. Warnock has also expressed a commitment to working toward ensuring Iran does not obtain a nuclear weapon and has voiced his opposition to conditioning U.S. assistance to Israel.
In October 2023, Warnock publicly condemned [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas "Hamas")'s acts of violence against Israel at the start of [Israel\-Hamas War](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war "Israel–Hamas war"). In a statement, he called the violence "heinous" and emphasized the importance of seeking a "lasting peace grounded in justice and human dignity for all of God's creatures."{{Cite web \|title\=Senator Reverend Warnock Statement on Hamas Attack on Israel » Reverend Raphael Warnock \|url\=https://www.warnock.senate.gov/newsroom/press\-releases/senator\-reverend\-warnock\-statement\-on\-hamas\-attack\-on\-israel/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-29 \|website\=Reverend Raphael Warnock \|language\=en\-US}}
In February 2024, Warnock delivered a Senate speech emphasizing American leadership in achieving Israeli\-Palestinian peace. He called for a negotiated ceasefire in the Israel\-Hamas conflict, the release of hostages, and opening humanitarian corridors to aid [Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip"), and underscored the need for a two\-state solution based on peace, security, and self\-determination for both peoples.{{Cite web \|title\=WATCH: Laying out His Moral Vision for a Peaceful Future, Senator Reverend Warnock Delivers Senate Floor Speech Calling for Negotiated Ceasefire in the Israel\-Hamas War » Reverend Raphael Warnock \|url\=https://www.warnock.senate.gov/newsroom/press\-releases/watch\-laying\-out\-his\-moral\-vision\-for\-a\-peaceful\-future\-senator\-reverend\-warnock\-delivers\-senate\-floor\-speech\-calling\-for\-negotiated\-ceasefire\-in\-the\-israel\-hamas\-war/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-29 \|website\=Reverend Raphael Warnock \|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"Political positions\n-------------------",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Warnock speaking at a press conference on the [COVID\\-19 relief bill](/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021 \"American Rescue Plan Act of 2021\") in 2021](/wiki/File:Senator_Reverend_Raphael_Warnock_%28D-GA%29_%2850933141641%29.jpg \"Senator Reverend Raphael Warnock (D-GA) (50933141641).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Warnock with President Biden at Ebenezer Baptist Church, 2023](/wiki/File:P20230115AS-0849_%2852634746521%29.jpg \"P20230115AS-0849 (52634746521).jpg\")",
"In April 2021, *[Politico](/wiki/Politico \"Politico\")* reported that Warnock, as a U.S. senator, had embraced \"a [progressive](/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States \"Progressivism in the United States\") agenda\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Everett \\|first1\\=Burgess \\|last2\\=Arkin \\|first2\\=James \\|title\\=Democrats' surprising 2\\-man team to hold the Senate \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/27/democrats\\-warnock\\-kelly\\-election\\-484742 \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2021 \\|work\\=POLITICO \\|date\\=April 27, 2021 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=March 24, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324062949/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/27/democrats\\-warnock\\-kelly\\-election\\-484742 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} As of December 2022, Warnock had voted in line with President [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\")'s stated position 96\\.5% of the time.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden\\-congress\\-votes/raphael\\-g\\-warnock/ \\|title\\=Does Your Member Of Congress Vote With Or Against Biden? – Raphael Warnock \\|first1\\=Aaron \\|last1\\=Bycoffe \\|last2\\=Silver \\|first2\\=Nate \\|work\\=\\[\\[FiveThirtyEight]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]] \\|accessdate\\=June 1, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211072900/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden\\-congress\\-votes/raphael\\-g\\-warnock/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"According to website [GovTrack](/wiki/GovTrack \"GovTrack\"), for Warnock's Senate term from January 2021 to January 2023, he was ranked \"most politically [right](/wiki/Right-wing \"Right-wing\")\" of all Senate Democrats in the 117th Congress, and was noted to have joined \"bipartisan bills the 2nd most often\" of all Senate Democrats in the 117th Congress.{{cite news \\|title\\=Sen. Raphael Warnock's 2022 Report Card \\|url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/raphael\\_warnock/456858/report\\-card/2022 \\|access\\-date\\=April 26, 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[GovTrack]] \\|date\\=February 12, 2023}}",
"### Abortion",
"Warnock has described himself as a \"pro\\-choice pastor\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Ziegler \\|first1\\=Mary \\|title\\=How Raphael Warnock Came to Be an Abortion\\-Rights Outlier \\|url\\=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/liberal\\-religion\\-abortion/617491/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2021 \\|work\\=The Atlantic \\|date\\=December 31, 2020 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211072847/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/liberal\\-religion\\-abortion/617491/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|last\\=King \\|first\\=Maya \\|date\\=May 11, 2022 \\|title\\=How abortion is already animating the Senate race in Georgia. \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/11/us/politics/georgia\\-senate\\-race\\-abortion.html \\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205040839/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/11/us/politics/georgia\\-senate\\-race\\-abortion.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2022 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"In December 2020, during Warnock's Senate campaign, a group of 25 Black ministers wrote him an [open letter](/wiki/Open_letter \"Open letter\") asking him to reconsider his abortion stance, calling it \"contrary to Christian teachings\" and saying abortion disproportionately affects African Americans. The Warnock campaign responded with a statement, writing that \"Warnock believes a patient's room is too small a place for a woman, her doctor, and the US government and that these are deeply personal health care decisions – not political ones.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2020/12/14/raphael\\-warnock\\-abortion\\-stance\\-criticized\\-black\\-pastors/6529810002/\\|title\\=Group of Black pastors criticizes Senate candidate Raphael Warnock for his abortion stance\\|first\\=Will\\|last\\=Peebles\\|website\\=Savannah Morning News\\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=May 14, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514203402/https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2020/12/14/raphael\\-warnock\\-abortion\\-stance\\-criticized\\-black\\-pastors/6529810002/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Warnock called the June 2022 [overturning of *Roe v. Wade*](/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization \"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization\") \"misguided\" and \"devastating for women and families in Georgia and nationwide.\"{{cite web \\|last1\\=Warnock \\|first1\\=Raphael \\|date\\=June 24, 2022 \\|title\\=\"The Supreme Court's misguided decision to overturn Roe v. Wade is devastating for women and families in Georgia and nationwide.\" \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/SenatorWarnock/status/1540339779048542209 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005021536/https://twitter.com/SenatorWarnock/status/1540339779048542209 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 5, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2022 \\|website\\=Twitter \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bluestein \\|first\\=Greg \\|date\\=June 24, 2022 \\|title\\=Abortion ruling likely shifts focus of Georgia 2022 campaigns \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/abortion\\-ruling\\-likely\\-shifts\\-focus\\-of\\-georgia\\-2022\\-campaigns/HSAW7MZDJBG5NI76IXY5U4FGLY/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205040839/https://www.ajc.com/politics/abortion\\-ruling\\-likely\\-shifts\\-focus\\-of\\-georgia\\-2022\\-campaigns/HSAW7MZDJBG5NI76IXY5U4FGLY/ \\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2022 \\|website\\=ajc \\|language\\=English}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=June 24, 2022 \\|title\\=Georgia lawmakers, leaders react to overturning of Roe v. Wade \\|url\\=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/national/georgia\\-lawmakers\\-leaders\\-overturning\\-of\\-roe\\-v\\-wade/85\\-0c5c58c5\\-a0d1\\-4210\\-9f96\\-937dcf1741d1 \\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2022 \\|website\\=11Alive.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### Agriculture",
"Warnock was the main sponsor of S.278 \\- Emergency Relief for Farmers of Color Act of 2021\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Emergency Relief for Farmers of Color Act of 2021 (S. 278\\) \\|url\\=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/s278 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025013611/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/s278 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2022 \\|website\\=GovTrack.us \\|language\\=en}} The bill would aid historically disaffected minority groups in the [agriculture](/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States \"Agriculture in the United States\") sector.{{cite news\\| last\\=Wiley\\|first\\=Kenny\\|work\\=The Bryan\\-College Station Eagle\\|url\\=https://theeagle.com/news/local/usda\\-prairie\\-view\\-a\\-m\\-leaders\\-discuss\\-debt\\-relief\\-plan\\-for\\-farmers\\-of\\-color/article\\_c8082a60\\-d082\\-11eb\\-980c\\-1b41163aceb2\\.html \\| title\\=USDA, Prairie View A\\&M leaders discuss debt relief plan for farmers of color \\| date\\=June 19, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=October 4, 2022 \\| archive\\-date\\=April 17, 2022 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417161008/https://theeagle.com/news/local/usda\\-prairie\\-view\\-a\\-m\\-leaders\\-discuss\\-debt\\-relief\\-plan\\-for\\-farmers\\-of\\-color/article\\_c8082a60\\-d082\\-11eb\\-980c\\-1b41163aceb2\\.html\\#:\\~:text\\=The%20provision%2C%20the%20Emergency%20Relief%20for%20Farmers%20of,Native%20American%20and%20Asian%20American%20farmers%20and%20ranchers \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"Warnock worked with Senator [Tommy Tuberville](/wiki/Tommy_Tuberville \"Tommy Tuberville\") to reduce barriers to trade for [peanut](/wiki/Peanut \"Peanut\") exports, to assist peanut farmers in Georgia.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Kenmore \\|first1\\=Abraham \\|date\\=October 14, 2022 \\|title\\=Abortion? Inflation? What will Herschel Walker\\-Raphael Warnock U.S. Senate debate cover? \\|work\\=\\[\\[Savannah Morning News]] \\|url\\=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/10/14/herschel\\-walker\\-raphael\\-warnock\\-debate\\-may\\-cover\\-abortion\\-joe\\-biden\\-qualifications/10465882002/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206035437/https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/10/14/herschel\\-walker\\-raphael\\-warnock\\-debate\\-may\\-cover\\-abortion\\-joe\\-biden\\-qualifications/10465882002/ \\|archive\\-date\\=December 6, 2022}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Kruse \\|first1\\=Michael \\|date\\=August 5, 2022 \\|title\\='There's Never Been Anybody Like Him in the United States Senate' \\|work\\=\\[\\[Politico Magazine]] \\|url\\=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/08/05/raphael\\-warnock\\-georgia\\-senate\\-2022\\-profile\\-00049352 \\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128235459/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/08/05/raphael\\-warnock\\-georgia\\-senate\\-2022\\-profile\\-00049352 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 28, 2022}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Warren \\|first1\\=Michael \\|date\\=October 14, 2022 \\|title\\=In battleground Georgia, the Kemp\\-Warnock voter is the target for both parties in 2022 and beyond \\|work\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|url\\=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/14/politics/kemp\\-warnock\\-split\\-ticket/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027052524/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/14/politics/kemp\\-warnock\\-split\\-ticket/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 27, 2022}}",
"### Capital punishment and criminal justice",
"Warnock opposes the [death penalty](/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States \"Capital punishment in the United States\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Scott \\|first\\=Eugene \\|date\\=January 6, 2021 \\|title\\=Analysis {{!}} What you need to know about Raphael Warnock \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|newspaper\\=Washington Post \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/06/who\\-is\\-raphael\\-warnock/ \\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214223141/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/06/who\\-is\\-raphael\\-warnock/ \\|archive\\-date\\=February 14, 2021 \\|issn\\=0190\\-8286}} He unsuccessfully attempted to stop death row inmate [Troy Davis](/wiki/Troy_Davis \"Troy Davis\")'s execution.",
"### Defense",
"After President Joe Biden recommended in March 2022 that the [Air National Guard](/wiki/Air_National_Guard \"Air National Guard\")'s Combat Readiness Training Center in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia \"Savannah, Georgia\"), be closed, Warnock was one of several Georgia lawmakers to oppose the move, calling Biden's recommendation \"bad for Savannah and bad for our national security\"; the Appropriations subcommittee of the House of Representatives rejected the recommendation in June 2022\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Mitchell \\|first1\\=Tia \\|title\\=U.S. House subcommittee rejects Biden plan to close Savannah military facility \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/us\\-house\\-committee\\-rejects\\-biden\\-plan\\-to\\-close\\-savannah\\-military\\-facility/2OSTD65J75CMJIPUU7LNAP3YYI/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2022 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution]] \\|archive\\-date\\=November 12, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20221112124659/https://www.ajc.com/politics/us\\-house\\-committee\\-rejects\\-biden\\-plan\\-to\\-close\\-savannah\\-military\\-facility/2OSTD65J75CMJIPUU7LNAP3YYI/ \\|date\\=June 20, 2022}}",
"Warnock supported the [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022](/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2022 \"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022\"), which provides funding for defense purposes, saying: \"Georgia is an important military state ... [Fort Stewart](/wiki/Fort_Stewart \"Fort Stewart\") will get an upgrade in its energy plant to the tune of $22 million. There is also $100 million in this bill for barracks at Fort Stewart. We have to make sure that those who we ask to serve have what they need in order to serve\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Coy \\|first1\\=Greg \\|date\\=December 1, 2021 \\|title\\=Georgia senator says NDAA will benefit military bases in Savannah \\|work\\=\\[\\[WJCL (TV)]] \\|url\\=https://www.wjcl.com/article/georgia\\-senator\\-says\\-ndaa\\-will\\-benefit\\-military\\-bases\\-in\\-savannah/38406212 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126084700/https://www.wjcl.com/article/georgia\\-senator\\-says\\-ndaa\\-will\\-benefit\\-military\\-bases\\-in\\-savannah/38406212 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 26, 2022}} The barracks are slated to house over 370 soldiers.{{cite news \\|date\\=September 29, 2021 \\|title\\=New housing facility coming to Fort Stewart \\|work\\=\\[\\[WTOC\\-TV]] \\|url\\=https://www.wtoc.com/2021/09/28/new\\-housing\\-facility\\-coming\\-fort\\-stewart/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130124952/https://www.wtoc.com/2021/09/28/new\\-housing\\-facility\\-coming\\-fort\\-stewart/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2022}}",
"### Economy and infrastructure",
"Warnock worked together with Senator [Ted Cruz](/wiki/Ted_Cruz \"Ted Cruz\") to introduce legislation to prioritize the building of [Interstate 14](/wiki/Interstate_14 \"Interstate 14\") connecting [Augusta](/wiki/Augusta%2C_Georgia \"Augusta, Georgia\"), [Macon](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia \"Macon, Georgia\"), and [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Georgia \"Columbus, Georgia\") in Georgia to Texas; Warnock said the interstate would be \"helpful for our military installations\" and \"for the economy in this region\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Volk \\|first1\\=Will \\|date\\=August 21, 2021 \\|title\\=Warnock visits Augusta, discusses plans for I\\-14 to stretch from Texas to CSRA \\|work\\=\\[\\[WRDW\\-TV]] \\|url\\=https://www.wrdw.com/2021/08/21/warnock\\-visits\\-augusta\\-discusses\\-plans\\-i\\-14\\-stretch\\-texas\\-csra/ \\|access\\-date\\= \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822032751/https://www.wrdw.com/2021/08/21/warnock\\-visits\\-augusta\\-discusses\\-plans\\-i\\-14\\-stretch\\-texas\\-csra/ \\|archive\\-date\\=August 22, 2021}} The prioritization was ultimately approved within the [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act](/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act \"Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act\") that passed in November 2021, with the interstate slated to also pass through [Midland–Odessa](/wiki/Midland%E2%80%93Odessa \"Midland–Odessa\"), Texas; [Alexandria, Louisiana](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Louisiana \"Alexandria, Louisiana\"); [Laurel, Mississippi](/wiki/Laurel%2C_Mississippi \"Laurel, Mississippi\"); and [Montgomery, Alabama](/wiki/Montgomery%2C_Alabama \"Montgomery, Alabama\").{{cite news \\|date\\=November 15, 2021 \\|title\\=Congress designates Interstate 14 across five states with I\\-14 corridor through San Angelo \\|work\\=\\[\\[San Angelo Standard\\-Times]] \\|url\\=https://www.gosanangelo.com/story/news/2021/11/15/five\\-state\\-14\\-designation\\-now\\-final\\-infrastructure\\-bill/8630360002/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112024407/https://www.gosanangelo.com/story/news/2021/11/15/five\\-state\\-14\\-designation\\-now\\-final\\-infrastructure\\-bill/8630360002/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 12, 2022}}",
"Warnock has helped to obtain millions in funding for the [Port of Savannah](/wiki/Port_of_Savannah \"Port of Savannah\") and for the new [Northeast Georgia Inland Port](/wiki/Northeast_Georgia_Inland_Port \"Northeast Georgia Inland Port\") in [Hall County, Georgia](/wiki/Hall_County%2C_Georgia \"Hall County, Georgia\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Bunch \\|first1\\=Riley \\|date\\=October 21, 2022 \\|title\\=U.S. Senate race voter guide: Warnock, Walker on the issues \\|work\\=\\[\\[Georgia Public Broadcasting]] \\|url\\=https://www.gpb.org/news/2022/10/21/us\\-senate\\-race\\-voter\\-guide\\-warnock\\-walker\\-on\\-the\\-issues \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202183352/https://www.gpb.org/news/2022/12/02/us\\-senate\\-race\\-voter\\-guide\\-warnock\\-walker\\-on\\-the\\-issues \\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2022}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=June 13, 2021 \\|title\\=Inland rail port for NE Georgia getting $2M federal grant \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/ga\\-state\\-wire\\-georgia\\-business\\-c0c268028cced1462caaa83cdff97458 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022084323/https://apnews.com/article/ga\\-state\\-wire\\-georgia\\-business\\-c0c268028cced1462caaa83cdff97458 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 22, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2022 \\|website\\=AP NEWS \\|language\\=en}}",
"Warnock supports raising the [federal minimum wage](/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States \"Minimum wage in the United States\") to $15 an hour.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/politics/national\\-politics/warnock\\-stimulus\\-package\\-minimum\\-wage\\-voting\\-rights/85\\-891892a7\\-3101\\-4bc9\\-922c\\-fae20a896605\\|title\\=Senator Warnock on stimulus package, federal minimum wage, and voting rights bills\\|orig\\-date\\= March 5, 2021\\|date\\=March 6, 2021\\| last\\=Ford\\|first\\=Hope\\| work\\= 11 Alive, \\[\\[WXIA\\-TV]]}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Iacurci \\|first\\=Greg \\|date\\=January 6, 2021 \\|title\\=$15 minimum wage edges closer as Democrats win Senate control \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/georgia\\-election\\-result\\-puts\\-15\\-federal\\-minimum\\-wage\\-closer.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518144445/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/georgia\\-election\\-result\\-puts\\-15\\-federal\\-minimum\\-wage\\-closer.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 18, 2022 \\|website\\=CNBC \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Environment",
"In 2022, Warnock emphasized the importance of the national climate bill within his campaign.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Lutz \\|first\\=Meris \\|title\\=Climate change remains partisan issue in Georgia elections \\|language\\=English \\|work\\=The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/news/climate\\-change\\-remains\\-partisan\\-issue\\-in\\-georgia\\-elections/3GCWTYWTY5BXJLNEMZKLQI4ZCE/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109233621/https://www.ajc.com/news/climate\\-change\\-remains\\-partisan\\-issue\\-in\\-georgia\\-elections/3GCWTYWTY5BXJLNEMZKLQI4ZCE/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 9, 2022 \\|issn\\=1539\\-7459}} Warnock referenced the contaminated water and air in Black and brown communities, such as the water crises in [Jackson, Mississippi](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi%2C_water_crisis \"Jackson, Mississippi, water crisis\"), and [Flint, Michigan](/wiki/Flint_water_crisis \"Flint water crisis\"), and the burden placed on low\\-income families that pay a larger portion of their income on utilities.",
"After attending a groundbreaking at [Hyundai's](/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company \"Hyundai Motor Company\") electric vehicle plant in Savannah, Georgia alongside Brian Kemp, Warnock told reporters that climate policy is a \"moral\" issue.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Waldman \\|first\\=Scott \\|title\\=Young Climate Voters Could Tilt Georgia's Runoff Election for Senate \\|url\\=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/young\\-climate\\-voters\\-could\\-tilt\\-georgias\\-runoff\\-election\\-for\\-senate/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129052333/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/young\\-climate\\-voters\\-could\\-tilt\\-georgias\\-runoff\\-election\\-for\\-senate/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 29, 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2022 \\|website\\=Scientific American \\|language\\=en}} He said, \"I've also put forward a lot of legislation focused on creating a green energy future, everything from electric vehicles to electric batteries being manufactured in the state to investing in solar manufacturing\".",
"Warnock was a cosponsor of the Recycling Infrastructure and Accessibility Act of 2022,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Senator Raphael G. Warnock (1969 \\- ) \\|url\\=https://www.congress.gov/member/raphael\\-warnock/W000790?q\\=%7B%22subject%22%3A%22Environmental\\+Protection%22%7D}} a bipartisan bill that \"requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish a pilot grant program for improving recycling accessibility in communities\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=S.3742 \\- Recycling Infrastructure and Accessibility Act of 2022 \\|url\\=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th\\-congress/senate\\-bill/3742?s\\=1\\&r\\=1}}",
"### Gun control",
"Warnock received a grade of \"F\" from the [NRA Political Victory Fund](/wiki/NRA_Political_Victory_Fund \"NRA Political Victory Fund\") during his Senate campaign.{{cite web \\|title\\=NRAPVF {{!}} Grades {{!}} Georgia \\|url\\=http://nrapvf.org/grades/georgia \\|website\\=nrapvf.org \\|publisher\\=NRA\\-PVF \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105152933/nrapvf.org/grades/georgia \\|archive\\-date\\=January 5, 2021 \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|url\\-status\\=usurped}} The NRA accused him of supporting the criminalization of private gun transfers and banning standard issue magazines, and endorsed Loeffler.{{cite web\\|title\\=Defend Freedom. Defeat Raphael Warnock.\\|url\\=https://www.nrapvf.org/campaigns/2020/raphael\\-warnock/\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2021\\|website\\=NRA\\-PVF\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=March 26, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326130646/https://www.nrapvf.org/campaigns/2020/raphael\\-warnock/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2014, Warnock gave a sermon in which he criticized [Georgia's gun laws](/wiki/Georgia%27s_gun_laws \"Georgia's gun laws\"), saying that \"somebody decided that they had the bright idea to pass a piece of legislation that would allow guns and concealed weapons to be carried in churches. Have you ever been to a church meeting?... Whoever thought of that had never been to a church meeting.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Richardson\\|first\\=Valerie\\|date\\=December 1, 2020\\|title\\=NRA ad rips Georgia Democrat Warnock for joking about concealed\\-carry in church\\|url\\=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/dec/1/warnock\\-ripped\\-nra\\-ad\\-mocking\\-concealed\\-carry\\-chur/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=April 6, 2021\\|website\\=The Washington Times\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=March 29, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329021210/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/dec/1/warnock\\-ripped\\-nra\\-ad\\-mocking\\-concealed\\-carry\\-chur/}}",
"### Healthcare",
"In October 2021, Warnock and Ossoff said that they had acquired federal funding under the [American Rescue Plan](/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan \"American Rescue Plan\") for health centers across Georgia, including two in [Macon](/wiki/Macon%2C_Georgia \"Macon, Georgia\") and four in [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_Georgia \"Albany, Georgia\"), each of which received between $500,000 to $1,100,000\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Helm \\|first1\\=Clare \\|date\\=October 5, 2021 \\|title\\=Macon community health centers get $1\\.3M in American Rescue Plan funds \\|work\\=\\[\\[WGXA]] \\|url\\=https://wgxa.tv/news/local/macon\\-community\\-health\\-centers\\-get\\-13m\\-in\\-american\\-rescue\\-plan\\-funds \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130091826/https://wgxa.tv/news/local/macon\\-community\\-health\\-centers\\-get\\-13m\\-in\\-american\\-rescue\\-plan\\-funds \\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2022}}{{cite news \\|date\\=October 5, 2021 \\|title\\=Albany community health centers get $2\\.8M in American Rescue Plan funds \\|work\\=\\[\\[WXFL]] \\|url\\=https://wfxl.com/news/local/albany\\-community\\-health\\-centers\\-get\\-28m\\-in\\-american\\-rescue\\-plan\\-funds \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130131337/https://wfxl.com/news/local/albany\\-community\\-health\\-centers\\-get\\-28m\\-in\\-american\\-rescue\\-plan\\-funds \\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2022}} Reacting to this, Warnock affirmed his support for the American Rescue Plan, saying: \"We must continue to do all we can to provide support and funding to our health care infrastructure and workers on the front lines of this pandemic.\"",
"A bipartisan bill on maternal health by Warnock and Senator [Marco Rubio](/wiki/Marco_Rubio \"Marco Rubio\") was incorporated into [a $1\\.5 trillion federal spending package](/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act%2C_2022 \"Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022\") that passed Congress in March 2022\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Ford \\|first1\\=Hope \\|title\\=Georgia has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the nation. Here's how the government spending plan can help \\|url\\=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/health/senator\\-raphael\\-warnock\\-maternal\\-healthcare\\-bill/85\\-43f54fc4\\-68b8\\-4e9c\\-859d\\-3af479166f74 \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2022 \\|work\\=\\[\\[11Alive]] \\|date\\=March 10, 2022}} Warnock's bill allocated $50 million for integrated healthcare services grants, $45 million to innovation grants, $25 million for training of healthcare workers, and approval of a study on how to teach health professionals to reduce discrimination. Warnock said, \"Georgia is dead last when it comes to women and their access to healthcare\" and that the bill's aim was \"to make sure that when women are trying to bring a child in this world, they don't have to do so with one foot in the grave\".",
"In August 2022, the Senate passed the [Inflation Reduction Act](/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act \"Inflation Reduction Act\"), which included two proposals by Warnock: a $2,000 annual limit on prescription drug costs for seniors on [Medicare](/wiki/Medicare_%28United_States%29 \"Medicare (United States)\"), and a $35 monthly limit on insulin costs for people on Medicare.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Bunch \\|first1\\=Riley \\|date\\=August 8, 2022 \\|title\\=Georgia Democrats score legislative wins in Senate spending bill \\|work\\=\\[\\[Georgia Public Broadcasting]] \\|url\\=https://www.gpb.org/news/2022/08/08/georgia\\-democrats\\-score\\-legislative\\-wins\\-in\\-senate\\-spending\\-bill \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130135250/https://www.gpb.org/news/2022/08/08/georgia\\-democrats\\-score\\-legislative\\-wins\\-in\\-senate\\-spending\\-bill \\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2022}} Republican lawmakers removed a third proposal by Warnock that would have imposed a $35 monthly limit on out\\-of\\-pocket insulin costs for people on private insurance.",
"### Immigration",
"Warnock criticized Trump's \"[shithole countries](/wiki/Shithole_countries \"Shithole countries\")\" comment in 2018 and his subsequent signing of a proclamation honoring [Martin Luther King Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. \"Martin Luther King Jr.\"), saying, \"I would argue that a proclamation without an apology is hypocrisy. There is no redemption without repentance and the president of the United States needs to repent.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=CNN.com \\- Transcripts\\|url\\=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1801/14/sotu.01\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=April 5, 2021\\|website\\=transcripts.cnn.com\\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614212832/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1801/14/sotu.01\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Warnock also has supported keeping [Title 42 expulsions](/wiki/Title_42_expulsion \"Title 42 expulsion\"), saying, \"We need assurances that we have security at the border and that we protect communities on this side of the border.\"{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Mitchell \\|first1\\=Tia \\|last2\\=Murphy \\|first2\\=Patricia \\|last3\\=Bluestein \\|first3\\=Greg \\|title\\=The Jolt: Immigrant groups unhappy with Warnock criticism of new border policy \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/politics\\-blog/the\\-jolt\\-immigrant\\-groups\\-unhappy\\-with\\-warnock\\-criticism\\-of\\-new\\-border\\-policy/A4R3Q3N62VHPZBHWTCYYKNYD3Q/?outputType\\=amp \\|access\\-date\\=May 15, 2022 \\|website\\=Political Insider (The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution) \\|language\\=English \\|archive\\-date\\=May 15, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515004316/https://www.ajc.com/politics/politics\\-blog/the\\-jolt\\-immigrant\\-groups\\-unhappy\\-with\\-warnock\\-criticism\\-of\\-new\\-border\\-policy/A4R3Q3N62VHPZBHWTCYYKNYD3Q/?outputType\\=amp \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### LGBT rights",
"Warnock was endorsed by the [Human Rights Campaign](/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign \"Human Rights Campaign\") in 2020 and 2022 for his views on LGBT rights.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hrc.org/press\\-releases/hrc\\-endorses\\-warnock\\-for\\-u\\-s\\-senate\\-bush\\-and\\-williams\\-for\\-u\\-s\\-house\\|title\\=HRC Endorses Warnock for U.S. Senate, Bush and Williams for U.S. House\\|date\\=September 22, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=October 15, 2023}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Luneau\\|first1\\=Delphine\\|url\\=https://www.hrc.org/press\\-releases/human\\-rights\\-campaign\\-congratulates\\-senator\\-raphael\\-warnock\\-pledges\\-continued\\-support\\-as\\-he\\-heads\\-to\\-december\\-runoff\\-election\\|title\\=Human Rights Campaign Congratulates Senator Raphael Warnock, Pledges Continued Support as He Heads to December Runoff Election\\|date\\=November 9, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=October 15, 2023}} He supports the [Equality Act](/wiki/Equality_Act_%28United_States%29 \"Equality Act (United States)\"), which would prohibit discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Bauer\\|first1\\=Sydney\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc\\-out/lgbtq\\-georgians\\-hopeful\\-following\\-warnock\\-ossoff\\-senate\\-victories\\-n1253485\\|title\\=LGBTQ Georgians hopeful following Warnock, Ossoff Senate victories\\|work\\=\\[\\[NBC News]]\\|date\\=January 9, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=March 12, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211073854/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc\\-out/lgbtq\\-georgians\\-hopeful\\-following\\-warnock\\-ossoff\\-senate\\-victories\\-n1253485\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Warnock also supported and cosponsored the [Respect for Marriage Act](/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act \"Respect for Marriage Act\"), which would codify same\\-sex and interracial marriages, but was absent for the final vote due to campaigning.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Mitchell \\|first\\=Tia \\|title\\=Warnock breaks from campaigning to cast vote on gay marriage protection \\|language\\=English \\|work\\=The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/warnock\\-breaks\\-from\\-campaigning\\-to\\-cast\\-vote\\-on\\-gay\\-marriage\\-protection/RU2LNPUITRFURA2WKSRSHT7PYQ/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 24, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124033806/https://www.ajc.com/politics/warnock\\-breaks\\-from\\-campaigning\\-to\\-cast\\-vote\\-on\\-gay\\-marriage\\-protection/RU2LNPUITRFURA2WKSRSHT7PYQ/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 24, 2022 \\|issn\\=1539\\-7459}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Kapur\\|first1\\=Sahil\\|url\\=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate\\-vote\\-tuesday\\-same\\-sex\\-marriage\\-bill\\-filibuster\\-rcna59125\\|title\\=Senate passes bill to protect same\\-sex and interracial marriage over GOP opposition\\|work\\=\\[\\[NBC News]]\\|date\\=November 29, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2023}}",
"### Supreme Court",
"Warnock twice declined to answer when asked whether he supported \"packing the Supreme Court\" by adding additional justices during a December 2020 debate.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Hollis \\|first1\\=Henri \\|title\\=Campaign check: Loeffler says Warnock will 'pack' Supreme Court \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/senate\\-watch/campaign\\-check\\-loeffler\\-says\\-warnock\\-will\\-pack\\-supreme\\-court/N5QT5FE3LVAPHNLZKIVXGGJRNY/ \\|access\\-date\\=February 18, 2021 \\|publisher\\=Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution \\|date\\=December 16, 2020 \\|language\\=English \\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211073858/https://www.ajc.com/politics/senate\\-watch/campaign\\-check\\-loeffler\\-says\\-warnock\\-will\\-pack\\-supreme\\-court/N5QT5FE3LVAPHNLZKIVXGGJRNY/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Veterans and military families",
"[thumb\\|President Biden meeting with U.S. Senators Raphael Warnock, [Chuck Schumer](/wiki/Chuck_Schumer \"Chuck Schumer\"), and [Elizabeth Warren](/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren \"Elizabeth Warren\") at the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") in May 2022](/wiki/File:P20220518AS-1680-1_%2852196357096%29.jpg \"P20220518AS-1680-1 (52196357096).jpg\") \nIn June 2021, Warnock and Ossoff assisted six Georgia organizations that work to reduce veteran homelessness by obtaining between $375,000 to $500,000 of federal funds for each organization, using funds from the Department of Labor's Homeless Veterans' Reintegration Program, which are intended to help the veterans find jobs.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Cieslak \\|first1\\=McKenna \\|date\\=August 31, 2021 \\|title\\=Sens. Ossoff \\& Warnock announce over $2\\.5 million to help homeless Georgia veterans reenter the workforce \\|work\\=\\[\\[WSAV\\-TV]] \\|url\\=https://www.wjbf.com/news/sens\\-ossoff\\-warnock\\-announce\\-over\\-2\\-5\\-million\\-to\\-help\\-homeless\\-georgia\\-veterans\\-reenter\\-the\\-workforce/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130132910/https://www.wjbf.com/news/sens\\-ossoff\\-warnock\\-announce\\-over\\-2\\-5\\-million\\-to\\-help\\-homeless\\-georgia\\-veterans\\-reenter\\-the\\-workforce/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2022}}{{cite news \\|date\\=July 6, 2022 \\|title\\=Sens. Ossoff, Warnock announce resources to help veterans reenter the workforce \\|work\\=\\[\\[WFXL]] \\|url\\=https://wfxl.com/news/state\\-news/sens\\-ossoff\\-warnock\\-announce\\-resources\\-to\\-help\\-veterans\\-reenter\\-the\\-workforce \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130132907/https://wfxl.com/news/state\\-news/sens\\-ossoff\\-warnock\\-announce\\-resources\\-to\\-help\\-veterans\\-reenter\\-the\\-workforce \\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2022}}",
"In September 2021, Warnock worked together with Senator [Cindy Hyde\\-Smith](/wiki/Cindy_Hyde-Smith \"Cindy Hyde-Smith\") to introduce legislation designating September 19 to 25 as [Gold Star Families](/wiki/Gold_Star_family \"Gold Star family\") Remembrance Week nationwide, to honor sacrifices made by families of servicemen who died serving the United States; the legislation passed the Senate unanimously.{{cite news \\|last1\\=McCullough \\|first1\\=Kim \\|date\\=September 23, 2021 \\|title\\=Warnock, Hyde\\-Smith pass bipartisan resolution honoring Gold Star families \\|work\\=\\[\\[WRDW\\-TV]] \\|url\\=https://www.wrdw.com/2021/09/22/warnock\\-hyde\\-smith\\-pass\\-bipartisan\\-resolution\\-honoring\\-gold\\-star\\-families/ \\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112083624/https://www.wrdw.com/2021/09/22/warnock\\-hyde\\-smith\\-pass\\-bipartisan\\-resolution\\-honoring\\-gold\\-star\\-families/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 12, 2022}}",
"In November 2021, a bill of Warnock's was enacted that approved a government study into whether there were racial disparities in benefits provided by the [United States Department of Veterans Affairs](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs \"United States Department of Veterans Affairs\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Kheel \\|first1\\=Rebecca \\|date\\=November 30, 2021 \\|title\\=Racial Disparities in VA Benefits Advocates Say Are Rampant Set to Get Watchdog Probe \\|work\\=\\[\\[Military.com]] \\|url\\=https://www.military.com/daily\\-news/2021/11/30/racial\\-disparities\\-va\\-benefits\\-advocates\\-say\\-are\\-rampant\\-set\\-get\\-watchdog\\-probe.html \\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130095553/https://www.military.com/daily\\-news/2021/11/30/racial\\-disparities\\-va\\-benefits\\-advocates\\-say\\-are\\-rampant\\-set\\-get\\-watchdog\\-probe.html \\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2022}}",
"### Voting rights",
"In his [maiden speech](/wiki/Maiden_speech \"Maiden speech\") on the U.S. Senate floor, Warnock said one of his primary goals upon assuming office was to oppose voting restrictions and support federal voting reforms.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Mitchell \\|first\\=Tia \\|title\\=Warnock, in first floor speech, champions federal voting laws to blunt GA's proposed restrictions \\|language\\=English \\|work\\=The Atlanta Journal\\-Constitution \\|url\\=https://www.ajc.com/politics/warnock\\-in\\-first\\-floor\\-speech\\-will\\-blast\\-proposed\\-voting\\-restrictions\\-in\\-georgia/XYKJV5P6VFEFHC6XKAF6E5GRX4/ \\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2022 \\|issn\\=1539\\-7459 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 5, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005015156/https://www.ajc.com/politics/warnock\\-in\\-first\\-floor\\-speech\\-will\\-blast\\-proposed\\-voting\\-restrictions\\-in\\-georgia/XYKJV5P6VFEFHC6XKAF6E5GRX4/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} He has said that passing legislation to expand voting rights is important enough to end the [Senate filibuster](/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate \"Filibuster in the United States Senate\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Kelly \\|first1\\=Mary Louise \\|title\\=Sen. Raphael Warnock On Ending The Filibuster: 'All Options Must Be On The Table' \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2021/03/11/976109486/sen\\-raphael\\-warnock\\-on\\-ending\\-the\\-filibuster\\-all\\-options\\-must\\-be\\-on\\-the\\-table \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2021 \\|work\\=NPR.org \\|date\\=March 11, 2021 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211074012/https://www.npr.org/2021/03/11/976109486/sen\\-raphael\\-warnock\\-on\\-ending\\-the\\-filibuster\\-all\\-options\\-must\\-be\\-on\\-the\\-table \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On March 17, 2021, Warnock said in a Senate floor speech that voting rights were under attack at a rate not seen since the Jim Crow era.{{cite news\\|date\\=March 18, 2021\\|last\\=Garcia\\|first\\=Catherine\\|title\\=Georgia Sen. Warnock warns voting rights are under assault at a rate not seen 'since the Jim Crow era'\\|url\\=https://theweek.com/speedreads/972699/warnock\\-warns\\-voting\\-rights\\-are\\-under\\-assault\\-rate\\-not\\-seen\\-since\\-jim\\-crow\\-era\\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2021\\|work\\=The Week\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=March 18, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318224820/https://theweek.com/speedreads/972699/warnock\\-warns\\-voting\\-rights\\-are\\-under\\-assault\\-rate\\-not\\-seen\\-since\\-jim\\-crow\\-era\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|last\\=Barrow\\|first\\=Bill\\|date\\=March 17, 2021\\|title\\=Warnock: GOP voting restrictions resurrect 'Jim Crow era'\\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/race\\-and\\-ethnicity\\-georgia\\-voting\\-rights\\-elections\\-voter\\-registration\\-debcae867733d6b4ace9325d4e65fe7a\\|access\\-date\\=March 19, 2021\\|work\\=Associated Press\\|archive\\-date\\=March 29, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329065917/https://apnews.com/article/race\\-and\\-ethnicity\\-georgia\\-voting\\-rights\\-elections\\-voter\\-registration\\-debcae867733d6b4ace9325d4e65fe7a\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On April 20, 2021, Warnock and voting rights activist [Stacey Abrams](/wiki/Stacey_Abrams \"Stacey Abrams\") testified before the [Senate Judiciary Committee](/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary \"United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary\") in favor of passing the [John Lewis Voting Rights Act](/wiki/John_Lewis_Voting_Rights_Act \"John Lewis Voting Rights Act\") and [For the People Act](/wiki/For_the_People_Act \"For the People Act\"). He was again critical of [the new election laws passed in his home state](/wiki/Election_Integrity_Act_of_2021 \"Election Integrity Act of 2021\"), calling it a \"full\\-fledged assault on voting rights, unlike anything we seen since the era of Jim Crow.\"{{cite web\\|date\\=April 20, 2021\\|title\\=Warnock addresses Senate committee on voting rights\\|url\\=https://www.wrdw.com/2021/04/20/warnock\\-addresses\\-senate\\-committee\\-on\\-voting\\-rights/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|website\\=wrdw.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211074053/https://www.wrdw.com/2021/04/20/warnock\\-addresses\\-senate\\-committee\\-on\\-voting\\-rights/}} He is not opposed to [voter ID laws](/wiki/Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States \"Voter identification laws in the United States\"), but criticizes them when they discriminate against certain groups.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/21/democrats\\-voter\\-id/\\|title\\=Stacey Abrams and the Democrats' evolution on voter ID\\|access\\-date\\=June 29, 2021\\|date\\=June 21, 2021\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Washington Post]]\\|first\\=Aaron\\|last\\=Blake\\|archive\\-date\\=January 15, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115190347/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/21/democrats\\-voter\\-id/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nationalreview.com/news/stacey\\-abrams\\-endorses\\-manchins\\-election\\-law\\-compromise/\\|title\\=Stacey Abrams Endorses Manchin's Election Law Compromise\\|access\\-date\\=June 29, 2021\\|date\\=June 17, 2021\\|author\\=Brittany Bernstein\\|work\\=\\[\\[National Review]]\\|archive\\-date\\=February 11, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211074051/https://www.nationalreview.com/news/stacey\\-abrams\\-endorses\\-manchins\\-election\\-law\\-compromise/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Welfare",
"Warnock opposed New York mayor [Rudy Giuliani](/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani \"Rudy Giuliani\")'s workfare reforms while he was assistant pastor at [Abyssinian Baptist Church](/wiki/Abyssinian_Baptist_Church \"Abyssinian Baptist Church\"). In 1997, he told *The New York Times*, \"We are worried that workfare is being used to displace other workers who receive respectable compensation... We are concerned that poor people are being put into competition with other poor people, and in that respect, we think workfare is a hoax\".{{Cite news\\|last\\=Greenhouse\\|first\\=Steven\\|date\\=August 4, 1997\\|title\\=2 Well\\-Known Churches Say No to Workfare Jobs\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/04/nyregion/2\\-well\\-known\\-churches\\-say\\-no\\-to\\-workfare\\-jobs.html\\|access\\-date\\=July 1, 2021\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331\\|archive\\-date\\=January 6, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106141451/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/04/nyregion/2\\-well\\-known\\-churches\\-say\\-no\\-to\\-workfare\\-jobs.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Israeli\\-Palestinian conflict",
"Warnock has expressed a range of views on the [Israeli\\-Palestinian conflict](/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict \"Israeli–Palestinian conflict\"). He has criticized Israel's actions, particularly in a May 2018 sermon where he discussed Israel's shooting of nonviolent Palestinian protesters, comparing the Palestinian cause to the Black Lives Matter movement. Warnock emphasized the struggle for human dignity and the Palestinians' right to self\\-determination, while also advocating for a [two\\-state solution](/wiki/Two-state_solution \"Two-state solution\") where \"all of God's children can live together\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=Warnock clarifies stances on Israel, Palestinians after 2018 speech surfaces \\|url\\=https://www.jns.org/warnock\\-clarifies\\-stances\\-on\\-israel\\-palestinians\\-after\\-2018\\-speech\\-surfaces/ \\|website\\=Jewish News Syndicate}}",
"In 2019, after a visit to Israel and the [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\"), Warnock signed a statement with other clergy that was critical of Israel's military occupation and settlement expansion in the West Bank. This statement compared the West Bank's heavy militarization to apartheid [South Africa's occupation of Namibia](/wiki/South_West_Africa \"South West Africa\"), highlighting concerns about the viability of a two\\-state solution given these conditions.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-11 \\|title\\=Raphael Warnock's Israel stance is suddenly an issue in his Georgia Senate campaign \\|url\\=https://forward.com/news/458267/raphael\\-warnock\\-israel\\-georgia\\-loeffler\\-runoff/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-29 \\|website\\=The Forward \\|language\\=en}}",
"Warnock reversed course on some of these positions during his Senate campaign in November 2020, calling the [Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions](/wiki/Boycott%2C_Divestment_and_Sanctions \"Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions\") (BDS) movement against Israel \"[anti\\-Semitic](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\")\" and a refusal to acknowledge Israel's right to exist. He has said that he does not believe Israel is an [apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid \"Apartheid\") state and recognizes Israel's significance as a democracy in the Middle East and its importance as America's partner in the region. Warnock has also expressed a commitment to working toward ensuring Iran does not obtain a nuclear weapon and has voiced his opposition to conditioning U.S. assistance to Israel.",
"In October 2023, Warnock publicly condemned [Hamas](/wiki/Hamas \"Hamas\")'s acts of violence against Israel at the start of [Israel\\-Hamas War](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war \"Israel–Hamas war\"). In a statement, he called the violence \"heinous\" and emphasized the importance of seeking a \"lasting peace grounded in justice and human dignity for all of God's creatures.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=Senator Reverend Warnock Statement on Hamas Attack on Israel » Reverend Raphael Warnock \\|url\\=https://www.warnock.senate.gov/newsroom/press\\-releases/senator\\-reverend\\-warnock\\-statement\\-on\\-hamas\\-attack\\-on\\-israel/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-29 \\|website\\=Reverend Raphael Warnock \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"In February 2024, Warnock delivered a Senate speech emphasizing American leadership in achieving Israeli\\-Palestinian peace. He called for a negotiated ceasefire in the Israel\\-Hamas conflict, the release of hostages, and opening humanitarian corridors to aid [Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\"), and underscored the need for a two\\-state solution based on peace, security, and self\\-determination for both peoples.{{Cite web \\|title\\=WATCH: Laying out His Moral Vision for a Peaceful Future, Senator Reverend Warnock Delivers Senate Floor Speech Calling for Negotiated Ceasefire in the Israel\\-Hamas War » Reverend Raphael Warnock \\|url\\=https://www.warnock.senate.gov/newsroom/press\\-releases/watch\\-laying\\-out\\-his\\-moral\\-vision\\-for\\-a\\-peaceful\\-future\\-senator\\-reverend\\-warnock\\-delivers\\-senate\\-floor\\-speech\\-calling\\-for\\-negotiated\\-ceasefire\\-in\\-the\\-israel\\-hamas\\-war/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-29 \\|website\\=Reverend Raphael Warnock \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|left\|Church [PHC](/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines "National Historical Commission of the Philippines") historical marker installed in 1939](/wiki/File:ChurchofTondojf1245_01.JPG "ChurchofTondojf1245 01.JPG")
The church, one of the earliest churches established by the Spanish friars in [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon "Luzon"), was founded by the [Augustinians](/wiki/Augustinians "Augustinians") who were the first [Catholic religious order](/wiki/Catholic_religious_order "Catholic religious order") to arrive in the Philippines. The Augustinian Convent in Tondo was approved by the provincial chapter on May 3, 1572\. Its *visita*s were Lubao, Betis and Calumpit. Fray Alonzo Alvarado, OSA was the first Augustinian religious to direct the church. In 1572, Tondo Church added *visita*s in northern suburbs, including Malolos. Through Fray Diego Ordoñez de Vivar, Tondo extended its ecclesiastical territory to Morong.{{cite journal \| title \= Short Historical Background of the Parish \| publisher \= Santo Niño de Tondo Church \| location \= Tondo, Manila }}
Construction of the first stone [monastery](/wiki/Monastery "Monastery") is believed to have started in 1611 under Fray Alonso Guerrero, then minister of Tondo.{{Cite web\|url \= http://www.manila\-map.com/parish\_history.html\|title \= History of Sto. Niño de Tondo Parish Church\|date \= \|accessdate \= October 19, 2014\|website \= The Many Faces of Tondo Parish\|last \= Mendoza \|first \= Rose Marie}} The convent of Tondo was relieved of its ten percent contribution ([tithe](/wiki/Tithe "Tithe")) to Manila in 1620 due to the needed costly repairs of the convent and the church. This resolution was repeated the following year due to needed assistance to be provided for the father provincial who was then staying in Tondo.
During 1625, Fray Antonio de Ocampo pawned{{clarify\|date\=November 2022}} the convent for 800 pesos, the sum to be spent during a three\-year term improvement of the house facilities like the {{lang\|es\|cenador}}, staircase, etc. It is believed that the construction of the church and convent was finalized at around this time.
In 1641, the prior was authorized to repair the church due to the turmoil caused by the [Sangleys](/wiki/Sangley "Sangley") and in addition, [water cisterns](/wiki/Water_cistern "Water cistern") were installed to save budget for purchasing. Four years after, the church was in need of immediate repair because it was devastated again by the [1645 Luzon earthquake](/wiki/1645_Luzon_earthquake "1645 Luzon earthquake"). The repairs and restoration were done and the "church looked magnificent and strong in its full masonry construction".
This magnificence was short\-lived because, in 1661, Governor Sabiniano Manrique de Lara who feared Koseng ([Koxinga](/wiki/Koxinga "Koxinga")), a Chinese pirate from Hermosa Island ([Formosa](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan"), now Taiwan) might fortify himself inside the structure. He ordered that the structure be pulled down. According to a clause of the Chapter of 1661, "the convent suffered so much during the war of the Sangleys that now it cannot be sufficient by itself". The income of Sangley stores, the alms for the souls in [Purgatory](/wiki/Purgatory "Purgatory"), some donations and tax exemption were utilized for the rebuilding of the church and the convent.
In 1714, the Private Definitory proposed that the church and convent of Tondo pay back from their own properties the funds that were spent for the reconstructions of the church.{{cn\|date\=November 2022}} In 1728, the convent used 2,000 pesos from the provincial funds to renovate and enlarge the church. The [facade](/wiki/Facade "Facade") and the two towers that were about to fall were reconstructed in 1734\. This rebuilding was done during the term of Fr. Diego Bergaño. The building was damaged again by the earthquake of 1740 and was repaired the next year.
The church was heavily damaged again by another earthquake in 1863 and was rebuilt for the third time by Fr. Manuel Diez Gonzalez. The restoration was completed by Fr. Casimiro Herrero, parish priest of Tondo from 1874 to 1880, who followed the plans of Architect Luciano Oliver in 1873\. For the first time in the country, steel framing was used for the {{lang\|es\|media naranja}} [dome](/wiki/Dome "Dome") and iron sheets for the roofing. Condrado Gregorio took over the construction from Architect Oliver and used {{lang\|es\|aramadura de hierro}}, which came from England. Fr. Mariano Gil led the construction of the cemetery during his priorship from 1889 to 1898\. The fence was designed by Architect Gregorio N. Santos. Walls made of stone were imported from Guadalupe and Meycauayan. The entire construction project costed 2,150 pesos.
The organ was imported from the renowned *Amezua Organeros* of Barcelona, Spain and was installed in 1893\. It had one main keyboard with 56 keys and a [pédalier](/wiki/P%C3%A9dalier "Pédalier") with 19 keys and four combinations. In 1898, Fr. Pablo Alvarez bought a [molave](/wiki/Vitex_parviflora "Vitex parviflora") door for 1470 pesos to be used as the main entrance door.
Church services came to a halt when it was used as a {{lang\|es\|cuartel}} during the [Japanese occupation of the Philippines](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines "Japanese occupation of the Philippines"). The services were held in the house of Primo Arambulo at Santiago de Vera Street. During the last days of the Japanese occupation, the church was reopened for thousands of refugees.
In 1997, aside from major repairs, [Carillon bells](/wiki/Carillon_bell "Carillon bell") were installed under the term of Msgr. Emmanuel Sunga as Parish Priest.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Church [PHC](/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines \"National Historical Commission of the Philippines\") historical marker installed in 1939](/wiki/File:ChurchofTondojf1245_01.JPG \"ChurchofTondojf1245 01.JPG\")",
"The church, one of the earliest churches established by the Spanish friars in [Luzon](/wiki/Luzon \"Luzon\"), was founded by the [Augustinians](/wiki/Augustinians \"Augustinians\") who were the first [Catholic religious order](/wiki/Catholic_religious_order \"Catholic religious order\") to arrive in the Philippines. The Augustinian Convent in Tondo was approved by the provincial chapter on May 3, 1572\\. Its *visita*s were Lubao, Betis and Calumpit. Fray Alonzo Alvarado, OSA was the first Augustinian religious to direct the church. In 1572, Tondo Church added *visita*s in northern suburbs, including Malolos. Through Fray Diego Ordoñez de Vivar, Tondo extended its ecclesiastical territory to Morong.{{cite journal \\| title \\= Short Historical Background of the Parish \\| publisher \\= Santo Niño de Tondo Church \\| location \\= Tondo, Manila }}",
"Construction of the first stone [monastery](/wiki/Monastery \"Monastery\") is believed to have started in 1611 under Fray Alonso Guerrero, then minister of Tondo.{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://www.manila\\-map.com/parish\\_history.html\\|title \\= History of Sto. Niño de Tondo Parish Church\\|date \\= \\|accessdate \\= October 19, 2014\\|website \\= The Many Faces of Tondo Parish\\|last \\= Mendoza \\|first \\= Rose Marie}} The convent of Tondo was relieved of its ten percent contribution ([tithe](/wiki/Tithe \"Tithe\")) to Manila in 1620 due to the needed costly repairs of the convent and the church. This resolution was repeated the following year due to needed assistance to be provided for the father provincial who was then staying in Tondo.",
"During 1625, Fray Antonio de Ocampo pawned{{clarify\\|date\\=November 2022}} the convent for 800 pesos, the sum to be spent during a three\\-year term improvement of the house facilities like the {{lang\\|es\\|cenador}}, staircase, etc. It is believed that the construction of the church and convent was finalized at around this time.",
"In 1641, the prior was authorized to repair the church due to the turmoil caused by the [Sangleys](/wiki/Sangley \"Sangley\") and in addition, [water cisterns](/wiki/Water_cistern \"Water cistern\") were installed to save budget for purchasing. Four years after, the church was in need of immediate repair because it was devastated again by the [1645 Luzon earthquake](/wiki/1645_Luzon_earthquake \"1645 Luzon earthquake\"). The repairs and restoration were done and the \"church looked magnificent and strong in its full masonry construction\".",
"This magnificence was short\\-lived because, in 1661, Governor Sabiniano Manrique de Lara who feared Koseng ([Koxinga](/wiki/Koxinga \"Koxinga\")), a Chinese pirate from Hermosa Island ([Formosa](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\"), now Taiwan) might fortify himself inside the structure. He ordered that the structure be pulled down. According to a clause of the Chapter of 1661, \"the convent suffered so much during the war of the Sangleys that now it cannot be sufficient by itself\". The income of Sangley stores, the alms for the souls in [Purgatory](/wiki/Purgatory \"Purgatory\"), some donations and tax exemption were utilized for the rebuilding of the church and the convent.",
"In 1714, the Private Definitory proposed that the church and convent of Tondo pay back from their own properties the funds that were spent for the reconstructions of the church.{{cn\\|date\\=November 2022}} In 1728, the convent used 2,000 pesos from the provincial funds to renovate and enlarge the church. The [facade](/wiki/Facade \"Facade\") and the two towers that were about to fall were reconstructed in 1734\\. This rebuilding was done during the term of Fr. Diego Bergaño. The building was damaged again by the earthquake of 1740 and was repaired the next year.",
"The church was heavily damaged again by another earthquake in 1863 and was rebuilt for the third time by Fr. Manuel Diez Gonzalez. The restoration was completed by Fr. Casimiro Herrero, parish priest of Tondo from 1874 to 1880, who followed the plans of Architect Luciano Oliver in 1873\\. For the first time in the country, steel framing was used for the {{lang\\|es\\|media naranja}} [dome](/wiki/Dome \"Dome\") and iron sheets for the roofing. Condrado Gregorio took over the construction from Architect Oliver and used {{lang\\|es\\|aramadura de hierro}}, which came from England. Fr. Mariano Gil led the construction of the cemetery during his priorship from 1889 to 1898\\. The fence was designed by Architect Gregorio N. Santos. Walls made of stone were imported from Guadalupe and Meycauayan. The entire construction project costed 2,150 pesos.",
"The organ was imported from the renowned *Amezua Organeros* of Barcelona, Spain and was installed in 1893\\. It had one main keyboard with 56 keys and a [pédalier](/wiki/P%C3%A9dalier \"Pédalier\") with 19 keys and four combinations. In 1898, Fr. Pablo Alvarez bought a [molave](/wiki/Vitex_parviflora \"Vitex parviflora\") door for 1470 pesos to be used as the main entrance door.",
"Church services came to a halt when it was used as a {{lang\\|es\\|cuartel}} during the [Japanese occupation of the Philippines](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines \"Japanese occupation of the Philippines\"). The services were held in the house of Primo Arambulo at Santiago de Vera Street. During the last days of the Japanese occupation, the church was reopened for thousands of refugees.",
"In 1997, aside from major repairs, [Carillon bells](/wiki/Carillon_bell \"Carillon bell\") were installed under the term of Msgr. Emmanuel Sunga as Parish Priest.",
""
] |
History
-------
Conklin Shows was founded by **James Wesley "Patty" Conklin**, who was born Joseph Renker in 1892 in [Brooklyn, New York](/wiki/Brooklyn%2C_New_York "Brooklyn, New York"), and died in 1970\.{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-09\-18 \|title\=End of an Era {{!}} Conklin Shows \|url\=https://conklinshows.com/info/end\-of\-an\-era.html \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-20 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918175904/https://conklinshows.com/info/end\-of\-an\-era.html \|archive\-date\=18 September 2018 }} He was brought up by foster parents. By 1906 he had begun selling peanuts without a permit at Madison Square Gardens whenever a circus was in town, and newspapers on the streets of New York, before becoming a sideshow host at [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island "Coney Island").{{cite web \|title\=Carnival King {{!}} Maclean's {{!}} JULY 15 1941 \|url\=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1941/7/15/carnival\-king \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710060439/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1941/7/15/carnival\-king \|archive\-date\=10 July 2020 \|accessdate\=10 July 2020 \|website\=archive.Macleans.ca \|publisher\=Maclean's \|ref\=Carnival King (July 1941\)}} When he was 21 his father dropped dead and ended up landing $3300 CAD ($54,000 2020\). By 1915 he was running his own gambling games at various [midways](/wiki/Midway_%28fair%29 "Midway (fair)") across the southern United States. After meeting James Wesley Conklin (1861–1920\) around 1916, he adopted his surname, Conklin, as his own.
In 1916 Patty and J. W. Conklin established Clark \& Conklin Shows. Lasting four seasons playing at various shows around the mid west, the company folded after the death of the father. In 1921 Patty moved the show north to play at the Winnipeg Exhibition. Due to a problem with the fair, their participation was canceled. While returning to the United States with a train car full of prize merchandise, Patty stumbled upon a show just outside Winnipeg. They joined up with the operator of the fair, International Amusement Company and worked all of the remaining Canadian shows that year.
### War years
After working the road hosting small fairs coast to coast for 20 years, Conklin Shows bid on and won the midway contract for the 1937 Toronto [Canadian National Exhibition](/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition "Canadian National Exhibition"). The fair, one of the largest in the world, was a prized show. By 1941 the company played at 98% of all the major fairs across Canada. To accommodate travel to the various shows they ran a 45\-car specialized train cars. Specialized boxcars painted bright orange {{convert\|80\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}}long were fitted with custom doors to accommodate speedy loading and unloading of gear. The train carried 15 feature attractions and 21 rides and 700 people including performers and crews. Patty Conklin himself traveled in style with his $65,000 CAD ($1 million 2020\) Mexican stylized 5\-room 'mansion on wheels' private car.
Having the CNE contract helped turn it into a profitable company in the early 1950s Conklin Shows borrowed over half a million dollars and began to build permanent attractions on the CNE fairgrounds of [Exhibition Place](/wiki/Exhibition_Place "Exhibition Place"). In 1953 they constructed the **Mighty Flyer**, a wooden rollercoaster, that lasted until the early 1990s.
The early 1970s saw the company begin to diversify, including establishing [Maple Leaf Village](/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Village "Maple Leaf Village") (now [Casino Niagara](/wiki/Casino_Niagara "Casino Niagara")) in Niagara Falls, Ontario, along with running a venue at the base of the [CN Tower](/wiki/CN_Tower "CN Tower") in Toronto.
In 1975 Conklin Shows' biggest rival, [Royal American Shows](/wiki/Royal_American_Shows "Royal American Shows"), declined to return to fair dates in Canada due to later disproved charges of tax evasion, charges that several Canadian carnivals aided and encouraged. In 1976 Conklin was awarded the contracts previously held by RAS – including the [Calgary Stampede](/wiki/Calgary_Stampede "Calgary Stampede") and Vancouver Pacific Exhibition, largely due to Conklin being a Canadian business.
The 80s and 90s were a time of growth for Conklin as it operated across the prairies with stops in Winnipeg, Edmonton, Calgary, Regina and Saskatoon. It also opened up a number of smaller fairs as well as provided a schedule and route for many smaller independent shows such as Lauther Amusements and Billy Truax Amusements. These companies, although bound by contracts to the larger Conklin Shows, operated as separate shows.
Conklin also became known for its very large and quite unique collection of rides, many of which were large, European built rides rarely seen in North America, and some never even traveled north of the border. One of the most of famous attractions in Conklin's line up was the "Doppel Looping", North America's first and only traveling double loop roller coaster which was imported in from Germany in the mid 80s. This mammoth coaster, which took 28 trailers to move, only made the trip as far north as Toronto, as even this was not financially feasible after the late 90s. The coaster was eventually sold off in 2008\. Some of the other Conklin rides that were one of a kind in an American [traveling carnival](/wiki/Traveling_carnival "Traveling carnival") included the "Drop of Fear" and the "G\-Force".
As time progressed, Conklin began to show signs of financial strain that was synonymous with the entire traveling carnival industry. Favorites such as the Zipper and the Octopus, as well as The Kamikaze and The Rainbow were phased out and sold as cost\-cutting measures. Independents that had long traveled as a part of Conklin Shows were also phased out. Finally other rides such as the Drop of Fear, G\-Force, Enterprise, Gravitron, Starship 2000, Flying Bobs, Aladin, Break Dance, Crazy Flip, Hi\-Roller, Rotor, Devastator, Swiss Bob, Hully Gully, Tip Top, Flic Flac, Tango, Evolution, Spin Out, 1001 Nacht, Chaos, Inverter, Flipper, Touchdown, Cobra, Scorpion, Double Sky Wheels, Paratrooper, Hurricane and the Mark 1 \& Wildcat roller coaster were sold to competing companies and shelved in [West Palm Beach](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach "West Palm Beach").
In 2004, Conklin Shows was purchased for $100 million, and joined with the former Farrow Shows from Jackson, Mississippi, Thebault\-Blomsness (Astro Amusements and All Star Amusements), and former president and CEO of Ticketmaster Group, Frederic Rosen, to form the newly minted North American Midway Entertainment Co. or N.A.M.E.[N.A.M.E. Website](http://corporate.northamericanmidway.com/) This became official in Columbia, South Carolina in 2004\. In January 2006, N.A.M.E. also acquired Mid America Shows,[Press Release](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929050127/http://corporate.northamericanmidway.com/pr-2.aspx) and several contracts and rides from Cumberland Valley Shows.
N.A.M.E. provides rides at over 145 fairs and events yearly. Now included are Cinco de Mayo in New Orleans as well as the Dade Co. Fair, The Illinois State Fair, the Kentucky State Fair, the Indiana State Fair, and the Big E Eastern States Exposition. New and more expensive rides have been added to its line\-up but at the cost of many of the old favorites. Frank Conklin, while owning part of N.A.M.E., has left the management of the combined company to others.
In 1984, Jim Conklin donated many antique midway rides from his collection to Calgary's Heritage Park historical village. These restored rides now make up the majority of the rides at Heritage Park's Conklin Lakeview Amusement Park.[https://www.heritagepark.ca/park\-information/attractions\-and\-exhibits/conklin\-lakeview\-amusement\-park.html](https://www.heritagepark.ca/park-information/attractions-and-exhibits/conklin-lakeview-amusement-park.html)
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Conklin Shows was founded by **James Wesley \"Patty\" Conklin**, who was born Joseph Renker in 1892 in [Brooklyn, New York](/wiki/Brooklyn%2C_New_York \"Brooklyn, New York\"), and died in 1970\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-18 \\|title\\=End of an Era {{!}} Conklin Shows \\|url\\=https://conklinshows.com/info/end\\-of\\-an\\-era.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-20 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918175904/https://conklinshows.com/info/end\\-of\\-an\\-era.html \\|archive\\-date\\=18 September 2018 }} He was brought up by foster parents. By 1906 he had begun selling peanuts without a permit at Madison Square Gardens whenever a circus was in town, and newspapers on the streets of New York, before becoming a sideshow host at [Coney Island](/wiki/Coney_Island \"Coney Island\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Carnival King {{!}} Maclean's {{!}} JULY 15 1941 \\|url\\=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1941/7/15/carnival\\-king \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710060439/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1941/7/15/carnival\\-king \\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2020 \\|accessdate\\=10 July 2020 \\|website\\=archive.Macleans.ca \\|publisher\\=Maclean's \\|ref\\=Carnival King (July 1941\\)}} When he was 21 his father dropped dead and ended up landing $3300 CAD ($54,000 2020\\). By 1915 he was running his own gambling games at various [midways](/wiki/Midway_%28fair%29 \"Midway (fair)\") across the southern United States. After meeting James Wesley Conklin (1861–1920\\) around 1916, he adopted his surname, Conklin, as his own.",
"In 1916 Patty and J. W. Conklin established Clark \\& Conklin Shows. Lasting four seasons playing at various shows around the mid west, the company folded after the death of the father. In 1921 Patty moved the show north to play at the Winnipeg Exhibition. Due to a problem with the fair, their participation was canceled. While returning to the United States with a train car full of prize merchandise, Patty stumbled upon a show just outside Winnipeg. They joined up with the operator of the fair, International Amusement Company and worked all of the remaining Canadian shows that year.",
"### War years",
"After working the road hosting small fairs coast to coast for 20 years, Conklin Shows bid on and won the midway contract for the 1937 Toronto [Canadian National Exhibition](/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition \"Canadian National Exhibition\"). The fair, one of the largest in the world, was a prized show. By 1941 the company played at 98% of all the major fairs across Canada. To accommodate travel to the various shows they ran a 45\\-car specialized train cars. Specialized boxcars painted bright orange {{convert\\|80\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}long were fitted with custom doors to accommodate speedy loading and unloading of gear. The train carried 15 feature attractions and 21 rides and 700 people including performers and crews. Patty Conklin himself traveled in style with his $65,000 CAD ($1 million 2020\\) Mexican stylized 5\\-room 'mansion on wheels' private car.",
"Having the CNE contract helped turn it into a profitable company in the early 1950s Conklin Shows borrowed over half a million dollars and began to build permanent attractions on the CNE fairgrounds of [Exhibition Place](/wiki/Exhibition_Place \"Exhibition Place\"). In 1953 they constructed the **Mighty Flyer**, a wooden rollercoaster, that lasted until the early 1990s.",
"The early 1970s saw the company begin to diversify, including establishing [Maple Leaf Village](/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Village \"Maple Leaf Village\") (now [Casino Niagara](/wiki/Casino_Niagara \"Casino Niagara\")) in Niagara Falls, Ontario, along with running a venue at the base of the [CN Tower](/wiki/CN_Tower \"CN Tower\") in Toronto.",
"In 1975 Conklin Shows' biggest rival, [Royal American Shows](/wiki/Royal_American_Shows \"Royal American Shows\"), declined to return to fair dates in Canada due to later disproved charges of tax evasion, charges that several Canadian carnivals aided and encouraged. In 1976 Conklin was awarded the contracts previously held by RAS – including the [Calgary Stampede](/wiki/Calgary_Stampede \"Calgary Stampede\") and Vancouver Pacific Exhibition, largely due to Conklin being a Canadian business. \nThe 80s and 90s were a time of growth for Conklin as it operated across the prairies with stops in Winnipeg, Edmonton, Calgary, Regina and Saskatoon. It also opened up a number of smaller fairs as well as provided a schedule and route for many smaller independent shows such as Lauther Amusements and Billy Truax Amusements. These companies, although bound by contracts to the larger Conklin Shows, operated as separate shows.",
"Conklin also became known for its very large and quite unique collection of rides, many of which were large, European built rides rarely seen in North America, and some never even traveled north of the border. One of the most of famous attractions in Conklin's line up was the \"Doppel Looping\", North America's first and only traveling double loop roller coaster which was imported in from Germany in the mid 80s. This mammoth coaster, which took 28 trailers to move, only made the trip as far north as Toronto, as even this was not financially feasible after the late 90s. The coaster was eventually sold off in 2008\\. Some of the other Conklin rides that were one of a kind in an American [traveling carnival](/wiki/Traveling_carnival \"Traveling carnival\") included the \"Drop of Fear\" and the \"G\\-Force\".",
"As time progressed, Conklin began to show signs of financial strain that was synonymous with the entire traveling carnival industry. Favorites such as the Zipper and the Octopus, as well as The Kamikaze and The Rainbow were phased out and sold as cost\\-cutting measures. Independents that had long traveled as a part of Conklin Shows were also phased out. Finally other rides such as the Drop of Fear, G\\-Force, Enterprise, Gravitron, Starship 2000, Flying Bobs, Aladin, Break Dance, Crazy Flip, Hi\\-Roller, Rotor, Devastator, Swiss Bob, Hully Gully, Tip Top, Flic Flac, Tango, Evolution, Spin Out, 1001 Nacht, Chaos, Inverter, Flipper, Touchdown, Cobra, Scorpion, Double Sky Wheels, Paratrooper, Hurricane and the Mark 1 \\& Wildcat roller coaster were sold to competing companies and shelved in [West Palm Beach](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach \"West Palm Beach\").",
"In 2004, Conklin Shows was purchased for $100 million, and joined with the former Farrow Shows from Jackson, Mississippi, Thebault\\-Blomsness (Astro Amusements and All Star Amusements), and former president and CEO of Ticketmaster Group, Frederic Rosen, to form the newly minted North American Midway Entertainment Co. or N.A.M.E.[N.A.M.E. Website](http://corporate.northamericanmidway.com/) This became official in Columbia, South Carolina in 2004\\. In January 2006, N.A.M.E. also acquired Mid America Shows,[Press Release](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929050127/http://corporate.northamericanmidway.com/pr-2.aspx) and several contracts and rides from Cumberland Valley Shows.",
"N.A.M.E. provides rides at over 145 fairs and events yearly. Now included are Cinco de Mayo in New Orleans as well as the Dade Co. Fair, The Illinois State Fair, the Kentucky State Fair, the Indiana State Fair, and the Big E Eastern States Exposition. New and more expensive rides have been added to its line\\-up but at the cost of many of the old favorites. Frank Conklin, while owning part of N.A.M.E., has left the management of the combined company to others.",
"In 1984, Jim Conklin donated many antique midway rides from his collection to Calgary's Heritage Park historical village. These restored rides now make up the majority of the rides at Heritage Park's Conklin Lakeview Amusement Park.[https://www.heritagepark.ca/park\\-information/attractions\\-and\\-exhibits/conklin\\-lakeview\\-amusement\\-park.html](https://www.heritagepark.ca/park-information/attractions-and-exhibits/conklin-lakeview-amusement-park.html)",
""
] |
### War years
After working the road hosting small fairs coast to coast for 20 years, Conklin Shows bid on and won the midway contract for the 1937 Toronto [Canadian National Exhibition](/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition "Canadian National Exhibition"). The fair, one of the largest in the world, was a prized show. By 1941 the company played at 98% of all the major fairs across Canada. To accommodate travel to the various shows they ran a 45\-car specialized train cars. Specialized boxcars painted bright orange {{convert\|80\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}}long were fitted with custom doors to accommodate speedy loading and unloading of gear. The train carried 15 feature attractions and 21 rides and 700 people including performers and crews. Patty Conklin himself traveled in style with his $65,000 CAD ($1 million 2020\) Mexican stylized 5\-room 'mansion on wheels' private car.
Having the CNE contract helped turn it into a profitable company in the early 1950s Conklin Shows borrowed over half a million dollars and began to build permanent attractions on the CNE fairgrounds of [Exhibition Place](/wiki/Exhibition_Place "Exhibition Place"). In 1953 they constructed the **Mighty Flyer**, a wooden rollercoaster, that lasted until the early 1990s.
The early 1970s saw the company begin to diversify, including establishing [Maple Leaf Village](/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Village "Maple Leaf Village") (now [Casino Niagara](/wiki/Casino_Niagara "Casino Niagara")) in Niagara Falls, Ontario, along with running a venue at the base of the [CN Tower](/wiki/CN_Tower "CN Tower") in Toronto.
In 1975 Conklin Shows' biggest rival, [Royal American Shows](/wiki/Royal_American_Shows "Royal American Shows"), declined to return to fair dates in Canada due to later disproved charges of tax evasion, charges that several Canadian carnivals aided and encouraged. In 1976 Conklin was awarded the contracts previously held by RAS – including the [Calgary Stampede](/wiki/Calgary_Stampede "Calgary Stampede") and Vancouver Pacific Exhibition, largely due to Conklin being a Canadian business.
The 80s and 90s were a time of growth for Conklin as it operated across the prairies with stops in Winnipeg, Edmonton, Calgary, Regina and Saskatoon. It also opened up a number of smaller fairs as well as provided a schedule and route for many smaller independent shows such as Lauther Amusements and Billy Truax Amusements. These companies, although bound by contracts to the larger Conklin Shows, operated as separate shows.
Conklin also became known for its very large and quite unique collection of rides, many of which were large, European built rides rarely seen in North America, and some never even traveled north of the border. One of the most of famous attractions in Conklin's line up was the "Doppel Looping", North America's first and only traveling double loop roller coaster which was imported in from Germany in the mid 80s. This mammoth coaster, which took 28 trailers to move, only made the trip as far north as Toronto, as even this was not financially feasible after the late 90s. The coaster was eventually sold off in 2008\. Some of the other Conklin rides that were one of a kind in an American [traveling carnival](/wiki/Traveling_carnival "Traveling carnival") included the "Drop of Fear" and the "G\-Force".
As time progressed, Conklin began to show signs of financial strain that was synonymous with the entire traveling carnival industry. Favorites such as the Zipper and the Octopus, as well as The Kamikaze and The Rainbow were phased out and sold as cost\-cutting measures. Independents that had long traveled as a part of Conklin Shows were also phased out. Finally other rides such as the Drop of Fear, G\-Force, Enterprise, Gravitron, Starship 2000, Flying Bobs, Aladin, Break Dance, Crazy Flip, Hi\-Roller, Rotor, Devastator, Swiss Bob, Hully Gully, Tip Top, Flic Flac, Tango, Evolution, Spin Out, 1001 Nacht, Chaos, Inverter, Flipper, Touchdown, Cobra, Scorpion, Double Sky Wheels, Paratrooper, Hurricane and the Mark 1 \& Wildcat roller coaster were sold to competing companies and shelved in [West Palm Beach](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach "West Palm Beach").
In 2004, Conklin Shows was purchased for $100 million, and joined with the former Farrow Shows from Jackson, Mississippi, Thebault\-Blomsness (Astro Amusements and All Star Amusements), and former president and CEO of Ticketmaster Group, Frederic Rosen, to form the newly minted North American Midway Entertainment Co. or N.A.M.E.[N.A.M.E. Website](http://corporate.northamericanmidway.com/) This became official in Columbia, South Carolina in 2004\. In January 2006, N.A.M.E. also acquired Mid America Shows,[Press Release](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929050127/http://corporate.northamericanmidway.com/pr-2.aspx) and several contracts and rides from Cumberland Valley Shows.
N.A.M.E. provides rides at over 145 fairs and events yearly. Now included are Cinco de Mayo in New Orleans as well as the Dade Co. Fair, The Illinois State Fair, the Kentucky State Fair, the Indiana State Fair, and the Big E Eastern States Exposition. New and more expensive rides have been added to its line\-up but at the cost of many of the old favorites. Frank Conklin, while owning part of N.A.M.E., has left the management of the combined company to others.
In 1984, Jim Conklin donated many antique midway rides from his collection to Calgary's Heritage Park historical village. These restored rides now make up the majority of the rides at Heritage Park's Conklin Lakeview Amusement Park.[https://www.heritagepark.ca/park\-information/attractions\-and\-exhibits/conklin\-lakeview\-amusement\-park.html](https://www.heritagepark.ca/park-information/attractions-and-exhibits/conklin-lakeview-amusement-park.html)
|
[
"### War years",
"After working the road hosting small fairs coast to coast for 20 years, Conklin Shows bid on and won the midway contract for the 1937 Toronto [Canadian National Exhibition](/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition \"Canadian National Exhibition\"). The fair, one of the largest in the world, was a prized show. By 1941 the company played at 98% of all the major fairs across Canada. To accommodate travel to the various shows they ran a 45\\-car specialized train cars. Specialized boxcars painted bright orange {{convert\\|80\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}}long were fitted with custom doors to accommodate speedy loading and unloading of gear. The train carried 15 feature attractions and 21 rides and 700 people including performers and crews. Patty Conklin himself traveled in style with his $65,000 CAD ($1 million 2020\\) Mexican stylized 5\\-room 'mansion on wheels' private car.",
"Having the CNE contract helped turn it into a profitable company in the early 1950s Conklin Shows borrowed over half a million dollars and began to build permanent attractions on the CNE fairgrounds of [Exhibition Place](/wiki/Exhibition_Place \"Exhibition Place\"). In 1953 they constructed the **Mighty Flyer**, a wooden rollercoaster, that lasted until the early 1990s.",
"The early 1970s saw the company begin to diversify, including establishing [Maple Leaf Village](/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Village \"Maple Leaf Village\") (now [Casino Niagara](/wiki/Casino_Niagara \"Casino Niagara\")) in Niagara Falls, Ontario, along with running a venue at the base of the [CN Tower](/wiki/CN_Tower \"CN Tower\") in Toronto.",
"In 1975 Conklin Shows' biggest rival, [Royal American Shows](/wiki/Royal_American_Shows \"Royal American Shows\"), declined to return to fair dates in Canada due to later disproved charges of tax evasion, charges that several Canadian carnivals aided and encouraged. In 1976 Conklin was awarded the contracts previously held by RAS – including the [Calgary Stampede](/wiki/Calgary_Stampede \"Calgary Stampede\") and Vancouver Pacific Exhibition, largely due to Conklin being a Canadian business. \nThe 80s and 90s were a time of growth for Conklin as it operated across the prairies with stops in Winnipeg, Edmonton, Calgary, Regina and Saskatoon. It also opened up a number of smaller fairs as well as provided a schedule and route for many smaller independent shows such as Lauther Amusements and Billy Truax Amusements. These companies, although bound by contracts to the larger Conklin Shows, operated as separate shows.",
"Conklin also became known for its very large and quite unique collection of rides, many of which were large, European built rides rarely seen in North America, and some never even traveled north of the border. One of the most of famous attractions in Conklin's line up was the \"Doppel Looping\", North America's first and only traveling double loop roller coaster which was imported in from Germany in the mid 80s. This mammoth coaster, which took 28 trailers to move, only made the trip as far north as Toronto, as even this was not financially feasible after the late 90s. The coaster was eventually sold off in 2008\\. Some of the other Conklin rides that were one of a kind in an American [traveling carnival](/wiki/Traveling_carnival \"Traveling carnival\") included the \"Drop of Fear\" and the \"G\\-Force\".",
"As time progressed, Conklin began to show signs of financial strain that was synonymous with the entire traveling carnival industry. Favorites such as the Zipper and the Octopus, as well as The Kamikaze and The Rainbow were phased out and sold as cost\\-cutting measures. Independents that had long traveled as a part of Conklin Shows were also phased out. Finally other rides such as the Drop of Fear, G\\-Force, Enterprise, Gravitron, Starship 2000, Flying Bobs, Aladin, Break Dance, Crazy Flip, Hi\\-Roller, Rotor, Devastator, Swiss Bob, Hully Gully, Tip Top, Flic Flac, Tango, Evolution, Spin Out, 1001 Nacht, Chaos, Inverter, Flipper, Touchdown, Cobra, Scorpion, Double Sky Wheels, Paratrooper, Hurricane and the Mark 1 \\& Wildcat roller coaster were sold to competing companies and shelved in [West Palm Beach](/wiki/West_Palm_Beach \"West Palm Beach\").",
"In 2004, Conklin Shows was purchased for $100 million, and joined with the former Farrow Shows from Jackson, Mississippi, Thebault\\-Blomsness (Astro Amusements and All Star Amusements), and former president and CEO of Ticketmaster Group, Frederic Rosen, to form the newly minted North American Midway Entertainment Co. or N.A.M.E.[N.A.M.E. Website](http://corporate.northamericanmidway.com/) This became official in Columbia, South Carolina in 2004\\. In January 2006, N.A.M.E. also acquired Mid America Shows,[Press Release](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929050127/http://corporate.northamericanmidway.com/pr-2.aspx) and several contracts and rides from Cumberland Valley Shows.",
"N.A.M.E. provides rides at over 145 fairs and events yearly. Now included are Cinco de Mayo in New Orleans as well as the Dade Co. Fair, The Illinois State Fair, the Kentucky State Fair, the Indiana State Fair, and the Big E Eastern States Exposition. New and more expensive rides have been added to its line\\-up but at the cost of many of the old favorites. Frank Conklin, while owning part of N.A.M.E., has left the management of the combined company to others.",
"In 1984, Jim Conklin donated many antique midway rides from his collection to Calgary's Heritage Park historical village. These restored rides now make up the majority of the rides at Heritage Park's Conklin Lakeview Amusement Park.[https://www.heritagepark.ca/park\\-information/attractions\\-and\\-exhibits/conklin\\-lakeview\\-amusement\\-park.html](https://www.heritagepark.ca/park-information/attractions-and-exhibits/conklin-lakeview-amusement-park.html)",
""
] |
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