id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | label int64 0 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5a651902c2b11c001a425c0f | Sumer | The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic—lead... | Who was king of Kish in the 2600's BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651902c2b11c001a425c10 | Sumer | The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic—lead... | What epic was about Enmebaragesi? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651902c2b11c001a425c11 | Sumer | The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic—lead... | What hero destroyed the walls of Uruk? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730ab9c396df9190009626a | Sumer | Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He ... | What is one of the first empires known in history? | {
"text": [
"Eannatum of Lagash,"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} | 1 |
5730ab9c396df9190009626b | Sumer | Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He ... | What city-state was the rival of Lagash? | {
"text": [
"Umma"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} | 1 |
5730ab9c396df9190009626c | Sumer | Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He ... | What did Eannatum annex? | {
"text": [
"practically all of Sumer"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} | 1 |
5730ab9c396df9190009626d | Sumer | Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He ... | What did Eannatum use to keep the people of the time in line? | {
"text": [
"terror"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} | 1 |
5730ab9c396df9190009626e | Sumer | Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He ... | What happened to Eannatum's empire after his death? | {
"text": [
"collapsed"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} | 1 |
5a651a89c2b11c001a425c17 | Sumer | Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He ... | What was the shortest empire in history? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651a89c2b11c001a425c18 | Sumer | Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He ... | What city was the ally of Lagash? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651a89c2b11c001a425c19 | Sumer | Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He ... | What cities flocked to Eannatum's empire? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651a89c2b11c001a425c1a | Sumer | Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He ... | Who made Lagash a tribute state? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730ac218ab72b1400f9c666 | Sumer | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | Where is the Semetic Akkadian language first found? | {
"text": [
"proper names of the kings of Kish"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} | 1 |
5730ac218ab72b1400f9c667 | Sumer | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | Where is the Semetic Akkadian language found preserved after 2800 BC? | {
"text": [
"king lists"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} | 1 |
5730ac218ab72b1400f9c668 | Sumer | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | During whose rule was the use of Old Akkadian at its peak? | {
"text": [
"Sargon the Great"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} | 1 |
5730ac218ab72b1400f9c669 | Sumer | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | What language did scribes use over Akkadian? | {
"text": [
"Sumerian"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} | 1 |
5730ac218ab72b1400f9c66a | Sumer | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | How long did Akkadian and Sumerian coexist as spoken languages? | {
"text": [
"about one thousand years"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} | 1 |
5a651d20c2b11c001a425c29 | Sumer | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | What language was used only to make the king lists? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651d20c2b11c001a425c2a | Sumer | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | What language was used for the kings list in the 28th century BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651d20c2b11c001a425c2b | Sumer | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | What was written in the 25th century BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651d20c2b11c001a425c2c | Sumer | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | Who's reign ended in the 22nd century BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651d20c2b11c001a425c2d | Sumer | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | What was a literary language by the 18th century BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730ad61069b531400832231 | Sumer | Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of... | Which dynasty of Ur was the last great Sumerian renaissance? | {
"text": [
"3rd"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} | 1 |
5730ad61069b531400832232 | Sumer | Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of... | Who guided Ur during the last gasp of power? | {
"text": [
"Ur-Nammu and Shulgi"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} | 1 |
5730ad61069b531400832233 | Sumer | Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of... | Even during the 3rd dynasty, what was happening to the racial makeup of the region? | {
"text": [
"more Semitic than Sumerian"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} | 1 |
5730ad61069b531400832234 | Sumer | Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of... | What was there an influx of waves of coming into Sumerian lands? | {
"text": [
"Amorites"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} | 1 |
5730ad61069b531400832235 | Sumer | Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of... | How long did the Babylonians and Assyrians continue to teach the Sumerian language in their schools? | {
"text": [
"for as long as cuneiform was utilized."
],
"answer_start": [
792
]
} | 1 |
5a651fb6c2b11c001a425c47 | Sumer | Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of... | When was the first Sumerian renaissance? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651fb6c2b11c001a425c48 | Sumer | Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of... | During who's reign was the area becoming more Sumerian than Semitic? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651fb6c2b11c001a425c49 | Sumer | Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of... | Where was the power of Akkadian speaking Semites declining? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651fb6c2b11c001a425c4a | Sumer | Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of... | What people where leaving the are to form other powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a651fb6c2b11c001a425c4b | Sumer | Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of... | Who dominated northern Mesopotamia in the 2100's? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730aea88ab72b1400f9c678 | Sumer | This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly... | What effect was rising salinity having on the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands? | {
"text": [
"compromised"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} | 1 |
5730aea88ab72b1400f9c679 | Sumer | This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly... | The salinity of what in the region was long recognized as a major problem? | {
"text": [
"Soil"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} | 1 |
5730aea88ab72b1400f9c67a | Sumer | This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly... | Poorly drained irrigated soils in an arid climate with a good deal of evaporation is responsible for leaving what? | {
"text": [
"dissolved salts"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} | 1 |
5730aea88ab72b1400f9c67b | Sumer | This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly... | What did cultivation shift from to salt-tolerant barley during the Ur III phase? | {
"text": [
"wheat"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} | 1 |
5730aea88ab72b1400f9c67c | Sumer | This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly... | How much did the population of the region decline due to the decrease in crop productivity? | {
"text": [
"by nearly three fifths"
],
"answer_start": [
752
]
} | 1 |
5a652157c2b11c001a425c5b | Sumer | This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly... | What shifted from the north to the south of Mesopotamia? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a652157c2b11c001a425c5c | Sumer | This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly... | What was increasing agricultural productivity in the area? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a652157c2b11c001a425c5d | Sumer | This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly... | What crop was more salt tolerant than barley? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a652157c2b11c001a425c5e | Sumer | This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly... | What caused the population to decrease between the 21st and 17th century BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a652157c2b11c001a425c5f | Sumer | This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly... | What weakened the areas where Akkadian was spoken? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730af512461fd1900a9cf8f | Sumer | The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people, and spoke a language isolate; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian, because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. However, the archaeological record shows c... | Who were a non-Semitic caucasoid people? | {
"text": [
"The Sumerians"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
5730af512461fd1900a9cf90 | Sumer | The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people, and spoke a language isolate; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian, because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. However, the archaeological record shows c... | What influences did the Sumerian language seem to retain? | {
"text": [
"earlier inhabitants"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} | 1 |
5730af512461fd1900a9cf91 | Sumer | The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people, and spoke a language isolate; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian, because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. However, the archaeological record shows c... | What do archaeological records clearly show about the Sumerian culture? | {
"text": [
"uninterrupted cultural continuity"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} | 1 |
5730af512461fd1900a9cf92 | Sumer | The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people, and spoke a language isolate; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian, because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. However, the archaeological record shows c... | When were settlements started in southern Mesopotamia? | {
"text": [
"early Ubaid period"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} | 1 |
5730af512461fd1900a9cf93 | Sumer | The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people, and spoke a language isolate; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian, because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. However, the archaeological record shows c... | Why were the lands in the region the Sumerian people settled fertile? | {
"text": [
"silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
} | 1 |
5a65223bc2b11c001a425c65 | Sumer | The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people, and spoke a language isolate; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian, because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. However, the archaeological record shows c... | What people were Semitic Caucasoid? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a65223bc2b11c001a425c66 | Sumer | The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people, and spoke a language isolate; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian, because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. However, the archaeological record shows c... | What period began in the 53rd century? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a65223bc2b11c001a425c67 | Sumer | The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people, and spoke a language isolate; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian, because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. However, the archaeological record shows c... | Where did people fish in the Ubaid period? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730b004396df91900096288 | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in... | Where do some archaeologists speculate Sumerians originally moved from? | {
"text": [
"the north"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} | 1 |
5730b004396df91900096289 | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in... | What had the Sumerians perfected before coming south? | {
"text": [
"irrigation agriculture"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} | 1 |
5730b004396df9190009628a | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in... | Who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture? | {
"text": [
"the Samarra"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} | 1 |
5730b004396df9190009628b | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in... | How many levels of pre-Ubaid pottery were excavated by the French in the 1980s? | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} | 1 |
5730b004396df9190009628c | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in... | What did the temple-centered social organization of the farming peoples allow them to mobilize? | {
"text": [
"labor"
],
"answer_start": [
807
]
} | 1 |
5a6523aec2b11c001a425c75 | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in... | Who perfected irrigation in the south of Mesopotamia? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a6523aec2b11c001a425c76 | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in... | Who moved from south Mesopotamia to the north? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a6523aec2b11c001a425c77 | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in... | What cultural period began in the 57th century BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a6523aec2b11c001a425c78 | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in... | What type of agriculture was developed along the Euphrates river? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730b096396df9190009629c | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal struc... | How were women protected in Sumerian society? | {
"text": [
"law"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} | 1 |
5730b096396df9190009629d | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal struc... | What gender dominated Sumerian culture? | {
"text": [
"male"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} | 1 |
5730b096396df9190009629e | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal struc... | Whose code reveals a bit about the societal structure through Sumerian law? | {
"text": [
"Ur-Nammu"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} | 1 |
5730b096396df9190009629f | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal struc... | Who was at the top of the power pyramid in Sumerian society? | {
"text": [
"the lu-gal"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} | 1 |
5730b096396df919000962a0 | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal struc... | How many strata existed in Sumerian society? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} | 1 |
5a652498c2b11c001a425c7d | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal struc... | Who had higher status in other cultures that in Sumeria? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a652498c2b11c001a425c7e | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal struc... | Who's code protected women above all others? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a652498c2b11c001a425c7f | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal struc... | Who was able to remarry whenever they chose? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730b14b069b531400832271 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating... | What were the most important discoveries for archaeologists from Sumer? | {
"text": [
"tablets written in cuneiform"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} | 1 |
5730b14b069b531400832272 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating... | What is Sumerian writing considered to be in the development of man's ability to create literature? | {
"text": [
"milestone"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} | 1 |
5730b14b069b531400832273 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating... | What followed cuneiform in writing? | {
"text": [
"Ideograms"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} | 1 |
5730b14b069b531400832274 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating... | How many texts in the Sumerian language have survived to modern day? | {
"text": [
"hundreds of thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} | 1 |
5730b14b069b531400832275 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating... | What was the Sumerian language used for long have their civilization had diminished? | {
"text": [
"religion and law in Mesopotamia"
],
"answer_start": [
1113
]
} | 1 |
5a6525d4c2b11c001a425c8d | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating... | What are the oldest examples of writing? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a6525d4c2b11c001a425c8e | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating... | What kind of picture writing followed cuneiform? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a6525d4c2b11c001a425c8f | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating... | were wedge shaped stones used to write on? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a6525d4c2b11c001a425c90 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating... | What type of ideogram writings have survived? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a6525d4c2b11c001a425c91 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating... | Who were the only people who could write at the time? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6c8 | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative la... | Why is the Sumerian language usually thought of as a language isolate in linguistics? | {
"text": [
"belongs to no known language family"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} | 1 |
5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6c9 | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative la... | Akkadian's language can be traced to the Semitic branch of what languages? | {
"text": [
"Afroasiatic"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} | 1 |
5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6ca | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative la... | What has been the result of attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups? | {
"text": [
"failed"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} | 1 |
5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6cb | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative la... | What are morphemes? | {
"text": [
"\"units of meaning\""
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} | 1 |
5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6cc | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative la... | In Sumerian, what are morphemes added together to create? | {
"text": [
"words"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} | 1 |
5a6526ddc2b11c001a425ca1 | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative la... | Why is Akkadian an isolate language? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a6526ddc2b11c001a425ca2 | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative la... | What are added together to make words in analytic languages? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a6526ddc2b11c001a425ca3 | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative la... | What language has been proven to proceed Sumerian? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730b5b4069b531400832295 | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the who... | How many cosmogenic myths does the religion of the Sumerians appear to be founded upon? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} | 1 |
5730b5b4069b531400832296 | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the who... | What does one myth see creation as being the result of? | {
"text": [
"a series of hieros gami"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} | 1 |
5730b5b4069b531400832297 | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the who... | In the Enuma Elish, what is creation seen as the union of? | {
"text": [
"fresh and salt water"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} | 1 |
5730b5b4069b531400832298 | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the who... | What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki? | {
"text": [
"the muddy ones"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} | 1 |
5730b5b4069b531400832299 | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the who... | Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain? | {
"text": [
"Ninhursag"
],
"answer_start": [
1026
]
} | 1 |
5a653936c2b11c001a425cbb | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the who... | What influenced world religions? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d2 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of se... | What did the Sumerian deities form? | {
"text": [
"a core pantheon"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} | 1 |
5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d3 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of se... | What could Sumerian gods be associated with? | {
"text": [
"different cities"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} | 1 |
5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d4 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of se... | What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with? | {
"text": [
"those cities' political power"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} | 1 |
5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d5 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of se... | Why did the gods create human beings from clay? | {
"text": [
"for the purpose of serving them"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} | 1 |
5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d6 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of se... | How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple? | {
"text": [
"a payment of silver"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} | 1 |
5a653a16c2b11c001a425cbd | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of se... | What did each Sumerian city have? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653a16c2b11c001a425cbe | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of se... | What changed with a particular gods popularity? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653a16c2b11c001a425cbf | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of se... | Who made humans for their amusement? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653a16c2b11c001a425cc0 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of se... | who organized large building projects? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
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