id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | label int64 0 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6dc | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and veget... | What were Sumerian temples known as? | {
"text": [
"Ziggurats"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6dd | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and veget... | What was the central pond in the forecourt of a Ziggurat for? | {
"text": [
"purification"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} | 1 |
5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6de | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and veget... | Who were the rooms on either side of the aisles in the temple for? | {
"text": [
"the priests"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} | 1 |
5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6df | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and veget... | What was the mudbrick table in the temple for? | {
"text": [
"animal and vegetable sacrifices"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} | 1 |
5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6e0 | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and veget... | Where did the Sumerians usually locate their granaries and storehouses? | {
"text": [
"near the temples"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} | 1 |
5a653ad5c2b11c001a425cc5 | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and veget... | What feature of temples provided fresh drinking water? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653ad5c2b11c001a425cc6 | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and veget... | What was stored away from the temples? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653ad5c2b11c001a425cc7 | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and veget... | what was a precursor to pyramids? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730b7842461fd1900a9cfdd | Sumer | It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings ... | What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to? | {
"text": [
"confined to a gloomy world"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} | 1 |
5730b7842461fd1900a9cfde | Sumer | It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings ... | What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters? | {
"text": [
"Ereshkigal"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} | 1 |
5730b7842461fd1900a9cfdf | Sumer | It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings ... | Where were dead Sumerians buried? | {
"text": [
"outside the city walls in graveyards"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} | 1 |
5730b7842461fd1900a9cfe0 | Sumer | It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings ... | Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by? | {
"text": [
"her servants"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} | 1 |
5730b7842461fd1900a9cfe1 | Sumer | It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings ... | What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals? | {
"text": [
"oboe-like"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} | 1 |
5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fa | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By... | When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock? | {
"text": [
"Uruk period"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} | 1 |
5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fb | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By... | What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians? | {
"text": [
"beasts of burden"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} | 1 |
5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fc | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By... | What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation? | {
"text": [
"donkeys"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} | 1 |
5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fd | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By... | What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house? | {
"text": [
"enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} | 1 |
5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fe | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By... | Where were plants also grown besides the garden? | {
"text": [
"pots or vases"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} | 1 |
5a653cdbc2b11c001a425ccb | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By... | What animals were domesticated following the Uruk period? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653cdbc2b11c001a425ccc | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By... | Who used donkeys as beasts of burden? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653cdbc2b11c001a425ccd | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By... | Who first grew plants in pots? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653cdbc2b11c001a425cce | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By... | What writing form was invented by the Sumerian? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730b8f5396df919000962d8 | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh w... | What was Sumerians one of the first societies known to consume? | {
"text": [
"beer"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} | 1 |
5730b8f5396df919000962d9 | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh w... | What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews? | {
"text": [
"Cereals"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} | 1 |
5730b8f5396df919000962da | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh w... | What kinds of beer did the Sumerians brew? | {
"text": [
"wheat, barley, and mixed grain"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} | 1 |
5730b8f5396df919000962db | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh w... | How important was beer brewing to Sumerians? | {
"text": [
"very important"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} | 1 |
5730b8f5396df919000962dc | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh w... | What did Enkidu become and do after consuming seven jugs of beer? | {
"text": [
"expansive and sang with joy"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} | 1 |
5a653d60c2b11c001a425cd3 | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh w... | Who invented beer? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653d60c2b11c001a425cd4 | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh w... | What Epic tells how to make beer? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653d60c2b11c001a425cd5 | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh w... | What hero refused to drink beer? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730b9a8396df919000962e2 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After dr... | How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices? | {
"text": [
"from the \"Sumerian Farmer's Almanac\""
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} | 1 |
5730b9a8396df919000962e3 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After dr... | When would farmers flood their fields? | {
"text": [
"after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} | 1 |
5730b9a8396df919000962e4 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After dr... | Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground? | {
"text": [
"kill weeds"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} | 1 |
5730b9a8396df919000962e5 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After dr... | How many times did Sumerian farmers plow, harrow and rake the ground? | {
"text": [
"three times"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} | 1 |
5730b9a8396df919000962e6 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After dr... | The the Ur III period, what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop? | {
"text": [
"salt-tolerant barley"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} | 1 |
5a653e05c2b11c001a425cd9 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After dr... | What people first wrote an Almanac? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653e05c2b11c001a425cda | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After dr... | What was the name of the first Almanac? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653e05c2b11c001a425cdb | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After dr... | What did farmers flood just before the new year? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653e05c2b11c001a425cdc | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After dr... | When did farmers switch from barley to wheat? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c71e | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on... | What does Archibald Sayce think early Sumerian pictograms suggest about the availability of stone? | {
"text": [
"was scarce"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} | 1 |
5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c71f | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on... | How did the Sumerians fashion the stone they cut? | {
"text": [
"into blocks and seals"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} | 1 |
5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c720 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on... | What was the ordinary building material of Sumerians? | {
"text": [
"Brick"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} | 1 |
5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c721 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on... | What kind of appearance did Sumerian houses have? | {
"text": [
"tower-like"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} | 1 |
5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c722 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on... | What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by? | {
"text": [
"objects that were deposited under them"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} | 1 |
5a653ebec2b11c001a425ce1 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on... | What suggested that stone was common? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653ebec2b11c001a425ce2 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on... | Who claims stone was common in Sumeria since it was used for seals? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653ebec2b11c001a425ce3 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on... | Where were towers built from stone? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730bb058ab72b1400f9c728 | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enable... | What is the most impressive and famous style of Sumerian buildings? | {
"text": [
"the ziggurats"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} | 1 |
5730bb058ab72b1400f9c729 | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enable... | Sumerians also built houses from reeds not very different from ones built by inhabitants in Iraq as recently as when? | {
"text": [
"400 CE"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} | 1 |
5730bb058ab72b1400f9c72a | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enable... | What development by the Sumerians allowed them to make use of domes? | {
"text": [
"the arch"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} | 1 |
5730bb058ab72b1400f9c72b | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enable... | How did the Sumerians build their strong domes? | {
"text": [
"by constructing and linking several arches"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} | 1 |
5730bb058ab72b1400f9c72c | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enable... | Where were the use of advanced materials and techniques on display in Sumer? | {
"text": [
"Sumerian temples and palaces"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} | 1 |
5a653f82c2b11c001a425ce7 | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enable... | What are the oldest examples of "Sumerian buildings? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653f82c2b11c001a425ce8 | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enable... | What type of seals were made with reeds? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653f82c2b11c001a425ce9 | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enable... | What type of house was built until the 4th century CE? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a653f82c2b11c001a425cea | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enable... | Who built reed houses until the 4th century CE? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730bbb2069b5314008322cd | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of t... | What did the Sumerians a complex system of around 4000 BC? | {
"text": [
"metrology"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | 1 |
5730bbb2069b5314008322ce | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of t... | From the Sumerian metrology sprang forth the creation of what disciplines? | {
"text": [
"arithmetic, geometry, and algebra"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} | 1 |
5730bbb2069b5314008322cf | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of t... | Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables? | {
"text": [
"on clay tablets"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} | 1 |
5730bbb2069b5314008322d0 | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of t... | When was the abacus first seen between? | {
"text": [
"2700 – 2300 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} | 1 |
5730bbb2069b5314008322d1 | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of t... | What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics? | {
"text": [
"use a place value numeral system"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} | 1 |
5a65407fc2b11c001a425cef | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of t... | Who developed a complex system of metrology in the 4th century BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a65407fc2b11c001a425cf0 | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of t... | What type of math did the Sumerians invent by the 26th century BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a65407fc2b11c001a425cf1 | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of t... | What tool was invented in the 27th century BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a65407fc2b11c001a425cf2 | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of t... | Who invented the slide ruler? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730bc458ab72b1400f9c746 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for a... | What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society? | {
"text": [
"Commercial credit and agricultural consumer"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
5730bc458ab72b1400f9c747 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for a... | What was trade credit backed by when extended by temples? | {
"text": [
"silver"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} | 1 |
5730bc458ab72b1400f9c748 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for a... | How man shekel per mina was the interest rate for loans? | {
"text": [
"one"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} | 1 |
5730bc458ab72b1400f9c749 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for a... | For how long was the interest rate of Sumerian loans consistent? | {
"text": [
"about two thousand years"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} | 1 |
5730bc458ab72b1400f9c74a | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for a... | What typically arose as a result of unpaid obligations? | {
"text": [
"Rural loans"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} | 1 |
5a654145c2b11c001a425cf7 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for a... | Who extended personal credit to citizens? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a654145c2b11c001a425cf8 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for a... | What was set at 1/60 a month after 2000 BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a654145c2b11c001a425cf9 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for a... | Who lent money to farmers to plant crops? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730bd1d396df91900096304 | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop fa... | What type of debt did "clean slate" decrees cancel? | {
"text": [
"rural"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} | 1 |
5730bd1d396df91900096305 | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop fa... | When did rulers typically proclaim "clean slate" decrees? | {
"text": [
"the first full year of their reign"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} | 1 |
5730bd1d396df91900096306 | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop fa... | Who made the first known clean slate decrees? | {
"text": [
"Enmetena and Urukagina"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} | 1 |
5730bd1d396df91900096307 | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop fa... | Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer? | {
"text": [
"to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} | 1 |
5730bd1d396df91900096308 | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop fa... | What would happen if peasants couldn't repay their debts? | {
"text": [
"lost the subsistence land or became bondservants"
],
"answer_start": [
570
]
} | 1 |
5a6541cfc2b11c001a425cfd | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop fa... | Who some times cleared commercial debts? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a6541cfc2b11c001a425cfe | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop fa... | What was it called when rulers cleared commercial debts? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a6541cfc2b11c001a425cff | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop fa... | Who made a clean slate decree in the 24th century BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730bdce069b5314008322e1 | Sumer | The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sume... | What contributed to developing military technology for Sumer? | {
"text": [
"almost constant wars"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | 1 |
5730bdce069b5314008322e2 | Sumer | The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sume... | How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war? | {
"text": [
"2000 years"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} | 1 |
5730bdce069b5314008322e3 | Sumer | The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sume... | Who was the first war between in 2525 BC? | {
"text": [
"Lagash and Umma"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} | 1 |
5730bdce069b5314008322e4 | Sumer | The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sume... | What did the king of Lagash's army mostly consist of? | {
"text": [
"infantry"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} | 1 |
5730bdce069b5314008322e5 | Sumer | The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sume... | What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash? | {
"text": [
"rectangular"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} | 1 |
5730c000396df91900096314 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing sy... | When did evidence of wheeled vehicles appear throughout the world? | {
"text": [
"mid 4th millennium BC"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} | 1 |
5730c000396df91900096315 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing sy... | What form did wheels initially take? | {
"text": [
"potter's wheel"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} | 1 |
5730c000396df91900096316 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing sy... | The writing system of the Sumerian's is the second oldest to have what done to it? | {
"text": [
"been deciphered"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} | 1 |
5730c000396df91900096317 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing sy... | What did the Sumerians map stars into? | {
"text": [
"sets of constellations"
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} | 1 |
5730c000396df91900096318 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing sy... | How many planets were the Sumerians aware of? | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
728
]
} | 1 |
5a65438fc2b11c001a425d03 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing sy... | What type of vehicle was invented in 400 BC? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a65438fc2b11c001a425d04 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing sy... | What writing system predates heiroglphs? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a65438fc2b11c001a425d05 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing sy... | What science was developed by Greeks? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a65438fc2b11c001a425d06 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing sy... | How many planets did the Sumerians discover? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730c2c8b7151e1900c01522 | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between ... | Sumerians used number systems which included what alternating bases? | {
"text": [
"base 10 and base 6"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} | 1 |
5730c2c8b7151e1900c01523 | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between ... | What type of number system was standard in Sumer and Babylonia? | {
"text": [
"sexagesimal"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} | 1 |
5730c2c8b7151e1900c01524 | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between ... | What type of formations is it possible Sumerians invented? | {
"text": [
"military"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} | 1 |
5730c2c8b7151e1900c01525 | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between ... | What systems did the Sumerians develop which remain the first known these types to this day? | {
"text": [
"legal and administrative"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} | 1 |
5730c2c8b7151e1900c01526 | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between ... | In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools? | {
"text": [
"a city-state's primary temple"
],
"answer_start": [
1002
]
} | 1 |
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