id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | label int64 0 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65ba | Bird | Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food avai... | In Australia, what percentage of passerine birds were partially migratory | {
"text": [
"32%"
],
"answer_start": [
779
]
} | 1 |
5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65bb | Bird | Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food avai... | What is most often triggered by temperature changes? | {
"text": [
"Altitudinal migration"
],
"answer_start": [
823
]
} | 1 |
5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65bc | Bird | Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food avai... | Which family of birds are neither migratory or sedentary but considered to be dispersive, irruptive or nomadic? | {
"text": [
"Parrots"
],
"answer_start": [
1267
]
} | 1 |
5731e1c3b9d445190005e607 | Bird | The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales, within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration using a variety... | In which type of migration do birds use the sun to navigate by day and a stellar compass at night? | {
"text": [
"diurnal migrants"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} | 1 |
5731e1c3b9d445190005e608 | Bird | The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales, within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration using a variety... | Some species use specialised photoreceptors to sense what? | {
"text": [
"the Earth's geomagnetism"
],
"answer_start": [
716
]
} | 1 |
5731e1c3b9d445190005e609 | Bird | The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales, within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration using a variety... | What do birds to compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day? | {
"text": [
"internal clock"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} | 1 |
5731e22ae99e3014001e63ae | Bird | Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds,... | What do birds sometimes use to assess and assert social dominance? | {
"text": [
"plumage"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} | 1 |
5731e22ae99e3014001e63af | Bird | Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds,... | What allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species? | {
"text": [
"Variation in plumage"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} | 1 |
5731e22ae99e3014001e63b0 | Bird | Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds,... | Visual communication among birds may involve what kind of displays? | {
"text": [
"ritualised displays"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} | 1 |
5731e292b9d445190005e621 | Bird | Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warni... | What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction? | {
"text": [
"Calls"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
5731e292b9d445190005e622 | Bird | Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warni... | What do some birds use for auditory communication? | {
"text": [
"mechanical sounds"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} | 1 |
5731e292b9d445190005e623 | Bird | Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warni... | Which type of birds use tools to drum? | {
"text": [
"palm"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} | 1 |
5731e292b9d445190005e624 | Bird | Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warni... | Which birds drum territorially? | {
"text": [
"woodpeckers"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} | 1 |
5731e2de0fdd8d15006c65ff | Bird | While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large flocks. The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where ambush predation is commo... | What are the principal benefits of flocking? | {
"text": [
"safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} | 1 |
5731e2de0fdd8d15006c6600 | Bird | While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large flocks. The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where ambush predation is commo... | What is a cost of flocking? | {
"text": [
"bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} | 1 |
5731e2de0fdd8d15006c6601 | Bird | While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large flocks. The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where ambush predation is commo... | What is particularly important in closed habitats like forests? | {
"text": [
"Defence against predators"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} | 1 |
57320abbb9d445190005e779 | Bird | The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening "peeks", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from ... | Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as what? | {
"text": [
"vigilant sleep"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} | 1 |
57320abbb9d445190005e77a | Bird | The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening "peeks", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from ... | What are believed to be able to sleep in flight? | {
"text": [
"Swifts"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} | 1 |
57320abbb9d445190005e77b | Bird | The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening "peeks", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from ... | Why is communal roosting common? | {
"text": [
"because it lowers the loss of body heat"
],
"answer_start": [
1016
]
} | 1 |
57320b3b0fdd8d15006c6709 | Bird | Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism ... | These types of birds have a tendon locking mechanism. | {
"text": [
"Perching birds"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} | 1 |
57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670a | Bird | Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism ... | Where do many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost? | {
"text": [
"in trees"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} | 1 |
57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670b | Bird | Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism ... | A few parrots of what genus roost hanging upside down? | {
"text": [
"Loriculus"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} | 1 |
57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670c | Bird | Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism ... | What type of birds go into a nightly state of torpor? | {
"text": [
"Some hummingbirds"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} | 1 |
57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670d | Bird | Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism ... | Birds do not have what type of glands:? | {
"text": [
"sweat"
],
"answer_start": [
830
]
} | 1 |
57320be2b9d445190005e789 | Bird | Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require... | What percent of bird species are socially monogamous? | {
"text": [
"Ninety-five percent"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
57320be2b9d445190005e78a | Bird | Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require... | What is extra-pair copulation? | {
"text": [
"infidelity"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} | 1 |
57320be2b9d445190005e78b | Bird | Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require... | What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation? | {
"text": [
"sperm storage mechanisms"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
} | 1 |
57320be2b9d445190005e78c | Bird | Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require... | Why do males that engage in extra-pair copulation closely guard their mates? | {
"text": [
"to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise"
],
"answer_start": [
1088
]
} | 1 |
57320cb40fdd8d15006c6719 | Bird | Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of song. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal lekking. Females ... | Which gender typically performs some form of courtship display? | {
"text": [
"male"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} | 1 |
57320cb40fdd8d15006c671a | Bird | Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of song. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal lekking. Females ... | Most courtship displays involve some type of what? | {
"text": [
"song"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} | 1 |
57320cb40fdd8d15006c671b | Bird | Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of song. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal lekking. Females ... | Which gender generally drive partner selection?: | {
"text": [
"Females"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} | 1 |
57320cb40fdd8d15006c671c | Bird | Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of song. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal lekking. Females ... | Generally, when is courtship feeding and billing performed between partners? | {
"text": [
"after the birds have paired and mated"
],
"answer_start": [
574
]
} | 1 |
57320e760fdd8d15006c6721 | Bird | All birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting nightjars have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by t... | What kind of eggs to all birds lay? | {
"text": [
"amniotic eggs"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} | 1 |
57320e760fdd8d15006c6722 | Bird | All birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting nightjars have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by t... | All birds lay eggs with hard shells made mostly out of what? | {
"text": [
"calcium carbonate"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} | 1 |
57320e760fdd8d15006c6723 | Bird | All birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting nightjars have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by t... | What kind of eggs do open nesters lay? | {
"text": [
"camouflaged eggs"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} | 1 |
57320e760fdd8d15006c6724 | Bird | All birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting nightjars have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by t... | What type of birds lay white or pale eggs? | {
"text": [
"Hole and burrow nesting species"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} | 1 |
57320f26e17f3d140042264f | Bird | Bird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid p... | Where do birds usually lay their eggs? | {
"text": [
"nest"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} | 1 |
57320f26e17f3d1400422650 | Bird | Bird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid p... | What type of birds lay its eggs on bare rock? | {
"text": [
"cliff-nesting common guillemot"
],
"answer_start": [
635
]
} | 1 |
57320f26e17f3d1400422651 | Bird | Bird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid p... | Where do male emporer penguins keep eggs? | {
"text": [
"between their body and feet"
],
"answer_start": [
730
]
} | 1 |
57320f26e17f3d1400422652 | Bird | Bird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid p... | Which type of bird nests are no more than a scrape on the ground? | {
"text": [
"albatross"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} | 1 |
57320fc50fdd8d15006c673d | Bird | Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches, areas of ... | What process optimises temperature for chick development? | {
"text": [
"Incubation"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
57320fc50fdd8d15006c673e | Bird | Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches, areas of ... | When does incubation begin? | {
"text": [
"after the last egg has been laid"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} | 1 |
57320fc50fdd8d15006c673f | Bird | Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches, areas of ... | What are areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of incubating birds? | {
"text": [
"brood patches"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} | 1 |
57320fc50fdd8d15006c6740 | Bird | Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches, areas of ... | How many days is the incubation period for woodpeckers? | {
"text": [
"10 days"
],
"answer_start": [
685
]
} | 1 |
57320fc50fdd8d15006c6741 | Bird | Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches, areas of ... | How many days is the incubation period for kiwis? | {
"text": [
"over 80 days"
],
"answer_start": [
742
]
} | 1 |
57321029e99e3014001e64bc | Bird | The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in megapodes ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately. At the other extreme, many seabirds have exte... | When does parental care end in megapodes? | {
"text": [
"at hatching"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} | 1 |
57321029e99e3014001e64bd | Bird | The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in megapodes ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately. At the other extreme, many seabirds have exte... | What type of seabird has the longest period of parental care? | {
"text": [
"frigatebird"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} | 1 |
57321029e99e3014001e64be | Bird | The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in megapodes ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately. At the other extreme, many seabirds have exte... | What is the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is always present at the nest? | {
"text": [
"chick guard stage"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} | 1 |
57321138e17f3d1400422657 | Bird | In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, other members of the same species—usually close relatives of the breeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such alloparenting... | Alloparenting is particulary common with what species? | {
"text": [
"Corvida"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} | 1 |
57321138e17f3d1400422658 | Bird | In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, other members of the same species—usually close relatives of the breeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such alloparenting... | True crows belong to what group? | {
"text": [
"Corvida"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} | 1 |
57321138e17f3d1400422659 | Bird | In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, other members of the same species—usually close relatives of the breeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such alloparenting... | What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class? | {
"text": [
"male parental care"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} | 1 |
573212130fdd8d15006c6751 | Bird | The point at which chicks fledge varies dramatically. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the ancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away f... | Which chicks leave the nest the night after they hatch? | {
"text": [
"chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} | 1 |
573212130fdd8d15006c6752 | Bird | The point at which chicks fledge varies dramatically. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the ancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away f... | Name a species which move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. | {
"text": [
"ducks"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} | 1 |
573212130fdd8d15006c6753 | Bird | The point at which chicks fledge varies dramatically. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the ancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away f... | When do most species of chicks leave the nest? | {
"text": [
"just before, or soon after, they are able to fly"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} | 1 |
573212a3e17f3d1400422663 | Bird | Brood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be ... | What is it called when an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood? | {
"text": [
"Brood parasitism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
573212a3e17f3d1400422664 | Bird | Brood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be ... | How many bird species are obligate parasites? | {
"text": [
"One hundred"
],
"answer_start": [
641
]
} | 1 |
573212a3e17f3d1400422665 | Bird | Brood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be ... | What type of birds lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output? | {
"text": [
"non-obligate brood parasites"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} | 1 |
573213bde99e3014001e64d6 | Bird | Birds have evolved a variety of mating behaviors, with the peacock tail being perhaps the most famous example of sexual selection and the Fisherian runaway. Commonly occurring sexual dimorphisms such as size and color differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations. Many type... | What is the most famous example of sexual selection? | {
"text": [
"peacock tail"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} | 1 |
573213bde99e3014001e64d7 | Bird | Birds have evolved a variety of mating behaviors, with the peacock tail being perhaps the most famous example of sexual selection and the Fisherian runaway. Commonly occurring sexual dimorphisms such as size and color differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations. Many type... | What is intersexual selection also known as? | {
"text": [
"female choice"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} | 1 |
573213bde99e3014001e64d8 | Bird | Birds have evolved a variety of mating behaviors, with the peacock tail being perhaps the most famous example of sexual selection and the Fisherian runaway. Commonly occurring sexual dimorphisms such as size and color differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations. Many type... | What is it called when individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate? | {
"text": [
"intrasexual competition"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} | 1 |
573214a0b9d445190005e7bf | Bird | Incestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairy wren Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see Promiscuity#Other animals for 90% frequency in avian species) th... | What is it called when there is greater than 30 percent reduction in hatchability of eggs? | {
"text": [
"inbreeding depression"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} | 1 |
573214a0b9d445190005e7c0 | Bird | Incestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairy wren Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see Promiscuity#Other animals for 90% frequency in avian species) th... | What can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding? | {
"text": [
"Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} | 1 |
573214a0b9d445190005e7c1 | Bird | Incestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairy wren Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see Promiscuity#Other animals for 90% frequency in avian species) th... | What percentage of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair of young? | {
"text": [
"43%"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} | 1 |
573215afb9d445190005e7c5 | Bird | Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In genera... | What occurs when offspring delay dispersal from their natal group? | {
"text": [
"Cooperative breeding"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
573215afb9d445190005e7c6 | Bird | Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In genera... | What leads to the masking of deleterious recesive alleles in progeny? | {
"text": [
"Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} | 1 |
573215afb9d445190005e7c7 | Bird | Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In genera... | Why is inbreeding avoided? | {
"text": [
"because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} | 1 |
57321628b9d445190005e7cb | Bird | Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the niches occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the forest canopy, others beneath... | What type of birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating or piracy? | {
"text": [
"Aquatic birds"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} | 1 |
57321628b9d445190005e7cc | Bird | Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the niches occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the forest canopy, others beneath... | What type of birds may be either insectivores, frugivores and nectarivores? | {
"text": [
"Forest birds"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} | 1 |
57321628b9d445190005e7cd | Bird | Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the niches occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the forest canopy, others beneath... | What type of birds specialise in hunting mammals or other birds? | {
"text": [
"Birds of prey"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} | 1 |
573216f8e99e3014001e64f2 | Bird | Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plants of New Zea... | What are often important to island ecology? | {
"text": [
"Birds"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
573216f8e99e3014001e64f3 | Bird | Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plants of New Zea... | What type of birds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding areas? | {
"text": [
"Nesting seabirds"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} | 1 |
573216f8e99e3014001e64f4 | Bird | Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plants of New Zea... | In New Zealand, what were important browsers, as the kereru and kokako are today? | {
"text": [
"moas"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} | 1 |
573217840fdd8d15006c6785 | Bird | Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man. Sometimes, these relationships are mutualistic, like the cooperative honey-gathering among honeyguides and African peoples such as the Borana. Other times, they may be commensal, as when species such as th... | Why have humans had a relationship with birds since the dawn of man? | {
"text": [
"Since birds are highly visible and common animals"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
573217840fdd8d15006c6786 | Bird | Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man. Sometimes, these relationships are mutualistic, like the cooperative honey-gathering among honeyguides and African peoples such as the Borana. Other times, they may be commensal, as when species such as th... | What is it called when the house sparrow has benefited from human activity? | {
"text": [
"commensal"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} | 1 |
573217840fdd8d15006c6787 | Bird | Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man. Sometimes, these relationships are mutualistic, like the cooperative honey-gathering among honeyguides and African peoples such as the Borana. Other times, they may be commensal, as when species such as th... | What have threatened numerous bird species with extinction? | {
"text": [
"Human activities"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} | 1 |
573218720fdd8d15006c6795 | Bird | Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide. Chickens account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated turkeys, ducks, and geese are also r... | What are domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs? | {
"text": [
"poultry"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} | 1 |
573218720fdd8d15006c6796 | Bird | Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide. Chickens account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated turkeys, ducks, and geese are also r... | What is the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans? | {
"text": [
"poultry"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} | 1 |
573218720fdd8d15006c6797 | Bird | Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide. Chickens account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated turkeys, ducks, and geese are also r... | In 2003, how many tons of poultry were produced worldwide? | {
"text": [
"76 million tons"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} | 1 |
573218720fdd8d15006c6798 | Bird | Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide. Chickens account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated turkeys, ducks, and geese are also r... | What is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely underdeveloped areas? | {
"text": [
"Bird hunting"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} | 1 |
573218cfb9d445190005e7e5 | Bird | Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as parrots and mynas, are bred in captivity or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species. Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishing, respective... | Why have birds been domesticated by humans? | {
"text": [
"both as pets and for practical purposes"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} | 1 |
573218cfb9d445190005e7e6 | Bird | Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as parrots and mynas, are bred in captivity or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species. Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishing, respective... | What type of birds are bred in captivity or kept as pets? | {
"text": [
"Colourful birds"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} | 1 |
573218cfb9d445190005e7e7 | Bird | Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as parrots and mynas, are bred in captivity or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species. Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishing, respective... | How long have messenger pigeons been used? | {
"text": [
"since at least 1 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} | 1 |
57321963e99e3014001e650c | Bird | Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, the two common ravens ... | What play prominent roles in religion and mythology? | {
"text": [
"Birds"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
57321963e99e3014001e650d | Bird | Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, the two common ravens ... | The word auspicious is derived from which word? | {
"text": [
"auspex"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} | 1 |
57321963e99e3014001e650e | Bird | Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, the two common ravens ... | What is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama? | {
"text": [
"mythical chullumpi bird"
],
"answer_start": [
1234
]
} | 1 |
57321a39e99e3014001e651c | Bird | Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the... | When were birds represented in early cave paintings? | {
"text": [
"since prehistoric times"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} | 1 |
57321a39e99e3014001e651d | Bird | Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the... | What is a mythological giant bird capable of snatching humans? | {
"text": [
"Pouākai"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} | 1 |
57321a39e99e3014001e651e | Bird | Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the... | John James Audubon later lent his name to which group? | {
"text": [
"National Audubon Society"
],
"answer_start": [
671
]
} | 1 |
57321a39e99e3014001e651f | Bird | Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the... | What did Homer incorporate into his Odyssey? | {
"text": [
"nightingales"
],
"answer_start": [
773
]
} | 1 |
57321a39e99e3014001e6520 | Bird | Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the... | The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of what book? | {
"text": [
"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"
],
"answer_start": [
972
]
} | 1 |
57321ac0e17f3d140042268f | Bird | Though human activities have allowed the expansion of a few species, such as the barn swallow and European starling, they have caused population decreases or extinction in many other species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, er... | How many bird species have gone extinct in historical times? | {
"text": [
"Over a hundred"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} | 1 |
57321ac0e17f3d1400422690 | Bird | Though human activities have allowed the expansion of a few species, such as the barn swallow and European starling, they have caused population decreases or extinction in many other species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, er... | How many species are listed as threatened by BirdLife International and the IUCN? | {
"text": [
"1,227"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} | 1 |
57321ac0e17f3d1400422691 | Bird | Though human activities have allowed the expansion of a few species, such as the barn swallow and European starling, they have caused population decreases or extinction in many other species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, er... | When did the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions occur? | {
"text": [
"during the human colonisation of Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian islands"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} | 1 |
573117c505b4da19006bcd86 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoratio... | What was the last Chinese dynasty? | {
"text": [
"Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} | 1 |
573117c505b4da19006bcd87 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoratio... | When did the Manchu dynasty rule? | {
"text": [
"1644 to 1912"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} | 1 |
573117c505b4da19006bcd88 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoratio... | What was the dynasty that ruled before the Manchu? | {
"text": [
"Ming"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} | 1 |
573117c505b4da19006bcd89 | Qing_dynasty | The Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoratio... | What government took over from the Manchu dynasty? | {
"text": [
"Republic of China"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} | 1 |
573117c505b4da19006bcd8a | Qing_dynasty | The Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoratio... | What is another name for the Manchu dynasty? | {
"text": [
"Qing"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | 1 |
57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc25 | Qing_dynasty | The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu pe... | Who started the Manchun dynasty? | {
"text": [
"Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} | 1 |
57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc26 | Qing_dynasty | The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu pe... | Where did this dynasty form? | {
"text": [
"Manchuria"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} | 1 |
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