id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | label int64 0 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
57311531e6313a140071cc0a | Bird | Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Jeho... | When did the ancestor of all modern birds evolve a better sense of smell? | {
"text": [
"late Cretaceous"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} | 1 |
57311531e6313a140071cc0b | Bird | Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Jeho... | How long ago was the late Cretaceous period? | {
"text": [
"around 95 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} | 1 |
573115ade6313a140071cc10 | Bird | The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to t... | What were the first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve? | {
"text": [
"enantiornithes"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} | 1 |
573115ade6313a140071cc11 | Bird | The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to t... | Because of the construction of their shoulder bones, what were the enantiornithes called? | {
"text": [
"opposite birds"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} | 1 |
573115ade6313a140071cc12 | Bird | The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to t... | What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period? | {
"text": [
"enantiornithes"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} | 1 |
573115ade6313a140071cc13 | Bird | The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to t... | When did enantiornithes become extinct? | {
"text": [
"end of the Mesozoic era"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} | 1 |
573116a4e6313a140071cc22 | Bird | Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the Euornithes (meaning "true birds", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most ... | What does Euornithes mean? | {
"text": [
"true birds"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} | 1 |
573116a4e6313a140071cc23 | Bird | Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the Euornithes (meaning "true birds", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most ... | Why does Euornithes mean "true birds?" | {
"text": [
"because they include the ancestors of modern birds"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} | 1 |
573116a4e6313a140071cc24 | Bird | Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the Euornithes (meaning "true birds", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most ... | What group became the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers? | {
"text": [
"Euornithes"
],
"answer_start": [
917
]
} | 1 |
573116a4e6313a140071cc25 | Bird | Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the Euornithes (meaning "true birds", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most ... | What may have replaced the "hind wing" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability? | {
"text": [
"fully mobile fan of tail feathers"
],
"answer_start": [
993
]
} | 1 |
5731185a05b4da19006bcd90 | Bird | All modern birds lie within the crown group Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the Palaeognathae, which includes the flightless ratites (such as the ostriches) and the weak-flying tinamous, and the extremely diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions are often given t... | All modern birds lie within which crown group? | {
"text": [
"Aves"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | 1 |
5731185a05b4da19006bcd91 | Bird | All modern birds lie within the crown group Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the Palaeognathae, which includes the flightless ratites (such as the ostriches) and the weak-flying tinamous, and the extremely diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions are often given t... | What is another name for Aves? | {
"text": [
"Neornithes"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | 1 |
5731185a05b4da19006bcd92 | Bird | All modern birds lie within the crown group Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the Palaeognathae, which includes the flightless ratites (such as the ostriches) and the weak-flying tinamous, and the extremely diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions are often given t... | The two subdivisions of what group include Palaeognathae and Neognathae? | {
"text": [
"Aves"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | 1 |
5731185a05b4da19006bcd93 | Bird | All modern birds lie within the crown group Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the Palaeognathae, which includes the flightless ratites (such as the ostriches) and the weak-flying tinamous, and the extremely diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions are often given t... | What is the number range of living bird species? | {
"text": [
"9,800 to 10,050"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} | 1 |
573118d705b4da19006bcd98 | Bird | The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil remains of true b... | What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes? | {
"text": [
"Galloanserae"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | 1 |
573118d705b4da19006bcd99 | Bird | The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil remains of true b... | What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes? | {
"text": [
"Galloanserae"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | 1 |
573118d705b4da19006bcd9a | Bird | The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil remains of true b... | Ducks, geese, swans and screamers are part of which group? | {
"text": [
"Anseriformes"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} | 1 |
573118d705b4da19006bcd9b | Bird | The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil remains of true b... | The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group? | {
"text": [
"Galliformes"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} | 1 |
57311971497a881900248b67 | Bird | The classification of birds is a contentious issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds, although it is frequently debated and constantly revised. Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate, but scientists disagree... | Sibley and Ahlquist' Phylogeny and Classification of Birds is a landmark work on the classification of what animals? | {
"text": [
"birds"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} | 1 |
57311971497a881900248b68 | Bird | The classification of birds is a contentious issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds, although it is frequently debated and constantly revised. Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate, but scientists disagree... | What do scientists disagree about? | {
"text": [
"relationships between the orders themselves"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} | 1 |
57311971497a881900248b69 | Bird | The classification of birds is a contentious issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds, although it is frequently debated and constantly revised. Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate, but scientists disagree... | What do scientists tend to agree on? | {
"text": [
"the assignment of orders is accurate"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} | 1 |
57311a4705b4da19006bcda0 | Bird | Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result ... | Birds live on how many continents? | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} | 1 |
57311a4705b4da19006bcda1 | Bird | Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result ... | Highest bird diversity occurs in which regions? | {
"text": [
"tropical"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} | 1 |
57311a4705b4da19006bcda2 | Bird | Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result ... | Some penguins have been recording diving up to how many feet? | {
"text": [
"980"
],
"answer_start": [
707
]
} | 1 |
57311a4705b4da19006bcda3 | Bird | Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result ... | Some seabird species only come ashore for what purpose? | {
"text": [
"to breed"
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} | 1 |
57311df8e6313a140071cc4a | Bird | Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild monk... | The ring-necked pheasant has been introduced as what kind of bird? | {
"text": [
"game bird"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} | 1 |
57311df8e6313a140071cc4b | Bird | Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild monk... | Why have some species spread naturally far beyond their original ranges? | {
"text": [
"agricultural practices created suitable new habitat"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} | 1 |
57311df8e6313a140071cc4c | Bird | Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild monk... | Where have many birds established breeding populations? | {
"text": [
"in areas to which they have been introduced by humans"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} | 1 |
57311ee005b4da19006bcdb8 | Bird | The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thoracic, lumbar a... | What consists of very lightweight bones? | {
"text": [
"The skeleton"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
57311ee005b4da19006bcdb9 | Bird | The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thoracic, lumbar a... | What does the skeleton consist of? | {
"text": [
"very lightweight bones"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} | 1 |
57311ee005b4da19006bcdba | Bird | The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thoracic, lumbar a... | What are pneumatic cavities? | {
"text": [
"large air-filled cavities"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} | 1 |
57311ee005b4da19006bcdbb | Bird | The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thoracic, lumbar a... | What are large air-filled cavities that connect to the respiratory system? | {
"text": [
"pneumatic cavities"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} | 1 |
57311ee005b4da19006bcdbc | Bird | The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thoracic, lumbar a... | What is formed when vertebrae are fused with the pelvis? | {
"text": [
"synsacrum"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} | 1 |
57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc53 | Bird | Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of the ostrich) u... | What is it called when a bird's kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and secrete it as uric acid? | {
"text": [
"uricotelic"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} | 1 |
57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc54 | Bird | Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of the ostrich) u... | Which bid has a urinary bladder or external urethral opening? | {
"text": [
"ostrich"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} | 1 |
57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc55 | Bird | Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of the ostrich) u... | What is a multi-purpose opening on birds? | {
"text": [
"cloaca"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} | 1 |
57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc56 | Bird | Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of the ostrich) u... | How do most birds mate? | {
"text": [
"by joining cloaca"
],
"answer_start": [
741
]
} | 1 |
57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc57 | Bird | Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of the ostrich) u... | What aids birds with flight? | {
"text": [
"rapid digestion"
],
"answer_start": [
1452
]
} | 1 |
57312208497a881900248b7d | Bird | Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into th... | Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups? | {
"text": [
"Birds"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
57312208497a881900248b7e | Bird | Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into th... | Upon inhalation, what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac? | {
"text": [
"75%"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} | 1 |
57312208497a881900248b7f | Bird | Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into th... | Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go? | {
"text": [
"directly into the lungs"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} | 1 |
57312208497a881900248b80 | Bird | Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into th... | Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber? | {
"text": [
"syrinx"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
} | 1 |
57312208497a881900248b81 | Bird | Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into th... | What is the syrinx? | {
"text": [
"a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} | 1 |
5731236de6313a140071cc6c | Bird | The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an atrium and ventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each side are sep... | The avian circulatory system is driven by what? | {
"text": [
"four-chambered, myogenic heart"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | 1 |
5731236de6313a140071cc6d | Bird | The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an atrium and ventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each side are sep... | Where is the heart contained in the avian circulatory system? | {
"text": [
"fibrous pericardial sac"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} | 1 |
5731236de6313a140071cc6e | Bird | The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an atrium and ventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each side are sep... | What lubricates the pericardial sac? | {
"text": [
"serous fluid"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} | 1 |
5731236de6313a140071cc6f | Bird | The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an atrium and ventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each side are sep... | Why are Avian hearts larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass? | {
"text": [
"allows more blood to be pumped"
],
"answer_start": [
1216
]
} | 1 |
573123ff05b4da19006bcdec | Bird | Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the p... | Why are birds' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles? | {
"text": [
"to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} | 1 |
573123ff05b4da19006bcded | Bird | Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the p... | What moves through the arteries? | {
"text": [
"Blood"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} | 1 |
573123ff05b4da19006bcdee | Bird | Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the p... | What is organized into capillary beds in tissues? | {
"text": [
"Capillaries"
],
"answer_start": [
870
]
} | 1 |
573123ff05b4da19006bcdef | Bird | Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the p... | What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart? | {
"text": [
"vasodilation"
],
"answer_start": [
1361
]
} | 1 |
573124bb497a881900248bb5 | Bird | The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of smell with no... | Which bird system is large relative to a bird's size? | {
"text": [
"nervous system"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | 1 |
573124bb497a881900248bb6 | Bird | The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of smell with no... | What is tetrachromatic? | {
"text": [
"possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} | 1 |
573124bb497a881900248bb7 | Bird | The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of smell with no... | Why do birds need to perceive ultraviolet light? | {
"text": [
"courtship"
],
"answer_start": [
762
]
} | 1 |
573124bb497a881900248bb8 | Bird | The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of smell with no... | What regulates breeding activities? | {
"text": [
"photo-receptive cells in"
],
"answer_start": [
915
]
} | 1 |
573125a9e6313a140071cc86 | Bird | Many birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by ... | What covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds? | {
"text": [
"nictitating membrane"
],
"answer_start": [
684
]
} | 1 |
573125a9e6313a140071cc87 | Bird | Many birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by ... | What is the fan shaped blood supply system in a bird's retina? | {
"text": [
"pecten"
],
"answer_start": [
839
]
} | 1 |
573125a9e6313a140071cc88 | Bird | Many birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by ... | Which birds have a wide visual field? | {
"text": [
"Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads"
],
"answer_start": [
942
]
} | 1 |
573125a9e6313a140071cc89 | Bird | Many birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by ... | What kind of vision do owls have? | {
"text": [
"binocular vision"
],
"answer_start": [
1082
]
} | 1 |
573125a9e6313a140071cc8a | Bird | Many birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by ... | Where is a bird's cochlea located? | {
"text": [
"inner ear"
],
"answer_start": [
1313
]
} | 1 |
5731339ae6313a140071cd0c | Bird | A dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur... | What is known to sometimes result in injury or death? | {
"text": [
"intraspecific conflicts"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} | 1 |
5731339ae6313a140071cd0d | Bird | A dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur... | What is another name for Anhimidae? | {
"text": [
"screamers"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} | 1 |
5731339ae6313a140071cd0e | Bird | A dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur... | What is another name for steamer ducks? | {
"text": [
"Tachyeres"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} | 1 |
5731339ae6313a140071cd0f | Bird | A dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur... | What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents? | {
"text": [
"bony knob on the alular metacarpal"
],
"answer_start": [
509
]
} | 1 |
57313429a5e9cc1400cdbcdb | Bird | Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling. There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of... | What is a feature characteristic of birds? | {
"text": [
"Feathers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
57313429a5e9cc1400cdbcdc | Bird | Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling. There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of... | What feature of a bird facilitate flight? | {
"text": [
"Feathers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
57313429a5e9cc1400cdbcdd | Bird | Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling. There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of... | What is pterylae? | {
"text": [
"specific tracts of skin"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} | 1 |
57314d0e497a881900248d89 | Bird | Plumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the "non-breeding" plumage, or—in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology—"basic" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as "alternate" plumages. Moulting is... | What is regularly moulted? | {
"text": [
"Plumage"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
57314d0e497a881900248d8a | Bird | Plumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the "non-breeding" plumage, or—in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology—"basic" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as "alternate" plumages. Moulting is... | What is the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding? | {
"text": [
"\"non-breeding\" plumage"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} | 1 |
57314d0e497a881900248d8b | Bird | Plumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the "non-breeding" plumage, or—in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology—"basic" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as "alternate" plumages. Moulting is... | How often does moulting occur in most species? | {
"text": [
"annual"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} | 1 |
57314d0e497a881900248d8c | Bird | Plumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the "non-breeding" plumage, or—in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology—"basic" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as "alternate" plumages. Moulting is... | What type of birds may moult only once every few years? | {
"text": [
"large birds of prey"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} | 1 |
57314e18e6313a140071cdec | Bird | Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrobial agent, in... | How often do birds groom their feathers? | {
"text": [
"daily"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} | 1 |
57314e18e6313a140071cded | Bird | Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrobial agent, in... | What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers? | {
"text": [
"9%"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} | 1 |
57314e18e6313a140071cdee | Bird | Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrobial agent, in... | What do birds use to brush away foreign particles? | {
"text": [
"The bill"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} | 1 |
57314e18e6313a140071cdef | Bird | Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrobial agent, in... | What is the process of removing feather parasites? | {
"text": [
"anting"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} | 1 |
57314ee9497a881900248d91 | Bird | Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscl... | What distinguishes birds from almost all other vertebrate classes? | {
"text": [
"Most birds can fly,"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
57314ee9497a881900248d92 | Bird | Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscl... | What is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species? | {
"text": [
"Flight"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} | 1 |
57314ee9497a881900248d93 | Bird | Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscl... | How many large flight muscles do birds have? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} | 1 |
57314ee9497a881900248d94 | Bird | Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscl... | Pectoralis account for what percentage of total mass of a bird? | {
"text": [
"15%"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} | 1 |
57314ee9497a881900248d95 | Bird | Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscl... | Approximately how many extant bird species are flightless? | {
"text": [
"60"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} | 1 |
57314f60a5e9cc1400cdbe59 | Bird | Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean for insects, i... | What is the term used for birds that employ many strategies to obtain food? | {
"text": [
"generalists"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} | 1 |
57314f60a5e9cc1400cdbe5a | Bird | Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean for insects, i... | What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items? | {
"text": [
"specialists"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} | 1 |
57314f60a5e9cc1400cdbe5b | Bird | Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean for insects, i... | What type of birds have specially adapted brushy tongues? | {
"text": [
"Nectar feeders"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} | 1 |
57315007e6313a140071ce14 | Bird | Some species, including frigatebirds, gulls, and skuas, engage in kleptoparasitism, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of great frigatebirds stealing from masked boobies estimated ... | What is the term for stealing food items from other birds? | {
"text": [
"kleptoparasitism"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} | 1 |
57315007e6313a140071ce15 | Bird | Some species, including frigatebirds, gulls, and skuas, engage in kleptoparasitism, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of great frigatebirds stealing from masked boobies estimated ... | What is kleptoparasitism? | {
"text": [
"stealing food items from other birds"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} | 1 |
57315007e6313a140071ce16 | Bird | Some species, including frigatebirds, gulls, and skuas, engage in kleptoparasitism, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of great frigatebirds stealing from masked boobies estimated ... | A vulture is what type of bird? | {
"text": [
"scavengers"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} | 1 |
573150b7497a881900248dc9 | Bird | Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depend on water s... | How do nesting sandgrouse carry water to their young? | {
"text": [
"wetting their belly feathers"
],
"answer_start": [
481
]
} | 1 |
573150b7497a881900248dca | Bird | Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depend on water s... | What is one family of birds have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid to their chicks? | {
"text": [
"The pigeon family"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} | 1 |
573150b7497a881900248dcb | Bird | Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depend on water s... | What is a nutritive fluid that some birds provide to their chicks? | {
"text": [
"crop milk"
],
"answer_start": [
701
]
} | 1 |
573150b7497a881900248dcc | Bird | Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depend on water s... | What is crop milk? | {
"text": [
"a nutritive fluid"
],
"answer_start": [
676
]
} | 1 |
5731dce4e17f3d14004224b1 | Bird | Feathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gland. Birds al... | Birds preen often with the application of secretions from which gland? | {
"text": [
"preen gland"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} | 1 |
5731dce4e17f3d14004224b2 | Bird | Feathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gland. Birds al... | What do birds bathe in? | {
"text": [
"water or dust"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} | 1 |
5731dce4e17f3d14004224b3 | Bird | Feathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gland. Birds al... | What is anting? | {
"text": [
"bird encourages ants to run through their plumage"
],
"answer_start": [
628
]
} | 1 |
5731dce4e17f3d14004224b4 | Bird | Feathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gland. Birds al... | What is it called when birds encourage ants to run through their plumage? | {
"text": [
"anting"
],
"answer_start": [
608
]
} | 1 |
5731dd77e17f3d14004224c3 | Bird | Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually triggered by... | When do birds substantially increase body fats and reduce the size of some of their organs? | {
"text": [
"Before migration"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} | 1 |
5731dd77e17f3d14004224c4 | Bird | Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually triggered by... | What is the flight range of landbirds? | {
"text": [
"2,500 km (1,600 mi)"
],
"answer_start": [
815
]
} | 1 |
5731dd77e17f3d14004224c5 | Bird | Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually triggered by... | What is the flight range of shoebirds? | {
"text": [
"4,000 km (2,500 mi)"
],
"answer_start": [
864
]
} | 1 |
5731dd77e17f3d14004224c6 | Bird | Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually triggered by... | Which bird is capable of non-stop flights of up to 6,300 miles? | {
"text": [
"bar-tailed godwit"
],
"answer_start": [
898
]
} | 1 |
5731dd77e17f3d14004224c7 | Bird | Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually triggered by... | Which birds often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons? | {
"text": [
"Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean"
],
"answer_start": [
1351
]
} | 1 |
5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65b9 | Bird | Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food avai... | In Australia, what percentage of non-passerine birds were partially migratory | {
"text": [
"44%"
],
"answer_start": [
748
]
} | 1 |
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