id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | label int64 0 1 |
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5a14c7bda54d420018529346 | Great_power | According to Joshua Baron – a "researcher, lecturer, and consultant on international conflict" – since the early 1960s direct military conflicts and major confrontations have "receded into the background" with regards to relations among the great powers. Baron argues several reasons why this is the case, citing the unp... | What country has been involved in major confrontations among powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14c7bda54d420018529347 | Great_power | According to Joshua Baron – a "researcher, lecturer, and consultant on international conflict" – since the early 1960s direct military conflicts and major confrontations have "receded into the background" with regards to relations among the great powers. Baron argues several reasons why this is the case, citing the unp... | What has the Soviet Union mentioned about relations between the great powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5731200be6313a140071cc5a | Great_power | Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirabl... | What formerly effective tool for international disputes is no longer effective among peer powers? | {
"text": [
"military force"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} | 1 |
5731200be6313a140071cc5b | Great_power | Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirabl... | What great powers have maintained peace? | {
"text": [
"France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} | 1 |
5731200be6313a140071cc5c | Great_power | Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirabl... | Where have the powers maintained peace in recent years? | {
"text": [
"United Nations and other forums"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} | 1 |
5731200be6313a140071cc5d | Great_power | Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirabl... | What was the last crisis during cold war to escalate world powers? | {
"text": [
"Cuban missile crisis (1962"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} | 1 |
5a14cbaba54d42001852934d | Great_power | Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirabl... | What countries agree that military force is effective to resolve disputes? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14cbaba54d42001852934e | Great_power | Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirabl... | During what event did great powers use military force? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14cbaba54d42001852934f | Great_power | Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirabl... | Who mentioned that Western great powers still use military force to resolve disputes? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14cbaba54d420018529350 | Great_power | Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirabl... | What formerly effective tool for the Cuban missile crisis is no longer effective? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14cbaba54d420018529351 | Great_power | Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirabl... | Where have western nations discussed using military force? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
573121fca5e9cc1400cdbc63 | Great_power | China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recogn... | What countries are recognized as Nuclear Weapons States? | {
"text": [
"China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
573121fca5e9cc1400cdbc64 | Great_power | China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recogn... | How many countries are permanent seats on the UN Security Council? | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} | 1 |
573121fca5e9cc1400cdbc65 | Great_power | China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recogn... | What other countries are referred to as middle powers? | {
"text": [
"China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom"
],
"answer_start": [
659
]
} | 1 |
573121fca5e9cc1400cdbc66 | Great_power | China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recogn... | What treaty addresses nuclear weapons? | {
"text": [
"Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} | 1 |
5a14d437a54d420018529369 | Great_power | China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recogn... | What treaty addresses global political and economic dominance? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14d437a54d42001852936a | Great_power | China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recogn... | What five countries are referred to as middle powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14d437a54d42001852936b | Great_power | China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recogn... | Why Are China, France, Russia, the UK and the US seen as by middle powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14d437a54d42001852936c | Great_power | China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recogn... | What is there not consensus on among nations regarding powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14d437a54d42001852936d | Great_power | China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recogn... | What do the five nations have as middle powers on the UN Security Council? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
573122cea5e9cc1400cdbc7f | Great_power | Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has... | What countries are great powers mostly based on economic reasons? | {
"text": [
"Japan and Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
573122cea5e9cc1400cdbc80 | Great_power | Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has... | Due to lack of strategic and hard power, countries are excluded from what? | {
"text": [
"UN Security Council"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} | 1 |
573122cea5e9cc1400cdbc81 | Great_power | Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has... | What is the name for the grouping of countries of China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan? | {
"text": [
"middle powers"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} | 1 |
5a14d7f2a54d42001852937d | Great_power | Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has... | What two countries are great powers because of their hard power capabilities? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14d7f2a54d42001852937e | Great_power | Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has... | What grouping of world powers has Japan been a member of? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14d7f2a54d42001852937f | Great_power | Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has... | What benefits do middle power countries have as permanent members at the UN? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14d7f2a54d420018529380 | Great_power | Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has... | How large are France and Russia's economies? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14d7f2a54d420018529381 | Great_power | Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has... | What are the five permanent Security Council Members lacking militarily? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5731239605b4da19006bcde6 | Great_power | In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no... | Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider what country to be a great power too? | {
"text": [
"India"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} | 1 |
5731239605b4da19006bcde7 | Great_power | In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no... | Many academics debate the status of this country as a power? | {
"text": [
"India"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} | 1 |
5731239605b4da19006bcde8 | Great_power | In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no... | Is there agreement on the status of all powers? | {
"text": [
"no collective agreement"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} | 1 |
5a14dad6a54d420018529387 | Great_power | In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no... | Who have recently recognized contemporary great powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14dad6a54d420018529388 | Great_power | In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no... | What have observers long considered about India's status? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14dad6a54d420018529389 | Great_power | In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no... | What do academics believe contemporary great powers remain? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14dad6a54d42001852938a | Great_power | In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no... | What is the consensus about India's status among great powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14dad6a54d42001852938b | Great_power | In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no... | What is one type of power some world powers view as India's status in the world? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
57312538e6313a140071cc7e | Great_power | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | Milena Sterio includes what former axis powers among great powers? | {
"text": [
"Germany, Italy and Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} | 1 |
57312538e6313a140071cc7f | Great_power | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | What emerging power is considered a great power? | {
"text": [
"India"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} | 1 |
57312538e6313a140071cc80 | Great_power | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | What G7 members are among great powers? | {
"text": [
"Germany, Japan and Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} | 1 |
57312538e6313a140071cc81 | Great_power | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | Which country is debated as intermittent and/or least of great powers? | {
"text": [
"Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} | 1 |
5a14e307a54d4200185293af | Great_power | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | What international organization members are considered great powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14e307a54d4200185293b0 | Great_power | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | What separate status are Germany, Italy and Japan given by various authors? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14e307a54d4200185293b1 | Great_power | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | What permanent member of the UNSC is considered the least of the great powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14e307a54d4200185293b2 | Great_power | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | What former axis powers do various authors include as great powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14e307a54d4200185293b3 | Great_power | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | Why does Milena Sterio consider UNSC members great powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
573126ae05b4da19006bcdf4 | Great_power | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties? | {
"text": [
"European Union"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} | 1 |
573126ae05b4da19006bcdf5 | Great_power | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | What other tools are used as alternative to military force? | {
"text": [
"trade and diplomacy"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} | 1 |
573126ae05b4da19006bcdf6 | Great_power | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | How many great powers are members of Europian Union? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
735
]
} | 1 |
573126ae05b4da19006bcdf7 | Great_power | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | What summits does EU have membership? | {
"text": [
"WTO and at G8 and G-20"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} | 1 |
5a14e6e1a54d4200185293c3 | Great_power | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | Where does Europe use its military dominance? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14e6e1a54d4200185293c4 | Great_power | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | As a supranational union, what are the UK's limits? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14e6e1a54d4200185293c5 | Great_power | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | How many great powers are members of the WTO? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14e6e1a54d4200185293c6 | Great_power | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | At what summits does Germany have representation? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14e6e1a54d4200185293c7 | Great_power | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | In what area is the WTO exclusively competent? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
573127a7497a881900248bdd | Great_power | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | How many wars occured between 1500s and 1953? | {
"text": [
"64"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} | 1 |
573127a7497a881900248bde | Great_power | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | For bout how many years was an average of one great power fighting another each year? | {
"text": [
"450"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} | 1 |
573127a7497a881900248bdf | Great_power | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | What country had the most conflicts from 1500s through mid 20th century? | {
"text": [
"UK"
],
"answer_start": [
836
]
} | 1 |
573127a7497a881900248be0 | Great_power | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | What span was the Pax Britannica? | {
"text": [
"between 1815 and 1914"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} | 1 |
5a14cde7a54d420018529357 | Great_power | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | Between 1815 and 1914, how many acts of diplomacy were there and with what countries? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14cde7a54d420018529358 | Great_power | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | How many wars occurred pre-1960, that averaged about 5 years? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14cde7a54d420018529359 | Great_power | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | Between 1815-1914 what country had the most defining characteristics of diplomacy? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14cde7a54d42001852935a | Great_power | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | In the 16th century, how many great powers were fighting each other in every year? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5a14cde7a54d42001852935b | Great_power | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | During what time frame was diplomacy frequent among the great powers? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | 0 |
5730ed42497a881900248a67 | Bird | Birds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) o... | What is a group of endothermic vertebrates characterised by feathers and toothless beaked jaws? | {
"text": [
"Birds"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | 1 |
5730ed42497a881900248a68 | Bird | Birds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) o... | What is the smallest bird? | {
"text": [
"bee hummingbird"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} | 1 |
5730ed42497a881900248a69 | Bird | Birds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) o... | What is the largest bird? | {
"text": [
"ostrich"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} | 1 |
5730ed42497a881900248a6a | Bird | Birds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) o... | What is the size of the smallest bird? | {
"text": [
"5 cm (2 in)"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} | 1 |
5730ed42497a881900248a6b | Bird | Birds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) o... | What is the size of the largest bird? | {
"text": [
"2.75 m (9 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} | 1 |
5730ed91a5e9cc1400cdbafb | Bird | The fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving dinosaurs, having evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs. True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago. DNA-based evidence finds that birds diversified dramatically around t... | What are the last surviving dinosaurs, according o the fossil record? | {
"text": [
"birds"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} | 1 |
5730ed91a5e9cc1400cdbafc | Bird | The fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving dinosaurs, having evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs. True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago. DNA-based evidence finds that birds diversified dramatically around t... | When did true birds first appear? | {
"text": [
"Cretaceous period"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} | 1 |
5730ed91a5e9cc1400cdbafd | Bird | The fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving dinosaurs, having evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs. True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago. DNA-based evidence finds that birds diversified dramatically around t... | Name an example of an early stem-bird. | {
"text": [
"Archaeopteryx"
],
"answer_start": [
772
]
} | 1 |
5730ee0ce6313a140071cac0 | Bird | Birds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, penguins, and... | What makes birds uniquely adapted for flight? | {
"text": [
"digestive and respiratory systems"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} | 1 |
5730ee0ce6313a140071cac1 | Bird | Birds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, penguins, and... | What type of bird particularly played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection? | {
"text": [
"Darwin's finches"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} | 1 |
5730ee0ce6313a140071cac2 | Bird | Birds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, penguins, and... | Which part of the bird developed from forelimbs? | {
"text": [
"Wings"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} | 1 |
5730ef7ca5e9cc1400cdbb0d | Bird | Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animals; several bird species make and use tools, and many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Many species annually migrate great distances. Birds are social, communicating with visual sig... | Which type of birds are among the most intelligent animals? | {
"text": [
"corvids and parrots"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} | 1 |
5730ef7ca5e9cc1400cdbb0e | Bird | Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animals; several bird species make and use tools, and many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Many species annually migrate great distances. Birds are social, communicating with visual sig... | How to birds produce offspring? | {
"text": [
"by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction"
],
"answer_start": [
738
]
} | 1 |
5730ef7ca5e9cc1400cdbb0f | Bird | Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animals; several bird species make and use tools, and many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Many species annually migrate great distances. Birds are social, communicating with visual sig... | Where are eggs usually laid? | {
"text": [
"nest"
],
"answer_start": [
830
]
} | 1 |
5730efe2e6313a140071cac6 | Bird | Many species of birds are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure throughout human ... | Which birds are popular as pets? | {
"text": [
"Songbirds, parrots"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} | 1 |
5730efe2e6313a140071cac7 | Bird | Many species of birds are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure throughout human ... | What is guano? | {
"text": [
"bird excrement"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} | 1 |
5730efe2e6313a140071cac8 | Bird | Many species of birds are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure throughout human ... | What is the name of bird excrement? | {
"text": [
"Guano"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} | 1 |
5730efe2e6313a140071cac9 | Bird | Many species of birds are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure throughout human ... | What is harvested for use as fertilizer? | {
"text": [
"Guano"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} | 1 |
5730efe2e6313a140071caca | Bird | Many species of birds are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure throughout human ... | How many species of birds have become extinct as a result of human activity? | {
"text": [
"120–130"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} | 1 |
5730f10ae6313a140071cad0 | Bird | Aves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an earlier defin... | Besides Aves, what group contains the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria? | {
"text": [
"clade Crocodilia"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} | 1 |
5730f10ae6313a140071cad1 | Bird | Aves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an earlier defin... | Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds? | {
"text": [
"Gauthier"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} | 1 |
5730f10ae6313a140071cad2 | Bird | Aves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an earlier defin... | What is a sister group to Aves? | {
"text": [
"clade Crocodilia"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} | 1 |
57310b9a05b4da19006bcd1c | Bird | Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely relat... | What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs? | {
"text": [
"fossil and biological evidence"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} | 1 |
57310b9a05b4da19006bcd1d | Bird | Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely relat... | What is a group of theropods which include dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids? | {
"text": [
"Maniraptora"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} | 1 |
57310b9a05b4da19006bcd1e | Bird | Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely relat... | Recent discoveries in what country demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs. | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} | 1 |
5731123fe6313a140071cbea | Bird | The consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods, or avialans, are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids. Together, these form a group called Paraves. Some basal members of this group, such as Microraptor, have features which may have enab... | What are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs? | {
"text": [
"flying theropods"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} | 1 |
5731123fe6313a140071cbeb | Bird | The consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods, or avialans, are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids. Together, these form a group called Paraves. Some basal members of this group, such as Microraptor, have features which may have enab... | What are the closest relatives of flying theropods? | {
"text": [
"deinonychosaurs"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} | 1 |
5731123fe6313a140071cbec | Bird | The consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods, or avialans, are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids. Together, these form a group called Paraves. Some basal members of this group, such as Microraptor, have features which may have enab... | Dromaeosaurids and troodontids are members of what group? | {
"text": [
"deinonychosaurs"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} | 1 |
57311339a5e9cc1400cdbc01 | Bird | The Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx is well known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found, and it provided support for the theory of evolution in the late 19th century. Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics: teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-li... | What is known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found? | {
"text": [
"Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | 1 |
57311339a5e9cc1400cdbc02 | Bird | The Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx is well known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found, and it provided support for the theory of evolution in the late 19th century. Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics: teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-li... | What was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics? | {
"text": [
"Archaeopteryx"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} | 1 |
57311339a5e9cc1400cdbc03 | Bird | The Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx is well known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found, and it provided support for the theory of evolution in the late 19th century. Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics: teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-li... | Fossils with teeth, clawed fingers and a long lizard-like tail have what type of characteristics? | {
"text": [
"reptilian"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} | 1 |
573113b905b4da19006bcd4e | Bird | The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early avialan, Archae... | The Oxfordian stage is also known as what? | {
"text": [
"late Jurassic period"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} | 1 |
573113b905b4da19006bcd4f | Bird | The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early avialan, Archae... | How long ago was the late Jurassic period? | {
"text": [
"about 160 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} | 1 |
573113b905b4da19006bcd50 | Bird | The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early avialan, Archae... | Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period? | {
"text": [
"late Jurassic period"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} | 1 |
573113b905b4da19006bcd51 | Bird | The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early avialan, Archae... | What may have been used in aerial maneuvering? | {
"text": [
"hind wings"
],
"answer_start": [
692
]
} | 1 |
57311531e6313a140071cc08 | Bird | Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Jeho... | During which time period did avialans diversify into a wide variety of forms? | {
"text": [
"Cretaceous Period"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} | 1 |
57311531e6313a140071cc09 | Bird | Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Jeho... | Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors? | {
"text": [
"Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} | 1 |
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