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### Instruction:
Does antibody to capsular polysaccharide enhance the function of neutrophils from patients with AIDS against Cryptococcus neoformans?
### Response:
| Our results demonstrate that MAb18B7 selectively enhances the killing mechanisms of PMNL from HIV-infected patients against encapsulated C. neoformans. The availability of CD16 and CD64 molecules on PMNL plays a critical role. |
### Instruction:
Are multiple previous alcohol detoxifications associated with decreased medial temporal and paralimbic function in the postwithdrawal period?
### Response:
| These studies are consistent with other studies comparing alcoholics and controls. They also suggest that on day 7 of detoxification, alcoholic subjects with multiple previous detoxifications have decreased visual cortex, medial temporal lobes, and anterior paralimbic blood flow, compared with those in their first detoxification. Further studies seem warranted to confirm these initial exploratory results. |
### Instruction:
Does chronic infusion of interleukin 1 induce hyperlactatemia and altered regulation of lactate metabolism in skeletal muscle?
### Response:
| IL-1 infusion results in hyperlactatemia, increased skeletal muscle lactate, and a reduced PDHa in skeletal muscle. We conclude that IL-1 is a potential mediator of the derangements in lactate metabolism in skeletal muscle but not in liver. |
### Instruction:
Does childhood maltreatment increase risk for personality disorders during early adulthood?
### Response:
| Persons in the community who have experienced childhood abuse or neglect are considerably more likely than those who were not abused or neglected to have PDs and elevated PD symptom levels during early adulthood. Childhood abuse and neglect may contribute to the onset of some PDs. |
### Instruction:
Is reoperation for carotid stenosis as safe as primary carotid endarterectomy?
### Response:
| In this series of 390 carotid operations, the procedure-related stroke/death rate was 0.8%. There were no differences between the stroke-death rates after primary carotid endarterectomy and operation for recurrent carotid stenosis. Operation for recurrent carotid stenosis is as safe and effective as primary carotid endarterectomy and should continue to be standard treatment. |
### Instruction:
Do calcineurin inhibitors enhance low-density lipoprotein oxidation in transplant patients?
### Response:
| Calcineurin-inhibiting drugs, CsA and tacrolimus, have pro-oxidant activity and they increase the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. Neoral formulation is fortified with DL-alpha tocopherol and therefore provides protection against oxidation. The present study clearly demonstrates the benefit of giving vitamin C and E supplements to patients taking tacrolimus and this seems to be particularly important during the early period after transplantation. |
### Instruction:
Does [ Vascular endothelial growth factor promote experimental choroidal neovascularization in monkey eyes ]?
### Response:
| Intravitreal injection of human VEGF promotes experimental choroidal neovascularization in monkey eyes. |
### Instruction:
Does intermittent perfusion protect the brain during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest?
### Response:
| Intermittent perfusion during DHCA is clinically practical and results in normal cerebral metabolic and ultrastructural recovery. Furthermore, the correlation between brain structure and CMRO2 suggests that monitoring CMRO2 during the operation may be an outstanding way to investigate new strategies for neuroprotection designed to reduce cerebral damage in children undergoing correction of congenital cardiac defects. |
### Instruction:
Does nicotine induce uncoupling protein 1 in white adipose tissue of obese mice?
### Response:
| Nicotine not only activates UCP1 in BAT, but also induces UCP1 in WAT and decreases food intake, which contributes to the mitigation of obesity. |
### Instruction:
Is minimal myocardial damage during coronary intervention associated with impaired outcome?
### Response:
| Modest elevation of cardiac enzymes (creatine kinase-MB, creatine kinase) after percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with an increased risk of mortality and reinfarction during the 6 month follow-up. Measures to reduce such periprocedural infarcts are warranted. |
### Instruction:
Do diet fat and oral insulin-like growth factor influence the membrane fatty acid composition of suckling rat small intestine?
### Response:
| The changes observed in C20:4n-6 levels in response to oral insulin-like growth factor-1, combined with the apparent trend of increased lactase activity with declining levels of C20:4n-6, may be of significance in the development of the small intestine in early life. |
### Instruction:
Are igA anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I the most prevalent isotypes in African American patients with systemic lupus erythematosus?
### Response:
| Our results show that IgA is the most prevalent isotype among the African American patients with SLE studied. The predominance of the IgA isotype and the low prevalence of medium-to-high levels of aCL antibodies may account for the low frequency of clinical manifestations of APS in these patients. |
### Instruction:
Does phosphocitrate block nitric oxide-induced calcification of cartilage and chondrocyte-derived apoptotic bodies?
### Response:
| PC inhibits nitric oxide-induced calcification of cartilage and cartilage-derived apoptotic bodies. |
### Instruction:
Is extrarenal disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus suppressed by chronic renal insufficiency or renal replacement therapy?
### Response:
| Patients with SLE who develop CRI, or who receive RRT, continue to display evidence of ongoing extrarenal disease activity. Such patients require careful longterm followup for management of their extrarenal disease. |
### Instruction:
Are the Rheumatology Attitudes Index and its helplessness subscale valid and reliable measures of learned helplessness in Asian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus?
### Response:
| The RAI and its helplessness subscale are valid and reliable measures of learned helplessness in a multiethnic cohort of Asian patients with SLE in Singapore. |
### Instruction:
Do conformal proton beam therapy of prostate cancer -- update on the Loma Linda University medical center experience?
### Response:
| Conformal proton beams therapy produced high rates of response and minimal toxicity. A phase III dose escalation trial is in progress to help define the optimum radiation dose for the treatment of early stage prostate cancer. |
### Instruction:
Do cD4 T cells remain the major source of HIV-1 during end stage disease?
### Response:
| In contrast with previously published data, CD4 T cells appear to remain the major source of HIV-1 production in end-stage disease. |
### Instruction:
Does ro60 ribonucleoprotein inhibit transcription by T3 RNA polymerase in vitro?
### Response:
| In vitro, Ro60 appears to inhibit the transcription of a T3 RNA polymerase-dependent template. |
### Instruction:
Does pretreatment with enalaprilat blunt nicardipine-induced sympathetic activation in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats?
### Response:
| These results indicate that pretreatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor minimizes dihydropyridine-induced increases in sympathetic activity. This beneficial effect is attributable to suppression of minimum sympathetic activity. These data suggest that co-administration of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor may improve the long-term cardiovascular benefit of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. |
### Instruction:
Is helicobacter pylori associated with the manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
### Response:
| Helicobacter pylori plays no role in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease or its complications. |
### Instruction:
Does stress reinstate nicotine seeking but not sucrose solution seeking in rats?
### Response:
| These and previous data suggest that stressors may be more effective stimuli for reinstatement of behaviors previously maintained by drug reinforcers as compared with non-drug reinforcers. |
### Instruction:
Does dehydroepiandrosterone alter the growth of stromal vascular cells from human adipose tissue?
### Response:
| These data suggest that in cultures of SV cells from human adipose tissue, DHEA supplementation attenuates proliferation and enhances differentiation. These data support the hypothesis that DHEA directly attenuates preadipocyte proliferation in humans as we previously demonstrated in primary cultures of pig and rat SV cells and in cultures of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In contrast, DHEA stimulated the differentiation of human preadipocytes, which is contrary to its actions in differentiating cultures of preadipocytes from animals. |
### Instruction:
Is fat storage capacity in growth-selected and control mouse lines associated with line-specific gene expression and plasma hormone levels?
### Response:
| The results prove line-specific concentrations of the analyzed hormones and the transcription amounts of Gh, Igf1, GDC-1 and Lpl. The measured differences are either direct genetic effects or secondary changes, resulting from different food consumption. |
### Instruction:
Does propofol prevent delayed neuronal death following transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils?
### Response:
| This study suggests that propofol may prevent delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 subfield after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in gerbils. |
### Instruction:
Does prevalence and correlate of Capgras syndrome in Alzheimer 's disease?
### Response:
| CS was prevalent in approximately 10% of our community-dwelling AD sample. This syndrome was more common at the later stages of the illness and showed relations with increased functional impairment and other psychotic symptomatology. |
### Instruction:
Are epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines of ataxia telangiectasia patients defective in X-ray-induced apoptosis?
### Response:
| In spite of a defective cell-cycle control, EBV-transformed LCL of A-T patients compared with unaffected healthy controls do not undergo X-ray-induced apoptosis, at least during their first post-irradiation cell cycle. |
### Instruction:
Does ionizing radiation alter hepatic cholesterol metabolism and plasma lipoproteins in Syrian hamster?
### Response:
| Lipoprotein modifications that appeared following radiation exposure may result from an induced inflammatory state and may further contribute to vascular damage. |
### Instruction:
Is manganese absorption and retention by young women associated with serum ferritin concentration?
### Response:
| These results show that iron status, as measured by serum ferritin concentration, is strongly associated with the amount of manganese absorbed from a meal by young women. When greater amounts of manganese are absorbed, the body may compensate by excreting manganese more quickly. |
### Instruction:
Does chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation reduce medication requirements in Parkinson 's disease?
### Response:
| Parkinsonian signs can be controlled by bilateral high-frequency STN stimulation. The procedure is well tolerated. On-state dyskinesias were greatly reduced, probably due to the reduction of total antiparkinsonian medication. Bilateral high-frequency STN stimulation compensated for drug reduction and elicited dyskinesias, which differ from those observed following dopaminergic medication. ADL improved significantly, suggesting that some motor tasks performed during everyday chores, and that are not taken into account in the UPDRS motor score, also improved. |
### Instruction:
Is vasoactive intestinal polypeptide a potent regulator of bile secretion from rat cholangiocytes?
### Response:
| VIP is a potent stimulant of fluid and bicarbonate secretion from cholangiocytes via cAMP-independent pathways, suggesting that this neuropeptide plays a major regulatory role in biliary transport and secretion. |
### Instruction:
Is low-dose methotrexate ineffective in primary biliary cirrhosis : long-term results of a placebo-controlled trial?
### Response:
| These results do not support the clinical use of low-dose methotrexate in PBC. |
### Instruction:
Do kappa opioid receptor agonists differentially inhibit two classes of rat spinal neurons excited by colorectal distention?
### Response:
| Kappa opioid receptor agonists acting peripherally had differential effects on 2 spinal neuronal populations responsive to colorectal distention. Fedotozine had additional inhibitory effects acting within the spinal cord. |
### Instruction:
Does methotrexate improve biochemical tests in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis who respond incompletely to ursodiol?
### Response:
| Addition of methotrexate to a regimen of UDCA and colchicine may be beneficial for patients with PBC who respond incompletely to treatment with UDCA and colchicine. |
### Instruction:
Does softened endothracheal tube reduce the incidence and severity of epistaxis following nasotracheal intubation?
### Response:
| In conclusion, our study shows that using an endotracheal tube softened by warm water could reduce the incidence and severity of epistaxis during the act of nasotracheal intubation. It is an effective way and worth a try. |
### Instruction:
Does resource utilization associated with initial hospital stay complicated by early onset group B streptococcal disease?
### Response:
| There was a substantial excess length of stay and charges associated with early onset neonatal GBS disease, although this was less than previously reported. |
### Instruction:
Is nitric oxide production in meningococcal disease directly related to disease severity?
### Response:
| Higher levels of nitrates and nitrites are seen in sicker children with meningococcal disease. |
### Instruction:
Does caloric restriction for 24 hours increase mean night growth hormone?
### Response:
| Caloric restriction for 24 h enhances night GH similarly in short and in normal children, and thus does not increase the diagnostic utility of night GH studies in non-obese short children. Caloric restriction reverses suppressed GH secretory state of obese children, perhaps by decreasing diet-dependent somatostatin inhibition of GH secretion. |
### Instruction:
Are twice vaccinated recipients better protected against epidemic measles than are single dose recipients of measles containing vaccine?
### Response:
| Twice vaccinated have better protection against epidemic measles compared with single dose recipients. |
### Instruction:
Does prolonged low-dose infusion of human parathyroid hormone increase femoral cancellous bone volume in ovariectomized rats?
### Response:
| These results support the absolute requirement of daily injections for the osteogenic action of hPTH on bone. |
### Instruction:
Does the C domain of HIV-1 gp41 bound the putative cellular receptor protein P62?
### Response:
| P62 bound rsgp41 and the synthetic peptide P2. This interaction could be inhibited only by P2. These results indicate that the C domain of HIV-1 gp41 binds P62. |
### Instruction:
Is there a difference in characteristics and outcome between women and men who suffer out of hospital cardiac arrest?
### Response:
| Among patients who suffer out of hospital cardiac arrest with attempted CPR women differ from men being older, receive bystander CPR less frequently, have a cardiac etiology less frequently and are found in ventricular fibrillation less frequently. Finally female gender is associated with an increased chance of arriving at hospital alive. |
### Instruction:
Does decreasing estrogen in nonpregnant women lower uterine myometrial type I nitric oxide synthase protein expression?
### Response:
| Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is regulated in the myometrium by estrogen. Myometrial nitric oxide synthase is not all calmodulin dependent; this may represent the activity of a novel nitric oxide synthase isoform. |
### Instruction:
Do intravitreal tPA and SF6 promote clearing of premacular subhyaloid hemorrhages in shaken and battered baby syndrome?
### Response:
| Intravitreal tPA with an expansive gas is an alternative method to observation or vitrectomy for resolution of preretinal hemorrhages in battered babies and may allow faster resolution of hemorrhages without the complications of vitrectomy. |
### Instruction:
Do n ( epsilon ) ( carboxymethyl ) lysin and the AGE receptor RAGE colocalize in age-related macular degeneration?
### Response:
| These results indicate that glycoxidation products are present in subretinal membranes of patients with ARMD. The concomitant expression of RAGE in these membranes and the finding of activated NFkB is suggestive of an implication of glycoxidation product formation in the pathogenesis of the disease. |
### Instruction:
Do hydrostatic and osmotic pressures modulate partitioning of tissue water in abdominal muscle during dialysis?
### Response:
| Elevation of Pip to 6 mmHg significantly increased TTW and expanded the tissue. Tissue expansion is primarily in interstitium (theta(if)), which is doubled from control value regardless of dialysis fluid osmolality. |
### Instruction:
Does bypassing spermiogenesis for several generations have detrimental consequences on the fertility and neurobehavior of offspring : a study using the mouse?
### Response:
| In this study, we found no evidence that bypassing the natural biological processes involved in spermiogenesis produces adverse effects on the growth, fertility, or behavior of mouse offspring. |
### Instruction:
Does latent class analysis permit unbiased estimates of the validity of DAT for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis?
### Response:
| LCA modelling proved a useful tool, as it gave consistent estimates of test characteristics and allowed for control of confounding factors and interaction effects. Since VL is a life-threatening disease for which expensive but effective and safe treatment exists, a clinical suspect in an endemic area should be treated on the basis of a positive DAT result. |
### Instruction:
Are interleukin 6 and its soluble receptor elevated in aqueous humor of patients with uveitis?
### Response:
| The results confirmed the role of IL-6 in intraocular inflammation and gave new information regarding the presence of its sR in normal and inflamed eyes. Low levels of sIL-6R in AH compared to those found in serum suggest the presence of active local regulatory mechanisms that require further investigation. |
### Instruction:
Does surgical approach to improving intestinal function in the short-bowel syndrome?
### Response:
| Various nontransplantation surgical procedures have a role in improving intestinal function in short-bowel syndrome. These procedures usually result in clinical improvement in properly selected patients. Success is lowest for procedures designed to prolong intestinal transit time; thus, these procedures should be used only in carefully selected patients. |
### Instruction:
Are serum and saliva levels of sialic acid elevated in alcoholics?
### Response:
| This study confirms that serum sialic acid is a valuable marker for detecting and monitoring alcohol abuse. This work also indicates that sialic acid in saliva could be used possibly as a noninvasive marker for alcohol abuse. |
### Instruction:
Does anti-major histocompatibility complex class II treatment prevent graft rejection in the hamster-to-rat cardiac xenograft?
### Response:
| The mechanism of action of this combination is complex and could be caused by an initial inhibition of B cell function by the anti-MHC class II treatment and the subsequent inhibition of T cell dependent pathways by CyA. |
### Instruction:
Does interleukin-4 secretion by the allograft fail to affect the allograft-specific interleukin-4 response in vitro?
### Response:
| from these results we conclude that the failure of transgenically expressed IL-4 to protect the allograft was not associated with up-regulation of a graft antigen-specific IL-4 response. |
### Instruction:
Does inhibition of endothelin-converting enzyme attenuate transplant vasculopathy and rejection in rat cardiac allografts?
### Response:
| We conclude that, even in the absence of concomitant immunosuppression, inhibition of ET-1 biosynthesis significantly attenuates transplant vasculopathy and improves survival of LEW to F344 cardiac allografts. |
### Instruction:
Is corpus gastritis protective against reflux oesophagitis?
### Response:
| While infection with H pylori alone may not affect the occurrence of reflux oesophagitis, the development of chronic corpus gastritis seems to be protective. |
### Instruction:
Does pre-enrichment of modified low density lipoproteins with alpha-tocopherol mitigate adverse effects on cultured retinal capillary cells?
### Response:
| Enrichment of LDL with alpha-tocopherol abolishes adverse effects of glycated, mildly oxidized, and glycoxidized LDL on cultured retinal cell count, and mitigates adverse effects on modulators of fibrinolysis and vascular tone. Direct evidence is required before Vitamin E supplementation is recommended for people with diabetes. |
### Instruction:
Does shorter dosing interval of opiate solution shorten hospital stay for methadone babies?
### Response:
| Lower peak doses of TOS and shorter dosing intervals may be associated with shorter hospital stays for infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome secondary to maternal methadone treatment. |
### Instruction:
Does inositol reduce depressive-like behaviors in two different animal models of depression?
### Response:
| The effect of inositol in animal models of depression supports its possible importance as a new treatment for the disorder, and permits research on its mechanisms of action. |
### Instruction:
Do behavioural profiles in the mouse defence test battery suggest anxiolytic potential of 5-HT ( 1A ) receptor antagonists?
### Response:
| As all of the 5-HT1A compounds tested in this series share antagonistic activity in models of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor function, it is proposed that this action accounts for their effects on defence. |
### Instruction:
Do alpha- and beta-adrenergic pathways differentially regulate cell type-specific apoptosis in rat cardiac myocytes?
### Response:
| These findings indicate that alpha- and beta-adrenergic pathways differentially regulate myocardial cell apoptosis. The results also suggest that a cAMP- protein kinase A pathway is necessary and sufficient for beta-adrenergic agonist-induced apoptosis and that this apoptotic pathway is not functional in other cell types, for example, PC12 cells. |
### Instruction:
Does implementation of on-site screening sigmoidoscopy positively influence utilization by primary care providers?
### Response:
| An outreach educational seminar combined with implementation of on-site sigmoidoscopy services is an effective strategy for enhancing provider utilization of screening sigmoidoscopy. |
### Instruction:
Do surgically induced leukocytic infiltrates within the rat intestinal muscularis mediate postoperative ileus?
### Response:
| The data demonstrate that adhesion molecule antibodies prevent surgically induced suppression of intestinal muscle contractions and therefore suggests that late postoperative ileus is mediated through a leukocytic inflammatory response within the intestinal muscularis externa. |
### Instruction:
Is interval-force relation unaffected by the presence of cardiomyopathy or coronary artery disease in patients with atrial fibrillation?
### Response:
| Our data show that, for each beat in atrial fibrillation, Vcf and Vcf/ESWS ratio are decreased after shorter cycle lengths and increased after long cycles, but there is no significant attenuation of this effect in patients with systolic dysfunction with or without coronary disease compared with controls. Thus, the negative interval-force relation, the predominant determinant of beat-to-beat variation in contractility in atrial fibrillation, is preserved in patients with CAD or reduced left ventricular systolic function. |
### Instruction:
Do why patients attend cardiac rehabilitation : role of intentions and illness beliefs?
### Response:
| It should now be determined whether interventions aimed at optimising certain perceptions could promote cardiac rehabilitation uptake among those patients who could benefit the most. |
### Instruction:
Is recovery of LV contractility in man enhanced by preischemic administration of enflurane?
### Response:
| Enflurane enhances postischemic functional recovery, possibly through pharmacologic preconditioning of myocardium. |
### Instruction:
Does pressure delivery of AS-ICAM-1 ODN with LFA-1 mAb reduce reperfusion injury in cardiac allografts?
### Response:
| Ex vivo pressure mediated delivery of AS-ICAM-1 ODN decreases ICAM-1 protein expression, reduces reperfusion injury in rodent cardiac allografts, and is more effective than anti-LFA-1 mAb treatment alone. |
### Instruction:
Is caveolin expression decreased following androgen deprivation in human prostate cancer cell lines?
### Response:
| Unlike the mouse reconstitution model of prostate cancer, the pattern of caveolin expression in benign prostatic epithelium and androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer is consistent with tumor suppressive activity. |
### Instruction:
Are patients with spinal cord cavernous malformations at an increased risk for multiple neuraxis cavernous malformations?
### Response:
| The prevalence of multiple cavernous malformations in the neuraxis seems to be increased in patients who harbor IMSC cavernous malformations. This finding has important implications for the evaluation and management of these patients and, in some cases, their family members. |
### Instruction:
Is endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in tumor vasculature correlated with malignancy in human supratentorial astrocytic tumors?
### Response:
| Expression of eNOS in tumor vessels was significantly correlated with histological grade and proliferative potential. These findings suggest that astrocytic tumor vessels possess higher activity for nitric oxide production than do normal vessels. |
### Instruction:
Does prevalence and correlate of anergy among drug users in Puerto Rico?
### Response:
| Most studies addressing drug users' immune system dysfunction are related to HIV infection. Additional studies are needed to provide a more comprehensive understanding of drug users' immune systems. |
### Instruction:
Are smoking and alcohol abuse major risk factors for anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery?
### Response:
| Smoking and alcohol abuse are important predictive factors for anastomotic leakage after colonic and rectal resection. |
### Instruction:
Does the transcription factor Sp3 interact with promoter elements of the lens specific MIP gene?
### Response:
| The transcription factor Sp3 may play an important role in regulating MIP gene expression in the lens. |
### Instruction:
Do changes in collagenases and TGF-beta precede structural alterations in a model of chronic renal fibrosis?
### Response:
| The fibrosis that follows papillary necrosis is associated with both high TGF-beta1 expression and depressed gelatinolytic activity. |
### Instruction:
Does monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mediate collagen deposition in experimental glomerulonephritis by transforming growth factor-beta?
### Response:
| In this model of GN, MCP-1 has a fibrogenic effect through the stimulation of TGF-beta. MCP-1 is thus not only important for the recruitment of inflammatory cells, but also mediates glomerular matrix accumulation. |
### Instruction:
Does inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation reduce cortical tubulointerstitial injury in proteinuric rats?
### Response:
| The activation of NF-kappaB may have an important role in mediating cortical interstitial monocyte infiltration and tubular injury in nonimmune proteinuric tubulointerstitial inflammation. |
### Instruction:
Does tGF-beta1 stimulate the release of pre-formed bFGF from renal proximal tubular cells?
### Response:
| The data presented suggest that the main mechanism by which TGF-beta1 stimulates bFGF generation by proximal tubular epithelial cells is by stimulation of the secretion of preformed cytokine from within the cells. |
### Instruction:
Does low-frequency component of body surface potential maps identify patients at risk for ventricular tachycardia?
### Response:
| Our results suggest that the bulk of diagnostic information associated with arrhythmogenicity resides in the low-frequency band of the power spectrum. This finding is at variance with the established notion that only the high-frequency component of signal-averaged electrocardiograms carries such information. |
### Instruction:
Are tumor size , depth of invasion , and grading of the invasive tumor front the main prognostic factors in early squamous cell cervical carcinoma?
### Response:
| Clinical tumor size, depth of invasion, and grading of the invasive tumor front were the main predictors of prognosis in patients with stage IB squamous cell cancer of the cervix. |
### Instruction:
Do colony-stimulating factor-1 and its receptor have a role in the pathogenesis of uterine sarcomas?
### Response:
| In contradistinction to endometrial adenocarcinomas, in which CSF-1/CSF-1R is strongly correlated with tumor progression, CSF-1 and CSF-1R overexpression does not appear to play a role in the growth and differentiation of uterine sarcomas. |
### Instruction:
Does presence of an eosinophilic infiltrate in cervical squamous carcinoma result from a type 2 immune response?
### Response:
| The relative increase of IL-4-positive cells in the presence of an eosinophilic infiltrate might thus reflect an imbalance between a type 1 and type 2 response, in favor of the latter. Since a type 1 response stimulates an adequate cellular response which is negatively regulated by type 2 cytokines, these findings might explain the worse clinical outcome seen in cervical cancer patients with an eosinophilic tumor infiltrate. These results may have implications when developing immunotherapeutical strategies for cervical cancer. |
### Instruction:
Does an advanced generation of adenoviral vectors selectively enhance gene transfer for ovarian cancer gene therapy approaches?
### Response:
| This study demonstrates that genetically altered adenoviruses with modified tropism are capable of more efficient gene transfer in the context of ovarian cancer. The higher level of transfer with respect to peritoneal mesothelium can be exploited to enhance the therapeutic index of interventions using adenoviral vectors. Studies are warranted, therefore, to determine the in vivo utility of this targeted vector approach in the context of gene therapeutic strategies for cancer of the ovary. |
### Instruction:
Is smoking history related to free-living daily physical activity in claudicants?
### Response:
| Progressive decrements in free-living daily physical activity with greater levels of smoking exposure in PAOD patients are primarily due to smoking-related impairments in ambulatory function and peripheral circulation. |
### Instruction:
Is pre-dialysis glycemic control an independent predictor of mortality in type II diabetic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis?
### Response:
| Glycemic control before starting dialysis is a predictor of survival for type II diabetic patients on CAPD. Patients with poor glycemic control predialysis are associated with increased morbidity and shortened survival. |
### Instruction:
Is intestinal crypt cell apoptosis in murine acute graft versus host disease mediated by tumour necrosis factor alpha and not by the FasL-Fas interaction : effect of pentoxifylline on the development of mucosal atrophy?
### Response:
| The FasL-Fas interaction is not involved in the induction of apoptosis during acute GVHD. However, neutralisation of TNF-alpha by an antibody or by pentoxifylline inhibits the occurrence of apoptosis and of mucosal atrophy in this animal model. These results have implications for the treatment of immunologically mediated human atrophic gut diseases-for example, diet refractory cases of coeliac disease. |
### Instruction:
Are strictures in Crohn 's disease characterised by an accumulation of mast cells colocalised with laminin but not with fibronectin or vitronectin?
### Response:
| The large accumulation of mast cells in the muscle layer of strictured bowel suggests a functional role for these cells in the hypertrophic and fibrotic response of the smooth muscle cells. The colocalisation with laminin indicates a mechanism of interaction between smooth muscle cells and mast cells that may be important in the role of mast cells in the process of fibrosis. |
### Instruction:
Does maternal zinc supplementation reduce diarrheal morbidity in peruvian infants?
### Response:
| Improving prenatal zinc nutrition protected against diarrheal morbidity in infant offspring through 12 months of age. |
### Instruction:
Do shock waves induce activity of human osteoblast-like cells in bioactive scaffolds?
### Response:
| The calcium deposits and differentiation markers studied have demonstrated that shock waves increase osteoblast migration and penetration into scaffolds. |
### Instruction:
Is variable 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in gastric cancer associated with different levels of GLUT-1 expression?
### Response:
| FDG uptake in gastric cancer depends on GLUT-1 expression. One major reason for low FDG uptake in signet-ring cell carcinoma is the low GLUT-1 expression in this histological subtype of gastric cancer. |
### Instruction:
Is histology classification a predictor of clinical outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) treated with vinorelbine or gemcitabine combinations?
### Response:
| These results suggest that histology may not be considered as a predictor of clinical outcome using these drugs. |
### Instruction:
Is the chemical-in-plug bacterial chemotaxis assay prone to false positive responses?
### Response:
| Our results suggest that the chemical-in-plug assay should be used with caution, that non-motile or non-chemotactic mutants should be employed as controls, and that results should be confirmed with other types of assays. |
### Instruction:
Do pro-inflammatory cytokines play a key role in the development of radiotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis?
### Response:
| Pro-inflammatory cytokines play a key role in radiotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis in the sub-acute onset setting. |
### Instruction:
Does the internal state of medium spiny neurons vary in response to different input signals?
### Response:
| Our study investigated the effects of various patterns of neurotransmission on signal integration and interpretation by DARPP-32 and showed that the DARPP-32 system has the capability of discerning surprisingly many neurotransmission scenarios. We also screened out potential mechanisms underlying this capability of the DARPP-32 system. This type of insight deepens our understanding of neuronal signal transduction in normal medium spiny neurons, sheds light on neurological disorders associated with the striatum, and might aid the search for intervention targets in neurological diseases and drug addiction. |
### Instruction:
Does synthetic sex pheromone attract the leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis to experimental chicken sheds treated with insecticide?
### Response:
| We conclude that synthetic pheromone could currently be most effectively deployed for sand fly control through combination with existing insecticide spraying regimes. Development of a standalone pheromone trap remains a possibility, but such devices may require an additional attractive host odour component to be fully effective. |
### Instruction:
Does a non-tree-based comprehensive study of metazoan Hox and ParaHox genes prompt new insights into their origin and evolution?
### Response:
| Our analysis suggests that the presence of a single type of Posterior Hox genes (PG9-like) is ancestral to bilaterians, and that new Posterior PGs would have arisen in deuterostomes through independent gene duplications. Four types of Central genes would also be ancestral to bilaterians, with two of them, PG6- and PG7-like that gave rise, in protostomes, to the UbdA- and ftz/Antp/Lox5-type genes, respectively. A fifth type of Central genes (PG8) would have emerged in the vertebrate lineage. Our results also suggest the presence of Anterior (PG1 and PG3), Central and Posterior Hox genes in the cnidarians, supporting an ancestral four-gene Hox cluster. In addition, our data support the relationship of the bilaterian ParaHox genes Gsx and Xlox with PG3, and Cdx with the Central genes. Our study therefore indicates three possible models for the origin of Hox and ParaHox in early metazoans, a two-gene (Anterior/PG3--Central/Posterior), a three-gene (Anterior/PG1, Anterior/PG3 and Central/Posterior), or a four-gene (Anterior/PG1--Anterior/PG3--Central--Posterior) ProtoHox cluster. |
### Instruction:
Does tousled kinase TLK1B mediate chromatin assembly in conjunction with Asf1 regardless of its kinase activity?
### Response:
| Although the actual function of TLKs as mediators of Asf1 activity cannot be easily studied in vivo, particularly since in mammalian cells there are two TLK genes and two Asf1 genes, we were able to study specifically the stimulation of chromatin assembly in vitro. In such assays, clearly the TLK1 kinase activity was not critical, as neither a non-phosphorylatable Asf1 nor use of the TLK1B-KD impaired the stimulation of nucleosome formation. |
### Instruction:
Is type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with impaired cytokine response and adhesion molecule expression in human endotoxemia?
### Response:
| Patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit an attenuated increase in plasma levels of TNF and IL-1ra, as well as an attenuated upregulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 to LPS in vivo. This finding may provide a mechanistic explanation for the adverse outcome seen during infectious diseases in diabetic patients. |
### Instruction:
Is activation of MAP kinase in lumbar spinothalamic cells required for ejaculation?
### Response:
| These data provide insight into the nature of the signal transduction pathways involved in the activation of ejaculation through LSt cells. The data demonstrate that ERK activation in LSt cells is essential for ejaculation and contribute to a more detailed understanding of the spinal generation of ejaculation. |
### Instruction:
Does chronic treatment with an oral rho-kinase inhibitor restore erectile function by suppressing corporal apoptosis in diabetic rats?
### Response:
| This study indicates that up-regulation of the penile RhoA/ROCK pathway in diabetic rats enhances corporal apoptosis via the PTEN/Akt pathway resulting in ED, which could be prevented by chronic treatment with fasudil. |
### Instruction:
Does carbachol improve secretion in the early phase after rabbit submandibular gland transplantation?
### Response:
| A lack of acetylcholine and downregulation of the muscarinic receptor signaling pathway is involved in the early hypofunction of transplanted SMGs. Carbachol treatment could be a new therapeutic strategy to improve secretion and prevent the obstruction of Wharton's duct in the early phase after SMG transplantation. |
### Instruction:
Does glutaraldehyde treatment of allograft tissue decrease allosensitization after the Norwood procedure?
### Response:
| Intraoperative glutaraldehyde treatment of allograft tissue used in hypoplastic left heart syndrome repair prevents the profound immunologic sensitization that occurs in the majority of infants undergoing surgical palliation. In patients requiring subsequent heart transplantation, this decreases the risk of antibody-mediated rejection and increases the likelihood of finding a suitable donor, thus improving access to transplantation. |
### Instruction:
Is rapid loss of appendicular skeletal muscle mass associated with higher all-cause mortality in older men : the prospective MINOS study?
### Response:
| The accelerated loss of ASMM is predictive of all-cause mortality in older men regardless of age, BMI, lifestyle, physical performance, health status, body composition, and serum 17beta-estradiol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. |
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