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### Instruction: Does mouse hepatocyte overexpression of NF-κB-inducing kinase ( NIK ) trigger fatal macrophage-dependent liver injury and fibrosis? ### Response:
the hepatocyte NIK-liver immune cell axis promotes liver inflammation, injury, and fibrosis, thus driving liver disease progression.
### Instruction: Does phosphoproteomic profiling reveal IL6-mediated paracrine signaling within the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors? ### Response:
EWS/FLI1 inhibition results in a novel adaptive response and suggests that targeting the IL6/STAT3 signaling pathway may increase the efficacy of ESFT therapies.
### Instruction: Are `` These issues n't talked about at home '' : a qualitative study of the sexual and reproductive health information preferences of adolescents in Vanuatu? ### Response:
Providing adolescents with comprehensive SRH information can have life-long protective benefits, however there are important content gaps in information currently provided in Vanuatu. The broad range of sources preferred by adolescents highlights the need to strengthen information provision through multiple channels to reach in and out-of-school youth and respond to individual needs and contexts.
### Instruction: Does measurement of a MMP-2 degraded Titin fragment in serum reflect changes in muscle turnover induced by atrophy? ### Response:
We developed a robust ELISA measuring a muscle derived MMP-2 generated Titin degradation fragment in rat and human serum. Importantly, the fragment can be measured in serum and that these levels are related to induction of skeletal muscle atrophy.
### Instruction: Is hepatitis B virus sub-genotype A1 infection characterized by high replication levels and rapid emergence of drug resistance in HIV-positive adults receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy in Malawi? ### Response:
HBV sub-genotype A1 infections showed a severe virologic expression in HIV-positive Malawians. The findings strengthen the urgency of interventions to improve ascertainment and management of chronic hepatitis B in the region.
### Instruction: Is cytosine deamination a major cause of baseline noise in next-generation sequencing? ### Response:
Baseline noise during NGS is mostly due to cytosine deamination, the source of which is likely to be both biologic and an artifact of thermocycling, and it can be reduced by UNG pretreatment.
### Instruction: Does the long-term use of soap affect the pH-maintenance mechanism of human skin? ### Response:
These results suggest that long-term continuous use of a soap-based cleanser does not affect the pH-maintaining mechanism of human skin.
### Instruction: Does aliskiren inhibit prorenin-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell migration? ### Response:
Taken together, we provide the first evidence of the inhibitory action of aliskiren on SMC migration induced by prorenin.
### Instruction: Do voriconazole plasma concentrations in immunocompromised pediatric patients vary by CYP2C19 diplotypes? ### Response:
Younger age and the presence of CYP2C19 gain-of-function alleles were associated with subtherapeutic voriconazole concentrations. Starting doses based on age and CYP2C19 status could increase the number of patients achieving therapeutic voriconazole exposure.
### Instruction: Are expression and activity of ABCG2 , but not ABCB1 or OATP1B1 , associated with cholesterol levels : evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments? ### Response:
This study suggested that statins may downregulate ABCG2 expression and function through reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
### Instruction: Are irregular menstruation and hyperandrogenaemia in adolescence associated with polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility in later life : Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 study? ### Response:
Our results suggest that menstrual irregularity and/or elevated androgen levels at 16 years are still associated with symptoms of PCOS at 26 years as well as infertility problems at 26 years but not with decreased pregnancy or delivery rates at 26 years.
### Instruction: Do novel MSH6 mutations in treatment-naïve glioblastoma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma contribute to temozolomide resistance independently of MGMT promoter methylation? ### Response:
These data demonstrate that endogenous MSH6 mutations may be present before alkylator therapy and occur in at least two histologic subtypes of adult glial neoplasms, with this report serving as the first to note these mutations in oligodendroglioma. These findings broaden our understanding of the clinical response to temozolomide in gliomas.
### Instruction: Is only female age , and not blood type , associated with ovarian reserve? ### Response:
Blood groups do not constitute a risk or protective factor for ovarian reserve. Therefore, blood groups do not have any predictive value in evaluating ovarian reserve.
### Instruction: Do postmenopausal patients with endometrial cancer of type 1 have elevated serum estradiol levels in the ovarian vein? ### Response:
The postmenopausal ovary is hormonally active, especially in patients with type 1 EC. The degree of ovarian stromal hyperplasia may (at least in part) contribute to the progression of type 1 EC, and MV may predict the level of E2 production from the ovaries in postmenopausal women.
### Instruction: Does penehyclidine hydrochloride decrease pulmonary microvascular permeability by upregulating beta arrestins in a murine cecal ligation and puncture model? ### Response:
This study suggests that in the CLP-induced lung injury model, PHC could reduce pulmonary microvascular permeability by upregulating expressions of beta arrestins.
### Instruction: Are intraretinal cysts the most relevant prognostic biomarker in neovascular age-related macular degeneration independent of the therapeutic strategy? ### Response:
Combination and monotherapy showed a distinct response pattern for morphological parameters in nAMD. IRC was the only relevant prognostic parameter for functional outcome.
### Instruction: Does severity of mild cognitive impairment in early Parkinson 's disease contribute to poorer quality of life? ### Response:
PD-MCI is a significant, independent factor contributing to poorer QoL in patients with newly diagnosed PD. Those classified with greatest impairment (2.0 SD below normal values) have lower QoL. This has implications for clinical practice and future interventions targeting cognitive impairments.
### Instruction: Does p8 Deficiency cause siderosis in spleens and lymphocyte apoptosis in acute pancreatitis? ### Response:
We conclude that p8 has no impact on the cellular composition of the adaptive and innate immune systems in noninflammatory conditions. However, it may limit apoptosis and maintain homeostasis of the immune reaction during AP.
### Instruction: Does tumor stage after neoadjuvant chemotherapy determine survival after surgery for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction? ### Response:
The stage of esophageal or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant chemotherapy determines prognosis rather than the clinical stage before neoadjuvant chemotherapy, indicating the importance of focusing on postchemotherapy staging to more accurately predict outcome and eligibility for surgery. Patients who are downstaged by neoadjuvant chemotherapy benefit from reduced rates of local and systemic recurrence.
### Instruction: Do platelet-specific collagen receptor glycoprotein VI gene variants affect recurrent pregnancy loss? ### Response:
These results suggest that variants of GP6 SNPs, namely, rs1671153, rs1654410, rs1654419, and rs1613662, may be associated with risk of recurrent miscarriage. In silico analyses demonstrated the influence of GP6 in biologic pathways, molecular function, including collagen binding, and gene-gene interaction in the human genome.
### Instruction: Does application site affect the pharmacokinetics of topical testosterone applied to the axilla compared with the inner arm? ### Response:
The absorption of a 1% testosterone solution was significantly greater after application to the axilla than to the inner arm. Study number DDS16; Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration, CTN 2005/158.
### Instruction: Does the biochemical severity of primary hyperparathyroidism correlate with the localization accuracy of sestamibi and surgeon-performed ultrasound? ### Response:
Surgeon-performed ultrasound and sestamibi have higher localization rates and PPV, with increasing preoperative serum calcium and PTH levels. Surgeon-performed ultrasound may be a better initial test for patients with lower calcium (<10.5 mg/dL) and PTH (<90 pg/mL) values due to significantly higher localization rates; however, a localizing sestamibi has higher PPV.
### Instruction: Is tCR-triggered extracellular superoxide production required for T-cell activation? ### Response:
Collectively, our data indicate that primary T cells produce extracellular superoxide upon TCR triggering, potentially via NOX2 at the plasma membrane. However, superoxide is not required for T-cell activation, proliferation and cytokine production.
### Instruction: Does lL37 induce VEGF expression in dental pulp cells through ERK signalling? ### Response:
LL37 activated the ERK pathway to boost VEGF secretion from human pulp cells. Because of this angiogenic effect and its reported induction of pulp cell migration and antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria, LL37 may be applicable as a pulp capping material.
### Instruction: Are cDKN2A ( p16 ) and HRAS frequently mutated in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma? ### Response:
Somatic mutations were detected in 62% of VSCCs. As expected, HPV infection and TP53-mutations play a key role in the development of VSCC, but CDKN2A(p16), HRAS, and PIK3CA-mutations were also frequently seen in HPV-negative patients. Patients with somatic mutations, especially HRAS-mutations, have a significantly worse prognosis than patients lacking these changes, which could be of importance for the development of targeted therapy.
### Instruction: Is myopia in young adults inversely related to an objective marker of ocular sun exposure : the Western Australian Raine cohort study? ### Response:
In this young adult population, myopic refractive error was inversely associated with objectively measured ocular sun exposure, even after adjustment for potential confounders. This further supports the inverse association between outdoor activity and myopia.
### Instruction: Is acrolein exposure associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk? ### Response:
Regardless of its source, acrolein exposure is associated with platelet activation and suppression of circulating angiogenic cell levels, as well as increased CVD risk.
### Instruction: Do inflammatory cytokines promote the retrodifferentiation of tumor-derived hepatocyte-like cells to progenitor cells? ### Response:
Cancer progenitor cells (or metastasis progenitors) may derive from tumor-derived hepatocyte-like cells in an inflammatory environment that is frequently associated with HCC.
### Instruction: Does biomechanical comparison of 3 ankle brace with and without free rotation in the sagittal plane? ### Response:
All ankle braces showed stabilizing effects against dynamic and passive foot inversion. Differences between the hinged braces and the nonhinged brace did not appear to be clinically relevant.
### Instruction: Are lower serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels associated with failure to achieve remission in patients with major depression after escitalopram treatment? ### Response:
This study included a small sample, and measured serum BDNF levels in the MDD patients at only one point during the maintenance treatment.
### Instruction: Do mesenchymal stem cells maintain blood-brain barrier integrity by inhibiting aquaporin-4 upregulation after cerebral ischemia? ### Response:
MSCs protected BBB integrity by reducing the apoptosis of astrocytes after ischemic attack, which was due to the attenuation of inflammatory response and downregulation of aquaporin-4 expression via p38 signaling pathway.
### Instruction: Is three-dimensional speckle strain echocardiography more accurate and efficient than 2D strain in the evaluation of left ventricular function? ### Response:
Three-dimensional STE is feasible and reproducible in the estimation of LV function, requires substantially less time than 2DSTE and is a more feasible technique for LV function assessment in clinical practice.
### Instruction: Is the risk of uterine rupture increased with single- compared with double-layer closure : a Swedish cohort study? ### Response:
There was no significant difference in the rate of uterine rupture when single-layer closure was compared with double -layer closure of the uterus.
### Instruction: Are low serum mannose-binding lectin levels associated with inflammation and apoptosis in early surveillance allograft biopsies? ### Response:
Low pre-transplant serum MBL levels are associated with more severe inflammation and increased apoptosis in early surveillance renal allograft biopsies suggesting that MBL modulates renal inflammation after transplantation.
### Instruction: Do hDL-C levels modify the association between C-reactive protein and coronary artery calcium score? ### Response:
The association between CRP concentration and CAC score differed according to HDL-C levels.
### Instruction: Does the COMFORT behaviour scale detect clinically meaningful effects of analgesic and sedative treatment? ### Response:
This is the first study demonstrating that the COMFORT-B scale detects treatment-related changes in pain or distress intensity. This implies that COMFORT-B assessments can effectively guide analgesic and sedation treatment in critically ill children.
### Instruction: Is fasting serum C-peptide useful for initial classification of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents? ### Response:
In this study, we found that if the C-peptide level was <0.6 ng/mL at diagnosis, T2DM could be excluded; if C-peptide level was >3.0 ng/mL, a T1DM diagnosis is unlikely. This finding suggests that serum fasting C-peptide level is useful for classifying DM type at the time of diagnosis in youth.
### Instruction: Does bRAT1 deficiency cause increased glucose metabolism and mitochondrial malfunction? ### Response:
These findings suggest novel roles of BRAT1 in cell proliferation and mitochondrial functions.
### Instruction: Does sophocarpine attenuate toll-like receptor 4 in steatotic hepatocytes to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines synthesis? ### Response:
Sophocarpine could decrease the expression of TLR4 in steatotic hepatocytes and suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines synthesis. NF-κB, JNK, and ERK signaling pathways were important workable downstream pathways.
### Instruction: Does postoperative PTH monitoring of hypocalcemia expedite discharge after thyroidectomy? ### Response:
Postoperative PTH level after total thyroidectomy facilitates early supplementation therapy and abates symptomatic hypocalcemia. It also allows early and safe patient discharge.
### Instruction: Does the application of McBurney 's single-incision laparoscopic colectomy alleviate the response of patients to postoperative wound pain? ### Response:
This study further provides evidence for supporting the safety and feasibility of SILC in treating colorectal diseases. More important is that McBurney's SILC not only alleviates the patient response to wound pain, but also provides the same site for a diverting enterostomy to avoid creating an additional wound.
### Instruction: Is bortezomib-associated peripheral neuropathy requiring medical treatment decreased by administering the medication by subcutaneous injection in Korean multiple myeloma patients? ### Response:
Since the responses were potent regardless of administration route, the subcutaneous injection of bortezomib should be considered in Asian myeloma patients who are expected to achieve a longer PFS with bortezomib.
### Instruction: Does blockade of the programmed death-1 pathway restore sarcoidosis CD4 ( + ) T-cell proliferative capacity? ### Response:
Analogous to the effects in other chronic lung diseases, these findings demonstrate that the PD-1 pathway is an important contributor to sarcoidosis CD4(+) T-cell proliferative capacity and clinical outcome. Blockade of the PD-1 pathway may be a viable therapeutic target to optimize clinical outcomes.
### Instruction: Does cerebral performance category at hospital discharge predict long-term survival of cardiac arrest survivors receiving targeted temperature management*? ### Response:
Patients with different Cerebral Performance Category scores at discharge have significantly different survival trajectories. Favorable Cerebral Performance Category at hospital discharge predicts better long-term outcomes of survivors of cardiac arrest who received targeted temperature management than those with less favorable Cerebral Performance Category scores.
### Instruction: Is number of positive preoperative biopsy cores a predictor of positive surgical margins ( PSM ) in small prostates after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy ( RARP )? ### Response:
A preoperative biopsy with ≥3 positive cores in men with small prostates predicts PSM after RARP. In small prostates with PSM, a PSA level of >20 ng/dL is a predictor of BCR. These factors should guide the choice of therapy and indicate the need for closer postoperative follow-up.
### Instruction: Does capsaicin induce `` brite '' phenotype in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes? ### Response:
Our findings suggest the dual modulatory role of capsaicin in adipogenesis. Capsaicin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 via TRPV1 activation and induces brown-like phenotype whereas higher doses.
### Instruction: Does chemical glycosylation of cytochrome c improve physical and chemical protein stability? ### Response:
The results demonstrate that chemical glycosylation is a potentially valuable method to increase Cyt c stability during formulation and storage and potentially during its application after administration.
### Instruction: Do erbB targeting inhibitors repress cell migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cells by distinct signaling pathways? ### Response:
Clinical tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) reduce esophageal cancer cell migration. Loss of cell migration is linked to reduced Akt, ERK1/2, STAT (3 or 5), FAK, SFKs, and RhoA activity. Clinical TKIs act via distinct signaling in the two main histotypes of esophageal cancer.
### Instruction: Do paraoxonase 1 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia alter the expression of mouse kidney proteins involved in renal disease? ### Response:
Our findings suggest that excess Hcy is toxic because it deregulates the expression of proteins involved in diverse cellular processes-from lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and energy metabolisms to detoxification and antioxidant defenses-that are essential for normal kidney homeostasis. Dysregulation of these processes can account for the involvement of HHcy and reduced Pon1 in kidney disease. Our findings also show that Pon1 plays an important role in maintaining normal kidney homeostasis.
### Instruction: Do culturable bacterial endophytes isolated from Mangrove tree ( Rhizophora apiculata Blume ) enhance seedling growth in Rice? ### Response:
These research findings could be useful to enhance the seedling growth and could serve as foundation in further research on enhancing the growth of the rice crop using endophytic bacteria.
### Instruction: Does macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 require Mal and PI3K for efficient induction of heme oxygenase-1? ### Response:
These results indicated that MALP-2 required TLR2/6, Btk, Mal and c-Src to activate PI3K, which in turn initiated the activation of Nrf2 for efficient HO-1 induction.
### Instruction: Is cytomegalovirus coinfection associated with an increased risk of severe non-AIDS-defining events in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients? ### Response:
In our study population, CMV/HIV coinfection was associated with the risk of severe non-AIDS-defining events/non-AIDS-related death, especially with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, independently of other prognostic factors. This finding supports a potential independent role of CMV coinfection in vascular/degenerative organ disorders in HIV-infected subjects.
### Instruction: Is neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio a reliable predictive marker for early-stage diabetic nephropathy? ### Response:
Increased NLR was significantly associated with DN, and high NLR values may be a reliable predictive marker of early-stage DN.
### Instruction: Is the prevalence of CHD7 missense versus truncating mutations higher in patients with Kallmann syndrome than in typical CHARGE patients? ### Response:
Considering the large prevalence and clinical spectrum of CHD7 mutations, it will be particularly relevant to genetic counseling to search for mutations in this gene in KS patients seeking fertility treatment, especially if KS is associated with deafness and cleft lip/palate.
### Instruction: Does star-shaped tetraspermine enhance cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of T-oligo in prostate cancer cells? ### Response:
SSTS significantly enhanced therapeutic benefits associated with the use of T-oligo and can be developed as a delivery vehicle for its in-vivo therapeutic applications.
### Instruction: Do melodic pitch perception and lexical tone perception in Mandarin-speaking cochlear implant users? ### Response:
Despite the prevalence of pitch cues in Mandarin, the present CI participants had great difficulty perceiving melodic pitch. The availability of amplitude and duration cues in lexical tones most likely compensated for the poor pitch perception observed with these CI listeners. Previous acoustic hearing experience seemed to benefit postlingual CI users' melodic pitch perception. Longer CI experience was associated with better MCI performance for both subject groups, suggesting that CI users' music perception may improve as they gain experience with their device.
### Instruction: Does genome editing of isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulate long QT phenotype for drug testing? ### Response:
Our study demonstrates that iPSC-CM-based disease models can be rapidly generated by overexpression of dominant negative gene mutants.
### Instruction: Do [ Reasons that seedless fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii become small ]? ### Response:
The expression of the genes of the proteins involving cell division and expansion was inhibited as the significant reduction of endogenous IAA, CTK, GA and SPDS after bad fertilization and the embryo abortion, which resulted in the end of division and extension of sarcocarp cells. Above reasons induce small fruits of triploid seedless Siraitia grosvenorii.
### Instruction: Do temporal and other factors that influence the time doctors take to prescribe using an electronic prescribing system? ### Response:
The display of alerts, prescribing experience, system familiarity, and environment all affect the time taken to generate a prescription order. Our study reinforces the need for appropriate alerts to be presented to individuals at an appropriate place in the workflow, in order to improve prescribing efficiency.
### Instruction: Does α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase ( AMACR ) serve as a prognostic biomarker for the early recurrence/metastasis of HCC? ### Response:
This study reveals that the AMACR might be a potential prognostic marker for predicting early recurrence/metastasis of HCC after hepatectomy.
### Instruction: Does traditional thermal therapy with indirect moxibustion decrease renal arterial resistive index? ### Response:
This study of the short-term effects of indirect moxibustion on renal hemodynamics in healthy persons showed that renal vascular resistance was reduced after the therapy.
### Instruction: Does ginseng treatment reverse obesity and related disorders by inhibiting angiogenesis in female db/db mice? ### Response:
These results suggest that ginseng may effectively treat female obesity and related disorders in part by inhibition of angiogenesis.
### Instruction: Are myeloid microvesicles in cerebrospinal fluid associated with myelin damage and neuronal loss in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease? ### Response:
Microglial MVs are neurotoxic and myelinotoxic in the presence of Aβ1-42 . CSF myeloid MVs, mirroring microglia activation and MV release, are associated with WM damage in MCI and hippocampal atrophy in AD. This suggests that hippocampal microglia activation, in the presence of Aβ1-42 in excess, produces neurotoxic and oligodendrotoxic oligomers that, through WM tract damage, spread disease to neighboring and connected areas, causing local microglia activation and propagation of disease through the same sequence of events. Ann Neurol 2014;76:813-825.
### Instruction: Does 18F-FDG-PET/CT better localize active spinal infection than MRI for successful minimally invasive surgery? ### Response:
FDG-PET/CT demonstrated limited areas of abnormality allowing accurate delineation, and is thus useful to narrow the surgical fields. Since overall diagnostic accuracy of FDG-PET/CT was superior to that of MRI, FDG-PET/CT is a useful technique to narrow the surgical field for successful less invasive surgery.
### Instruction: Is increased expression of miR-222 associated with poor prognosis in bladder cancer? ### Response:
miR-222 overexpression is involved in the poor prognosis of bladder cancer and can be used as a biomarker for selection of cases requiring special attention.
### Instruction: Does photobiont selectivity lead to ecological tolerance and evolutionary divergence in a polymorphic complex of lichenized fungi? ### Response:
Low selectivity apparently allows widespread lichen-forming fungi to establish successful symbioses with locally adapted photobionts in a broader range of habitats. This flexibility might correlate with both lower phylogenetic resolution and evolutionary divergence in species complexes of crustose lichen-forming fungi.
### Instruction: Does qRS duration in left bundle branch block affect left ventricular twisting in chronic systolic heart failure? ### Response:
In patients with chronic severe systolic heart failure, QRS duration and LBBB morphology do not affect LV twisting and untwisting.
### Instruction: Does contractile reserve induced with dobutamine echocardiography predict outcome in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and mitral regurgitation? ### Response:
In patients with advanced LVD and severe MR, CR detected by DSE was associated with significant reductions in the risk of death and heart transplantation.
### Instruction: Does inhibition of telomerase activity by dominant-negative hTERT retard the growth of breast cancer cells? ### Response:
This study shows that telomerase inhibition by DN-hTERT can effectively inhibit the cell viability and tumorigenicity of MCF7 cells and is an attractive approach for breast cancer therapy.
### Instruction: Does catecholamine and volume therapy for cardiac surgery in Germany -- result from a postal survey? ### Response:
Choice of hemodynamic monitoring is homogenous throughout German centers treating cardiac surgery patients. Norepinephrine is the first line catecholamine in cases of decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. However, catecholamine choice for low cardiac output syndrome varies considerably. HES was the primary colloid used for fluid resuscitation. After conduct of this survey, HES use was restricted by European regulatory authorities in critically ill patients and should only be considered as second-line fluid in surgical patients without renal impairment or severe coagulopathy. Large clinical studies addressing catecholamine and fluid therapy in cardiac surgery patients are lacking.
### Instruction: Does low energy shock wave therapy induce angiogenesis in acute hind-limb ischemia via VEGF receptor 2 phosphorylation? ### Response:
Low energy shock wave treatment induces angiogenesis in acute ischemia via VEGF receptor 2 stimulation and shows the same promising effects as known from chronic myocardial ischemia. It may therefore develop as an adjunct to the treatment armentarium of acute muscle ischemia in limbs and myocardium.
### Instruction: Is macroscopic type a prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival after resection of gastric GIST? ### Response:
It is suggested that exoluminal or mixed-type is independently associated with recurrence of surgically resected gastric GIST in addition to tumor size and mitotic rate.
### Instruction: Does dynamic assessment of narrative ability in English accurately identify language impairment in English language learners? ### Response:
DA conducted in English provides a systematic means for measuring learning processes and learning outcomes, resulting in a clinically useful procedure for identifying LIs in bilingual children who are in the process of learning English as a second language.
### Instruction: Are adherence measurement and patient recruitment methods poor in intervention trials to improve patient adherence? ### Response:
Measurement and recruitment methods in adherence trials varied considerably, and most methods were of low quality. Adherence research could be advanced by using higher quality measures of adherence and better selection and baseline assessment of study participants.
### Instruction: Is delayed paracentesis associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis? ### Response:
Hospitalized patients with SBP who received DP had a 2.7-fold increased risk of mortality adjusting for MELD score and renal dysfunction. Diagnostic paracentesis performed <12 h from hospitalization in patients with cirrhosis and ascites may improve short-term survival.
### Instruction: Does low-level light therapy induce mucosal healing in a murine model of dextran-sodium-sulfate induced colitis? ### Response:
Photobiostimulation with LLLT has a significant positive effect on disease progression in mice with DSS colitis.
### Instruction: Are toker cells of the nipple commonly associated with underlying sebaceous glands but not with lactiferous ducts? ### Response:
This study suggests that Toker cells are more likely to be developmentally related to sebaceous glands rather than lactiferous ducts. This raises doubts about the presence of a relationship between Toker cells and the common forms of Paget's disease, as the latter are commonly seen in association with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) involving underlying lactiferous ducts. Toker cells, however, may be related to a less common form of Paget's disease which is not associated with underlying DCIS.
### Instruction: Does involved-nodal radiation therapy lead to lower doses to critical organs-at-risk compared to involved-field radiation therapy? ### Response:
Utilizing the concept of INRT results in a reduction of radiation dose to critical organ structures in pediatric patients with Hodgkin lymphoma when compared to the more traditional method of IFRT.
### Instruction: Does ibulocydine sensitize human cancers to radiotherapy by induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis? ### Response:
IB demonstrated the property of sensitizing human cancer cells to RT by induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, suggesting that IB deserves to be applied for chemoradiotherapy.
### Instruction: Are patients with rheumatoid arthritis more likely to have pain and poor function after total hip replacements than patients with osteoarthritis? ### Response:
Contemporary patients with RA have significant improvements in pain and function after THR, but higher proportions have worse 2-year pain and function. In addition, RA is an independent predictor of 2-year pain and poor function after THR, despite high use of disease-modifying therapy.
### Instruction: Does adalimumab significantly reduce the recurrence rate of anterior uveitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis? ### Response:
In patients with AS, a significant reduction in the number of AU attacks, as well as in the number of attacks per patient, was observed during adalimumab treatment.
### Instruction: Do increased urinary interleukin 22 binding protein levels correlate with lupus nephritis activity? ### Response:
Urinary but not serum IL-22BP levels were associated with active renal disease. Urinary levels of IL-22BP might be a potential marker for the presence of renal involvement in patients with SLE.
### Instruction: Does preoperative statin administration protect against early postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome : a retrospective cohort study? ### Response:
In patients undergoing high-risk surgery, preoperative statin therapy was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in postoperative ARDS. These results do not support the use of statins as prophylaxis against ARDS in patients undergoing high-risk surgery.
### Instruction: Does spinal cord gray matter atrophy correlate with multiple sclerosis disability? ### Response:
SC GM atrophy is detectable in vivo in the absence of WM atrophy in RMS. It is more pronounced in progressive MS than RMS and contributes more to patient disability than SC WM or brain GM atrophy.
### Instruction: Does catestatin increase the expression of anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenetic factors in the post-ischemic hypertrophied heart of SHR? ### Response:
CST-Post limits reperfusion damages and reverses the hypertension-induced increase of I/R susceptibility. Moreover, CST-Post triggers antiapoptotic and pro-angiogenetic factors suggesting that CST-Post can be used as an anti-maladaptive remodeling treatment.
### Instruction: Does contralateral prophylactic mastectomy provide no survival benefit in young women with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer? ### Response:
CPM provides no survival benefit to young patients with early-stage breast cancer, and no benefit to ER-negative patients. Future studies with longer follow-up are required in this cohort of patients.
### Instruction: Does pioglitazone improve the cardio-ankle vascular index in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin? ### Response:
These results suggest that pioglitazone improves CAVI, a BP-independent arterial stiffness parameter, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin.
### Instruction: Is plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 independently associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease whereas leptin and adiponectin vary between genders? ### Response:
PAI-1 is independently associated with NAFLD after adjusting for other factors, including leptin and adiponectin. Male and female NAFLD patients show distinct patterns of leptin and adiponectin alterations; special attention is required when evaluating these alterations in female NAFLD patients < 45 years.
### Instruction: Does germinal center B cell depletion diminish CD4+ follicular T helper cells in autoimmune mice? ### Response:
These data suggest that mature Tfh cells require signals from GC B cells to sustain their optimal numbers and function in both autoimmune and immunization models. Thus, immunotherapies targeting B cells in autoimmune disease may affect pathogenic Tfh cells.
### Instruction: Do rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP predict progressive joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with prednisolone : a randomised study? ### Response:
The presence of RF and anti-CCP predicted radiographic progression in patients not treated with prednisolone but failed to predict progression in patients treated with this drug. The data suggest that early treatment with prednisolone may modulate not only inflammation but also autoimmunity-associated pathogenetic mechanisms.
### Instruction: Are aBC transporters involved in defense against permethrin insecticide in the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi? ### Response:
Our results show for the first time the involvement of ABC transporters in larval defense against permethrin in An. stephensi and, more in general, confirm the role of ABC transporters in insecticide defense. The differences observed with previous studies highlight the need of further research as, despite the growing number of studies on ABC transporters in insects, the heterogeneity of the results available at present does not allow us to infer general trends in ABC transporter-insecticide interactions.
### Instruction: Does miR-124 suppress tumor growth and metastasis by targeting Foxq1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma? ### Response:
Our results demonstrate that miR-124 functions as a tumor-suppressive microRNA in NPC, and that its suppressive effects are mediated chiefly by repressing Foxq1 expression. MiR-124 could serve as an independent biomarker to identify patients with different clinical characteristics. Therefore, our findings provide valuable clues toward the understanding the of mechanisms of NPC pathogenesis and provide an opportunity to develop new effective clinical therapies in the future.
### Instruction: Is serum interleukin-22 ( IL-22 ) increased in the early stage of Hashimoto 's thyroiditis compared to non-autoimmune thyroid disease and healthy controls? ### Response:
Serum IL-22 is increased in newly diagnosed, untreated HT patients, as compared to thyroid autoimmune disease-free individuals. Our data suggest that IL-22 could play some role in the development of HT.
### Instruction: Is non-neural tyrosine hydroxylase , via modulation of endocrine pancreatic precursors , required for normal development of beta cells in the mouse pancreas? ### Response:
A non-neural catecholaminergic pathway appears to modulate the pancreatic endocrine precursor and insulin producing cell neogenesis. This finding may have important implications for approaches seeking to promote the generation of beta cells to treat diabetes.
### Instruction: Does microRNA-19b promote macrophage cholesterol accumulation and aortic atherosclerosis by targeting ATP-binding cassette transporter A1? ### Response:
MiR-19b promotes macrophage cholesterol accumulation, foam cell formation and aortic atherosclerotic development by targeting ABCA1.
### Instruction: Does a normal colposcopy examination fail to provide psychological reassurance for women who have had low-grade abnormal cervical cytology? ### Response:
For some women who have low-grade cytology, a normal colposcopy does not appear to provide psychological reassurance.
### Instruction: Does embryonic expression of EphA receptor genes in mice support their candidacy for involvement in cleft lip and palate? ### Response:
Together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that mutations in EPHA family genes may cause CL/P and also suggest that functional redundancy between family members may be at play.
### Instruction: Is dysregulation of matricellular proteins an early signature of pathology in laminin-deficient muscular dystrophy? ### Response:
Our results implicate the involvement of multiple signaling pathways in driving the earliest stages of pathology in DyW mice. As opposed to classical dystrophies, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the dysregulation of various matricellular proteins appears to be a distinct feature of the early progression of DyW pathology. On the basis of our results, we believe that therapies that may reduce apoptosis and stabilize the homeostasis of extracellular matrix proteins may have increased efficacy if started at a very early age.
### Instruction: Does oxidative status in the macula densa modulate tubuloglomerular feedback responsiveness in angiotensin II-induced hypertension? ### Response:
Under physiological conditions, TGF response is mainly controlled by the NO generated in the macula densa; in Ang II induced hypertension, the TGF response is mainly controlled by the O2- generated by the macula densa.
### Instruction: Does seroprevalence of alphavirus antibodies in a cross-sectional study in southwestern Tanzania suggest endemic circulation of chikungunya? ### Response:
Alphavirus infections may contribute significantly to the febrile disease burden in the study area, and are associated with several arthropod-borne infections. Their spread seems only limited by factors affecting mosquitoes, and seems less restricted than that of Rift Valley fever.