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### Instruction:
Does pDK1 acquire PDK2 activity in the presence of a synthetic peptide derived from the carboxyl terminus of PRK2?
### Response:
| PDK1 and PDK2 might be the same enzyme, the substrate specificity and activity of PDK1 being regulated through its interaction with another protein(s). PRK2 is a probable substrate for PDK1. |
### Instruction:
Do rho-family GTPases require the Arp2/3 complex to stimulate actin polymerization in Acanthamoeba extracts?
### Response:
| For this system, we conclude that the accessibility of free barbed ends regulates actin polymerization, that Rho-family GTPases stimulate polymerization catalytically by de novo nucleation of free barbed ends and that the primary nucleation factor in this pathway is the Arp2/3 complex. |
### Instruction:
Do epinephrine and endotoxin tolerance differentially modulate serum cytokine levels to high-dose lipopolysaccharide challenge in a murine model?
### Response:
| Epinephrine tolerance primes for an exaggerated release of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12 in response to lipopolysaccharide challenge, suggesting anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects by epinephrine. The anti-inflammatory effect was not mediated through increased IL-10 release. Endotoxin tolerance selectively modulated cytokine release. |
### Instruction:
Do postmenopausal women without previous or current vasomotor symptoms flush after abruptly abandoning estrogen replacement therapy?
### Response:
| Postmenopausal women without previous or current vasomotor symptoms did not develop such symptoms when estrogen replacement therapy was first instituted and then abruptly stopped. Probably other factors than the rate with which estrogen concentrations decrease determine whether or not a woman will develop vasomotor symptoms. Evidently, estrogens can be prescribed to a woman who has no vasomotor symptoms, without much risk of inducing such symptoms if she decides to abandon therapy, even after 3 months of treatment. |
### Instruction:
Is chronic cryptogenic hepatitis in childhood unrelated to hepatitis G virus?
### Response:
| Childhood CCH seems to be a symptomless disease characterized by isolated hypertransaminasemia with onset during the first 4 years of life and mild to moderate histologic liver lesions. Although the frequency of spontaneous remissions is low, childhood CCH seems, in the short run, to be a nonprogressive disease. Hepatitis G virus does not play a major role in CCH. |
### Instruction:
Is gastric inflammation enhanced in children with CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori infection?
### Response:
| H. pylori-infected children with CagA antibodies seem to have a more severe inflammation in the gastric antrum than CagA-negative children as shown by an increase in the density of antral mononuclear cells. A finding of higher serum antibody titers to H. pylori in CagA-positive children may be related to this enhancement of inflammation. |
### Instruction:
Do reflux esophagitis patients in Singapore have motor and acid exposure abnormalities similar to patients in the Western hemisphere?
### Response:
| Lower esophageal sphincter competence, esophageal peristaltic contractility, and esophageal acid exposure were important factors in the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis--results identical to Western studies. Gastric acid output per se and H. pylori infection might not be responsible for susceptibility to esophagitis. |
### Instruction:
Does pilocarpine induce an increase in the anterior chamber angular width in eyes with narrow angles?
### Response:
| The finding that pilocarpine increases angular width in patients with narrow angles indicates that this agent is useful for treating patients with narrow angles and angle closure glaucoma. The prediction of the pilocarpine induced change in the angle may assist ophthalmologists in treating such patients. |
### Instruction:
Does pretreatment echogenicity of colorectal liver metastases predict survival after hepatic cryotherapy?
### Response:
| We believe that this is an original description of the prognostic importance of echogenicity of colorectal liver metastases. Differences in echogenicity may be related to tumor biology. This will be addressed in further studies. |
### Instruction:
Does high peritoneal residual volume decrease the efficiency of peritoneal dialysis?
### Response:
| Our results suggest that a high PRV may decrease net ultrafiltration through decreasing the Qu, which is caused by a decreased dialysate osmolality, and increasing the KE caused by an increased intraperitoneal hydrostatic pressure. The high volume of PRV also decreased the solute diffusion gradient and decreased peritoneal small solute clearances, particularly for sodium. Therefore, a high PRV may compromise the efficiency of dialysis with a glucose solution. |
### Instruction:
Is post-chemotherapy lymphopoiesis in patients with solid tumors characterized by CD4+ cell proliferation?
### Response:
| Post-chemotherapy CD4+ cell repopulation is an active phenomenon. However, in several patients CD4 lymphopenia, which could be associated with functional cell abnormalities, may persist during bone marrow recovery leading to impaired cell-mediated immunity. |
### Instruction:
Are levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 increased in women with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome?
### Response:
| Our findings suggest that soluble cell adhesion molecules may have a role in the pathogenesis and progression of OHSS. |
### Instruction:
Do higher-quality human sperm in a sample selectively attach to oviduct ( fallopian tube ) epithelial cells in vitro?
### Response:
| Selective attachment of functionally superior sperm to OEC is likely important during sperm reservoir formation in vivo and may be exploitable in vitro as a method to isolate high-quality sperm for clinical procedures. Such a system does not require human origin OEC. |
### Instruction:
Is angiographically documented late reocclusion after successful coronary angioplasty of an infarct-related lesion a powerful predictor of long-term mortality?
### Response:
| Late IRA patency is strongly associated with long-term survival after MI. These observations should encourage prospective studies to evaluate the impact of strategies designed to prevent late reocclusion in postinfarction patients. |
### Instruction:
Does peritoneal irrigation with povidone-iodine solution after laparoscopic-assisted splenectomy significantly decrease port-tumor recurrence in a murine model?
### Response:
| Abdominal irrigation with dilute povidone-iodine solution significantly reduced the number of animals with port-tumor recurrences. Abdominal irrigation with saline was also effective in reducing the incidence of port-wound tumor formation when each port was considered separately. However, povidone-iodine irrigation was much more effective than saline irrigation in preventing port-wound tumor formation. |
### Instruction:
Do fructooligosaccharides and lactulose cause more symptoms in lactose maldigesters and subjects with pseudohypolactasia than in control lactose digesters?
### Response:
| Lactose maldigesters and lactose digesters with pseudohypolactasia experience more symptoms than control lactose digesters after a single intake of large amounts of indigestible carbohydrates. Lactose maldigesters also experience more symptoms after ingesting sucrose. |
### Instruction:
Does biochemical but not clinical vitamin A deficiency result from mutations in the gene for retinol binding protein?
### Response:
| We conclude that the cellular supply of vitamin A to target tissues might be bypassed in these siblings via circulating retinyl esters, beta-carotene, or retinoic acid, thereby maintaining the health of peripheral tissues. |
### Instruction:
Does quantitative proton MRS predict outcome after traumatic brain injury?
### Response:
| 1H-MRS provides a rapid, noninvasive tool to assess the extent of diffuse injury after head trauma, a component of injury that may be the most critical factor in evaluating resultant neuropsychological dysfunction. 1H-MRS can be added to conventional MR examinations with minimal additional time, and may prove useful in assessing injury severity, guiding patient care, and predicting patient outcome. |
### Instruction:
Does tissue plasminogen activator increase neuronal damage in rat models of global and focal ischemia?
### Response:
| Despite sublethal insults, with moderate injury induced by ischemia, there was no evidence that increasing doses of tPA exacerbated ischemic injury. |
### Instruction:
Is humoral p53 antibody response a prognostic parameter in ovarian cancer?
### Response:
| The results of this preliminary study suggest that a p53 antibody response in patients with ovarian cancer is associated with poor prognosis. A qualitative method of p53 antibody detection cannot be used to monitor the clinical course of ovarian cancer. |
### Instruction:
Does a transient increase in c-myc precede the transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblast-like cells?
### Response:
| This study shows a high initial level of c-fos expression and a transient increase in c-myc expression followed by a decrease to lower levels prior to transdifferentiation and collagen production by stellate cells. A total loss of retinoid autofluorescence or a decrease in RAR-alpha or RAR-beta are not required for initial transdifferentiation of stellate cells or collagen production. |
### Instruction:
Does calcium chloride minimize the hemodynamic effects of propofol in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting?
### Response:
| Simultaneous administration of CaCl2 during the induction of anesthesia minimizes the potential negative effect of propofol on cardiac function in cardiac patients. |
### Instruction:
Does time of peritoneal cavity exposure influence postoperative glucose production?
### Response:
| The magnitude of increase of glucose production after abdominal hysterectomy is associated with the duration of peritoneal cavity exposure. |
### Instruction:
Does laparoscopic insufflation with room air cause exaggerated interleukin-6 response?
### Response:
| Exposure of the peritoneal cavity to atmospheric air, independently of the trauma of abdominal access, causes an exaggerated serum and gut mucosal IL-6 response 4 h after intervention. The beneficial effect of CO2 laparoscopy may be caused by the exclusion of general atmospheric air from the peritoneal cavity. |
### Instruction:
Does noradrenaline improve the tumour to normal blood flow ratio and drug delivery in a model of liver metastases?
### Response:
| These findings suggest that hepatic arterially infused noradrenaline might be used to improve drug delivery to liver metastases. |
### Instruction:
Does communication via gap junctions modulate bile secretion in the isolated perfused rat liver?
### Response:
| Glucagon and vasopressin modulate bile flow in a manner that depends in part on gap junctional communication, even though the two hormones activate second messengers with opposing effects on bile flow. The organization of second messenger signals across the hepatic lobule may be an important component of hormonal regulation of bile secretion. |
### Instruction:
Is diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive heart disease associated with altered myocardial metabolism?
### Response:
| Myocardial HEP metabolism is altered in patients with hypertensive heart disease. In addition, there is an association between impaired LV diastolic function and altered myocardial HEP metabolism in humans. The level of myocardial PCr/ATP is most likely determined by the level of cardiac work load. |
### Instruction:
Is monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha correlated with monocyte infiltration in mouse lipid lesions?
### Response:
| From this we conclude that ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNF-alpha, and MIP-1alpha may all be necessary for vascular monocyte recruitment in vivo, but they cannot be sufficient. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) protein was undetectable in the vessel wall taken from apo(a) transgenic mice fed a high fat diet compared with high expression in mice with lipid lesions (C57BL/6 and apoE knockout mice). Therefore elevated expression of MCP-1 but not TNF-alpha, MIP-1alpha, ICAM-1, or VCAM-1 is correlated with vascular macrophage accumulation. To test the hypothesis that monocyte infiltration during atherogenesis is MCP-1 dependent, it will be necessary to develop specific pharmacological inhibitors of MCP-1 activity. |
### Instruction:
Does androgen exposure increase human monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium and endothelial cell expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1?
### Response:
| Androgen exposure is associated with increased human monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, a proatherogenic effect mediated at least in part by an increased endothelial cell-surface expression of VCAM-1. |
### Instruction:
Is overexpression of p53 associated with drug resistance of gastric cancers to 5-fluorouracil-based systemic chemotherapy?
### Response:
| Our data suggested that the overexpression of p53 does not predict drug resistance to 5-FU of human gastric cancer. |
### Instruction:
Is serum human hepatocyte growth factor ( hHGF ) elevated in patients with metastatic gastric carcinoma?
### Response:
| These data show that the serum hHGF concentration is elevated in gastric carcinoma patients with liver and nodal metastasis. In multivariate analysis, the serum hHGF concentration was found to be the most important independent factor in predicting overall survival. Thus, the current results suggest that HGF may be important in the progression and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. |
### Instruction:
Is whole gut transit prolonged after Ripstein rectopexy?
### Response:
| Whole gut transit was prolonged after Ripstein rectopexy. Preoperative retention of markers indicated an increased risk of postoperative constipation. |
### Instruction:
Is adrenomedullin production increased in normal human pregnancy?
### Response:
| Our results demonstrate the presence of adrenomedullin in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid throughout gestation, and show that its production starts very early in gestation, suggesting that this hormone may have an important role in human reproduction, from implantation to delivery. |
### Instruction:
Does transitional cell carcinoma express high levels of Fas ligand in vivo?
### Response:
| The high expression of FasL in TCC, reported for the first time in the present study, suggests that FasL may contribute to the immune escape of TCC through killing Fas-bearing lymphocytes. Co-expression of Fas with FasL also suggests that TCC may have pathways resistant to Fas-mediated autocrine cell suicide. |
### Instruction:
Does neurotensin mediate rat bladder mast cell degranulation triggered by acute psychological stress?
### Response:
| The present results indicate that NT mediates the effect of acute, nontraumatic psychological stress on bladder mast cell degranulation. They further suggest that NT receptor antagonists may be useful in subpopulations of patients with IC in whom symptoms worsen under stress. |
### Instruction:
Does high prevalence of the Cys282Tyr HFE mutation facilitate an improved diagnostic service for hereditary haemochromatosis in South Africa?
### Response:
| The detection of mutations C282Y and H63D at a high frequency in the majority of affected South African patients facilitates accurate pre-clinical and confirmatory diagnosis of HH in South Africa. Early detection by DNA screening and subsequent treatment by repeated phlebotomy can prevent disease onset in affected individuals. DNA diagnosis is particularly applicable to a common genetic disease such as HH, which is underdiagnosed and potentially lethal, but treatable. |
### Instruction:
Do magnetic resonance imaging techniques demonstrate soft tissue damage in the diabetic foot?
### Response:
| Changes in MT activity reflect qualitative structural changes which this study reveals are extensive in the diabetic neuropathic foot. Fibrotic atrophy of the plantar fat pad may affect its ability to dissipate the increased weight-bearing forces associated with diabetic neuropathy. |
### Instruction:
Is improvement of pressure flow parameters with finasteride greater in men with large prostates . Finasteride Urodynamics Study Group?
### Response:
| Finasteride treatment resulted in improvements in urodynamic parameters, which were greater in men with large prostates. |
### Instruction:
Is physiological saline a biocompatible peritoneal dialysis solution?
### Response:
| 1) Daily infusion of physiological saline into peritoneal cavity may increase the peritoneal lymphatic flow; 2) The significant (apparent) increase in IPV shortly after infusion may suggest increased RISA binding to peritoneal tissues (which may be related to the damage of the tissues, and results in overestimation of the peritoneal fluid absorption rate); 3) Saline is not a biocompatible peritoneal dialysis solution, and should therefore not be used as a control or flush solution. |
### Instruction:
Does endogenous superallergen protein Fv interact with the VH3 region of IgE to induce cytokine secretion from human basophils?
### Response:
| These results indicate that protein Fv, which acts as an endogenous superallergen, interacts with the VH3 domain of IgE to induce the synthesis and release of IL-4, IL-13 and the secretion of histamine from basophils. |
### Instruction:
Do a simple test of copying ability and sex define survival in patients with early Alzheimer 's disease?
### Response:
| A simple test of copying ability defines subgroups of AD patients with large differences in survival rates. This suggests that parietal lobe impairment is an important predictor of mortality in AD. Also, the course of AD may be more benign in women than in men. |
### Instruction:
Are thyroid vascularity and blood flow dependent on serum thyroid hormone levels : studies in vivo by color flow doppler sonography?
### Response:
| An increase in both intrathyroidal vascularity and blood velocity was observed in patients with spontaneous hyperthyroidism but not in thyrotoxicosis due to either ingestion of thyroid hormones or to a thyroidal destructive process. The slightly increased vascularity and blood velocity observed in patients with hypothyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis suggests that thyroid stimulation by either TSH-receptor antibody or TSH is responsible for the increased thyroid blood flow. |
### Instruction:
Are mutations in JAGGED1 gene predominantly sporadic in Alagille syndrome?
### Response:
| Most of the observed mutations other than the missense mutations in JAGGED1 are expected to give rise to truncated and unanchored proteins. All mutations mapped to the extracellular domain of the protein, and there appeared to be regional hot spots, although no clustering was observed. Thus, the sequencing of 7 exons of JAGGED1 would detect 51% of the mutations. Transmission analysis showed a high frequency of sporadic cases (70%). |
### Instruction:
Does lactobacillus species prevent colitis in interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice?
### Response:
| In the neonatal period, IL-10 gene-deficient mice have decreased levels of colonic Lactobacillus sp. and an increase in colonic mucosal adherent and translocated bacteria. Normalizing Lactobacillus sp. levels reduced colonic mucosal adherent and translocated bacteria and prevented colitis. |
### Instruction:
Does selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 spare renal function and prostaglandin synthesis in cirrhotic rats with ascites?
### Response:
| These findings indicate that SC-236 does not significantly impair renal function in rats with cirrhosis. |
### Instruction:
Does information need for medication coverage decisions in a state Medicaid program?
### Response:
| Medi-Cal has a formal process for evaluating new medicines. This process allows researchers to understand the needs of those who make coverage decisions. We recommend increasing routine epidemiologic surveillance, including service use, and clinical trials that include aspects of usual medical care early in the drug development process. |
### Instruction:
Do lipids up-regulate uncoupling protein 2 expression in rat hepatocytes?
### Response:
| Lipids increase ROS and induce UCP-2 in hepatocytes. Thus, the liver may adapt to an excessive supply of lipid substrates by inducing UCP-2 to facilitate substrate disposal while constraining ROS production. |
### Instruction:
Is bcl-2 protein expression associated with a prognostically favourable phenotype in breast cancer irrespective of p53 immunostaining?
### Response:
| In breast cancer, bcl-2 protein is associated with a prognostically favourable phenotype and appears to be related to hormonal regulation, rather than to disabled p53 gene function. |
### Instruction:
Is elevation of serum levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor associated with disease progression and prognosis in patients with prostate cancer?
### Response:
| The results of this study indicate that the elevation of serum levels of either uPA or uPAR, or of both, could be used as new predictors of progression and prognosis in patients with prostate cancer. |
### Instruction:
Is cytotoxic sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in PC3 and LNCaP prostatic cancer cells regulated by extracellular levels of SGP-2 ( clusterin )?
### Response:
| These results suggest that SGP-2 can act as an extracellular mediator of anti-TNF-induced cytotoxicity. |
### Instruction:
Does comparative genomic hybridization reveal DNA copy number gains to frequently occur in human prostate cancer?
### Response:
| Amplification events at different chromosomal sites seem important in prostate cancer development. A new chromosome region with DNA copy number gains was identified on 12q, while other regions on 3q, 7q, 8q, and Xq were confirmed or narrowed down, indicating a possible role of known or putative protooncogenes in these regions for prostate cancer growth. Our low detection rate of DNA losses may to some part be explained by CGH immanent technical limitations. |
### Instruction:
Do rGD-recognizing integrins mediate interactions of human prostate carcinoma cells with endothelial cells in vitro?
### Response:
| Interactions of prostate carcinoma with endothelium are mediated in part via alpha5beta1, alpha3beta1, and alpha(v)beta3 integrins. Because these interactions are RGD-sensitive, synthetic RGD peptides with optimized flanking amino acids can potentially be used as antimetastatic agents. |
### Instruction:
Do prospective six year follow up of patients withdrawn from a randomised study comparing parenteral gold salt and methotrexate?
### Response:
| Withdrawals represent the majority of patients in long term drug trials. Patients with early RA stopping gold because of side effects show almost the same sustained improvement as patients continuing gold or methotrexate. Patients withdrawn from methotrexate experience a reactivation of their disease. |
### Instruction:
Is prevalence of joint pain higher among women in rural Japan than urban Japanese-American women in Hawaii?
### Response:
| Although the potential influence of cultural factors or other sources of bias cannot be ruled out, the large differences in the prevalence of pain at specific joints suggest that environmental factors are probably responsible, because both populations are of similar genetic stock. |
### Instruction:
Does molecular genetic testing from paraffin-embedded tissue distinguish nonmolar hydropic abortion from hydatidiform mole?
### Response:
| Molecular genetic testing of POC from paraffin-embedded tissue accurately distinguishes complete mole, partial mole, and nonmolar hydropic abortion. Identification of triploidy by flow cytometry can confirm a histological impression of partial mole. Histological and ploidy analysis of POC results in underdiagnosis of complete moles. |
### Instruction:
Does nitric oxide diffusion across membrane lungs protect platelets during simulated extracorporeal circulation?
### Response:
| Transmembranous diffusion of gaseous NO revealed protective effects on platelets by reducing thrombocytopenia/pathia and preserving platelet reactivity. |
### Instruction:
Are glucocorticoid receptors down-regulated in inflamed colonic mucosa but not in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease?
### Response:
| In IBD there is no difference in systemic hGR levels between not steroid-treated patients and control subjects, in spite of inflammatory activity (IL-6). Mucosal hGR levels were decreased independently of treatment, probably leading to a decreased protection against NF-kappaB action in the intestinal mucosa. |
### Instruction:
Does granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ameliorate toxicity of intensification chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
### Response:
| G-CSF reduces the hematological toxicity of intensification chemotherapy and may allow improved compliance with treatment scheduling. |
### Instruction:
Do postnatal booster injections increase engraftment after in utero stem cell transplantation?
### Response:
| Our results demonstrate a significant increase in donor cell engraftment with postnatal booster injections after in utero transplantation. This supports the hypothesis that a limited number of niches may be a major component of the barrier to engraftment. It also suggests that postnatal booster injections may be a viable therapeutic strategy for improving donor cell engraftment after in utero HSC transplantation. |
### Instruction:
Does high-dose preoperative radiotherapy alter the strength of unilaterally irradiated colon anastomoses in rats?
### Response:
| After high doses of preoperative radiotherapy, colon anastomoses in rats can be safely constructed if only one anastomotic segment is irradiated. The strength of bilaterally irradiated colon anastomoses is dose-dependent. |
### Instruction:
Are musculoskeletal pain and fatigue associated with chronic hepatitis C : a report of 239 hepatology clinic patients?
### Response:
| Musculoskeletal pain and fatigue are frequent in hepatology clinic attendees, particularly those with hepatitis C and are unrelated to severity of liver disease, route of infection, or interferon therapy. |
### Instruction:
Does a novel inhibitor of advanced glycation end-product formation inhibit mesenteric vascular hypertrophy in experimental diabetes?
### Response:
| These data support the concept that the effects of aminoguanidine in reducing diabetes associated vascular hypertrophy are via inhibition of advanced glycation end-products dependent pathways. |
### Instruction:
Does elevated cardiac troponin I predict a high-risk angiographic anatomy of the culprit lesion in unstable angina?
### Response:
| In patients with unstable angina and angiographically proven coronary artery disease, increased cTnI within 24 hours of admission but not increased CRP is associated with an angiographic appearance of the culprit lesion carrying a high risk of complication, especially in the event of angioplasty. |
### Instruction:
Do human pancreatic cancer cell lines express the CCKB receptor?
### Response:
| These results provide evidence that most human pancreatic cancer cell lines of ductal origin express CCKB receptor mRNA. Malignant pancreatic tissue may overexpress these receptors in comparison with normal tissue. |
### Instruction:
Are cytoprotective effects of hematopoietic growth factors on primary human acute myeloid leukemias mediated through changes in BCL-2 , bax , or p21WAF1/CIP1?
### Response:
| These data indicate that HGF-mediated inhibition of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in primary AML samples is not mediated through changes in Bcl-2, bax, and p21WAF1/CIP1 protein levels. |
### Instruction:
Are poverty and eosinophilia risk factors for endomyocardial fibrosis ( EMF ) in Uganda?
### Response:
| Data indicate that relative poverty and environmental factors triggering eosinophilia appear to act in a geographically restricted region of Uganda in the aetiology of EMF. |
### Instruction:
Does anal ultrasound predict the response to nonoperative treatment of fecal incontinence in men?
### Response:
| Anal ultrasound is extremely useful in the evaluation of fecal incontinence in men. Unlike women, the majority of men do not have a sphincter defect by anal ultrasound, and conservative management is usually successful in these patients. In contrast, in men with anal sphincter damage, almost all of these defects resulted from previous anal surgery. Conservative management rarely is successful in these cases, and surgical repair of the anal sphincter may be indicated. Therefore, because the presence or absence of sphincter damage on anal ultrasound usually predicts the response to nonoperative treatment, anal ultrasound should be used to guide the initial management of men with fecal incontinence. |
### Instruction:
Does bedtime ranitidine eliminate the need for a second daily dose of omeprazole to suppress nocturnal gastric pH?
### Response:
| Bedtime ranitidine does not eliminate the need for an evening dose of omeprazole to control intragastric pH in patients requiring more than a single daily dose of omeprazole. |
### Instruction:
Does the potentiation of analgesic activity of paracetamol plus morphine involve the serotonergic system in rat brain?
### Response:
| Subactive doses of paracetamol and morphine exert an analgesic effect when given in combination in the rat and indicate an involvement of both serotonergic and opiatergic systems. |
### Instruction:
Is tumor proliferative index higher in mice undergoing laparotomy vs. CO2 pneumoperitoneum?
### Response:
| We have demonstrated that there is a significantly higher rate of tumor cell proliferation with the mouse mammary carcinoma cell tumor line after laparotomy than after pneumoperitoneum or anesthesia alone at two postoperative times. Additionally, insufflation alone increases postoperative tumor cell proliferation but to a lesser extent than laparotomy. The mechanism underlying these findings is unclear. |
### Instruction:
Does immunoreconstitution after ritonavir therapy in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection involve multiple lymphocyte lineages?
### Response:
| Early increases in lymphocytes after ritonavir therapy are a result of recirculation, as shown by increases in B cells and CD4(+) CD45RO and CD8(+) T cells. Children exhibited a high potential to reconstitute CD4(+) CD45RA T cells even with advanced disease and incomplete viral suppression. |
### Instruction:
Is rarity of colon cancer in Africans associated with low animal product consumption , not fiber?
### Response:
| The low prevalence of colon cancer in black Africans cannot be explained by dietary "protective" factors, such as, fiber, calcium, vitamins A, C and folic acid, but may be influenced by the absence of "aggressive" factors, such as excess animal protein and fat, and by differences in colonic bacterial fermentation. |
### Instruction:
Is long term response to therapy of chronic anti-HBe-positive hepatitis B poor independent of type and schedule of interferon?
### Response:
| The rate of long term response to interferon of anti-HBe-positive chronic hepatitis B is poor, independent of IFN type, dose, or schedule; the more stringent the monitoring, the higher the relapse rate. |
### Instruction:
Do a method to evaluate microcirculatory vascular patency of full thickness burn in an animal model?
### Response:
| Muscle layer, where just below the burn area and tightly attached to the skin, could be assessed as a representative of the extension of the injury. |
### Instruction:
Do tNF-alpha and IL-5 gene induction in IgE plus antigen-stimulated mast cells require common and distinct signaling pathways?
### Response:
| While the two cytokines were recently shown to be regulated by a member of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NF-AT) transcription factor family, activator protein 1 (AP1) was identified as a cofactor at the TNF-alpha promoter while a GATA family member comprised the cofactor at the IL-5 promoter. This suggests that the differences in requirement for signal transduction cascades are the result of a different usage of NF-AT cofactors for transcription of each cytokine in mast cells. |
### Instruction:
Do a comparison of the monitors INVOS 3100 and NIRO 500 in detecting changes in cerebral oxygenation?
### Response:
| Changes in cerebral haemoglobin oxygenation state were reflected more accurately by INVOS 3100 than NIRO 500. The cause may be the different technology of the monitors, since INVOS 3100 eliminates the contribution of extracranial oxygenation. |
### Instruction:
Does pancreatic growth after pancreatico-biliary diversion increase the capacity to secrete amylase?
### Response:
| PBD evoked hyperplastic changes in the rat pancreas and decreased the concentrations of amylase, trypsin and lipase. However, the capacity of acinar cells to secrete amylase remained intact. The stimulated pancreatic secretion was not changed in volume, but the output of amylase was low in PBD-operated rats. The findings are consistent with the idea that the enlargement of the pancreas following PBD does not improve the secretory capacity. |
### Instruction:
Is nitroglycerin superior to diltiazem as a coronary bypass conduit vasodilator?
### Response:
| Nitroglycerin is a superior conduit vasodilator and is more effective in preventing graft spasm than diltiazem. Nitroglycerin should be strongly considered as the drug of choice to prevent conduit spasm after coronary bypass grafting. |
### Instruction:
Does alpha-lipoic acid provide neuroprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury of peripheral nerve?
### Response:
| These results suggest that alpha-lipoic acid is efficacious for moderate ischemia-reperfusion, especially on distal sensory nerves. |
### Instruction:
Does prolonged local myometrial blockade prevent preterm labor after fetal surgery in a leporine model?
### Response:
| Prolonged local blockade of the myometrium with bupivacaine inhibits preterm labor after fetal surgery in rabbits. The high fetal mortality rate observed in this study may be caused by "transplacental" transfer of the local anesthetic to the fetus. Notably, the abortifacient effect of a dead fetus was completely suppressed by the local blockade. Studies using microspheres with local anesthetics that do not cross the placenta, in animal models with longer gestational periods, are warranted. |
### Instruction:
Is thrombolysis superior to heparin for non-obstructive mitral mechanical valve thrombosis?
### Response:
| Non-obstructive PVT may be asymptomatic in one-third of patients. Thrombolysis is an efficient and safe treatment, and may be first-line therapy if there is no contraindication. Heparin treatment was successful in about one-half of our cases in the presence of sessile or small thrombi and inadequate anticoagulant status. In unsuccessful cases, thrombi became obstructive or caused stroke during heparin therapy, the adequate duration of which remains unclear. |
### Instruction:
Is human endogenous retrovirus with a high genomic sequence homology with IDDMK ( 1,2 ) 22 specific for Type I ( insulin-dependent ) diabetic patients but ubiquitous?
### Response:
| We conclude that a human endogenous retroviral gene with high sequence homology with IDDMK(1,2)22 is not specific for diabetic patients but, rather, is ubiquitous. |
### Instruction:
Is vernier zone residue 4 of mouse subgroup II kappa light chains a critical determinant for antigen recognition?
### Response:
| A structural explanation for the changed binding characteristics can be the influence of the position 4 residue, as being a constituent of the Vernier zone, on the position of the CDR1 loop of Vkappa, which might harbour residues that directly bind to antigen, or indirectly positions other variable loops of the binding pocket. An increased sensitivity for trypsin digestion supported the hypothesis of a local conformational change in the serine mutant of the subgroup II kappa containing antibody. |
### Instruction:
Is nK-2 the predominant tachykinin receptor subtype in the swine ureter?
### Response:
| These results indicate that NK-2 is the predominant tachykinin receptor subtype responsible for contraction of ureteric smooth muscle. The use of mediators which act on NK-2 receptors may have clinical applications for the treatment of ureteric disease. |
### Instruction:
Does cD18-mediated neutrophil recruitment contribute to the pathogenesis of reperfused but not nonreperfused stroke?
### Response:
| Deficiency for the CD18 gene confers cerebral protection in a murine model of reperfused stroke, but this benefit does not extend to CD18-deficient animals subjected to permanent MCA occlusion. These data suggest that anti-PMN strategies should be targeted to reperfused stroke and may perhaps be used in conjunction with thrombolytic therapy that establishes reperfusion. |
### Instruction:
Does apolipoprotein E deficiency worsen outcome from global cerebral ischemia in the mouse?
### Response:
| ApoE deficiency worsens ischemic outcome. This is not attributable to effects on CBF. A role of apoE in the cerebral response to global ischemia is consistent with prior reports that murine apoE deficiency increases infarct size resulting from focal cerebral ischemia. |
### Instruction:
Are the hemodynamic effects of diltiazem in the isolated perfused rat liver Ca ( 2+ ) -dependent?
### Response:
| The linear superposition of the tritiated water and labeled sucrose curves, predicted by Goresky's model, could be optimized even when the curves were obtained with diltiazem + Ca2+, indicating that the distribution of both tracers was still flow-limited. The hemodynamic effects of diltiazem seem to be restricted to a vasoconstriction of the great vessels, an action which was strictly dependent on Ca2+. At the concentration of 500 microM, the effects of diltiazem were pronounced to the point of excluding completely about 2/3 of the liver parenchyma from the microcirculation, as indicated by the observed reduction in the accessible cell space. The sinusoids that were still supplied with perfusion fluid suffered considerable distension (2.19 fold) because the whole perfusate flow was deviated into the remaining 1/3 microcirculatory units. Diltiazem did not seem to induce the formation of intrahepatic shunts or diffusion barriers in the liver. |
### Instruction:
Does adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning provide myocardial protection equal to that of cold blood cardioplegia?
### Response:
| Use of APC is as effective as CBC in significantly decreasing infarct size and enhancing post-ischemic functional recovery. |
### Instruction:
Is accurate lymph-node detection in colorectal specimens resected for cancer of prognostic significance?
### Response:
| This study demonstrates the prognostic impact of specimen examination. Inaccurate methods could down-stage the tumor and exclude the patient from adjuvant therapies, with detrimental effects on the outcome of the case. |
### Instruction:
Is spiramycin comparable to oxytetracycline in eradicating H. pylori when given with ranitidine bismuth citrate and metronidazole?
### Response:
| All four regimens had comparable efficacy and adverse events. Eradication was significantly better in ulcer patients but there was a trend to better eradication in those who smoked less, used less alcohol and exercised more. Adverse events were frequent, perhaps because of the large dose of metronidazole used, but few patients stopped treatment. |
### Instruction:
Does dexamethasone inhibit IFNgamma-induced MHC class II expression of intestinal epithelial cells independently of the TGF-beta1 regulatory pathway?
### Response:
| Corticosteroids inhibit cytokine-induced MHC class II expression on IEC-6 cells in a TGF-beta1 independent way. This effect may markedly alter enterocytic antigen presentation, reducing the aberrant state of activation of mucosal immune cells. |
### Instruction:
Are leukocytosis and free fluid important indicators of isolated intestinal injury after blunt trauma?
### Response:
| After blunt abdominal trauma in patients without obvious indications for invasive evaluation of the abdomen (e.g., peritoneal lavage, laparoscopy, laparotomy), leukocytosis can indicate an intestinal injury. Additionally, unexplained free fluid on abdominal computed tomography must be aggressively evaluated. |
### Instruction:
Does riluzole prevent ischemic spinal cord injury caused by aortic crossclamping?
### Response:
| Riluzole may have therapeutic utility during high-risk operations on the thoracoabdominal aorta. |
### Instruction:
Is new bone formation in an osteoblastic tumor model increased by endothelin-1 overexpression and decreased by endothelin A receptor blockade?
### Response:
| The activity of ET-1 in this osteoblastic model provides a unique target for therapy. |
### Instruction:
Does ethanol improve adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and expression to the bladder epithelium of rodents?
### Response:
| Co-administration of 22% ethanol enhanced local rAd-mediated transgene expression in the normal and neoplastic bladder epithelium in rodents. Improvement of rAd-mediated transgene expression is progress toward local gene delivery to the urothelium and may enable local gene therapy for superficial bladder cancer or other bladder diseases. |
### Instruction:
Do molecular fingerprinting of mupirocin-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a burn unit?
### Response:
| Results of typing the mupirocin-resistant MRSA from the burn unit with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated that closely related MRSA clones previously circulating in the unit had acquired a high-level mupirocin-resistant plasmid, and spread aided by mupirocin use. |
### Instruction:
Is coronary artery surgery associated with different forms of atherogenic lipoprotein modifications?
### Response:
| Coronary artery bypass graft operation is associated with generation of sustained blood levels of modified lipoproteins. These thrombogenic and atherogenic particles may play an important role in hemostatic and arteriosclerotic complications of coronary artery bypass graft operations. |
### Instruction:
Does testosterone induce vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis in the ventral prostate in castrated rats?
### Response:
| Castration down regulates VEGF and testosterone induces VEGF synthesis in epithelial cells in the rat ventral prostate. |
### Instruction:
Is previous milk consumption associated with greater bone density in young women?
### Response:
| Results were consistent with the hypothesis that higher milk intake during adolescence is associated with greater total body, spine, and radial bone mineral measures during development of peak bone mass, whereas current calcium intakes may influence SBMC. In addition, milk intake at a younger age may contribute to similar habits of milk intake later in life. |
### Instruction:
Does delayed myocardial preconditioning by alpha1-adrenoceptors involve inhibition of apoptosis?
### Response:
| Delayed myocardial protection to infarction mediated by alpha1-adrenoceptor activation involves an increased bclx/bax ratio, thereby limiting apoptotic cell death. |
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