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### Instruction:
Are morphine glucuronide-to-morphine plasma ratios unaffected by the UGT2B7 H268Y and UGT1A1*28 polymorphisms in cancer patients on chronic morphine therapy?
### Response:
| The UGT2B7 H268Y polymorphism cannot account for the considerable variation in glucuronide-to-morphine ratios in cancer patients. Moreover, the contribution of UGT1A1 to the formation of M3G appears to be of minor biological significance, at least in a UGT2B7 background. |
### Instruction:
Is the association between leptin and proinsulin lost with central obesity?
### Response:
| This study shows that both the degree of adiposity and the hormonal milieu influence the association between circulating leptin and proinsulin in a normal population. Therefore, the insulin resistance syndrome seems to be characterized by lost association between leptin and proinsulin, which may be explained by dysfunction in the adipoinsular axis. |
### Instruction:
Is variation in the fatty acid binding protein 2 gene associated with markers of metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary heart disease?
### Response:
| The Ala54Thr polymorphism of the FABP2 gene is not associated with CHD, markers of the metabolic syndrome, or the fatty acid profile of serum lipids in Finnish CHD patients. |
### Instruction:
Is persistent infarct-related artery occlusion associated with an increased myocardial apoptosis at postmortem examination in humans late after an acute myocardial infarction?
### Response:
| A significantly higher AR was associated with persistent IRA occlusion late post-AMI. These data may suggest that the post-AMI benefits observed with a patent IRA (the "open-artery hypothesis") may in part be due to reduced myocardial apoptosis. |
### Instruction:
Do [ A study of the pour blood and the oxygen metabolic in tissue for extra-artery fascia flap ]?
### Response:
| That the content of the MDA rise as time the blood flow descend in the flap is a gradual process of the whole flap from tip to end, the flap will not appear necrosis until the MDA reach a rather degree. |
### Instruction:
Does the effect of commercially available saliva substitute on predemineralized bovine dentin in vitro?
### Response:
| Thus, the use of neither Glandosane nor biotène can be recommended in dentate patients with severe xerostomia. |
### Instruction:
Does perineural invasion have a negative impact on survival of patients with gallbladder carcinoma?
### Response:
| Perineural invasion is common in advanced gallbladder carcinoma and has a significant negative impact on patient survival. |
### Instruction:
Do serum pancreatic enzymes define the pancreatic phenotype in patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome?
### Response:
| Serum pancreatic enzymes are useful for determining the pancreatic phenotype and confirming the diagnosis of SDS. |
### Instruction:
Does in human IgA nephropathy uteroglobin play the role inferred from transgenic mice?
### Response:
| This first report of human IgA nephropathy after the publication of the mouse model shows that UG is not reduced in circulation and is even increased in IgA-Fn complexes. Because aberrant IgA1 glycosylation is the event initiating IgA nephropathy in humans, we speculate that the enhanced incorporation of UG into IgA-Fn complexes might represent feedback to reduce the formation of macromolecular aggregates. |
### Instruction:
Is a single-center review of the death notification form : discontinuing dialysis before death a surrogate for withdrawal from dialysis?
### Response:
| There is physician variability in interpretation of discontinuation of dialysis before death. Thirty percent of patients who discontinued dialysis therapy before death died 3 or fewer days from their last dialysis treatment, making uremia an unlikely cause of death, but suggesting that nephrologists wanted to note that a decision not to continue dialysis therapy had been made before the patient died. Discontinuing dialysis therapy as noted on the death notification form is not a surrogate for withdrawal from dialysis as a cause of death. Providing criteria for reporting discontinuing dialysis therapy would allow us to clarify the incidence of withdrawal from dialysis as a cause of death. |
### Instruction:
Does linear decay of relative blood volume during ultrafiltration predict hemodynamic instability?
### Response:
| Approaching dry weight, the RBV decline during UF switched from exponential to linear decay, probably indicating failing vascular refill. Monitoring deviation from linearity may allow improved hemodynamic stability and attainment of optimal post-HD weight. |
### Instruction:
Is thinking life worth living . A population survey of Great Britain?
### Response:
| Reducing psychiatric morbidity in the population as a whole might also decrease the frequency of suicidal thoughts. Policies which improve social support at a population level might also have a large impact on prevalence of suicidal thoughts. |
### Instruction:
Is electrocardiography unreliable in detecting potentially lethal hyperkalaemia in haemodialysis patients?
### Response:
| Haemodialysis patients with hyperkalaemia may not exhibit the usual electrocardiographic sequella of hyperkalaemia, possibly due in part to fluctuations in serum calcium concentration. Thus, the absence of electrocardiographic changes in hyperkalaemic haemodialysis patients should be interpreted with caution. |
### Instruction:
Is relation between walking speed and muscle strength affected by somatosensory loss in multiple sclerosis?
### Response:
| In patients with undifferentiated MS there is some correlation between gait speed and muscle strength. In the case of sensory loss, a higher contribution of both flexor and extensors of the lower limbs was observed, suggesting that muscular compensation occurred in this situation to maintain gait speed. These results are relevant to assess rehabilitation modalities in MS. |
### Instruction:
Does dermal microdialysis provide evidence for hypersensitivity to noradrenaline in patients with familial dysautonomia?
### Response:
| These data support the hypothesis that peripheral blood vessels of patients with FD show a denervation hypersensitivity to catecholamines. This may be one mechanism contributing to the major hypertension that frequently occurs during "dysautonomic crises" in FD. |
### Instruction:
Does gliclazide improve anti-oxidant status and nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in Type 2 diabetes?
### Response:
| Gliclazide reduces oxidative stress in Type 2 diabetic patients by improving plasma anti-oxidant status. This effect is associated with enhanced NO-mediated vasodilation. |
### Instruction:
Is mycoplasma genitalium associated with adverse outcomes of pregnancy in Guinea-Bissau?
### Response:
| M genitalium appears not to have a deleterious impact on the outcome of pregnancy. |
### Instruction:
Is a single growth hormone ( GH ) determination sufficient for the diagnosis of GH-deficiency in adult patients using the growth hormone releasing hormone plus growth hormone releasing peptide-6 test?
### Response:
| The GHRH + GHRP-6 test is a convenient, safe and reliable, provocative test of GH reserve in adults, which can be reduced to a single fixed GH determination 30 minutes after stimulus. |
### Instruction:
Does fibroblast growth factor 2 induce increased calvarial osteoblast proliferation and cranial suture fusion?
### Response:
| These results indicate that FGF2 can promote rat osteoblast attachment and normal cell morphology as well as induce cell proliferation. In calvarial organ culture, FGF2 treatment produced an enhanced suture fusion. These results provide further support for a critical role for FGF2 in cranial suture development. These studies also present a new quantitative approach to evaluating the effect of suture-perturbing growth factors on cranial suture fusion. |
### Instruction:
Is heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter polymorphism associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm?
### Response:
| Patients with AAA were less frequently carriers of short (< 25 GT) repeats in the HO-1 gene promoter than patients with atherosclerosis or healthy subjects. This suggests that short alleles, and thus, facilitated upregulation of HO-1, may be a protective anti-inflammatory factor against the development of AAA. |
### Instruction:
Does ethanol induce morphological and dynamic changes on in vivo and in vitro neural crest cells?
### Response:
| Taking into account that even a limited period of abnormal behavior may imply serious consequences in the final cues of an embryonic cell population, our results indicate that the biological effects of ethanol on early development-even during a short time-could induce permanent ontogenetic perturbations of NCCs, with potentially dramatic effects on embryonic morphogenesis. These results support an important participation of NCCs in the etiopathogeny of FAS. |
### Instruction:
Does brain catalase inhibition block ethanol-related decrease of blood luteinizing hormone levels in mice?
### Response:
| These results show an antagonistic effect between AT and ethanol on blood LH levels and suggest a role of brain catalase activity on this effect of ethanol. Data are discussed in terms of a possible functional relationship between brain catalase and beta-endorphins in the mediation of some of the psychopharmacological consequences observed after ethanol administration. |
### Instruction:
Does intracisternal sodium nitroprusside fail to prevent vasospasm in nonhuman primates?
### Response:
| The lack of effect of sodium nitroprusside was not the result of inadequate drug delivery because cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels were significantly increased in vasospastic arteries. Vasospasm may not have been prevented because of a toxic effect of sodium nitroprusside metabolites, involvement of smooth muscle relaxation or contraction processes downstream of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, or both. |
### Instruction:
Does nitrofen inhibition of pulmonary growth and development occur in the early embryonic mouse?
### Response:
| Nitrofen induces primary pulmonary hypoplasia and immaturity in the early embryonic mouse, and this effect persists in culture. |
### Instruction:
Do pharmacy data identify poorly adherent patients with schizophrenia at increased risk for admission?
### Response:
| Many health care systems may be able to use pharmacy data to identify poorly adherent patients with schizophrenia. These patients are at-risk for admission and may benefit from intervention. |
### Instruction:
Is the pregnancy-related decrease in fasting plasma homocysteine explained by folic acid supplementation , hemodilution , or a decrease in albumin in a longitudinal study?
### Response:
| This study refutes the previous explanations for the reduction in plasma tHcy known to occur in pregnancy, namely, folic acid supplementation, hemodilution, and a decrease in serum albumin. We suggest that the changes may be endocrine-based. |
### Instruction:
Is higher maternal plasma docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy associated with more mature neonatal sleep-state patterning?
### Response:
| The sleep patterns of infants born to mothers with higher plasma phospholipid DHA suggest greater CNS maturity. |
### Instruction:
Does iron bis-glycine chelate compete for the nonheme-iron absorption pathway?
### Response:
| The iron from iron bis-glycine chelate delivered at the level of the stomach or duodenum becomes part of the nonheme-iron pool and is absorbed as such. |
### Instruction:
Is interleukin-6 an independent predictor of mortality in patients starting dialysis treatment?
### Response:
| The present study demonstrates that the strong predictive value of elevated IL-6 levels for poor outcome in ESRD patients is similar in both HD and PD patients starting treatment. |
### Instruction:
Does mR correlate of cerebral atrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis?
### Response:
| This study suggests that brain atrophy in MS is not simply due to axonal loss, but rather reflects a more generalized process that involves various brain tissue components. Damage to the normal-appearing tissue rather than the extent and intrinsic pathology of macroscopic lesions seems to be important in the destructive process leading to MS-related irreversible cerebral atrophy. |
### Instruction:
Does dynamic-enhanced MRI predict metastatic potential of invasive ductal breast cancer?
### Response:
| The current series suggests that the SI index could distinguish patients with high risk of distant metastasis from disease free patients, preoperatively. If a suitable borderline value were established, the quantitative dynamic parameter determined by MRI may be useful for predicting the prognosis of breast cancer patients. |
### Instruction:
Are p53 gene mutations associated with poor survival in low and low-intermediate risk diffuse large B-cell lymphomas?
### Response:
| p53 alterations constitute a pejorative biological indicator able to discriminate among clinically defined lower risk patients with DLBCL. |
### Instruction:
Does oral stimulation accelerate the transition from tube to oral feeding in preterm infants?
### Response:
| An early oral stimulation program accelerates the transition to full oral feedings in preterm infants. This was associated with greater overall intake and rate of milk transfer observed in the experimental group when compared with the control group. |
### Instruction:
Is intraindividual hormonal variability in ultrasonographically timed successive ovulatory menstrual cycles detected only in the luteal phase in infertility patients?
### Response:
| Luteal phase progesterone and luteinising hormone concentrations showed individual variation in successive cycles suggesting early or late corpus luteolysis. Follicular and periovulatory hormone levels were similar in subsequent ovulatory cycles. |
### Instruction:
Is angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism associated with vulnerability to alcoholic cardiomyopathy?
### Response:
| Vulnerability to cardiomyopathy among chronic alcohol abusers is partially genetic and is related to presence of the ACE DD genotype. This finding demonstrates genetic susceptibility to alcohol-induced myocardial damage. |
### Instruction:
Does long-term ethanol feeding enhance susceptibility of the liver to orally administered lipopolysaccharides in rats?
### Response:
| Long-term ethanol feeding increases intestinal permeability to and absorption of endotoxin, which can sequentially enhance hepatic susceptibility to orally administered endotoxin. This model has potential as a subclinical experimental model for the study of alcoholic liver disease. |
### Instruction:
Does fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 signaling induce osteopontin expression and vascular smooth muscle cell-dependent adventitial fibroblast migration in vitro?
### Response:
| This in vitro study provided a first indication that ligand-activated FGFR-1 plays a significant role in upregulation of OPN expression at the transcriptional level via signaling to Src/MEK/MAP kinases in RASMCs and that this pathway is functionally significant in mediating AF migration via stimulation of OPN expression. |
### Instruction:
Does uncontrolled hypertension due to volume overload contribute to higher left ventricular mass index in CAPD patients?
### Response:
| Uncontrolled HT on background therapy is highly prevalent among volume overloaded CAPD patients. Further long-term prospective studies examining effects of salt restriction and ultrafiltration on BP control and left ventricle wall thickness are warranted. |
### Instruction:
Is simultaneous anus and bowel operation preferable for anal fistula in Crohn 's disease?
### Response:
| Healing of Crohn's anal fistula was significantly better in the simultaneous group than in the control group, and the recurrence rate was lower in the simultaneous group. Seton drainage for anal fistula in Crohn's disease was effective and preserved sphincter function. |
### Instruction:
Is the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 expressed by keratinocytes in condyloma acuminatum and verruca vulgaris?
### Response:
| This study shows the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is induced within the epidermis during the development of verruca vulgaris. This expression represents a previously unknown immunologic response to papillomavirus infection and may represent an important step in the pathogenesis of this disorder. |
### Instruction:
Does drug-induced and postnatal hypothyroidism impair the accumulation of diacylglycerol in liver and liver cell plasma membranes?
### Response:
| The above data have indicated that thyroid hormones are important physiological modulators of DAG level in rat liver and cell plasma membranes. Age- and drug-induced malfunction of thyroid gland resulted in a prominent decrease of glycerolipid synthesis which may promote DAG accumulation in liver. |
### Instruction:
Does chronic garlic administration protect rat heart against oxidative stress induced by ischemic reperfusion injury?
### Response:
| The study strongly suggests that chronic garlic administration prevents oxidative stress and associated ultrastructural changes, induced by myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury. |
### Instruction:
Is the plane of first cleavage related to the distribution of sperm components in the mouse?
### Response:
| The present findings challenge the claim that the sperm specifies the plane of first cleavage, and also question the methodology on which it was based. |
### Instruction:
Is t-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma a disseminated aggressive neoplasm : differential diagnosis from Hodgkin 's lymphoma?
### Response:
| The differential diagnosis of T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma from Hodgkin's lymphoma is facilitated by the integration of different immunophenotypic, molecular and clinical findings. T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma is a monoclonal neoplasm of bc l6+ B-cells with a phenotypic profile similar to lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's lymphoma, suggesting a germinal centre origin and a possible relation to this disease. Therefore, in order to distinguish it from lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's lymphoma, characterization of the reactive background, IgH gene rearrangement studies by conventional PCR and clinical features are more useful. In contrast, T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma can be distinguished from classical Hodgkin's lymphoma thanks to the presence of monoclonal IgH rearrangement and the CD 30-CD15-CD45+EMA+ immunophenotypic profile of the neoplastic cells in T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma. |
### Instruction:
Is bendamustine effective in relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin 's lymphoma?
### Response:
| Bendamustine as a single agent is effective against aggressive lymphoma, even in cases of refractory disease. Further studies are warranted to determine the significance of bendamustine in the treatment of aggressive lymphomas. |
### Instruction:
Is anthropometric assessment of muscularity during growth : estimating fat-free mass with 2 skinfold-thickness measurements superior to measuring midupper arm muscle area in healthy prepubertal children?
### Response:
| The FFM estimate proved to be the better predictor for muscularity in healthy prepubertal children and is on a par with UAMA during puberty. FFM can be recommended as a simple anthropometric method to assess nutritional status before puberty, at least in healthy children. |
### Instruction:
Do age and copper intake affect copper absorption , measured with the use of 65Cu as a tracer , in young infants?
### Response:
| Copper absorption in young infants is high but does not respond to copper intake within the range tested. |
### Instruction:
Does cysteine supplementation improve the erythrocyte glutathione synthesis rate in children with severe edematous malnutrition?
### Response:
| These results suggest that the GSH synthesis rate and concentration can be restored during the early phase of treatment if patients are supplemented with cysteine. |
### Instruction:
Is underreporting of energy intake less common among pregnant women in Indonesia?
### Response:
| Levels of underreporting were low among the pregnant Indonesian women during the second and third trimesters. The low EI/BMR ratio during the first trimester likely reflects a true low intake due to nausea, rather than underreporting. Risk factors for being an underreporter included those known from developed countries, i.e. obesity and low education. |
### Instruction:
Does mild hypothermia prolong the survival time during uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats?
### Response:
| Mild hypothermia of either 36 or 34 degrees C prolongs the survival time during lethal UHS in rats. |
### Instruction:
Does radio-frequency ablation increase intratumoral liposomal doxorubicin accumulation in a rat breast tumor model?
### Response:
| RF ablation augments the delivery of systemic antineoplastic agents such as liposomal doxorubicin. |
### Instruction:
Is cyclooxygenase-2 expression up-regulated in obstructed human ureter?
### Response:
| These data indicate that COX-2 mRNA and protein levels are up-regulated in chronically obstructed human ureters. Using selective COX-2 inhibitors may be useful for treating prostanoid induced effects associated with ureteral obstruction. |
### Instruction:
Does cationic cholesterol promote gene transfection using the nuclear localization signal in protamine?
### Response:
| Although there exist several possible mechanisms, such as improved protection of DNA intracellularly by derivative (I), one possibility is that the DNA-protamine-liposome complex with the derivative (I) promoted gene transfection more significantly into the nucleus of the target cells using the nuclear localization signal of protamine. |
### Instruction:
Are the lower-generation polypropylenimine dendrimers effective gene-transfer agents?
### Response:
| The generation 2 polypropylenimine dendrimer combines a sufficient level of DNA binding with a low level of cell cytoxicity to give it optimum in vitro gene transfer activity. |
### Instruction:
Is preoperative management more important than choice of sutured or stapled anastomosis in Crohn 's disease?
### Response:
| A strategy to operate on Crohn patients without steroids and, if indicated, treated preoperatively with enteral nutrition and percutaneous drainage of abscesses resulted in no anastomotic leaks and few postoperative complications. These results were independent of the anastomotic technique used. |
### Instruction:
Does helichrysum italicum extract interfere with the production of enterotoxins by Staphylococcus aureus?
### Response:
| H. italicum interferes with growth and production of enterotoxins by Staph. aureus. |
### Instruction:
Does quality of care provided by general practitioners using or not using Division-based diabetes register?
### Response:
| GPs who participated in diabetes registers were more likely to provide patient care that more closely adhered to evidence-based guidelines than those who did not. Further research is needed to determine whether this was the result of characteristics of the GPs themselves, or their practices, or a was a consequence of their participation. |
### Instruction:
Is leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 ( LECAM-1 ) polymorphism associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus?
### Response:
| The data suggest that the LECAM-1 213PP genotype is a genetic risk factor for the development of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. |
### Instruction:
Does prostaglandin E1 at clinically relevant concentrations inhibit aggregation of platelets under synergic interaction with endothelial cells?
### Response:
| Prostaglandin E1 (=0.1 ng/ml) inhibited platelet aggregation under synergic interaction with endothelial cells. |
### Instruction:
Does anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment restore the gut barrier in Crohn 's disease?
### Response:
| Inhibiting the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor dramatically reduces gut inflammation and largely restores the gut barrier in Crohn's disease. Our data confirm the central role of TNF in gut barrier modulation in inflammatory conditions in vivo. |
### Instruction:
Is urinary trypsinogen activation peptide more accurate than hematocrit in determining severity in patients with acute pancreatitis : a prospective study?
### Response:
| In comparison to admission Hct, urinary TAP was more accurate in determining severity in patients with acute pancreatitis by Atlanta, APACHE II, and Ranson criteria. We conclude that urinary TAP is a more accurate predictor of severity in patients with acute pancreatitis compared with Hct. Urinary TAP should be used to determine severity in patients early in the course of acute pancreatitis. |
### Instruction:
Does recipient hypertension potentiate chronic functional and structural injury of rat renal allografts?
### Response:
| An experimental model is presented that examines the influence of recipient hypertension in the pathogenesis of chronic dysfunction and injury developing in rat renal allografts over time. |
### Instruction:
Is the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System ( CGMS ) in type 1 diabetic children the way to reduce hypoglycemic risk?
### Response:
| The CGMS is a useful device not only for detecting unrecognized hypoglycemia, but also for modifying insulin therapy in order to reduce hypoglycemic events. The system appears to be useful in avoiding long exposure to hypoglycemia. |
### Instruction:
Do exercise and psychosocial factors modulate immunity to influenza vaccine in elderly individuals?
### Response:
| These results suggest that lifestyle factors including exercise may influence immune response to influenza immunization. The practice of regular, vigorous exercise was associated with enhanced immune response following influenza vaccination in older adults. |
### Instruction:
Do comparing methods of administering high-frequency jet ventilation in a model of laryngotracheal stenosis?
### Response:
| Ventilatory driving pressure during supraglottic high-frequency jet ventilation may be reduced to minimize high airway pressures and hence the potential for pulmonary barotrauma in patients with laryngotracheal stenosis. |
### Instruction:
Does prophylactic IM small-dose phenylephrine blunt spinal anesthesia-induced hypotensive response during surgical repair of hip fracture in the elderly?
### Response:
| We evaluated the efficacy and safety of small-dose IM phenylephrine for prophylaxis against spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in normotensive and hypertensive elderly patients. Phenylephrine 1.5 mg IM was effective for reducing the incidence of hypotension and avoided adverse effects. |
### Instruction:
Does epinephrine reduce the plasma concentration of lidocaine during continuous epidural infusion in children?
### Response:
| Reduction of the potential for systemic toxicity by the addition of epinephrine to lidocaine is limited, because the reduction of the sum of the plasma concentrations of lidocaine and its active metabolite MEGX is small and limited to the initial phase of infusion. |
### Instruction:
Do hypercapnic respiratory failure and partial upper airway obstruction during high frequency oscillatory ventilation in an adult burn patient?
### Response:
| During HFOV in burn patients, postresuscitation edema of the supraglottic upper airway may cause expiratory upper airway obstruction. The insertion of a nasotracheal tube, combined with an intentional orotracheal cuff leak may improve alveolar ventilation during HFOV in such patients. |
### Instruction:
Does alfentanil increase resistance of the respiratory system in ASA I patients ventilated mechanically during general anesthesia?
### Response:
| No respiratory adverse effect was reported after alfentanil iv administration. |
### Instruction:
Does recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated osteoprotegerin gene therapy inhibit wear debris-induced osteolysis?
### Response:
| A single intramuscular injection of the rAAV-OPG-IRES-EGFP vector can efficiently transduce myocytes to produce high levels of OPG. The OPG effectively inhibits wear debris-induced osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis. |
### Instruction:
Is liver glucokinase gene expression controlled by the onecut transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor-6?
### Response:
| Although HNF-6 is not required to open chromatin of the hepatic promoter of the glucokinase gene, it stimulates transcription of the glucokinase gene in the liver. This could partly explain the diabetes observed in hnf6 knockout mice. |
### Instruction:
Are estrogen receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor-beta present in the human growth plate in childhood and adolescence , in identical distribution?
### Response:
| Our findings indicate that the hypertrophic chondrocyte is the main target cell for estrogen action within the growth plate. The presence of ER in prepubertal children suggests that estrogens play a role in skeletal maturation under physiological conditions also in this age-group. |
### Instruction:
Are hiatal hernia size , Barrett 's length , and severity of acid reflux all risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma?
### Response:
| High-grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma seem to stem from an extreme and unfavorable constellation of all risk factors that are generally held responsible for the development of GERD and Barrett's esophagus. |
### Instruction:
Is apoptotic activity increased in brain cortex infarct after hypothermic circulatory arrest in a porcine model?
### Response:
| The apoptotic index was significantly increased in brain cortex infarcts of animals that survived 7 days after HCA, whereas only a few apoptotic cells were observed in noninfarcted areas of these animals as well as in animals that died on the first postoperative day. Further studies are required to elucidate the timing of development of brain infarction after HCA and whether neuroprotective strategies targeting the apoptotic process may mitigate brain damage. |
### Instruction:
Does use of heparin-bonded circuits in cardiopulmonary bypass improve clinical outcome?
### Response:
| Based on several indicators, the use of heparin coating in cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with improved clinical results. |
### Instruction:
Does epstein-Barr virus encoded nuclear protein EBNA-3 bound a novel human uridine kinase/uracil phosphoribosyltransferase?
### Response:
| We suggest that EBNA-3 by direct protein-protein interaction induces the nuclear accumulation of a novel enzyme, that is part of the ribonucleotide salvage pathway. Increased intranuclear levels of UK/UPRT may contribute to the metabolic build-up that is needed for blast transformation and rapid proliferation. |
### Instruction:
Do skeletal fractures negatively correlate with overall survival in men with prostate cancer?
### Response:
| Our results suggest that skeletal fracture in patients with prostate cancer is an independent and adverse predictor of survival. Consideration for screening men at greatest risk via bone mineral density measurements and initiating empirical skeletal therapies (bisphosphonates, estrogens and so forth) may be warranted. This recommendation awaits validation through prospective randomized trials. |
### Instruction:
Does obesity affect nursing-care facility admission among whites but not blacks?
### Response:
| The large increase in the prevalence of obesity coupled with the rapid expansion of the number of older Americans will likely increase the demand for nursing facility use. More research is needed to understand differences in factors related to nursing home admission among ethnic groups. |
### Instruction:
Does minimally invasive vein harvesting significantly reduce pain and wound morbidity?
### Response:
| Minimally invasive saphenous vein harvesting significantly reduces early post-operative leg pain and wound sepsis. Our study demonstrates that minimally invasive harvesting can be performed at a satisfactory speed and should be considered to help reduce early post-operative morbidity. |
### Instruction:
Does successful lung volume reduction surgery bring patients into better condition for later lung transplantation?
### Response:
| Successful LVRS delays the need for transplantation, improves nutritional status and brings patients into a better pretransplant condition, which results in decreased perioperative mortality at LTX. Patients after failed LVRS, however, should be considered as poor candidates for later transplantation. |
### Instruction:
Is bullectomy comparable to lung volume reduction in patients with end-stage emphysema?
### Response:
| Our experience supports the hypothesis that the physiopathological basis of respiratory improvement after bullectomy and lung volume reduction surgery in patients with end-stage emphysema is the same, although the exact mechanism remains incompletely understood. |
### Instruction:
Are ventilatory variables strong prognostic markers in elderly patients with heart failure?
### Response:
| These findings extend results found in selected middle aged patients to elderly patients with heart failure and show that ventilatory parameters from a cardiopulmonary exercise test, such as peak VO2, VE/O2, and VE/VCO2 are powerful predictors of mortality. |
### Instruction:
Is association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with coronary artery disease and its progression dependent on the modifying effect of mannose-binding lectin?
### Response:
| These results indicate that infection with C pneumoniae leads mainly to the development and progression of severe CAD in patients with variation in the MBL gene. |
### Instruction:
Do sex steroids affect shigatoxin cytotoxicity on human renal tubular or glomerular cells?
### Response:
| These data do not support the notion that hormonal changes associated with puberty induce an Stx-resistant state within kidney cells. |
### Instruction:
Is d-chiro-inositol more effective than myo-inositol in preventing folate-resistant mouse neural tube defects?
### Response:
| D-chiro-inositol offers a safe and effective method for preventing folic acid-resistant NTDs in the curly tail mouse. This raises the possibility of using inositol as an adjunct therapy to folic acid for prevention of NTDs in humans. |
### Instruction:
Is interscalene brachial plexus block superior to subacromial bursa block after arthroscopic shoulder surgery?
### Response:
| After arthroscopic shoulder surgery SUB has a minor effect only on postoperative analgesia, whereas an ISB with low-dose ropivacaine effectively relieves early postoperative pain and reduces the need for opioids. |
### Instruction:
Does interleukin-6 stimulate tubular regeneration in rats with glycerol-induced acute renal failure?
### Response:
| IL-6 stimulates tubular regeneration after Gly-ARF and increases the expression of c-met in the renal cortex. Gly-ARF rats have high circulating levels of HGF that is targeted to act in the injured kidneys by the IL-6 overexpressed renal c-met. |
### Instruction:
Does focal cooling suppress spontaneous epileptiform activity without changing the cortical motor threshold?
### Response:
| In this patient with tumor-related epilepsy, focal cooling of the cortex reproducibly abolished interictal epileptiform discharges without changing the motor threshold to electrical stimulation. |
### Instruction:
Is the N-demethylation of the doxepin isomers mainly catalyzed by the polymorphic CYP2C19?
### Response:
| The present study demonstrates a significant contribution of the polymorphic CYP2C19 to the N-demethylation of doxepin. CYP2C9 and CYP1A2 play a minor role and CYP3A4 does not contribute substantially. |
### Instruction:
Does iliohypogastric-ilioinguinal peripheral nerve block for post-Cesarean delivery analgesia decrease morphine use but not opioid-related side effects?
### Response:
| A multi-level ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block technique can reduce the amount of systemic morphine required to control post-Cesarean delivery pain but this reduction was not associated with a reduction of opioid related adverse effects in our study group. |
### Instruction:
Are plasma lidocaine concentrations higher in twin compared to singleton newborns following epidural anesthesia for Cesarean delivery?
### Response:
| Even though there were no differences in neonatal outcome, a potential does exist for high plasma lidocaine concentrations in twin fetuses, suggesting that the total maternal dose of lidocaine must be regulated carefully. |
### Instruction:
Does sciatic nerve block with bupivacaine-loaded microspheres prevent hyperalgesia in an inflammatory animal model?
### Response:
| B-Ms as a drug delivery system prolongs the duration of neural blockade and avoids hyperalgesia phenomena in this rat model of inflammation. |
### Instruction:
Are pro-domain removal in ASP-2 and the cleavage of the amyloid precursor influenced by pH?
### Response:
| We suggest that ASP-2 processing as well as activity are influenced by pH, and hence the cellular localisation of the protein may have profound effects on the production of Abeta. These factors should be taken into consideration in the design of potential inhibitors for these enzymes. |
### Instruction:
Do aBR thresholds to tonebursts gated with Blackman and linear windows in adults with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss?
### Response:
| There were no clear differences between Blackman- and linearly gated tonebursts in terms of how well ABR thresholds predicted pure-tone thresholds at 2000 and 4000 Hz. In general audiometric thresholds were predicted with good accuracy (+/-15 dB) by the toneburst ABR thresholds. The 4000-Hz audiometric threshold was underestimated in one subject with a very steeply sloping hearing loss by both Blackman- and linearly gated toneburst ABR thresholds, indicating that ipsilateral masking such as notched noise would be needed to ensure frequency specificity in this and similar cases. |
### Instruction:
Is the SstI polymorphism of the apo C-III gene associated with insulin sensitivity in young men?
### Response:
| There was no difference between carriers and non-carriers of the S2 allele in relation to incidence and sensitivity; although on subgroup analysis there was an effect in men but not in women. |
### Instruction:
Does pediatric and young adult exposure to chemiluminescent glow stick?
### Response:
| Most incidences of exposure to chemiluminescent products involve asymptomatic ingestion of fluid that leaks from glow sticks or ingestion of an intact glow stick. Symptoms occur after exposure to chemiluminescent fluid and consist of transient irritation at the site of exposure. The clustering of reported exposure on weekends and in dance clubs and parties coupled with a lack of occupational or workplace exposure suggest that recreational use is a major contributory factor. Exposure to chemiluminescent products infrequently resulted in symptoms and the symptoms reported were minor. Exposure to chemiluminescent products as described is unlikely to cause significant morbidity or mortality. |
### Instruction:
Does combination therapy with nateglinide and a thiazolidinedione improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes?
### Response:
| Nateglinide and troglitazone are equally effective in decreasing HbA(1c) levels. However, these reductions from baseline HbA(1c) values of >8% are not adequate to achieve HbA(1c) levels of <7%. In contrast, the combination of nateglinide and of a thiazolidinedione shows an additive effect that is highly effective in reducing HbA(1c) levels to the target of <7% in 66% of patients, from a baseline HbA(1c) that is just above 8%. |
### Instruction:
Does treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid cause isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome?
### Response:
| These results reveal important isomer-specific metabolic actions of CLA in abdominally obese humans. A CLA-induced insulin resistance has previously been described only in lipodystrophic mice. Considering the use of CLA-supplements among obese individuals, it is important to clarify the clinical consequences of these results, but they also provide physiological insights into the role of specific dietary fatty acids as modulators of insulin resistance in humans. |
### Instruction:
Do fibronectin fragments upregulate insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in chondrocytes?
### Response:
| The Fn-fs increased levels of IGFBPs in cultures of bovine articular chondrocytes and elicited release of IGFBP-2 and IGF-I from articular cartilage. The increased level of IGFBPs may trap IGF-I and account in part for the initial suppression of PG synthesis. Induced proteinases may subsequently liberate IGF-I and cause greatly enhanced anabolic processes, contributing to cartilage repair. |
### Instruction:
Is intact genetic material present in commercially processed cadaver allografts used for pubovaginal slings?
### Response:
| Intact genetic material was present in all 4 commercially processed human allografts. Tissue processing did not completely eliminate intact DNA segments. The size of the intact DNA and the concentration of DNA varied widely based on tissue processing methods. |
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