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### Instruction: Are suboptimal breastfeeding practices associated with infant illness in Vietnam? ### Response:
Early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding protects against diarrhea and ARI. Results confirm that interventions to improve early and exclusive breastfeeding would contribute to improving child health and nutrition in Vietnam.
### Instruction: Does prevalence and trigger of allergic rhinitis in the United Arab Emirates? ### Response:
At least 7% of the studied population had allergic rhinitis. Most (71%) of these patients had environmental triggers and remained untreated. Allergic rhinitis awareness and measures to control allergens and dust are needed. The impact of preventing allergic rhinitis on other common atopies in the region deserves future studies.
### Instruction: Is the level of specialist assessment of adult asthma influenced by patient age? ### Response:
A lower level of diagnostic assessment was observed already after the age of 35 years, indicating a risk for under diagnosis of asthma at an earlier patient age than previously thought.
### Instruction: Does polarization of the vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase delineate a transition to high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm lesions? ### Response:
The v-ATPase regulates Wnt/β-catenin and EGF receptor signaling in PanINs.
### Instruction: Is sleep disturbance after fracture related to emotional well-being rather than functional result? ### Response:
At 12-month follow-up, poor sleep was independently associated with poor emotional status but not associated with poor functional status. The mental health status of patients with sleep difficulty in the latter stages of fracture healing should be carefully assessed to provide the highest level of care. The results of this study should allow orthopaedic trauma surgeons to counsel patients regarding expectations of difficulty sleeping after acute fractures.
### Instruction: Is serum vitamin D associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese males with normal weight and liver enzymes? ### Response:
The present study demonstrated that serum 25(OH)D3 levels were inversely associated with NAFLD, even in subjects with normal total body fat, suggesting a potential role of lower levels of vitamin D in the occurrence and development of NAFLD.
### Instruction: Do efficacy of newly formulated ointment containing 20 % active antimicrobial honey in treatment of burn wound infections? ### Response:
Newly formulated ointment containing 20% active antimicrobial honey is more effective and low-cost alternative preparation for the treatment of burn wound infections.
### Instruction: Does histologic evaluation of in vivo femtosecond laser-generated capsulotomies reveal a potential cause for radial capsular tears? ### Response:
Femtosecond laser can perform a capsulotomy with high reliability. In comparison to a highly experienced cataract surgeon, the achieved results in size are similar. In terms of circularity, the femtosecond laser was superior the manual procedure. Better refractive outcomes based on a 360°-degree optic overlap seem to be possible, especially for less experienced surgeons.
### Instruction: Do pilot study of glaucoma drainage implant surgery supplemented with reticulated hyaluronic acid gel in severe glaucoma? ### Response:
In eyes with severe glaucoma, the intraoperative application of crosslinked sodium HA gel may improve the efficacy of GDI surgery.
### Instruction: Are differences in otosclerotic and normal human stapedial osteoblast properties normalized by alendronate in vitro? ### Response:
OSO cultures displayed properties of hypermineralization due to decreased osteopontin (OPN) and also had increased RANKL/OPG, which were normalized by alendronate.
### Instruction: Does morphine attenuate testosterone response to central injection of kisspeptin in male rats? ### Response:
Morphine and kisspeptin systems may interact with each other to control the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.
### Instruction: Does prediction of Thorough QT study result using action potential simulations based on ion channel screens? ### Response:
This study provides a proof-of-principle for the prediction of human TQT study results using data available early in drug development. We highlight a number of areas that need refinement to improve the method's predictive power, but the results suggest that such approaches will provide a useful tool in cardiac safety assessment.
### Instruction: Is the altered mononuclear cell-derived cytokine response to glucose ingestion regulated by excess adiposity in polycystic ovary syndrome? ### Response:
Women with PCOS fail to suppress MNC-derived cytokine release in response to glucose ingestion, and this response is independent of excess adiposity. Nevertheless, a similar response is also a feature of obesity per se. Circulating MNC and excess adipose tissue are separate and distinct sources of inflammation in this population.
### Instruction: Is crohn 's disease but not diverticulitis an independent risk factor for surgical site infections in colectomy? ### Response:
For patients undergoing segmental colectomy in the NSQIP data set, statistically significant increases in SSI are seen in CD, but not DD, when compared to CC, thus confirming CD as an independent risk factor for SSI.
### Instruction: Do dopamine D1 and corticotrophin-releasing hormone type-2α receptors assemble into functionally interacting complexes in living cells? ### Response:
D1 and CRF2 α receptors are capable of heterodimerization in living cells. D1 /CRF2 α receptor heteromerization might account, at least in part, for the complex physiological interactions established between dopamine and CRH in normal and pathological conditions such as addiction, representing a new potential pharmacological target.
### Instruction: Is increased Hs-CRP/adiponectin ratio associated with increase carotid intima-media thickness? ### Response:
Hs-CRP/APN ratio was a useful predictor to discriminate subjects who were at increased risk of atherosclerosis progression.
### Instruction: Is fluorescence in situ hybridization on peripheral-blood specimens a reliable method to evaluate cytogenetic response in chronic myeloid leukemia? ### Response:
Our results confirmed that FISH is a sensitive technique for the evaluation of response to treatment in patients with CML. Moreover, our study suggests that follow-up of cytogenetic response to therapy can be evaluated on peripheral-blood specimens, thus enabling an easier and more frequent evaluation of patients. The next step will be to evaluate this technique in a large prospective trial to define the prognostic value of complete remissions evaluated by FISH.
### Instruction: Does hypersensitivity or development of antibodies to asparaginase impact treatment outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia? ### Response:
In this setting, in which most patients with allergy were switched to another preparation, there was no adverse prognostic impact of clinical or subclinical allergy to asparaginase.
### Instruction: Is vinorelbine an effective and safe drug for AIDS-related Kaposi 's sarcoma : results of a phase II study? ### Response:
Vinorelbine is safe and effective in the treatment of patients with advanced KS who have been previously treated with one or more chemotherapy regimens.
### Instruction: Do serum testosterone levels decrease in middle age in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome? ### Response:
Hyperandrogenism partly resolves before menopause in women with PCOS. This change may explain the tendency of women with PCOS to cycle regularly as they grow older. Testosterone levels remain elevated in older women with PCOS, however, and may contribute to their increased risk for cardiovascular disease, endometrial cancer, and other diseases.
### Instruction: Does androgen excess contribute to altered growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome? ### Response:
Impaired somatotrophic axis caused by a defect in central dopaminergic activity may be responsible for severe anovulation in these women with PCOS, which could be reversed by removing excessive androgens with OWR.
### Instruction: Is detection of micrometastatic prostate cancer cells in the lymph nodes by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction predictive of biochemical recurrence in pathological stage T2 prostate cancer? ### Response:
Nested RT-PCR of the lymph nodes may be a useful pretreatment prognostic test for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Further research is necessary using a much larger number of patients with a longer followup.
### Instruction: Is low-dose aprotinin ineffective to treat excessive bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass? ### Response:
Routine administration of low-dose aprotinin as part of the treatment protocol to control hemorrhage after CPB does not reduce bleeding or transfusion requirements and, therefore, cannot be recommended.
### Instruction: Does ischemic preconditioning protect against paraplegia after transient aortic occlusion in the rat? ### Response:
A rat model of spinal cord ischemia demonstrating both delayed paraplegia and transient ischemic dysfunction was characterized. Both 2-minute and 5-minute periods of IPC were found to protect against paraplegia.
### Instruction: Does diclofenac premedication but not intra-articular ropivacaine alleviate pain following day-case knee arthroscopy? ### Response:
Diclofenac premedication p.o. reduced the VAS scores at eight hours postoperatively while intra-articular ropivacaine did not.
### Instruction: Does advancement of the mandible facilitate nasal breathing in human subjects sedated with midazolam? ### Response:
Advancement of the mandible decreases nasal resistance, thereby facilitating spontaneous breathing through the nasal route in normal humans sedated with midazolam.
### Instruction: Does aCE-inhibition promote apoptosis after balloon injury of rat carotid arteries? ### Response:
Captopril inhibits neointimal formation in the rat model of arterial injury by mechanisms involving induction of VSMC apoptosis.
### Instruction: Are adenylate cyclase and potassium channels involved in forskolin- and 1,9-dideoxyforskolin-induced inhibition of pregnant rat uterus contractility? ### Response:
Activation of adenylate cyclases, as well as adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels and, to a greater extent, calcium-dependent potassium channels, is involved in the inhibitory effect of forskolin in uterine rings from rats at 16 days of gestation. Inhibition of uterine contractions by 1,9-dideoxyforskolin is less than that by forskolin and involves activation of adenylate cyclase and calcium-dependent potassium channels. Whether activation of guanylate cyclase is involved in the effect of the agents on calcium-dependent potassium channels needs further investigation. 1, 9-Dideoxyforskolin is not an inactive isomer of forskolin in rat uterine rings.
### Instruction: Is hHV-8 ( KSHV ) associated with bacillary angiomatosis? ### Response:
HHV-8 was not demonstrated in the lesions of bacillary angiomatosis and therefore does not appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of this pseudoneoplastic angioproliferative disorder. This finding might be useful in the distinction of bacillary angiomatosis from Kaposi's sarcoma, because lesions from patients with Kaposi's sarcoma almost always contains HHV-8 DNA.
### Instruction: Is postischemic attenuation of cerebral artery reactivity increased in the presence of tissue plasminogen activator? ### Response:
These results demonstrate that both ischemia and rtPA perfusion diminish cerebral artery reactivity and that the combination may produce an additive effect. This impaired reactivity may contribute to reperfusion-induced injury during or after thrombolysis by altering upstream cerebrovascular resistance.
### Instruction: Do atypical bronchopulmonary carcinoids show a tendency toward increased apoptotic and proliferative activity? ### Response:
This study suggests that the extent of apoptosis in bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors is low. This, together with a low proliferation rate and an apparent absence of p53 mutation, enables a benign growth pattern. Some atypical carcinoids with enhanced apoptosis are associated with shortened survival, clearly deviating from typical carcinoids.
### Instruction: Is terlipressin more effective in decreasing variceal pressure than portal pressure in cirrhotic patients? ### Response:
Our results demonstrate that terlipressin produces significant and prolonged decreases in variceal pressure and variceal wall tension and has intrinsic effects on portal pressure and systemic hemodynamics. Variceal pressure provides a better assessment of the effects of terlipressin administration on esophageal varices than hepatic venous pressure gradient.
### Instruction: Does hyperbaric oxygen therapy affect recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness? ### Response:
These results indicate that HBOT is not an effective therapy for the treatment of DOMS.
### Instruction: Does localized airway anesthesia with lidocaine partially suppress cardiovascular responses To lung inflation? ### Response:
Localized airway anesthesia with lidocaine is unlikely to suppress the cardiovascular responses to lung inflation. This suggests that a limited number of neurogenic mechanisms are involved in the cardiovascular responses to lung inflation in anesthetized humans.
### Instruction: Does local somatothermal stimulation inhibit motility of the internal anal sphincter through nitrergic neural release of nitric oxide? ### Response:
Local somatothermal stimulation inhibits internal anal sphincter motility through the activation of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neural release of nitric oxide. This procedure may represent a simplified approach for the treatment of anorectal diseases with hypofunction of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. [Key words: Local somatothermal stimulation; Nitric oxide; Internal anal sphincter; Motility; Moxibustion] Jiang J-K, Chiu J-H, Lin J-K. Local somatothermal stimulation inhibits motility of the internal anal sphincter through nitrergic neural release of nitric oxide.
### Instruction: Does oligomeric but not monomeric silica prevent aluminum absorption in humans? ### Response:
The oligomeric, high-aluminum-affinity form of soluble silica reduces aluminum availability from the human gastrointestinal tract. Its potential role in the amelioration of aluminum toxicity in other biological systems requires attention.
### Instruction: Do repeated ECS and fluoxetine administration have equivalent effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity? ### Response:
Given that fluoxetine and rECS share antidepressant properties, but differ in their effects on learning and memory, we propose that the common effects on dentate connectivity and synaptic plasticity described here are more likely to relate to affective rather than cognitive function. This result is consistent with other experiments showing that a reduction in dentate connectivity correlates with stress susceptibility in animals.
### Instruction: Does collagen-to-smooth muscle ratio help prediction of prognosis after pyeloplasty? ### Response:
Since our data represent an objective and quantitative parameter associated with ureteropelvic junction obstruction, we believe that our findings may help to predict the prognosis after pyeloplasty.
### Instruction: Does celiprolol augment the effect of physical exercise on insulin sensitivity and serum lipid levels in chronic heart failure? ### Response:
Insulin sensitivity and serum lipid levels may be favorably affected by exercise training in subjects with mild-to-moderate CHF. Celiprolol, a vasodilating beta1- selective adrenoceptor antagonist, potentiates this effect.
### Instruction: Is plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA localized in the ciliary epithelium of the rodent eye? ### Response:
During development, PAI-1 is likely to be involved in retina vascularization, in agreement with other cases of angiogenesis. Results for the adult eye indicate that the ciliary epithelium is the source for PAI-1 activity found in the aqueous humor. The results suggest that PAI-1 plays a role in balancing fibrinolysis and proteolysis specifically in the anterior segment of the eye, implying that PAI-1 overproduction in the ciliary epithelium could shift the balance against proteolysis and thus may interfere with aqueous outflow.
### Instruction: Does cholestanol induce apoptosis of corneal endothelial and lens epithelial cells? ### Response:
In vitro, cholestanol was taken up by corneal endothelial cells and lens epithelial cells, an event that led to apoptosis of these cells.
### Instruction: Do conjunctival fibroblasts enhance the survival and functional activity of peripheral blood eosinophils in vitro? ### Response:
Human conjunctival fibroblasts induced prolonged survival and increased secretory function of human peripheral blood eosinophils. Increased survival is partially mediated by IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF. The coculture of conjunctival fibroblasts with eosinophils can serve as an in vitro system for the study of eosinophil behavior in the ocular surface and of cellular interactions in allergic eye diseases.
### Instruction: Does screening women with a family history of breast cancer -- result from the British Familial Breast Cancer Group? ### Response:
This study provides evidence to suggest that screening young women with a significant family history of breast cancer is effective and that a survival benefit can be expected. As a result the British Familial Breast Cancer Group proposes a co-ordinated prospective observational study.
### Instruction: Is methotrexate steroid sparing in acute sarcoidosis : results of a double blind , randomized trial? ### Response:
Methotrexate can be a steroid sparing agent in acute sarcoidosis.
### Instruction: Do analysis of the effects of the continuous electrode paste band on precordial leads of the electrocardiogram? ### Response:
Application of a continuous electrode paste band in the precordial leads may cause significant alterations in the electrocardiographic tracing obtained.
### Instruction: Does major surgery increase serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor only temporarily? ### Response:
Even major surgery is associated only with a slight and transient increase in S-VEGF levels, and, therefore, is unlikely to interfere markedly with the use of VEGF as a prognostic marker.
### Instruction: Does lactoferrin protect against UV-B irradiation-induced corneal epithelial damage in rats? ### Response:
These results suggest that the presence of lactoferrin in human tear fluid may inhibit UV-induced corneal epithelial damage.
### Instruction: Is serum interleukin-10 but not interleukin-6 related to clinical outcome in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma? ### Response:
In patients with HCC, the preoperative serum IL-10 level is related to the clinical outcome. IL-10 may play an important role in the progression of HCC.
### Instruction: Does baculovirus vector require electrostatic interactions including heparan sulfate for efficient gene transfer in mammalian cells? ### Response:
Electrostatic charges play a critical role during the first step in mammalian cell transduction mediated by a recombinant baculovirus.
### Instruction: Do vasoactive agents modulate migration of monocytes across glomerular endothelial cells? ### Response:
Vasoactive agents directly modulate the transmigration of monocytes. The present in vitro study provides a basis for a hypothesis that vasoactive agents may also be modulating the migration of monocytes across the glomerular endothelial cell layer (into the mesangium).
### Instruction: Does [ Thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer decrease after vitreous surgery for idiopathic macular hole ]? ### Response:
This study demonstrates that the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer decreases at least one month after surgery, even in cases without visual field defect. This fact may suggest the existence of a subclinical complication of vitreous surgery.
### Instruction: Do systemic estrogens have no conclusive beneficial effect on human skin connective tissue? ### Response:
Accordingly, several studies have been accomplished, in which hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been used in order to prevent skin aging at or after the menopause. In this overview the results of previous studies, and a study done recently, are critically reviewed.
### Instruction: Does biologically variable pulsation improve jugular venous oxygen saturation during rewarming? ### Response:
Computer-controlled BVP resulted in significantly greater SjvO2 during rewarming from hypothermic CPB. Both mean and cumulative area under the curve for SjvO2 less than 50% exceeded a ratio of 20 to 1 for CP versus BVP. Cerebral oxygenation is better preserved during rewarming from moderate hypothermia with bypass that returns biological variability to the flow pattern.
### Instruction: Are outcomes after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin affected by substaging of high grade T1 transitional cell carcinoma? ### Response:
Substaging of T1 tumors did not affect response to BCG in regard to recurrence or progression. Therefore, intravesical BCG is effective for stages T1a and T1b disease.
### Instruction: Is altered synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of the castrated male mouse reversed by testosterone replacement? ### Response:
Suppression of PPF and impairment of the potentiation by PBS in CA1 hippocampal neurons was observed in castrated male mice and these changes were reversed by testosterone injection. These findings suggest that altered synaptic transmission in the castrated male mouse is caused by disturbance of inhibitory neuronal networks that are influenced by testosterone.
### Instruction: Does magnesium sulfate potentiate morphine antinociception at the spinal level? ### Response:
Magnesium sulfate potentiates morphine analgesia when coadministered intrathecally in normal rats, and in an animal model of mechanical allodynia after a surgical incision. These results suggest that intrathecal administration of magnesium sulfate may be a useful adjunct to spinal morphine analgesia.
### Instruction: Does hyperthermia prevent metabolic and cerebral flow responses to hypoxia in the fetal sheep? ### Response:
When temperature of the fetal sheep is elevated, as may occur with maternal fever, prolonged exercise, and elevated environmental temperatures, the fetal brain is less well protected against hypoxic injury.
### Instruction: Are cD44-9v and CD44-10v potential molecular markers for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva? ### Response:
Our findings warrant larger multi-institutional studies to determine the potential of CD44-9v and CD44-10v as molecular markers of disease recurrence in vulvar carcinoma. We propose to test the use of anti-CD44-9v monoclonal antibody for radioimmunoimaging of occult LN metastases.
### Instruction: Does cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells reflect a systemic immune response in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis? ### Response:
The enhanced gene expression of TNFR-p75, TNFR-p55 and TNF-alpha in unstimulated PBMC demonstrates an enhanced leucocyte activation in patients with late-stage chronic pancreatitis and suggests a pathogenetic role of the cytotoxic TNF-alpha pathway in the clinical features of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. The pathogenetic role of nitric oxide in chronic pancreatitis remains to be fully elucidated.
### Instruction: Does the endothelin antagonist bosentan improve survival in severe experimental pancreatitis in rats? ### Response:
Therapy with the mixed endothelin A and endothelin B receptor antagonist bosentan does not influence the outcome after severe experimental pancreatitis. Therefore, blockade of endothelin A and B receptor subtypes may not be of major importance as a therapeutic principle in this model of experimental pancreatitis.
### Instruction: Does ursodeoxycholic acid reduce expression of heat shock proteins in primary biliary cirrhosis? ### Response:
The present data suggest that BECs and hepatocytes significantly express HSPs even in the early stages of PBC, and that UDCA treatment significantly improves their condition. The immunohistochemical evaluation of HSPs is a valid and sensitive means to identify injured cells in PBC.
### Instruction: Is long-term estrogen replacement therapy associated with improved exercise capacity in postmenopausal women without known coronary artery disease? ### Response:
Estrogen replacement therapy is associated with increased exercise capacity as measured by MVO (2) and anaerobic threshold in postmenopausal women without coronary artery disease. This finding is consistent with the beneficial effect of short-term estrogen administration on improved endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation.
### Instruction: Does exocrine contamination of isolated islets of Langerhans deteriorate the process of revascularization after free transplantation? ### Response:
These findings support the view that exocrine tissue contamination is detrimental for the process of angiogenesis and vascularization of freely transplanted pancreatic islets when grafted to a confined site such as striated muscle tissue.
### Instruction: Does a surface-bound form of human C1 esterase inhibitor improve xenograft rejection? ### Response:
The results suggest that the surface-bound form of C1-INH represents a good candidate as a safeguard against hyperacute rejection of xenografts.
### Instruction: Does blocking the CD28-B7 T-cell costimulatory pathway abrogate the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in a murine heterotopic airway model? ### Response:
We demonstrated that the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in a murine heterotopic airway model involves both CD28/B7-dependent and -independent processes. The luminal obliteration by fibrous tissue is clearly CD28/B7 dependent and can be inhibited by CTLA4IgG. The luminal obliteration of allografted trachea by fibrous tissues and the loss of ciliated columnar respiratory epithelial cells represent distinct disease processes.
### Instruction: Does coating of coverslips with glow-discharged carbon promote cell attachment and spreading probably due to carboxylic groups? ### Response:
All cell lines showed a rapid adhesion on carbon-coated coverslips. With fibroblasts we found the carbon coating to be superior to other coatings tested, mainly because the carbon did not influence cell morphology. Using synchronized or irradiated cells produced similar results. The superior performance of carbon coating is probably due to carboxylic groups on the glow-discharged carbon layer. The carbon layer does not interfere with microscopy or immunocytochemical staining procedures.
### Instruction: Do k-ras mutations appear in the premalignant phase of both microsatellite stable and unstable endometrial carcinogenesis? ### Response:
K-ras mutation occurs in both premalignant microsatellite stable and unstable endometrial neoplasia, sometimes before acquisition of features readily diagnostic as atypical endometrial hyperplasia.
### Instruction: Does naked plasmid-mediated gene transfer to skeletal muscle ameliorate diabetes mellitus? ### Response:
Skeletal muscle is a potentially useful platform for ectopic secretion of insulin using naked plasmid as a gene transfer vector. Injection at two sites 14 days before the onset of severe hyperglycemia is optimal. This approach could protect Type I diabetics from fatal ketoacidosis and enhance the action of agents that sensitize tissues to insulin in type II diabetes.
### Instruction: Do athymic nude rats develop severe pulmonary hypertension following monocrotaline administration? ### Response:
Athymic nude rats developed severer PH than euthymic rats along with a greater number of mast cells and severer histopathological changes, such as thickening of the alveolar wall. Mast cell proliferation was considered to play a pivotal role in the development of PH in MCT-PH.
### Instruction: Do allergens of Epicoccum nigrum grown in different media for quality source material? ### Response:
The day-13 culture of EN in SBY was the most potent and may be selected for preparing EN extracts for diagnosis of allergy and future studies.
### Instruction: Do event-related brain potentials distinguish processing stages involved in face perception and recognition? ### Response:
While the N170 reflects the pre-categorical structural encoding of faces, the 'N400f' and 'P600f' are likely to indicate subsequent processes involved in face recognition. Impaired structural encoding can result in the disruption of face identification. This is illustrated by a neuropsychological case study, demonstrating the absence of the N170 and later ERP indicators of face recognition in a prosopagnosic patient.
### Instruction: Are spinally elicited peripheral nerve responses sensory rather than motor? ### Response:
Spinally elicited peripheral nerve responses are primarily sensory rather than motor and are mediated by the same neural pathways as SEPs.
### Instruction: Do scanning laser densitometry and color perimetry demonstrate reduced photopigment density and sensitivity in two patients with retinal degeneration? ### Response:
Scanning laser densitometry with a modified Rodenstock SLO is a useful method to assess the human photopigment distribution. Densitometry results were confirmed by dark adapted two color static perimetry. Photopigment distribution and retinal sensitivity profiles can be measured with high spatial resolution. This may help to measure exactly the temporal development of retinal diseases and to test the success of different therapeutic treatments. Both methods have limitations at the present state of development. However, some of these limitations can be overcome by further improving the instruments.
### Instruction: Does anterior lumbar fusion improve discogenic pain at levels of prior posterolateral fusion? ### Response:
Low back pain that continues or recurs after apparently solid posterolateral spinal fusion may be caused by painful disc(s) at motion segment(s) within the fusion. A solid posterolateral spinal fusion may not protect the residual disc(s) from injury. Anterior interbody fusion can provide significant improvements in pain and function and a high degree of patient satisfaction in this clinical setting.
### Instruction: Does sudden and unexpected loading generate high forces on the lumbar spine? ### Response:
Sudden and alarming events associated with manual handling cause a reflex overreaction of the back muscles, which substantially increases spine compressive loading. Manual handling regulations should aim to prevent such events and limit the weight of objects to be lifted.
### Instruction: Does glucose uptake increase relative to oxygen consumption during short-term hibernation? ### Response:
In this model of short-term hibernation, glucose and lactate uptake increase relative to oxygen consumption during sustained ischemia, and temporally coincide with the recovery of bioenergetics. The findings are consistent with the notion that glycolytically derived ATP is important for the maintainance of energy supply during sustained ischemia.
### Instruction: Does histologic evidence that basic fibroblast growth factor enhance the angiogenic effects of transmyocardial laser revascularization? ### Response:
On a histologic basis, basic fibroblast growth factor further enhances angiogenesis following TMR in ischemic myocardium mainly by increasing the size but not the total number of vessels.
### Instruction: Is the endogenous pathway a major route for deep sternal wound infection? ### Response:
The determination of the endogenous pathway for severe wound infection makes prevention possible by means of preoperative local S. aureus eradication.
### Instruction: Does closure of the zone of apposition at correction of complete atrioventricular septal defect improve outcome? ### Response:
This study demonstrates the advantage of closing the zone of apposition ('cleft') as part of repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect. Survival, freedom from reoperation for left atrioventricular valve incompetence and over-all outcome were more favourable in patients of group II. The zone of apposition should be surgically addressed whenever the morphology of the left atrioventricular valve allows for closure without producing stenosis.
### Instruction: Are normohomocysteinaemia and vitamin-treated hyperhomocysteinaemia associated with similar risks of cardiovascular events in patients with premature atherothrombotic cerebrovascular disease . A prospective cohort study? ### Response:
These data are consistent with a protective effect of treatment with vitamin B(6) plus folic acid in patients with premature atherothrombotic cerebrovascular disease and post-methionine HHC.
### Instruction: Are cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone levels elevated in monkeys with patterns of brain activity associated with fearful temperament? ### Response:
These findings suggest that, in primates, the fearful endophenotype is characterized by increased fearful behavior, a specific pattern of frontal electrical activity, increased pituitary-adrenal activity, and increased activity of brain CRH systems. Data from other preclinical studies suggests that the increased brain CRH activity may underlie the behavioral and physiological characteristics of fearful endophenotype.
### Instruction: Does phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate induce actin-based movement of raft-enriched vesicles through WASP-Arp2/3? ### Response:
Sphingolipid-cholesterol rafts are preferred platforms for membrane-linked actin polymerization. This is mediated by in situ PIP(2) synthesis and tyrosine kinase signaling through the WASP-Arp2/3 pathway. Actin comets may provide a novel mechanism for raft-dependent vesicle transport and apical membrane trafficking.
### Instruction: Does bone mineral density vary as a function of the rate of joint space narrowing in the hip? ### Response:
Patients with a rapid rate of JSN of the asymptomatic hip after unilateral THR are characterized by elevated local and remote BMD. The local elevation in BMD implies that increased local bone density may contribute to or serve as a marker for increased risk of development of OA (assuming that JSN can be used as a predictive marker). The presence of elevated BMD in the spine suggests that there are systemic as well as local aspects of OA pathogenesis, at least in patients with one THR and rapid JSN in the contralateral hip.
### Instruction: Do increased levels of GALbeta1-4GLCNACalpha2-6 sialyltransferase pretransplant predict delayed graft function in kidney transplant recipients? ### Response:
ST6GalI levels are high in renal failure patients awaiting a renal transplant and may be a risk factor for the development of delayed graft function. The assessment and perhaps modulation of a potential transplant recipient's ST6GalI systemic level may be beneficial.
### Instruction: Does keratinocyte growth factor induced epithelial proliferation facilitate retroviral-mediated gene transfer to distal lung epithelia in vivo? ### Response:
KGF transiently stimulates epithelial proliferation in vivo, facilitating MuLV-based gene transfer. Retroviral vectors may encounter multiple barriers which have evolved to defend the lung from infections.
### Instruction: Is hSP expression in human leukocytes modulated by endurance exercise? ### Response:
Strenuous exercise increased HSP expression in blood immediately after the run, indicating a protective function of HSP in leukocytes of athletes to maintain function after heavy exercise. The downregulation of HSP-positive cells in trained athletes at rest seems to be a result of adaptation mechanisms to regular endurance training.
### Instruction: Does vitamin E regulate changes in tissue antioxidants induced by fish oil and acute exercise? ### Response:
Vitamin E supplementation markedly decreased fish oil induced antioxidant enzyme activities in all tissues. Sparing of glutathione may be an important mechanism by which vitamin E decreased tissue protein oxidative damage.
### Instruction: Is parvovirus B19 associated with benign testes as well as testicular germ cell tumours? ### Response:
This confirms the presence of parvovirus B19 in a proportion of germ cell tumours; however, in one patient, the virus was widespread in the tissue components and not confined to tumour cells. In addition, the virus was present in control benign testes. These data suggest that B19 might not be of aetiological importance in germ cell tumours of testis.
### Instruction: Do activation conditions determine susceptibility of murine primary T-lymphocytes to retroviral infection? ### Response:
We establish conditions that enable efficient retroviral-mediated gene transfer in murine primary T-lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes are not uniformly susceptible to retroviral infection depending on the mode of T-cell activation. These findings have implications for devising approaches to the study of T-cell biology, adoptive cell therapies, and the pathophysiology of retroviral diseases in mouse models.
### Instruction: Is l-NMMA ( a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor ) effective in the treatment of cardiogenic shock? ### Response:
L-NMMA administration in patients with cardiogenic shock is safe and has favorable clinical and hemodynamic effects.
### Instruction: Are monocytes from systemic lupus erythematous patients severely altered in phenotype and lineage flexibility? ### Response:
Monocytes from SLE patients are severely altered in phenotype and function and have a limited differentiation flexibility towards the accessory type of monocytic cells.
### Instruction: Is prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine of male patients with ankylosing spondylitis increased? ### Response:
The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, as detected by commercially available DNA amplification assays in urine specimens, in AS patients is not higher compared with male controls of the same age. However, there seems to be an association between specific antibodies to C trachomatis and AAU.
### Instruction: Does in vivo gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase to carotid arteries from hypercholesterolemic rabbits enhance endothelium-dependent relaxations? ### Response:
Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of eNOS to carotid arteries of cholesterol-fed animals improves endothelium-dependent relaxation when an optimal viral titer is administered.
### Instruction: Does acute carotid occlusion alter the activation flow coupling response to forepaw stimulation in a rat model? ### Response:
These findings suggest that temporal characteristics of functional activation responses are sensitive to alterations in the proximal arterial supply and, conversely, that functional activation studies must be interpreted with consideration of proximal arterial disease.
### Instruction: Does kupffer cell depletion by CI2MDP-liposomes alter hepatic cytokine expression and delays liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy? ### Response:
We conclude that KCs are important for hepatocyte regeneration after PH. Delayed liver regeneration in KC-depleted rats can be explained, at least in part, by an imbalanced hepatic cytokine expression, thereby suppressing important growth-stimulating cytokines.
### Instruction: Are leg muscle reflexes mediated by cutaneous A-beta fibres normal during gait in reflex sympathetic dystrophy? ### Response:
In the acute phase of RSD of the lower extremity there is no evidence for abnormal A-beta fibre-mediated reflexes or for defective regulation of such reflexes. This finding has implications for both the theory on RSD pathophysiology and RSD models, which are based on abnormal functioning of A-beta fibres.
### Instruction: Does helicobacter pylori induce apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells through inducible nitric oxide? ### Response:
These findings suggested that viable H. pylori induces apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells via nitric oxide. Our study indicated that iNOS expression plays an important role in gastric cell injury.
### Instruction: Does immunotherapy prevent recurrent abortion without influencing natural killer receptor status? ### Response:
The allo-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-stimulation caused by the immunotherapy for recurrent aborters did not affect the expression of NK receptors and the ratio of KARs to KIRs regardless of the outcome of subsequent pregnancies, suggesting that recurrent aborters may benefit from the immunotherapy through mechanisms unrelated to alteration in NK receptor status.
### Instruction: Is improvement in left ventricular function in response to carvedilol accompanied by attenuation of neurohumoral activation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy? ### Response:
The improvement in EF with carvedilol therapy was proved to be accompanied by an improvement in neurohumoral factors.
### Instruction: Does anterior cervical plating reverse load transfer through multilevel strut-grafts? ### Response:
Anterior multilevel cervical plating effectively increases stiffness and decreases local cervical motion after corpectomy. However, anterior cervical plating also reverses graft loads and excessively loads the graft in extension, which may promote pistoning and failure of multilevel constructs.