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### Instruction:
Does continuous electroencephalographic monitoring and selective shunting reduce neurologic morbidity rates in carotid endarterectomy?
### Response:
| The overall neurologic morbidity rate was significantly lower in the EEG group than in the non-EEG group, therapy demonstrating the value of intraoperative EEG monitoring in carotid endarterectomy. |
### Instruction:
Do both plasma- and leukocyte-associated C5a are essential for assessment of C5a generation in vivo?
### Response:
| We conclude that both plasma C5a and leukocyte-associated C5a are needed for monitoring in vivo C5a generation. |
### Instruction:
Is gp120 present on the plasma membrane of apoptotic CD4 cells prepared from lymph nodes of HIV-1-infected individuals : an immunoelectron microscopic study?
### Response:
| Free gp120 is found bound to CD4+ T cells in lymph nodes of HIV-infected individuals and potentially mark them for premature death by apoptosis. |
### Instruction:
Does normalization of esophageal pH with high-dose proton pump inhibitor therapy result in regression of Barrett 's esophagus?
### Response:
| Although symptoms improved, erosive esophagitis healed, and squamous islands increased, there was no significant decrease in the length of Barrett's esophagus. Control of esophageal pH alone is not sufficient for the reversal of Barrett's esophagus. |
### Instruction:
Does aspirin enhance platelet-derived growth factor-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation?
### Response:
| Aspirin enhances PDGF-stimulated vascular SMC proliferation. The effects of aspirin on vascular SMC proliferation may be mediated by changes in vascular SMC arachidonic acid metabolism. |
### Instruction:
Does the white blood cell adhesion molecule E-selectin predict restenosis in patients with intermittent claudication undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty?
### Response:
| We have shown an increased level of shed E-selectin in patients destined for restenosis and suggest that this work further supports a role for white blood cell/endothelial interaction in restenosis after angioplasty. |
### Instruction:
Does a novel nuclease activity from Xenopus laevis release short oligomers from 5'-ends of double- and single-stranded DNA?
### Response:
| We describe here a novel 5'-exonuclease activity present in eggs from Xenopus laevis that reproducibly removes decameric oligonucleotides from 5'-ends of double- and single-stranded DNA. A possible function of this unusual activity is discussed in the context of homologous and illegitimate genetic recombination processes. |
### Instruction:
Is aprotinin associated with a decrease in nitric oxide production during cardiopulmonary bypass?
### Response:
| These data demonstrate that aprotinin reduces NO production in vivo and reduces cytokine-induced iNOS expression in vitro. |
### Instruction:
Does bovine hemoglobin increase skeletal muscle oxygenation during 95 % artificial arterial stenosis?
### Response:
| The data suggest that increased oxygen extraction in the HBOC group is associated with improved skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation during severe arterial stenosis. |
### Instruction:
Does acute and prolonged administration of glucocorticoids ( methylprednisolone ) affect plasma leptin concentration in humans?
### Response:
| These data suggest that in relatively lean individuals, the administration of therapeutic doses of methylprednisolone does not change plasma leptin concentration. |
### Instruction:
Do engrafted human T and B lymphocytes form mixed follicles in lymphoid organs of human/mouse and human/rat radiation chimera?
### Response:
| The different homing patterns exhibited by the T and B lymphocytes indicate that the homing receptors on human B cells might be cross-reactive with their mouse counterparts, in contrast to the human T cells, which seem to be unable to interact with the mouse homing receptors. The presence of human B and T lymphocytes in close proximity to each other in the lymphoid tissues is in accordance with the ability of human/BALB radiation chimera to mount significant primary human antibody responses. |
### Instruction:
Is cYFRA 21-1 a useful marker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?
### Response:
| CYFRA 21-1 appears to be a useful marker for human squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. |
### Instruction:
Are nicotine and its metabolite cotinine mitogenic for human vascular smooth muscle cells?
### Response:
| We have demonstrated a potential role for nicotine and cotinine in the development of intimal hyperplasia and ultimately failure of the vascular reconstruction. |
### Instruction:
Does short-term exposure to low concentrations of thapsigargin inhibit replication of cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells?
### Response:
| Thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ pools play a key role in controlling VSMC proliferation and specialized means of administering thapsigargin may constitute a possible approach to preventing stenosis. |
### Instruction:
Is inhibition of IgE antibody formation by plasmid DNA immunization mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells?
### Response:
| Both CD4+ and CD8+ subsets of T cells from pDNA-immunized mice can suppress IgE antibody production by affecting the primary response and/or by propagating the Th1 memory response in a passive cell transfer system. Immunization with pDNA-encoding allergens may be an effective new form of immunotherapy for atopic diseases. |
### Instruction:
Is heller myotomy superior to dilatation for the treatment of early achalasia?
### Response:
| Surgical myotomy provides a better long-term outcome. The early disease stage is associated with perforation after pneumatic dilatation. Surgical myotomy rather than balloon dilatation should be considered in patients with early achalasia. |
### Instruction:
Does systematic identification of twins by computerised searches of NHS patient register in the UK?
### Response:
| A systematic search of the NHS central register could identify large numbers of British twins. The procedure is efficient, reasonably sensitive, and highly specific, if supplemented by additional information from birth records for adult females born after 1939. The potential exists to create an important new resource for twin studies in Britain. |
### Instruction:
Do personality disorder scores improve with effective pharmacotherapy of depression?
### Response:
| TCI prediction of personality disorder is susceptible to state effects of depression. |
### Instruction:
Does neural network modeling accurately predict the functional outcome of stroke survivors with moderate disabilities?
### Response:
| Neural network modeling is useful in the prediction of functional recovery and helps in discharge planning and allocation of rehabilitation resources. |
### Instruction:
Is meal composition a determinant of lispro-induced hypoglycemia in IDDM?
### Response:
| We conclude that lispro has a tendency for early postprandial hypoglycemia compared with regular insulin in the setting of reduced carbohydrate intake. This fact should be told to patients who decide to switch from regular insulin to lispro. Health care professionals should instruct their IDDM patients to monitor glucose levels frequently after switching to lispro since adjustments in their carbohydrate intake and/or their lispro dosage may be necessary to avoid hypoglycemia. |
### Instruction:
Does anti-human prostasome MAB 78 bound to antigen distinct from PSA and PAP?
### Response:
| The Ag 78 is different from PSA and PAP, and probably also from prostasin and peptide pGlu-Phe-Pro-NH2. The mAb 78 can be used as a new marker for human prostasomes. |
### Instruction:
Is parathyroid hormone-related protein an autocrine growth factor for normal prostatic epithelial cells?
### Response:
| PTHrP is not an autocrine growth factor for normal prostatic epithelial cells. |
### Instruction:
Does inhibition of interleukin-10 during pregnancy result in neonatal growth retardation?
### Response:
| Administration of anti IL-10 mAb does not alter the duration of gestation or the fetal outcome in normal murine pregnancies; however, it appears to be associated with transient neonatal growth problems. |
### Instruction:
Does midtrimester amniotic fluid tumor necrosis factor-alpha predict small-for-gestational-age infants?
### Response:
| Midtrimester amniotic fluid TNF-alpha levels are not predictive of SGA neonates when compared with controls matched for gestational age at delivery. |
### Instruction:
Does vesnarinone limit infarct size via adenosine-dependent mechanisms in the canine heart?
### Response:
| We conclude that vesnarinone potently limits infarct size via adenosine-dependent mechanisms, mainly through activation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase. |
### Instruction:
Does high-dose heparin decrease nitric oxide production by cultured bovine endothelial cells?
### Response:
| These data show that high-dose heparin at concentrations achieved in some acute cardiovascular settings increases in vitro platelet aggregation in media conditioned by endothelial cells by decreasing endothelial NO production through a mechanism that involves a decrease in steady-state Nos 3 mRNA and eNOS protein. These observations suggest a possible mechanism by which to explain in part the prothrombotic effects of heparin. |
### Instruction:
Does inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase ameliorate functional and histological changes of acute lung allograft rejection?
### Response:
| (1) iNOS expression and increased NO production occurred during the early stages of acute rejection, persisted throughout the unmodified rejection process, and localized to infiltrating inflammatory cells, but not allograft parenchymal cells; (2) aminoguanidine ameliorated the histological and functional changes of acute rejection; and (3) increased NO production, detected by the presence of iNOS mRNA, protein, or noninvasively by measuring serum nitrite/nitrate levels, may serve as an early marker of acute allograft rejection. |
### Instruction:
Is activation of alloreactive natural killer cells resistant to cyclosporine?
### Response:
| We have demonstrated that CsA failed to suppress the activation of alloreactive NK cells. Consequently, the cardiac graft survival in the donor-recipient combination known to activate alloreactive NK cells was not significantly prolonged by CsA treatment, emphasizing the involvement of NK cells as effectors in organ rejection. Furthermore, the parallel emergence of alloreactive NK cells and CTL only in the presence of CsA/IL-2 indicated that CsA interfered with alloreactive NK cell-associated suppression of CTL activated by allogeneic tissue. |
### Instruction:
Does nitric oxide ( NO ) production correlate with renal insufficiency and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in severe sepsis?
### Response:
| Our results indicate that the production of NO correlates with renal insufficiency and MODS in patients with severe sepsis and that this reactive nitrogen intermediate could be involved in the pathogenesis of organ failure in these critically ill patients. |
### Instruction:
Does disruption of experimental fundic fold is prevented by interserosal scarring?
### Response:
| Application of fibrin glue between the serosal surfaces of the fundic folds may prevent disruption of Nissen fundoplication. |
### Instruction:
Is trigonal splitting a major complication of endoscopic trigonoplasty at 1-year followup?
### Response:
| Cessation rates of vesicoureteral reflux 12 months after endoscopic trigonoplasty were low with a high incidence of trigonal splitting. These unsatisfactory results mandate technical refinements to avoid trigonal splitting. |
### Instruction:
Are cytotoxic cells activated in cellular infiltrates of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis?
### Response:
| The significantly elevated frequencies of perforin mRNA-expressing cells in the pancreas of patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis suggest an involvement of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the pathogenesis of this disease. The preferential localization of these activated cells close to areas with parenchyma provides circumstantial evidence that autoreactive cytotoxic cells may contribute to tissue destruction in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. |
### Instruction:
Do factors parents use in selecting play spaces for young children?
### Response:
| These results indicate that parents can identify factors they use in selecting places for their young children to play, and selection factors differ somewhat by ethnicity or socioeconomic status. Further studies are needed to determine whether improvements on the most important selection factors might be effective in increasing the use of play spaces by children and their parents. Clinicians may be able to use the most highly rated decision factors to help parents assess the acceptability of play spaces in their areas. |
### Instruction:
Do infants with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome have `` true '' hemangiomas?
### Response:
| KMS is a distinctive disease of infancy, but the underlying vascular lesion is not a "true," classic, involuting type of hemangioma of infancy. This is a different vascular tumor with a resemblance pathologically to either tufted angioma or kaposiform hemangioendothelioma in association with lymphatic-like vessels. Whether the underlying lesion in KMS is a single anatomic entity or heterogeneous cannot be definitely concluded from this study. We need a better understanding of the pathogenesis of KMS to improve our therapeutic management. |
### Instruction:
Does itraconazole greatly increase plasma concentrations and effects of felodipine?
### Response:
| Itraconazole greatly increases plasma concentrations and effects of oral felodipine. The inhibition of CYP3A4 during the first-pass and elimination phases of felodipine seems to be the mechanism of the observed interaction. The concomitant use of itraconazole and some other azole antifungals with felodipine and other dihydropyridine calcium antagonists should be avoided or their doses should be reduced accordingly. |
### Instruction:
Is total energy expenditure in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia associated with respiratory status?
### Response:
| Total energy expenditure in BPD infants is elevated and is strongly associated with their respiratory status. These findings could be of practical value for the nutritional management in infants with severe BPD. |
### Instruction:
Is long-term ( 12 months ) treatment with an anti-oxidant drug ( silymarin ) effective on hyperinsulinemia , exogenous insulin need and malondialdehyde levels in cirrhotic diabetic patients?
### Response:
| These results show that treatment with silymarin may reduce the lipoperoxidation of cell membranes and insulin resistance, significantly decreasing endogenous insulin overproduction and the need for exogenous insulin administration. |
### Instruction:
Does gestation increase nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in rat uterine arteries?
### Response:
| Endothelial vasodilator influences are augmented during pregnancy under basal, activated (phenylephrine), and chemically provoked (acetylcholine) conditions in uterine arteries by enhanced release of nitric oxide. |
### Instruction:
Are antibodies to the chlamydial 60 kd heat-shock protein associated with laparoscopically confirmed perihepatitis?
### Response:
| Compared with women with salpingitis alone, patients with perihepatitis-salpingitis do not have distinctive clinical or microbiologic findings but do manifest a higher prevalence of moderate-to-severe pelvic adhesions and both a higher prevalence and higher titers of antibody to the chlamydial heat-shock protein-60. |
### Instruction:
Does interpretation of CT scan with PACS image display in stack mode?
### Response:
| Stack mode facilitates analysis of three-dimensional structure depicted on CT scans. |
### Instruction:
Does tracheostomy tube occlusion protocol predict significant tracheal obstruction to air flow in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation?
### Response:
| A tracheal tube occlusion protocol can predict clinically important obstruction to air flow after prolonged mechanical ventilation. |
### Instruction:
Does dobutamine increase cerebral blood flow velocity and jugular bulb hemoglobin saturation in septic patients?
### Response:
| These measurements of middle cerebral artery flow velocity and jugular bulb oximetry suggest that dobutamine increases cerebral blood flow but not cerebral VO2 in stable septic patients. |
### Instruction:
Does percentage of free prostate-specific antigen in sera predict aggressiveness of prostate cancer a decade before diagnosis?
### Response:
| These data suggest that the percentage of free PSA in sera is predictive of tumor behavior at a time when total PSA levels provide no information on tumor aggressiveness. Evaluation of the percentage of free serum PSA may be helpful in making the decision between expectant management and treatment for those men who are diagnosed with early prostate cancers by PSA testing. |
### Instruction:
Do immune cell infiltration and growth-associated protein 43 expression correlate with pain in chronic pancreatitis?
### Response:
| The results suggest that infiltration of pancreatic nerves by immune cells and neuronal plasticity are pathogenic factors for the generation of pain, whereas the degree of pancreatic fibrosis has no major impact on pain in CP. |
### Instruction:
Does neuropeptide Y in the dorsal vagal complex stimulate bicarbonate-dependent bile secretion in rats?
### Response:
| NPY acts in the left DVC to stimulate bile acid-independent and bicarbonate-dependent bile secretion through the left cervical and hepatic vagus; these findings suggest that neuropeptides may act in the specific brain nuclei to regulate hepatic function. |
### Instruction:
Do cytoplasmic flows localize injected oskar RNA in Drosophila oocytes?
### Response:
| These results reveal that microtubule-dependent cytoplasmic flows could contribute to the long-range transport of osk RNA, whereas microtubule-independent processes could mediate short-range transport. These results also highlight the role of the osk RNA anchor in the localization process. |
### Instruction:
Does cross-talk between cell adhesion molecules regulate the migration velocity of neutrophils?
### Response:
| These studies show that binding of ligands to CD31 and/or P-selectin modifies the rate of integrin-supported neutrophil migration. This novel example of 'cross-talk' between surface receptors suggests that cell adhesion molecules might generally transduce accessory signals between adjacent cells to modify their migratory responses to chemotactic signals. |
### Instruction:
Does the protein kinase KSR interact with 14-3-3 protein and Raf?
### Response:
| Our finding suggest that KSR, 14-3-3 and Raf form an oligomeric signaling complex and that KSR positively regulates the Ras signaling pathway in vertebrate organisms. |
### Instruction:
Do a cost-benefit analysis of programmatic use of CVD 103-HgR live oral cholera vaccine in a high-risk population?
### Response:
| Assuming a cost of US$602 per treated case and of US$1.50 per dose of vaccine, the total discounted savings from use of vaccine in the targeted groups would be US$132,100. The projected savings would be altered less by vaccine coverage (range 75-90%) or efficacy (60-85%) changes than by disease incidence changes. Our analysis underestimated the true costs of cholera in Argentina because we included only medical expenditures; Indirect losses to trade and tourism had the greatest economic impact. However, vaccination with CVD 103-HgR was still cost-beneficial in the base case. |
### Instruction:
Is endothelin-1 a mediator of intimal hyperplasia in organ culture of human saphenous vein?
### Response:
| These results demonstrate that ET-1 is a mediator of intimal hyperplasia in human saphenous vein in vitro. Endothelin receptor antagonists may therefore be of therapeutic value in the modulation of vein graft intimal hyperplasia. |
### Instruction:
Does varicocele treatment in pubertal boys prevent testicular growth arrest?
### Response:
| These data support the notion that testicular hypotrophy related to varicocele may be reversed by early intervention and they further strengthen the indication for varicocelectomy in children. |
### Instruction:
Is microvascular blood flow altered after repair of testicular torsion in the rat?
### Response:
| Increasing times of torsion are associated with lower microvascular blood flow values during the hour following the relief of torsion. Vasomotion is eliminated by torsion during the period studied. Whether vasomotion returns is unknown, but altering this flow pattern might be involved in the mechanism of injury caused by acute torsion. |
### Instruction:
Are atherosclerotic risk factors less intensively treated in patients with peripheral arterial disease than in patients with coronary artery disease?
### Response:
| Atherosclerotic risk factors are less intensively treated among PAD patients than CAD patients. A number of possible explanations could account for these disparities in therapeutic intensity. |
### Instruction:
Does chemical cardiac sympathetic denervation hamper defibrillation in the dog?
### Response:
| In this chronically instrumented, closed chest animal model, chemical sympathetic denervation with 6-OHDA hampered the process of cardiac defibrillation. These results support previous observations of a modulating effect of this process by adrenergic activity. |
### Instruction:
Does dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate inhibit pancreatic carcinoma cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo?
### Response:
| DHEA-S achieves high serum levels after intraperitoneal injection without elevation of serum testosterone levels and produces no significant toxicity. Treatment with DHEA-S results in a significant reduction of proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells in culture and when grown as subcutaneous tumors in athymic nude mice. |
### Instruction:
Are number and activation of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and platelets associated with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome severity?
### Response:
| Decreased PMN and platelet counts and increased elastase and thromboxane release are correlated with increased RDS severity. Birth asphyxia (hypoxia and acidosis) and tissue injury caused by high-pressure ventilation and hyperoxia may promote this activation process. |
### Instruction:
Do effect of prosthetic superstructure accuracy on the osteointegrated implant bone interface?
### Response:
| Given the limitations of sample size, animal model used, duration of prosthetic superstructure attachment, and loading confounders possible, the study of prosthetic framework misfit must be evaluated with another animal model, such as an intraoral primate model, to determine the relationship between clinical performance and histologic findings. |
### Instruction:
Do cytokine profiles differ in newly recruited and resident subsets of mucosal macrophages from inflammatory bowel disease?
### Response:
| In IBD mucosa, macrophages with a monocyte-like phenotype are primed for production of TNF-alpha and IL-1alpha/beta and may therefore be of significant pathogenic importance [corrected]. However, this CD14+ subset, as well as the mucosal resident macrophages, have preserved responsiveness to several down-regulatory factors such as the macrophage deactivators IL-10 and IL-4. |
### Instruction:
Does erythropoietin reduce anemia and transfusions after chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin?
### Response:
| A significant fall in hemoglobin and an increase in the need for transfusions were observed in head and neck carcinoma patients receiving carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy prior to surgery. Empiric r-HuEPO therapy appeared to prevent anemia and reduced the need for PRBC transfusions. |
### Instruction:
Is immunohistochemical expression of pi-class glutathione S-transferase down-regulated in adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
### Response:
| This study confirms the down-regulation of GSTpi in adenocarcinoma of the prostate and shows that the loss of GSTpi expression is a phenotype associated with malignant transformation. |
### Instruction:
Are smokers unaware of the filter vents now on most cigarettes : results of a national survey?
### Response:
| Smokers are generally unaware of the presence and function of filter vents-a major design feature subject to behavioural blocking by smokers and now present on most cigarettes in the United States. Smokers and policy-makers need to be informed about the presence of filter vents and how vent blocking increases tar and nicotine yields from ostensibly very low-yield cigarettes. |
### Instruction:
Do muscarinic cholinergic receptors promote growth of human prostate cancer cells?
### Response:
| M3 receptors stimulate the proliferation of LNCaP cells, BPH-derived and PC-derived primary prostate cells. A dramatically higher response to carbachol by PC-derived prostate cells suggests that M3 receptors may be up-regulated in PC. M3 receptors may play a significant role in PC tumors growth and androgen-independent tumor progression. |
### Instruction:
Are mutations of the p16 gene product rare in prostate cancer?
### Response:
| Inactivation of p16 gene by mutations in the protein coding sequence does not play a major role in the genesis of primary prostate cancer. |
### Instruction:
Are hyperglycaemic emergencies a common problem?
### Response:
| Hyperglycaemic emergencies precipitated largely by infections and poor compliance and associated with considerable morbidity and mortality commonly require admission to hospital. Improvement in diabetic education is required to reverse the current situation. |
### Instruction:
Does liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin modulate lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in mice?
### Response:
| These data suggest that liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin modulates the response of the mononuclear phagocyte system to endotoxin, possibly through binding of lipopolysaccharide, presentation to macrophages with subsequent phagocytosis, and modulation of cytokine response by a posttranscriptional mechanism. This effect is attenuated by extending the period between exposure to liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin and endotoxin. The clinical relevance of these findings awaits further investigation. |
### Instruction:
Is vascular endothelial growth factor expression increased in renal cell carcinoma?
### Response:
| VEGF expression is increased in RCC and may have a paracrine effect in these tumours in stimulating angiogenesis. |
### Instruction:
Is heart rate a marker of amiodarone mortality reduction in severe heart failure . The GESICA-GEMA Investigators . Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina-Grupo de Estudios Multicéntricos en Argentina?
### Response:
| Elevated rest heart rates in severe CHF identify a subgroup of patients who benefit from treatment with amiodarone. Amiodarone-induced heart rate slowing may be an important benefit for patients. |
### Instruction:
Does prolonged prior infection with Chlamydia prevent adverse pregnancy outcome in a murine model?
### Response:
| We conclude that in this murine model a prior 30-day genital tract infection with Chlamydia protects pregnant mice from subsequent reinfection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. |
### Instruction:
Does crystal structure of the chemotaxis receptor methyltransferase CheR suggest a conserved structural motif for binding S-adenosylmethionine?
### Response:
| The CheR structure shares some structural similarities with small molecule DNA and RNA methyltransferases, despite a lack of sequence similarity among them. In particular, there is significant structural preservation of the S-adenosylmethionine-binding clefts; the specific length and conformation of a loop in the alpha/beta domain seems to be required for S-adenosylmethionine binding within these enzymes. Unique structural features of CheR, such as the beta subdomain, are probably necessary for CheR's specific interaction with its substrates, the bacterial chemotaxis receptors. |
### Instruction:
Is urethral relaxation after electrostimulation in the guinea pig independent of nitric oxide?
### Response:
| Noradrenaline-precontracted urethral rings of male guinea pigs exhibit a maximal relaxation at 10 Hz, which does not depend on nitric oxide. |
### Instruction:
Does the antineoplastic drug vinorelbine activate non-immunological histamine release from rat mast cells?
### Response:
| The overall results show that vinorelbine activates histamine release through a rather selective mechanism that may be mediated by certain phosphodiesterase-dependent transduction pathways. |
### Instruction:
Is written consent haphazard for minor urological procedures?
### Response:
| Given the medicolegal importance of informed consent, consensus among urologists is required so that national guidelines can be developed and a more rational policy applied. |
### Instruction:
Is leishmania infantum clonal in AIDS patients too : epidemiological implications?
### Response:
| The parasite population under survey appears to be clonal; parasite genotypes can therefore be equated to natural clones, stable in space and time, which can be used as multilocus epidemiological markers. Nevertheless, additional studies are required to better estimate the long-term stability of these clonal genotypes and the possible interference of gene exchange at an evolutionary scale. |
### Instruction:
Does colonic muscle enhance the production of interleukin-1 beta messenger RNA in experimental colitis?
### Response:
| IL-1 beta is a putative mediator of the changes in muscle function in this model of colitis. |
### Instruction:
Is laparoscopic surgery associated with less tumour growth stimulation than conventional surgery : an experimental study?
### Response:
| Laparoscopic surgery was associated with less tumour growth than conventional surgery in this experimental study. |
### Instruction:
Are hematological changes in anorexia nervosa correlated with total body fat mass depletion?
### Response:
| Hematological changes in AN, as assessed by peripheral blood parameters and MRI patterns of bone marrow, are correlated with total body FM depletion, suggesting that the reduction of adipose tissue adversely affects hematopoiesis. |
### Instruction:
Are enolases highly conserved fungal allergens?
### Response:
| Enolases are therefore considered to be highly conserved major fungal allergens. |
### Instruction:
Is ePC-K1 effective in lung preservation in an ex vivo rabbit lung perfusion model?
### Response:
| The administration of EPC-K1 in the flush and preservation solution helps enhance lung graft function and suppresses lipid peroxidation after reperfusion. |
### Instruction:
Does medical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease prevent the development of Barrett 's metaplasia and poor esophageal body motility?
### Response:
| Medical treatment with H2 blockers or omeprazole does not prevent the development of Barrett's metaplasia or poor esophageal body motility. |
### Instruction:
Does primary follow-up care in a multidisciplinary setting enhance catch-up growth of very-low-birth-weight infants?
### Response:
| Multidisciplinary primary care follow-up that includes the services of a registered dietitian for nutrition intervention can enhance the catch-up growth of VLBW infants through 12 months growth-corrected age. |
### Instruction:
Are pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase expressed in the rat ciliary ganglion?
### Response:
| These results demonstrate that PACAP and NOS are synthesised and stored in the ciliary ganglion. These findings further illustrate the mixed nature of the ciliary ganglion and may provide a basis for the understanding of the diverse physiological functions of this ganglion. |
### Instruction:
Are lactase persistence versus decline in human adults : multifactorial events involved in down-regulation after weaning?
### Response:
| Both transcriptional and posttranscriptional factors cause the decline of intestinal lactase. This probably explains the multifarious observations that most studies on adult-type hypolactasia have reported. The single overriding factor distinguishing lactase-persistent subjects from hypolactasic subjects is the high rate of lactase biosynthesis. |
### Instruction:
Is mALT-type lymphoma of the stomach associated with Helicobacter pylori strains expressing the CagA protein?
### Response:
| These results indicate infection of almost all patients with MALT-type lymphoma by CagA+ H. pylori strains. Strains expressing the CagA protein seem to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of gastric MALT-type lymphoma. |
### Instruction:
Is persistence of left ventricular hypertrophy a stronger indicator of cardiovascular events than baseline left ventricular mass or systolic performance : 10 years of follow-up?
### Response:
| Our results suggest that lack of regression of LVH is a stronger indicator of cardiovascular risk than a depressed baseline midwall left ventricular performance. |
### Instruction:
Are gastric and gall bladder emptying of a mixed meal coordinated in liver cirrhosis -- a simultaneous sonographic study?
### Response:
| These results indicate the lack of coordination between gastric and gall bladder emptying in liver cirrhosis. They also support the hypothesis that diminished gall bladder contractility might contribute to the increased gallstone formation in liver cirrhosis. |
### Instruction:
Is prevalence of radiographic hip osteoarthritis increased in high bone mass?
### Response:
| An increased prevalence of radiographic hip OA and osteophytosis was observed in HBM cases compared with controls, in keeping with a positive association between HBM and OA and suggesting that OA in HBM has a hypertrophic phenotype. |
### Instruction:
Does glucotoxicity inhibit cAMP-protein kinase A-potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells?
### Response:
| Glucotoxicity-induced reductions in PKA and its signaling account, at least in part, for the decreased incretin effect under conditions of glucotoxicity. |
### Instruction:
Is fine-tuned iron availability essential to achieve optimal adipocyte differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis?
### Response:
| Precise and fine-tuned iron availability is essential to achieve optimal adipocyte differentiation, possibly modulating adipocyte mitochondrial biogenesis. |
### Instruction:
Does carbon monoxide poisoning increase Tpeak-Tend dispersion and QTc dispersion?
### Response:
| To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate TpTe interval and dispersion in CO poisoning. Our results showed that TpTe dispersion and QTc dispersion increased after CO poisoning. |
### Instruction:
Does resveratrol attenuate hepatic steatosis in high-fat fed mice by decreasing lipogenesis and inflammation?
### Response:
| We observed that treatment with resveratrol improved lipid metabolism, and decreased NAFLD and pro-inflammatory profile in liver of mice with obesity-inducible diets. These data suggest an important clinical application of RSV in preventing liver diseases. |
### Instruction:
Does cytoplasmic SET induce tau hyperphosphorylation through a decrease of methylated phosphatase 2A?
### Response:
| The presence of full-length SET in the neuronal cytoplasm is sufficient to impair PP2A methylation and activity, leading to tau hyperphosphorylation. In addition, our data suggest that tau hyperphosphorylation is regulated by different mechanisms at distinct sites. The translocation of SET to the neuronal cytoplasm, the low activity of PP2A, and tau hyperphosphorylation are associated in the brains of Alzheimer patients. Our data show a link between the translocation of SET in the cytoplasm and the decrease of methylated PP2A levels leading to a decrease of PP2A activity and tau hyperphosphorylation. This chain of events may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. |
### Instruction:
Is [ Increased body mass index in young adults associated with metabolic syndrome ]?
### Response:
| BMI change in young adults is an important risk factor for MetS among individuals in their 40s. Even subjects with a BMI lower than 25 had differences in the risk of developing MetS based on their BMI change sub-group. In the field of occupational health, it will be necessary to promote stable weight control in young adults to reduce the incidence of MetS. |
### Instruction:
Do formoterol and budesonide inhibit rhinovirus infection and cytokine production in primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells?
### Response:
| Formoterol and budesonide may inhibit RV infection by reducing the ICAM-1 levels and/or acidic endosomes and modulate airway inflammation associated with RV infections. |
### Instruction:
Is regucalcin an androgen-target gene in the rat prostate modulating cell-cycle and apoptotic pathways?
### Response:
| Overexpression of RGN resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptotic pathways, which demonstrated its role maintaining prostate growth balance. Thus, deregulation of RGN expression may be an important event favoring the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, the DHT effect down-regulating RGN expression in rat prostate highlighted for the importance of this protein in prostatic physiology. |
### Instruction:
Is unprotected daily sun exposure differently associated with central adiposity and β-cell dysfunction by gender : the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( KNHANES ) V?
### Response:
| Our study provides a cutoff for upper limit of sun exposure and suggests unprotected daily sun exposure for more than 5h should be avoided to prevent diabetes. Increased central adiposity and decreased beta cell function were observed in women and men, respectively, who had long-term unprotected daily sun exposure. |
### Instruction:
Does fecal level of calprotectin identify histologic inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis in clinical and endoscopic remission?
### Response:
| Histologic inflammation is common among patients with UC in clinical and endoscopic remission. Patients with histologic features of inflammation can be identified reliably based on their fecal level of calprotectin. |
### Instruction:
Is bone erosion associated with reduction of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis?
### Response:
| The numbers of circulating EPCs in RA patients are reduced and are inversely correlated with serum levels of CXCL12. Reduced EPC counts are closely associated not only with bone erosion, but also with endothelial dysfunction. |
### Instruction:
Are bDNF SNPs implicated in comorbid alcohol dependence in schizophrenia but not in alcohol-dependent patients without schizophrenia?
### Response:
| We conclude that these BDNF SNPs play a role in development of comorbid alcohol dependence in schizophrenia while our data do not indicate that they play a role in alcohol-dependent patients who do not have schizophrenia. |
### Instruction:
Are timely empiric antimicrobials associated with faster microbiologic clearance in preterm neonates with late-onset bloodstream infections?
### Response:
| Two-thirds of preterm infants with late-onset BSIs received effective empiric antimicrobials. Timely empiric antimicrobials were associated with shorter time to microbiologic clearance. These data suggest the need for standardised guidelines and quality improvement initiatives. |
### Instruction:
Are bDNF and Artemin increased in drug-naïve non-depressed GAD patients : preliminary data?
### Response:
| This is the first report of increased levels of a neurotrophic factor and of a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family member in GAD patients. While further studies to confirm these results and the functional meaning in terms of pathophysiology of GAD are needed, the potential conceptual and clinical meanings are discussed. |
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