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### Instruction: Is contrast-enhanced ultrasound helpful in the differentiation of malignant and benign breast lesions? ### Response:
CEUS cooperating with conventional US shows improved accuracy in differentiating between malignant and benign breast tumors. It could be a reliable diagnostic method of breast lesions.
### Instruction: Does high expression of stathmin protein predict a fulminant course in medulloblastoma? ### Response:
High stathmin expression correlates with tumor dissemination, is an important prognostic factor of medulloblastoma, and may serve as a useful marker for more intensive adjuvant therapies.
### Instruction: Does gene transfer of calcitonin gene-related peptide suppress development of allograft vasculopathy? ### Response:
The expression of CGRP effectively suppressed the development of allograft vasculopathy and encroachment by lymphocytes and inflammatory cells. This reduced the levels of VCAM-1 to inhibit apoptosis induced by iNOS; thus, the tissue of the allografted vessel was protected and rejection was averted.
### Instruction: Are genetic polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter , but not the 2a receptor or nitric oxide synthetase , associated with pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? ### Response:
In this COPD cohort we confirm that PH is frequent and usually mild, but out of proportion in a subgroup. We found a significant association of the L-allelic variant of 5HTT with PH overall and especially in out-of-proportion PH. These findings may point towards a role of the serotonin system in COPD-PH and warrant further studies.
### Instruction: Does expression of signal transduction genes differ after hypoxic or isoflurane preconditioning of rat hippocampal slice cultures? ### Response:
Despite sharing similar upstream signaling and neuroprotective outcomes, the genomic response to APC and HPC is different. Increased expression of antiapoptosis genes after HPC and cell development genes after APC has implications both for neuroprotection and long-term effects of anesthetics.
### Instruction: Does catechol-O-methyltransferase valine ( 158 ) methionine polymorphism modulate brain networks underlying working memory across adulthood? ### Response:
Our findings suggest that the COMTval(158)met polymorphism modulates both the activity and functional connectivity of brain regions within WM networks and most importantly that this effect is exaggerated with increasing age, contributing to the variability in age-related decline in executive cognition.
### Instruction: Is the neovolcanic axis a barrier to gene flow among Aedes aegypti populations in Mexico that differ in vector competence for Dengue 2 virus? ### Response:
Barriers to gene flow in vector populations may also impact the frequency of genes that condition continuous and epidemiologically relevant traits such as vector competence. Further studies are warranted to determine why the NVA is a barrier to gene flow and to determine whether the differences in vector competence seen north and south of the NVA are stable and epidemiologically significant.
### Instruction: Does pancreatic neuropathy result in `` neural remodeling '' and altered pancreatic innervation in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer? ### Response:
The quality of intrapancreatic nerve fibers and the activation state of intrapancreatic glia in CP and PCa are strikingly different from those in normal pancreas. This novel phenomenon of "neural remodeling" shows how pancreatic neuropathic pain and "visceral neuropathy" are associated with altered pancreatic innervation in CP and PCa.
### Instruction: Is childbearing associated with higher incidence of the metabolic syndrome among women of reproductive age controlling for measurements before pregnancy : the CARDIA study? ### Response:
Increasing parity is associated with future development of the MetS independent of prior obesity and pregnancy-related weight gain. Risk varies by GDM status.
### Instruction: Is evidence that pairing with genetically similar mates maladaptive in a monogamous bird? ### Response:
These findings provide evidence that breeders in a genetically monogamous species may avoid the fitness costs of reproducing with a genetically similar mate. In such species that lack the opportunity to obtain extra-pair fertilizations, mate choice may therefore be under high selective pressure.
### Instruction: Is chronic venous insufficiency associated with elevated level of circulating microparticles? ### Response:
The findings indicate that CVI is accompanied by an enhanced release of EMPs and PMPs that contribute to altered dysfunctional response of the venous wall.
### Instruction: Are transmitochondrial embryonic stem cells containing pathogenic mtDNA mutations compromised in neuronal differentiation? ### Response:
Differentiated neurons carrying severely pathogenic mtDNA defects can provide a useful model for understanding how such mutations can cause neuronal dysfunction.
### Instruction: Is irritable bowel syndrome strongly associated with generalized anxiety disorder : a community study? ### Response:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and GAD comorbidity was common and added to impairment in the community. The strong association between psychiatric morbidity and IBS observed in referral centres was not a consequence of increased help-seeking behaviour.
### Instruction: Does age influence anthropometric and fitness-related predictors of bone mineral in men? ### Response:
Relationships of body composition, muscular strength and aerobic capacity to bone mineral are stronger in middle-age versus older men.
### Instruction: Is pretreatment quality of life an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer? ### Response:
Pretreatment QOL measured by Uniscale is a significant and an independent prognostic factor for OS, and QOL should be routinely integrated as a stratification factor in advanced NSCLC trials.
### Instruction: Does a DNA microarray facilitate the diagnosis of Bacillus anthracis in environmental samples? ### Response:
This array clearly differentiates B. anthracis from members of the B. cereus group and other Bacillus species in environmental samples by chromosomal (rpoB) and plasmid markers. Additionally, recognition of B. cereus strains harbouring the toxin genes or atypical B. anthracis strains that have lost the virulence plasmids is feasible.
### Instruction: Does a combination of assays reveal biomass differences in biofilms formed by Escherichia coli mutants? ### Response:
The ATP assay, the crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy yielded similar results for six of the eight strains tested. For the remaining two strains, the images from the scanning electron microscopy confirmed the results from the ATP assay.
### Instruction: Do pro-inflammatory cytokine genes influence the clinical features of frontotemporal lobar degeneration? ### Response:
Our findings support a role for pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in the pathogenesis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
### Instruction: Is p-gp activity a critical resistance factor against AVE9633 and DM4 cytotoxicity in leukaemia cell lines , but not a major mechanism of chemoresistance in cells from acute myeloid leukaemia patients? ### Response:
P-gp activity is not a crucial mechanism of chemoresistance to AVE9633. For patients whose resistance to conventional anthracycline AML regimens is related to ABC protein expression, a combination with AVE9633 could be beneficial. Other mechanisms such as microtubule alteration could play an important role in chemoresistance to AVE9633.
### Instruction: Are high levels of soluble Major Histocompatibility Complex class I related chain A ( MICA ) associated with biliary cast syndrome after liver transplantation? ### Response:
Biliary cast syndrome is more likely to develop in recipients who have post-transplant high levels of sMICA. The data suggested that sMICA might have some immunologic effect on BCS development following liver transplant. Monitoring of serum sMICA could have a prognostic value in assessment of patients with liver transplantation.
### Instruction: Is perioperative asymptomatic cardiac damage after endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair associated with poor long-term outcome? ### Response:
Asymptomatic cardiac damage in patients undergoing EVAR is associated with poor long-term outcome. Routine perioperative cardiac screening after EVAR might be warranted.
### Instruction: Does local lentiviral short hairpin RNA silencing of CCR2 inhibit vein graft thickening in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E3-Leiden mice? ### Response:
Vascular CCR2 contributes to vein graft disease, and local application of shRNA against CCR2 to the vessel wall prevents vein graft thickening in hypercholesterolemic mice, suggesting that local overexpressing of shRNA using organ-targeted lentiviral gene delivery may be a promising therapeutic tool to improve vein graft disease in bypassed patients.
### Instruction: Is high seizure frequency prior to antiepileptic treatment a predictor of pharmacoresistant epilepsy in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy? ### Response:
The data from this study are in line with clinical experience that the frequency of seizures in the early phase of epilepsy is a dominant risk factor that predicts refractoriness. However, resistance to treatment also occurred in rats that did not differ in seizure frequency from responders, indicating that disease severity alone is not sufficient to explain antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance. These data provide further evidence that epilepsy models are useful in the search for predictors and mechanisms of pharmacoresistance.
### Instruction: Is the Beijing genotype associated with young age and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in rural Vietnam? ### Response:
In Vietnam, Beijing genotype is associated with young age and in new patients with multidrug resistance despite adequate TB control, suggesting a biological association. This potentially undermines the effectiveness of TB control in countries where Beijing genotype infections are common.
### Instruction: Does exercise improve cognition and hippocampal plasticity in APOE epsilon4 mice? ### Response:
Our results support the hypothesis that exercise can improve cognitive function, particularly in epsilon4 carriers.
### Instruction: Does fatigue-induced ACL injury risk stem from a degradation in central control? ### Response:
Unilateral fatigue induces a fatigue crossover to the contralateral limb during single-leg landings. Central fatigue thus seems to be a critical component of fatigue-induced sports landing strategies. Hence, targeted training of central control processes may be necessary to counter successfully the debilitative impact of fatigue on ACL injury risk.
### Instruction: Does enteral nutrition rapidly reverse total parenteral nutrition-induced impairment of hepatic immunity in a murine model? ### Response:
EN rapidly reverses TPN-induced impairment of hepatic immunity along with increased hepatic MNC numbers and LPS receptor expressions on Kupffer cells.
### Instruction: Does stimulus familiarity affect perceptual restoration in the European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris )? ### Response:
The results suggest that starlings are able to perceptually restore partly masked sounds and, similarly to humans, rely on prior experience. They may be a suitable model to study the mechanism underlying experience-dependent perceptual restoration.
### Instruction: Is plasma glucose and insulin regulation abnormal following gastric bypass surgery with or without neuroglycopenia? ### Response:
Plasma glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose in patients with symptomatic hypoglycemia post-RYGB are minimally different when compared to individuals who remain asymptomatic, and both groups demonstrate hyperinsulinemia out of proportion to their degree of insulin sensitivity.
### Instruction: Is failure to recover somatotropic axis function associated with mortality from pediatric sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome? ### Response:
These data suggest that prolonged reduction of somatotropic axis function is associated with mortality from pediatric sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Reductions in innate and adaptive immune function are common in this population and are associated with failure of recovery of the somatotropic axis, although the nature of these relationships remains incompletely understood.
### Instruction: Does interaction of programmed death-1 and programmed death-1 ligand-1 contribute to testicular immune privilege? ### Response:
The constitutive expression of PD-L1 in the testis is an important mechanism underlying testicular immune privilege and long-term survival of intratesticular islet allografts.
### Instruction: Do mesenchymal stem cells prolong composite tissue allotransplant survival in a swine model? ### Response:
These results suggested that the regulatory activity of MSCs on T cells and GVHD might contribute to significant prolongation of composite tissue allotransplant survival in the MSC-BMT-CsA treatment.
### Instruction: Does human CMV infection of porcine endothelial cells increase adhesion receptor expression and human leukocyte recruitment? ### Response:
After pig-to-human solid organ transplantation HCMV may infect and activate the porcine endothelium, rendering the xenograft more susceptible to human leukocyte recruitment and rejection.
### Instruction: Does second-hand smoke stimulate lipid accumulation in the liver by modulating AMPK and SREBP-1? ### Response:
These novel findings are important because they point to another risk factor of smoking, i.e., that of contributing to NAFLD. In addition, our results showing that both AMPK and SREBP are critically involved in these effects of smoke point to the potential use of these molecules as targets for treatment of cigarette smoke-induced metabolic diseases.
### Instruction: Does disequilibrium between admitted and discharged hospitalized patients affect emergency department length of stay? ### Response:
Disequilibrium between the number of admitted and discharged inpatients significantly affects next-day ED length of stay. Better matching of daily hospital discharges and admissions could reduce ED waiting times and may be more amenable to intervention than reducing admissions alone. The admission-discharge ratio may also provide a simple way of tracking and enhancing hospital system performance.
### Instruction: Is gender related to alterations of renal endothelial function in type 2 diabetes? ### Response:
Our data demonstrate that NO availability in the renal circulation is greater in female than in male patients with type 2 diabetes that is associated with reduced levels of oxidative stress in females. The role of this gender-related difference in renal endothelial function for the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy should be addressed in future studies.
### Instruction: Is pro-brain natriuretic peptide a sensitive marker for detecting cardiac metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer? ### Response:
Plasma NT-pro-BNP is remarkably elevated in patients with NSCLC and myocardial/pericardial infiltrations and may be used as a sensitive marker for detecting cardiac metastases in these patients.
### Instruction: Is hypoxemic resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock accompanied by reduced serum levels of angiopoietin-2? ### Response:
Hypoxemic resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock is a process accompanied by reduced serum levels of Ang2. These findings add significantly to our understanding of that experimental treatment strategy of resuscitation.
### Instruction: Does two different doses of caudal neostigmine co-administered with levobupivacaine produce analgesia in children? ### Response:
Caudal neostigmine in doses of 2 and 4 microg.kg(-1) with levobupivacaine extends the duration of analgesia without increasing the incidence of adverse effects, and 2 microg.kg(-1) seems to be the optimal dose, as higher dose has no further advantages.
### Instruction: Are smoking , sun exposure , number of nevi and previous neoplasias risk factors for melanoma in older patients ( 60 years and over )? ### Response:
Tobacco smoking is an independent risk factor for cutaneous melanoma in the elderly. Intense (both acute and chronic) sun exposure and constitutional features, such as tumor susceptibility (NMSC, non-cutaneous neoplasias, and multiple nevi) are also associated with melanoma risk. All these factors should help to better design educational campaigns in older people.
### Instruction: Is obstructive sleep apnea common in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? ### Response:
OSA is prevalent in patients with IPF and may be underrecognized by primary care providers and specialists. Neither ESS nor SA-SDQ alone or in combination was a strong screening tool. Given the high prevalence found in our sample, formal sleep evaluation and polysomnography should be considered in patients with IPF.
### Instruction: Does cross-fostering alter the neurochemistry or behavior of spontaneously hypertensive rats? ### Response:
The ADHD-like behavior of SHR and their neurochemistry is genetically determined and not dependent on nurturing by SHR dams. The similarity between WKY and SD supports the continued use of WKY as a control for SHR and suggests that SD may be a useful additional reference strain for SHR. The fact that SD behaved similarly to WKY in the elevated-plus maze argues against the use of WKY as a model for anxiety-like disorders.
### Instruction: Is cigarette smoking associated with subclinical parenchymal lung disease : the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis ( MESA ) -lung study? ### Response:
Smoking may cause subclinical parenchymal lung disease detectable by spirometry and CT imaging, even among a generally healthy cohort.
### Instruction: Do investigations of fine-scale phylogeography in Tigriopus californicus reveal historical patterns of population divergence? ### Response:
The use of sequence data at a fine-scale of resolution in this species has provided novel insights into the processes that have resulted in the accumulation of genetic divergence among populations. This divergence is likely to result from an interplay between a limited dispersal ability for this copepod and the temporal instability of copepod habitat. Both shorter-term processes such as the extinction/recolonization dynamics of copepod pools and longer-term processes such as geological uplift of coastline and sea level changes appear to have impacted the patterns of differentiation. Some patterns of sequence variation are consistent with selection acting upon the loci used in this study; however, it appears that most phylogeographic patterns are the result of history and not selection on these genes in this species.
### Instruction: Do ptosis and cranial nerve IV palsy reveal juvenile myasthenia gravis? ### Response:
Although rare, myasthenia should be considered a diagnosis in children who present with variable ptosis or strabismus. Patients can be successfully treated with medication.
### Instruction: Does the HaDREB2 transcription factor enhance basal thermotolerance and longevity of seeds through functional interaction with HaHSFA9? ### Response:
Our results reveal the functional interdependency of HaDREB2 and HaHSFA9 in seeds. HaDREB2 differs from other previously characterized DREB2 factors in plants in terms of its unique functional interaction with the seed-specific HaHSFA9 factor. No functional interaction between HaDREB2 and HaHSFA9 was observed when both factors were conjointly overexpressed in vegetative tissues. We therefore suggest that additional, seed-specific factors, or protein modifications, could be required for the functional interaction between HaDREB2 and HaHSFA9.
### Instruction: Is hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure prevented by opioid receptor blockade? ### Response:
These data suggest that the opioid signaling system is a promising target for further studies to prevent HAAF.
### Instruction: Do local anesthetics induce chondrocyte death in bovine articular cartilage disks in a dose- and duration-dependent manner? ### Response:
Our results suggest that local anesthetics (i.e., bupivacaine, lidocaine, or ropivacaine) can have a detrimental effect on chondrocyte viability in bovine articular cartilage disks in a dose- and duration-dependent manner.
### Instruction: Does chlorhexidine gel reduce incidence of alveolar osteitis after extraction of the mandibular third molars? ### Response:
It was concluded that the topical application of bioadhesive chlorhexidine gel to the surgical wound during the postoperative week may decrease the incidence of alveolar osteitis after extraction of the mandibular third molars.
### Instruction: Is preemptive therapy adequate for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in pancreas-kidney transplant recipients? ### Response:
According to the results of our study, for CMV-seropositive PKT recipients, CP is a better strategy than PT. For CMV-seronegative recipients, 3 months of CP is an inadequate strategy.
### Instruction: Is vascular deposition of complement C4d increased in liver allografts with chronic rejection? ### Response:
The complement system and anti-donor antibodies may contribute to the process of chronic allograft rejection in the liver.
### Instruction: Do intracellular oxidative stress and cadmium ions release induce cytotoxicity of unmodified cadmium sulfide quantum dots? ### Response:
Intracellular ROS production, GSH depletion, and cadmium ions (Cd(2+)) release are possible mechanisms for CdS QDs' cytotoxicity. We also suggested that with QD concentration increasing, the principal toxicity mechanism changes from intracellular oxidative stress to Cd(2+) release.
### Instruction: Does l-carnitine reduce doxorubicin-induced apoptosis through a prostacyclin-mediated pathway in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes? ### Response:
These findings suggest that L-carnitine protects cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in part through PGI(2) and PPARα-signaling pathways, which may potentially protect the heart from the severe toxicity of doxorubicin.
### Instruction: Does dNA methylation regulate constitutive expression of Stat6 regulatory genes SOCS-1 and SHP-1 in colon cancer cells? ### Response:
These findings suggest that DNA methylation controls the constitutive expression of negative Stat6 regulatory genes, which may affect Stat6 activities.
### Instruction: Does precessation treatment with nicotine patch significantly increase abstinence rates relative to conventional treatment? ### Response:
In view of these findings and similar results from previous studies, current labeling of the nicotine patch, which recommends using nicotine replacement therapy only after the quit date, should be reexamined.
### Instruction: Does [ Interference of osteopontin expression inhibit the invasion and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines ]? ### Response:
The specific siRNA is able to reduce the OPN expression at both the mRNA and protein levels and significantly inhibits the invasiveness of HCC cells.
### Instruction: Does mR spectroscopy indicate diffuse multiple sclerosis activity during remission? ### Response:
The absence of early tissue atrophy and apparent axonal dysfunction (NAA loss) in these RR MS patients suggests that both are preceded by diffuse glial proliferation (astrogliosis), as well as possible inflammation, demyelination and remyelination reflected by elevated mI, Cho and Cr, even during clinical remission and despite immunomodulatory treatment.
### Instruction: Does truncation in the tcdC region of the Clostridium difficile PathLoc of clinical isolates predict increased biological activity of Toxin B or Toxin A? ### Response:
Our data do not support a direct role for alterations in the tcdC gene as a predictor of hyperproduction of Toxin A and B in NAP1-related strains.
### Instruction: Does preoperative 6-minute walk test add prognostic information to Euroscore in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement? ### Response:
The 6MWT is safe and feasible to carry out in patients with severe aortic stenosis before AVR, and provides potentially important functional and prognostic information to clinical assessment and the Euroscore risk score.
### Instruction: Does high glucose attenuate insulin-induced VEGF expression in bovine retinal microvascular endothelial cells? ### Response:
Both insulin and high glucose can markedly increase VEGF expression in BRECs at the mRNA and protein level. We propose that insulin may upregulate VEGF expression through the PI3-K signalling pathway in BRECs, and high glucose may attenuate insulin-induced VEGF expression by impairing PI3-K signalling pathways.
### Instruction: Does a novel biomechanical device improve gait pattern in patient with chronic nonspecific low back pain? ### Response:
Patients with NSLBP treated with the novel biomechanical device for 3 months increased walking speed through longer step length and eliminated asymmetrical differences.
### Instruction: Do pan-DR-binding Hsp60 self epitopes induce an interleukin-10-mediated immune response in rheumatoid arthritis? ### Response:
These results suggest a disease-specific immune-modulatory role of epitope-specific T cells in the inflammatory processes of RA. Therefore, these pan-DR-binding epitopes could be used as a tool to study the autoreactive T cell response in RA and might be suitable candidates for use in immunotherapy.
### Instruction: Are elevated C-reactive protein levels associated with prevalent dementia in the oldest-old? ### Response:
In the oldest-old, high CRP levels are associated with increased odds of all-cause dementia, particularly in women. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm whether increased CRP levels are associated with an increased risk of developing dementia in this age group.
### Instruction: Do mesenchymal stem cells treated with rat pancreatic extract secrete cytokines that improve the glycometabolism of diabetic rats? ### Response:
RPE enhanced the secretion of cytokines by MSCs. MSCs in the pancreatic microenvironment may exert indirect salutary effects via paracrine mediators on injured pancreatic cells in an STZ-induced diabetic animal model. The secreted factors may exert their therapeutic benefits by preventing apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells.
### Instruction: Are the expression of efflux and uptake transporters regulated by statins in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells? ### Response:
These findings reveal that statins exhibits differential effects on mRNA expression of drug transporters, and this effect depends on the cell type. Furthermore, alterations in the expression levels of drug transporters in the liver and/or intestine may contribute to the variability in oral disposition of statins.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (2009) 30: 956-964; doi: 10.1038/aps.2009.85; published online 22 June 2009.
### Instruction: Are multiple active myofascial trigger points and pressure pain sensitivity maps in the temporalis muscle related in women with chronic tension type headache? ### Response:
Multiple active TrPs in the temporalis muscle were found, particularly in the anterior column and in the middle of the muscle belly. Bilateral posterior to anterior decreased distribution of PPTs in the temporalis muscle in women with CTTH was found. The locations of active TrPs in the temporalis muscle corresponded well to the muscle areas with lower PPT, supporting the relationship between multiple active muscle TrPs and topographical pressure sensitivity maps in the temporalis muscle in women with CTTH.
### Instruction: Do human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor transplants in collagen scaffolds promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord? ### Response:
These findings show that transplantation of hESC-NPC in collagen scaffolds into an injured spinal cord may provide a new approach to SCI.
### Instruction: Is overweight in dogs , but not in cats , related to overweight in their owners? ### Response:
The degree to which dogs are overweight is, in contrast to the degree to which cats are overweight, related to the BMI of their owners.
### Instruction: Is post-fracture prescribed calcium and vitamin D supplements alone or , in females , with concomitant anti-osteoporotic drugs associated with lower mortality in elderly hip fracture patients : a prospective analysis? ### Response:
Our results indicate a potential relationship between reduced mortality and post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and, in females, concomitant use of anti-osteoporotic drugs. However, further investigations are needed to understand the reason for the reduction in the risk of death. Population-based, randomized, placebo-controlled trials with total mortality as the main endpoint should be conducted to verify our results.
### Instruction: Does histamine H ( 3 ) receptor-mediated signaling protect mice from cerebral malaria? ### Response:
Our data suggest that histamine regulation through the H3R in the brain suppresses the development of CM. Thus modulating histamine signaling in the central nervous system, in combination with standard therapies, may represent a novel strategy to reduce the risk of progression to cerebral malaria.
### Instruction: Does abnormal Shh and FOXC2 expression correlate with aberrant lymphatic development in human fetuses with increased nuchal translucency? ### Response:
Increased Shh and VEGF-A expression is correlated with an aberrant lymphatic endothelial differentiation in trisomy 21 fetuses. The SMCs surrounding the JLS can possibly be explained by an increase of PDGF-B-induced SMC recruitment and/or differentiation. This underscores earlier findings that indicate the loss of lymphatic identity in trisomy 21 fetuses and a shift towards a blood vessel wall phenotype.
### Instruction: Is neighborhood of residence associated with daily adherence to CPAP therapy? ### Response:
In a retrospective cohort of veterans, initial CPAP adherence was closely associated with higher neighborhood socioeconomic factors. Future investigation should target specific impediments to adherence in the home and neighborhood environment.
### Instruction: Is previous hepatitis a virus infection related to slower psychomotor speed in elderly adults? ### Response:
HAV seropositivity is associated with slower psychomotor speed among the U.S. community-dwelling elders.
### Instruction: Does cT assessment of woodworkers ' nasal adenocarcinomas confirm the origin in the olfactory cleft? ### Response:
Radiologists should suspect nasal adenocarcinoma on sinus CT scans showing a unilateral expanding opacity of the olfactory cavity.
### Instruction: Does endogenous activated protein C predict hemorrhagic transformation and mortality after tissue plasminogen activator treatment in stroke patients? ### Response:
A high endogenous APC level 2 h after t-PA administration is independently associated with hemorrhagic transformation and mortality in our cohort of stroke patients. Establishing any causal link for these relationships needs further research.
### Instruction: Does celastrol potentiate radiotherapy by impairment of DNA damage processing in human prostate cancer? ### Response:
Celastrol sensitized PC-3 cells to radiation both in vitro and in vivo by impairing DNA damage processing and augmenting apoptosis. Celastrol might represent a promising new adjuvant regimen for the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
### Instruction: Are gender differences in the motivational processing of babies determined by their facial attractiveness? ### Response:
These results indicate that gender differences in the motivational processing of babies include excessive (relative to the esthetic valuation) motivation to extend the viewing time of normal babies by men vs. shortening the exposure to the abnormal babies by women. Such gender-specific incentive sensitization phenomenon may reflect an evolutionary-derived need for diversion of limited resources to the nurturance of healthy offspring.
### Instruction: Are v600E BRAF mutations alternative early molecular events in a subset of KIT/PDGFRA wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumours? ### Response:
BRAF mutations represent an alternative molecular pathway in the early tumorigenesis of a subset of KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GISTs and are per se not associated with a high risk of malignancy. Mutations in KIT, PDGFRA and BRAF were mutually exclusive in this study. Results from this and a previous study indicate that BRAF-mutated GISTs show a predilection for the small bowel (four of five tumours), but this needs further evaluation in larger studies.
### Instruction: Are common variants in 8q24 associated with risk for prostate cancer and tumor aggressiveness in men of European ancestry? ### Response:
Although this study does not directly confirm associations of the three specific SNPs (cited above), it corroborates reported signals of association in 8q24 reaffirming that genetic variation on 8q24 influences susceptibility to PC in men of European ancestry. Although our study did not confirm the allelic association of rs1447295, meta-analysis of this SNP provided support to previous reported associations. Further, this study implicates the 8q24 region with aggressive forms of PC.
### Instruction: Does format change of a laboratory test order form affect physician behavior? ### Response:
Changes in format of laboratory test order forms can change physician test ordering and may be useful together with other interventions to improve appropriateness of laboratory testing. A thoughtfully built test ordering form can reinforce clinical guidelines for the performance of some preventive testing and follow-up.
### Instruction: Does endogenous and exogenous thioredoxin 1 prevent goblet cell hyperplasia in a chronic antigen exposure asthma model? ### Response:
Our results suggest that TRX1 prevents the development of goblet cell hyperplasia, and also ameliorates established goblet cell hyperplasia.
### Instruction: Does polyclonal IgE induce mast cell survival and cytokine production? ### Response:
These results imply that polyclonal IgE in atopic dermatitis and other atopic conditions might modulate mast cell number and function, thus amplifying the allergic response.
### Instruction: Does type-1 Collagen differentially alter beta-catenin accumulation in primary Dupuytren 's Disease cord and adjacent palmar fascia cells? ### Response:
Our findings implicate type-1 collagen as a previously unrecognized regulator of beta-catenin accumulation and a modifier of TGF-beta1 signaling specifically in primary DD cells. These data have implications for current treatment modalities as well as the design of in vitro models for research into the molecular mechanisms of DD.
### Instruction: Do polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase genes increase risk of prostate cancer biochemical recurrence differentially by ethnicity and disease severity? ### Response:
Our results suggest GSTs may hold promise as therapeutic targets in more advanced prostate cancers, particularly, in African-Americans.
### Instruction: Does temporo-parietal theta activity correlate with misery perfusion in arterial occlusive disease? ### Response:
The presence of TPTA suggests misery perfusion, which is characterized by reduced rCBF and reduced rCVR.
### Instruction: Do asthmatic bronchial fibroblasts demonstrate enhanced potential to differentiate into myofibroblasts in culture? ### Response:
It is concluded that asthmatic HBFs cultured in vitro display some inherent features which facilitate their differentiation into myofibroblasts. These data indicate that increased reactivity of asthmatic fibroblasts to TGF-beta may play a crucial role in asthma.
### Instruction: Is severe affective and behavioral dysregulation in youth associated with increased serum TSH? ### Response:
This is the first study to demonstrate associations between CBCL-DP and subclinical hypothyroidism. Future research should address the long-term outcome of CBCL-DP with coexisting hypothyroidism, the potential benefits of supplementation with thyroid hormone, and the association between severe dysregulation and the bipolar spectrum.
### Instruction: Do a prospective study of the diagnostic utility of sputum Gram stain in pneumonia? ### Response:
Sputum Gram stain is a dependable diagnostic test for the early etiological diagnosis of bacterial CAP that helps in choosing orthological and appropriate initial antimicrobial therapy.
### Instruction: Does submandibular TCD approach detect post-bulb ICA stenosis in children with sickle cell anemia? ### Response:
The submandibular approach, when added to a standard transcranial Doppler examination, may increase the sensitivity of this technique to identify important potential sources of cerebral infarction.
### Instruction: Are ultrasound characteristics of breast fibroadenomas related to clinical and histological parameters? ### Response:
Histological type, tumor size and patient age significantly influence ultrasound characteristics of breast FA. This might be helpful to consider when breast lesions are classified and decisions for biopsies are made.
### Instruction: Do the overlap syndrome of depression and delirium in older hospitalized patients? ### Response:
The overlap syndrome of depression and delirium is associated with significant risk of functional decline, institutionalization, and death. Efforts to identify, prevent, and treat this condition may reduce the risk of adverse outcomes in older hospitalized patients.
### Instruction: Does new model for end stage liver disease improve prognostic capability after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt? ### Response:
MELDNa performed better than MELD in predicting death or transplant after non-emergent TIPS, especially in patients with low MELD scores. A MELD score <or=18 can provide a false positive prognosis; a MELDNa score <or=15 provides a more accurate risk prediction.
### Instruction: Are pancreas and liver injury associated in individuals with increased alcohol consumption? ### Response:
Contrary to common belief there is a close association between pancreatic and hepatic injury in patients with increased alcohol consumption, and the degree of organ damage between the 2 organs correlate.
### Instruction: Is systemic chemerin related to inflammation rather than obesity in type 2 diabetes? ### Response:
Visceral fat is not a major site of chemerin release, and elevated systemic levels of chemerin in obesity and T2D seem to be associated with inflammation rather than body mass index.
### Instruction: Does expression of Bcl-2 predict outcome in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy? ### Response:
High expression of Bcl-2 may be a useful prognostic factor in locally advanced NSCLC patients treated with cisplatin-based CCRT.
### Instruction: Do the characteristics of concomitant thyroid nodules cause false-positive ultrasonography results in primary hyperparathyroidism? ### Response:
Although there was no particular characteristic of concomitant thyroid nodules that contributes to false-positive US results, the posteriorly located thyroid nodules were the strongest correlate for the false-positive US results to other features.
### Instruction: Are human bocavirus infections common in Beijing population indicated by sero-antibody prevalence analysis? ### Response:
The data suggest that HBoV has been circulating in Beijing population for at least over 10 years, and most of children had been exposed to HBoV by age of 7 years. Higher HBoV antibody positive rate shown in the serum specimens collected in 2005 suggested that infections by HBoV have been increased in Beijing population in recent years.
### Instruction: Does acute evaluation of transthoracic impedance vectors using ICD lead? ### Response:
The air sensitivity and SNR in tripolar and tetrapolar ICD lead vectors did not differ significantly and were in the range of the values in pacemaker leads currently used as MV sensors. The good correlations between impedance-based and Korr-based RespR and MV measurements imply that ICD leads may be used in MV sensor systems.
### Instruction: Does elevated elafin/trappin-2 in the female genital tract is associate with protection against HIV acquisition? ### Response:
Using a unique proteomics approach in a large scale, cross-sectional cohort study, we identified elafin/trappin-2 as a novel innate immune factor, which is highly associated with resistance. This association was confirmed within an independent, prospective cohort study. Genital tract elafin/trappin-2 levels constitute a natural correlate of HIV protection in humans.
### Instruction: Is higher hospital volume associated with lower mortality in acute nonvariceal upper-GI hemorrhage? ### Response:
The study was based on an administrative data set.