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### Instruction: Does planimetric assessment of anatomic valve area overestimate effective orifice area in bicuspid aortic stenosis? ### Response:
For a given anatomic orifice, functional severity tends to be greater in bicuspid AS than in tricuspid AS. This appears to be primarily related to greater jet eccentricity and less pressure recovery.
### Instruction: Is sprouty4 , a suppressor of tumor cell motility , down regulated by DNA methylation in human prostate cancer? ### Response:
Sprouty4 expression is down regulated in human prostate cancer by DNA methylation and this decreased expression may contribute to increased cell migration.
### Instruction: Does topical becaplermin improve outcomes in work related fingertip injuries? ### Response:
In this study, the functional and economic costs were significantly less when fingertip injuries were treated with topical becaplermin than when they were treated with surgical reconstruction. This information should allow emergency and acute care physicians to treat these injuries more efficaciously and conveniently.
### Instruction: Does deficiency of regulatory B cells increase allergic airway inflammation? ### Response:
These data suggest a regulatory role for B-1a cells in reducing cytokine production, pulmonary inflammation, and CD4(+) T cell survival during cockroach allergen-induced airway inflammation.
### Instruction: Does docetaxel followed by castration improve outcomes in LNCaP prostate cancer-bearing severe combined immunodeficient mice? ### Response:
A treatment sequence of docetaxel followed by hormone ablation may be more effective in treating prostate cancer than concurrent docetaxel/hormone therapy or hormone ablation followed by docetaxel.
### Instruction: Do the extent of oesophageal acid exposure overlap among the different gastro-oesophageal reflux disease groups? ### Response:
Our study demonstrated a high oesophageal acid exposure overlap between patients with non-erosive reflux disease-positive and erosive oesophagitis, Barrett's oesophagus and erosive oesophagitis, as well as Barrett's oesophagus and non-erosive reflux disease-positive patients.
### Instruction: Do spinal manipulation force and duration affect vertebral movement and neuromuscular responses? ### Response:
Changes in the biomechanical and neuromuscular response of the ovine lumbar spine were observed in response to changes in the force-time characteristics of the spinal manipulative thrusts and may be an underlying mechanism in related clinical outcomes.
### Instruction: Is balloon kyphoplasty effective in deformity correction of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures? ### Response:
The restoration of height in kyphoplasty is attributed to dynamic fracture mobility as well as to the expansion of the inserted balloon tamp.
### Instruction: Is t-cell recognition of a prostate specific antigen sufficient to induce prostate tissue destruction? ### Response:
T lymphocytes specific for a prostate antigen are capable of inducing inflammatory infiltration of prostatic tissue rapidly following activation, but do not produce pathological prostate injury.
### Instruction: Are genetic polymorphisms of CD14 , toll-like receptor 4 , and caspase-recruitment domain 15 associated with necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants? ### Response:
Carrier state of the tested CD14, TLR4, and CARD15 SNPs is not associated with NEC risk in VLBW infants.
### Instruction: Is spinal cord stimulation cost-effective for non-surgical management of critical limb ischaemia? ### Response:
Total costs of treatment in CLI are high. Major components are hospital and rehabilitation costs. In contrast to recent reviews, there were no long-term benefits of SCS-treatment. Therefore, cost-effectiveness is reduced to cost-minimisation and SCS-treatment is considerably more expensive than best medical treatment.
### Instruction: Does deep sedation occur frequently during elective endoscopy with meperidine and midazolam? ### Response:
Deep sedation occurs frequently during elective endoscopy with meperidine and midazolam used with the intent of moderate sedation. ERCP and EUS are risk factors for the occurrence of deep sedation, independent of sedation dose or length of procedure.
### Instruction: Does overexpression of STAT-1 by adenoviral gene transfer inhibit hepatitis B virus replication? ### Response:
These data demonstrate that the over-expression of STAT-1 alone is not sufficient to strengthen the biological response of interferon as an antiviral agent.
### Instruction: Does gleason scoring vary among pathologists and this affects clinical risk in patients with prostate cancer? ### Response:
Our findings confirm previous reports of only limited correlation between pathologists in reporting Gleason sums. In this study, 19% (16/83) of cases had their grading changed to a level that altered clinical risk, almost always (94%; 15/16) to one that worsened prognosis. This would have significantly affected treatment strategy for these patients, and thus we recommend that all centres ensure accurate Gleason grading by the use of pathologists with special interests in prostate cancer.
### Instruction: Does addition of platelet transfusions to corticosteroids increase the recovery of severe HELLP syndrome? ### Response:
The findings suggest the initiation of high-dose dexamethasone therapy in women with true HELLP syndrome, with the next step being delivery, and probably platelet count < or =50,000/microl alone is not always an indication for platelet transfusion.
### Instruction: Are flow-dependent changes in Doppler-derived aortic valve effective orifice area real and not due to artifact? ### Response:
The flow-dependent changes in EOA(Dop) are not artifacts but represent real changes in EOA attributable either to unsteady effects at low flow rates and/or to changes in valve leaflet opening. Such changes in EOA(Dop) can be relied on for clinical judgment making.
### Instruction: Does cryopreservation of hematopoietic progenitor cells from apheresis at high cell concentrations impair the hematopoietic recovery after transplantation? ### Response:
The cryopreservation of HPC-A at higher than standard NC concentrations has no adverse impact on hematopoietic reconstitution after transplantation.
### Instruction: Does desensitization to strong vestibular stimuli improve tolerance to simulated aircraft motion? ### Response:
Our results suggest that desensitization to one provocative motion could be transferred to a less severe motion stimulus. This result could be used in the refinement of desensitization programs for aircrew.
### Instruction: Is h244R VSX1 associated with selective cone ON bipolar cell dysfunction and macular degeneration in a PPCD family? ### Response:
The human VSX1 is required for cone ON bipolar cell function but not for rod and cone OFF bipolar cells, giving a unique example of such a selective heritable retinal defect in humans. Furthermore, the authors provide the first clinical support for a new alternative role of VSX1 in cone biology, probably similar to that proposed for its goldfish ortholog during retinal differentiation.
### Instruction: Are globally , CYP1B1 mutations in primary congenital glaucoma strongly structured by geographic and haplotype backgrounds? ### Response:
The strong association of specific haplotypes with some predominant CYP1B1 mutations underlying PCG and the observed geographical clustering, probably due to founder effects, may be useful for predictive testing.
### Instruction: Is pancreatic cancer cells invasiveness mainly affected by interleukin-1beta not by transforming growth factor-beta1? ### Response:
IL-1beta enhances the invasive capacity of pancreatic cancer cells, whereas TGF-beta1 has paradoxical effects on pancreatic cancer cells; this makes it difficult to interfere with TGF-beta1 signaling in pancreatic cancer treatment.
### Instruction: Is evolution of the renal function a better predictor of long-term survival than serum creatinine? ### Response:
The evolution of renal function at 3 months and throughout the evolution were better predictors of graft failure than an isolated serum creatinine value.
### Instruction: Does [ Lysophosphatidic acid activate L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway of platelets in rats ]? ### Response:
LPA increased NO release by enhancing L-arginine uptake and NOS activities, up-regulating L-arginine/NOS/NO pathway in platelets of rats.
### Instruction: Is [ Cell-cycle negative regulatory gene ANA over-expressed in the brain tissues of patients with Down syndrome ]? ### Response:
Over-expression of ANA may contribute to the reduction of neuronal density in DS brain.
### Instruction: Is young age a risk factor for HIV among female sex workers -- an experience from India? ### Response:
This could be associated with larger areas of cervical ectopy of younger sex workers who are subjected to repeated trauma during sexual intercourse, facilitating higher HIV transmission. Behavioral factors may increase a young sex worker's risk of acquiring HIV infection, including professional immaturity with clients, which might lead to more unprotected sex. HIV status was associated with other sexually transmitted infection in the previous year but was not associated with literacy status, daily income, duration of sex work, number of clients entertained per day, entertaining clients outside a brothel (in a hotel), and reported condom use.
### Instruction: Does anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy increase synovial osteoprotegerin expression in rheumatoid arthritis? ### Response:
Therapy with TNF antagonists in RA modulates the OPG/RANKL system, a potential mechanism that could explain the retardation of radiographic damage observed following anti-TNF therapy.
### Instruction: Does postmastectomy radiotherapy reduce locoregional recurrence in elderly women with high-risk breast cancer? ### Response:
In women aged 70 years or over with tumours greater than 5 cm or four or more positive nodes, significantly lower LRR was observed in women treated with radiotherapy compared with women treated without radiotherapy. PMRT should be considered in the management of elderly women with these high-risk characteristics.
### Instruction: Does cyclosporine suppress cell growth and collagen production in hepatic stellate cells? ### Response:
These findings demonstrated that cyclosporine suppresses cell growth and collagen production, suggesting that it may have an antifibrogenic effect.
### Instruction: Are increased plasma markers of oxidative stress associated with coronary heart disease in males with diabetes mellitus and with 10-year risk in a prospective sample of males? ### Response:
A cross-sectional and prospective association exists between baseline plasma measures of oxidative stress and CHD risk. The association with prospective CHD risk remained after adjustment for "traditional" risk factors, implying an independent role for oxidative stress in CHD risk.
### Instruction: Do transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations result from passive opening of the cardia by gastric distention? ### Response:
These data refute the hypothesis that transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations result from passive mechanical distraction of the gastroesophageal junction. Rather, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations must occur before the gastroesophageal junction can open.
### Instruction: Does reg IV activate the epidermal growth factor receptor/Akt/AP-1 signaling pathway in colon adenocarcinomas? ### Response:
Reg IV is a potent activator of the EGF receptor/Akt/AP-1 signaling pathway in CRC. Disruption of Reg signaling may have utility as a therapeutic intervention for human gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas.
### Instruction: Do myofibroblast matrix metalloproteinases activate the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL7 from intestinal epithelial cells? ### Response:
These findings identify a novel proinflammatory action of MMPs in inflammation and suggest that lamina propria myofibroblasts are required to achieve maximal intestinal epithelial immune activation.
### Instruction: Is discontinuation of treatment of schizophrenic patients driven by poor symptom response : a pooled post-hoc analysis of four atypical antipsychotic drugs? ### Response:
Discontinuing treatment may lead to exacerbation of symptoms, undermining therapeutic progress. In these studies, poor response to treatment and worsening of underlying psychiatric symptoms, and to a lesser extent, intolerability to medication were the primary contributors to treatment being discontinued. Our findings suggest that adherence may be enhanced by effective symptom control, as objectively measured and as subjectively perceived. Such strategies may improve patients' willingness to undertake long-term therapy and increase the likelihood of a better prognosis.
### Instruction: Does the receptor-binding region of human apolipoprotein E have direct anti-infective activity? ### Response:
These data suggest that human apoE or fragments containing the receptor-binding domain may contribute to innate immunity to viral infection by direct disruption of viral particles and/or inhibition of viral attachment, thus reducing viral entry.
### Instruction: Does low-dose radiation plus rapamycin promote long-term bone marrow chimerism? ### Response:
These results establish a simple, nontoxic, irradiation-based regimen that facilitates engraftment without ablation. This strategy may prove useful in nonmalignant disorders such as hemoglobinopathies in which moderate levels of donor chimerism could prove curative.
### Instruction: Is plasma apolipoprotein E concentration an important determinant of phospholipid transfer protein activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus? ### Response:
The associations between plasma apo AI and E concentrations and PLTP activity suggest that these apolipoproteins are important regulators of PLTP activity in vivo. The increase in PLTP activity in type 2 diabetes is partly related to the changes in these apolipoproteins.
### Instruction: Is left atrial index a predictor of exercise capacity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? ### Response:
LA volume index, reflecting the combined influences of MR and diastolic dysfunction, was independently associated with objective measures of exercise capacity in patients with isolated HCM.
### Instruction: Is a low blood ethanol level associated with improved cytokine production in aged mice after traumatic injury? ### Response:
Low levels of ethanol at the time of injury are associated with partial restoration of immune responses in aged mice.
### Instruction: Does tranexamic acid prevent rebleeding in an uncontrolled hemorrhage porcine model? ### Response:
Rebleeding events increased the amount of blood lost and the mortality in uncontrolled aortic hemorrhage. Tranexamic acid offered no benefit.
### Instruction: Does alcohol consumption during gestation reduce the histamine and triiodothyronine content of rat immune cells? ### Response:
Since the immune system had not developed at the time of treatment (3rd day of pregnancy), stem cells were presumably imprinted. Our results indicate the deleterious effects of early maternal alcohol consumption on the hormone content of the immune system.
### Instruction: Are preoperative serum tissue factor levels an independent prognostic factor in patients with ovarian carcinoma? ### Response:
Preoperative serum TF levels are significantly elevated in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Elevated preoperative TF level is an independent prognostic factor for death from disease.
### Instruction: Does [ Intravenous oxygen therapy increase the activity of the antioxidative and antiatherogenic serum enzyme paraoxonase 1 ]? ### Response:
Treatments with intravenous oxygen infusions evoke an adaptation to oxidative stress by an increase of serum PON1 activity. In this regard, a potential molecular mechanism has been found, that explains the protecting effects of intravenous oxygen therapy against oxidative stress and its consequences. PON1 activity is proposed to be an appropriate parameter for monitoring the success of this kind of oxygen therapy.
### Instruction: Is tissue-type plasminogen activator activity in morphologically normal tissues adjacent to gastrointestinal carcinomas associated with the degree of tumor progression? ### Response:
"Morphologically normal tissues" adjacent to carcinomas present abnormal t-PA activity that is associated with the degree of tumor progression. Assaying of this activity could be useful as a predictive parameter.
### Instruction: Does bispectral index monitoring improve early recovery of geriatric outpatients undergoing brief surgical procedures? ### Response:
In this non-paralyzed elderly outpatient surgery population, the use of BIS monitoring for titrating the maintenance anesthetic (sevoflurane) failed to improve the early recovery process.
### Instruction: Does chronic aspiration of gastric fluid accelerate pulmonary allograft dysfunction in a rat model of lung transplantation? ### Response:
Chronic aspiration of gastric contents promotes accelerated allograft failure and may promote a profibrotic environment.
### Instruction: Does dexamethasone reduce reintubation rate due to postextubation stridor in a high-risk paediatric population? ### Response:
The risk of postextubation stridor is relatively high in the group of children aged between 4 wk and 6 y with intubation exceeding 24 h. We found dexamethasone to be effective in preventing reintubation due to postextubation stridor in this paediatric high-risk group.
### Instruction: Do thermal injury-induced peroxynitrite production and pulmonary inducible nitric oxide synthase expression depend on JNK/AP-1 signaling? ### Response:
Thermal injury induces lung tissue JNK activation and AP-1 DNA-binding activity mainly from airway epithelial cells. Thermal injury-induced peroxynitrite production and lung iNOS, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 expression are mediated by the JNK signaling. JNK inhibition decreases thermal injury-induced lung neutrophil infiltration and subsequently pulmonary hyperpermeability.
### Instruction: Does vascular endothelial growth factor naked DNA gene transfer enhance thrombus recanalization and resolution? ### Response:
VEGF gene therapy of venous thrombus resulted in smaller thrombi with greater recanalization. Angiogenic gene therapy may form the basis of a novel treatment that may improve the resolution of venous thrombi.
### Instruction: Does cytoregR inhibit growth and proliferation of human adenocarcinoma cells via induction of apoptosis? ### Response:
CytoregR exerted a dose-and time-dependent growth inhibitory effect in all the target cells through induction of apoptosis via the CPP32 death pathway, independent of hormonal sensitivity of the cells. The present data indicate that not only could CPP32 provide a potential target for regulation of cytoregR-induced apoptosis but also that cytoregR could play a significant role in chemotherapeutic regimen in many human malignant tumors.
### Instruction: Does activation of soluble guanylate cyclase reverse experimental pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling? ### Response:
Activation of sGC reverses hemodynamic and structural changes associated with monocrotaline- and chronic hypoxia-induced experimental pulmonary hypertension. This effect is partially dependent on endogenous nitric oxide generated by NOS3.
### Instruction: Does autologous myoblast transplantation after myocardial infarction increase the inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias? ### Response:
In an infarcted rat model, myoblast transplantation but not bone marrow mononuclear cells or myocardial injection per se induces electrical ventricular instability. Because ventricular arrhythmias are life-threatening disorders, we suggest that such preclinical evaluation should be conducted for any new source of cells to be injected into the myocardium.
### Instruction: Does eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the cystic fibrosis mouse reduce mucus accumulation? ### Response:
Eradication of bacterial overgrowth in CF mice significantly decreased mucus secretion and accumulation in intestinal crypts without an effect on mucin gene expression. It is proposed that bacterial overgrowth stimulates mucus secretion, which contributes to its accumulation in the small intestine. Control of bacterial overgrowth is expected to reduce mucus accumulation and may improve intestinal function and overall health in CF.
### Instruction: Do dietary gangliosides enhance in vitro lipid uptake in weanling rats? ### Response:
We speculate that the enhanced uptake of long-chain fatty acids in weanling rats fed GANG may be caused by a modification in physical properties of the BBM.
### Instruction: Are small increases in extravascular lung water accurately detected by transpulmonary thermodilution? ### Response:
The transpulmonary thermodilution technique accurately detects small increases in extravascular lung water and may permit accurate diagnosis of incipient pulmonary edema.
### Instruction: Is elevated plasma phospholipid transfer protein activity a determinant of carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes mellitus? ### Response:
Plasma PLTP activity is a positive determinant of IMT in type 2 diabetes mellitus, suggesting that high PLTP activity is involved in accelerated atherosclerosis in this disease.
### Instruction: Is infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae but not Helicobacter pylori related to elevated apolipoprotein B levels? ### Response:
Apo B levels increased with C. pneumoniae infection. This finding supports the hypothesis that lipid profiles change to atherogenic lipid profile in chronic infections.
### Instruction: Does the PTEN tumor suppressor inhibit telomerase activity in endometrial cancer cells by decreasing hTERT mRNA levels? ### Response:
Our data suggest that PTEN may regulate telomerase activity by a novel mechanism in which inhibition of Akt activation by PTEN leads to decreased hTERT mRNA levels. Thus, loss of PTEN may allow endometrial cells to continue to express high levels of telomerase activity, facilitating the neoplastic transformation of the endometrium.
### Instruction: Does effect of curing regime on the cytotoxicity of resin-modified glass-ionomer lining cement applied to an odontoblast-cell line? ### Response:
The light-activation plays an important role in reducing the cytotoxicity of Fuji Lining LC. Following the manufacturer' recommendation regarding the light-curing regime may prevent toxic effect to the pulp cells.
### Instruction: Do aurothiomalate and hydroxychloroquine inhibit nitric oxide production in chondrocytes and in human osteoarthritic cartilage? ### Response:
Aurothiomalate and hydroxychloroquine suppressed IL-1beta-induced NO production in chondrocyte cultures and in OA cartilage. The results suggest an additional anti-inflammatory mechanism for aurothiomalate and hydroxychloroquine and indicates their possible therapeutic value in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA).
### Instruction: Is syndecan-1 expression upregulated in degenerating articular cartilage in a transgenic mouse model for osteoarthritis? ### Response:
The present temporospatial expression data on upregulation of syndecan-1 in articular cartilage during early stages of cartilage degeneration suggest that this molecule is involved in the attempted repair of cartilage fibrillations. Combined with the known role of syndecan-1 during skeletal development and wound healing, this interesting finding warrants further validation.
### Instruction: Do urinary excretions of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase predict the development of proteinuria and renal injury in OLETF rats? ### Response:
Urinary excretions of L-PGDS are likely to reflect the underlying increase in glomerular permeability. This property may be useful to predict forthcoming glomerular damage following diabetes in OLETF rats.
### Instruction: Does absence of chx10 cause neural progenitors to persist in the adult retina? ### Response:
Without Chx10, proliferative expansion of the embryonic RPC pool is markedly reduced. In the adult retina, lack of Chx10 results in a population of dividing neural progenitor cells that persist and produce new neurons in the central retina.
### Instruction: Does prevalence of negative chest radiography result in the emergency department patient with decompensated heart failure? ### Response:
Approximately 1 of every 5 patients admitted from the ED with acute decompensated heart failure had no signs of congestion on chest radiography. Patients lacking signs of congestion on ED chest radiography were more likely to have an ED non-heart failure diagnosis than patients with signs of congestion. Clinicians should not rule out heart failure in patients with no radiographic signs of congestion.
### Instruction: Does aprotinin inhibit proinflammatory activation of endothelial cells by thrombin through the protease-activated receptor 1? ### Response:
This study demonstrates that endothelial cell activation by thrombin and downstream inflammatory responses can be inhibited by aprotinin in vitro through blockade of protease-activated receptor 1. Our results provide a new molecular basis to help explain the anti-inflammatory properties of aprotinin reported clinically.
### Instruction: Does endoscopic ultrasonography-identified celiac adenopathy remain a poor prognostic factor despite preoperative chemoradiotherapy in esophageal adenocarcinoma? ### Response:
Endoscopic ultrasonography-identified celiac adenopathy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus conveys a poor prognosis despite preoperative chemoradiotherapy. These patients should be stratified in future multimodality trials. The investigation of induction chemotherapy before concurrent chemoradiotherapy might be warranted in this high-risk group of patients.
### Instruction: Are connexin43 levels increased in mouse neural crest cells exposed to homocysteine? ### Response:
Increased Cx43 levels were previously shown to result in abnormal embryonic development. Our data raises the hypothesis that the embryotoxic effects of homocysteine may be mediated in part by its effects on Cx43 expression level and gap junction function in neural crest cells.
### Instruction: Does beta2-adrenergic agonist protect human endothelial cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in vitro? ### Response:
These results indicate that formoterol reduces endothelial cell death and reactive oxygen species production in this in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation model. These effects are beta2-adrenergic specific and are partially mediated by nitric oxide synthase.
### Instruction: Does thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor activation mediate angiotensin II-induced postischemic neovascularization? ### Response:
Endogenous activation of TXA2 receptor by eicosanoids did not modulate spontaneous neovascularization in the setting of ischemia. Conversely, TXA2 signaling is involved in Ang II-induced AT1-dependent vessel growth.
### Instruction: Is atherosclerosis in mice affected by a reduction in tissue factor expression? ### Response:
Our data indicate that either a 50% reduction of TF in all cells or a selective reduction in hematopoietic cell-derived TF does not affect the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mice.
### Instruction: Does 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine enhance the release of acetylcholine in the prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus of the rat? ### Response:
MDMA exerts a stimulatory effect on the release of ACh in the PFC and dorsal hippocampus in vivo, possibly by mechanisms localized within these brain regions. In addition, these results suggest that the MDMA-induced release of ACh in the PFC involves both serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms.
### Instruction: Does age influence the emm type distribution of pediatric group A streptococcal pharyngeal isolates? ### Response:
Age-related changes in emm type distribution of pharyngeal GAS are present in childhood; these changes may reflect acquisition of immunity to more common types as a consequence of exposure early in life, but this remains to be demonstrated.
### Instruction: Are parkin-deficient mice more sensitive to 6-hydroxydopamine or methamphetamine neurotoxicity? ### Response:
Our results suggest that the absence of a robust parkinsonian phenotype in Parkin-deficient mice is not due to the lack of exposure to environmental triggers with mechanisms of action similar to METH or 6-OHDA. Nevertheless, Parkin-deficient mice could be more sensitive to other neurotoxins, such as rotenone or MPTP, which have different mechanisms of action; therefore, identifying conditions that precipitate parkinsonism specifically in Parkin-deficient mice would increase the utility of this model and could provide insight into the mechanism of AR-JP. Alternatively, it remains possible that the absence of parkinsonism in Parkin-deficient mice could reflect fundamental differences between the function of human and mouse Parkin, or the existence of a redundant E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase in mouse that is not found in humans. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to understand why Parkin-deficient mice do not display robust signs of parkinsonism.
### Instruction: Are physical distance , genetic relationship , age , and leprosy classification independent risk factors for leprosy in contacts of patients with leprosy? ### Response:
Age of the contact, the disease classification of the index patient, and physical and genetic distance were independently associated with the risk of a contact acquiring leprosy. Contact surveys in leprosy should be not only focused on household contacts but also extended to neighbors and consanguineous relatives, especially when the patient has PB2-5 or MB leprosy.
### Instruction: Does sex steroid ablation enhance lymphoid recovery following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation? ### Response:
These data suggest that sex steroid ablation significantly enhances lymphopoiesis following auto-HSCT providing a new strategy for posttransplant immune reconstitution.
### Instruction: Does perivascular treatment with azathioprine reduce neointimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts? ### Response:
We conclude that treatment of experimental vein grafts with azathioprine is associated with a reduction of neointimal hyperplasia and an increased apoptosis rate in the vascular wall. These results suggest that azathioprine may be useful for the prevention of vein graft disease after coronary artery bypass grafting.
### Instruction: Are elevated serum heparanase-1 levels in patients with pancreatic carcinoma associated with poor survival? ### Response:
Serum HPR1 activity in pancreatic carcinoma patients was found to be significantly elevated, in particular in those with HPR1-positive tumors. Increased serum HPR1 activity was associated with a shorter survival in patients with pancreatic carcinoma patients.
### Instruction: Does encasement of bedding improve asthma in atopic adult asthmatics? ### Response:
Encasement of bedding significantly reduced the Der p 1 levels. However, this was not sufficient to produce worthwhile clinical improvement in those in whom dust mite avoidance might well have been recommended as part of their clinical management.
### Instruction: Does family history of stroke predict risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack? ### Response:
Family history of stroke does not predict risk of ischemic stroke after TIA.
### Instruction: Is macrophage migration inhibition factor elevated in pregnancy , but not to a greater extent in preeclampsia? ### Response:
Our data suggest that circulatory MIF concentrations are elevated throughout pregnancy, but are not further increased in preeclampsia.
### Instruction: Is ileum resection the most predictive factor for osteoporosis in patients with Crohn 's disease? ### Response:
Our data suggest that in patients with Crohn's disease, the risk of osteoporosis is best predicted by a history of ileum resection.
### Instruction: Is lorazepam an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients? ### Response:
Lorazepam administration is an important and potentially modifiable risk factor for transitioning into delirium even after adjusting for relevant covariates.
### Instruction: Do e-cadherin polymorphisms and haplotypes influence risk for prostate cancer? ### Response:
Our data indicate that CDH1 likely is a low-penetrant PCA susceptibility gene, however, population differences in linkage disequilibrium within the CDH1 gene region may influence the effect of susceptibility alleles such as -160A.
### Instruction: Do body mass index and waist circumference both contribute to differences in insulin-mediated glucose disposal in nondiabetic adults? ### Response:
The more overweight or obese a person, the greater the degree of insulin resistance; differences in adiposity accounted for approximately one-third of the variation in IMGU, irrespective of the index used. Furthermore, there was no difference in the relation between the degree of insulin resistance and either index of adiposity.
### Instruction: Do cTLA4Ig introduced by adenovirus vector locally to prolong the survival of xenogeneic skin grafts on rat burn wounds? ### Response:
Administration of Ad-CTLA4Ig locally could prolong the survival time of xenogeneic skin graft on burn wound without significantly influencing the systemic immune function.
### Instruction: Are beta-Catenin mutation and its nuclear localization confirmed to be frequent causes of Wnt signaling pathway activation in pilomatricomas? ### Response:
These results confirmed that beta-catenin mutation and its nuclear localization are frequent causes of Wnt signaling pathway activation and suggested that beta-catenin activation mutations contribute to tumorigenesis of pilomatricomas.
### Instruction: Does taiwan experience suggest that RhD typing for blood transfusion is unnecessary in southeast Asian populations? ### Response:
The results strongly support the exclusion of D typing from routine compatibility testing for individuals of Taiwanese origin. Because the low incidence of D- and relatively high incidence of "Mi(a)"+ phenotypes are common findings throughout southeast Asia, and because a population genetic study revealed that the Taiwanese people are genetically related to southern Asian populations, it is suggested that RhD typing for blood transfusion is unnecessary among southeast Asian populations.
### Instruction: Does leflunomide prevent alveolar fluid clearance inhibition by respiratory syncytial virus? ### Response:
Pyrimidine synthesis or release pathways may provide novel therapeutic targets to counter the pathophysiologic sequelae of impaired AFC in RSV disease.
### Instruction: Does increased glucocorticoid receptor beta alter steroid response in glucocorticoid-insensitive asthma? ### Response:
GC insensitivity is associated with loss of GCRalpha nuclear translocation in BAL cells and elevated GCRbeta, which may inhibit GCRalpha transactivation in response to steroids.
### Instruction: Does a novel low molecular weight inhibitor of dendritic cells and B cells block allergic inflammation? ### Response:
VAF347 represents a novel type of immunomodulator by affecting two major pathways in allergic airway pathogenesis: dendritic cell-mediated T-helper-cell activation and induction of IgE production by human B lymphocytes.
### Instruction: Does metalworking fluid with mycobacteria and endotoxin induce hypersensitivity pneumonitis in mice? ### Response:
MWFs containing mycobacteria induced granulomatous lung lesions, peribronchiolar lymphocytosis, increased cell concentrations in lavage, and up-regulation of several cytokines. These findings are consistent with HP.
### Instruction: Does abdominal insufflation decrease blood loss and mortality after porcine liver injury? ### Response:
In a swine model of catastrophic blunt hepatic injury, abdominal insufflation significantly decreased blood loss and mortality.
### Instruction: Does surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage have greater remedial value than conservative therapy? ### Response:
Surgically treated patients, especially those with cerebellar hemorrhage, had significantly greater improvement in NIHSS or JSS score compared with medically treated patients. Our findings indicated that the patients who underwent surgery appeared to have better outcomes. But, because the study was not randomized, this observation cannot be interpreted as indicating that surgery is advantageous.
### Instruction: Does perfusion of his-tagged eukaryotic myocilin increase outflow resistance in human anterior segments in the presence of aqueous humor? ### Response:
Myocilin purified from human trabecular meshwork cells increased outflow resistance in cultured human anterior segments, but only after incubation with porcine aqueous humor. Recombinant myocilin appears to form a complex in porcine aqueous humor that enables it to bind specifically within the trabecular meshwork.
### Instruction: Is third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations? ### Response:
Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations were associated with third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss. These mutations should be screened in women with third trimester but not second trimester unexplained nonrecurrent late fetal loss.
### Instruction: Does magnetic resonance restricted diffusion resolution correlate with clinical improvement and response to treatment in herpes simplex encephalitis? ### Response:
Restricted diffusion abnormalities on MRI in patients with HSE may be more sensitive to and correlate better with disease activity in HSE.
### Instruction: Does epidemiology and correlate of daily smoking and nicotine dependence among young adults in the United States? ### Response:
There are more common than unique correlates of each smoking stage and across racial/ethnic groups. Primary prevention and interventions addressing the factors tested could be uniform for most chronic smokers irrespective of dependence status and race/ethnicity.
### Instruction: Does retinoic acid induce VEGF gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells ( ARPE-19 )? ### Response:
We demonstrated that atRA stimulates the induction of the VEGF gene in ARPE-19 cells, suggesting a novel pathway for the development of age-related macular degeneration.
### Instruction: Does superior cervical ganglionectomy induce changes in growth factor expression in the rat retina? ### Response:
Surgical SNX results in a reduction in VEGF gene and protein expression, while increasing protein expression of Ang-1. These findings suggest that sympathetic nerves regulate the expression of angiogenic growth factors in rat retina.
### Instruction: Are serum C-reactive protein and plasma homocysteine levels associated with hormone therapy use and other factors : a population-based study of middle-aged Australian-born women? ### Response:
In middle-aged Australian-born women, HT use was associated with increased CRP and decreased homocysteine levels. High CRP levels were also associated with high relative weight, low exercise levels and no statin medication.
### Instruction: Is impaired coronary endothelium-dependent vasodilation associated with microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and angiographically normal coronary arteries? ### Response:
Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria have a more severely impaired coronary endothelium-dependent vasodilation than those with normoalbuminuria. These data suggest a common pathophysiological process for both coronary vasomotor abnormalities and microalbuminuria.