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### Instruction: Does the Arabidopsis MAX pathway control shoot branching by regulating auxin transport? ### Response:
The MAX-dependent hormone is a novel regulator of auxin transport. Modulation of auxin transport in the stem is sufficient to regulate bud outgrowth, independent of AXR1-mediated auxin signaling. We therefore propose an additional mechanism for long-range signaling by auxin in which bud growth is regulated by competition between auxin sources for auxin transport capacity in the primary stem.
### Instruction: Is enteric-coated pancreatic enzyme with bicarbonate equal to standard enteric-coated enzyme in treating malabsorption in cystic fibrosis? ### Response:
In the doses used, nutrient absorption of patients taking EC buffered PE preparation offers no advantage over a conventional EC-PE preparation.
### Instruction: Does low-dose aspirin affect the clinicopathological features of gastric cancer? ### Response:
The use of low-dose aspirin might affect the clinicopathological features in gastric cancers, and possibly have a favorable protective effect on the progression of gastric cancer in a subset of non-cardiac gastric cancer patients.
### Instruction: Is social stress as effective as physical stress in reinstating morphine-induced place preference in mice? ### Response:
These data demonstrate that social stress is as effective as physical stress in reinstating morphine-seeking.
### Instruction: Does scopolamine induce impairments in the recognition of human facial expressions of anger and disgust? ### Response:
Scopolamine-induced cholinergic hypofunction selectively impaired the recognition accuracy of disgust and anger facial expressions. The effects of scopolamine on emotion-recognition are similar to those found in Huntington's disease patients. Furthermore, the impairments in anger and fear recognition previously observed with diazepam do not appear to be a general property of benzodiazepines. This suggests that alterations in emotional processing involving changes in the ability to recognize threat-related emotions (particularly, fear and anger) may not be a principal mechanism underlying anxiolysis or paradoxical aggression seen with benzodiazepines.
### Instruction: Is hypertriglyceridemia positively correlated with the development of colorectal tubular adenoma in Japanese men? ### Response:
Although a high level of serum triglyceride does not appear to be mechanically involved in the development of carcinoma, reduction of serum TG and intensive surveillance with total colonoscopy may have benefit in men with hypertriglyceridemia.
### Instruction: Are bone mineral density and bone metabolism related to leptin in hemodialyzed and peritoneally dialyzed uremic patients? ### Response:
BMD depends on time of renal replacement therapy. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism poorly correlate with BMD and leptin in dialyzed patients. Leptin is not a predictor of BMD in dialyzed patients.
### Instruction: Does the 460Trp allele of alpha-adducin increase carotid intima-media thickness in young adult males? ### Response:
The 460Trp allele of ADD1 contributes substantially to increase carotid IMT, in a male hormonal milieu only, at least in the young age range.
### Instruction: Are alpha1-antitrypsin gene polymorphisms associated with renal arterial fibromuscular dysplasia? ### Response:
Polymorphisms PiM1, PiZ and PiS of the AAT gene are not associated with renal FMD or infraclinical carotid lesions detected by echotracking methods. As the true prevalence of renal FMD is not precisely known and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is not infrequent in the general population, the association of the two may occur by chance.
### Instruction: Is high-sensitivity C-reactive protein only weakly related to cardiovascular damage after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors? ### Response:
After adjustment for traditional CV risk factors hsCRP was only associated with PWV and atherosclerotic plaques, indicating a possible effect of low-grade inflammation on macrovascular damage. The close relationship between traditional CV risk factors and hsCRP suggested that hsCRP was an integrated CV risk marker early in the development of atherosclerosis.
### Instruction: Are sympathetic neural responses to smoking age dependent? ### Response:
The autonomic responses to smoking are age dependent. While blood pressure increases are similar in both groups, young subjects respond to smoking by marked increases in heart rate and suppression of central sympathetic outflow. In middle-aged subjects, the heart rate increase is less marked, but sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity is not suppressed.
### Instruction: Does family-based association analysis validate chromosome 3p21 as a putative nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility locus? ### Response:
These results reflected a link disequilibrium between this chromosome region and a nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility locus, and provided further evidence that a novel nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility gene may be located in this chromosome region. These alleles or haplotypes transmitting disequilibrium in nasopharyngeal carcinoma pedigrees may act as the highly risk molecular markers after verified in large population.
### Instruction: Is telomerase activity decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of hemodialysis patients? ### Response:
Telomerase activity in PBMCs is reduced in HD patients. It seems that, at least in this type of cell in this population, defense from senescence, as assessed by telomerase activity, is altered and associated with the chronicity of uremia/HD procedure.
### Instruction: Does whey feeding suppress the measurement of oxidative stress in experimental burn injury? ### Response:
Whey pretreatment suppressed hepatic and renal oxidative stress measurements after experimental burn injury.
### Instruction: Are serum levels of activin A and inhibin A related to the increased susceptibility to pre-eclampsia in type I diabetic pregnancies? ### Response:
Serum concentrations of activin A and inhibin A could not predict preeclampsia in type I diabetes.
### Instruction: Does probucol inhibit in-stent thrombosis and neointimal hyperplasia by promoting re-endothelialization? ### Response:
Probucol demonstrates anti-restenotic and appears to have anti-thrombotic properties that are likely related to its ability to promote in-stent re-endothelialization.
### Instruction: Are serum amyloid A , properdin , complement 3 , and toll-like receptors expressed locally in human sinonasal tissue? ### Response:
These studies indicate that sinonasal mucosa expresses genes involved in innate immunity including the TLRs and proteins involved in complement activation. We hypothesize that local production of complement and acute phase proteins by airway epithelium on stimulation of innate immune receptors may play an important role in host defense in the airway and, potentially, in the pathogenesis of CRS.
### Instruction: Does cisplatin-induced growth arrest of head and neck cancer cells correlate with increased expression of p16 and p53? ### Response:
These results, in combination with increased expression of the p53 downstream effecter p21, indicate that the cisplatin-induced cell cycle arrest operates through the p16/p53-dependent pathway, and a caspase-independent pathway may be involved. Combination treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via cell cycle inhibition and cisplatin holds promise as a potential therapy in the clinical setting.
### Instruction: Does combination chemotherapy and radiation of human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck augment CTL-mediated lysis? ### Response:
Overall, these results reveal that (a) CTL killing can be enhanced by combining multiagent chemotherapy and radiation and (b) combination treatment enhanced or sensitized HNSCC to the perforin pathway, perhaps by down-regulating Bcl-2 expression. These studies thus form the rational basis for clinical trials of immunotherapy concomitant with the current standard of care of HNSCC.
### Instruction: Does positive family history promote participation in colorectal cancer screening? ### Response:
Positive family history seems to be a motivation factor for a participation in a CRC screening program. Consistent with previous studies the prevalence of CRA and CRC was significantly higher in the group of FDR compared to controls (Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 20).
### Instruction: Do long-term results of Molteno implant insertion in cases of neovascular glaucoma? ### Response:
The insertion of Molteno implants for neovascular glaucoma maintained or improved vision in 39% of eyes, whereas 12% were eventually enucleated (all of which initially had visual acuity <20/1200). The outcome depended mainly on progression of the underlying vascular disease.
### Instruction: Are select estrogens within the complex formulation of conjugated equine estrogens ( Premarin ) protective against neurodegenerative insults : implications for a composition of estrogen therapy to promote neuronal function and prevent Alzheimer 's disease? ### Response:
The present study provides the first documentation of the neuroprotective profile of individual estrogens contained within the complex formulation of CEE at concentrations commensurate with their plasma levels achieved after an oral administration of 0.625 mg CEE in women. Our analyses demonstrate that select estrogens within the complex formulation of CEE contribute to its neuroprotective efficacy. Moreover, our data predict that the magnitude of neuroprotection induced by individual estrogens at relatively low concentrations may be clinically undetectable and ineffective, whereas, a combination of select neuroprotective estrogens could provide an increased and clinically meaningful efficacy. More importantly, these data suggest a strategy for determining neurological efficacy and rational design and development of a composition of estrogen therapy to alleviate climacteric symptoms, promote neurological health, and prevent age-related neurodegeneration, such as AD, in postmenopausal women.
### Instruction: Is permanent atrial fibrillation ablation surgery in CABG and aortic valve patients at least as effective as in mitral valve disease? ### Response:
Concomitant pAF ablation surgery in CABG and/or AVR is safe and at least as effective as in MV surgery, presumably because severe LA enlargement is exceptionally rare in this group.
### Instruction: Does a2E selectively induce cox-2 in ARPE-19 and human neural cells? ### Response:
COX-2 RNA levels were induced in cytokine-, peroxide-, and A2E-stressed ARPE-19 and HN cells. Lack of induction of COX-3 RNA message by A2E, coupled with increases in COX-3 protein under identical treatment conditions, suggest that significant post-transcriptional or post-translational controls may regulate COX-3 gene expression in HN cells. Stress-induced upregulation of COX-2 gene expression in ARPE-19 and HN cells may play a mechanistic role in promoting proinflammatory and/or pro-oxidative pathology in these tissues.
### Instruction: Does ankle brace effectively reduce recurrence of ankle sprains in female soccer players? ### Response:
We suggest that prophylactic ankle bracing is effective in reducing the incidence of ankle sprains in female soccer players with a previous history of ankle sprains.
### Instruction: Does [ Human cytomegalovirus induce apoptosis of ECV304 endothelial-like cells ]? ### Response:
HCMV can induce apoptosis of ECV304 endothelial-like cells.
### Instruction: Do transgenic mice with mammary gland targeted expression of human cortactin develop ( pre-malignant ) breast tumors : studies in MMTV-cortactin and MMTV-cortactin/-cyclin D1 bitransgenic mice? ### Response:
From this study, we conclude that development of (pre-malignant) breast tumors in either wild type or MMTV-cyclin D1 mice was not augmented due to mammary gland targeted overexpression of human cortactin.
### Instruction: Is hepatitis C virus core protein a potent inhibitor of RNA silencing-based antiviral response? ### Response:
RNAi is a limiting factor for HCV infection, and the core protein suppresses the RNA silencing-based antiviral response. This ability of the core protein to counteract the host defense may lead to a persistent viral infection and may contribute to the pathogenesis of HCV.
### Instruction: Does loss of the major duodenal papilla result in brown pigment biliary stone formation in pdx1 null mice? ### Response:
Pdx1 is required for proper development of the major duodenal papilla, peribiliary glands, and mucin-producing cells in the common bile duct and for maintenance of the periampullary duodenal epithelial cells during perinatal period. Bile infection because of loss of the major duodenal papilla plays a significant role in the formation of brown pigment biliary stones in pdx1 null mice.
### Instruction: Does defective RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling contribute to vascular hypocontractility and vasodilation in cirrhotic rats? ### Response:
An impaired vascular activation of RhoA and a down-regulation of Rho-kinase might contribute to vasodilation and vascular hypocontractility in BDL-induced cirrhosis.
### Instruction: Does cathepsin B activate human trypsinogen 1 but not proelastase 2 or procarboxypeptidase B? ### Response:
Cathepsin B is a competent activator of trypsinogen-1, although not as efficient as enterokinase. If cathepsin B is to play a role in protease activation in acute pancreatitis, this most probably occurs by activation of trypsinogen.
### Instruction: Does protein phosphatase 2A regulate central sensitization in the spinal cord of rats following intradermal injection of capsaicin? ### Response:
These findings indicate that PP2A plays an important role in the cellular mechanisms of spinal cord central sensitization induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin in rats, which may have implications in clinical pain therapy.
### Instruction: Is inhibition of myocardial apoptosis by ischaemic and beta-adrenergic preconditioning dependent on p38 MAPK? ### Response:
These results indicate that (1) Both IPC and beta-PC elicit protection against apoptosis and necrosis, (2) activation of p38 MAPK is not a trigger of preconditioning against apoptosis and necrosis and (3) activation of p38 MAPK during reperfusion increases necrosis only if ischaemia is used to precondition hearts, but not with pharmacologic preconditioning with isoproterenol.
### Instruction: Does [ Tiam1 expression correlate with the biological behavior of human colorectal carcinoma cells ]? ### Response:
Tiam1 gene plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. It may be a useful marker for metastasis of colorectal carcinoma.
### Instruction: Is microsatellite instability in gastric cancer associated with better prognosis in only stage II cancers? ### Response:
Microsatellite analysis of gastric cancer has clinical utility in determination of prognosis, but should be determined in only stage II neoplasms in a routine clinical setting. Immunohistochemistry may be considered sufficient, although microsatellite analysis is preferable.
### Instruction: Do specific oral medications decrease the need for surgery in adhesive partial small-bowel obstruction? ### Response:
The NPO status for patients with adhesive, partial small-bowel obstruction may not be necessary. This cocktail of oral medications can decrease the need for operative intervention in patients with presumed adhesive, partial small-bowel obstruction.
### Instruction: Are suicidal adverse events in pediatric randomized , controlled clinical trials of antidepressant drugs associated with active drug treatment : a meta-analysis? ### Response:
In short-term, placebo-controlled, pediatric studies of antidepressants, active drug treatment was associated with a rate of serious suicidal events almost twice that of placebo.
### Instruction: Does pentoxifylline prevent neither liver damage nor early profibrogenic events in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis? ### Response:
PTX does influence neither liver injury nor early profibrogenic events in the CDD model of NASH.
### Instruction: Are motives for smoking cessation associated with stage of readiness to quit smoking and sociodemographics among German industrial employees? ### Response:
Motives for smoking cessation vary according to the individual's level of readiness to quit and sociodemographic background.
### Instruction: Does excellent anaesthesia need patient preparation and postoperative support to influence outcome? ### Response:
The provision of a high-quality service throughout the perioperative period is vital for a successful outcome. Patients need to be assessed well before major elective surgery to determine if they fall into a high-risk category. Some patients may benefit from a change in management. Postoperatively, critical-care support should be available backed by level 1 (enhanced ward) care with input from outreach or medical emergency teams 24 hours per day, seven days a week.
### Instruction: Is serum cystatin C a suitable marker for routine monitoring of renal function in pediatric cancer patients , especially of very young age? ### Response:
CysC represents a suitable marker for monitoring renal function in pediatric cancer patients. In young children (<3 years), CysC may have a better diagnostic value than SCR. Future studies should show if CysC can improve renal monitoring by replacing SCR, especially in very young children.
### Instruction: Do paclitaxel-coated expanded polytetrafluoroethylene haemodialysis grafts inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in porcine model of graft stenosis? ### Response:
Paclitaxel-coated ePTFE grafts could prevent neointimal hyperplasia and the stenosis of AV haemodialysis grafts.
### Instruction: Does arg-gly-asp-mannose-6-phosphate inhibit activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells in vitro? ### Response:
The new compound, RGD-M6P, which has a dramatic effect on primary cultured HSCs in vitro, can inhibit the transformation of HSCs in culture caused by TGFbeta1, suppresses the expression of PC III and decreases proliferation rate of HSC. RGD-M6P can be applied as a selective drug carrier targeting at HSCs, which may be a new approach to the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
### Instruction: Is plasma adiponectin related to other cardiovascular risk factors in nondiabetic Korean men with CAD , independent of adiposity and cigarette smoking : cross-sectional analysis? ### Response:
An increase of adiponectin concentrations or the maintenance of higher concentration may be negatively associated with cardiovascular risk factors in nondiabetic CAD male patients, independent of adiposity and smoking status.
### Instruction: Is the probability of pulmonary embolism a function of the diagnoses considered most likely before testing? ### Response:
The frequency of PE is related to the most likely pretest alternative diagnosis. PE is diagnosed infrequently when anxiety, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, musculoskeletal pain, or viral syndrome is the most likely alternative diagnosis.
### Instruction: Is analyzing DNA from buccal cells a reliable method for the exclusion of cystic fibrosis . Results of a pilot study? ### Response:
Analyzing DNA in cells, harvested from the buccal cells, is a reliable alternative to exclude cystic fibrosis. It is safe, simple, and child-friendly.
### Instruction: Are iL-10 polymorphisms associated with early-onset celiac disease and severe mucosal damage in patients of Caucasian origin? ### Response:
The association between IL-10 genotypes and both histological severity at diagnosis and age of onset could be related to an alteration in cytokine balance, and supports the idea that the various clinical manifestations of the disease could be determined by a different genetic background.
### Instruction: Is the fadD2 gene required for efficient Mycobacterium avium invasion of mucosal epithelial cells? ### Response:
fadD2 is a regulator of M. avium invasion, and its effect is through Cdc42.
### Instruction: Do oVA-specific CD8+ T cells do not express granzyme B during anterior chamber associated immune deviation? ### Response:
These results show that the frequency of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells is not altered during ACAID. The Ag-specific CTL response during ACAID is characterized by the absence of granzyme B expression.
### Instruction: Does the blood pressure-induced diameter response of retinal arterioles decrease with increasing diabetic maculopathy? ### Response:
The diameter response was reduced in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy, whereas retinal thickness was increased in patients with diabetic maculopathy. This suggests that impairment of diameter response in retinal arterioles precedes the development of diabetic macular edema.
### Instruction: Are flexible magnets effective in decreasing pain perception and recovery time after muscle microinjury? ### Response:
No significant therapeutic effects on pain control and muscular dysfunction were observed in subjects wearing flexible magnets.
### Instruction: Does ciclosporin aggravate tissue damage in ischemia reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis? ### Response:
Tacrolimus does not negatively influence I/R-induced pancreatitis, whereas ciclosporin aggravates pancreatic tissue damage after I/R. These effects should be evaluated in the clinical setting of pancreas transplantation.
### Instruction: Is chronotropic response to exercise testing associated with carotid atherosclerosis in healthy middle-aged men? ### Response:
These results suggest that the chronotropic response to exercise is associated with carotid atherosclerosis, independent of the established risk factors in healthy men, which could contribute to high incidence of cardiovascular diseases in subjects with chronotropic incompetence.
### Instruction: Is non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy nearly systematically associated with obstructive sleep apnoea? ### Response:
Sleep apnoea is the most frequent disorder associated with NAION and should be screened in this population. At least a questionnaire related to obstructive sleep apnoea symptoms and assessment of sleepiness should be systematically proposed to patients with NAION.
### Instruction: Appear patients with irritable bowel syndrome in primary care to be heavy healthcare utilizers? ### Response:
Irritable bowel syndrome patients appear not to be heavy utilizers of primary care and, of those who attend, the majority are managed by their General Practitioner.
### Instruction: Does mobilization of bone marrow stem cells by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ameliorate radiation-induced damage to salivary glands? ### Response:
The results show that BMCs home to damaged salivary glands after mobilization and induce repair processes, which improve function and morphology. This process does not involve transdifferentiation of BMCs to salivary gland cells. Mobilization of BMCs could become a promising modality to ameliorate radiation-induced complications after radiotherapy.
### Instruction: Is the vascular targeting property of paclitaxel enhanced by SU6668 , a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor , causing apoptosis of endothelial cells and inhibition of angiogenesis? ### Response:
These findings show that the activity of angiogenesis inhibitors on vascular cells could be potentiated when administered in combination with chemotherapeutic agents that themselves have vascular targeting properties.
### Instruction: Does leucocyte depletion improve renal function during reperfusion using an experimental isolated haemoperfused organ preservation system? ### Response:
These data show that the depletion of leucocytes from blood used to perfuse porcine kidneys improved postschaemic renal function, indicating that white cells play an important role in renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
### Instruction: Does population-based mammography screening result in substantial savings in treatment costs for fatal breast cancer? ### Response:
Treatment costs for fatal breast cancer are high. Mammography screening results in substantial treatment cost savings, in which reduction of fatal disease is the key element.
### Instruction: Does deguelin inhibit expression of IkappaBalpha protein in Raji and U937 cells? ### Response:
Deguelin inhibited the expression of IkappaBalpha protein in U937 and Raji cells. The anti-proliferative activity of deguelin is related to the signal pathway of NF-kappaB.
### Instruction: Does staurosporine modulate radiosensitivity and radiation-induced apoptosis in U937 cells? ### Response:
Abrogation of the G2 checkpoint should be an effective strategy against p53-deficient leukemia cells to irradiation-induced cell killing.
### Instruction: Do chemokines indicate allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cystic fibrosis? ### Response:
Serum levels of TARC differentiate patients with CF or patients with asthma with ABPA from patients with CF colonized with or sensitized to A. fumigatus, atopic patients with CF, and atopic control subjects. Longitudinally, levels of TARC indicate ABPA exacerbations, suggesting TARC as a marker for identification and monitoring of ABPA in patients with CF.
### Instruction: Does surgery remove EEG abnormalities in patients with Chiari type I malformation and poor CSF flow? ### Response:
A new CNS symptom, identified as focal IRDA alone or focal IRDA plus spikes and spike waves of high voltage in the EEG, seems to be associated with poor CSF flow in 'apparently asymptomatic' patients with Chiari type I malformations.
### Instruction: Does treatment of tinnitus with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation improve patients ' quality of life? ### Response:
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a useful method to improve the quality of life of patients with tinnitus.
### Instruction: Do neuroactive antiretroviral drugs influence neurocognitive performance in less advanced HIV-infected patients responding to highly active antiretroviral therapy? ### Response:
Our study indicates that the use of stable HAART, including multiple drugs that have good CSF penetration, was not associated with neuropsychologic performance. To prevent independent replication of HIV in CSF with better control of a relevant reservoir of HIV is one of the crucial aims of therapeutic strategy.
### Instruction: Does pediatric renal allograft transplantation normalize the increased cortisol/cortisone ratios of chronic renal failure? ### Response:
In all children with chronic renal failure plasma and urinary cortisol/cortisone ratios are elevated and do not return to normal levels after renal allograft transplantation. This suggests that renal transplantation does not normalize 11beta-HSD2 activity.
### Instruction: Does bexarotene increase uptake of radioiodide in metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma? ### Response:
Bexarotene partially restores I-131 uptake in metastases of DTC. The clinical relevance of this observation may be limited due to the differential responses of the different metastases within each patient and the low intensity of I-131 uptake.
### Instruction: Does post-operative unwashed shed blood transfusion modify the cellular immune response to surgery for total knee replacement? ### Response:
Post-operative salvage and return of USB after TKR does not seem to increase the post-operative infection rate or hospital stay, and does not modify CIR induced by surgery. These findings add to the clinical experience that post-operative USB return, as a source of autologous blood, is safe, and questions the beneficial effect of blood washing.
### Instruction: Does intratracheal recombinant surfactant protein d prevent endotoxin shock in the newborn preterm lamb? ### Response:
Intratracheal recombinant human SP-D prevented shock caused by endotoxin released from the lung during ventilation in the premature newborn.
### Instruction: Is cardioprotective medication associated with improved survival in patients with peripheral arterial disease? ### Response:
On the basis of this observational longitudinal study, statins, beta-blockers, aspirins, and ACE inhibitors are associated with a reduction in long-term mortality in patients with PAD.
### Instruction: Do higher vulnerable elders survey scores predict death and functional decline in vulnerable older people? ### Response:
The VES-13 score is useful as a screening tool to detect risk of health deterioration in already vulnerable older populations, and higher scores reflect greater risk over a short follow-up period.
### Instruction: Does metabolic syndrome predict mobility decline in a community-based sample of older adults? ### Response:
These findings suggest that metabolic syndrome may be a distinct risk factor for mobility decline in community-dwelling older people.
### Instruction: Does the mitochondrial fission regulator DRP3B regulate cell death in plants? ### Response:
These results indicate that the systems controlling cell death in animals and plants are not common in terms of mitochondrial fission.
### Instruction: Do fatty acid ethyl esters cause pancreatic calcium toxicity via inositol trisphosphate receptors and loss of ATP synthesis? ### Response:
Fatty acid ethyl ester increases [Ca(2+)](C) through inositol trisphosphate receptors and, following hydrolysis, through calcium-ATPase pump failure from impaired mitochondrial ATP production. Lowering cellular fatty acid substrate concentrations may reduce cell injury in pancreatitis.
### Instruction: Does brain-derived neurotrophic factor augment peristalsis by augmenting 5-HT and calcitonin gene-related peptide release? ### Response:
Endogenous BDNF enhances the peristaltic reflex by augmenting the release of serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide that mediate the sensory limb of the reflex induced by mucosal stimulation.
### Instruction: Does all-trans retinoic acid induce XAF1 expression through an interferon regulatory factor-1 element in colon cancer? ### Response:
XAF1 participates in ATRA-induced growth suppression through IRF-1-mediated transcriptional regulation.
### Instruction: Is expression of TNF-alpha , IL-1beta , and IFN-gamma in Staphylococcus epidermidis slime-positive experimental endophthalmitis closely related to clinical inflammatory scores? ### Response:
The results of this study suggest that Staphylococcus epidermidis experimental endophthalmitis induces the expression of cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma in the vitreous. The time course of those cytokine expression levels is closely associated to the clinical presentation of this endophthalmitis model.
### Instruction: Does combination of serum eye drop with hydrogel bandage contact lenses in the treatment of persistent epithelial defects? ### Response:
These findings suggest that the combination of a therapeutic contact lens and serum eye drops can be successfully used in the treatment of persistent epithelial defects. Deposition of albumin may occur on the surface of the contact lenses, which, in the small group presented here, caused no unwanted effects.
### Instruction: Do electrical twitch obtaining intramuscular stimulation ( ETOIMS ) for myofascial pain syndrome in a football player? ### Response:
ETOIMS has a promising role in pain alleviation, increasing and maintaining range of motion, and in providing satisfactory athletic performance during long term follow up.
### Instruction: Are fetal cells in maternal plasma found in a late state of apoptosis? ### Response:
Our findings confirm the presence of intact fetal apoptotic cells in maternal plasma; however, their late apoptotic state and the low number does not as yet encourage their use in clinical practice.
### Instruction: Is fungal infection but not type of bacterial infection associated with a high mortality in primary and secondary infected pancreatic necrosis? ### Response:
Whether associated with primary or secondary infected pancreatic necrosis, fungal but not bacterial infection was associated with a high mortality.
### Instruction: Does terminalia arjuna reverse impaired endothelial function in chronic smokers? ### Response:
Smokers have impaired endothelium-dependent but normal endothelium-independent vasodilation as determined by brachial artery reactivity studies. Further, Terrminalia arjuna therapy for two weeks leads to significant regression of this endothelial abnormality amongst smokers.
### Instruction: Is nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus associated with the severity of symptoms or the extent of the disease in chronic rhinosinusitis? ### Response:
Facultative pathogens were detected in more than 40% of CRS patients without acute respiratory tract infections. In contrast to the findings in atopic dermatitis and perennial allergic rhinitis, the colonization rate with S. aureus is not increased and S. aureus carriage is not a risk factor for the severity or the extent of rhinosinusitis.
### Instruction: Is continuous low-level heat wrap therapy effective for treating wrist pain? ### Response:
Continuous low-level heat wrap therapy was efficacious for the treatment of common conditions causing wrist pain and impairment.
### Instruction: Do long-term heavy marijuana users make costly decisions on a gambling task? ### Response:
These data suggest that long-term heavy marijuana users may have specific deficits in the ability to balance rewards and punishments that may contribute to continued drug-taking behavior. It is unknown, however, whether the basis for such deficits might be attributed directly to marijuana exposure or pre-existing genetic or behavioral differences.
### Instruction: Is aging associated with increased collagen type IV accumulation in the basal lamina of human cerebral microvessels? ### Response:
The present data show age-related changes of the cerebral microvessels in sections of human putamen for the first time. Due to the accumulation of collagen, microvessels thicken and show a reduction in their lumen. Besides this, the number of vessels decreases. These findings might represent a precondition for the development of vascular cognitive impairment. However, hypertension was not proven to modulate these changes.
### Instruction: Do akt/protein kinase B and endothelial nitric oxide synthase mediate muscular neovascularization induced by tissue kallikrein gene transfer? ### Response:
Our findings provide new information on the pathway involved in hTK-induced neoangiogenesis and represent an advancement toward clinical applications with Ad.hTK.
### Instruction: Does cardiac specific increase in aldosterone production induce coronary dysfunction in aldosterone synthase-transgenic mice? ### Response:
Increased cardiac aldosterone production in male mice induces a major coronary endothelium-independent dysfunction with no detectable alterations in cardiac structure and function. However, coronary dysfunction may be harmful for coronary adaptation to increased flow demand.
### Instruction: Does probucol protect against smooth muscle cell proliferation by upregulating heme oxygenase-1? ### Response:
Probucol induces HO-1, and this contributes to the inhibition of vascular SMC proliferation. This novel finding may explain how probucol inhibits restenosis and highlights HO-1 as a target for therapeutic intervention against occlusive vascular disease.
### Instruction: Do polyamides reveal a role for repression in latency within resting T cells of HIV-infected donors? ### Response:
We identify histone deacetylation as a mechanism that can dampen viral expression in infected, activated CD4+ T cells and establish a persistent, quiescent reservoir of HIV infection.
### Instruction: Does unilateral ureteral obstruction induce renal tubular cell production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha independent of inflammatory cell infiltration? ### Response:
TNF-alpha is produced by the renal cortical tubular cells in response to ureteral obstruction and independent of a significant inflammatory cell infiltrate. Identification of the cellular source of TNF-alpha expression during renal obstruction may have therapeutic implications for the targeted inhibition of TNF-alpha production and potential amelioration of obstructive renal injury.
### Instruction: Does expression of hepatitis C virus envelope protein 2 induce apoptosis in cultured mammalian cells? ### Response:
HCV E2 can induce apoptosis in cultured mammalian cells.
### Instruction: Are congenital uterine malformations associated to increased blood pressure in pregnancy? ### Response:
Although the blood pressure levels remained within the normotensive range, pregnant women with congenital uterine anomalies have a higher blood pressure than normal women. Elevated blood pressure can result from altered uterine circulation and reduced blood supply to the placenta. This pathogenesis or the poor placentation may result in a foetal growth retardation.
### Instruction: Is prostate specific membrane antigen ( PSMA ) a tissue-specific target for adenoviral transduction of prostate cancer in vitro? ### Response:
PSMA serves as a tissue-specific target for adenoviral vectors and may be applicable for gene therapeutical treatment of prostate cancer.
### Instruction: Does adrenomedullin contribute to vascular hyporeactivity in cirrhotic rats with ascites via a release of nitric oxide? ### Response:
These findings indicate that the overproduction of adrenomedullin may contribute to vascular hyporeactivity in cirrhosis via a release of nitric oxide.
### Instruction: Does a high carbohydrate diet induce insulin resistance through decreased glucose utilization in ovariectomized rats? ### Response:
These results suggested that an OVX increased the weight gain due to higher food intakes, regardless of dietary carbohydrate subtypes. OVX-induced obesity may be involved in the induction of insulin resistance from an increased triacylglycerol content, decreased glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles, regardless of dietary carbohydrate subtypes.
### Instruction: Does combination of intraneural injection and high injection pressure lead to fascicular injury and neurologic deficits in dogs? ### Response:
High injection pressures at the onset of injection may indicate an intraneural needle placement and lead to severe fascicular injury and persistent neurologic deficits. If these results are applicable to clinical practice, avoiding excessive injection pressure during nerve block administration may help to reduce the risk of neurologic injury.
### Instruction: Are static pressure-volume curve characteristics moderate estimators of optimal airway pressures in a mathematical model of ( primary/pulmonary ) acute respiratory distress syndrome? ### Response:
A recruitment maneuver followed by subsequent reduction in airway pressure limits end-expiratory atelectasis, overstretching, and pressure. None of the objective characteristics of the pressure-volume curve was predictive for end-expiratory atelectasis, overstretching, or optimal airway pressure.
### Instruction: Do an examination of the appropriateness of using a common peer assessment instrument to assess physician skills across specialties? ### Response:
Reliability and generalizability coefficient data suggest that using the instrument across specialties is appropriate, and differences in factors confirm the instrument's ability to discriminate for specialty differences providing evidence of validity.
### Instruction: Do antibodies from preeclamptic patients stimulate increased intracellular Ca2+ mobilization through angiotensin receptor activation? ### Response:
These results suggest that maternal antibodies capable of activating AT1 receptors are likely to account for increased intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations and changes in gene expression associated with preeclampsia.