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### Instruction: Does topical 4 % amethocaine gel reduce the pain of subcutaneous measles-mumps-rubella vaccination? ### Response:
4% Amethocaine significantly reduces the pain of measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in infants when compared with placebo and does not seem to interfere with subsequent development of protective antibody levels. Because of its relatively short application time (30 minutes), 4% amethocaine may be suitable for busy clinics and emergency departments.
### Instruction: Does nitrosoglutathione promote flap survival via suppression of reperfusion injury-induced superoxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase induction? ### Response:
Exogenous NO donation by GSNO can scavenge superoxide and suppress iNOS induction, resulting in better flap survival after prolonged ischemia.
### Instruction: Do exogenous nitric oxide donor and related compounds protect against lung inflammatory response after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation? ### Response:
These data suggest that limiting inducible NO synthase-generated NO availability with the exogenous NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, may reduce lung injury after severe hemorrhage, possibly, among other effects, by downregulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines. L-arginine and L-NIL also had a beneficial effect on lung function and structure.
### Instruction: Does magnetic source imaging support clinical decision making in glioma patients? ### Response:
Magnetic source imaging (MSI) proved to be a valuable help in the clinical decision making process of lesions adjacent to functional important brain areas. The relative high number of patients in whom MSI warns of the postoperative crippling sequelae may lead to a better selection of patients who benefit from resective surgery. This method may help to find the patients for whom conservative treatment seems to be more favourable concerning quality of life in the surviving time.
### Instruction: Is the apolipoprotein E polymorphism associated with circulating C-reactive protein ( the Ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study )? ### Response:
: The concentration of CRP, but not fibrinogen nor white blood cells is associated with the apoE polymorphism. The activity of the mevalonate pathway in the liver may be related to the metabolism of CRP. The predictive value of CRP for CAD may be modified by the apoE polymorphism.
### Instruction: Is myocardial bridging associated with alteration in coronary vasoreactivity? ### Response:
MB is characterised by enhanced WSR and impairment in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. These functional alterations may add to the severity of structural lumen compression and thus to the clinical presentation of this congenital abnormality.
### Instruction: Does intravenous immunoglobulin increase FcgammaRIIB expression on monocytes/macrophages during acute Kawasaki disease? ### Response:
IVIG therapy in patients with KD did not increase the expression of FcgammaRIIB in peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes/macrophages during the acute stage.
### Instruction: Is rapid increase of bile salt secretion associated with bile duct injury after human liver transplantation? ### Response:
Bile salt secretion after human liver transplantation recovers more rapidly than phospholipid secretion. This results in cytotoxic bile formation and correlates with bile duct injury. These findings suggest that endogenous bile salts have a role in the pathogenesis of bile duct injury after liver transplantation.
### Instruction: Does the p75 neurotrophin receptor appear in plasma in diabetic rats-characterisation of a potential early test for neuropathy? ### Response:
These observations suggest that plasma p75(NTR) immunoreactivity may serve as an early indicator of neuronal dysfunction or damage in diabetes. The time course of its appearance relates well to that of early neuropathy and its response to interventions that are neuroprotective suggests that it might mirror neurological status.
### Instruction: Is smoking associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes but a decreased risk of autoimmune diabetes in adults : an 11-year follow-up of incidence of diabetes in the Nord-Trøndelag study? ### Response:
The results indicate that nicotine influences autoimmune processes in human diabetes.
### Instruction: Are blood platelet count and reactivity associated with restenosis 6 months after coronary angioplasty? ### Response:
Increases in plasma PDGF and BTG in the aortic root after PTCA seem to be markers for restenosis 6 months after PTCA. This finding may strengthen the hypothesis that platelets contribute to the process of restenosis.
### Instruction: Does undersulfated chondroitin sulfate increase in osteoarthritic cartilage? ### Response:
The structure of chondroitin sulfate in degenerated bovine cartilage did not support the hypothesis that sulfate depletion is present in osteoarthritic joint.
### Instruction: Does endobronchial gene transfer of soluble type I interleukin-1 receptor ameliorate lung graft ischemia-reperfusion injury? ### Response:
Endobronchial gene transfer of soluble type I interleukin-1 receptor IgG to donor lung grafts subjected to prolonged cold ischemia ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury by improving graft oxygenation and reducing lung edema and neutrophil sequestration.
### Instruction: Is prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in Croatian children increasing : survey study? ### Response:
Results suggest an increase in the prevalence of atopic disease symptoms in north-west part of Croatia over the last few decades when compared to prior studies. The results are suitable for international comparison, suggesting that this part of Croatia is a county with a moderate prevalence of atopic diseases in the pediatric population. The results represent a baseline for further epidemiological research of asthma and allergic diseases.
### Instruction: Do improvement of visual acuity in eyes with diabetic macular edema after treatment with pars plana vitrectomy? ### Response:
PPV almost always results in a reduction and often complete disappearance of DME as evidenced by ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein-angiography. Most importantly, central visual acuity often increases, sometimes to a very large extent with dramatic improvement in quality of life of the patients.
### Instruction: Does mineral water intake reduce blood pressure among subjects with low urinary magnesium and calcium levels? ### Response:
The results suggest that minerals taken in water are significant for the body burden and that an intake of mineral water among persons with a low urinary excretion of magnesium or calcium may decrease the blood pressure. Further studies should investigate the extent of mineral deficiency in different populations and the efficiency of different vehicles for supplying minerals, particularly magnesium and calcium.
### Instruction: Does host resistance explain variation in incidence of male-killing bacteria in Drosophila bifasciata? ### Response:
The absence of the infection from the Hokkaido population is not caused by failure of the male-killer to function on the Hokkaido genetic background.
### Instruction: Is a distinct multicytokine profile associated with anti-cyclical citrullinated peptide antibodies in patients with early untreated inflammatory arthritis? ### Response:
Early untreated inflammatory arthritis can be categorized into distinct subgroups based on cytokine profiles. These subgroups are associated with CCP and RF autoantibodies. Integration of cytokine profiles with autoantibody status may assist prognostication and treatment decisions in these patients.
### Instruction: Is low socio-economic status a risk factor for respiratory symptoms : a comparison between Finland , Sweden and Estonia? ### Response:
Belonging to the socio-economic group of manual workers correlated with an increased risk for chronic respiratory symptoms, independently of smoking habits, in each country. Women manual workers in industry suffered most from respiratory symptoms.
### Instruction: Does increased noncanonical splicing of autoantigen transcripts provide the structural basis for expression of untolerized epitopes? ### Response:
These studies suggest that noncanonical alternative splicing may be an important mechanism for the generation of untolerized epitopes that may lead to autoimmunity. Furthermore, the product of a transcript that does not undergo alternative splicing is unlikely to be a target antigen in autoimmunity.
### Instruction: Does chronic hypoxia inhibit contraction of fetal arteries by increased endothelium-derived nitric oxide and prostaglandin synthesis? ### Response:
Chronic hypoxia alters vascular reactivity of fetal carotid arteries by increasing the contribution of both vasodilator prostaglandins and nitric oxide and suggests that changes in local vascular mechanisms may be altered by chronic hypoxia.
### Instruction: Is low-activity haplotype of the microsomal epoxide hydrolase gene protective against placental abruption? ### Response:
The use of two intragenic SNPs jointly in haplotype analysis of association demonstrated that the genetically determined low-activity haplotype C-A (His113-His139) was significantly less frequent in women with placental abruption.
### Instruction: Does comparison between siblings and twins support a role for modifier genes in ADPKD? ### Response:
These data substantiate the existence of a large intrafamilial variability in renal disease progression in ADPKD siblings. The fact that the variability in siblings is in a significant excess of that found in MZ twins strongly suggests that modifier genes account for a significant part of this variability.
### Instruction: Is p16INK4A hypermethylation associated with hepatitis virus infection , age , and gender in hepatocellular carcinoma? ### Response:
Our observations suggest that p16INK4A hypermethylation may contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis from an early stage and that multiple risk factors, such as viral infections, age, and gender, may be associated with p16INK4A hypermethylation in hepatocarcinogenesis.
### Instruction: Does epigenetic inactivation of ID4 in colorectal carcinomas correlate with poor differentiation and unfavorable prognosis? ### Response:
ID4 gene is a potential tumor suppressor gene for which methylation status may play an important role in the CRC progression.
### Instruction: Is allele 2 of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene associated with early gastric cancer? ### Response:
The genotype IL-1RN*2/2 seems to be associated with early-stage gastric cancer. As opposed to advanced-stage gastric cancer, further proinflammatory cytokine polymorphisms were not associated independently, but might act in combination and mirror early steps of gastric carcinogenesis in hosts colonized by Helicobacter pylori. However, these findings await confirmation in future trials and should be underscored by gene expression studies.
### Instruction: Are standard equations accurate in assessing resting energy expenditure in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? ### Response:
We found that standard equations used to calculate energy expenditure were not valid for patients with ALS. Moreover, the majority of our patients were either overfed or underfed. As underfeeding can cause diaphragm impairment, and overfeeding can increase ventilatory load, indirect calorimetry should be considered in ALS patients to determine optimal caloric requirement.
### Instruction: Does urinary oxalate excretion increase in home parenteral nutrition patients on a higher intravenous ascorbic acid dose? ### Response:
In therapeutically used doses, IV vitamin C increases urinary oxalate excretion, potentially predisposing susceptible individuals to nephrolithiasis. This factor should be considered in patients receiving home TPN.
### Instruction: Does cellular HIV-1 DNA load predict HIV-RNA rebound and the outcome of highly active antiretroviral therapy? ### Response:
Low cellular HIV-1 DNA load is a marker of sustained virological response in patients with initial VR and it can reliably predict the long-term success of HAART.
### Instruction: Is serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein associated with carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes? ### Response:
Our result shows that serum hsCRP level is correlated with carotid IMT and the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and may be useful to predict accelerated atherosclerotic process in type 2 diabetic subjects.
### Instruction: Does lipopolysaccharide suppress albumin expression by activating NF-kappaB in rat hepatocytes? ### Response:
The results suggest that LPS inhibits albumin expression by activating NF-kappaB signaling. NF-kappaB is a critical signaling pathway in LPS-induced hypoalbuminemia which it is worthwhile to understand in studying the molecular mechanism of hypoalbuminemia in sepsis and septic shock.
### Instruction: Is recurrence of febrile seizures in the respiratory season associated with influenza A? ### Response:
Our study suggests a relation between recurrent FS and influenza A. Influenza vaccination should be considered in all children with a history of FS.
### Instruction: Do social-psychological correlates of peer victimization in children with endocrine disorders? ### Response:
Recognition of the magnitude of the problem and means of evaluating for peer victimization is important for clinicians who see children with chronic diseases.
### Instruction: Do trait anger and the metabolic syndrome predict progression of carotid atherosclerosis in healthy middle-aged women? ### Response:
Anger predicts progression of carotid atherosclerosis, and the metabolic syndrome may mediate this association. Women who experience angry feelings frequently may benefit from interventions aimed at reducing anger and reducing the metabolic syndrome components early in the natural history of atherosclerosis.
### Instruction: Are microarousals during sleep associated with increased levels of lipids , cortisol , and blood pressure? ### Response:
Consistent with sleep restriction experiments, sleep fragmentation was associated with elevated levels of metabolic and cardiovascular risk indicators of stress-related disorders. Number of arousals also seems to be related to workload/stress.
### Instruction: Does a novel mutation in the ELOVL4 gene cause autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy? ### Response:
In a European family with adSTGD-like MD, a novel ELOVL4 mutation was found to underlie the disorder. Transfection studies indicated that, unlike wild-type ELOVL4, the mutant protein does not localize to the ER but rather appears to be sequestered elsewhere in an aggregated pattern in the cytoplasm. Further analysis of the function of normal and mutant ELOVL4 will provide insight into the mechanism of macular degeneration.
### Instruction: Does oral arginine reduce gut mucosal injury caused by lipopolysaccharide endotoxemia in rat? ### Response:
LPS endotoxemia impairs the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa in rat. Decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis may be considered the main mechanisms responsible for the decreased cell mass. Enteral arginine administration decreases the mucosal injury caused by lipopolysaccharide.
### Instruction: Is support from a prenatal instructor during childbirth associated with reduced rates of caesarean section in a Mexican study? ### Response:
non-clinical factors considerably affect the type of birth outcome (vaginal vs. CS). A system in which a prenatal instructor provided support to the woman during childbirth could contribute significantly to reducing initial and repeat CS.
### Instruction: Do cochlear implant surgery at 12 months of age or younger? ### Response:
In our experience, cochlear implant surgery is safe in children aged 7 to 12 months with appropriate anesthetic and postoperative support. The small incision technique is particularly suited to this age group. Ligature fixation of the device is considered advisable because of the increased risk of displacement from frequent falls when learning to walk.
### Instruction: Is adiponectin independently associated with insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome? ### Response:
PCOS per se is not associated with decreased levels of plasma adiponectin. However, circulating adiponectin is independently associated with the degree of insulin resistance in PCOS women and may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of insulin resistance independent from adiposity.
### Instruction: Are decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations closely associated with nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis in obese individuals? ### Response:
These results show that decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations are closely correlated with nonalcoholic HS in healthy obese individuals.
### Instruction: Does a prospective cohort study to investigate risk factors for horse fall in UK hurdle and steeplechase racing? ### Response:
Falls at fences are significant contributors to equine fatalities during NH racing. Potentially modifiable risk factors identified were the condition of track surfaces and journey time to the racecourse.
### Instruction: Is kleihauer-betke testing important in all cases of maternal trauma? ### Response:
Kleihauer-Betke testing accurately predicts the risk of preterm labor after maternal trauma. Clinical assessment does not. With a negative KB test, posttrauma electronic fetal monitoring duration may be limited safely. With a positive KB test, the significant risk of PTL mandates detailed monitoring. KB testing has important advantages to all maternal trauma victims, regardless of Rh status.
### Instruction: Does radiofrequency ablation improve prognosis compared with ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma < or =4 cm? ### Response:
The results show that RF ablation yielded better clinical outcomes than conventional and higher-dose PEI in treating HCC 4 cm or less.
### Instruction: Do incidence and significance of cardiac troponin I release in severe trauma patients? ### Response:
Serial electrocardiogram recordings and troponin I assessments may be proposed for initial screening in high-risk trauma patients to detect anatomical cardiac injuries through the time course of circulating protein. Troponin I release does not have a prognosis value in trauma patients.
### Instruction: Is cow 's milk allergy in infants with atopic eczema associated with aberrant production of interleukin-4 during oral cow 's milk challenge? ### Response:
Infants with atopic eczema and CMA exhibit markedly increased systemic pro-allergenic IL-4 responses on intestinal antigen contact, which may partially be explained by a defective ability to launch anti-allergenic TGF-beta2 responses.
### Instruction: Does complete replacement of tracheal epithelia by the host promote spontaneous acceptance of orthotopic tracheal allografts in rats? ### Response:
These results suggest that complete replacement of tracheal epithelia by the host promotes spontaneous acceptance of orthotopic tracheal allografts in rats.
### Instruction: Are menisci efficiently transduced by recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors in vitro and in vivo? ### Response:
The data suggest that recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors can directly and efficiently transfer and stably express foreign genes in isolated lapine and human meniscal cells in vitro and in lapine meniscal defects in vivo.
### Instruction: Does adenosine restore atrio-venous conduction after apparently successful ostial isolation of the pulmonary veins? ### Response:
Adenosine may transiently or permanently re-establish LA-PV conduction after apparently successful PV isolation. This phenomenon is abolished by additional RFC delivery. However, its possible influence on the clinical results of PV ablation must be evaluated by properly designed, randomized studies.
### Instruction: Does stat3 confer resistance against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced oxidative injury in hepatocytes through upregulation of Mn-SOD? ### Response:
Stat3 protects hepatocytes from H/R-induced cell injury at least partly by upregulating Mn-SOD and inactivating caspase-3.
### Instruction: Do multiple mutations in human immunodeficiency virus-1 integrase confer resistance to the clinical trial drug S-1360? ### Response:
The accumulation of integrase mutations coincided with an increasing level of (cross-)resistance of IIIB/S-1360(res). Integrase-chimeric virus technology confirmed that the integrase mutations are indeed fully responsible for the resistance phenotype of IIIB/S-1360.
### Instruction: Does interleukin-2 therapy restore CD8 cell non-cytotoxic anti-HIV responses in primary infection subjects receiving HAART? ### Response:
In primary HIV infection administering IL-2 concomitant with HAART following 1 year of treatment with HAART gives a significant increase in CD4 cells and a previously unrecognized beneficial effect on the CD8 cell non-cytotoxic anti-HIV response.
### Instruction: Do young daughter cladodes affect CO2 uptake by mother cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica? ### Response:
Daughter cladodes significantly hasten the effects of drought on mother cladodes by competition for the water supply and thus decrease daily carbon gain by mother cladodes, mainly by inhibiting phase IV of CAM.
### Instruction: Does delayed intracranial delivery of a nitric oxide donor from a controlled-release polymer prevent experimental cerebral vasospasm in rabbits? ### Response:
Delayed treatment of SAH with controlled-release DETA-NO polymers prevented experimental posthemorrhagic vasospasm in the rabbit. This inhibition was dose-dependent. This further confirms the role of NO in the pathogenesis of vasospasm.
### Instruction: Is weekly docetaxel safe and effective in the treatment of advanced-stage acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi sarcoma? ### Response:
Weekly docetaxel is safe, with reasonable antitumor activity in patients with advanced-stage, recurrent, or refractory AIDS-related KS.
### Instruction: Do endothelial microparticles correlate with high-risk angiographic lesions in acute coronary syndromes? ### Response:
High EMP was associated with high-risk angiographic lesions including eccentric type II, multiple irregular, and lesions with thrombi. Mild to moderate stenosis was associated with higher EMP levels than severe stenosis. EMP may be a useful marker in detecting endothelial injury and risk of ACS as defined by angiography.
### Instruction: Is pre-transplant inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase activity associated with clinical outcome after renal transplantation? ### Response:
Patients with low IMPDH activity experienced more complications of MMF therapy. High pre-transplant IMPDH activity and MMF dose reductions were associated with rejection. Determination of IMPDH activity prior to transplantation may help to improve MMF therapy after renal transplantation.
### Instruction: Do probiotic bacteria stimulate virus-specific neutralizing antibodies following a booster polio vaccination? ### Response:
Probiotics induce an immunologic response that may provide enhanced systemic protection of cells from virus infections by increasing production of virus neutralizing antibodies.
### Instruction: Do le Fort I osteotomy using an ultrasonic bone curette to fracture the pterygoid plates? ### Response:
Ultrasonic bone curette offers a safe procedure for performing pterygoid process fractures without damaging the surrounding tissue such as the descending palatine artery.
### Instruction: Does small cell carcinoma of the ovary with hypercalcemia cause severe pancreatitis and altered mental status? ### Response:
Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia may result in pancreatitis and delirium. Small cell carcinoma of the ovary should be considered under these circumstances.
### Instruction: Is early postoperative hyperglycaemia a risk factor for infectious complications and prolonged in-hospital stay in patients undergoing oesophagectomy : a retrospective analysis of a prospective trial? ### Response:
Our data indicate that postoperative hyperglycaemia is more likely to be a risk marker than a risk factor in patients undergoing highly invasive surgery for oesophageal cancer. We hypothesize that patients with a low prevalence of vascular disease may benefit less from intensive insulin therapy.
### Instruction: Does contrast-enhanced sonography help in discrimination of benign from malignant adnexal masses? ### Response:
Contrast-enhanced power Doppler imaging may easily and precisely discriminate benign from malignant adnexal lesions. Larger studies are needed to determine the appropriate use and benefits of this new procedure.
### Instruction: Does nutrition intervention improve outcomes in patients with cancer cachexia receiving chemotherapy -- a pilot study? ### Response:
Nutrition intervention together with chemotherapy improved outcomes in patients with pancreatic and non-small-cell lung cancer over 8 weeks. Supplement intake does not inhibit meal intake.
### Instruction: Do chronically elevated endothelin levels reduce pulmonary vascular reactivity to nitric oxide? ### Response:
Chronic hyperendothelinemia reduces the pulmonary vasodilator reserve in response to nitric oxide. Correction by an antioxidant and L-NNA suggests that this relates to increased production of reactive oxygen species, which may have clinical relevance for conditions associated with chronic increase of ET. Further studies are required to determine if, in the long term, this could contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension.
### Instruction: Does venous congestion induce mucosal apoptosis via tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cell death in the rat small intestine? ### Response:
The present results support the view that venous congestion and congestion followed by re-outflow induce mucosal apoptosis in the rat small intestine, and show that the apoptosis occurs partly via tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cell death.
### Instruction: Are [ Serum osteoprotegrin and serum bone gamma-carboxyglutamine acid-containing protein correlated with bone mineral density in normal women ]? ### Response:
sOPG, sBGP, and uDPD/Cr can be used as sensitive markers to determine the bone turnover status, which is changeable with age, and menopausal status in women, and predict the bone lose prior to BMD determination by DXA.
### Instruction: Does epinephrine prevent muscle blood flow increases after perineural injection of tetrodotoxin? ### Response:
Vasoconstriction in the perisciatic muscles by epinephrine may contribute to the prolongation of tetrodotoxin-induced sciatic nerve blocks and the reduction of systemic toxicity of tetrodotoxin.
### Instruction: Does removal of the superficial zone of bovine articular cartilage increase its frictional coefficient? ### Response:
The topmost ( approximately 100 microm) superficial zone of articular cartilage does not have special properties which enhances its frictional response.
### Instruction: Are chromosomal abnormalities related to location and grade of osteoarthritis? ### Response:
FISH analysis showed the presence of numerical chromosomal abnormalities in the articular cartilage of patients with OA.
### Instruction: Does the nitric oxide donor glyceryl trinitrate increase subchondral bone sclerosis and cartilage degeneration following ovine meniscectomy? ### Response:
Treatment with GTN significantly increased subchondral bone thickness and density during subchondral remodelling following meniscectomy. In addition, it slightly but significantly worsened degeneration of cartilage structure and function. These results suggest that clinical use of GTN may accelerate both cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone sclerosis if used in the presence of OA, and demonstrate that NO has the potential be an important mediator of the subchondral bone changes seen in OA.
### Instruction: Does homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid , cobalamin , and pyridoxine reduce blood markers of inflammation , endothelial dysfunction , or hypercoagulability in patients with previous transient ischemic attack or stroke : a randomized substudy of the VITATOPS trial? ### Response:
Lowering tHcy by 3.7 micromol/L with folic acid-based multivitamin therapy does not significantly reduce blood concentrations of the biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, or hypercoagulability measured in our study. The possible explanations for our findings are: (1) these biomarkers are not sensitive to the effects of lowering tHcy (eg, multiple risk factor interventions may be required); (2) elevated tHcy causes cardiovascular disease by mechanisms other than the biomarkers measured; or (3) elevated tHcy is a noncausal marker of increased vascular risk.
### Instruction: Do bRAF mutations distinguish anorectal from cutaneous melanoma at the molecular level? ### Response:
With regard to the frequency of V599E BRAF mutations, AM significantly differs from CM (P < or = .0001), which suggests that BRAF mutations distinguish anorectal from cutaneous melanoma at the molecular level.
### Instruction: Does the ion channel ASIC1 contribute to visceral but not cutaneous mechanoreceptor function? ### Response:
ASIC1 influences visceral but not cutaneous mechanoreceptor function, suggesting that different mechanisms underlie mechanosensory function in gut and skin. The role of ASIC1 is highlighted by prolonging gastric emptying of a meal in ASIC1-/- animals.
### Instruction: Do three year follow up of a self certification system for the assessment of fitness to dive in Scotland? ### Response:
The new self administered questionnaire system appears to be an effective screening tool for the detection of divers requiring detailed assessment by doctors with diving medicine experience.
### Instruction: Does cisplatin enhance apoptosis induced by a tumor-selective adenovirus expressing tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand? ### Response:
Cisplatin pretreatment enhances Ad/gTRAIL cytotoxicity in malignant cells while not affecting normal cells. The mechanisms underlying this effect might include both enhancement of the susceptibility of cisplatin-treated cells to TRAIL and cisplatin-mediated enhancement of TRAIL expression in Ad/gTRAIL infected cells. These findings provide a rationale for development of Ad/gTRAIL-based therapy for thoracic malignancies.
### Instruction: Is the imbalance in the ratio of Th1 and Th2 helper lymphocytes in uraemia mediated by an increased apoptosis of Th1 subset? ### Response:
In uraemia there is a reduction in the proportion of Th1 lymphocytes due to a higher rate of apoptosis in this subset of lymphocytes. Th1 from uraemic patients show a higher expression of Fas and a lower expression of Bcl-2 than Th2. This makes uraemic Th1 cells more susceptible to apoptosis. The Th1/Th2 imbalance may contribute to alterations in cellular immunity observed in chronic kidney disease patients.
### Instruction: Do disability and service use among homeless people living with psychotic disorders? ### Response:
Despite high levels of contact with a well-organized, sectorized mental health service in an affluent country, this pocket of several hundred people had high levels of persisting disability and needs. The literature and local experience suggest that changing this situation is likely to require co-ordinated policy and practice between the health, welfare and housing sectors.
### Instruction: Does [ Electroretinogram `` b '' wave vary with the posology of the antimalarial treatment ]? ### Response:
This study has demonstrated the ERG "b" wave sensitivity due to the variation of HCQ consumption. The amplitude and the culmination time of the ERG "b" wave are important parameters to monitor during long term treatment with HCQ. A decrease of the "b" wave amplitude, coupled with an increase of its culmination time in a patient on long term HCQ treatment showing for the same daily dose, shall be a sign of alert, imposing the performance of additional visual functional tests and leading a decrease or a discontinuation of the treatment with HCQ. The ERG is an objective examination, which needs almost no participation from the patient. Its usefulness has been demonstrated, for the prevention of retinopathy due to hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine intoxication in condition that successive ERGs of the same patient are precisely compared.
### Instruction: Are oncolytic herpes simplex virus mutants more efficacious than wild-type adenovirus Type 5 for the treatment of high-risk neuroblastomas in preclinical models? ### Response:
Nb tumor models are resistant to adenovirus mediated oncolysis but highly sensitive to HSV mediated oncolysis. Further studies of HSV virotherapy as a novel treatment for Nb are warranted.
### Instruction: Do subcortical white matter metabolic changes remote from focal hemorrhagic lesions suggest diffuse injury after human traumatic brain injury? ### Response:
The extent and degree of subcortical WM metabolic abnormalities after moderate and severe TBI suggest that diffuse WM injury is a general phenomenon after such injuries. This pervasive finding may indicate that the concept of focal traumatic injury, although valid from a computed tomographic imaging standpoint, may be misleading when considering metabolic derangements associated with TBI.
### Instruction: Is changed bone status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) perinatally infected children related to low serum free IGF-I? ### Response:
Our study shows that only patients affected by perinatal HIV-1 infection with severe clinical manifestations present significant changes in bone quality and bone metabolism. Our data also show that impairment of skeletal status is related to reduction in serum total and free IGF-I. Children with perinatal HIV-1 infection, because of a considerable improvement in life expectancy, seem at great risk of not obtaining an optimal bone mass. A possible therapeutic approach should be considered in these children.
### Instruction: Do changes in programming over time in postmeningitis cochlear implant users? ### Response:
Even with deafness accompanied by labyrinthine ossification attributed to meningitis, neural elements were present and could be stimulated. Because increasing levels of stimulation were required over time, postmeningitic children with CIs, and those with cochlear ossification in particular, may need frequent programming adjustments to maintain performance.
### Instruction: Is repeat FDG-PET after neoadjuvant therapy a predictor of pathologic response in patients with non-small cell lung cancer? ### Response:
The change in maxSUV on FDG-PET scan after neoadjuvant therapy holds a near linear relationship with pathologic response. It is a more accurate predictor than the change of size on CT scan. When the maxSUV decreases by 80% or more it is likely that the patient is a complete responder irrespective of cell type, neoadjuvant treatment, or the final absolute maxSUV. These findings may help guide treatment strategies.
### Instruction: Are lipid profiles influenced by arm cranking exercise and training in individuals with spinal cord injury? ### Response:
It is concluded that acute arm cranking exercise and training in individuals with SCI is associated with favourable effects on HDL-C, whereas total cholesterols and triglycerides were not altered. The mechanism responsible for the increase in HDL-C with training in individuals with SCI is not known, but it is likely to be related to increased activity of cholesterol transport enzymes lipoprotein lipase and acyltransferase.
### Instruction: Does tegaserod ( HTF 919 ) stimulate gut motility in normal horses? ### Response:
Tegaserod efficaciously stimulated motility and accelerate GI transit in healthy horses.
### Instruction: Does hIV testing and receipt of test result among homeless persons with serious mental illness? ### Response:
The majority of homeless clients enrolled in an intensive case management program were not tested for HIV during the 3-month period after program entry. Among those tested, however, nearly 90% reported receiving their results. The findings may enhance the development and targeting of strategies to increase testing and awareness of HIV serostatus among high-risk mentally ill homeless persons.
### Instruction: Does adenosine triphosphate stress myocardial contrast echocardiography detect coronary artery stenosis with greater sensitivity than wall-motion abnormality measurements? ### Response:
Real-time MCE has higher sensitivity in detecting coronary stenosis during adenosine triphosphate stress test when compared with wall-motion assessment.
### Instruction: Is cytokeratin 12 in human ocular surface epithelia the antigen reactive with a commercial anti-Galpha q antibody? ### Response:
The commercial E-17 anti-Galphaq antibody did not react with Galphaq protein, its purported antigen. Instead, it recognized a 55 kDa protein, which was characterized to be cytokeratin 12 by isoelectric focusing and peptide fingerprinting with mass spectrometry. Based on its reactivity with CK12, this commercial E-17 can be used as a differentiation marker to study ocular surface epithelia.
### Instruction: Does docosahexaenoic acid complexed to albumin elicit high-grade ischemic neuroprotection? ### Response:
The high-grade neuroprotection afforded by the DHA-albumin complex at relatively low albumin doses is clinically advantageous in that it might reduce the likelihood of acute intravascular volume overload and congestive heart failure sometimes induced when patients with compromised cardiovascular function are treated with high-dose albumin.
### Instruction: Does two years of smoking cessation reduce arterial wall thickness and stiffness? ### Response:
Two years of smoking cessation was not accompanied by a slower progression or a regression in intima-media thickness nor by an improved cross-sectional compliance or distensiblity coefficient. Nevertheless, smoking cessation should be recommended as it reduces cardiovascular risk rapidly after smoking cessation.
### Instruction: Does reticuline exposure to invertebrate ganglia increase endogenous morphine levels? ### Response:
Taken together, we surmise that the morphine's precursors are being converted to morphine. The experiments strongly indicate that pedal ganglia can synthesize morphine from reticuline.
### Instruction: Is infection with concurrent multiple hepatitis C virus genotypes associated with faster HIV disease progression? ### Response:
HIV disease progression differs by HCV genotype and is especially faster in individuals whose HCV infection involves more than one HCV genotype. The effect of HCV genotype on HIV progression was greater in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, suggesting that the effectiveness of HAART may diminish the effect of HCV genotype on HIV disease progression.
### Instruction: Does better knowledge improve adherence to lifestyle changes and medication in patients with coronary heart disease? ### Response:
Knowledge correlates to patient behaviour with respect to some risk factors, which should be recognised in preventive programs.
### Instruction: Do isoflurane and desflurane impair right ventricular-pulmonary arterial coupling in dogs? ### Response:
Isoflurane and desflurane markedly impair RV-PA coupling efficiency in dogs, during hyperoxia and hypoxia, both by increasing RV afterload and by decreasing RV contractility.
### Instruction: Are higher rates of viral suppression with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors compared to single protease inhibitors explained by better adherence? ### Response:
A higher proportion of individuals using NNRTI-based regimens had viral suppression when compared to those taking single-PI-containing regimens, and this association was not confounded by higher levels of adherence. These results suggest that improved viral suppression on NNRTI regimens compared to single-PI regimens is more closely associated with regimen potency than higher levels of adherence.
### Instruction: Is the anti-fibrotic effect of pirfenidone in rat liver fibrosis mediated by downregulation of procollagen alpha1 ( I ) , TIMP-1 and MMP-2? ### Response:
(1) Pirfenidone is effective also if administered after the induction of the hepatic damage; (2) the anti-fibrotic effect of pirfenidone is mainly due to the reduced expression of profibrogenic procollagen alpha1(I) and TIMP-1, most likely through the downregulation of transforming growth factorbeta1 mRNA, and of matrix metalloproteinase-2, which is mainly implicated in the degradation of the normal extracellular matrix.
### Instruction: Does cytosine arabinoside substitution decrease transcription factor-DNA binding element complex formation? ### Response:
The reduction of the binding capacity of transcription factors with their respective DNA binding elements may depend on structural changes within oligonucleotides induced by Ara-C incorporation. This altered binding capacity of transcription factors to their DNA binding elements may represent one mechanism for Ara-C cytotoxicity secondary to inhibition of transcription of new messenger RNAs and, subsequently, translation of new proteins.
### Instruction: Does cervical spinal cord stimulation increase cerebral cortical blood flow in an experimental cerebral vasospasm model? ### Response:
These results indicate that SCS improves cortical ischemia due to vasospasm after induced SAH. The cervical SCS may constitute a new therapeutic modality in treating disturbed CCoBF due to vasospasm.
### Instruction: Are social networks associated with lower mortality rates among women with suspected coronary disease : the National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women 's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation study? ### Response:
Among a cohort of women with suspected CAD, smaller social circles were associated with increased CAD risk factors and mortality, an effect that appeared to be explained largely by income level. The findings extend previous studies of social network effects on health by highlighting risk among women with suspected CAD, and suggest mechanisms for further study.
### Instruction: Do the HIV-1 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors stavudine and zidovudine alter adipocyte functions in vitro? ### Response:
The thymidine analogues stavudine and zidovudine decreased lipid content, mitochondrial activity, and adipocyte survival in vitro.