Datasets:
vgainullin
/
xciting_data

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
 Community
1
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int64
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1
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "ref27" ]
18,701,462
pmid-16943309
Unexpectedly, we found that two naturally occurring PC2 mutants lacking the C-terminal homodimerization domain (L703X, R742X) could still form oligomers and bind to full-length PC2 in mammalian cells.
[ "27" ]
203
41,119
0
false
Unexpectedly, we found that two naturally occurring PC2 mutants lacking the C-terminal homodimerization domain (L703X, R742X) could still form oligomers and bind to full-length PC2 in mammalian cells.
[]
Unexpectedly, we found that two naturally occurring PC2 mutants lacking the C-terminal homodimerization domain could still form oligomers and bind to full-length PC2 in mammalian cells.
true
true
true
true
true
7,086
1
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "ref27" ]
18,701,462
pmid-16943309
These findings led us to demonstrate the existence of a more proximal dimerization domain within the N-terminal domain and its functionality in two assays of PC2 activity i.e.
[ "27" ]
177
41,120
0
false
These findings led us to demonstrate the existence of a more proximal dimerization domain within the N-terminal domain and its functionality in two assays of PC2 activity i.e.
[]
These findings led us to demonstrate the existence of a more proximal dimerization domain within the N-terminal domain and its functionality in two assays of PC2 activity i.e.
true
true
true
true
true
7,086
1
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "ref27" ]
18,701,462
pmid-16943309
nephrogenesis in zebrafish embryos and channel activity in mIMCD3 cells.
[ "27" ]
73
41,121
0
false
nephrogenesis in zebrafish embryos and channel activity in mIMCD3 cells.
[]
nephrogenesis in zebrafish embryos and channel activity in mIMCD3 cells.
false
true
true
true
false
7,086
1
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "ref27" ]
18,701,462
pmid-16943309
These findings are compatible with a likely dominant negative effect in both models.
[ "27" ]
85
41,122
0
false
These findings are compatible with a likely dominant negative effect in both models.
[]
These findings are compatible with a likely dominant negative effect in both models.
true
true
true
true
true
7,086
1
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "ref27" ]
18,701,462
pmid-16943309
Overall, our data would support a direct acute inhibitory effect of the mutant protein (PKD2-L223) on the PC2 channel itself, which also leads to subsequent degradation of PC2.
[ "27" ]
179
41,123
0
false
Overall, our data would support a direct acute inhibitory effect of the mutant protein (PKD2-L223) on the PC2 channel itself, which also leads to subsequent degradation of PC2.
[]
Overall, our data would support a direct acute inhibitory effect of the mutant protein on the PC2 channel itself, which also leads to subsequent degradation of PC2.
true
true
true
true
true
7,086
1
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "ref27" ]
18,701,462
pmid-16943309
Recently, it was reported that the transgenic expression of PKD2-L703X in rats gave rise to a cystic phenotype by an undetermined mechanism (27).
[ "27" ]
147
41,124
1
false
Recently, it was reported that the transgenic expression of PKD2-L703X in rats gave rise to a cystic phenotype by an undetermined mechanism.
[ "27" ]
Recently, it was reported that the transgenic expression of PKD2-L703X in rats gave rise to a cystic phenotype by an undetermined mechanism.
true
true
true
true
true
7,086
1
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "ref27" ]
18,701,462
pmid-16943309
We believe that our findings of an N-terminal dimerization domain support a dominant negative mechanism as a plausible explanation of the phenotype in this model.
[ "27" ]
164
41,125
0
false
We believe that our findings of an N-terminal dimerization domain support a dominant negative mechanism as a plausible explanation of the phenotype in this model.
[]
We believe that our findings of an N-terminal dimerization domain support a dominant negative mechanism as a plausible explanation of the phenotype in this model.
true
true
true
true
true
7,086
2
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "ref5", "ref28", "ref12", "ref29" ]
18,701,462
pmid-10097141|pmid-12859898|pmid-11854751|pmid-10497221
The existence of both N- and C-terminal dimerization domains in PC2 provide supportive evidence that PC2 is likely to form functional homotetramers, a possible model is shown in Fig.
[ "5", "28", "12", "29" ]
184
41,126
0
false
The existence of both N- and C-terminal dimerization domains in PC2 provide supportive evidence that PC2 is likely to form functional homotetramers, a possible model is shown in Fig.
[]
The existence of both N- and C-terminal dimerization domains in PC2 provide supportive evidence that PC2 is likely to form functional homotetramers, a possible model is shown in Fig.
true
true
true
true
true
7,087
2
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "ref5", "ref28", "ref12", "ref29" ]
18,701,462
pmid-10097141|pmid-12859898|pmid-11854751|pmid-10497221
This model does not require the binding of PC1 or that of other TRP subunits (such as TRPC1) both of which have been shown to interact with PC2 via distinct sequences or amino acids in the C-terminal domain (5).
[ "5", "28", "12", "29" ]
214
41,127
1
false
This model does not require the binding of PC1 or that of other TRP subunits (such as TRPC1) both of which have been shown to interact with PC2 via distinct sequences or amino acids in the C-terminal domain.
[ "5" ]
This model does not require the binding of PC1 or that of other TRP subunits (such as TRPC1) both of which have been shown to interact with PC2 via distinct sequences or amino acids in the C-terminal domain.
true
true
true
true
true
7,087
2
DISCUSSION
1
28
[ "ref5", "ref28", "ref12", "ref29" ]
18,701,462
pmid-10097141|pmid-12859898|pmid-11854751|pmid-10497221
The evidence that PC2 homodimers can function independently in vivo is indirect: PC2 can function independently of PC1 at the embryonic node in the determination of LR asymmetry in the axial body plan (28).
[ "5", "28", "12", "29" ]
210
41,128
1
false
The evidence that PC2 homodimers can function independently in vivo is indirect: PC2 can function independently of PC1 at the embryonic node in the determination of LR asymmetry in the axial body plan.
[ "28" ]
The evidence that PC2 homodimers can function independently in vivo is indirect: PC2 can function independently of PC1 at the embryonic node in the determination of LR asymmetry in the axial body plan.
true
true
true
true
true
7,087
2
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "ref5", "ref28", "ref12", "ref29" ]
18,701,462
pmid-10097141|pmid-12859898|pmid-11854751|pmid-10497221
Nevertheless, an important question is what regulates the assembly of PC2 monomeric subunits into homotetramers or alternatively heterotetramers with PC1 or other TRP subunits.
[ "5", "28", "12", "29" ]
179
41,129
0
false
Nevertheless, an important question is what regulates the assembly of PC2 monomeric subunits into homotetramers or alternatively heterotetramers with PC1 or other TRP subunits.
[]
Nevertheless, an important question is what regulates the assembly of PC2 monomeric subunits into homotetramers or alternatively heterotetramers with PC1 or other TRP subunits.
true
true
true
true
true
7,087
2
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "ref5", "ref28", "ref12", "ref29" ]
18,701,462
pmid-10097141|pmid-12859898|pmid-11854751|pmid-10497221
In addition, we do not know if PC2 truncation mutants (e.g.
[ "5", "28", "12", "29" ]
59
41,130
0
false
In addition, we do not know if PC2 truncation mutants (e.g.
[]
In addition, we do not know if PC2 truncation mutants (e.g.
true
true
true
true
true
7,087
2
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "ref5", "ref28", "ref12", "ref29" ]
18,701,462
pmid-10097141|pmid-12859898|pmid-11854751|pmid-10497221
L703X), which retain the putative pore region and which can still dimerize via the N-terminal domain are still functional.
[ "5", "28", "12", "29" ]
123
41,131
0
false
L703X), which retain the putative pore region and which can still dimerize via the N-terminal domain are still functional.
[]
L703X), which retain the putative pore region and which can still dimerize via the N-terminal domain are still functional.
true
true
true
true
true
7,087
2
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "ref5", "ref28", "ref12", "ref29" ]
18,701,462
pmid-10097141|pmid-12859898|pmid-11854751|pmid-10497221
In some assays, there is evidence for altered PC2 localization (e.g.
[ "5", "28", "12", "29" ]
69
41,132
0
false
In some assays, there is evidence for altered PC2 localization (e.g.
[]
In some assays, there is evidence for altered PC2 localization (e.g.
true
true
true
true
true
7,087
2
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "ref5", "ref28", "ref12", "ref29" ]
18,701,462
pmid-10097141|pmid-12859898|pmid-11854751|pmid-10497221
increased cell surface expression) and for altered channel properties (e.g.
[ "5", "28", "12", "29" ]
76
41,133
0
false
increased cell surface expression) and for altered channel properties (e.g.
[]
increased cell surface expression) and for altered channel properties (e.g.
false
true
true
true
false
7,087
2
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "ref5", "ref28", "ref12", "ref29" ]
18,701,462
pmid-10097141|pmid-12859898|pmid-11854751|pmid-10497221
loss of calcium responsiveness, voltage-dependence) of this mutant (12, 29).
[ "5", "28", "12", "29" ]
79
41,134
0
false
loss of calcium responsiveness, voltage-dependence) of this mutant.
[ "12,\n 29" ]
loss of calcium responsiveness, voltage-dependence) of this mutant.
false
true
true
true
false
7,087
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
FIGURE 6.Inhibition of plasma membrane PKD2 channel activity by CF-PKD2-(223).
null
79
41,135
0
false
null
null
FIGURE 6.Inhibition of plasma membrane PKD2 channel activity by CF-PKD2-(223).
true
true
true
true
true
7,088
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
Time-dependent inhibition of native (A) or transfected PKD2 (E) channel activity by rapamycin (rap)-induced translocation of a CFP fusion of the PC2 N terminus (NT2, 1–223) to the plasma membrane.
null
199
41,136
0
false
null
null
Time-dependent inhibition of native (A) or transfected PKD2 (E) channel activity by rapamycin (rap)-induced translocation of a CFP fusion of the PC2 N terminus (NT2, 1–223) to the plasma membrane.
true
true
true
true
true
7,088
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
mIMCD3 cells were transiently transfected with LDR plus CF-PKD2-(177) or CF-PKD2-(223) in the absence (A) or presence (E) of transfected wild-type mouse PKD2.
null
160
41,137
0
false
null
null
mIMCD3 cells were transiently transfected with LDR plus CF-PKD2-(177) or CF-PKD2-(223) in the absence (A) or presence (E) of transfected wild-type mouse PKD2.
false
true
true
true
false
7,088
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
Translocation of CF-PKD2-(177) or CF-PKD2-(223) to the plasma membrane was induced by the addition of 10 μm rapamycin to the bath solution.
null
140
41,138
0
false
null
null
Translocation of CF-PKD2-(177) or CF-PKD2-(223) to the plasma membrane was induced by the addition of 10 μm rapamycin to the bath solution.
true
true
true
true
true
7,088
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
Current densities at -100 mV were obtained by 100-ms pulses from -60 mV to -100 mV applied every 10 s. Arrows indicate time points at which voltage steps were applied to derive I-V curves shown in B, C, D, F, G, and H. I-V curves derived from native (B), LDR plus CF-PKD2-(177) (C), or LDR plus CF-PKD2-(223)
null
313
41,139
0
false
null
null
Current densities at -100 mV were obtained by 100-ms pulses from -60 mV to -100 mV applied every 10 s. Arrows indicate time points at which voltage steps were applied to derive I-V curves shown in B, C, D, F, G, and H. I-V curves derived from native (B), LDR plus CF-PKD2-(177) (C), or LDR plus CF-PKD2-(223)
true
true
false
true
false
7,088
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
(D)-transfected mIMCD3 cells before (black) or after (red) the addition of rapamycin in the bath solution are shown.
null
118
41,140
0
false
null
null
(D)-transfected mIMCD3 cells before (black) or after (red) the addition of rapamycin in the bath solution are shown.
false
false
true
true
false
7,088
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
I-V curves derived from PKD2 (F), PKD2, LDR, and CF-PKD2-(177) (G), or PKD2, LDR, and CF-PKD2-(223) (H)-co-transfected mIMCD3 cells before (black) or after (red) the addition of rapamycin to the bath solution are shown.
null
222
41,141
0
false
null
null
I-V curves derived from PKD2 (F), PKD2, LDR, and CF-PKD2-(177) (G), or PKD2, LDR, and CF-PKD2-(223) (H)-co-transfected mIMCD3 cells before (black) or after (red) the addition of rapamycin to the bath solution are shown.
true
true
true
true
true
7,088
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
*, p < 0.05.
null
12
41,142
0
false
null
null
*, p < 0.05.
false
false
true
true
false
7,088
4
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
Inhibition of plasma membrane PKD2 channel activity by CF-PKD2-(223).
null
70
41,143
0
false
null
null
Inhibition of plasma membrane PKD2 channel activity by CF-PKD2-(223).
true
true
true
true
true
7,089
4
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
Time-dependent inhibition of native (A) or transfected PKD2 (E) channel activity by rapamycin (rap)-induced translocation of a CFP fusion of the PC2 N terminus (NT2, 1–223) to the plasma membrane.
null
199
41,144
0
false
null
null
Time-dependent inhibition of native (A) or transfected PKD2 (E) channel activity by rapamycin (rap)-induced translocation of a CFP fusion of the PC2 N terminus (NT2, 1–223) to the plasma membrane.
true
true
true
true
true
7,089
4
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
mIMCD3 cells were transiently transfected with LDR plus CF-PKD2-(177) or CF-PKD2-(223) in the absence (A) or presence (E) of transfected wild-type mouse PKD2.
null
160
41,145
0
false
null
null
mIMCD3 cells were transiently transfected with LDR plus CF-PKD2-(177) or CF-PKD2-(223) in the absence (A) or presence (E) of transfected wild-type mouse PKD2.
false
true
true
true
false
7,089
4
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
Translocation of CF-PKD2-(177) or CF-PKD2-(223) to the plasma membrane was induced by the addition of 10 μm rapamycin to the bath solution.
null
140
41,146
0
false
null
null
Translocation of CF-PKD2-(177) or CF-PKD2-(223) to the plasma membrane was induced by the addition of 10 μm rapamycin to the bath solution.
true
true
true
true
true
7,089
4
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
Current densities at -100 mV were obtained by 100-ms pulses from -60 mV to -100 mV applied every 10 s. Arrows indicate time points at which voltage steps were applied to derive I-V curves shown in B, C, D, F, G, and H. I-V curves derived from native (B), LDR plus CF-PKD2-(177) (C), or LDR plus CF-PKD2-(223)
null
313
41,147
0
false
null
null
Current densities at -100 mV were obtained by 100-ms pulses from -60 mV to -100 mV applied every 10 s. Arrows indicate time points at which voltage steps were applied to derive I-V curves shown in B, C, D, F, G, and H. I-V curves derived from native (B), LDR plus CF-PKD2-(177) (C), or LDR plus CF-PKD2-(223)
true
true
false
true
false
7,089
4
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
(D)-transfected mIMCD3 cells before (black) or after (red) the addition of rapamycin in the bath solution are shown.
null
118
41,148
0
false
null
null
(D)-transfected mIMCD3 cells before (black) or after (red) the addition of rapamycin in the bath solution are shown.
false
false
true
true
false
7,089
4
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
I-V curves derived from PKD2 (F), PKD2, LDR, and CF-PKD2-(177) (G), or PKD2, LDR, and CF-PKD2-(223) (H)-co-transfected mIMCD3 cells before (black) or after (red) the addition of rapamycin to the bath solution are shown.
null
222
41,149
0
false
null
null
I-V curves derived from PKD2 (F), PKD2, LDR, and CF-PKD2-(177) (G), or PKD2, LDR, and CF-PKD2-(223) (H)-co-transfected mIMCD3 cells before (black) or after (red) the addition of rapamycin to the bath solution are shown.
true
true
true
true
true
7,089
4
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
*, p < 0.05.
null
12
41,150
0
false
null
null
*, p < 0.05.
false
false
true
true
false
7,089
5
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
FIGURE 7.A tetrameric model of PC2 channel assembly.
null
52
41,151
0
false
null
null
FIGURE 7.A tetrameric model of PC2 channel assembly.
true
true
true
true
true
7,090
5
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
The existence of N- and C-terminal dimerization domains would facilitate the assembly of four PC2 monomers into a homotetramer.
null
129
41,152
0
false
null
null
The existence of N- and C-terminal dimerization domains would facilitate the assembly of four PC2 monomers into a homotetramer.
true
true
true
true
true
7,090
5
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
By contrast, a mutant PC2 monomer lacking the distal C-terminal dimerization domain (such as L703X) would still be capable of forming dimers via the proximal N-terminal domain: these mutant dimers could be functional.
null
220
41,153
0
false
null
null
By contrast, a mutant PC2 monomer lacking the distal C-terminal dimerization domain (such as L703X) would still be capable of forming dimers via the proximal N-terminal domain: these mutant dimers could be functional.
true
true
true
true
true
7,090
5
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
The incorporation of one mutant PC2 monomer with 3 normal PC2 monomers would permit the formation of a tetrameric structure but is likely to be non-functional.
null
161
41,154
0
false
null
null
The incorporation of one mutant PC2 monomer with 3 normal PC2 monomers would permit the formation of a tetrameric structure but is likely to be non-functional.
true
true
true
true
true
7,090
6
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
A tetrameric model of PC2 channel assembly.
null
43
41,155
0
false
null
null
A tetrameric model of PC2 channel assembly.
true
true
true
true
true
7,091
6
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
The existence of N- and C-terminal dimerization domains would facilitate the assembly of four PC2 monomers into a homotetramer.
null
129
41,156
0
false
null
null
The existence of N- and C-terminal dimerization domains would facilitate the assembly of four PC2 monomers into a homotetramer.
true
true
true
true
true
7,091
6
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
By contrast, a mutant PC2 monomer lacking the distal C-terminal dimerization domain (such as L703X) would still be capable of forming dimers via the proximal N-terminal domain: these mutant dimers could be functional.
null
220
41,157
0
false
null
null
By contrast, a mutant PC2 monomer lacking the distal C-terminal dimerization domain (such as L703X) would still be capable of forming dimers via the proximal N-terminal domain: these mutant dimers could be functional.
true
true
true
true
true
7,091
6
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
18,701,462
null
The incorporation of one mutant PC2 monomer with 3 normal PC2 monomers would permit the formation of a tetrameric structure but is likely to be non-functional.
null
161
41,158
0
false
null
null
The incorporation of one mutant PC2 monomer with 3 normal PC2 monomers would permit the formation of a tetrameric structure but is likely to be non-functional.
true
true
true
true
true
7,091
7
DISCUSSION
1
30
[ "ref30" ]
18,701,462
pmid-15780076
Our results also raise the possibility as to whether cyst formation in PKD2 patients could arise by a dominant-negative mechanism as shown for the D511V mutant in addition to two-hit and haploinsufficiency models (30).
[ "30" ]
221
41,159
1
false
Our results also raise the possibility as to whether cyst formation in PKD2 patients could arise by a dominant-negative mechanism as shown for the D511V mutant in addition to two-hit and haploinsufficiency models.
[ "30" ]
Our results also raise the possibility as to whether cyst formation in PKD2 patients could arise by a dominant-negative mechanism as shown for the D511V mutant in addition to two-hit and haploinsufficiency models.
true
true
true
true
true
7,092
7
DISCUSSION
1
30
[ "ref30" ]
18,701,462
pmid-15780076
If PC2 forms an oligomeric structure, the association of a mutant protein with wild-type subunits would result in the generation of non-functional multimeric complexes (Fig.
[ "30" ]
176
41,160
0
false
If PC2 forms an oligomeric structure, the association of a mutant protein with wild-type subunits would result in the generation of non-functional multimeric complexes (Fig.
[]
If PC2 forms an oligomeric structure, the association of a mutant protein with wild-type subunits would result in the generation of non-functional multimeric complexes (Fig.
true
true
true
true
true
7,092
7
DISCUSSION
1
30
[ "ref30" ]
18,701,462
pmid-15780076
For a tetrameric model, potentially 15 of 16 possible combinations between mutant and wild-type subunits could be affected.
[ "30" ]
125
41,161
0
false
For a tetrameric model, potentially 15 of 16 possible combinations between mutant and wild-type subunits could be affected.
[]
For a tetrameric model, potentially 15 of 16 possible combinations between mutant and wild-type subunits could be affected.
true
true
true
true
true
7,092
7
DISCUSSION
1
30
[ "ref30" ]
18,701,462
pmid-15780076
Therefore, although there will be 50% reduction in the wild-type protein, the reduction in function could approximate 100%.
[ "30" ]
124
41,162
0
false
Therefore, although there will be 50% reduction in the wild-type protein, the reduction in function could approximate 100%.
[]
Therefore, although there will be 50% reduction in the wild-type protein, the reduction in function could approximate 100%.
true
true
true
true
true
7,092
7
DISCUSSION
1
30
[ "ref30" ]
18,701,462
pmid-15780076
This mechanism would only be effective assuming that a stable mutant mRNA transcript and protein are produced in patients at levels that would bind in a stoichiometric fashion to wild-type monomers.
[ "30" ]
201
41,163
0
false
This mechanism would only be effective assuming that a stable mutant mRNA transcript and protein are produced in patients at levels that would bind in a stoichiometric fashion to wild-type monomers.
[]
This mechanism would only be effective assuming that a stable mutant mRNA transcript and protein are produced in patients at levels that would bind in a stoichiometric fashion to wild-type monomers.
true
true
true
true
true
7,092
7
DISCUSSION
1
30
[ "ref30" ]
18,701,462
pmid-15780076
Nonetheless, given the lack of specific inhibitors to PC2, the dominant negative strategy we have described could be a useful way to study the function of the endogenous protein in different systems.
[ "30" ]
202
41,164
0
false
Nonetheless, given the lack of specific inhibitors to PC2, the dominant negative strategy we have described could be a useful way to study the function of the endogenous protein in different systems.
[]
Nonetheless, given the lack of specific inhibitors to PC2, the dominant negative strategy we have described could be a useful way to study the function of the endogenous protein in different systems.
true
true
true
true
true
7,092
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "b1-wjem11_4p314", "b3-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-11574809|NA|NA
Education in emergency ultrasound (EUS) has become an essential part of emergency medicine (EM) resident training.
[ "1", "3" ]
114
41,165
0
false
Education in emergency ultrasound (EUS) has become an essential part of emergency medicine (EM) resident training.
[]
Education in emergency ultrasound (EUS) has become an essential part of emergency medicine (EM) resident training.
true
true
true
true
true
7,093
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "b1-wjem11_4p314", "b3-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-11574809|NA|NA
However, it is unclear what degree of standardization exists among EM residency programs in terms of ultrasound training.
[ "1", "3" ]
121
41,166
0
false
However, it is unclear what degree of standardization exists among EM residency programs in terms of ultrasound training.
[]
However, it is unclear what degree of standardization exists among EM residency programs in terms of ultrasound training.
true
true
true
true
true
7,093
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "b1-wjem11_4p314", "b3-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-11574809|NA|NA
In the past, several organizations, including the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) and American Academy of Emergency Medicine (AAEM), have issued position statements or guidelines regarding the use of ultrasound by emergency physicians.1–3
[ "1", "3" ]
302
41,167
0
false
In the past, several organizations, including the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) and American Academy of Emergency Medicine (AAEM), have issued position statements or guidelines regarding the use of ultrasound by emergency physicians.1–3
[]
In the past, several organizations, including the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) and American Academy of Emergency Medicine (AAEM), have issued position statements or guidelines regarding the use of ultrasound by emergency physicians.1–3
true
true
false
true
false
7,093
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "b1-wjem11_4p314", "b3-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-11574809|NA|NA
These guidelines served as a standard for many residency programs in developing their EUS education and curriculum.
[ "1", "3" ]
115
41,168
0
false
These guidelines served as a standard for many residency programs in developing their EUS education and curriculum.
[]
These guidelines served as a standard for many residency programs in developing their EUS education and curriculum.
true
true
true
true
true
7,093
1
INTRODUCTION
1
4
[ "b4-wjem11_4p314", "b5-wjem11_4p314", "b6-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA|pmid-8273966|pmid-12511313|pmid-12511313
In 2009, ACEP issued a policy statement that outlined guidelines for residency EUS education.4 It follows previously developed guidelines, which were not evidence-based and were developed for practicing emergency physicians with little previous residency ultrasound training.5 The most recent published data surveying th...
[ "4", "5", "6" ]
504
41,169
0
false
In 2009, ACEP issued a policy statement that outlined guidelines for residency EUS education.4 It follows previously developed guidelines, which were not evidence-based and were developed for practicing emergency physicians with little previous residency ultrasound training.5 The most recent published data surveying th...
[]
In 2009, ACEP issued a policy statement that outlined guidelines for residency EUS education.4 It follows previously developed guidelines, which were not evidence-based and were developed for practicing emergency physicians with little previous residency ultrasound training.5 The most recent published data surveying th...
true
true
true
true
true
7,094
0
DISCUSSION
1
4
[ "b4-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-11574809|NA|NA
Ultrasound education is becoming an increasingly important part of EM residency training.
[ "4" ]
89
41,170
0
false
Ultrasound education is becoming an increasingly important part of EM residency training.
[]
Ultrasound education is becoming an increasingly important part of EM residency training.
true
true
true
true
true
7,095
0
DISCUSSION
1
4
[ "b4-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-11574809|NA|NA
EM organizations such as ACEP have developed guidelines for residency training in different ultrasound modalities.4
[ "4" ]
115
41,171
0
false
EM organizations such as ACEP have developed guidelines for residency training in different ultrasound modalities.4
[]
EM organizations such as ACEP have developed guidelines for residency training in different ultrasound modalities.4
true
true
false
true
false
7,095
0
DISCUSSION
1
4
[ "b4-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-11574809|NA|NA
There are no recent surveys that report the current state of emergency ultrasound training or how residency programs have implemented these guidelines.
[ "4" ]
151
41,172
0
false
There are no recent surveys that report the current state of emergency ultrasound training or how residency programs have implemented these guidelines.
[]
There are no recent surveys that report the current state of emergency ultrasound training or how residency programs have implemented these guidelines.
true
true
true
true
true
7,095
1
DISCUSSION
1
6
[ "b6-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA|pmid-8273966|pmid-12511313|pmid-12511313
Although our data show discrepancies in ultrasound training among all residency programs, we found that progress has been made in EUS training when we compared our data to past surveys.
[ "6" ]
185
41,173
0
false
Although our data show discrepancies in ultrasound training among all residency programs, we found that progress has been made in EUS training when we compared our data to past surveys.
[]
Although our data show discrepancies in ultrasound training among all residency programs, we found that progress has been made in EUS training when we compared our data to past surveys.
true
true
true
true
true
7,096
1
DISCUSSION
1
6
[ "b6-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA|pmid-8273966|pmid-12511313|pmid-12511313
Review of the 2001 study by Counselman et al.
[ "6" ]
45
41,174
0
false
Review of the 2001 study by Counselman et al.
[]
Review of the 2001 study by Counselman et al.
true
true
true
true
true
7,096
1
DISCUSSION
1
6
[ "b6-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA|pmid-8273966|pmid-12511313|pmid-12511313
suggests there have been significant increases in the number of hours of dedicated ultrasound didactic training.
[ "6" ]
112
41,175
0
false
suggests there have been significant increases in the number of hours of dedicated ultrasound didactic training.
[]
suggests there have been significant increases in the number of hours of dedicated ultrasound didactic training.
false
true
true
true
false
7,096
1
DISCUSSION
1
6
[ "b6-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA|pmid-8273966|pmid-12511313|pmid-12511313
In 2001, 76%, of programs offered between 1–20 hours of formal didactic training while our survey respondents in 2008 reported a total average of 34 hours dedicated to ultrasound didactics and lectures.6 Also, in terms of hands-on resident ultrasound training, there has been an even greater increase.
[ "6" ]
301
41,176
0
false
In 2001, 76%, of programs offered between 1–20 hours of formal didactic training while our survey respondents in 2008 reported a total average of 34 hours dedicated to ultrasound didactics and lectures.6 Also, in terms of hands-on resident ultrasound training, there has been an even greater increase.
[]
In 2001, 76%, of programs offered between 1–20 hours of formal didactic training while our survey respondents in 2008 reported a total average of 34 hours dedicated to ultrasound didactics and lectures.6 Also, in terms of hands-on resident ultrasound training, there has been an even greater increase.
true
true
true
true
true
7,096
1
DISCUSSION
1
6
[ "b6-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA|pmid-8273966|pmid-12511313|pmid-12511313
In the 2001 survey, 83% of programs offered less than 20 hours of direct, hands-on resident ultrasound training.
[ "6" ]
112
41,177
0
false
In the 2001 survey, 83% of programs offered less than 20 hours of direct, hands-on resident ultrasound training.
[]
In the 2001 survey, 83% of programs offered less than 20 hours of direct, hands-on resident ultrasound training.
true
true
true
true
true
7,096
1
DISCUSSION
1
6
[ "b6-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA|pmid-8273966|pmid-12511313|pmid-12511313
In contrast, we found that residents received an average of 46 hours of direct, hands-on training for all reporting programs.
[ "6" ]
125
41,178
0
false
In contrast, we found that residents received an average of 46 hours of direct, hands-on training for all reporting programs.
[]
In contrast, we found that residents received an average of 46 hours of direct, hands-on training for all reporting programs.
true
true
true
true
true
7,096
2
DISCUSSION
1
6
[ "b6-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-12511313
Interestingly, programs are now reporting ultrasound training in more advanced applications.
[ "6" ]
92
41,179
0
false
Interestingly, programs are now reporting ultrasound training in more advanced applications.
[]
Interestingly, programs are now reporting ultrasound training in more advanced applications.
true
true
true
true
true
7,097
2
DISCUSSION
1
6
[ "b6-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-12511313
Most of the earlier literature surveying residency training reported training in only six or seven core EUS applications.6 Our data set indicates that more than 50% of the responding programs offer training in 13 applications.
[ "6" ]
226
41,180
0
false
Most of the earlier literature surveying residency training reported training in only six or seven core EUS applications.6 Our data set indicates that more than 50% of the responding programs offer training in 13 applications.
[]
Most of the earlier literature surveying residency training reported training in only six or seven core EUS applications.6 Our data set indicates that more than 50% of the responding programs offer training in 13 applications.
true
true
true
true
true
7,097
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
21,079,699
null
Faculty credentialing appears to be another area of advancement with 61% of programs reporting half of their faculty credentialed in ultrasound.
null
144
41,181
0
false
null
null
Faculty credentialing appears to be another area of advancement with 61% of programs reporting half of their faculty credentialed in ultrasound.
true
true
true
true
true
7,098
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
21,079,699
null
Furthermore, 94% of programs reported credentialed faculty using ultrasound in patient care decisions.
null
102
41,182
0
false
null
null
Furthermore, 94% of programs reported credentialed faculty using ultrasound in patient care decisions.
true
true
true
true
true
7,098
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
21,079,699
null
These numbers suggest a growing percentage of faculties in residency programs using ultrasound for patient care and passing that practice on to future emergency physicians.
null
172
41,183
0
false
null
null
These numbers suggest a growing percentage of faculties in residency programs using ultrasound for patient care and passing that practice on to future emergency physicians.
true
true
true
true
true
7,098
4
DISCUSSION
1
7
[ "b7-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA
One area we have identified for improvement is in requirements for resident competency.
[ "7" ]
87
41,184
0
false
One area we have identified for improvement is in requirements for resident competency.
[]
One area we have identified for improvement is in requirements for resident competency.
true
true
true
true
true
7,099
4
DISCUSSION
1
7
[ "b7-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA
The average number of scans required among all programs was 137, which is slightly less than that suggested as a guideline for physician competency by ACEP.
[ "7" ]
156
41,185
0
false
The average number of scans required among all programs was 137, which is slightly less than that suggested as a guideline for physician competency by ACEP.
[]
The average number of scans required among all programs was 137, which is slightly less than that suggested as a guideline for physician competency by ACEP.
true
true
true
true
true
7,099
4
DISCUSSION
1
7
[ "b7-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA
Furthermore, we noticed a large discrepancy in the number of required scans between residency programs.
[ "7" ]
103
41,186
0
false
Furthermore, we noticed a large discrepancy in the number of required scans between residency programs.
[]
Furthermore, we noticed a large discrepancy in the number of required scans between residency programs.
true
true
true
true
true
7,099
4
DISCUSSION
1
7
[ "b7-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA
The majority of programs (64%) required more than 150 ultrasound exams for competency.
[ "7" ]
86
41,187
0
false
The majority of programs (64%) required more than 150 ultrasound exams for competency.
[]
The majority of programs (64%) required more than 150 ultrasound exams for competency.
true
true
true
true
true
7,099
4
DISCUSSION
1
7
[ "b7-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA
This is a considerable improvement in comparison to a survey study by Witting in 1998, in which only one program reported meeting SAEM guidelines.7
[ "7" ]
147
41,188
0
false
This is a considerable improvement in comparison to a survey study by Witting in 1998, in which only one program reported meeting SAEM guidelines.7
[]
This is a considerable improvement in comparison to a survey study by Witting in 1998, in which only one program reported meeting SAEM guidelines.7
true
true
false
true
false
7,099
4
DISCUSSION
1
7
[ "b7-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA
It is also worth noting that 14% of respondents required greater than 200 ultrasound exams for residency competency.
[ "7" ]
116
41,189
0
false
It is also worth noting that 14% of respondents required greater than 200 ultrasound exams for residency competency.
[]
It is also worth noting that 14% of respondents required greater than 200 ultrasound exams for residency competency.
true
true
true
true
true
7,099
4
DISCUSSION
1
7
[ "b7-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA
Only a small percentage of programs reported requiring significantly less than the benchmark of 150 ultrasound exams.
[ "7" ]
117
41,190
0
false
Only a small percentage of programs reported requiring significantly less than the benchmark of 150 ultrasound exams.
[]
Only a small percentage of programs reported requiring significantly less than the benchmark of 150 ultrasound exams.
true
true
true
true
true
7,099
5
DISCUSSION
1
8
[ "b8-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-8273966
While ACEP has established this number, it is uncertain whether 150 ultrasound exams is an important benchmark to achieve in obtaining EUS competency.
[ "8" ]
150
41,191
0
false
While ACEP has established this number, it is uncertain whether 150 ultrasound exams is an important benchmark to achieve in obtaining EUS competency.
[]
While ACEP has established this number, it is uncertain whether 150 ultrasound exams is an important benchmark to achieve in obtaining EUS competency.
true
true
true
true
true
7,100
5
DISCUSSION
1
8
[ "b8-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-8273966
ACEP points out that these guidelines are not evidence based.8 In fact, we are unaware of any study that demonstrates a particular number of ultrasound exams to correlate with competency.
[ "8" ]
187
41,192
0
false
ACEP points out that these guidelines are not evidence based.8 In fact, we are unaware of any study that demonstrates a particular number of ultrasound exams to correlate with competency.
[]
ACEP points out that these guidelines are not evidence based.8 In fact, we are unaware of any study that demonstrates a particular number of ultrasound exams to correlate with competency.
true
true
true
true
true
7,100
5
DISCUSSION
1
8
[ "b8-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
pmid-8273966
However, these results do demonstrate that the majority of programs in the United States are requiring greater than 150 ultrasound exams for resident competency.
[ "8" ]
161
41,193
0
false
However, these results do demonstrate that the majority of programs in the United States are requiring greater than 150 ultrasound exams for resident competency.
[]
However, these results do demonstrate that the majority of programs in the United States are requiring greater than 150 ultrasound exams for resident competency.
true
true
true
true
true
7,100
6
DISCUSSION
1
9
[ "b9-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA
Our survey found that a majority (80%) of programs considered their ultrasound program highly structured with 72% of programs requiring mandatory ultrasound rotation and training.
[ "9" ]
179
41,194
0
false
Our survey found that a majority (80%) of programs considered their ultrasound program highly structured with 72% of programs requiring mandatory ultrasound rotation and training.
[]
Our survey found that a majority (80%) of programs considered their ultrasound program highly structured with 72% of programs requiring mandatory ultrasound rotation and training.
true
true
true
true
true
7,101
6
DISCUSSION
1
9
[ "b9-wjem11_4p314" ]
21,079,699
NA
There is considerable advancement in EUS training when one considers that in a survey by Cook and Roepke 10 years ago only 50% of programs reported offering any training in emergency ultrasound.9
[ "9" ]
195
41,195
0
false
There is considerable advancement in EUS training when one considers that in a survey by Cook and Roepke 10 years ago only 50% of programs reported offering any training in emergency ultrasound.9
[]
There is considerable advancement in EUS training when one considers that in a survey by Cook and Roepke 10 years ago only 50% of programs reported offering any training in emergency ultrasound.9
true
true
false
true
false
7,101
7
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
21,079,699
null
Finally, it appears that despite the relative infancy of EUS, 73% of the reporting programs in our study stated there is low institutional opposition to training residents in emergency ultrasound.
null
196
41,196
0
false
null
null
Finally, it appears that despite the relative infancy of EUS, 73% of the reporting programs in our study stated there is low institutional opposition to training residents in emergency ultrasound.
true
true
true
true
true
7,102
0
INTRODUCTION
0
null
null
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-17245451|pmid-15880101|pmid-15893973|pmid-15155579|pmid-15829525
Many genes related to developmental processes have temporally and spatially restricted expression profiles that correspond to their roles during the development of multicellular organisms.
null
188
41,197
0
false
null
null
Many genes related to developmental processes have temporally and spatially restricted expression profiles that correspond to their roles during the development of multicellular organisms.
true
true
true
true
true
7,103
0
INTRODUCTION
0
null
null
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-17245451|pmid-15880101|pmid-15893973|pmid-15155579|pmid-15829525
Failure to regulate a gene often has deleterious consequences that may affect the life of an organism.
null
102
41,198
0
false
null
null
Failure to regulate a gene often has deleterious consequences that may affect the life of an organism.
true
true
true
true
true
7,103
0
INTRODUCTION
0
null
null
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-17245451|pmid-15880101|pmid-15893973|pmid-15155579|pmid-15829525
Although much information exists on transcription regulation, details of regulation mechanisms taking place at the genome level remain elusive.
null
143
41,199
0
false
null
null
Although much information exists on transcription regulation, details of regulation mechanisms taking place at the genome level remain elusive.
true
true
true
true
true
7,103
0
INTRODUCTION
0
null
null
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-17245451|pmid-15880101|pmid-15893973|pmid-15155579|pmid-15829525
Indeed, it remains a mystery how countless enhancers and promoters interact in an orderly fashion on a single macromolecule of DNA such as a chromosome.
null
152
41,200
0
false
null
null
Indeed, it remains a mystery how countless enhancers and promoters interact in an orderly fashion on a single macromolecule of DNA such as a chromosome.
true
true
true
true
true
7,103
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3 B4 B5 B6", "B7 B8 B9" ]
18,276,649
NA|pmid-7913880|pmid-103000|pmid-2566382|pmid-2569969|pmid-2566383|pmid-1676674|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-10319820|pmid-1870980
Hox genes encode a group of transcription factors at work during development.
[ "1", "2", "3–6", "7–9" ]
77
41,201
0
false
Hox genes encode a group of transcription factors at work during development.
[]
Hox genes encode a group of transcription factors at work during development.
true
true
true
true
true
7,104
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3 B4 B5 B6", "B7 B8 B9" ]
18,276,649
NA|pmid-7913880|pmid-103000|pmid-2566382|pmid-2569969|pmid-2566383|pmid-1676674|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-10319820|pmid-1870980
These factors are required for anterior–posterior specification of body segments.
[ "1", "2", "3–6", "7–9" ]
81
41,202
0
false
These factors are required for anterior–posterior specification of body segments.
[]
These factors are required for anterior–posterior specification of body segments.
true
true
true
true
true
7,104
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3 B4 B5 B6", "B7 B8 B9" ]
18,276,649
NA|pmid-7913880|pmid-103000|pmid-2566382|pmid-2569969|pmid-2566383|pmid-1676674|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-10319820|pmid-1870980
In mammals, 39 Hox genes have been identified, and about 10 of these genes form a gene cluster on the same strand of DNA.
[ "1", "2", "3–6", "7–9" ]
121
41,203
0
false
In mammals, 39 Hox genes have been identified, and about 10 of these genes form a gene cluster on the same strand of DNA.
[]
In mammals, 39 Hox genes have been identified, and about 10 of these genes form a gene cluster on the same strand of DNA.
true
true
true
true
true
7,104
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3 B4 B5 B6", "B7 B8 B9" ]
18,276,649
NA|pmid-7913880|pmid-103000|pmid-2566382|pmid-2569969|pmid-2566383|pmid-1676674|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-10319820|pmid-1870980
These gene clusters map onto four genomic loci called HoxA, B, C and D complexes (1,2).
[ "1", "2", "3–6", "7–9" ]
87
41,204
0
false
These gene clusters map onto four genomic loci called HoxA, B, C and D complexes.
[ "1,2" ]
These gene clusters map onto four genomic loci called HoxA, B, C and D complexes.
true
true
true
true
true
7,104
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3 B4 B5 B6", "B7 B8 B9" ]
18,276,649
NA|pmid-7913880|pmid-103000|pmid-2566382|pmid-2569969|pmid-2566383|pmid-1676674|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-10319820|pmid-1870980
These genes show a characteristic genomic organisation in which the order of their chromosomal transcription units mirrors the spatial order of their expression domains along the anterior–posterior axis of the developing embryo.
[ "1", "2", "3–6", "7–9" ]
228
41,205
0
false
These genes show a characteristic genomic organisation in which the order of their chromosomal transcription units mirrors the spatial order of their expression domains along the anterior–posterior axis of the developing embryo.
[]
These genes show a characteristic genomic organisation in which the order of their chromosomal transcription units mirrors the spatial order of their expression domains along the anterior–posterior axis of the developing embryo.
true
true
true
true
true
7,104
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3 B4 B5 B6", "B7 B8 B9" ]
18,276,649
NA|pmid-7913880|pmid-103000|pmid-2566382|pmid-2569969|pmid-2566383|pmid-1676674|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-10319820|pmid-1870980
Hox genes located at the 3′ extremity of the complex are activated in anterior embryonic domains, whereas genes located at progressively more 5′ positions are transcribed in more posterior areas.
[ "1", "2", "3–6", "7–9" ]
195
41,206
0
false
Hox genes located at the 3′ extremity of the complex are activated in anterior embryonic domains, whereas genes located at progressively more 5′ positions are transcribed in more posterior areas.
[]
Hox genes located at the 3′ extremity of the complex are activated in anterior embryonic domains, whereas genes located at progressively more 5′ positions are transcribed in more posterior areas.
true
true
true
true
true
7,104
1
INTRODUCTION
1
3–6
[ "B1", "B2", "B3 B4 B5 B6", "B7 B8 B9" ]
18,276,649
NA|pmid-7913880|pmid-103000|pmid-2566382|pmid-2569969|pmid-2566383|pmid-1676674|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-10319820|pmid-1870980
This phenomenon, called ‘spatial colinearity’, was originally described in Drosophila and further extended to all bilaterians exhibiting an anterior–posterior axial polarity (3–6).
[ "1", "2", "3–6", "7–9" ]
180
41,207
1
false
This phenomenon, called ‘spatial colinearity’, was originally described in Drosophila and further extended to all bilaterians exhibiting an anterior–posterior axial polarity.
[ "3–6" ]
This phenomenon, called ‘spatial colinearity’, was originally described in Drosophila and further extended to all bilaterians exhibiting an anterior–posterior axial polarity.
true
true
true
true
true
7,104
1
INTRODUCTION
1
7–9
[ "B1", "B2", "B3 B4 B5 B6", "B7 B8 B9" ]
18,276,649
NA|pmid-7913880|pmid-103000|pmid-2566382|pmid-2569969|pmid-2566383|pmid-1676674|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-10319820|pmid-1870980
A similar type of colinearity can be observed over time in vertebrates such that Hox genes located at the 3′ extremity are activated earliest and genes located at progressively more 5′ positions are transcribed later, according to their order on the genome (7–9).
[ "1", "2", "3–6", "7–9" ]
263
41,208
1
false
A similar type of colinearity can be observed over time in vertebrates such that Hox genes located at the 3′ extremity are activated earliest and genes located at progressively more 5′ positions are transcribed later, according to their order on the genome.
[ "7–9" ]
A similar type of colinearity can be observed over time in vertebrates such that Hox genes located at the 3′ extremity are activated earliest and genes located at progressively more 5′ positions are transcribed later, according to their order on the genome.
true
true
true
true
true
7,104
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3 B4 B5 B6", "B7 B8 B9" ]
18,276,649
NA|pmid-7913880|pmid-103000|pmid-2566382|pmid-2569969|pmid-2566383|pmid-1676674|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-10319820|pmid-1870980
Thus, ‘temporal colinearity’ is a characteristic of Hox gene regulation in vertebrates.
[ "1", "2", "3–6", "7–9" ]
87
41,209
0
false
Thus, ‘temporal colinearity’ is a characteristic of Hox gene regulation in vertebrates.
[]
Thus, ‘temporal colinearity’ is a characteristic of Hox gene regulation in vertebrates.
true
true
true
true
true
7,104
2
INTRODUCTION
1
8–10
[ "B8 B9 B10", "B8", "B9" ]
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-15386022|pmid-16943429
The spatial and temporal regulation of the Hox complex has been proposed to be a multi-step process, with each step being initiated by progressive release from heterochromatic silencing (8–10).
[ "8–10", "8", "9" ]
193
41,210
1
false
The spatial and temporal regulation of the Hox complex has been proposed to be a multi-step process, with each step being initiated by progressive release from heterochromatic silencing.
[ "8–10" ]
The spatial and temporal regulation of the Hox complex has been proposed to be a multi-step process, with each step being initiated by progressive release from heterochromatic silencing.
true
true
true
true
true
7,105
2
INTRODUCTION
1
8–10
[ "B8 B9 B10", "B8", "B9" ]
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-15386022|pmid-16943429
Although the mechanistic basis of the progressive activation of genes is largely unknown, we have demonstrated that interaction between the 5′-upstream region of the Hox complex and promoters of resident Hox transcription units are important for early silencing (8,9).
[ "8–10", "8", "9" ]
268
41,211
0
false
Although the mechanistic basis of the progressive activation of genes is largely unknown, we have demonstrated that interaction between the 5′-upstream region of the Hox complex and promoters of resident Hox transcription units are important for early silencing.
[ "8,9" ]
Although the mechanistic basis of the progressive activation of genes is largely unknown, we have demonstrated that interaction between the 5′-upstream region of the Hox complex and promoters of resident Hox transcription units are important for early silencing.
true
true
true
true
true
7,105
2
INTRODUCTION
1
8–10
[ "B8 B9 B10", "B8", "B9" ]
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-15386022|pmid-16943429
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this higher-order regulatory system, we performed a functional analysis of one key DNA element—the Hox promoter.
[ "8–10", "8", "9" ]
151
41,212
0
false
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this higher-order regulatory system, we performed a functional analysis of one key DNA element—the Hox promoter.
[]
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this higher-order regulatory system, we performed a functional analysis of one key DNA element—the Hox promoter.
true
true
true
true
true
7,105
2
INTRODUCTION
1
8–10
[ "B8 B9 B10", "B8", "B9" ]
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-15386022|pmid-16943429
All mammalian Hox complexes are known to contain 4th, 9th and 13th paralogous genes.
[ "8–10", "8", "9" ]
84
41,213
0
false
All mammalian Hox complexes are known to contain 4th, 9th and 13th paralogous genes.
[]
All mammalian Hox complexes are known to contain 4th, 9th and 13th paralogous genes.
true
true
true
true
true
7,105
2
INTRODUCTION
1
8–10
[ "B8 B9 B10", "B8", "B9" ]
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-15386022|pmid-16943429
Therefore, we selected the Hoxb9 promoter as our study system based on an assumption that DNA structures surrounding important regions are better conserved than DNA structures in functionally neutral regions.
[ "8–10", "8", "9" ]
208
41,214
0
false
Therefore, we selected the Hoxb9 promoter as our study system based on an assumption that DNA structures surrounding important regions are better conserved than DNA structures in functionally neutral regions.
[]
Therefore, we selected the Hoxb9 promoter as our study system based on an assumption that DNA structures surrounding important regions are better conserved than DNA structures in functionally neutral regions.
true
true
true
true
true
7,105
2
INTRODUCTION
1
8–10
[ "B8 B9 B10", "B8", "B9" ]
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-15386022|pmid-16943429
Here, we report that the functional promoter fragment forms a secondary structure.
[ "8–10", "8", "9" ]
82
41,215
0
false
Here, we report that the functional promoter fragment forms a secondary structure.
[]
Here, we report that the functional promoter fragment forms a secondary structure.
true
true
true
true
true
7,105
2
INTRODUCTION
1
8–10
[ "B8 B9 B10", "B8", "B9" ]
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-15386022|pmid-16943429
We subsequently isolated factors that bind this promoter.
[ "8–10", "8", "9" ]
57
41,216
0
false
We subsequently isolated factors that bind this promoter.
[]
We subsequently isolated factors that bind this promoter.
true
true
true
true
true
7,105
0
DISCUSSION
1
8–10
[ "B8 B9 B10", "B20", "B21", "B22", "B23", "B24" ]
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-17245451|pmid-15880101|pmid-15893973|pmid-15155579|pmid-15829525
We have previously proposed that multiple DNA–site interactions are important for the coordinated expression of Hox genes (8–10,20).
[ "8–10", "20", "21", "22", "23", "24" ]
132
41,217
0
false
We have previously proposed that multiple DNA–site interactions are important for the coordinated expression of Hox genes.
[ "8–10,20" ]
We have previously proposed that multiple DNA–site interactions are important for the coordinated expression of Hox genes.
true
true
true
true
true
7,106
0
DISCUSSION
1
8–10
[ "B8 B9 B10", "B20", "B21", "B22", "B23", "B24" ]
18,276,649
pmid-10319820|pmid-17868118|pmid-9659925|pmid-17245451|pmid-15880101|pmid-15893973|pmid-15155579|pmid-15829525
This hypothesis also posited a crucial role of regulated positional movement of chromosomal loci in this Hox gene system.
[ "8–10", "20", "21", "22", "23", "24" ]
121
41,218
0
false
This hypothesis also posited a crucial role of regulated positional movement of chromosomal loci in this Hox gene system.
[]
This hypothesis also posited a crucial role of regulated positional movement of chromosomal loci in this Hox gene system.
true
true
true
true
true
7,106