Datasets:
vgainullin
/
xciting_data

Dataset card Data Studio Files
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INTRODUCTION
1
1
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20,664,777
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Identification of predictive markers for CaP, especially those that are indicative of the invasiveness of the disease, is important for improving clinical management, outcomes, and survival of these patients.
[ "1", "2", "1", "3", "4", "5", "6", "6", "7" ]
208
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false
Identification of predictive markers for CaP, especially those that are indicative of the invasiveness of the disease, is important for improving clinical management, outcomes, and survival of these patients.
[]
Identification of predictive markers for CaP, especially those that are indicative of the invasiveness of the disease, is important for improving clinical management, outcomes, and survival of these patients.
true
true
true
true
true
7,366
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B1", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6", "B6", "B7" ]
20,664,777
pmid-16514137|NA|pmid-16514137|pmid-15069304|pmid-16492908|pmid-8903474|pmid-11833360|pmid-11833360|pmid-11390274|pmid-8701470|pmid-8701470|pmid-4953930
The S100 calcium-binding proteins have recently attracted considerable interest because of their differential expression in neoplastic and normal tissues, and their involvement in metastatic processes [5,6].
[ "1", "2", "1", "3", "4", "5", "6", "6", "7" ]
207
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The S100 calcium-binding proteins have recently attracted considerable interest because of their differential expression in neoplastic and normal tissues, and their involvement in metastatic processes.
[ "5,6" ]
The S100 calcium-binding proteins have recently attracted considerable interest because of their differential expression in neoplastic and normal tissues, and their involvement in metastatic processes.
true
true
true
true
true
7,366
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B1", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6", "B6", "B7" ]
20,664,777
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S100 proteins are involved in a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions including cell growth, cell-to-cell communication, energy metabolism, and intracellular signal transduction
[ "1", "2", "1", "3", "4", "5", "6", "6", "7" ]
192
42,521
0
false
S100 proteins are involved in a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions including cell growth, cell-to-cell communication, energy metabolism, and intracellular signal transduction
[]
S100 proteins are involved in a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions including cell growth, cell-to-cell communication, energy metabolism, and intracellular signal transduction
true
true
false
true
false
7,366
1
INTRODUCTION
1
8
[ "B8", "B9", "B14" ]
20,664,777
pmid-1372446|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-8903474|pmid-1372446|pmid-1372446|pmid-11005251|pmid-10094469|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-11691825|pmid-11304580
S100A2 is tumor-suppressor gene that is typically down-regulated in cells that have acquired a tumorigenic phenotype, which suggests that S100A2 has an important role in inhibiting cancer progression [8].
[ "8", "9", "14" ]
204
42,522
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S100A2 is tumor-suppressor gene that is typically down-regulated in cells that have acquired a tumorigenic phenotype, which suggests that S100A2 has an important role in inhibiting cancer progression.
[ "8" ]
S100A2 is tumor-suppressor gene that is typically down-regulated in cells that have acquired a tumorigenic phenotype, which suggests that S100A2 has an important role in inhibiting cancer progression.
true
true
true
true
true
7,367
1
INTRODUCTION
1
8
[ "B8", "B9", "B14" ]
20,664,777
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Differential expression of S100A2 has been reported in breast cancer, melanoma, and other types of cancer [9-14].
[ "8", "9", "14" ]
113
42,523
0
false
Differential expression of S100A2 has been reported in breast cancer, melanoma, and other types of cancer.
[ "9-14" ]
Differential expression of S100A2 has been reported in breast cancer, melanoma, and other types of cancer.
true
true
true
true
true
7,367
2
INTRODUCTION
1
15
[ "B15", "B16", "B6", "B17", "B18" ]
20,664,777
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S100A4, another member of the S100 protein family, is associated with the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors [15].
[ "15", "16", "6", "17", "18" ]
123
42,524
1
false
S100A4, another member of the S100 protein family, is associated with the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors.
[ "15" ]
S100A4, another member of the S100 protein family, is associated with the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors.
true
true
true
true
true
7,368
2
INTRODUCTION
1
16
[ "B15", "B16", "B6", "B17", "B18" ]
20,664,777
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S100A4 is frequently overexpressed in metastatic tumors, as well as in normal cells with uninhibited movement, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and T-lymphocytes [16].
[ "15", "16", "6", "17", "18" ]
168
42,525
1
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S100A4 is frequently overexpressed in metastatic tumors, as well as in normal cells with uninhibited movement, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and T-lymphocytes.
[ "16" ]
S100A4 is frequently overexpressed in metastatic tumors, as well as in normal cells with uninhibited movement, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and T-lymphocytes.
true
true
true
true
true
7,368
2
INTRODUCTION
1
15
[ "B15", "B16", "B6", "B17", "B18" ]
20,664,777
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It is also overexpressed in various cancer types such as those of the breast, ovary, and colon [6,17,18].
[ "15", "16", "6", "17", "18" ]
105
42,526
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false
It is also overexpressed in various cancer types such as those of the breast, ovary, and colon.
[ "6,17,18" ]
It is also overexpressed in various cancer types such as those of the breast, ovary, and colon.
true
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7,368
3
INTRODUCTION
0
null
null
20,664,777
null
In this study, we aimed to determine the expression pattern of S100A2 and S100A4 and to assess the prognostic value of these markers in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma.
null
174
42,527
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false
null
null
In this study, we aimed to determine the expression pattern of S100A2 and S100A4 and to assess the prognostic value of these markers in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma.
true
true
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true
7,369
0
DISCUSSION
1
19
[ "B19", "B19", "B20" ]
20,664,777
pmid-16514137|NA|pmid-16514137|pmid-15069304|pmid-16492908|pmid-8903474|pmid-11833360|pmid-11833360|pmid-11390274|pmid-8701470|pmid-8701470|pmid-4953930
The S100 proteins are small acidic proteins (10-12 kDa) that are found exclusively in vertebrates [19].
[ "19", "19", "20" ]
103
42,528
1
false
The S100 proteins are small acidic proteins (10-12 kDa) that are found exclusively in vertebrates.
[ "19" ]
The S100 proteins are small acidic proteins that are found exclusively in vertebrates.
true
true
true
true
true
7,370
0
DISCUSSION
1
19
[ "B19", "B19", "B20" ]
20,664,777
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With at least 25 members of this protein family identified to date in humans, the S100 proteins constitute the largest subfamily of EF-hand proteins.
[ "19", "19", "20" ]
149
42,529
0
false
With at least 25 members of this protein family identified to date in humans, the S100 proteins constitute the largest subfamily of EF-hand proteins.
[]
With at least 25 members of this protein family identified to date in humans, the S100 proteins constitute the largest subfamily of EF-hand proteins.
true
true
true
true
true
7,370
0
DISCUSSION
1
19
[ "B19", "B19", "B20" ]
20,664,777
pmid-16514137|NA|pmid-16514137|pmid-15069304|pmid-16492908|pmid-8903474|pmid-11833360|pmid-11833360|pmid-11390274|pmid-8701470|pmid-8701470|pmid-4953930
Of these, 21 family members (S100A1 - S100A18, trichohyalin, filaggrin and repetin) have genes clustered at chromosome locus 1q21; other S100 proteins are found at chromosome loci 4p16 (S100P), 5q14 (S100Z), 21q22 (S100B), and Xp22 (S100G).
[ "19", "19", "20" ]
240
42,530
0
false
Of these, 21 family members (S100A1 - S100A18, trichohyalin, filaggrin and repetin) have genes clustered at chromosome locus 1q21; other S100 proteins are found at chromosome loci 4p16 (S100P), 5q14 (S100Z), 21q22 (S100B), and Xp22 (S100G).
[]
Of these, 21 family members have genes clustered at chromosome locus 1q21; other S100 proteins are found at chromosome loci 4p16, 5q14, 21q22, and Xp22.
true
true
true
true
true
7,370
0
DISCUSSION
1
19
[ "B19", "B19", "B20" ]
20,664,777
pmid-16514137|NA|pmid-16514137|pmid-15069304|pmid-16492908|pmid-8903474|pmid-11833360|pmid-11833360|pmid-11390274|pmid-8701470|pmid-8701470|pmid-4953930
First identified by Moore in 1965, the S100 proteins exhibit 25-65% identity at the amino acid level and contain 2 EF-hand motifs flanked by conserved hydrophobic residues separated by a linker region
[ "19", "19", "20" ]
200
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First identified by Moore in 1965, the S100 proteins exhibit 25-65% identity at the amino acid level and contain 2 EF-hand motifs flanked by conserved hydrophobic residues separated by a linker region
[]
First identified by Moore in 1965, the S100 proteins exhibit 25-65% identity at the amino acid level and contain 2 EF-hand motifs flanked by conserved hydrophobic residues separated by a linker region
true
true
false
true
false
7,370
0
DISCUSSION
1
19
[ "B19", "B19", "B20" ]
20,664,777
pmid-16514137|NA|pmid-16514137|pmid-15069304|pmid-16492908|pmid-8903474|pmid-11833360|pmid-11833360|pmid-11390274|pmid-8701470|pmid-8701470|pmid-4953930
The sequences of the linker region and the C-terminal extension are the most variable parts of the sequence among the S100 proteins.
[ "19", "19", "20" ]
132
42,532
0
false
The sequences of the linker region and the C-terminal extension are the most variable parts of the sequence among the S100 proteins.
[]
The sequences of the linker region and the C-terminal extension are the most variable parts of the sequence among the S100 proteins.
true
true
true
true
true
7,370
0
DISCUSSION
1
19
[ "B19", "B19", "B20" ]
20,664,777
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The S100 proteins are hypothesized to participate in signal trans duction pathways that regulate cell cycle progression and differentiation; however, the precise functions of these proteins are unknown.
[ "19", "19", "20" ]
202
42,533
0
false
The S100 proteins are hypothesized to participate in signal trans duction pathways that regulate cell cycle progression and differentiation; however, the precise functions of these proteins are unknown.
[]
The S100 proteins are hypothesized to participate in signal trans duction pathways that regulate cell cycle progression and differentiation; however, the precise functions of these proteins are unknown.
true
true
true
true
true
7,370
1
DISCUSSION
1
5
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20,664,777
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The S100A2 gene encodes a protein of 99 amino acids.
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52
42,534
0
false
The S100A2 gene encodes a protein of 99 amino acids.
[]
The S100A2 gene encodes a protein of 99 amino acids.
true
true
true
true
true
7,371
1
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "B5", "B8", "B8", "B21", "B22", "B9", "B14", "B12", "B23" ]
20,664,777
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The gene is located on chromosome 1q21, in a region that is frequently rearranged in a number of human cancers [5,8].
[ "5", "8", "8", "21", "22", "9", "14", "12", "23" ]
117
42,535
0
false
The gene is located on chromosome 1q21, in a region that is frequently rearranged in a number of human cancers.
[ "5,8" ]
The gene is located on chromosome 1q21, in a region that is frequently rearranged in a number of human cancers.
true
true
true
true
true
7,371
1
DISCUSSION
1
8
[ "B5", "B8", "B8", "B21", "B22", "B9", "B14", "B12", "B23" ]
20,664,777
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Expression of S100A2 is regulated during the cell cycle, with its levels increasing as cells enter the S phase, and induced by growth factors in the early G1 phase of the normal cell cycle [8].
[ "5", "8", "8", "21", "22", "9", "14", "12", "23" ]
193
42,536
1
false
Expression of S100A2 is regulated during the cell cycle, with its levels increasing as cells enter the S phase, and induced by growth factors in the early G1 phase of the normal cell cycle.
[ "8" ]
Expression of S100A2 is regulated during the cell cycle, with its levels increasing as cells enter the S phase, and induced by growth factors in the early G1 phase of the normal cell cycle.
true
true
true
true
true
7,371
1
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "B5", "B8", "B8", "B21", "B22", "B9", "B14", "B12", "B23" ]
20,664,777
pmid-1372446|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-8903474|pmid-1372446|pmid-1372446|pmid-11005251|pmid-10094469|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-11691825|pmid-11304580
Because S100A2 is believed to be regulated by the tumor-suppressor p53, induction of p53 activity by cell cycle arrest caused by DNA damage results in increased S100A2 transcription [21,22].
[ "5", "8", "8", "21", "22", "9", "14", "12", "23" ]
190
42,537
0
false
Because S100A2 is believed to be regulated by the tumor-suppressor p53, induction of p53 activity by cell cycle arrest caused by DNA damage results in increased S100A2 transcription.
[ "21,22" ]
Because S100A2 is believed to be regulated by the tumor-suppressor p53, induction of p53 activity by cell cycle arrest caused by DNA damage results in increased S100A2 transcription.
true
true
true
true
true
7,371
1
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "B5", "B8", "B8", "B21", "B22", "B9", "B14", "B12", "B23" ]
20,664,777
pmid-1372446|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-8903474|pmid-1372446|pmid-1372446|pmid-11005251|pmid-10094469|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-11691825|pmid-11304580
The loss of S100A2 expression is associated with the development and progression of some human cancers [9-14].
[ "5", "8", "8", "21", "22", "9", "14", "12", "23" ]
110
42,538
0
false
The loss of S100A2 expression is associated with the development and progression of some human cancers.
[ "9-14" ]
The loss of S100A2 expression is associated with the development and progression of some human cancers.
true
true
true
true
true
7,371
1
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "B5", "B8", "B8", "B21", "B22", "B9", "B14", "B12", "B23" ]
20,664,777
pmid-1372446|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-8903474|pmid-1372446|pmid-1372446|pmid-11005251|pmid-10094469|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-11691825|pmid-11304580
Recently, S100A2 was proposed to be a class II tumor suppressor gene because of its loss of expression in a large number of tumors.
[ "5", "8", "8", "21", "22", "9", "14", "12", "23" ]
131
42,539
0
false
Recently, S100A2 was proposed to be a class II tumor suppressor gene because of its loss of expression in a large number of tumors.
[]
Recently, S100A2 was proposed to be a class II tumor suppressor gene because of its loss of expression in a large number of tumors.
true
true
true
true
true
7,371
1
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "B5", "B8", "B8", "B21", "B22", "B9", "B14", "B12", "B23" ]
20,664,777
pmid-1372446|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-8903474|pmid-1372446|pmid-1372446|pmid-11005251|pmid-10094469|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-11691825|pmid-11304580
This loss of expression is believed to influence the regulation of genes that are important for normal cell growth and differentiation [12,23].
[ "5", "8", "8", "21", "22", "9", "14", "12", "23" ]
143
42,540
0
false
This loss of expression is believed to influence the regulation of genes that are important for normal cell growth and differentiation.
[ "12,23" ]
This loss of expression is believed to influence the regulation of genes that are important for normal cell growth and differentiation.
true
true
true
true
true
7,371
1
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "B5", "B8", "B8", "B21", "B22", "B9", "B14", "B12", "B23" ]
20,664,777
pmid-1372446|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-8903474|pmid-1372446|pmid-1372446|pmid-11005251|pmid-10094469|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-11691825|pmid-11304580
In our study, we observed decreased S100A2 expression in CaP.
[ "5", "8", "8", "21", "22", "9", "14", "12", "23" ]
61
42,541
0
false
In our study, we observed decreased S100A2 expression in CaP.
[]
In our study, we observed decreased S100A2 expression in CaP.
true
true
true
true
true
7,371
1
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "B5", "B8", "B8", "B21", "B22", "B9", "B14", "B12", "B23" ]
20,664,777
pmid-1372446|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-8903474|pmid-1372446|pmid-1372446|pmid-11005251|pmid-10094469|pmid-11076656|pmid-10956408|pmid-11691825|pmid-11304580
It is important to emphasize that we observed decreased S100A2 expression only in CaP and not in BPH (nonmalignant).
[ "5", "8", "8", "21", "22", "9", "14", "12", "23" ]
116
42,542
0
false
It is important to emphasize that we observed decreased S100A2 expression only in CaP and not in BPH (nonmalignant).
[]
It is important to emphasize that we observed decreased S100A2 expression only in CaP and not in BPH (nonmalignant).
true
true
true
true
true
7,371
2
DISCUSSION
1
15
[ "B15", "B16", "B16", "B24", "B25", "B26" ]
20,664,777
pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-11833360|pmid-11875708|pmid-16243835|pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-8276262|pmid-9920410|pmid-10749128|pmid-9815629
Another member of the S100 family of proteins is S100A4, which influences cell cycle progression and cell motility, and modulates intracellular adhesion and invasiveness [15,16].
[ "15", "16", "16", "24", "25", "26" ]
178
42,543
0
false
Another member of the S100 family of proteins is S100A4, which influences cell cycle progression and cell motility, and modulates intracellular adhesion and invasiveness.
[ "15,16" ]
Another member of the S100 family of proteins is S100A4, which influences cell cycle progression and cell motility, and modulates intracellular adhesion and invasiveness.
true
true
true
true
true
7,372
2
DISCUSSION
1
15
[ "B15", "B16", "B16", "B24", "B25", "B26" ]
20,664,777
pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-11833360|pmid-11875708|pmid-16243835|pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-8276262|pmid-9920410|pmid-10749128|pmid-9815629
Expression of the S100A4 gene has been linked to invasion and metastasis of cancer cells and is upregulated in a number of human cancers [16,24].
[ "15", "16", "16", "24", "25", "26" ]
145
42,544
0
false
Expression of the S100A4 gene has been linked to invasion and metastasis of cancer cells and is upregulated in a number of human cancers.
[ "16,24" ]
Expression of the S100A4 gene has been linked to invasion and metastasis of cancer cells and is upregulated in a number of human cancers.
true
true
true
true
true
7,372
2
DISCUSSION
1
25
[ "B15", "B16", "B16", "B24", "B25", "B26" ]
20,664,777
pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-11833360|pmid-11875708|pmid-16243835|pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-8276262|pmid-9920410|pmid-10749128|pmid-9815629
Amplification or overexpression of S100A4 in patients with breast cancer reflects increased metastatic potential of the cancer, which is prognostically significant and closely correlated with death [25].
[ "15", "16", "16", "24", "25", "26" ]
203
42,545
1
false
Amplification or overexpression of S100A4 in patients with breast cancer reflects increased metastatic potential of the cancer, which is prognostically significant and closely correlated with death.
[ "25" ]
Amplification or overexpression of S100A4 in patients with breast cancer reflects increased metastatic potential of the cancer, which is prognostically significant and closely correlated with death.
true
true
true
true
true
7,372
2
DISCUSSION
1
26
[ "B15", "B16", "B16", "B24", "B25", "B26" ]
20,664,777
pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-11833360|pmid-11875708|pmid-16243835|pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-8276262|pmid-9920410|pmid-10749128|pmid-9815629
S100A4 has been reported to be expressed in 44% of foci of carcinoma within colon adenoma specimens and 94% of those of colon carcinoma specimens [26].
[ "15", "16", "16", "24", "25", "26" ]
151
42,546
1
false
S100A4 has been reported to be expressed in 44% of foci of carcinoma within colon adenoma specimens and 94% of those of colon carcinoma specimens.
[ "26" ]
S100A4 has been reported to be expressed in 44% of foci of carcinoma within colon adenoma specimens and 94% of those of colon carcinoma specimens.
true
true
true
true
true
7,372
2
DISCUSSION
1
15
[ "B15", "B16", "B16", "B24", "B25", "B26" ]
20,664,777
pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-11833360|pmid-11875708|pmid-16243835|pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-8276262|pmid-9920410|pmid-10749128|pmid-9815629
In our study, we observed high expression of S100A4 in invasive CaP.
[ "15", "16", "16", "24", "25", "26" ]
68
42,547
0
false
In our study, we observed high expression of S100A4 in invasive CaP.
[]
In our study, we observed high expression of S100A4 in invasive CaP.
true
true
true
true
true
7,372
2
DISCUSSION
1
15
[ "B15", "B16", "B16", "B24", "B25", "B26" ]
20,664,777
pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-11833360|pmid-11875708|pmid-16243835|pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-8276262|pmid-9920410|pmid-10749128|pmid-9815629
We also observed that decreased expression of S100A4 gene reduces the growth and proliferative potential of CaP.
[ "15", "16", "16", "24", "25", "26" ]
112
42,548
0
false
We also observed that decreased expression of S100A4 gene reduces the growth and proliferative potential of CaP.
[]
We also observed that decreased expression of S100A4 gene reduces the growth and proliferative potential of CaP.
true
true
true
true
true
7,372
2
DISCUSSION
1
15
[ "B15", "B16", "B16", "B24", "B25", "B26" ]
20,664,777
pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-11833360|pmid-11875708|pmid-16243835|pmid-9703888|pmid-8276262|pmid-8276262|pmid-9920410|pmid-10749128|pmid-9815629
These results indicate that the S100A4 protein may be associated with proliferation, invasion, and metastasis during the progression of CaP.
[ "15", "16", "16", "24", "25", "26" ]
140
42,549
0
false
These results indicate that the S100A4 protein may be associated with proliferation, invasion, and metastasis during the progression of CaP.
[]
These results indicate that the S100A4 protein may be associated with proliferation, invasion, and metastasis during the progression of CaP.
true
true
true
true
true
7,372
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
20,664,777
null
During about 5 years of follow-up, 10 of 67 (14.9%) patients had a biochemical relapse based on PSA levels.
null
107
42,550
0
false
null
null
During about 5 years of follow-up, 10 of 67 (14.9%) patients had a biochemical relapse based on PSA levels.
true
true
true
true
true
7,373
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
20,664,777
null
We found that the length of biochemical relapse-free survival was longer in those patients with higher expression of S100A2 and shorter for those with higher expression of S100A4.
null
179
42,551
0
false
null
null
We found that the length of biochemical relapse-free survival was longer in those patients with higher expression of S100A2 and shorter for those with higher expression of S100A4.
true
true
true
true
true
7,373
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
20,664,777
null
This finding indicates that expression of S100A2 and S100A4 is significantly associated with prognosis.
null
103
42,552
0
false
null
null
This finding indicates that expression of S100A2 and S100A4 is significantly associated with prognosis.
true
true
true
true
true
7,373
4
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
20,664,777
null
Our study was limited by its retrospective design, the relatively small number of patients, and the short length of follow-up.
null
126
42,553
0
false
null
null
Our study was limited by its retrospective design, the relatively small number of patients, and the short length of follow-up.
true
true
true
true
true
7,374
4
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
20,664,777
null
This makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions.
null
55
42,554
0
false
null
null
This makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions.
true
true
true
true
true
7,374
4
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
20,664,777
null
Because a single pathologist assessed the immunohistochemical staining of samples in a blinded fashion, interobserver variance was not tested in this study.
null
156
42,555
0
false
null
null
Because a single pathologist assessed the immunohistochemical staining of samples in a blinded fashion, interobserver variance was not tested in this study.
true
true
true
true
true
7,374
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-17287412|pmid-15855888|pmid-9215279|pmid-3919529
Prolactinoma is the most common functioning pituitary adenoma with excellent medical response.
[ "1", "2", "3" ]
94
42,556
0
false
Prolactinoma is the most common functioning pituitary adenoma with excellent medical response.
[]
Prolactinoma is the most common functioning pituitary adenoma with excellent medical response.
true
true
true
true
true
7,375
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-17287412|pmid-15855888|pmid-9215279|pmid-3919529
Invasive giant prolactinoma, an extreme subset of prolactinoma, is characterized by large size (>40 mm in diameter), high aggressiveness, massive extrasellar involvement and very high plasma prolactin levels, usually >1,000 ng/mL (1, 2).
[ "1", "2", "3" ]
237
42,557
0
false
Invasive giant prolactinoma, an extreme subset of prolactinoma, is characterized by large size (>40 mm in diameter), high aggressiveness, massive extrasellar involvement and very high plasma prolactin levels, usually >1,000 ng/mL.
[ "1, 2" ]
Invasive giant prolactinoma, an extreme subset of prolactinoma, is characterized by large size (>40 mm in diameter), high aggressiveness, massive extrasellar involvement and very high plasma prolactin levels, usually >1,000 ng/mL.
true
true
true
true
true
7,375
0
INTRODUCTION
1
3
[ "B1", "B2", "B3" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-17287412|pmid-15855888|pmid-9215279|pmid-3919529
Although microprolactinoma is found predominantly in young female patients, invasive giant prolactinoma is prevalent in young male patients (3).
[ "1", "2", "3" ]
144
42,558
1
false
Although microprolactinoma is found predominantly in young female patients, invasive giant prolactinoma is prevalent in young male patients.
[ "3" ]
Although microprolactinoma is found predominantly in young female patients, invasive giant prolactinoma is prevalent in young male patients.
true
true
true
true
true
7,375
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-17287412|pmid-15855888|pmid-9215279|pmid-3919529
Patients with giant prolactinoma usually present with symptoms or signs caused by the compression of surrounding structures by large or invasive tumors, including headache, visual disturbance, and/or diplopia.
[ "1", "2", "3" ]
209
42,559
0
false
Patients with giant prolactinoma usually present with symptoms or signs caused by the compression of surrounding structures by large or invasive tumors, including headache, visual disturbance, and/or diplopia.
[]
Patients with giant prolactinoma usually present with symptoms or signs caused by the compression of surrounding structures by large or invasive tumors, including headache, visual disturbance, and/or diplopia.
true
true
true
true
true
7,375
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-17287412|pmid-15855888|pmid-9215279|pmid-3919529
Many patients also have symptoms or signs of hypopituitarism, including hypogonadism.
[ "1", "2", "3" ]
85
42,560
0
false
Many patients also have symptoms or signs of hypopituitarism, including hypogonadism.
[]
Many patients also have symptoms or signs of hypopituitarism, including hypogonadism.
true
true
true
true
true
7,375
1
INTRODUCTION
1
4
[ "B4" ]
19,794,986
pmid-8964874|pmid-9196602|pmid-15070934|pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451|pmid-12699451|pmid-17287412
Dopamine agonists are used in the first line treatment for prolactinoma.
[ "4" ]
72
42,561
0
false
Dopamine agonists are used in the first line treatment for prolactinoma.
[]
Dopamine agonists are used in the first line treatment for prolactinoma.
true
true
true
true
true
7,376
1
INTRODUCTION
1
4
[ "B4" ]
19,794,986
pmid-8964874|pmid-9196602|pmid-15070934|pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451|pmid-12699451|pmid-17287412
Surgery is indicated for patients non-responsive or intolerant to dopamine agonists, as well as in patients with invasive macroadenomas and compromised vision who do not rapidly improve after medical treatment.
[ "4" ]
210
42,562
0
false
Surgery is indicated for patients non-responsive or intolerant to dopamine agonists, as well as in patients with invasive macroadenomas and compromised vision who do not rapidly improve after medical treatment.
[]
Surgery is indicated for patients non-responsive or intolerant to dopamine agonists, as well as in patients with invasive macroadenomas and compromised vision who do not rapidly improve after medical treatment.
true
true
true
true
true
7,376
1
INTRODUCTION
1
4
[ "B4" ]
19,794,986
pmid-8964874|pmid-9196602|pmid-15070934|pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451|pmid-12699451|pmid-17287412
Although the dopamine agonist bromocriptine has been widely used in patients with prolactinoma, the more recently developed dopamine agonist cabergoline is longer-acting and more selective for the dopamine type 2 (D2)-receptor.
[ "4" ]
227
42,563
0
false
Although the dopamine agonist bromocriptine has been widely used in patients with prolactinoma, the more recently developed dopamine agonist cabergoline is longer-acting and more selective for the dopamine type 2 (D2)-receptor.
[]
Although the dopamine agonist bromocriptine has been widely used in patients with prolactinoma, the more recently developed dopamine agonist cabergoline is longer-acting and more selective for the dopamine type 2 (D2)-receptor.
true
true
true
true
true
7,376
1
INTRODUCTION
1
4
[ "B4" ]
19,794,986
pmid-8964874|pmid-9196602|pmid-15070934|pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451|pmid-12699451|pmid-17287412
Moreover, cabergoline has been found to be more effective and better tolerated than bromocriptine in normalizing prolactin levels and shrinking tumors in both men and women (4).
[ "4" ]
177
42,564
1
false
Moreover, cabergoline has been found to be more effective and better tolerated than bromocriptine in normalizing prolactin levels and shrinking tumors in both men and women.
[ "4" ]
Moreover, cabergoline has been found to be more effective and better tolerated than bromocriptine in normalizing prolactin levels and shrinking tumors in both men and women.
true
true
true
true
true
7,376
1
INTRODUCTION
1
4
[ "B4" ]
19,794,986
pmid-8964874|pmid-9196602|pmid-15070934|pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451|pmid-12699451|pmid-17287412
Here we report 10 cases of invasive giant prolactinoma, which were successfully treated with cabergoline alone.
[ "4" ]
111
42,565
0
false
Here we report 10 cases of invasive giant prolactinoma, which were successfully treated with cabergoline alone.
[]
Here we report 10 cases of invasive giant prolactinoma, which were successfully treated with cabergoline alone.
true
true
true
true
true
7,376
0
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "B5", "B6" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-17287412|pmid-15855888|pmid-9215279|pmid-3919529
In the present study, the patients with invasive giant prolactinoma were all males.
[ "5", "6" ]
83
42,566
0
false
In the present study, the patients with invasive giant prolactinoma were all males.
[]
In the present study, the patients with invasive giant prolactinoma were all males.
true
true
true
true
true
7,377
0
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "B5", "B6" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-17287412|pmid-15855888|pmid-9215279|pmid-3919529
Prolactinomas in males are known to be more invasive and growing more rapidly (5), suggesting that male prevalence of large prolactinoma may be due to its aggressive nature, not merely due to delayed diagnosis (6).
[ "5", "6" ]
214
42,567
1
false
Prolactinomas in males are known to be more invasive and growing more rapidly, suggesting that male prevalence of large prolactinoma may be due to its aggressive nature, not merely due to delayed diagnosis.
[ "5", "6" ]
Prolactinomas in males are known to be more invasive and growing more rapidly, suggesting that male prevalence of large prolactinoma may be due to its aggressive nature, not merely due to delayed diagnosis.
true
true
true
true
true
7,377
0
DISCUSSION
1
5
[ "B5", "B6" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-17287412|pmid-15855888|pmid-9215279|pmid-3919529
The extreme aggressive type of macroprolactinoma is invasive giant prolactinoma.
[ "5", "6" ]
80
42,568
0
false
The extreme aggressive type of macroprolactinoma is invasive giant prolactinoma.
[]
The extreme aggressive type of macroprolactinoma is invasive giant prolactinoma.
true
true
true
true
true
7,377
1
DISCUSSION
1
7
[ "B7", "B8", "B2", "B9", "B9", "B2" ]
19,794,986
pmid-8964874|pmid-9196602|pmid-15070934|pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451|pmid-12699451|pmid-17287412
A previous study reported that long-term cabergoline treatment (mean duration, 15 months) in males and females with macroprolactinoma resulted in a 61% prolactin normalization rate and a 66% tumor shrinkage rate (7).
[ "7", "8", "2", "9", "9", "2" ]
216
42,569
1
false
A previous study reported that long-term cabergoline treatment (mean duration, 15 months) in males and females with macroprolactinoma resulted in a 61% prolactin normalization rate and a 66% tumor shrinkage rate.
[ "7" ]
A previous study reported that long-term cabergoline treatment (mean duration, 15 months) in males and females with macroprolactinoma resulted in a 61% prolactin normalization rate and a 66% tumor shrinkage rate.
true
true
true
true
true
7,378
1
DISCUSSION
1
8
[ "B7", "B8", "B2", "B9", "B9", "B2" ]
19,794,986
pmid-8964874|pmid-9196602|pmid-15070934|pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451|pmid-12699451|pmid-17287412
Similarly, in another study, the rate of prolactin normalization was approximately 75% in males with macroprolactinoma following 24 months of cabergoline treatment (8).
[ "7", "8", "2", "9", "9", "2" ]
168
42,570
1
false
Similarly, in another study, the rate of prolactin normalization was approximately 75% in males with macroprolactinoma following 24 months of cabergoline treatment.
[ "8" ]
Similarly, in another study, the rate of prolactin normalization was approximately 75% in males with macroprolactinoma following 24 months of cabergoline treatment.
true
true
true
true
true
7,378
1
DISCUSSION
1
7
[ "B7", "B8", "B2", "B9", "B9", "B2" ]
19,794,986
pmid-8964874|pmid-9196602|pmid-15070934|pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451|pmid-12699451|pmid-17287412
There were two previous studies showing the outcomes of cabergoline treatment in giant prolactinoma (2, 9).
[ "7", "8", "2", "9", "9", "2" ]
107
42,571
0
false
There were two previous studies showing the outcomes of cabergoline treatment in giant prolactinoma.
[ "2, 9" ]
There were two previous studies showing the outcomes of cabergoline treatment in giant prolactinoma.
true
true
true
true
true
7,378
1
DISCUSSION
1
7
[ "B7", "B8", "B2", "B9", "B9", "B2" ]
19,794,986
pmid-8964874|pmid-9196602|pmid-15070934|pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451|pmid-12699451|pmid-17287412
In one study, cabergoline treatment normalized prolactin concentrations in 5 of 10 men with giant prolactinoma.
[ "7", "8", "2", "9", "9", "2" ]
111
42,572
0
false
In one study, cabergoline treatment normalized prolactin concentrations in 5 of 10 men with giant prolactinoma.
[]
In one study, cabergoline treatment normalized prolactin concentrations in 5 of 10 men with giant prolactinoma.
true
true
true
true
true
7,378
1
DISCUSSION
1
9
[ "B7", "B8", "B2", "B9", "B9", "B2" ]
19,794,986
pmid-8964874|pmid-9196602|pmid-15070934|pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451|pmid-12699451|pmid-17287412
Furthermore, in the remaining five patients, serum prolactin levels were decreased by 94% of the pretreatment levels after a mean 39 months of cabergoline therapy (9).
[ "7", "8", "2", "9", "9", "2" ]
167
42,573
1
false
Furthermore, in the remaining five patients, serum prolactin levels were decreased by 94% of the pretreatment levels after a mean 39 months of cabergoline therapy.
[ "9" ]
Furthermore, in the remaining five patients, serum prolactin levels were decreased by 94% of the pretreatment levels after a mean 39 months of cabergoline therapy.
true
true
true
true
true
7,378
1
DISCUSSION
1
2
[ "B7", "B8", "B2", "B9", "B9", "B2" ]
19,794,986
pmid-8964874|pmid-9196602|pmid-15070934|pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451|pmid-12699451|pmid-17287412
In the other study, cabergoline treatment for 1-50 months normalized prolactin levels in eight out of ten patients with giant prolactinoma (2).
[ "7", "8", "2", "9", "9", "2" ]
143
42,574
1
false
In the other study, cabergoline treatment for 1-50 months normalized prolactin levels in eight out of ten patients with giant prolactinoma.
[ "2" ]
In the other study, cabergoline treatment for 1-50 months normalized prolactin levels in eight out of ten patients with giant prolactinoma.
true
true
true
true
true
7,378
2
DISCUSSION
1
2
[ "B2", "B9" ]
19,794,986
pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451
Consistent with the previous reports, our study showed that cabergoline induced a profound reduction (>95%) in serum prolactin levels within 3 months in 7 among 10 patients.
[ "2", "9" ]
173
42,575
0
false
Consistent with the previous reports, our study showed that cabergoline induced a profound reduction in serum prolactin levels within 3 months in 7 among 10 patients.
[ ">95%" ]
Consistent with the previous reports, our study showed that cabergoline induced a profound reduction in serum prolactin levels within 3 months in 7 among 10 patients.
true
true
true
true
true
7,379
2
DISCUSSION
1
2
[ "B2", "B9" ]
19,794,986
pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451
At last follow-up (average treatment duration, 19 months), serum prolactin levels were decreased to 2% of basal levels in all 10 patients and normalized in 5 patients.
[ "2", "9" ]
167
42,576
0
false
At last follow-up, serum prolactin levels were decreased to 2% of basal levels in all 10 patients and normalized in 5 patients.
[ "average treatment duration, 19 months" ]
At last follow-up, serum prolactin levels were decreased to 2% of basal levels in all 10 patients and normalized in 5 patients.
true
true
true
true
true
7,379
2
DISCUSSION
1
2
[ "B2", "B9" ]
19,794,986
pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451
Tumor shrinkage was significant (86% reduction) within 6 months although a further decrease (97%) in tumor size was observed after >12 months of cabergoline treatment.
[ "2", "9" ]
167
42,577
0
false
Tumor shrinkage was significant (86% reduction) within 6 months although a further decrease in tumor size was observed after >12 months of cabergoline treatment.
[ "97%" ]
Tumor shrinkage was significant (86% reduction) within 6 months although a further decrease in tumor size was observed after >12 months of cabergoline treatment.
true
true
true
true
true
7,379
2
DISCUSSION
1
2
[ "B2", "B9" ]
19,794,986
pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451
Compared to the previous reports (2, 9), our data showed that lower dose (0.5-1 mg/week) of cabergoline treatment induced more rapid decreases in both serum prolactin levels and tumor volume.
[ "2", "9" ]
191
42,578
0
false
Compared to the previous reports, our data showed that lower dose (0.5-1 mg/week) of cabergoline treatment induced more rapid decreases in both serum prolactin levels and tumor volume.
[ "2, 9" ]
Compared to the previous reports, our data showed that lower dose (0.5-1 mg/week) of cabergoline treatment induced more rapid decreases in both serum prolactin levels and tumor volume.
true
true
true
true
true
7,379
2
DISCUSSION
1
2
[ "B2", "B9" ]
19,794,986
pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451
The reason for the excellent outcome in our patients is unclear.
[ "2", "9" ]
64
42,579
0
false
The reason for the excellent outcome in our patients is unclear.
[]
The reason for the excellent outcome in our patients is unclear.
true
true
true
true
true
7,379
2
DISCUSSION
1
2
[ "B2", "B9" ]
19,794,986
pmid-17287412|pmid-12699451
However, it may result from that our study included the patients with more aggressive prolactinoma as suggested by larger tumor size and higher basal prolactin levels.
[ "2", "9" ]
167
42,580
0
false
However, it may result from that our study included the patients with more aggressive prolactinoma as suggested by larger tumor size and higher basal prolactin levels.
[]
However, it may result from that our study included the patients with more aggressive prolactinoma as suggested by larger tumor size and higher basal prolactin levels.
true
true
true
true
true
7,379
3
DISCUSSION
1
1
[ "B1", "B10", "B11", "B13" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-8736617|pmid-17623759|pmid-7054671
When we reviewed the outcome of bromocriptine treatment in giant prolactinoma, bromocriptine treatment for more than 5 yr caused an overall 99.8% decrease in prolactin levels and a mean 68% decrease in tumor volume (1).
[ "1", "10", "11", "13" ]
219
42,581
1
false
When we reviewed the outcome of bromocriptine treatment in giant prolactinoma, bromocriptine treatment for more than 5 yr caused an overall 99.8% decrease in prolactin levels and a mean 68% decrease in tumor volume.
[ "1" ]
When we reviewed the outcome of bromocriptine treatment in giant prolactinoma, bromocriptine treatment for more than 5 yr caused an overall 99.8% decrease in prolactin levels and a mean 68% decrease in tumor volume.
true
true
true
true
true
7,380
3
DISCUSSION
1
10
[ "B1", "B10", "B11", "B13" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-8736617|pmid-17623759|pmid-7054671
Although outcomes of bromocriptine treatment are comparable to those of cabergoline, some patients are intolerant to bromocriptine due to side effects such as nausea, orthostatic dizziness, fatigue and nasal congestion (10).
[ "1", "10", "11", "13" ]
224
42,582
1
false
Although outcomes of bromocriptine treatment are comparable to those of cabergoline, some patients are intolerant to bromocriptine due to side effects such as nausea, orthostatic dizziness, fatigue and nasal congestion.
[ "10" ]
Although outcomes of bromocriptine treatment are comparable to those of cabergoline, some patients are intolerant to bromocriptine due to side effects such as nausea, orthostatic dizziness, fatigue and nasal congestion.
true
true
true
true
true
7,380
3
DISCUSSION
1
1
[ "B1", "B10", "B11", "B13" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-8736617|pmid-17623759|pmid-7054671
In our study, none of the patients experienced any adverse effects during cabergoline treatment, and none experienced disturbances in the other pituitary functions or cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, a rare complication of dopamine agonist treatment (11-13).
[ "1", "10", "11", "13" ]
257
42,583
0
false
In our study, none of the patients experienced any adverse effects during cabergoline treatment, and none experienced disturbances in the other pituitary functions or cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, a rare complication of dopamine agonist treatment.
[ "11-13" ]
In our study, none of the patients experienced any adverse effects during cabergoline treatment, and none experienced disturbances in the other pituitary functions or cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, a rare complication of dopamine agonist treatment.
true
true
true
true
true
7,380
3
DISCUSSION
1
1
[ "B1", "B10", "B11", "B13" ]
19,794,986
pmid-12186457|pmid-8736617|pmid-17623759|pmid-7054671
Thus cabergoline treatment is safe and well-tolerated.
[ "1", "10", "11", "13" ]
54
42,584
0
false
Thus cabergoline treatment is safe and well-tolerated.
[]
Thus cabergoline treatment is safe and well-tolerated.
true
true
true
true
true
7,380
4
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "B14", "B15" ]
19,794,986
pmid-6866052|pmid-6361599
Complete surgical removal of giant prolactinomas via the transsphenoidal approach is very difficult because these tumors invade local surrounding structures, including the cavernous sinus and optic chiasm.
[ "14", "15" ]
205
42,585
0
false
Complete surgical removal of giant prolactinomas via the transsphenoidal approach is very difficult because these tumors invade local surrounding structures, including the cavernous sinus and optic chiasm.
[]
Complete surgical removal of giant prolactinomas via the transsphenoidal approach is very difficult because these tumors invade local surrounding structures, including the cavernous sinus and optic chiasm.
true
true
true
true
true
7,381
4
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "B14", "B15" ]
19,794,986
pmid-6866052|pmid-6361599
Therefore, the persistence and recurrence of giant prolactinoma after surgery are very high (14, 15).
[ "14", "15" ]
101
42,586
0
false
Therefore, the persistence and recurrence of giant prolactinoma after surgery are very high.
[ "14, 15" ]
Therefore, the persistence and recurrence of giant prolactinoma after surgery are very high.
true
true
true
true
true
7,381
4
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "B14", "B15" ]
19,794,986
pmid-6866052|pmid-6361599
Biochemical cure is also rare even after extensive tumor removal.
[ "14", "15" ]
65
42,587
0
false
Biochemical cure is also rare even after extensive tumor removal.
[]
Biochemical cure is also rare even after extensive tumor removal.
true
true
true
true
true
7,381
4
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "B14", "B15" ]
19,794,986
pmid-6866052|pmid-6361599
Indeed, during the same study period, nine patients were diagnosed with invasive giant prolactinoma but underwent transsphenoidal tumor resection before a referral to our department.
[ "14", "15" ]
182
42,588
0
false
Indeed, during the same study period, nine patients were diagnosed with invasive giant prolactinoma but underwent transsphenoidal tumor resection before a referral to our department.
[]
Indeed, during the same study period, nine patients were diagnosed with invasive giant prolactinoma but underwent transsphenoidal tumor resection before a referral to our department.
true
true
true
true
true
7,381
4
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "B14", "B15" ]
19,794,986
pmid-6866052|pmid-6361599
Although serum prolactin concentrations were significantly decreased by surgery (from 2,655±474 to 381±187 ng/mL), normalization of serum prolactin levels or complete tumor resection was not achieved by surgery in all patients (unpublished data), requiring additional medical treatment.
[ "14", "15" ]
286
42,589
0
false
Although serum prolactin concentrations were significantly decreased by surgery (from 2,655±474 to 381±187 ng/mL), normalization of serum prolactin levels or complete tumor resection was not achieved by surgery in all patients (unpublished data), requiring additional medical treatment.
[]
Although serum prolactin concentrations were significantly decreased by surgery, normalization of serum prolactin levels or complete tumor resection was not achieved by surgery in all patients (unpublished data), requiring additional medical treatment.
true
true
true
true
true
7,381
5
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,794,986
null
Our study has limitations; it was a retrospective and non-controlled study with small number of patients.
null
105
42,590
0
false
null
null
Our study has limitations; it was a retrospective and non-controlled study with small number of patients.
true
true
true
true
true
7,382
5
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
19,794,986
null
However, our data indicate that cabergoline treatment is a safe and effective treatment in male patients with invasive giant prolactinomas.
null
139
42,591
0
false
null
null
However, our data indicate that cabergoline treatment is a safe and effective treatment in male patients with invasive giant prolactinomas.
true
true
true
true
true
7,382
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7923361|pmid-7510950|pmid-9544425|pmid-7514592|pmid-9635855|pmid-9544421|pmid-11470739|pmid-11470739
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important bioregulatory mediator involved in a variety of processes in cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems (1).
[ "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6" ]
143
42,592
1
false
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important bioregulatory mediator involved in a variety of processes in cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems.
[ "1" ]
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important bioregulatory mediator involved in a variety of processes in cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems.
true
true
true
true
true
7,383
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7923361|pmid-7510950|pmid-9544425|pmid-7514592|pmid-9635855|pmid-9544421|pmid-11470739|pmid-11470739
It is derived from the amino acid L-arginine in a reaction catalyzed by three different isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (NOS).
[ "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6" ]
129
42,593
0
false
It is derived from the amino acid L-arginine in a reaction catalyzed by three different isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (NOS).
[]
It is derived from the amino acid L-arginine in a reaction catalyzed by three different isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (NOS).
true
true
true
true
true
7,383
0
INTRODUCTION
1
2
[ "B1", "B2", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7923361|pmid-7510950|pmid-9544425|pmid-7514592|pmid-9635855|pmid-9544421|pmid-11470739|pmid-11470739
The constitutive calcium-dependent isoforms, which are known to generate NO at low concentrations, are found in endothelial cells (eNOS) and neuronal tissue (nNOS) (2).
[ "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6" ]
168
42,594
1
false
The constitutive calcium-dependent isoforms, which are known to generate NO at low concentrations, are found in endothelial cells (eNOS) and neuronal tissue (nNOS).
[ "2" ]
The constitutive calcium-dependent isoforms, which are known to generate NO at low concentrations, are found in endothelial cells (eNOS) and neuronal tissue (nNOS).
true
true
true
true
true
7,383
0
INTRODUCTION
1
3
[ "B1", "B2", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7923361|pmid-7510950|pmid-9544425|pmid-7514592|pmid-9635855|pmid-9544421|pmid-11470739|pmid-11470739
An inducible, calcium-independent isoform (iNOS) is expressed in macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, cardiac myocytes, chondrocytes, and many other cell types (3).
[ "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6" ]
185
42,595
1
false
An inducible, calcium-independent isoform (iNOS) is expressed in macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, cardiac myocytes, chondrocytes, and many other cell types.
[ "3" ]
An inducible, calcium-independent isoform (iNOS) is expressed in macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, cardiac myocytes, chondrocytes, and many other cell types.
true
true
true
true
true
7,383
0
INTRODUCTION
1
4
[ "B1", "B2", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7923361|pmid-7510950|pmid-9544425|pmid-7514592|pmid-9635855|pmid-9544421|pmid-11470739|pmid-11470739
It is induced by cytokines and can generate locally high concentrations of NO for prolonged periods of time (4).
[ "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6" ]
112
42,596
1
false
It is induced by cytokines and can generate locally high concentrations of NO for prolonged periods of time.
[ "4" ]
It is induced by cytokines and can generate locally high concentrations of NO for prolonged periods of time.
true
true
true
true
true
7,383
0
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7923361|pmid-7510950|pmid-9544425|pmid-7514592|pmid-9635855|pmid-9544421|pmid-11470739|pmid-11470739
NO metabolites can mediate genotoxicity and influence multistage carcinogenesis by causing DNA damage through nitrosative deamination, DNA strand breakage, or DNA modification (5, 6).
[ "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6" ]
183
42,597
0
false
NO metabolites can mediate genotoxicity and influence multistage carcinogenesis by causing DNA damage through nitrosative deamination, DNA strand breakage, or DNA modification.
[ "5, 6" ]
NO metabolites can mediate genotoxicity and influence multistage carcinogenesis by causing DNA damage through nitrosative deamination, DNA strand breakage, or DNA modification.
true
true
true
true
true
7,383
1
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15", "B17", "B18", "B19" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
Several human gastrointestinal neoplasms express iNOS including gastric cancer, colonic adenomas, Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinomas, hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (7-10).
[ "7", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "17", "18", "19" ]
205
42,598
0
false
Several human gastrointestinal neoplasms express iNOS including gastric cancer, colonic adenomas, Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinomas, hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.
[ "7-10" ]
Several human gastrointestinal neoplasms express iNOS including gastric cancer, colonic adenomas, Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinomas, hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.
true
true
true
true
true
7,384
1
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15", "B17", "B18", "B19" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
In addition, iNOS expression was observed in the epithelial cells of rodent colon tumors and stromal cells beneath Barrett's metaplastic epithelium surgically induced by chronic duodenal reflux in rat (11, 12).
[ "7", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "17", "18", "19" ]
210
42,599
0
false
In addition, iNOS expression was observed in the epithelial cells of rodent colon tumors and stromal cells beneath Barrett's metaplastic epithelium surgically induced by chronic duodenal reflux in rat.
[ "11, 12" ]
In addition, iNOS expression was observed in the epithelial cells of rodent colon tumors and stromal cells beneath Barrett's metaplastic epithelium surgically induced by chronic duodenal reflux in rat.
true
true
true
true
true
7,384
1
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15", "B17", "B18", "B19" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
Reflux of duodenal contents in addition to gastric acid in human seems to contribute to the development of esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus (13, 14).
[ "7", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "17", "18", "19" ]
152
42,600
0
false
Reflux of duodenal contents in addition to gastric acid in human seems to contribute to the development of esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus.
[ "13, 14" ]
Reflux of duodenal contents in addition to gastric acid in human seems to contribute to the development of esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus.
true
true
true
true
true
7,384
1
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15", "B17", "B18", "B19" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
Experimental studies in rat have shown that chronic contact of duodenal contents per se caused squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in esophagus (15-17).
[ "7", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "17", "18", "19" ]
184
42,601
0
false
Experimental studies in rat have shown that chronic contact of duodenal contents per se caused squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in esophagus.
[ "15-17" ]
Experimental studies in rat have shown that chronic contact of duodenal contents per se caused squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in esophagus.
true
true
true
true
true
7,384
1
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15", "B17", "B18", "B19" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
However, the precise mechanism by which duodenal reflux causes esophageal injury and predisposes to neoplasia is uncertain.
[ "7", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "17", "18", "19" ]
123
42,602
0
false
However, the precise mechanism by which duodenal reflux causes esophageal injury and predisposes to neoplasia is uncertain.
[]
However, the precise mechanism by which duodenal reflux causes esophageal injury and predisposes to neoplasia is uncertain.
true
true
true
true
true
7,384
1
INTRODUCTION
1
18
[ "B7", "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15", "B17", "B18", "B19" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
We have reported that prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway has an important role in rat esophageal squamous dysplasia and glandular metaplasia induced by chronic duodenal contents reflux (18).
[ "7", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "17", "18", "19" ]
190
42,603
1
false
We have reported that prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway has an important role in rat esophageal squamous dysplasia and glandular metaplasia induced by chronic duodenal contents reflux.
[ "18" ]
We have reported that prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway has an important role in rat esophageal squamous dysplasia and glandular metaplasia induced by chronic duodenal contents reflux.
true
true
true
true
true
7,384
1
INTRODUCTION
1
19
[ "B7", "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15", "B17", "B18", "B19" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
Several studies have suggested a cross link between the iNOS and cyclooxygenase pathway (19).
[ "7", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "17", "18", "19" ]
93
42,604
1
false
Several studies have suggested a cross link between the iNOS and cyclooxygenase pathway.
[ "19" ]
Several studies have suggested a cross link between the iNOS and cyclooxygenase pathway.
true
true
true
true
true
7,384
1
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15", "B17", "B18", "B19" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
Consequently, to study iNOS expression may be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of esophageal lesions related to chronic duodenal contents reflux.
[ "7", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "17", "18", "19" ]
153
42,605
0
false
Consequently, to study iNOS expression may be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of esophageal lesions related to chronic duodenal contents reflux.
[]
Consequently, to study iNOS expression may be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of esophageal lesions related to chronic duodenal contents reflux.
true
true
true
true
true
7,384
1
INTRODUCTION
1
7
[ "B7", "B10", "B11", "B12", "B13", "B14", "B15", "B17", "B18", "B19" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
In this study, we investigated the immunolocalization and expression of iNOS in Barrett's esophagus induced by esophagoduodenal anastomosis.
[ "7", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "17", "18", "19" ]
140
42,606
0
false
In this study, we investigated the immunolocalization and expression of iNOS in Barrett's esophagus induced by esophagoduodenal anastomosis.
[]
In this study, we investigated the immunolocalization and expression of iNOS in Barrett's esophagus induced by esophagoduodenal anastomosis.
true
true
true
true
true
7,384
0
DISCUSSION
1
21
[ "B21", "B21" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7923361|pmid-7510950|pmid-9544425|pmid-7514592|pmid-9635855|pmid-9544421|pmid-11470739|pmid-11470739
Eighty six percent (25/29) of rats undergoing esophagoduodenal anastomosis have developed Barrett's esophagus, but definite adenocarcinoma did not occur.
[ "21", "21" ]
153
42,607
0
false
Eighty six percent (25/29) of rats undergoing esophagoduodenal anastomosis have developed Barrett's esophagus, but definite adenocarcinoma did not occur.
[]
Eighty six percent of rats undergoing esophagoduodenal anastomosis have developed Barrett's esophagus, but definite adenocarcinoma did not occur.
true
true
true
true
true
7,385
0
DISCUSSION
1
21
[ "B21", "B21" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7923361|pmid-7510950|pmid-9544425|pmid-7514592|pmid-9635855|pmid-9544421|pmid-11470739|pmid-11470739
This finding may be explained by the experiment of Chen and Yang (21).
[ "21", "21" ]
70
42,608
1
false
This finding may be explained by the experiment of Chen and Yang.
[ "21" ]
This finding may be explained by the experiment of Chen and Yang.
true
true
true
true
true
7,385
0
DISCUSSION
1
21
[ "B21", "B21" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7923361|pmid-7510950|pmid-9544425|pmid-7514592|pmid-9635855|pmid-9544421|pmid-11470739|pmid-11470739
They have reported that iron supplementation promoted the formation of esophageal adenocarcinoma originated from Barrett's esophagus induced by surgical techniques of esophagoduodenal or esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis (21).
[ "21", "21" ]
227
42,609
1
false
They have reported that iron supplementation promoted the formation of esophageal adenocarcinoma originated from Barrett's esophagus induced by surgical techniques of esophagoduodenal or esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis.
[ "21" ]
They have reported that iron supplementation promoted the formation of esophageal adenocarcinoma originated from Barrett's esophagus induced by surgical techniques of esophagoduodenal or esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis.
true
true
true
true
true
7,385
1
DISCUSSION
1
10
[ "B10", "B12", "B22", "B23", "B24", "B25", "B11" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
The present study demonstrates that Barrett's esophagus induced by chronic duodenal contents reflux expresses iNOS.
[ "10", "12", "22", "23", "24", "25", "11" ]
115
42,610
0
false
The present study demonstrates that Barrett's esophagus induced by chronic duodenal contents reflux expresses iNOS.
[]
The present study demonstrates that Barrett's esophagus induced by chronic duodenal contents reflux expresses iNOS.
true
true
true
true
true
7,386
1
DISCUSSION
1
10
[ "B10", "B12", "B22", "B23", "B24", "B25", "B11" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
Two previous studies reported that iNOS expression was increased in Barrett's esophagus-associated neoplastic progression in human and rat (10, 12).
[ "10", "12", "22", "23", "24", "25", "11" ]
148
42,611
0
false
Two previous studies reported that iNOS expression was increased in Barrett's esophagus-associated neoplastic progression in human and rat.
[ "10, 12" ]
Two previous studies reported that iNOS expression was increased in Barrett's esophagus-associated neoplastic progression in human and rat.
true
true
true
true
true
7,386
1
DISCUSSION
1
10
[ "B10", "B12", "B22", "B23", "B24", "B25", "B11" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
Aberrant iNOS expression may be one of the phenotypical changes in gene expression associated with carcinogenesis of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
[ "10", "12", "22", "23", "24", "25", "11" ]
143
42,612
0
false
Aberrant iNOS expression may be one of the phenotypical changes in gene expression associated with carcinogenesis of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
[]
Aberrant iNOS expression may be one of the phenotypical changes in gene expression associated with carcinogenesis of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
true
true
true
true
true
7,386
1
DISCUSSION
1
10
[ "B10", "B12", "B22", "B23", "B24", "B25", "B11" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
However, the biological significance of increased iNOS in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis is difficult to specify.
[ "10", "12", "22", "23", "24", "25", "11" ]
114
42,613
0
false
However, the biological significance of increased iNOS in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis is difficult to specify.
[]
However, the biological significance of increased iNOS in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis is difficult to specify.
true
true
true
true
true
7,386
1
DISCUSSION
1
10
[ "B10", "B12", "B22", "B23", "B24", "B25", "B11" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
It has been reported earlier that iNOS is expressed to an appreciable extent in the epithelium of the normal human colon and that levels are in fact reduced in colonic neoplasms (22, 23).
[ "10", "12", "22", "23", "24", "25", "11" ]
187
42,614
0
false
It has been reported earlier that iNOS is expressed to an appreciable extent in the epithelium of the normal human colon and that levels are in fact reduced in colonic neoplasms.
[ "22, 23" ]
It has been reported earlier that iNOS is expressed to an appreciable extent in the epithelium of the normal human colon and that levels are in fact reduced in colonic neoplasms.
true
true
true
true
true
7,386
1
DISCUSSION
1
24
[ "B10", "B12", "B22", "B23", "B24", "B25", "B11" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
A recent study demonstrated that lack of iNOS promoted intestinal tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+ mice (24).
[ "10", "12", "22", "23", "24", "25", "11" ]
106
42,615
1
false
A recent study demonstrated that lack of iNOS promoted intestinal tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+ mice.
[ "24" ]
A recent study demonstrated that lack of iNOS promoted intestinal tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+ mice.
true
true
true
true
true
7,386
1
DISCUSSION
1
25
[ "B10", "B12", "B22", "B23", "B24", "B25", "B11" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
In contrast, Ahn and Ohshima reported that administration of iNOS inhibitors resulted in significant decrease in adenoma development in the small bowel in the ApcMin/+ mice, and iNOS gene knockout ApcMin/+ mice developed fewer adenomas in both small and large bowels than in wild type mice (25).
[ "10", "12", "22", "23", "24", "25", "11" ]
295
42,616
1
false
In contrast, Ahn and Ohshima reported that administration of iNOS inhibitors resulted in significant decrease in adenoma development in the small bowel in the ApcMin/+ mice, and iNOS gene knockout ApcMin/+ mice developed fewer adenomas in both small and large bowels than in wild type mice.
[ "25" ]
In contrast, Ahn and Ohshima reported that administration of iNOS inhibitors resulted in significant decrease in adenoma development in the small bowel in the ApcMin/+ mice, and iNOS gene knockout ApcMin/+ mice developed fewer adenomas in both small and large bowels than in wild type mice.
true
true
true
true
true
7,386
1
DISCUSSION
1
10
[ "B10", "B12", "B22", "B23", "B24", "B25", "B11" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
Takahashi et al.
[ "10", "12", "22", "23", "24", "25", "11" ]
16
42,617
0
false
Takahashi et al.
[]
Takahashi et al.
true
true
true
true
true
7,386
1
DISCUSSION
1
11
[ "B10", "B12", "B22", "B23", "B24", "B25", "B11" ]
15,716,603
pmid-7525417|pmid-9679948|pmid-9102204|pmid-9744541|pmid-7574932|pmid-3395818|pmid-9395230|pmid-10910963|pmid-14684572|pmid-8804119|pmid-9679948|pmid-9744541|pmid-7525094|pmid-8640931|pmid-11606502|pmid-11731407|pmid-9102204
also found that iNOS expression was increased in rat colon tumors induced by azoxymethane (11).
[ "10", "12", "22", "23", "24", "25", "11" ]
95
42,618
1
false
also found that iNOS expression was increased in rat colon tumors induced by azoxymethane.
[ "11" ]
also found that iNOS expression was increased in rat colon tumors induced by azoxymethane.
false
true
true
true
false
7,386