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PMC1351200_F4_4408.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Renal structure of Takfiugu kidneys. A–E. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined for abundance of glomeruli. All the other species, T. niphobles, T. pardalis, T. poecilonotus, and T. porphyreus, also have glomerulous nephron (data not shown). D. Higher magnification view of the glomeruli of FW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by a box in A. E. Higher magnification views of the glomeruli of SW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by boxes in B. F–H. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with anti-Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) antibody (green) and Hoechst 33342 (red). NKA antibody strongly stained basolateral surface of proximal segment (p) and entire cell of distal segment (d). T. niphobles, T. pardalis, and T. poecilonotus showed similar result to T. rubripes (data not shown). I–J. Frozen sections of the kidneys of T. obscurus were stained with anti-NKA antibody (red) and Alaxa Fluor 488-labeled phalloidin (green). Phalloidin binds to actin filaments, and strongly stains a well-developed apical brush border of proximal segments. I. Proximal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. J. Distal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. All scale bars represent 50 μm. |
PMC1351200_F4_4409.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Renal structure of Takfiugu kidneys. A–E. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined for abundance of glomeruli. All the other species, T. niphobles, T. pardalis, T. poecilonotus, and T. porphyreus, also have glomerulous nephron (data not shown). D. Higher magnification view of the glomeruli of FW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by a box in A. E. Higher magnification views of the glomeruli of SW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by boxes in B. F–H. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with anti-Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) antibody (green) and Hoechst 33342 (red). NKA antibody strongly stained basolateral surface of proximal segment (p) and entire cell of distal segment (d). T. niphobles, T. pardalis, and T. poecilonotus showed similar result to T. rubripes (data not shown). I–J. Frozen sections of the kidneys of T. obscurus were stained with anti-NKA antibody (red) and Alaxa Fluor 488-labeled phalloidin (green). Phalloidin binds to actin filaments, and strongly stains a well-developed apical brush border of proximal segments. I. Proximal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. J. Distal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. All scale bars represent 50 μm. |
PMC1351200_F4_4415.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Renal structure of Takfiugu kidneys. A–E. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined for abundance of glomeruli. All the other species, T. niphobles, T. pardalis, T. poecilonotus, and T. porphyreus, also have glomerulous nephron (data not shown). D. Higher magnification view of the glomeruli of FW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by a box in A. E. Higher magnification views of the glomeruli of SW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by boxes in B. F–H. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with anti-Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) antibody (green) and Hoechst 33342 (red). NKA antibody strongly stained basolateral surface of proximal segment (p) and entire cell of distal segment (d). T. niphobles, T. pardalis, and T. poecilonotus showed similar result to T. rubripes (data not shown). I–J. Frozen sections of the kidneys of T. obscurus were stained with anti-NKA antibody (red) and Alaxa Fluor 488-labeled phalloidin (green). Phalloidin binds to actin filaments, and strongly stains a well-developed apical brush border of proximal segments. I. Proximal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. J. Distal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. All scale bars represent 50 μm. |
PMC1351200_F4_4412.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Renal structure of Takfiugu kidneys. A–E. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined for abundance of glomeruli. All the other species, T. niphobles, T. pardalis, T. poecilonotus, and T. porphyreus, also have glomerulous nephron (data not shown). D. Higher magnification view of the glomeruli of FW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by a box in A. E. Higher magnification views of the glomeruli of SW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by boxes in B. F–H. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with anti-Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) antibody (green) and Hoechst 33342 (red). NKA antibody strongly stained basolateral surface of proximal segment (p) and entire cell of distal segment (d). T. niphobles, T. pardalis, and T. poecilonotus showed similar result to T. rubripes (data not shown). I–J. Frozen sections of the kidneys of T. obscurus were stained with anti-NKA antibody (red) and Alaxa Fluor 488-labeled phalloidin (green). Phalloidin binds to actin filaments, and strongly stains a well-developed apical brush border of proximal segments. I. Proximal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. J. Distal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. All scale bars represent 50 μm. |
PMC1351200_F4_4411.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Renal structure of Takfiugu kidneys. A–E. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined for abundance of glomeruli. All the other species, T. niphobles, T. pardalis, T. poecilonotus, and T. porphyreus, also have glomerulous nephron (data not shown). D. Higher magnification view of the glomeruli of FW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by a box in A. E. Higher magnification views of the glomeruli of SW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by boxes in B. F–H. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with anti-Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) antibody (green) and Hoechst 33342 (red). NKA antibody strongly stained basolateral surface of proximal segment (p) and entire cell of distal segment (d). T. niphobles, T. pardalis, and T. poecilonotus showed similar result to T. rubripes (data not shown). I–J. Frozen sections of the kidneys of T. obscurus were stained with anti-NKA antibody (red) and Alaxa Fluor 488-labeled phalloidin (green). Phalloidin binds to actin filaments, and strongly stains a well-developed apical brush border of proximal segments. I. Proximal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. J. Distal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. All scale bars represent 50 μm. |
PMC1351200_F4_4417.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Renal structure of Takfiugu kidneys. A–E. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined for abundance of glomeruli. All the other species, T. niphobles, T. pardalis, T. poecilonotus, and T. porphyreus, also have glomerulous nephron (data not shown). D. Higher magnification view of the glomeruli of FW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by a box in A. E. Higher magnification views of the glomeruli of SW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by boxes in B. F–H. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with anti-Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) antibody (green) and Hoechst 33342 (red). NKA antibody strongly stained basolateral surface of proximal segment (p) and entire cell of distal segment (d). T. niphobles, T. pardalis, and T. poecilonotus showed similar result to T. rubripes (data not shown). I–J. Frozen sections of the kidneys of T. obscurus were stained with anti-NKA antibody (red) and Alaxa Fluor 488-labeled phalloidin (green). Phalloidin binds to actin filaments, and strongly stains a well-developed apical brush border of proximal segments. I. Proximal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. J. Distal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. All scale bars represent 50 μm. |
PMC1351200_F4_4416.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Renal structure of Takfiugu kidneys. A–E. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined for abundance of glomeruli. All the other species, T. niphobles, T. pardalis, T. poecilonotus, and T. porphyreus, also have glomerulous nephron (data not shown). D. Higher magnification view of the glomeruli of FW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by a box in A. E. Higher magnification views of the glomeruli of SW-acclimated T. obscurus indicated by boxes in B. F–H. Paraffin-embedded sections of the kidneys of indicated Takifugu species were stained with anti-Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) antibody (green) and Hoechst 33342 (red). NKA antibody strongly stained basolateral surface of proximal segment (p) and entire cell of distal segment (d). T. niphobles, T. pardalis, and T. poecilonotus showed similar result to T. rubripes (data not shown). I–J. Frozen sections of the kidneys of T. obscurus were stained with anti-NKA antibody (red) and Alaxa Fluor 488-labeled phalloidin (green). Phalloidin binds to actin filaments, and strongly stains a well-developed apical brush border of proximal segments. I. Proximal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. J. Distal segment of the nephron of T. obscurus. All scale bars represent 50 μm. |
PMC1352350_F2_4419.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | In situ hybridization of BAC clones to the short arm of Hessian fly polytene chromosome X2. (A) BAC clone Mde44o9 (STS 233) green fluorescence and BAC clone 37L3 (STS 134) red fluorescence. (B) Overlapping BAC clones Hf15k1 and Hf15k2 (STS 291); overlapping green and red fluorescence appears yellow. |
PMC1352350_F2_4420.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | In situ hybridization of BAC clones to the short arm of Hessian fly polytene chromosome X2. (A) BAC clone Mde44o9 (STS 233) green fluorescence and BAC clone 37L3 (STS 134) red fluorescence. (B) Overlapping BAC clones Hf15k1 and Hf15k2 (STS 291); overlapping green and red fluorescence appears yellow. |
PMC1352354_F3_4426.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Functional expression and subcellular localisation of AKT1 and KAT1 channels in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. (A) and (C) Typical recordings of the whole-cell inward and outward K+ currents in patch-clamped tobacco mesophyll protoplasts respectively transformed with AKT1-carrying and KAT1-carrying pFunct+Tag vectors. The voltage steps ranged from -200 mV to +100 mV in 20 mV increments. The holding potential was 0 mV and -40 mV respectively for AKT1 and KAT1 expressing protoplasts. The symbol above the records in a and c indicates the time of "steady-state" current sampling. (B) and (D) Current-voltage relationships at steady state in control tobacco mesophyll protoplasts (closed circles in both B and D) and in AKT1-expressing (open squares in B) and KAT1-expressing (open circles in d) ones (means ± SE; n = 16 for AKT1, n = 13 for KAT1). (E, F) Confocal microscopy sections of protoplasts transformed with AKT1-carrying (E) and KAT1-carrying (F) pLoc vectors. The left panels display protoplast sections analysed for the GFP fluorescence, the middle panels the same sections analysed for chloroplast auto-fluorescence and FM4-64 fluorescence and the right panels the overlay of the two former panels with the transmission light image from the same protoplast section. FM4-64 was 50 μM in both (E) and (F) and was incubated for 10 min on ice in (E) and for 40 min at room temperature in (F). Some places where GFP and FM4-64 fluorescence co-localises are marked by white arrows in (F). Scale bar = 20 μm. |
PMC1352354_F3_4425.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Functional expression and subcellular localisation of AKT1 and KAT1 channels in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. (A) and (C) Typical recordings of the whole-cell inward and outward K+ currents in patch-clamped tobacco mesophyll protoplasts respectively transformed with AKT1-carrying and KAT1-carrying pFunct+Tag vectors. The voltage steps ranged from -200 mV to +100 mV in 20 mV increments. The holding potential was 0 mV and -40 mV respectively for AKT1 and KAT1 expressing protoplasts. The symbol above the records in a and c indicates the time of "steady-state" current sampling. (B) and (D) Current-voltage relationships at steady state in control tobacco mesophyll protoplasts (closed circles in both B and D) and in AKT1-expressing (open squares in B) and KAT1-expressing (open circles in d) ones (means ± SE; n = 16 for AKT1, n = 13 for KAT1). (E, F) Confocal microscopy sections of protoplasts transformed with AKT1-carrying (E) and KAT1-carrying (F) pLoc vectors. The left panels display protoplast sections analysed for the GFP fluorescence, the middle panels the same sections analysed for chloroplast auto-fluorescence and FM4-64 fluorescence and the right panels the overlay of the two former panels with the transmission light image from the same protoplast section. FM4-64 was 50 μM in both (E) and (F) and was incubated for 10 min on ice in (E) and for 40 min at room temperature in (F). Some places where GFP and FM4-64 fluorescence co-localises are marked by white arrows in (F). Scale bar = 20 μm. |
PMC1352354_F3_4424.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Functional expression and subcellular localisation of AKT1 and KAT1 channels in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. (A) and (C) Typical recordings of the whole-cell inward and outward K+ currents in patch-clamped tobacco mesophyll protoplasts respectively transformed with AKT1-carrying and KAT1-carrying pFunct+Tag vectors. The voltage steps ranged from -200 mV to +100 mV in 20 mV increments. The holding potential was 0 mV and -40 mV respectively for AKT1 and KAT1 expressing protoplasts. The symbol above the records in a and c indicates the time of "steady-state" current sampling. (B) and (D) Current-voltage relationships at steady state in control tobacco mesophyll protoplasts (closed circles in both B and D) and in AKT1-expressing (open squares in B) and KAT1-expressing (open circles in d) ones (means ± SE; n = 16 for AKT1, n = 13 for KAT1). (E, F) Confocal microscopy sections of protoplasts transformed with AKT1-carrying (E) and KAT1-carrying (F) pLoc vectors. The left panels display protoplast sections analysed for the GFP fluorescence, the middle panels the same sections analysed for chloroplast auto-fluorescence and FM4-64 fluorescence and the right panels the overlay of the two former panels with the transmission light image from the same protoplast section. FM4-64 was 50 μM in both (E) and (F) and was incubated for 10 min on ice in (E) and for 40 min at room temperature in (F). Some places where GFP and FM4-64 fluorescence co-localises are marked by white arrows in (F). Scale bar = 20 μm. |
PMC1352354_F3_4423.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Functional expression and subcellular localisation of AKT1 and KAT1 channels in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. (A) and (C) Typical recordings of the whole-cell inward and outward K+ currents in patch-clamped tobacco mesophyll protoplasts respectively transformed with AKT1-carrying and KAT1-carrying pFunct+Tag vectors. The voltage steps ranged from -200 mV to +100 mV in 20 mV increments. The holding potential was 0 mV and -40 mV respectively for AKT1 and KAT1 expressing protoplasts. The symbol above the records in a and c indicates the time of "steady-state" current sampling. (B) and (D) Current-voltage relationships at steady state in control tobacco mesophyll protoplasts (closed circles in both B and D) and in AKT1-expressing (open squares in B) and KAT1-expressing (open circles in d) ones (means ± SE; n = 16 for AKT1, n = 13 for KAT1). (E, F) Confocal microscopy sections of protoplasts transformed with AKT1-carrying (E) and KAT1-carrying (F) pLoc vectors. The left panels display protoplast sections analysed for the GFP fluorescence, the middle panels the same sections analysed for chloroplast auto-fluorescence and FM4-64 fluorescence and the right panels the overlay of the two former panels with the transmission light image from the same protoplast section. FM4-64 was 50 μM in both (E) and (F) and was incubated for 10 min on ice in (E) and for 40 min at room temperature in (F). Some places where GFP and FM4-64 fluorescence co-localises are marked by white arrows in (F). Scale bar = 20 μm. |
PMC1352363_F4_4434.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | (a) Calibrated prototype just before the measurements of corneal transmittance; (b) The corneoscleral ring in the storage chamber to be placed in the system after adjusting the 100 % baseline; (c) Technician operating the system; (d) Result of the transmission obtained for the examined cornea. |
PMC1352363_F4_4432.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | (a) Calibrated prototype just before the measurements of corneal transmittance; (b) The corneoscleral ring in the storage chamber to be placed in the system after adjusting the 100 % baseline; (c) Technician operating the system; (d) Result of the transmission obtained for the examined cornea. |
PMC1359072_pgen-0020012-g002_4436.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Progression from Early to Late Pachytene Is Delayed in X Asynapsis Mutants(A) Gonads imaged at 100× and composited. Top: N2; bottom: him-8(mn253). The three yellow lines demarcate a rough separation of the gonad into four sections from left to right: premeiotic, transition zone, early pachytene, and late pachytene. Although each zone contains mainly nuclei of one meiotic substage, the transitions are not completely abrupt, necessitating counting of all nuclei in the gonad to obtain accurate staging. The him-8 gonad contains a higher proportion of early pachytene nuclei, and a lower proportion of late pachytene nuclei, than the N2 gonad. Inset: synapsis is complete between autosomes in the early pachytene region in him-8 gonads, whereas X chromosomes do not synapse (chromosomes, stained with DAPI, are displayed in red; the central element protein SYP-1, detected with immunofluorescence, is displayed in green; arrowheads mark the pycnotic X chromosomes which do exhibit SYP-1 staining.) Right: graph displaying raw numbers of nuclei at each substage for N2 and him-8 gonads. Total numbers of nuclei are displayed for four (N2) or five (him-8) gonads. P, premeiotic; TZ, transition zone; EP, early pachytene, LP, late pachytene.(B) High-magnification view of transitions between meiotic prophase substages. Nuclei are tinted to highlight the classification of stage: green, transition zone nuclei; orange, early pachytene; blue, late pachytene. Arrowheads indicate exemplars of each stage, also shown from left to right in the inset (upper right).Scale bar, 50 μm. |
PMC1359072_pgen-0020012-g002_4435.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Progression from Early to Late Pachytene Is Delayed in X Asynapsis Mutants(A) Gonads imaged at 100× and composited. Top: N2; bottom: him-8(mn253). The three yellow lines demarcate a rough separation of the gonad into four sections from left to right: premeiotic, transition zone, early pachytene, and late pachytene. Although each zone contains mainly nuclei of one meiotic substage, the transitions are not completely abrupt, necessitating counting of all nuclei in the gonad to obtain accurate staging. The him-8 gonad contains a higher proportion of early pachytene nuclei, and a lower proportion of late pachytene nuclei, than the N2 gonad. Inset: synapsis is complete between autosomes in the early pachytene region in him-8 gonads, whereas X chromosomes do not synapse (chromosomes, stained with DAPI, are displayed in red; the central element protein SYP-1, detected with immunofluorescence, is displayed in green; arrowheads mark the pycnotic X chromosomes which do exhibit SYP-1 staining.) Right: graph displaying raw numbers of nuclei at each substage for N2 and him-8 gonads. Total numbers of nuclei are displayed for four (N2) or five (him-8) gonads. P, premeiotic; TZ, transition zone; EP, early pachytene, LP, late pachytene.(B) High-magnification view of transitions between meiotic prophase substages. Nuclei are tinted to highlight the classification of stage: green, transition zone nuclei; orange, early pachytene; blue, late pachytene. Arrowheads indicate exemplars of each stage, also shown from left to right in the inset (upper right).Scale bar, 50 μm. |
PMC1359073_pgen-0020005-g006_4440.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Increasing the Levels of the DCC Increases Recruitment to Low-Affinity Binding FragmentsPolytene chromosomes showing FISH signals (top panels, green) and anti-MSL1 staining (red) in the genetic backgrounds indicated. Arrows indicate the position of the inserts and arrowheads indicate autosomal sites of DCC binding in the MSL1 and MSL2 over-expression background. Recruitment of the DCC to the DBF11-85D insert is enhanced when the levels of DCC are increased by over-expression of MSL1 and MSL2 compared to wild-type males. The DBF3-96B insert does not recruit the DCC in wild-type males, but recruitment can be seen when MSL1 and MSL2 are over-expressed. |
PMC1359073_pgen-0020005-g006_4438.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Increasing the Levels of the DCC Increases Recruitment to Low-Affinity Binding FragmentsPolytene chromosomes showing FISH signals (top panels, green) and anti-MSL1 staining (red) in the genetic backgrounds indicated. Arrows indicate the position of the inserts and arrowheads indicate autosomal sites of DCC binding in the MSL1 and MSL2 over-expression background. Recruitment of the DCC to the DBF11-85D insert is enhanced when the levels of DCC are increased by over-expression of MSL1 and MSL2 compared to wild-type males. The DBF3-96B insert does not recruit the DCC in wild-type males, but recruitment can be seen when MSL1 and MSL2 are over-expressed. |
PMC1360059_F1_4446.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Example showing scans of a patient with MAA uptake described as "hot". |
PMC1360059_F1_4445.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Example showing scans of a patient with MAA uptake described as "hot". |
PMC1360059_F2_4448.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Example showing scans of a patient with MAA uptake described as "equivocal". |
PMC1360059_F2_4447.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Example showing scans of a patient with MAA uptake described as "equivocal". |
PMC1360059_F3_4450.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Example showing scans of a patient with MAA uptake described as "cold". |
PMC1360059_F3_4449.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Example showing scans of a patient with MAA uptake described as "cold". |
PMC1360068_F4_4451.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Confocal scanning laser micrographs of GFP fluorescence of transformed Lactobacillus delbrueckii. (A – C) Genetically transformed lactobacillus with plasmid pLBS-GFP-EmR, and (D – F) control cells. Bacteria were grown overnight, washed, killed with sodium azide, and photographed under a laser scanning microscope (LSM) at scale of 54,8 × 54,8 μm. (C) Represents merged images of (A,B), and (F) represents merged images of (D,E). |
PMC1360068_F4_4456.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Confocal scanning laser micrographs of GFP fluorescence of transformed Lactobacillus delbrueckii. (A – C) Genetically transformed lactobacillus with plasmid pLBS-GFP-EmR, and (D – F) control cells. Bacteria were grown overnight, washed, killed with sodium azide, and photographed under a laser scanning microscope (LSM) at scale of 54,8 × 54,8 μm. (C) Represents merged images of (A,B), and (F) represents merged images of (D,E). |
PMC1360068_F4_4452.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Confocal scanning laser micrographs of GFP fluorescence of transformed Lactobacillus delbrueckii. (A – C) Genetically transformed lactobacillus with plasmid pLBS-GFP-EmR, and (D – F) control cells. Bacteria were grown overnight, washed, killed with sodium azide, and photographed under a laser scanning microscope (LSM) at scale of 54,8 × 54,8 μm. (C) Represents merged images of (A,B), and (F) represents merged images of (D,E). |
PMC1360068_F4_4455.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Confocal scanning laser micrographs of GFP fluorescence of transformed Lactobacillus delbrueckii. (A – C) Genetically transformed lactobacillus with plasmid pLBS-GFP-EmR, and (D – F) control cells. Bacteria were grown overnight, washed, killed with sodium azide, and photographed under a laser scanning microscope (LSM) at scale of 54,8 × 54,8 μm. (C) Represents merged images of (A,B), and (F) represents merged images of (D,E). |
PMC1360068_F4_4454.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Confocal scanning laser micrographs of GFP fluorescence of transformed Lactobacillus delbrueckii. (A – C) Genetically transformed lactobacillus with plasmid pLBS-GFP-EmR, and (D – F) control cells. Bacteria were grown overnight, washed, killed with sodium azide, and photographed under a laser scanning microscope (LSM) at scale of 54,8 × 54,8 μm. (C) Represents merged images of (A,B), and (F) represents merged images of (D,E). |
PMC1360086_F1_4458.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | A. Radiographs of treated and untreated LuCaP 23.1 bone tumors. Extensive new bone formation stimulated by LuCaP 23.1 is visible in the control tibiae. Although substantial bone formation is also visible with ZOL and ZOL + docetaxel, these tibiae exhibit decreased periosteal activity compared to the control and docetaxel-treated tibiae. B.-E. Histological appearance of treated and untreated LuCaP 23.1 bone tumors. Sections stained with Goldner reagent show marrow or tumored areas in pink and bone in green. The growth plate is marked with the letter G. The ZOL- (C) and ZOL + docetaxel-treated groups (E) exhibit substantial increases in bone volume and decreases in tumor volume compared to the control (B) and docetaxel-treated (D) groups. F. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements at sacrifice. BMD was measured for the non-tumored and tumored legs of all four treatment groups. BMD was higher in tumored tibiae than in non-tumored tibiae, but there were no significant differences among the four treatment groups. |
PMC1360086_F1_4459.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | A. Radiographs of treated and untreated LuCaP 23.1 bone tumors. Extensive new bone formation stimulated by LuCaP 23.1 is visible in the control tibiae. Although substantial bone formation is also visible with ZOL and ZOL + docetaxel, these tibiae exhibit decreased periosteal activity compared to the control and docetaxel-treated tibiae. B.-E. Histological appearance of treated and untreated LuCaP 23.1 bone tumors. Sections stained with Goldner reagent show marrow or tumored areas in pink and bone in green. The growth plate is marked with the letter G. The ZOL- (C) and ZOL + docetaxel-treated groups (E) exhibit substantial increases in bone volume and decreases in tumor volume compared to the control (B) and docetaxel-treated (D) groups. F. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements at sacrifice. BMD was measured for the non-tumored and tumored legs of all four treatment groups. BMD was higher in tumored tibiae than in non-tumored tibiae, but there were no significant differences among the four treatment groups. |
PMC1360086_F1_4460.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | A. Radiographs of treated and untreated LuCaP 23.1 bone tumors. Extensive new bone formation stimulated by LuCaP 23.1 is visible in the control tibiae. Although substantial bone formation is also visible with ZOL and ZOL + docetaxel, these tibiae exhibit decreased periosteal activity compared to the control and docetaxel-treated tibiae. B.-E. Histological appearance of treated and untreated LuCaP 23.1 bone tumors. Sections stained with Goldner reagent show marrow or tumored areas in pink and bone in green. The growth plate is marked with the letter G. The ZOL- (C) and ZOL + docetaxel-treated groups (E) exhibit substantial increases in bone volume and decreases in tumor volume compared to the control (B) and docetaxel-treated (D) groups. F. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements at sacrifice. BMD was measured for the non-tumored and tumored legs of all four treatment groups. BMD was higher in tumored tibiae than in non-tumored tibiae, but there were no significant differences among the four treatment groups. |
PMC1360086_F1_4461.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | A. Radiographs of treated and untreated LuCaP 23.1 bone tumors. Extensive new bone formation stimulated by LuCaP 23.1 is visible in the control tibiae. Although substantial bone formation is also visible with ZOL and ZOL + docetaxel, these tibiae exhibit decreased periosteal activity compared to the control and docetaxel-treated tibiae. B.-E. Histological appearance of treated and untreated LuCaP 23.1 bone tumors. Sections stained with Goldner reagent show marrow or tumored areas in pink and bone in green. The growth plate is marked with the letter G. The ZOL- (C) and ZOL + docetaxel-treated groups (E) exhibit substantial increases in bone volume and decreases in tumor volume compared to the control (B) and docetaxel-treated (D) groups. F. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements at sacrifice. BMD was measured for the non-tumored and tumored legs of all four treatment groups. BMD was higher in tumored tibiae than in non-tumored tibiae, but there were no significant differences among the four treatment groups. |
PMC1360086_F1_4462.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | A. Radiographs of treated and untreated LuCaP 23.1 bone tumors. Extensive new bone formation stimulated by LuCaP 23.1 is visible in the control tibiae. Although substantial bone formation is also visible with ZOL and ZOL + docetaxel, these tibiae exhibit decreased periosteal activity compared to the control and docetaxel-treated tibiae. B.-E. Histological appearance of treated and untreated LuCaP 23.1 bone tumors. Sections stained with Goldner reagent show marrow or tumored areas in pink and bone in green. The growth plate is marked with the letter G. The ZOL- (C) and ZOL + docetaxel-treated groups (E) exhibit substantial increases in bone volume and decreases in tumor volume compared to the control (B) and docetaxel-treated (D) groups. F. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements at sacrifice. BMD was measured for the non-tumored and tumored legs of all four treatment groups. BMD was higher in tumored tibiae than in non-tumored tibiae, but there were no significant differences among the four treatment groups. |
PMC1360092_F7_4463.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | C/EBPbeta-2 overexpression disrupts three-dimensional acinar structure of MCF10A cells. MCF10A cells were infected with LZRS-GFP (A & B) or LZRS-His-C/EBPbeta-2-IRES-GFP virus (C & D), overlayed atop a layer of matrigel, and allowed to grow. After 19 days in culture, cells were fixed and stained with ethidium homodimer dye (A & C) to visualize nuclei (shown in red) or Alexa 594 cojugated phalloidin dye (B & D) to visualize f-actin distribution (shown in red). The GFP expression (shown in green) indicates infected cells (A–D). Images were analyzed by confocal microscopy and represent the equitorial cross sections of the acini. Bars represent 22.5 microns. |
PMC1360092_F7_4464.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | C/EBPbeta-2 overexpression disrupts three-dimensional acinar structure of MCF10A cells. MCF10A cells were infected with LZRS-GFP (A & B) or LZRS-His-C/EBPbeta-2-IRES-GFP virus (C & D), overlayed atop a layer of matrigel, and allowed to grow. After 19 days in culture, cells were fixed and stained with ethidium homodimer dye (A & C) to visualize nuclei (shown in red) or Alexa 594 cojugated phalloidin dye (B & D) to visualize f-actin distribution (shown in red). The GFP expression (shown in green) indicates infected cells (A–D). Images were analyzed by confocal microscopy and represent the equitorial cross sections of the acini. Bars represent 22.5 microns. |
PMC1360092_F7_4466.jpg | What is shown in this image? | C/EBPbeta-2 overexpression disrupts three-dimensional acinar structure of MCF10A cells. MCF10A cells were infected with LZRS-GFP (A & B) or LZRS-His-C/EBPbeta-2-IRES-GFP virus (C & D), overlayed atop a layer of matrigel, and allowed to grow. After 19 days in culture, cells were fixed and stained with ethidium homodimer dye (A & C) to visualize nuclei (shown in red) or Alexa 594 cojugated phalloidin dye (B & D) to visualize f-actin distribution (shown in red). The GFP expression (shown in green) indicates infected cells (A–D). Images were analyzed by confocal microscopy and represent the equitorial cross sections of the acini. Bars represent 22.5 microns. |
PMC1360092_F7_4465.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | C/EBPbeta-2 overexpression disrupts three-dimensional acinar structure of MCF10A cells. MCF10A cells were infected with LZRS-GFP (A & B) or LZRS-His-C/EBPbeta-2-IRES-GFP virus (C & D), overlayed atop a layer of matrigel, and allowed to grow. After 19 days in culture, cells were fixed and stained with ethidium homodimer dye (A & C) to visualize nuclei (shown in red) or Alexa 594 cojugated phalloidin dye (B & D) to visualize f-actin distribution (shown in red). The GFP expression (shown in green) indicates infected cells (A–D). Images were analyzed by confocal microscopy and represent the equitorial cross sections of the acini. Bars represent 22.5 microns. |
PMC1361773_F1_4467.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Celiac angiography from case 5 shows a smooth saccular outpouching at the distal gastroduodenal artery, compatible with a pseudoaneurysm. |
PMC1361788_F1_4477.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | TIRF-M images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (19 cells), + Homer 1a (5), + Homer 1b (6), + Homer 1c (9), + Homer 2b (8), + Homer 3 (10). |
PMC1361788_F1_4470.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | TIRF-M images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (19 cells), + Homer 1a (5), + Homer 1b (6), + Homer 1c (9), + Homer 2b (8), + Homer 3 (10). |
PMC1361788_F1_4473.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | TIRF-M images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (19 cells), + Homer 1a (5), + Homer 1b (6), + Homer 1c (9), + Homer 2b (8), + Homer 3 (10). |
PMC1361788_F1_4468.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | TIRF-M images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (19 cells), + Homer 1a (5), + Homer 1b (6), + Homer 1c (9), + Homer 2b (8), + Homer 3 (10). |
PMC1361788_F1_4472.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | TIRF-M images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (19 cells), + Homer 1a (5), + Homer 1b (6), + Homer 1c (9), + Homer 2b (8), + Homer 3 (10). |
PMC1361788_F1_4478.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | TIRF-M images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (19 cells), + Homer 1a (5), + Homer 1b (6), + Homer 1c (9), + Homer 2b (8), + Homer 3 (10). |
PMC1361788_F1_4471.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | TIRF-M images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (19 cells), + Homer 1a (5), + Homer 1b (6), + Homer 1c (9), + Homer 2b (8), + Homer 3 (10). |
PMC1361788_F3_4486.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Confocal images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (26 cells), + Homer 1a (9), + Homer 1b (12), + Homer 1c (12), + Homer 2b (34), + Homer 3 (7). |
PMC1361788_F3_4481.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Confocal images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (26 cells), + Homer 1a (9), + Homer 1b (12), + Homer 1c (12), + Homer 2b (34), + Homer 3 (7). |
PMC1361788_F3_4491.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Confocal images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (26 cells), + Homer 1a (9), + Homer 1b (12), + Homer 1c (12), + Homer 2b (34), + Homer 3 (7). |
PMC1361788_F3_4480.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Confocal images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (26 cells), + Homer 1a (9), + Homer 1b (12), + Homer 1c (12), + Homer 2b (34), + Homer 3 (7). |
PMC1361788_F3_4487.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Confocal images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (26 cells), + Homer 1a (9), + Homer 1b (12), + Homer 1c (12), + Homer 2b (34), + Homer 3 (7). |
PMC1361788_F3_4490.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Confocal images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (26 cells), + Homer 1a (9), + Homer 1b (12), + Homer 1c (12), + Homer 2b (34), + Homer 3 (7). |
PMC1361788_F3_4492.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Confocal images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (26 cells), + Homer 1a (9), + Homer 1b (12), + Homer 1c (12), + Homer 2b (34), + Homer 3 (7). |
PMC1361788_F3_4484.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Confocal images of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence in SCG neurons expressing the receptor alone, "mGluR1-GFP", or with co-expression of the indicated Homer protein. Two representative neurons from each group are shown. The total number of neurons examined for each group were: mGluR1-GFP (26 cells), + Homer 1a (9), + Homer 1b (12), + Homer 1c (12), + Homer 2b (34), + Homer 3 (7). |
PMC1361793_F5_4497.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Temperature effects were also seen when poly-APS was used for intracellular delivery of lucifer yellow. In the absence of poly-APS no intracellular uptake of lucifer yellow was observed over a 3 h incubation period. After incubation with poly-APS and lucifer yellow (1 mM) for 3 h at 21°C a few individual cells were loaded (A), but after incubation at 7°C almost all cells are filled with lucifer yellow (B). Lipofectamine and LipoGen did not deliver lucifer yellow efficiently. Merged transmission and fluorescence images show that a very modest amount of fluorescence was observed after incubation with lipofectamine and lucifer yellow (1 mM) for 3 h at 21°C (C) and no cells were loaded at 7°C (D). Similarly, with LipoGen, little fluorescence was seen after incubation at 21°C (E) and no cells were loaded at 7°C (F). |
PMC1361793_F5_4498.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Temperature effects were also seen when poly-APS was used for intracellular delivery of lucifer yellow. In the absence of poly-APS no intracellular uptake of lucifer yellow was observed over a 3 h incubation period. After incubation with poly-APS and lucifer yellow (1 mM) for 3 h at 21°C a few individual cells were loaded (A), but after incubation at 7°C almost all cells are filled with lucifer yellow (B). Lipofectamine and LipoGen did not deliver lucifer yellow efficiently. Merged transmission and fluorescence images show that a very modest amount of fluorescence was observed after incubation with lipofectamine and lucifer yellow (1 mM) for 3 h at 21°C (C) and no cells were loaded at 7°C (D). Similarly, with LipoGen, little fluorescence was seen after incubation at 21°C (E) and no cells were loaded at 7°C (F). |
PMC1361793_F5_4496.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Temperature effects were also seen when poly-APS was used for intracellular delivery of lucifer yellow. In the absence of poly-APS no intracellular uptake of lucifer yellow was observed over a 3 h incubation period. After incubation with poly-APS and lucifer yellow (1 mM) for 3 h at 21°C a few individual cells were loaded (A), but after incubation at 7°C almost all cells are filled with lucifer yellow (B). Lipofectamine and LipoGen did not deliver lucifer yellow efficiently. Merged transmission and fluorescence images show that a very modest amount of fluorescence was observed after incubation with lipofectamine and lucifer yellow (1 mM) for 3 h at 21°C (C) and no cells were loaded at 7°C (D). Similarly, with LipoGen, little fluorescence was seen after incubation at 21°C (E) and no cells were loaded at 7°C (F). |
PMC1363353_F6_4507.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Comparison of HDGF and HRP-3 expression. Antibodies against HDGF (A) or HRP-3 (B) were used to detect both proteins in the hippocampus of an adult mouse. Comparison of the double immunfluorescence demonstrates the lack of expression of HRP-3 in cells covering the ventricel wall of the hippocampal region (C, arrow), whereas HDGF is clearly expressed in this cell type. In contrast, hippocampal neurons coexpress both family members, but whereas HDGF is found to a similar extent in all neurons of the hippocampal formation (A), neurons of the dentate gyrus show only weak expression of HRP-3 when compared to the rest of the hippocampus (B). Higher magnification of this region demonstrates the existence of cells predominantly expressing HRP-3 (D, arrowheads) as well as a cell layer only positive for HDGF (D, arrows). CA: cornu ammonis; Sub: subiculum; DG: dentate gyrus; Bar in C is 80 μm; bar in D is 40 μm. |
PMC1363353_F6_4508.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Comparison of HDGF and HRP-3 expression. Antibodies against HDGF (A) or HRP-3 (B) were used to detect both proteins in the hippocampus of an adult mouse. Comparison of the double immunfluorescence demonstrates the lack of expression of HRP-3 in cells covering the ventricel wall of the hippocampal region (C, arrow), whereas HDGF is clearly expressed in this cell type. In contrast, hippocampal neurons coexpress both family members, but whereas HDGF is found to a similar extent in all neurons of the hippocampal formation (A), neurons of the dentate gyrus show only weak expression of HRP-3 when compared to the rest of the hippocampus (B). Higher magnification of this region demonstrates the existence of cells predominantly expressing HRP-3 (D, arrowheads) as well as a cell layer only positive for HDGF (D, arrows). CA: cornu ammonis; Sub: subiculum; DG: dentate gyrus; Bar in C is 80 μm; bar in D is 40 μm. |
PMC1363353_F6_4510.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Comparison of HDGF and HRP-3 expression. Antibodies against HDGF (A) or HRP-3 (B) were used to detect both proteins in the hippocampus of an adult mouse. Comparison of the double immunfluorescence demonstrates the lack of expression of HRP-3 in cells covering the ventricel wall of the hippocampal region (C, arrow), whereas HDGF is clearly expressed in this cell type. In contrast, hippocampal neurons coexpress both family members, but whereas HDGF is found to a similar extent in all neurons of the hippocampal formation (A), neurons of the dentate gyrus show only weak expression of HRP-3 when compared to the rest of the hippocampus (B). Higher magnification of this region demonstrates the existence of cells predominantly expressing HRP-3 (D, arrowheads) as well as a cell layer only positive for HDGF (D, arrows). CA: cornu ammonis; Sub: subiculum; DG: dentate gyrus; Bar in C is 80 μm; bar in D is 40 μm. |
PMC1363353_F6_4511.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Comparison of HDGF and HRP-3 expression. Antibodies against HDGF (A) or HRP-3 (B) were used to detect both proteins in the hippocampus of an adult mouse. Comparison of the double immunfluorescence demonstrates the lack of expression of HRP-3 in cells covering the ventricel wall of the hippocampal region (C, arrow), whereas HDGF is clearly expressed in this cell type. In contrast, hippocampal neurons coexpress both family members, but whereas HDGF is found to a similar extent in all neurons of the hippocampal formation (A), neurons of the dentate gyrus show only weak expression of HRP-3 when compared to the rest of the hippocampus (B). Higher magnification of this region demonstrates the existence of cells predominantly expressing HRP-3 (D, arrowheads) as well as a cell layer only positive for HDGF (D, arrows). CA: cornu ammonis; Sub: subiculum; DG: dentate gyrus; Bar in C is 80 μm; bar in D is 40 μm. |
PMC1363353_F6_4509.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Comparison of HDGF and HRP-3 expression. Antibodies against HDGF (A) or HRP-3 (B) were used to detect both proteins in the hippocampus of an adult mouse. Comparison of the double immunfluorescence demonstrates the lack of expression of HRP-3 in cells covering the ventricel wall of the hippocampal region (C, arrow), whereas HDGF is clearly expressed in this cell type. In contrast, hippocampal neurons coexpress both family members, but whereas HDGF is found to a similar extent in all neurons of the hippocampal formation (A), neurons of the dentate gyrus show only weak expression of HRP-3 when compared to the rest of the hippocampus (B). Higher magnification of this region demonstrates the existence of cells predominantly expressing HRP-3 (D, arrowheads) as well as a cell layer only positive for HDGF (D, arrows). CA: cornu ammonis; Sub: subiculum; DG: dentate gyrus; Bar in C is 80 μm; bar in D is 40 μm. |
PMC1363353_F8_4500.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Examination of the frequency of HDGF and HRP-3 expressing cells in the cerebellum. Antibodies against HDGF (A, C) or HRP-3 (D, F) were used to detect both proteins in the cerebellum of an adult mouse. To label the nuclei of all cells in the sections counterstaining with propidium iodide was performed (B,C and E,F). Double stained sections were used to calculate the percentage of cells positive for HDGF or HRP-3, respectively. Whereas HDGF is expressed in all cells, HRP-3 expression is much more restricted (for details see text). Cells labeled with arrows in D represent HRP-3 positive Purkinje cells. Asterisks in E mark most likely radial glia cells. MCL: molecular cell layer; PCL: purkinje cell layer; IGL: internal granular cell layer; Bars are 25 μm. |
PMC1363353_F8_4504.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Examination of the frequency of HDGF and HRP-3 expressing cells in the cerebellum. Antibodies against HDGF (A, C) or HRP-3 (D, F) were used to detect both proteins in the cerebellum of an adult mouse. To label the nuclei of all cells in the sections counterstaining with propidium iodide was performed (B,C and E,F). Double stained sections were used to calculate the percentage of cells positive for HDGF or HRP-3, respectively. Whereas HDGF is expressed in all cells, HRP-3 expression is much more restricted (for details see text). Cells labeled with arrows in D represent HRP-3 positive Purkinje cells. Asterisks in E mark most likely radial glia cells. MCL: molecular cell layer; PCL: purkinje cell layer; IGL: internal granular cell layer; Bars are 25 μm. |
PMC1363353_F8_4501.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Examination of the frequency of HDGF and HRP-3 expressing cells in the cerebellum. Antibodies against HDGF (A, C) or HRP-3 (D, F) were used to detect both proteins in the cerebellum of an adult mouse. To label the nuclei of all cells in the sections counterstaining with propidium iodide was performed (B,C and E,F). Double stained sections were used to calculate the percentage of cells positive for HDGF or HRP-3, respectively. Whereas HDGF is expressed in all cells, HRP-3 expression is much more restricted (for details see text). Cells labeled with arrows in D represent HRP-3 positive Purkinje cells. Asterisks in E mark most likely radial glia cells. MCL: molecular cell layer; PCL: purkinje cell layer; IGL: internal granular cell layer; Bars are 25 μm. |
PMC1363353_F8_4502.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Examination of the frequency of HDGF and HRP-3 expressing cells in the cerebellum. Antibodies against HDGF (A, C) or HRP-3 (D, F) were used to detect both proteins in the cerebellum of an adult mouse. To label the nuclei of all cells in the sections counterstaining with propidium iodide was performed (B,C and E,F). Double stained sections were used to calculate the percentage of cells positive for HDGF or HRP-3, respectively. Whereas HDGF is expressed in all cells, HRP-3 expression is much more restricted (for details see text). Cells labeled with arrows in D represent HRP-3 positive Purkinje cells. Asterisks in E mark most likely radial glia cells. MCL: molecular cell layer; PCL: purkinje cell layer; IGL: internal granular cell layer; Bars are 25 μm. |
PMC1363353_F8_4503.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Examination of the frequency of HDGF and HRP-3 expressing cells in the cerebellum. Antibodies against HDGF (A, C) or HRP-3 (D, F) were used to detect both proteins in the cerebellum of an adult mouse. To label the nuclei of all cells in the sections counterstaining with propidium iodide was performed (B,C and E,F). Double stained sections were used to calculate the percentage of cells positive for HDGF or HRP-3, respectively. Whereas HDGF is expressed in all cells, HRP-3 expression is much more restricted (for details see text). Cells labeled with arrows in D represent HRP-3 positive Purkinje cells. Asterisks in E mark most likely radial glia cells. MCL: molecular cell layer; PCL: purkinje cell layer; IGL: internal granular cell layer; Bars are 25 μm. |
PMC1363353_F8_4505.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Examination of the frequency of HDGF and HRP-3 expressing cells in the cerebellum. Antibodies against HDGF (A, C) or HRP-3 (D, F) were used to detect both proteins in the cerebellum of an adult mouse. To label the nuclei of all cells in the sections counterstaining with propidium iodide was performed (B,C and E,F). Double stained sections were used to calculate the percentage of cells positive for HDGF or HRP-3, respectively. Whereas HDGF is expressed in all cells, HRP-3 expression is much more restricted (for details see text). Cells labeled with arrows in D represent HRP-3 positive Purkinje cells. Asterisks in E mark most likely radial glia cells. MCL: molecular cell layer; PCL: purkinje cell layer; IGL: internal granular cell layer; Bars are 25 μm. |
PMC1363356_F2_4513.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | High magnification of PALT. Toluidine-blue stained 1 μm epoxy section of PALT at higher magnification showing numerous small lymphocytes (1), and larger pleomorphic cells (2). Mitotic figures were common (3). Bar indicates 10 μm. |
PMC1363356_F2_4516.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | High magnification of PALT. Toluidine-blue stained 1 μm epoxy section of PALT at higher magnification showing numerous small lymphocytes (1), and larger pleomorphic cells (2). Mitotic figures were common (3). Bar indicates 10 μm. |
PMC1363356_F2_4515.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | High magnification of PALT. Toluidine-blue stained 1 μm epoxy section of PALT at higher magnification showing numerous small lymphocytes (1), and larger pleomorphic cells (2). Mitotic figures were common (3). Bar indicates 10 μm. |
PMC1363356_F2_4514.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | High magnification of PALT. Toluidine-blue stained 1 μm epoxy section of PALT at higher magnification showing numerous small lymphocytes (1), and larger pleomorphic cells (2). Mitotic figures were common (3). Bar indicates 10 μm. |
PMC1363358_F1_4524.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Effective dsRNA delivery and EGFP knock-down by electroporation. (A) Representative dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y confocal sections of blastocysts electroporated with AF594-labelled dsRNA (540 bp) after 24 h of culture. One hundred percent of the blastocysts incorporate the dsRNA and an average of 90% of the blastomeres in each embryo (minimum 70%) are targeted. Left, the ICM is viewed from the top; right, the ICM is viewed laterally. (B) Representative confocal bright-field images (top) and dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y sections (bottom) of HB2-EGFP embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA and LacZ dsRNA (control) at the 8-cell and blastocyst stages, followed by 24 hours in culture (24 AE) and in utero development until the indicated stages (E4.3 and E5.5). The reduction of GFP fluorescence intensity following RNAi was similar among both the ICM cells (white arrowheads) and trophectoderm cells (red arrowhead). Likewise, despite the difference in fluorescence intensity between the epiblast cells and the surrounding extraembryonic tissues, GFP fluorescence was reduced to a similar degree in both tissues (white arrow and red arrow, respectively). (C) Average levels of fluorescence intensity of the main cell lineages of GFP dsRNA-electroporated blastocysts (24 h AE), and post-implantation embryos at the indicated stages, shown as a percentage of the intensity levels of control (LacZ dsRNA-treated) embryos. Bar colors as follows: cultured blastocysts (n = 9): brown, ICM; dark red, trophectoderm; E4.3 and E5.5 embryos (n = 8 and n = 7, respectively): blue, epiblast; light blue, visceral endoderm and extraembryonic ectoderm. Note that the reduction of fluorescence intensity among the different lineages at any given stage of development is very similar. Standard deviation bars are indicated. (D) Average GFP mRNA levels (GFP/GAP3DH ratio) of embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA shown as a percentage of those of LacZ dsRNA-treated controls. Pale blue, 15 dsGFP-electroporated embryos cultured in vitro for 24 h (control embryos: 15, dark blue). Light blue, 4 and 3 dsGFP-electroporated embryos recovered at E4.3 and E5.5, respectively, following in utero development (control embryos: 8, dark blue). Standard deviation bars are indicated. |
PMC1363358_F1_4523.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Effective dsRNA delivery and EGFP knock-down by electroporation. (A) Representative dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y confocal sections of blastocysts electroporated with AF594-labelled dsRNA (540 bp) after 24 h of culture. One hundred percent of the blastocysts incorporate the dsRNA and an average of 90% of the blastomeres in each embryo (minimum 70%) are targeted. Left, the ICM is viewed from the top; right, the ICM is viewed laterally. (B) Representative confocal bright-field images (top) and dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y sections (bottom) of HB2-EGFP embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA and LacZ dsRNA (control) at the 8-cell and blastocyst stages, followed by 24 hours in culture (24 AE) and in utero development until the indicated stages (E4.3 and E5.5). The reduction of GFP fluorescence intensity following RNAi was similar among both the ICM cells (white arrowheads) and trophectoderm cells (red arrowhead). Likewise, despite the difference in fluorescence intensity between the epiblast cells and the surrounding extraembryonic tissues, GFP fluorescence was reduced to a similar degree in both tissues (white arrow and red arrow, respectively). (C) Average levels of fluorescence intensity of the main cell lineages of GFP dsRNA-electroporated blastocysts (24 h AE), and post-implantation embryos at the indicated stages, shown as a percentage of the intensity levels of control (LacZ dsRNA-treated) embryos. Bar colors as follows: cultured blastocysts (n = 9): brown, ICM; dark red, trophectoderm; E4.3 and E5.5 embryos (n = 8 and n = 7, respectively): blue, epiblast; light blue, visceral endoderm and extraembryonic ectoderm. Note that the reduction of fluorescence intensity among the different lineages at any given stage of development is very similar. Standard deviation bars are indicated. (D) Average GFP mRNA levels (GFP/GAP3DH ratio) of embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA shown as a percentage of those of LacZ dsRNA-treated controls. Pale blue, 15 dsGFP-electroporated embryos cultured in vitro for 24 h (control embryos: 15, dark blue). Light blue, 4 and 3 dsGFP-electroporated embryos recovered at E4.3 and E5.5, respectively, following in utero development (control embryos: 8, dark blue). Standard deviation bars are indicated. |
PMC1363358_F1_4519.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Effective dsRNA delivery and EGFP knock-down by electroporation. (A) Representative dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y confocal sections of blastocysts electroporated with AF594-labelled dsRNA (540 bp) after 24 h of culture. One hundred percent of the blastocysts incorporate the dsRNA and an average of 90% of the blastomeres in each embryo (minimum 70%) are targeted. Left, the ICM is viewed from the top; right, the ICM is viewed laterally. (B) Representative confocal bright-field images (top) and dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y sections (bottom) of HB2-EGFP embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA and LacZ dsRNA (control) at the 8-cell and blastocyst stages, followed by 24 hours in culture (24 AE) and in utero development until the indicated stages (E4.3 and E5.5). The reduction of GFP fluorescence intensity following RNAi was similar among both the ICM cells (white arrowheads) and trophectoderm cells (red arrowhead). Likewise, despite the difference in fluorescence intensity between the epiblast cells and the surrounding extraembryonic tissues, GFP fluorescence was reduced to a similar degree in both tissues (white arrow and red arrow, respectively). (C) Average levels of fluorescence intensity of the main cell lineages of GFP dsRNA-electroporated blastocysts (24 h AE), and post-implantation embryos at the indicated stages, shown as a percentage of the intensity levels of control (LacZ dsRNA-treated) embryos. Bar colors as follows: cultured blastocysts (n = 9): brown, ICM; dark red, trophectoderm; E4.3 and E5.5 embryos (n = 8 and n = 7, respectively): blue, epiblast; light blue, visceral endoderm and extraembryonic ectoderm. Note that the reduction of fluorescence intensity among the different lineages at any given stage of development is very similar. Standard deviation bars are indicated. (D) Average GFP mRNA levels (GFP/GAP3DH ratio) of embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA shown as a percentage of those of LacZ dsRNA-treated controls. Pale blue, 15 dsGFP-electroporated embryos cultured in vitro for 24 h (control embryos: 15, dark blue). Light blue, 4 and 3 dsGFP-electroporated embryos recovered at E4.3 and E5.5, respectively, following in utero development (control embryos: 8, dark blue). Standard deviation bars are indicated. |
PMC1363358_F1_4527.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Effective dsRNA delivery and EGFP knock-down by electroporation. (A) Representative dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y confocal sections of blastocysts electroporated with AF594-labelled dsRNA (540 bp) after 24 h of culture. One hundred percent of the blastocysts incorporate the dsRNA and an average of 90% of the blastomeres in each embryo (minimum 70%) are targeted. Left, the ICM is viewed from the top; right, the ICM is viewed laterally. (B) Representative confocal bright-field images (top) and dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y sections (bottom) of HB2-EGFP embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA and LacZ dsRNA (control) at the 8-cell and blastocyst stages, followed by 24 hours in culture (24 AE) and in utero development until the indicated stages (E4.3 and E5.5). The reduction of GFP fluorescence intensity following RNAi was similar among both the ICM cells (white arrowheads) and trophectoderm cells (red arrowhead). Likewise, despite the difference in fluorescence intensity between the epiblast cells and the surrounding extraembryonic tissues, GFP fluorescence was reduced to a similar degree in both tissues (white arrow and red arrow, respectively). (C) Average levels of fluorescence intensity of the main cell lineages of GFP dsRNA-electroporated blastocysts (24 h AE), and post-implantation embryos at the indicated stages, shown as a percentage of the intensity levels of control (LacZ dsRNA-treated) embryos. Bar colors as follows: cultured blastocysts (n = 9): brown, ICM; dark red, trophectoderm; E4.3 and E5.5 embryos (n = 8 and n = 7, respectively): blue, epiblast; light blue, visceral endoderm and extraembryonic ectoderm. Note that the reduction of fluorescence intensity among the different lineages at any given stage of development is very similar. Standard deviation bars are indicated. (D) Average GFP mRNA levels (GFP/GAP3DH ratio) of embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA shown as a percentage of those of LacZ dsRNA-treated controls. Pale blue, 15 dsGFP-electroporated embryos cultured in vitro for 24 h (control embryos: 15, dark blue). Light blue, 4 and 3 dsGFP-electroporated embryos recovered at E4.3 and E5.5, respectively, following in utero development (control embryos: 8, dark blue). Standard deviation bars are indicated. |
PMC1363358_F1_4518.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Effective dsRNA delivery and EGFP knock-down by electroporation. (A) Representative dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y confocal sections of blastocysts electroporated with AF594-labelled dsRNA (540 bp) after 24 h of culture. One hundred percent of the blastocysts incorporate the dsRNA and an average of 90% of the blastomeres in each embryo (minimum 70%) are targeted. Left, the ICM is viewed from the top; right, the ICM is viewed laterally. (B) Representative confocal bright-field images (top) and dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y sections (bottom) of HB2-EGFP embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA and LacZ dsRNA (control) at the 8-cell and blastocyst stages, followed by 24 hours in culture (24 AE) and in utero development until the indicated stages (E4.3 and E5.5). The reduction of GFP fluorescence intensity following RNAi was similar among both the ICM cells (white arrowheads) and trophectoderm cells (red arrowhead). Likewise, despite the difference in fluorescence intensity between the epiblast cells and the surrounding extraembryonic tissues, GFP fluorescence was reduced to a similar degree in both tissues (white arrow and red arrow, respectively). (C) Average levels of fluorescence intensity of the main cell lineages of GFP dsRNA-electroporated blastocysts (24 h AE), and post-implantation embryos at the indicated stages, shown as a percentage of the intensity levels of control (LacZ dsRNA-treated) embryos. Bar colors as follows: cultured blastocysts (n = 9): brown, ICM; dark red, trophectoderm; E4.3 and E5.5 embryos (n = 8 and n = 7, respectively): blue, epiblast; light blue, visceral endoderm and extraembryonic ectoderm. Note that the reduction of fluorescence intensity among the different lineages at any given stage of development is very similar. Standard deviation bars are indicated. (D) Average GFP mRNA levels (GFP/GAP3DH ratio) of embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA shown as a percentage of those of LacZ dsRNA-treated controls. Pale blue, 15 dsGFP-electroporated embryos cultured in vitro for 24 h (control embryos: 15, dark blue). Light blue, 4 and 3 dsGFP-electroporated embryos recovered at E4.3 and E5.5, respectively, following in utero development (control embryos: 8, dark blue). Standard deviation bars are indicated. |
PMC1363358_F1_4526.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Effective dsRNA delivery and EGFP knock-down by electroporation. (A) Representative dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y confocal sections of blastocysts electroporated with AF594-labelled dsRNA (540 bp) after 24 h of culture. One hundred percent of the blastocysts incorporate the dsRNA and an average of 90% of the blastomeres in each embryo (minimum 70%) are targeted. Left, the ICM is viewed from the top; right, the ICM is viewed laterally. (B) Representative confocal bright-field images (top) and dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y sections (bottom) of HB2-EGFP embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA and LacZ dsRNA (control) at the 8-cell and blastocyst stages, followed by 24 hours in culture (24 AE) and in utero development until the indicated stages (E4.3 and E5.5). The reduction of GFP fluorescence intensity following RNAi was similar among both the ICM cells (white arrowheads) and trophectoderm cells (red arrowhead). Likewise, despite the difference in fluorescence intensity between the epiblast cells and the surrounding extraembryonic tissues, GFP fluorescence was reduced to a similar degree in both tissues (white arrow and red arrow, respectively). (C) Average levels of fluorescence intensity of the main cell lineages of GFP dsRNA-electroporated blastocysts (24 h AE), and post-implantation embryos at the indicated stages, shown as a percentage of the intensity levels of control (LacZ dsRNA-treated) embryos. Bar colors as follows: cultured blastocysts (n = 9): brown, ICM; dark red, trophectoderm; E4.3 and E5.5 embryos (n = 8 and n = 7, respectively): blue, epiblast; light blue, visceral endoderm and extraembryonic ectoderm. Note that the reduction of fluorescence intensity among the different lineages at any given stage of development is very similar. Standard deviation bars are indicated. (D) Average GFP mRNA levels (GFP/GAP3DH ratio) of embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA shown as a percentage of those of LacZ dsRNA-treated controls. Pale blue, 15 dsGFP-electroporated embryos cultured in vitro for 24 h (control embryos: 15, dark blue). Light blue, 4 and 3 dsGFP-electroporated embryos recovered at E4.3 and E5.5, respectively, following in utero development (control embryos: 8, dark blue). Standard deviation bars are indicated. |
PMC1363358_F1_4522.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Effective dsRNA delivery and EGFP knock-down by electroporation. (A) Representative dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y confocal sections of blastocysts electroporated with AF594-labelled dsRNA (540 bp) after 24 h of culture. One hundred percent of the blastocysts incorporate the dsRNA and an average of 90% of the blastomeres in each embryo (minimum 70%) are targeted. Left, the ICM is viewed from the top; right, the ICM is viewed laterally. (B) Representative confocal bright-field images (top) and dark-field projections of the rendered z-stack of x-y sections (bottom) of HB2-EGFP embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA and LacZ dsRNA (control) at the 8-cell and blastocyst stages, followed by 24 hours in culture (24 AE) and in utero development until the indicated stages (E4.3 and E5.5). The reduction of GFP fluorescence intensity following RNAi was similar among both the ICM cells (white arrowheads) and trophectoderm cells (red arrowhead). Likewise, despite the difference in fluorescence intensity between the epiblast cells and the surrounding extraembryonic tissues, GFP fluorescence was reduced to a similar degree in both tissues (white arrow and red arrow, respectively). (C) Average levels of fluorescence intensity of the main cell lineages of GFP dsRNA-electroporated blastocysts (24 h AE), and post-implantation embryos at the indicated stages, shown as a percentage of the intensity levels of control (LacZ dsRNA-treated) embryos. Bar colors as follows: cultured blastocysts (n = 9): brown, ICM; dark red, trophectoderm; E4.3 and E5.5 embryos (n = 8 and n = 7, respectively): blue, epiblast; light blue, visceral endoderm and extraembryonic ectoderm. Note that the reduction of fluorescence intensity among the different lineages at any given stage of development is very similar. Standard deviation bars are indicated. (D) Average GFP mRNA levels (GFP/GAP3DH ratio) of embryos electroporated with GFP dsRNA shown as a percentage of those of LacZ dsRNA-treated controls. Pale blue, 15 dsGFP-electroporated embryos cultured in vitro for 24 h (control embryos: 15, dark blue). Light blue, 4 and 3 dsGFP-electroporated embryos recovered at E4.3 and E5.5, respectively, following in utero development (control embryos: 8, dark blue). Standard deviation bars are indicated. |
PMC1363722_F11_4533.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | In vivo spin-echo images of spinal cord in (a) axial (b) coronal and (c) sagittal planes acquired on the day of coil implantation using the parameters TR/TE = 2500 ms/10 ms, image matrix = 128 × 256, slice thickness = 1 mm and NEX = 2, FOV = 45 mm × 45 mm for the axial, 35 mm × 85 mm for the coronal and 45 mm × 85 mm for the sagittal views. The intensities in the images were windowed and scaled to enhance the background signal. Notice that, during transmission, the volume coil generates an excitation field that leads to the hypointensity (long arrow) seen in the background. The implanted coil, indicated by IC on the images, generates 90° excitation field that produces a band of hyperintensity (short arrows) surrounding it. The square boxes are used to localize the regions where the images in Fig. 14 below were acquired. |
PMC1363722_F11_4532.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | In vivo spin-echo images of spinal cord in (a) axial (b) coronal and (c) sagittal planes acquired on the day of coil implantation using the parameters TR/TE = 2500 ms/10 ms, image matrix = 128 × 256, slice thickness = 1 mm and NEX = 2, FOV = 45 mm × 45 mm for the axial, 35 mm × 85 mm for the coronal and 45 mm × 85 mm for the sagittal views. The intensities in the images were windowed and scaled to enhance the background signal. Notice that, during transmission, the volume coil generates an excitation field that leads to the hypointensity (long arrow) seen in the background. The implanted coil, indicated by IC on the images, generates 90° excitation field that produces a band of hyperintensity (short arrows) surrounding it. The square boxes are used to localize the regions where the images in Fig. 14 below were acquired. |
PMC1363722_F11_4531.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | In vivo spin-echo images of spinal cord in (a) axial (b) coronal and (c) sagittal planes acquired on the day of coil implantation using the parameters TR/TE = 2500 ms/10 ms, image matrix = 128 × 256, slice thickness = 1 mm and NEX = 2, FOV = 45 mm × 45 mm for the axial, 35 mm × 85 mm for the coronal and 45 mm × 85 mm for the sagittal views. The intensities in the images were windowed and scaled to enhance the background signal. Notice that, during transmission, the volume coil generates an excitation field that leads to the hypointensity (long arrow) seen in the background. The implanted coil, indicated by IC on the images, generates 90° excitation field that produces a band of hyperintensity (short arrows) surrounding it. The square boxes are used to localize the regions where the images in Fig. 14 below were acquired. |
PMC1363722_F12_4529.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | In vivo gradient echo images of spinal cord in (a) axial, (b) coronal and (c) sagittal planes acquired on the day of coil implantation using the parameters TR/TE = 40 ms/3 ms, flip angle = 45°, image matrix = 128 × 128, slice thickness = 2 mm and NEX = 2, FOV = 45 mm × 45 mm for the axial, 35 mm × 85 mm for the coronal and 45 mm × 85 mm for the sagittal views. The intensities in the images were windowed and scaled to enhance the background signal. Notice that, during transmission, the volume coil generates an excitation field that leads to the hypointensity (long arrows) seen in the background. The implanted coil generates excitation field that produces the hyperintense footprint (short arrows). |
PMC1363722_F12_4528.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | In vivo gradient echo images of spinal cord in (a) axial, (b) coronal and (c) sagittal planes acquired on the day of coil implantation using the parameters TR/TE = 40 ms/3 ms, flip angle = 45°, image matrix = 128 × 128, slice thickness = 2 mm and NEX = 2, FOV = 45 mm × 45 mm for the axial, 35 mm × 85 mm for the coronal and 45 mm × 85 mm for the sagittal views. The intensities in the images were windowed and scaled to enhance the background signal. Notice that, during transmission, the volume coil generates an excitation field that leads to the hypointensity (long arrows) seen in the background. The implanted coil generates excitation field that produces the hyperintense footprint (short arrows). |
PMC1363722_F12_4530.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | In vivo gradient echo images of spinal cord in (a) axial, (b) coronal and (c) sagittal planes acquired on the day of coil implantation using the parameters TR/TE = 40 ms/3 ms, flip angle = 45°, image matrix = 128 × 128, slice thickness = 2 mm and NEX = 2, FOV = 45 mm × 45 mm for the axial, 35 mm × 85 mm for the coronal and 45 mm × 85 mm for the sagittal views. The intensities in the images were windowed and scaled to enhance the background signal. Notice that, during transmission, the volume coil generates an excitation field that leads to the hypointensity (long arrows) seen in the background. The implanted coil generates excitation field that produces the hyperintense footprint (short arrows). |
PMC1363725_F1_4535.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | This figure shows the pre and post AP lumbodorsal radiographs. This patient, following 8 office visits in 8 weeks, obtained an apparent Cobb angle reduction of 13° when measured from superior of T6 to inferior of T11. |
PMC1363725_F7_4536.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | This figure shows the radiographic progress after the various stages of treatment. |
PMC1363725_F7_4538.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | This figure shows the radiographic progress after the various stages of treatment. |
PMC1363725_F7_4537.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | This figure shows the radiographic progress after the various stages of treatment. |
PMC1366495_pgen-0020016-g006_4547.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | RNAi Analysis of Selected Myoblast Genes(A and B) Live embryos expressing a tau-GFP fusion protein under control of the myosin heavy chain promoter and injected with an inactive control double-stranded lacZ RNA have a wild-type mature muscle pattern. Note, at high magnification (B), the complete absence of unfused myoblasts at this stage.(C and D) Injection of dsRNA for the known muscle fusion genes mbc (C) and blow (D) phenocopy mutations in these genes.(E and F) RNAi directed against the FCM gene CG13503 causes an overall reduction and disorganization of muscle fibers (E), with persistence of unfused myoblasts (arrowheads in F), consistent with a fusion defect.(G–K) Injection of dsRNA for the FC gene CG17492 results in the formation of multinucleate myospheres from only certain muscle fibers. A severely affected embryo (G) demonstrates the complete sparing of certain muscle groups, while other muscles appear as spheres (H) or as compact masses with thin extensions (arrowhead, I). While some abnormalities are apparent before any muscle contraction is visible (J), the same embryo observed later (K) shows that some muscles that had appeared morphologically normal have now formed myospheres (compare arrowheads in J and K). |
PMC1366495_pgen-0020016-g006_4542.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | RNAi Analysis of Selected Myoblast Genes(A and B) Live embryos expressing a tau-GFP fusion protein under control of the myosin heavy chain promoter and injected with an inactive control double-stranded lacZ RNA have a wild-type mature muscle pattern. Note, at high magnification (B), the complete absence of unfused myoblasts at this stage.(C and D) Injection of dsRNA for the known muscle fusion genes mbc (C) and blow (D) phenocopy mutations in these genes.(E and F) RNAi directed against the FCM gene CG13503 causes an overall reduction and disorganization of muscle fibers (E), with persistence of unfused myoblasts (arrowheads in F), consistent with a fusion defect.(G–K) Injection of dsRNA for the FC gene CG17492 results in the formation of multinucleate myospheres from only certain muscle fibers. A severely affected embryo (G) demonstrates the complete sparing of certain muscle groups, while other muscles appear as spheres (H) or as compact masses with thin extensions (arrowhead, I). While some abnormalities are apparent before any muscle contraction is visible (J), the same embryo observed later (K) shows that some muscles that had appeared morphologically normal have now formed myospheres (compare arrowheads in J and K). |
PMC1366495_pgen-0020016-g006_4546.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | RNAi Analysis of Selected Myoblast Genes(A and B) Live embryos expressing a tau-GFP fusion protein under control of the myosin heavy chain promoter and injected with an inactive control double-stranded lacZ RNA have a wild-type mature muscle pattern. Note, at high magnification (B), the complete absence of unfused myoblasts at this stage.(C and D) Injection of dsRNA for the known muscle fusion genes mbc (C) and blow (D) phenocopy mutations in these genes.(E and F) RNAi directed against the FCM gene CG13503 causes an overall reduction and disorganization of muscle fibers (E), with persistence of unfused myoblasts (arrowheads in F), consistent with a fusion defect.(G–K) Injection of dsRNA for the FC gene CG17492 results in the formation of multinucleate myospheres from only certain muscle fibers. A severely affected embryo (G) demonstrates the complete sparing of certain muscle groups, while other muscles appear as spheres (H) or as compact masses with thin extensions (arrowhead, I). While some abnormalities are apparent before any muscle contraction is visible (J), the same embryo observed later (K) shows that some muscles that had appeared morphologically normal have now formed myospheres (compare arrowheads in J and K). |
PMC1366495_pgen-0020016-g006_4549.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | RNAi Analysis of Selected Myoblast Genes(A and B) Live embryos expressing a tau-GFP fusion protein under control of the myosin heavy chain promoter and injected with an inactive control double-stranded lacZ RNA have a wild-type mature muscle pattern. Note, at high magnification (B), the complete absence of unfused myoblasts at this stage.(C and D) Injection of dsRNA for the known muscle fusion genes mbc (C) and blow (D) phenocopy mutations in these genes.(E and F) RNAi directed against the FCM gene CG13503 causes an overall reduction and disorganization of muscle fibers (E), with persistence of unfused myoblasts (arrowheads in F), consistent with a fusion defect.(G–K) Injection of dsRNA for the FC gene CG17492 results in the formation of multinucleate myospheres from only certain muscle fibers. A severely affected embryo (G) demonstrates the complete sparing of certain muscle groups, while other muscles appear as spheres (H) or as compact masses with thin extensions (arrowhead, I). While some abnormalities are apparent before any muscle contraction is visible (J), the same embryo observed later (K) shows that some muscles that had appeared morphologically normal have now formed myospheres (compare arrowheads in J and K). |
PMC1366495_pgen-0020016-g006_4544.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | RNAi Analysis of Selected Myoblast Genes(A and B) Live embryos expressing a tau-GFP fusion protein under control of the myosin heavy chain promoter and injected with an inactive control double-stranded lacZ RNA have a wild-type mature muscle pattern. Note, at high magnification (B), the complete absence of unfused myoblasts at this stage.(C and D) Injection of dsRNA for the known muscle fusion genes mbc (C) and blow (D) phenocopy mutations in these genes.(E and F) RNAi directed against the FCM gene CG13503 causes an overall reduction and disorganization of muscle fibers (E), with persistence of unfused myoblasts (arrowheads in F), consistent with a fusion defect.(G–K) Injection of dsRNA for the FC gene CG17492 results in the formation of multinucleate myospheres from only certain muscle fibers. A severely affected embryo (G) demonstrates the complete sparing of certain muscle groups, while other muscles appear as spheres (H) or as compact masses with thin extensions (arrowhead, I). While some abnormalities are apparent before any muscle contraction is visible (J), the same embryo observed later (K) shows that some muscles that had appeared morphologically normal have now formed myospheres (compare arrowheads in J and K). |
PMC1366495_pgen-0020016-g006_4543.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | RNAi Analysis of Selected Myoblast Genes(A and B) Live embryos expressing a tau-GFP fusion protein under control of the myosin heavy chain promoter and injected with an inactive control double-stranded lacZ RNA have a wild-type mature muscle pattern. Note, at high magnification (B), the complete absence of unfused myoblasts at this stage.(C and D) Injection of dsRNA for the known muscle fusion genes mbc (C) and blow (D) phenocopy mutations in these genes.(E and F) RNAi directed against the FCM gene CG13503 causes an overall reduction and disorganization of muscle fibers (E), with persistence of unfused myoblasts (arrowheads in F), consistent with a fusion defect.(G–K) Injection of dsRNA for the FC gene CG17492 results in the formation of multinucleate myospheres from only certain muscle fibers. A severely affected embryo (G) demonstrates the complete sparing of certain muscle groups, while other muscles appear as spheres (H) or as compact masses with thin extensions (arrowhead, I). While some abnormalities are apparent before any muscle contraction is visible (J), the same embryo observed later (K) shows that some muscles that had appeared morphologically normal have now formed myospheres (compare arrowheads in J and K). |
PMC1366495_pgen-0020016-g006_4539.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | RNAi Analysis of Selected Myoblast Genes(A and B) Live embryos expressing a tau-GFP fusion protein under control of the myosin heavy chain promoter and injected with an inactive control double-stranded lacZ RNA have a wild-type mature muscle pattern. Note, at high magnification (B), the complete absence of unfused myoblasts at this stage.(C and D) Injection of dsRNA for the known muscle fusion genes mbc (C) and blow (D) phenocopy mutations in these genes.(E and F) RNAi directed against the FCM gene CG13503 causes an overall reduction and disorganization of muscle fibers (E), with persistence of unfused myoblasts (arrowheads in F), consistent with a fusion defect.(G–K) Injection of dsRNA for the FC gene CG17492 results in the formation of multinucleate myospheres from only certain muscle fibers. A severely affected embryo (G) demonstrates the complete sparing of certain muscle groups, while other muscles appear as spheres (H) or as compact masses with thin extensions (arrowhead, I). While some abnormalities are apparent before any muscle contraction is visible (J), the same embryo observed later (K) shows that some muscles that had appeared morphologically normal have now formed myospheres (compare arrowheads in J and K). |
PMC1366495_pgen-0020016-g006_4548.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | RNAi Analysis of Selected Myoblast Genes(A and B) Live embryos expressing a tau-GFP fusion protein under control of the myosin heavy chain promoter and injected with an inactive control double-stranded lacZ RNA have a wild-type mature muscle pattern. Note, at high magnification (B), the complete absence of unfused myoblasts at this stage.(C and D) Injection of dsRNA for the known muscle fusion genes mbc (C) and blow (D) phenocopy mutations in these genes.(E and F) RNAi directed against the FCM gene CG13503 causes an overall reduction and disorganization of muscle fibers (E), with persistence of unfused myoblasts (arrowheads in F), consistent with a fusion defect.(G–K) Injection of dsRNA for the FC gene CG17492 results in the formation of multinucleate myospheres from only certain muscle fibers. A severely affected embryo (G) demonstrates the complete sparing of certain muscle groups, while other muscles appear as spheres (H) or as compact masses with thin extensions (arrowhead, I). While some abnormalities are apparent before any muscle contraction is visible (J), the same embryo observed later (K) shows that some muscles that had appeared morphologically normal have now formed myospheres (compare arrowheads in J and K). |
PMC1366495_pgen-0020016-g006_4541.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | RNAi Analysis of Selected Myoblast Genes(A and B) Live embryos expressing a tau-GFP fusion protein under control of the myosin heavy chain promoter and injected with an inactive control double-stranded lacZ RNA have a wild-type mature muscle pattern. Note, at high magnification (B), the complete absence of unfused myoblasts at this stage.(C and D) Injection of dsRNA for the known muscle fusion genes mbc (C) and blow (D) phenocopy mutations in these genes.(E and F) RNAi directed against the FCM gene CG13503 causes an overall reduction and disorganization of muscle fibers (E), with persistence of unfused myoblasts (arrowheads in F), consistent with a fusion defect.(G–K) Injection of dsRNA for the FC gene CG17492 results in the formation of multinucleate myospheres from only certain muscle fibers. A severely affected embryo (G) demonstrates the complete sparing of certain muscle groups, while other muscles appear as spheres (H) or as compact masses with thin extensions (arrowhead, I). While some abnormalities are apparent before any muscle contraction is visible (J), the same embryo observed later (K) shows that some muscles that had appeared morphologically normal have now formed myospheres (compare arrowheads in J and K). |
PMC1368963_F2_4551.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Selected imaging studies from the FPLD3 subject. Panel shows computed tomography cross-section of upper thigh of a normal individual and subject II-5, who had markedly decreased subcutaneous fat on both extremities. |
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