image stringlengths 37 84 | question stringlengths 9 255 | answer stringlengths 1 1.79k |
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splits/subfolder_2/PMC3890584_F1_258240.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Immunohistochemical analysis of MEKK3 in esophageal tissues. Paraffin-embedded sections of histologically normal mucosa, dysplasia, and ESCC were stained using anti-MEKK3 polyclonal antibody as described in the Methods section. (i) Normal esophageal mucosa showing no MEKK3 immunostaining; (ii) dysplasia depicting nuclear and cytoplasmic MEKK3 immunostaining in epithelial cells; (iii) ESCC illustrating both intense cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in tumor cells; (iv) ESCC section showing cytoplasmic MEKK3 immunostaining; (v) ESCC used as a negative control incubated with isotype specific IgG replacing the primary antibody showing no MEKK3 immunostaining in tumor cells ((i-v) original magnification x 200). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3868494_f6-or-31-01-0003_252972.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining (left) and anti-PTHrP immunohistochemistry (right) of F1 normal rat tongue (A) and tongue cancers (TC) (<5 mm in diameter (TC <5) for H&E and PTHrP-positive (+) (B); TC of 5–10 mm (TC 5–10) for H&E and PTHrP (+) (C); TC >10 mm (TC >10) for H&E and PTHrP (+) (D). The PTHrP-(+) tissue shows a positive signal in the cytoplasm and nucleus of many cancer cells. Scale bars, 200 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3257205_F1_121900.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | RLC Ser1 phosphorylation is elevated in mitotic cells and localizes to the contractile ring. (A) HeLa and primary human keratinocytes (PHK) under normal growth conditions were fixed and immunostained for RLC Ser1-P (green) and stained for actin (red). (B) RLC Ser1-P is specifically enhanced in the contractile ring of dividing cells. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_12618.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Chronic scarring of the right subclavian vein. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4301515_f1-ol-09-02-0819_351725.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Macroscopic, microscopic and immunophenotying findings. (A) Gross image showing a reddish papule and a violaceous nodule, each 3 cm in diameter, on the upper and lower mid back, respectively. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showing (B) a normal epidermis and a diffuse cellular infiltration involving the dermis and subcutis, with a homogeneous and acellular band between tumor compositions and epidermis (magnification, ×40); and (C) medium-sized tumor cells, with scarce cytoplasm, finely dispersed chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli (magnification, ×200). Immunophenotypic examination revealed that the tumor cells were (D) cluster of differentiation (CD)4-positive, (E) CD56-positive, and (F) CD123-positive (Envision, ×200; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_79044.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Ultrasonogram of liver of a five-year-old sheep viewed from 9th intercostal space with a 5-MHz convex transducer showing a periportal cyst with ill-defined borders and anechoic content containing echogenic septa (white arrows) (note narrowing with hyperechogenicity of portal vein). CVC, caudal vena cava; PV, portal vein; Ds, dorsal; Vt, ventral |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3573988_F5_185948.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Intracellular localization of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 in the hepatic tissues. Cells were double-stained with anti-high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 antibodies and propidium iodide and analyzed by confocal microscopy. In the control cells, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 was located in the cytoplasm. In the hepatocellular carcinoma group, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 was mainly located in the nucleus. In the actinomycosis-affected cells, a high level of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 was found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus (original magnification, ×400). HMGB1, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; PI, propidium iodide. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/inside_uterus/train_1863.jpg | What is present ? | female reproductive |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3114815_f4-ehp-119-807_98966.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Association between progressive nigral neurodegeneration and prolonged neuroinflammation. Double-label immunofluorescence shows loss of TH-positive DA neurons and degeneration of DA fibers in the SN of α-syn Tg mice 5 months after LPS injection. Only in LPS-injected Tg mice did microglia show active morphology: elevated expression of Iba-1 (red), larger size, irregular shape, and increased numbers in the SN. Microglia of WT mice exhibit resting ramified morphology. Magnifications (right) are from areas indicated in the merged column. All images are representative samples from among at least three different animals in each group. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/cell_dense/train_0413.jpg | What are infiltrated richly with lymphocytes? | stroma |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwymdob4086ug6gn690v.jpg | Is this finding easy to detect? | Yes |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3051118_F0004_89415.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Anteroposterior (a) and lateral (b) radiographs of Patient 1 show the fracture of tibial plateau with main fragment in posterolateral, and CT scanning in coronary (c) shows avulsion fracture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which is a crucial instrument for knee stability. Postoperative anteroposterior (d) and lateral (e) views of the tibial plateau show satisfactory reduction and stabilization of the posterolateral fragments from PL approach and avulsion fracture from AM approach. PL= Posterolateral, AM = Anteromedial |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3827210_pone-0080595-g005_242905.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Semi-thin section observation of the S. europaea shoots after salt treatment.(A) The phenotype of S. europaea shoot after salt treatment for different time intervals. (B) The transverse section of the third internode from the base of the S. europaea shoot at different time intervals of NaCl treatment. The close-up image of the shoot xylem was shown underneath. The bar is equal to 500 μm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4122061_fig1_311493.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Brain MRI in T2 (a, b) and FLAIR (c, d). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4266758_fig1_344823.jpg | What is shown in this image? | (a) Preoperative X-ray showing the lesion and the degree of deformity which at first appeared to the treating team to be an enchondroma. (b) Immediate postoperative X-rays in U slab. (c) X-rays at final follow-up showing union. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3492084_F3_164404.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Magnetic resonance imaging of the patient. (A) A side view showing partial loss of normal hydration on hypointense T2-weighted signal intensity of the dorsal and lumbar intervertebral discs, as well as diffuse focal infiltration of the axial bone marrow of the lower dorsal and lumbar vertebrae, causing altered hypointense T1-weighted signal intensity (arrows), in homogeneous hyperintense T2-weighted signal changes (arrowheads). (B) Anteroposterior view. (C) Incidental hepatosplenomegaly (arrows) with bilateral renal enlargement (arrowheads). |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_1280.jpg | Does this image show brain, toxoplasma encephalitis? | yes |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4116498_F1_310203.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Representative ultrasound B-mode and spectral parametric images from a responding and a non-responding patient, acquired from the same nominal tumor regions (contoured by an oncologist), respectively, prior to the start of chemotherapy and after one and four weeks of treatmentThe scale bar is ~1 cm, and the color map represents a scale encompassing ~50 dBr for MBF and 0-MHz intercept, and ~20 dBr/MHz for the spectral slope. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3834987_fig1_244919.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | (a) Diffusion-weighted image and (b) T2-weighted image: right cortical and subcortical frontal parasagittal acute ischaemic lesion, affecting the superior frontal gyrus and the cingulate gyrus. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4230777_pcbi-1003949-g005_335907.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Identification of neuron-to-glia connections.(A) Connections from the 48 neurons to glial cells 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, all of which were identified using the t-statistics, , are shown in the top left, top right, middle left, middle right, bottom right and bottom left panels, respectively. Each ROI labeled by a green numeral indicates a glial cell for which the model's cross-validated likelihood deteriorated when the corresponding neuron-to-glia connection was removed. (B) Visualization of projection range to each of the six glial cells. The color of each ellipse corresponds to that of the “receiver” glial cell. |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic49033.jpg | which plane is this image in? | frontal |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3055715_fig1_89658.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | MRI and histopathologic features of human GBMs. MRI reveals irregularly and nonhomogeneously enhancing mass (black arrow) in the right hemisphere zone, and edema zone surrounding solid tumor sometime could be detected in contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. Histopathologically, patient tumor morphology is mitotically active and includes pleomorphic cells, nuclear atypia, abundant microvasculars (black arrow), endothelial proliferation, and necrotic foci (HE staining). |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4582116_BIO010835F2_426762.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Localization of Ci-E(z) protein in control embryos and Ci-E(z) morphants. Ci-E(z) protein, actin (Phalloïdin, green) and DNA (DAPI, blue) were localized by triple labeling in Ciona intestinalis embryos at different stages of development by confocal microscopy. At the right of each merge (actin/DNA) the corresponding Ci-E(z) image is shown with the cell contours drawn in grey. For the 64-cell and neurula wild-type stages, the Ci-E(z) images correspond to a stacked image of all z planes. Each point of kinetic was repeated between 4 and 10 times. For each kinetic point, between 20 and 40 embryos were collected. Scale bar: 25 µm. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3851185_F1_248742.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | Oral phase the preparation and the initial stage of swallowing should be explored by videofluoroscopy evaluating the ability to contain food in mouth (a) and to form a bolus and whether there is an inadequate convergence of Passavant's ridge with preswallowing aspiration (b). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3102720_pone-0020424-g001_97038.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Morphology of myocardium.Semithin cross-sections (1 µm thickness) stained with toluidine blue did not show any differences in the dimensions of cardiomyocytes between control (A) and tumor-bearing mice (B). However, the subcellular organization of cardiomyocytes appeared less dense in the tumor group. Paraffin longitudinal sections (5–7 µm thickness) stained with Masson-Goldner's trichrome did not provide evidence for an enhanced collagen deposition in the tumor-bearing mice (D) as compared to control mice (C). Scale bar for A and B = 10 µm. Scale bar for C and D = 20 µm. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4531071_fig06_413569.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | NF-κB inhibition decreases cytokine levels. U937 cells were pretreated for 1 h with 1 μm parthenolide (PTN) and then incubated with 6 μm 27-OH or 5 μm HNE for 24 h. Immunopositive cells were detected by confocal laser microscopy: IL-8 and IL-1β using a TRITC-conjugated secondary antibody (532-nm exciting laser band, 572-nm long-pass emission filter, and 40x/0.75 lens); TNF-α using a FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (488-nm exciting laser band and emission passing through a long-pass 505-550 filter, lens 40x/0.75). The images are representative of three experiments. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_71500.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging, axial view: Marked posterior indentation of cervical cord by the hematoma noted on right side (black arrow). |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_02396.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Abdominal computed tomography scan showing air in the mesentery (arrow) and around the intestine |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3432552_fig2_152881.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | Preoperative cervical echograms (a, b) and left cervical angiogram (c). The lumen of the internal carotid artery (ICA) in echograms is indicated by arrowheads, and the left ICA in angiogram is indicated by arrows. The left cervical common carotid artery (CCA)-ICA echogram indicated severe stenosis towards the distal end of the left ICA without wall thickening (interna-media thickness = 0.8) (b) compared with the right CCA-ICA echogram (a). The lateral view of the left cervical angiography also indicated stenosis and winding of left ICA towards the distal intracranial region (c). |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cl8k2u1ql1ezr08325pyd56mc.jpg | What is the size of the polyp? | 11-20mm |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4167704_pone-0107179-g006_321014.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Histology of aortic valves.Gram staining (left column) revealed large colonies of Gram-positive bacteria on the valves in mice infected with (A) unlabeled bacteria, (B) labeled bacteria, and (C) labeled bacteria and additional administration of VSOP to label macrophages. Large arrows indicate where 100-fold magnifications were taken. Hematoxylin-esoin staining (right column) confirmed the presence of bacteria (red arrows), displayed neutrophil recruitment (blue arrows) and showed valve thickening due to early deposition of connective tissue, but did not show large numbers of infiltrating immune cells. Magnification, 4 fold (inset 100 fold). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3236301_F4_118971.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Expression of pAT5G01860:n1GFP during megagametogenesis. Expression at developmental stage FG1 (A), FG2 (B), FG4 (C), FG5 (D), and FG6 (E) of the developing female gametophyte [63]. Each panel contains an epifluorescence image (top) and an overlay (bottom) of the epifluorescence and a bright-field image of the same ovule. acn, antipodal cell nuclei; ccn, central cell nucleus; ecn, egg cell nucleus; fgn, female gametophyte nuclei; pn, polar nuclei; scn, synergid cell nucleus. Scale bars: 50 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4574010_Fig3_424361.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Myotube formation was accompanied by the observation of lateral striations indicative of sarcomeric structures. a Myotubes at 4d, 5d, 9d (DM1) and 42d (DM1) of differentiation were immunostained for the presence of sarcomeric α-actin (Sigma A2172, 1:500 dilution). b Sarcomeric lateral striations were visible in H&E stained myotubes differentiated for 5d, derived from P3 and P5 longissimus dorsi myoblasts. Bar = 50 μm for all panels |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4522596_fig7s3_411255.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Lsm4-positive assemblies show different morphologies and behavior in the absence of disaggregases.Fluorescence time-lapse microscopy of yeast cells expressing GFP-tagged Lsm4 from the endogenous locus. Wild-type cells are compared to strains lacking functional genes for disaggregases (Δhsp104, Δsse1, or Δsse2) after 1 hr heat stress at 46˚C and 1 hr 45 min after recovery at 25˚C. White lines indicate the cell boundaries. Scale bars: 5 µm.DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06807.050 |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4568914_fig02_423196.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Matrigel drops evasion assay. (A–D) Phase contrast images of drops at indicated time-points; scale bar: 500 μm. (E) Fluorescent images of cells in Matrigel drops 72 hrs after seeding in absence or presence of MMPs inhibitor 1,10-Phenantroline. The dotted line indicates the border of drop; scale bar: 100 μm. (F) Measure of endogenous collagenases activity. Fluorescence was emitted by DQ™ Gelatin degradation at indicated time-points. Data represent mean of three independent experiments ± S.D. (G) Western blot analysis of protein extracted from drops 3 and 72 hrs after seeding. **P < 0.01. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4565707_pone.0137701.g007_422593.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Chloroplast ultrastructural characters in the mesophyll cells of P. euphratica heteromorphic leaves from Pe1 to Pe12.The images are shown in ×30,000 magnification, scale bars = 1 nm. Cp, chloroplast; Sg, starch grain. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3974010_F1_278383.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | Anterior segment photography and B-scan ultrasonographic findings of patient. a, External photography showed a flame burn of the right upper and lower lid with multiple missile wounds of lids. b-e, Slit lamp examination revealed numerous yellow, powder-like foreign bodies impacted into the ocular surface, severe stromal edema with Descemet's membrane folding, anterior chamber bleeding, lateral rectus muscle splitting injury and traumatic cataract in the right eye. f, Transverse view of B-scan ultrasonography showed hyperechoic foreign bodies with mild reduplication echoes and shadowing. |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic34759.jpg | what plane is demonstrated? | ap |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3683416_F1_211709.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Transesophageal echocardiography revealing a flail aortic valve. |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4513678_Fig3_409053.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Radiological imaging of the tumor in the pineal region in Case 2. a, b Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted imaging in Case 2 shows a well-demarcated tumor in the quadrigeminal cistern, compressing the pineal gland and splenium of the corpus callosum (white asterisk) anteriorly (a, axial view, b sagittal view). The vein of Galen (white arrow) is displaced downward. c, d Preoperative ICAG shows occlusion of the vein of Galen and deep venous flow draining through the collateral venous channel into the transverse sinus (c right venous phase, d left venous phase) |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4231114_pone-0113027-g002_336053.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Retreatment with coil embolization was performed for recurrent intracranial VADA after SAC.A 29-year old male presented with dizziness and hemiplegia. Sagittal view of MR imaging showed intramural hematoma and compression to brain stem (A). Right vertebral angiograms showed a dissecting aneurysm involving PICA (B). SAC (C) were performed with nearly complete occlusion (D). Follow up angiography after three months revealed recanalization of the dissecting aneurysm (black arrow) (E). Retreatment was performed by coil embolization (F, G). Follow up angiography after 7 months of retreatment showed complete occlusion of right vertebral dissecting aneurysm (H). |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_1236.jpg | Is bilateral cleft palate present? | yes |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3290045_F0002_127785.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | CT scan of the pelvis (a) showing a bladder diverticulum (left) connected with the urinary bladder (right) by a small hole (arrow). The large prostate is also demonstrated (arrow) (b). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3616260_F2_196561.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Eighty-year-old female with non-small-cell lung cancer in the right lung status post Cyberknife therapy. On restaging PET/CT: MIP (maximum intensity projection) and transaxial PET, CT, and fused images (A) demonstrated complete response to therapy in the right lung and a new left temporoparietal lobe lesion suspicious for metastasis. PET/CT finding was confirmed on MRI (B). Adding the brain to the imaged field of view changed both staging (I–IV) and management as patient underwent whole brain radiation. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_1654.jpg | Does this image show lymph node, cryptococcosis gms? | yes |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic42021.jpg | is this a noncontrast mri? | yes |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4439086_pone.0127691.g002_388416.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Histological analysis of horn buds and frontal skin from wild type fetuses (gd 115 and 140).(A-D): Horn buds with multiple layers of vacuolated keratinocytes. Note the absence of hair follicles below the horn bud in (A-D). (A) and (C): Note thick nerve bundles in the dermis below the horn bud (black stars). (B) and (D): Represent magnifications (A) and (C). (E-H): Frontal skin. (E) and (G): Note the absence of thick nerve bundles in the dermis. (F) and (H) represent magnifications of (E) and (G). Haematoxylin and eosin. Gd = gestation days, ep = epidermis, de = dermis, hf = hair follicles. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3712926_pone-0069276-g004_218185.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Histopathological findings followed by grading of liver damage.(x40) (A) control: normal histological structure of portal area and surrounding hepatocytes; (B) CCl4: loss of architecture with severe ballooning degeneration (arrow1), necrosis (arrow2) and fatty changes (arrow3) accompanied with fibrosis; (C) BCA+CCl4: much less damage than in CCl4 gp (D) BCA alone: similar to control gp. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_09999.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Coronal image taken from abdominal contrast CT, demonstrating radio‐opaque LAGB slippage (arrow corresponds to narrowing seen in Figure 1). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3888418_pone-0084777-g002_257954.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | Illustration of the MRI-dependent method.The PiB retention is measured in the PET image within its grey matter mask obtained from MRI tissue segmentation, and averaged along the normal direction of the GM-WM interface (overlaid on the PET image) extracted from the subject's MRI. The mean PiB value for each surface vertex is mapped onto the surface for visualization. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4133756_F1_313678.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Representative post-mortem histopathology findings in H & E stained brain sections from (i) wild-type and (ii) IFN-γ−/− C57BL/6 mice on day 6 post-inoculation with 1 × 106 PbA-PRBC. As no difference was evident between uninfected mice and infected IFN-γ−/− mice, only the latter are shown. (A) Olfactory bulb; (B) Meningeal vessel; (C) Cerebellum. The brains of PbA-infected w/type mice showed hemorrhage and leukocyte adhesion to the cerebral vasculature (arrows), whereas no pathological findings were evident in any IFN-γ−/− mouse. In this and later Figures (where appropriate) the work was carried out according to national and State legislation on animal experimentation, with approval from the University of Sydney Animal Ethics Committee. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/cell_dense/train_1504.jpg | Is abruption present? | no |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4257693_pone-0114251-g003_342249.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | HPF fixed vacuoles within the chordoma cells.All micrographs indicate the connection of the vacuoles. A) Overview of the vacuoles (V); arrows indicate the network within the MUG-Chor1 cells. B) Cells show a high number of small vacuoles connected to each other as well as endosomes and Golgi apparatus, surrounded by dense cytoplasm. C) Higher magnification enables the visualization of the linkages between either small vacuoles or endosomes and vacuoles; arrows indicate the exchange of material within the vacuoles. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2740233_fig-002_45542.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | Follow-up radiographs of the same patient showing good radiological evidence of union of both radial and ulnar fractures. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3638508_fig2_201600.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Touch imprint of the eyelid masses showing a monotonous population of small, mature lymphocytes. (Wright-Giemsa; 500x magnification). |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwz7dous086u413h19fr.jpg | Where in the image is the instrument? | Center, Lower-right, Center-right, Lower-center |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC1175842_F3_2545.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Low-entropy regions of different focal planes and different time points. (A – E and K–O) Input images. (F–J and P–T) Low-entropy regions (black) produced from the input images. Low-entropy regions were produced from multifocal images of an embryo at a specific time point in the four-cell stage with 4.5 μm between two focal planes (A–E) and from time-lapse images of an embryo at a specific focal plane with 30 min between two time points (K–L). The low-entropy regions produced are displayed to the right of each input image. The window size was 10 × 10 pixels and the threshold value was 175. |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic40096.jpg | is this image modality t1, t2, or flair? | t2 |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4118618_F1_310664.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | Schematic of the proposed concept. Dose calculations can be performed using synthesized virtual unenhanced CT images, while the delineation of the target and critical organs can be conducted using the original contrast-enhanced CT images. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4536990_F5_414680.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | High magnification electron micrographs confirm that TP4 induces micellization of the H. pylori membrane(A) Electron micrographs of H. pylori at 7,000× magnification reveal characteristic outer membrane disruption. (B and C) Micrographs at 15,000× magnification; short round arrowheads indicate micelle formation sites, arrow heads indicate nick regions where micellization occurs, short arrows indicate missing membrane sections, and long arrows indicate electron dense aggregates inside cells (Scale bars: (A) 200 nm; (B, C) 100 nm) |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_06341.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | CT-scan in the parenchymal phase after iv-injection of iodinated contrast agent on day 18 after combined kidney-pancreas transplantation. Small bowel is filled with oral contrast-agent, colon structures with rectal contrast agent. The kidney transplant (KT) in the left lower abdomen still exhibits a ureteral stent. In the upper part of the pancreas transplant (PT) the anastomosis to the small bowel is visible. Both, kidney and pancreas grafts display normal contrast agent uptake behavior. Extensive ascites (As) can be seen in the four quadrants of the abdomen, moreover anasarca (An) is shown in the subcutaneous tissue of both flanks |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3021935_F0001_84343.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | MRI immediately following neurologic deficits after spinal anesthesia and at 3 months follow-up. (a) T2-weighted (T2W) sagittal image of the lower dorsal and lumbosacral cord showing hyperintensities with cord edema at presentation; (b) sagittal T2W image at follow-up after 3 months showing decreased signal changes and edema; (c) T2W axial image of the lumbar cord demonstrating hyperintensity with cord edema at presentation; (d) T2W axial image of the follow-up scan after 3 months with hyperintensity within the cord with reduced cord edema; and (e) T2W axial image of the lumbar cord revealing clumped nerve roots suggestive of arachnoiditis 3 months after presentation. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2747455_F0006_46578.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Case 2: Axial T2W MRI image shows fat-intensity soft tissue (arrow) surrounding these digits |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3997084_fig3_283481.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Plain radiographs of (a) CMC/BioC, (b) CMC/BioC/BMP-2 (0.1 mg), and (c) CMC/BioC/BMP-2 (0.5 mg) at 4 weeks after implantation onto the tibial defects. (d) CMC/BioC, (e) CMC/BioC/BMP-2 (0.1 mg), and (f) CMC/BioC/BMP-2 (0.5 mg) at 8 weeks after implantation onto the tibial defects. There was no mineralization at the defect site after the implantation of CMC/BioC, whereas both CMC/BioC/BMP-2 (0.1 mg) and CMC/BioC/BMP-2 (0.5 mg) experienced slight mineralization at 4 weeks. At 8 weeks after surgery, both the CMC/BioC/BMP-2 (0.1 mg) and CMC/BioC/BMP-2 (0.5 mg) groups experienced much greater mineralization than did the CMC/BioC group. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4245408_Fig1_339450.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Light photomicrographs and X-ray of fibrous dysplasia harboring a GNAS mutation (R201C) with secondary ABC change. a A low power magnification of a fibro-osseous lesion merging with a cystic lesion. b Bony trabeculae, not lined by osteoblasts, embedded in the bland spindle cells. c Cystic spaces, the wall of which are composed of spindle cell in which numerous osteoclasts are present. d X-ray of skull showing osteolytic lesion with cortical break-though |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4581704_pone.0139284.g002_426654.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Sites of Kir7.1 channel expression in the respiratory system.a. Tissue cryostat sections (10μm) from trachea, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole and alveoli) of two month old Kcnj13
+/- (top) and Kcnj13
+/+ (bottom) mice were stained with X-Gal (blue) and counterstained with eosin. b. Kir7.1 channel expression during respiratory system development. Tissue cryostat sections were stained with X-Gal and counterstained with eosin. The embryonic age is indicated. c. Higher magnification views of tissues at embryonic stages E17.5 and E18.5. Bars represent 100 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2802292_f3_53876.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | Inflammatory changes in ocular mucositis revealed by in vivo confocal microscopy. In vivo confocal microscopy revealed a high density of dendritic and spherical cells, likely including Langerhans cells, macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils, in the epithelial basal cell layer (A, B, D) as well as many activated keratocytes in the anterior stroma (C) and a reduced number of subepithelial nerve fibers (F). Fibrosis (arrows) with a circular pattern of degradation of Bowman’s layer was observed in a case that subsequently showed only minor improvement after discontinuation of S-1 administration (E). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3814288_f3-rado-47-04-411_240469.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Transverse and coronal view of computed tomography images with isodose distributions at the isocenter level in a representative patient with left sided disease. (A, E) wedge pair; (B, F) 7-field IMRT; (C, G) 4-field IMRToff-axis; (D,H) 4-field IMRT co-planar. The isodoses are 105% (dashed black), 100% (white), 50% (black) and 25% (dashed white) of the prescribed dose (70Gy). |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC3425503_pone-0043791-g012_151479.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Immunodetection of Ang II in the renal cortex.Upper and middle panels are representative fields demonstrating Ang II positive cells in the C, S, CE and SE groups counted in tubulointerstitium (×100) and glomeruli (×200), as indicated at the top of the figure. Arrows point to Ang II positive cells. Lower panels present graphic representations of counting (means ± SE). Different lowercase letters above bars indicate statistical differences (P<0.05). Each mean (n = 5) resulted from counting 60 fields in each kidney. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4546818_Fig1_417028.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Characteristic findings on sonograms. a Normal parotid gland. b-d Parotid glands of a patient with IgG4-DS. e, f Parotid gland of a patient with SS. g Normal submandibular gland. h, i Submandibular glands of a patient with IgG4-DS. j, k Submandibular glands of a patient with SS. Multiple hypoechoic areas (b-f, i-k), a reticular pattern (b, e, i), and a nodal pattern (h) can be seen. Hyperechoic lines and/or spots can also observed (b-f, i-k). IgG4-DS IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis, SS Sjögren’s syndrome |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4546599_pone.0135654.g006_416908.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Comparison between the algorithms proposed in reference [16] and that described in the current paper.Panel (a): Phase-contrast images reconstructed using the algorithm without any de-noising step, as proposed in reference [16]; Panel (b): reconstructed image using the de-noising procedure proposed in this research. Both panels are zoomed-in detail of the region indicated by a red dashed square in the top image in Fig 7(c). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4465156_Fig6_396034.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Example uncorrected and ARCTIC motion corrected T2 maps obtained in patients. Subjective T2 map quality scores are shown for each map (right upper corner). Motion among T2-weighted resulted in large regional variations/artifacts in myocardial T2 estimates of uncorrected maps (see white arrows) and were substantially reduced using the proposed ARCTIC motion correction |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4413848_F1_381789.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Alkyl gallates disrupt the Z-ring. B. subtilis cells expressing ftsZ-eyfp were incubated with DMSO (2%) or alkyl gallate compounds at MIC50 for 2 min (left columns) or 15 min (right columns). Brightfield and fluorescence microscopy images are shown. Incubation with alkyl gallates led to the disappearance of Z-rings and increase of fluorescence in the cytoplasm. Scale bar (same for all): 5 μm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3852223_F2_249129.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Representative examples of subclinical/silent cerebrovascular lesions. From left to right: Brain infarct affecting caudate nuclei (FLAIR MRI), brain microbleed in left thalamus (GRE MRI), enlarged perivascular spaces involving basal ganglia (T2 MRI) and extensive white matter changes (FLAIR MRI). |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwyhdo4k086u4s634ye4.jpg | Where in the image is the instrument? | Center, Upper-left, Upper-right, Lower-right, Center-left, Center-right, Upper-center, Lower-center |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3223351_Fig1_116823.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. |
a Slit-lamp photograph demonstrating anterior uveitis with hypopyon in the left eye. b Slit-lamp photograph showing a cellular reaction and keratic precipitates in the right eye. c and d Fundus fluorescein angiogram revealing vitritis and leakage in both optic nerves. e and f Bilateral episodic anterior sclerouveitis after penicillin treatment |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3770017_fig1_231039.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Peritoneal recurrence of hepatoblastoma. 18F-FDG-PET/CT transverse images show a peritoneal nodular mass with abnormal FDG uptake suspicious for recurrent hepatoblastoma. The biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3424155_pone-0041740-g005_151265.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Photomicrographs of the developing kidneys of offspring at birth.Hematoxylin and eosin stain, same magnification in all pictures. (a) SC offspring and (b) VitD- offspring in the F1 generation; (c) SC offspring and (d) VitD- offspring in the F2 generation; (arrows) clusters with comma-shaped and S-shaped glomerular structures at the cortex; (open arrows) vascularized glomerular structures in the inner region. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4614998_f5_435260.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | (a–c) HAADF-STEM (high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy) image of Cu2+ treated DTT.AuNC@pCAF at different magnification. STEM-EDX elemental mapping of (d) Au and (e) Cu of formed Au–Cu blend. (f) The overlapped mapping images of d and e. (g) HRTEM image of Au–Cu blend. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3420783_fig1_150399.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Barium esophagram showing a long pedunculated intraluminal mass from the cricopharyngeus muscle to the level of the inferior pulmonary veins. Unimpeded flow of barium to the stomach was observed. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3600291_fig3_192758.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Skeletal survey showing lytic lesions in long bones and skulls. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3715274_f7-sensors-13-07345_218634.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Reconstructions from highly undersampled data by Provost et al. [124]. The left and the right column show a Shepp-Logan phantom and a photograph of a cat brain, respectively. (a,b) Original images; (c,d) Reconstructions with pseudo-inverse of the model matrix; (e,f) Reconstructions using compressed sensing. Reprinted with permission from IEEE. |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4579805_f1-ol-0-0-3529_426087.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | Echocardiography and computed tomography angiography prior to surgery. (A) Tumor in the atrial septum with moderate pericardial effusion. (B) Right ventricular tumor with outflow tract obstruction. (C) Intrapericardial mass. (D) Left ventricle tumor. (E) Left ventricle tumor with left coronary artery involvement. (F) Right ventricular tumor. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_46742.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | Mediastinum testis of a 25-year-old male with scrotal pain.The mediastinum testis (arrows) is an echogenic band running across the posteromedial aspect of the testicle. It is contiguous with the tunica albuginea and receives the blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and ducts that serve the testis. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4675018_Fig4_452652.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | HisAK70 vaccinated mice develop efficient sterile granulomas. Percentage of hepatic granuloma maturation and representative granulomas from H&E stained liver sections at day 42 p.i. in (a) PBS, (b) empty vector and (c) HisAK70 vaccinated mice. Control mice show high amount of immature granulomas, whereas HisaK70 vaccinated mice show well-developed mature and sterile granulomas. Images were acquired at the indicated magnifications and arrows indicate the presence of amastigotes in the granulomas. All data are presented as the representative mean from each experimental group of mice. Asterisks indicate P < 0.01 with respect to control mice. IM, immature granuloma; M, mature granuloma; Sterile, parasite-free granuloma |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3412713_F2_148576.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Pre-operative abdominal helical computed tomography (CT): horizontal view 1. On horizontal views, a closed loop of intestine (4) was identified against the liver (S4 and S5); the membranous structure (5) was identified as the falciform ligament in the center of the abdomen. On the left side, dilation of proximal intestines (6) and collapse of distal intestine (7) was seen. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxv18zy8074yeuspa5jy.jpg | How many polyps are in the image? | 0 |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4316757_Fig4_355357.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image |
The mixed breed of Figure
2
after radiotherapy treatment (A and B: transverse T2W, C: H-1 MRS single voxel PRESS 35 of the left temporal lesion). Notice in A and B a reduction in size of the lesion, as well as improvement of the perilesional oedema and mass effect when compared to pretreatment images of Figure 2. However, the lesion was not yet resolved. C shows the MRS spectrum, which reveals recovery of the NAA peak, reduction of the Cho peak and not longer presence of lipids, when compared to pre-treatment spectra. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4459169_f4_394270.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | De-Os-rMSCs formed more ectopic bone in nude mice.The untreated rMSCs and De-Os-rMSCs were loaded onto sterilized porous calcium phosphate restorable granules, and then implanted subcutaneously into the dorsal surfaces of nude mice. The transplants were harvested 8 weeks later for histological examination. The sections were stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin, and Immunohistochemistrical staining with anti-collagen type I or anti-OCN antibody. A: adipose tissue; F: fibrous tissue; S: Si-TCP biomaterial remnants; B: bone tissue. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3534086_pone-0052166-g008_176196.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | A dyslexia candidate disease gene is transcriptionally upregulated and localizes to the centrosome.(A) Heat maps depicting the expression of dyslexia candidate genes in ciliated MTECs. Dyx1c1 is among the most highly upregulated genes, and Robo1 is strongly downregulated. (B-D) A DYX1C1-GFP fusion protein was expressed in NIH/3T3 cells. DYX1C1-GFP localizes to the centrosome (B) and in some cells the primary cilium (C). Insets show positively staining regions at higher magnification. Scale bars, 5 um. Green, GFP (B, C). Red, gamma-tubulin (B); acetylated tubulin (C). |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic27717.jpg | what is abnormal in the mri? | endometrioma |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4233089_Fig1_336578.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image |
Ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance images. A) Ultrasound: Upper pole complex cystic renal mass (patient 2). B) Ultrasound: Lower pole renal solid mass (patient 2). C) Computed tomography: Lower pole renal mass with a concurrent cyst in the upper pole (patient 2). D) T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: Complex cystic mass with thick and irregular enhancing cyst walls in the middle part of the kidney. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4515250_Fig1_409494.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Histochemical staining of melanocytes from sequential sections of the same skin biopsy. Sections were stained through standard immunoperoxidase methods using a brown chromagen. Counter-staining was with hematoxylin (blue). a. A section stained with EBL lectin showing brown staining of melanocytes. b. A sequential section stained with MAAII lectin. Melanocyte nuclei are marked with white asterisks
|
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4566330_Fig2_422717.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Immunohistochemical staining for CD45, T-bet and FoxP3. Representative images of immunohistochemical stainings for CD45 (a, b), T-bet (c, d) and FoxP3 (e, f) are shown. On the left is a tumor sample with low lymphocyte frequencies and on the right a tumor sample with high lymphocyte frequencies (b, d, f). Images were obtained at a ×200 magnification |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2592527_f3_30788.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Long-term expression of YFP reporter in FIV-transduced RPCs. Dissociated RPCs were transduced with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and plated at a low density of 10 cells/μl in the complete growth medium to generate clonal spheres. Cells were monitored, and images captured at days 1, 4, and 7 post-dissociation by the inverted fluorescence microscope to detect the presence of secondary RPC spheres. Long-term expression of YFP reporter was still detected after 10 passages. Shown are live-phase contrast cell images (fluorescence and bright field) from the representative culture. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_1456.jpg | Is endocrine present? | yes |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2652462_F1_35537.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Vitrified-warmed blastomeres examined for DNA damage by TUNEL staining (A): Isolated blastomeres showing no TUNEL signals; (B): negative control biopsied embryos with no TUNEL signals; (C): positive control biopsied embryos showing TUNEL (Green) signals. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4219181_F3_332669.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Histopathologic microphotograph of the benign cyst wall. The microphotograph shows a benign cyst lined by ciliated columnar mucin-secreting cells (white arrows) with no secondary changes due to infection or hemorrhage; dyed with hematoxylin and eosin stain under 40 × magnification. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2034408_fig4_14134.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | The Effects of Capu and Spire Constructs on Actin Mesh FormationStage 9 (A–F) and stage 11 (G–I) egg chambers stained with TRITC-Phalloidin to label F-actin (gray scale bars, 30 μm; white scale bars, 10 μm). (A′)–(I′) show magnifications of the oocyte cytoplasm, imaged 10 μm (A′–G′) or 20 μm from the cortex (H′–J′), while (A″)–(G″) show equivalent regions of the nurse cell cytoplasm.(A) Wild-type, (B) capuG7/Df(2L)edSZ1; GFP-CapuΔN, (C) capuG7/Df(2L)edSZ1; GFP-Capu, (D) spireRP; GFP-CapuΔN, (E) spireRP/spire2F; GFP-Spir-D, (F) capuG7/Df(2L)edSZ1; GFP-Spir-D, (G) wild-type, (H) capuG7/Df(2L)edSZ1; GFP-CapuΔN, (I) spireRP/Df(2L)Exel6046; GFP-Spir-D. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3849649_F4_248169.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Gliding motility and mucus. A–F. Mucous trail (arrowheads) left behind gliding gregarines; syzygy of Gregarina cuneata(A, B), syzygy (C) and single gamont (D) of Gregarina polymorpha, syzygy of Gregarina steini(E, F). Note the increased mucus shedding by the syzygy of G. cuneata exhibiting rotary movement (B). G–I. Light micrographs showing the volume of mucus in gamonts of G. cuneata(G), G. polymorpha(H) and G. steini(I) revealed with Alcian blue staining at low pH. |
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