image stringlengths 37 84 | question stringlengths 9 255 | answer stringlengths 1 1.79k |
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splits/sfolder_1/PMC4247313_f2-etm-09-01-0117_340160.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | (A and B) PET-CT scan showed an abnormal mass at the level of T9 and the left upper lobe of the lung. (C and D) Twenty-four months after treatment, PET-CT scan showed inactivation of the neoplasm in the left upper lobe and T9 vertebra and (C) a decrease in the left upper lobe mass in the short axis. PET-CT, positron emission tomography-computed tomography. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2806879_F1_54906.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Computed tomography scan of pelvis showing a large local air-fluid level. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3608039_F1_194432.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Coronary angiograms showing the obtuse marginal branch with good distal flow in lateral view (A) and anterior view (B). |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3580927_fig10_187701.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | CT Perfusion. Decreased perfusion secondary to vasospasm in the left middle cerebral artery territory on CTP (a). Corresponding ischemia is noted on CT scan (b). |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4221972_fig1_333249.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | (a) Posterior movement of the TLIF cage 6 months after surgery (*). (b) The patient was placed in a lateral decubitus position. *Midportion of the L5-S1 disk. **A 5 cm skin incision was made 10 cm anterior from the midportion of the L5-S1 disk. (c) MRI showing right foraminal stenosis between L5 and S1 because of the cage. Arrow indicates the approach between major vessels. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4123979_pone-0104533-g001_311984.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Brain MRI images of the proband showing characteristic diffuse leukoencephalopathy.T2-weighted MRI images (A–C) showed diffuse hyperintensities in the periventricular white matter with a symmetrical distribution, the centrum semiovale, and the basal ganglia. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) T2 sequences (D–F) revealed confluent white-matter lesions in multiple brain regions. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence (G) demonstrated acute ischemic stroke in the centrum semiovale. MR angiography (H) revealed no intracranial arterial stenosis or occlusion. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4177172_Fig3_322935.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner |
Electron micrographs of purified rSMD IB. A. IBs from cultures under controlled pH 7.5. B. IBs purified from uncontrolled pH cultures strategies. 1 h post-induction (left) (scale bars of 0.5 and 1.0 μm), 5 h post-induction (middle) (scale bars 2.0 μm), and 20 h post-induction (right) (scale bars 2.0 μm). Small IBs found at 5 h post-induction (B middle inset) (scale bar represents 0.1 μm). Examination of IBs produced after 20 h of induction (B right inset) (scale bar represents 200 nm). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4651710_fig2_445722.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | (a) Preoperative CT scan demonstrating soft tissue in pancreatic neck (white arrow) with distal pancreatic obstruction along with encasement of the celiac axis and its branches. (b) Immediate postoperative scan demonstrating irregular, hazy soft tissue with ill-defined margins in the postablative bed (white arrow). (c) Three-month follow-up scan showing similar hazy amorphous tissue in the postablation zone (white arrow) which has decreased in size. Further surveillance scans at five months (d), eight months (e), and ten months (f) demonstrating similar appearance of hazy, amorphous soft tissue which has remained stable in size (white arrows) with no signs of recurrence. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4525079_fig1s2_411852.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Targeting recordings.(A) Left, Intrinsic signal showing response to stimulated C2 whisker (630 nm illumination). Right, overlay of intrinsic signal (cyan) on skull image (530 nm illumination). (B) Left, example DiI marking of recording site. Right, cytochrome oxidase stain and DiI overlay for a recording in C2. (C) Same as B, for a recording on the D1/D2 border.DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06619.005 |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3435335_F1_153533.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Magnetic resonance imaging of patient with encephalitic neurocysticercosis, showing multiple degenerating cysticerci and marked brain swelling. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3184093_F7_110549.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | The current position of the pointer tip is visualized by a green line in all reconstruction views in real-time. The actual landmark or biopsy position is marked by a red cross. These positions are saved and could be transferred to planning data post-operatively. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2846851_f2_60722.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Autofluorescence images and high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomograms of affected patients with membrane-type frizzled-related protein, and related oculopathy. Autofluorescence images of the right (A) and left (B) eyes of posterior pole of individual III-1 of family 4 show relative preservation of the central macula. Optical coherence tomograms of the right (C) and left (D) fovea of individual II-1 of family 3 show areas of low reflectivity, which are due to cysts and relative thickening of the retina in the foveal region. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4515824_f1_409625.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | The anti-CD antibody microarray working principle.(Left) The “map” of the microarray with numbers indicating the spots of mouse IgG against corresponding CD antigens; mIgG indicates the negative control; (middle left) the whole microarray with captured normal PBMC after May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining; (middle right and right) the anti-CD45-bound normal PBMC at different magnifications. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cl8k2u1qb1enb0832bueg0a7a.jpg | How many findings are present? | 1 |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cl8k2u1qy1ffj0832756t2iky.jpg | What color is the abnormality? | Pink, White |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3462806_pone-0045991-g002_158435.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Confocal microscopy overlays of autofluorescence scans (green) and the respective anti- matrix antibody staining (blue); comparison of 20 µm cryocuts of ADM (A,C,E,G,I,K) and 10 µm cryocuts of native human skin (B,D,F,H,J,L); scale bars equal 150 µm.(A,B) anti- collagen I (C,D) anti- collagen III (E,F) anti- collagen IV (G,H) anti- laminin 1 (I,J) anti- fibronectin (K,L) anti- hyaluronic acid. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4486502_Fig2_401090.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Example of radiographs taken from a cadaveric distal femur of an 8-year-old female. The lines are drawn to indicate the measurements. a Anteroposterior (AP) radiograph without markers. b AP radiograph with markers. c Lateral radiograph without markers. d Lateral radiograph with markers |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4460237_fig4_394688.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Light photomicrograph of pregnant sows kidney: (a) animal from control group; ((b) and (c), resp.) animals treated with 2.0 and 6.0 mg/kg of body weight of cyanide from day 21 of pregnancy to 110 term showing vacuolar degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium (arrow; (b) and (c)). Magnification: ×20, HE. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4691620_fig4_456675.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Prevascularized bioartificial pancreases subjected to JM2 treatment retain robust insulin expression and maintain a vascular network. The constructs used in the GSIS assay were fixed, whole-mount-labeled, and imaged by confocal microscopy. The labels used were for actin (phalloidin, blue), islets (insulin, green), and endothelial cells (CD31, red). Note the persistence of a vascular network in the constructs subjected to GSIS assay (Vehicle, JM2, and FFA). Importantly, the level of insulin expressed is comparable in vehicle and JM2-treated constructs, while this appears to be decreased in FFA-treated SPECs. Images are maximum projections of z-stacks of 20x magnification fields. Scale bars represent 100 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2562460_F3_28454.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Embryo on the third day (55 hours, 46% of development between egg deposition and hatching), anterior faces upwards. A. An orthogonal muscle grid with longitudinal (lm) and circular (cm) muscles is established and very few diagonal muscles (dm) are present. B. Muscles are continuously formed on the basal side of the epidermal cells (double arrowheads point to cell membranes). Inset shows boxed area under higher magnification. Scale bar: 10 μm. C. Muscles emerge by branching off from circular muscles (arrowheads). D. Between cell borders a concentration of actin is visible (arrows). Scale: 25 μm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4324492_fig5_357368.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | Acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH). Initially, hypofluorescent patches in ICGA surrounded by hyperfluorescent spots (a, b) correspond to areas of exudative detachments. They appear faintly hyperautofluorescent in FAF (Figure 5(c) arrowhead). OCT shows a multilobe neurosensory detachment (Figure 5(d)). There was a significant decrease of inflammatory signs after treatment (e, f, g, h). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3659007_F3_205655.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Shown in Figure 3A through H, cortical activation following nerve trunk stimulation in the ASNI and SSNI groups (P = 0.005). Expansion was found in the ulnar nerve cortical representation, shown in Figure 3F and H. Figure 3I shows the statistical analysis of voxel-counting across slices. A significant change in voxel number between the acute and subacute stages was found in the representation of the right ulnar nerve (★ P < 0.05). |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC2890934_F0018_67220.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Paget's disease. A 53-year-old lady presented with excoriation of the right nipple and no palpable lump. Mammograms showed no significant findings. Breast USG (A) shows a prominent duct (arrows) in the lateral quadrant. Increased vascularity (arrows) is seen on color Doppler examination (B) in the subareolar region. A clinical diagnosis of Paget's disease was made, which was confirmed on skin biopsy. The patient subsequently underwent a mastectomy |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3185269_F1_110826.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Axial MRI from the referring hospital and on admission to our hospital. MRI findings of FLAIR (A) and T1-weighted image with Gd enhancement (B) from the referring hospital (1.5T). Increased white matter lesions are visible in the right parietal lobe on FLAIR images (A), and a T1-weighted Gd enhanced image revealed abnormal enhanced parenchymal lesions along the parietal sulci (B). On admission, these lesions worsened in both FLAIR (C) and T1-weighted enhanced images (D). High signal intensity in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map (E) and low signal intensity in the diffusion-weighted image (F) suggested its edematous nature. No microhemorrhages were observed with Gradient recalled echo-T2* imaging (3T) (G). |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3522364_s2fig3_172929.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | MRI of the same patient; A, T1-weighted TSE sequence reveals the penumbra sign; B, T2-weighted TSE sequence reveals the penumbra sign; C, MR image STIR-TSE sequence shows the penumbra sign. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4647482_Fig5_444339.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Leaf micromorphology of Bauhinia ungulatoides sp. nov. from the middle Miocene of Fujian Province, southeastern China. The cuticles from the holotype, PB21584 c, d. a Adaxial cuticle showing the morphology of epidermal cells. b Abaxial cuticle showing the orientation of stomata. Scale bars = 20 μm. c-d showing an enlarged paracytic stomatal complex from (b). Scale bars = 10 μm |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_0422.jpg | Where are liver stem cells (oval cells) located? | in the canals of hering |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC2795431_fig1_53053.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | Representative example of c-KIT gene amplification detected by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). High-level amplification of c-KIT (red signals) detected along with two copies of chromosome 4 centromeres (green signals). |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4345058_fig2_363192.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Enhanced result of I1 image: (a) LCS, (b) HE, (c) DSA, (d) BSA, (e) GA, (f) PSO, (g) CS, and (h) CS-PSO. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4604493_f5_433052.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | I30 region of WASP recruit N-WASP-I30 to punctate structures at cell cortex.(A) WASP-I30 region was inserted in N-WASP between WH1 domain and basic region of N-WASP. (B) Jurkat T-cells expressing EGFP tagged WASPR, WASPRΔI30, N-WASP and N-WASP-I30 were stimulated on anti-CD3 (OKT3)-coated coverslip for 5 min and stained with Alexa fluor 594 phalloidin. The experiment has been repeated three times and 25 cells were analyzed each time. (C) Jurkat T-cells expressing WASPR-RFP, WASPRΔI30-RFP, N-WASP-RFP and N-WASP-I30-RFP were allowed to form conjugate with Raji B cell initially pulsed with SEE toxin. The conjugates between T: B cells were detected by Alexa fluor 488 phalloidin. Bar = 5 μm. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2409801_fig6_23807.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | (A) Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis of DAC activation on KB-CP1 cells. The cell lines used in this study were described in Figure 1. Measurement of radioactivity in cells is described in Materials and methods. (B) Confocal microscopic immunofluorescent images of FBP stained by a monoclonal antibody specific to human FBP. Immunofluorescent images of cells were monitored under a laser scanning confocal microscope (Bio-Rad) at × 600 magnification. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4180049_pone-0107372-g007_323778.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | The cca1lhy mutant showed oil body retention in comparison to wild-type WS.Confocal laser microscopy of Nile Red stained oil bodies of the radicle from 1-day-old imbibed seeds (Day 1) and hypocotyl epidermis from 2- to 5-day-old seedlings (Day 2 to Day 5) of the cca1lhy mutant and wild-type WS germinated under 12-h-light/12-h-dark cycles on water-based agar. Samples from freshly-harvested and after-ripening seeds of the cca1lhy mutant and wild-type WS are shown. Scale bar = 10 µm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4189629_Fig5_326089.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail |
Effects of different concentrations of Al on spindle MTs in mitosis in root tip cells of
P. massoniana
. DNA staining with DAPI (A1–D1, blue), tubulin immunolabeling (A2–D2, green), merged images (A3–D3) and bright field images (A4–D4) in the same single optical section obtained with the confocal laser scanning microscope. Bar = 10 μm for all figures. A. Showing anaphase chromosome and spindles in control cell. B. Showing sticky spindle and MT fragments in anaphase (10−4 M Al, 24 h). C. Showing depolymerized spindle MTs and chromosome stickiness (10−3 M Al, 48 h). D. Showing normal phragmoplast (Control). E. Showing depolymerized phragmoplast (10−3 M Al, 48 h). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3932267_fig2_268858.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | (a) XRD patterns and (b) SEM image of as-synthesized vanadium oxide sample prepared by the microwave heating at 300 W. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3634513_f6-ijms-14-06499_200463.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Observations of the cilia on the nasal mucosa of the toad palate. The photographs were taken at a magnification of 400×. (a) Physiological saline group; (b) 1% sodium deoxycholate group; (c) Naristillae Furacilini et Ephedrini group; (d) Paeonol temperature-sensitive in situ gel group; (e) Blank temperature-sensitive in situ gel group. Scale: 50 μm |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3942746_toxins-06-00464-f006_271671.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Cry11Aa and Cry1Ab do not colocalize with lysosomes. Mos20 cells were treated with Cry toxins for 2 h. The cells were processed for confocal microscopy analysis using primary antibody against toxins labeled with Alexa 488 secondary antibody (green), and LysoTracker (red) (1 μg/mL) was added to the medium 5 min before the end of the treatment. No colocalization was found with Cry11Aa (A) or Cry1Ab (B) and LysoTracker (late endocytotic/lysosomal compartments marker). Scale bars: 5 μm. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/val/cell_other/train_0987.jpg | What is stained black in the figure? | elastin |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4459984_pone.0128306.g007_394567.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Photomicrographs of cultured HOK stored for seven days at nine temperatures were captured with a scanning electron microscope with 550x magnification (A-J).Cultured HOK cells not subjected to storage served as control. Photomicrographs are representative of two independent samples. White arrow (B) shows cell shrinkage and the white arrow in (J) shows the detachment of the cells. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC1079854_F9_1694.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | An epifluorescence image of Thermus aquaticus. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3170828_fig1_108093.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | HIV positive patient with chronic HBV infection without known liver cirrhosis. By the AASLD and APASL guidelines, this lesion would require further evaluation. CT done prior to the MRI also failed to demonstrate arterial hypervascularity. Note, however, that the lesion showed suspicious features on T2-weighted and DW imaging. The lesion was biopsied percutaneously under ultrasound guidance and showed to represent a well-differentiated HCC. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2874782_F1_64666.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Representative immunostaining of CA enzymes in MBs. Panel A shows no immunoreaction for CA IX, whereas the tumour in panel B is strongly positive. Panel C demonstrates CA XII-positive immunoreactivity in tumour cells. In panel D, CA II-positive immunostaining is confined to the endothelium of small blood vessels (arrows). All magnifications ×400. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3808719_fig2_239579.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | The pathological assessment performed by methylene blue staining in the ACFs of the colonic mucosa of rats1,2. 1ACFs: aberrant crypt foci. 2PS0: received saline and fed AIN93G diet; PS0.5: received saline and fed AIN93G diet containing 0.5% saponins; DSO: received 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and fed AIN93G diet; DS0.5: received DMH and fed AIN93G diet containing 0.5% saponins; DS1: received DMH and fed AIN93G diet containing 1% saponins. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4460911_f3_394816.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | iPSC-MSCs-CdM transplantation reverses Dox-induced histological change in mice.a) At 3 weeks after CdM injection, histological examination with Hematoxylin and eosin staining for heart tissue among different groups (i–iv). Gross view of heart tissue among Control (i), Dox treated (ii), BM-MSCs-CdM (iii) and iPSC-MSCs-CdM (iv) treated mice. Compared with control mice (i), enlarged left ventricular cavity in doxorubicin treated mice was observed (ii). Sirius red staining showed a different myocardium fibrosis among experimental groups (v–viii). b) Quantitative measurement of fibrosis ratio of heart among different experimental groups (*p < 0.01
vs. Control group; #p < 0.01
vs. Dox group; †p < 0.01 vs. BM-MSCs-CdM group). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3984449_gr8_280651.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Detection of stroke and atrophy on stroke CT scans. In this figure we show two cases for which the automated method retrieved lesion areas that are ascribed not only to a hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, but also to brain atrophy. Red and blue outlines define the lesion area and correspond to significant positive and negative increases, respectively, compared to the control group. A minimum cluster size of 1400 voxels (1.4 cm3) was applied to the lesion maps for visualization purposes. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3730385_fig4_221975.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Histology of female reproductive organs (ovary and uterus) on day 14 in mice treated with PBS ((a), (b)), SAF ((c), (d)), and SAF + receptor ((e), (f)). Ovary showing the presence of corpus luteum (CL) in sections (a) and (e) while section (c), that is, SAF treated ovary at diestrus, showing only the presence of Graafian follicles (GF). Presence of decidua (D) was also observed in uterus. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3296742_pone-0032809-g003_128801.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Region of interest analysis.Figure displays the a priori defined region of interest (the mid-portion of the middle temporal gyrus), within which significant differences in activation (p<0.05) were identified for two key contrasts. Bar graph indicates relative mean percentage BOLD signal change as a function of facilitation, compared to the unfacilitated condition. * indicates significant changes in mean signal intensity compared to the unfacilitated baseline (p<0.05) and ** indicates a significant difference between long-term (LT) and short-term (ST) facilitated conditions. Error bars indicate standard error mean. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_02823.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 sequenceshowing compression of the medulla by the vertebral artery |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/inside_endocrine/train_1477.jpg | What sectioned gland rather large lesion? | fixed tissue |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3004943_pone-0015571-g002_81738.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | Mosaic images of astrocytic cultures.The cultures were fixed 18 h (A), 30 h (B) and 42 hours (C) after infection with the BDG-PRV virus. In the bottom row (D) higher magnification images can be seen taken 36 hours after infection. The last image shows accurate overlap between immunostained PRV virus particles (red) and GFP (green) expession by infected cells. Scale bars are 300 µm and 25 µm, respectively. High resolution file can be downloaded from: http://amur.elte.hu/BDGVirus/. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4536374_F5_414585.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | Histological analysis of longitudinal root (left) and leaf (right) sections of 14-day-old N. caerulescens seedlings inoculated with Ncr-1 and Ncr-8 PGPE strains and non-inoculated (NI). Bacterial cells were highlighted with safranin and plant cells with fast green staining. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_72263.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | Pelvic sagittal view. A Foley balloon is seen as well as a heterogenous echogenic collection posterior to it. The walls of the bladder cannot be clearly delineated. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3508053_Fig6_168966.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | MRI scans of a growth plate of the proximal femoral epiphysis of a 6-year-old cadaver |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxv7907k074yhv4610cd.jpg | Is this finding easy to detect? | No |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3107161_F1_97719.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Preoperative radiological examinations. (a) X-ray showing a mass with coarse calcification located in the right eighth rib, expanding beyond the irregular cortex. (b) CT scan showing a low -density mass with coarse calcification along the right eighth rib; the mass arose at the bone-cartilage border. (c) 3D-CT scan showing destruction of bone and cartilage destruction, with expansive growth of the tumor at the right eighth rib. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_05243.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | Assessment of the femoral stem-canal ratio. A line was drawn along the lateral margin of the lateral cortex and extended, and then the width between this line and the medial cortex was measured (C-D). Femoral stem-canal ratio was defined as the ratio of the width of the femoral component to the width of the medullary canal (E-F/C-D). Satisfactory was recorded when the ratio was more than 80 %. Radiographic evaluation originally appeared in J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993;75:6-13. E-F: the width of the femoral component |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3871290_f0020_253703.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | (a) Maps of the p value produced by optimally-discriminative voxel-based analysis (ODVBA) (Zhang and Davatzikos, 2011) showing differences between MCI-LS and MCI-SC based on the normal Aβ1–42 subsample. Significantly more GM atrophy for hippocampus, prefrontal lobe and precuneus in MCI-SC relative to MCI-LS. The maps were thresholded at the p = 0.01 level. (b) 3D renderings of statistically significant differences between MCI-LS and MCI-SC. normal Aβ1–42 subsample (right); pathological Aβ1–42 subsample (left). The maps were thresholded at the p = 0.01 level. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4375991_F4_372098.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Gpr101-Cre delineates the striatal matrix. Confocal microscopy images showing (A)
Gpr101-Cre-Btg/wt:dtTomatotg/wt combined with immunohistochemistry for DARPP32. The arrows point to patches in CP lacking RFP staining. Red: RFP, green: DARPP32, blue: DAPI. (B)
Gpr101-Cre-Btg/wt:dtTomatotg/wt combined with immunohistochemistry for the matrix marker calbindin (CALB). Red: RFP, green: CALB, blue: DAPI. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2777864_F7_50914.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Co-localization between PTEN and BMI1 in primary prostate cancer tissues. Double IF staining for BMI1 (red) and PTEN (green) in normal prostatic gland (normal), PIN, PTEN-negative carcinoma, and PTEN-positive carcinoma. Nuclei were counter-stained with DAPI (blue). Images were captured with a confocal microscope. Scale bar represents 20 μM. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3424107_F4_151202.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Morphology of leaf trichomes at different developmental stages. A-D) Overall view of trichomes of the two-week-old leaves. Bar = 250 μm. E-H) Close-up view of trichomes. Numbers indicate the different developmental stages of trichomes. Arrows indicate the irregular shape or elongation of stage 5 and 6 trichome branches of xi-1/xi-k, xi-2/xi-k and xi-1/xi-2/xi-k plants. Bar = 100 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4015846_F3_287205.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of biofilms of A. pleuropneumoniae strain MBHPP147 grown on SJPL cells and stained with WGA-Oregon green 488. Uninfected SJPL cell control (48 hours post mock infection) (A); SJPL cells incubated with A. pleuropneumoniae strain MBHPP147 for 3 hours (B), 6 hours (C), 24 hours (D), 48 hours (E) or 48 hours and treated with Dispersin B (F). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3877128_pone-0083910-g005_255255.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Assessment of cardiac deformation after myocardial infarction.Radial (A) and circumferential (B) strain as representative markers of heart deformation were obtained 24 h after infarct with LGE-MRI Both parameter show marked improvement in heart function after treatment with riociguat (blue) compared to untreated control (black). Representative images are also shown for each of the parameters. Endocardial and epicardial borders have been delineated on the LGE images, hypokinetic areas have been marked in red in the displacement images. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3125655_F0004_100973.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Spiral CT chest showing a large, well-defined soft tissue density mass lesion in the posterior aspect of the right upper hemithorax. The lesion is found to be extending to the chest wall with erosion of right upper ribs |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3411405_F2_148146.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging scan. The arrow on the axial T1-weighted cervical spine image shows the cervical cord posteriorly displaced at the level of the C5 to C6 disc space. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4566286_Fig4_422708.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Newly diagnosed lepromatous patients exhibits bone and cartilage lesions. a, b Radiography of left hand and foot. Asterisks indicate the distal phalanx erosion, typical hallmark of leprosy. c Third-phase bone scintigraphy image shows increased bone uptake of 99mTc-MDP in both hands. Hyper-fixation occurred in bones and joints of phalanges, metacarpus and wrists. Important joint alterations were evidenced in all patients. d The early phase scintigraphy shows localised radiotracer activity on the wrists |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3582643_pone-0056113-g005_188259.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Illustration of skeleton extraction by ACTSE and fiber tracking by SLT for right cingulum.(a), (b), (c) and (g) are from subject 4; (d), (e), (f) and (h) are from subject 6. (a) and (d) show FA color map. (b) and (e) show tract skeleton extraction results of ACTSE (in green) from sagittal view; (c) and (f) show fiber tractography results by SLT (in red) from sagittal view. (g) and (h) show the results of ACTSE and SLT in 3D view. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_47080.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Stratified attenuation pattern in the ascending colon of a cirrhotic patient. Reformatted coronal contrast-enhanced CT scan shows parietal regular and concentric thickening of the ascending colon (arrows) with a “target” appearance due to oedema of the submucosa. Note the irregular contours of the liver (arrowheads) consistent with hepatic cirrhosis. Adapted from the electronic poster “Bowel wall thickening—a complex subject made simple” DOI:10.5444/esgar2011/EE-063 |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3533888_F4_175995.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | Identification of four strains on selective MD plates. (A) Strains grow on the MD plate supplemented with both histidine and glutathionine. (B) Strains grow on MD plates supplemented with histidine only. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3898984_f0010_260556.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Group fMRI activation overlaid onto the group-average T1 image in MNI template space. The slice is oriented parallel to the planum temporalis and is in radiological convention. Blue = sound activation corrected for multiple comparison with FDR p < 0.004; red = pitch activation at uncorrected p < 0.001; green = melody activation at uncorrected p < 0.001. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_15274.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | X-ray foot revealed the triple phalanx showing symphalangism and duplication of the metacarpophalangeal architecture duplication; symphalangyeasm of first ray; triplation of the phalanges of first toe |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3847110_F10_247298.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Representative picture of immunohistochemistry for rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the spinal cord at 3 days post injury. (A) IgG immunoreactive product is obvious in the lesion area (left box), while in the far-away hematoma (right box), there is little immunolabeling for IgG. (B) and (C) are higher magnification of the boxes in the areas adjacent to the lesion site and to the hematoma, respectively. Bar = 2 mm in (A), 200 μm in (B) and (C). |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC3174929_F2_108850.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Cross-sectional slice of human skeletal muscle (hematoxylin and eosin stain; × 400 original magnification). Regenerating muscle fibers can be seen as basophilic fibers with enlarged nuclei in the center of the image. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3575495_pone-0057090-g007_186319.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Time-lapse video microscopy of C. trachomatis inclusion fusion.Selected merged frames from Video S2 acquired every 20 minutes by time-lapse video microscopy of HeLa cells co-infected with C. trachomatis strains expressing GFP (green) or mCherry (red) under the control of the incD promoter. The first frame corresponds to 24 h post infection. For each time point, an XY view (Top panels, XY) and an extended focus view (Bottom Panels, Ext.Focus) are shown. The time (hours: minutes) is indicated in the upper right corner of each frame. Scale Bar: 6 µm. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_03271.jpg | What is shown in this image? | A 2-cm mass at head of pancreas was demonstrated by computed tomography scan. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4555250_ijerph-12-08828-f007_419309.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Light (a–d) and electron microscopy (e–h) imaging of the X. laevis small intestine. Transversal sections at the level of an intestinal loop of a control (a), bZnO (b) and sZnO (c,d) exposed embryos. Magnification of the sZnO intestinal loop (d) shows the swelling of paracellular spaces between cells (empty arrow) and detachment in some regions of epithelial cells from basal lamina (*). These damages are more evident in the detail of the junctional complex between two enterocytes (g) (black arrow) and of the basal portion (h) (*) of sZnO-exposed embryos in comparison to the control (e) (black arrow) and (f) (*). ► = brush border; gl = gut lumen. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_51211.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Mandibular first molars with three roots. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3970084_fig8_277382.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Cephalometric values just before the end of treatment and panoramic radiograph before final debonding and after implant placement. From left to right: value measured, average value from the population norm, standard deviation of the average value from the population norm, and difference from the extreme value of the population norm. Blue: values above the norm; green: values below the norm; black: values within the norm. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC2844751_F0002_60297.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Crohn's disease with extrasphincteric fistulae. Conventional fistulogram (a) shows a branching left perianal fistula (long arrow), communicating with the rectum (short arrow). Coronal T1W image (b) depicts bilateral ischiorectal tracts (arrows). Coronal fat-saturated T2W image (c) depicts one transsphincteric tract interrupting the right external sphincter (arrow), the two other tracts being extrasphincteric. Axial fat-saturated T2W image (d) shows bilateral ischiorectal abscesses communicating across the midline with a posterior internal opening at 6 o'clock position (arrow). Axial postcontrast T1W image (e) depicts enhancement of the horseshoe abscess (arrow) |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4558020_pone.0136098.g002_420156.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation |
Trichoplax feeding on Rhodamonas salina microalgae.Algae appear as tiny red specks on the substrate due to their content of fluorescent phycoerythrin. At 8 to 24 sec groups of algae under the paused Trichoplax precipitously release their contents apparent as contiguous domains of bright red phycoerythrin. The fluorescence has spread further and diminished at 112 sec. At 408 sec the animal has changed shape and a separate group of algae now covered by the paused Trichoplax release their contents at 440 sec. Merged transmitted light and fluorescence images (543 nm illumination) from a confocal microscope. Scale bar—200 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3955518_fig8036_274326.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | Biopsy Proven Prostate Cancer, Stage T3, Gleason Score 8.A)Axial T2w. image of prostate gland: A hyposignal tumoral mass is evident in peripheral zone in right base of prostate. B) Axial T2w. image of prostate gland in more cephalic level: Involvement of seminal vesicles by prostate cancer is noted. C) Coronal T2w. image of prostate gland: Involvement of seminal vesicles is well shown. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3979092_F4_279768.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | Histological analysis of minor salivary gland biopsies in the rituximab and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment groups. Histological analysis of minor salivary gland (MSG) biopsies in the rituximab (RTX) and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment groups at baseline and week 120. 4×, 10×, 20× and 40×, level of magnification of the corresponding picture H&E, hematoxylin–eosin. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4659937_f5_447693.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Immunodetection of KCNJ10 and KCNQ1 in adult Kcnk5+/− and Kcnk5−/− mouse cochleas.(a–d) In both mice groups, KCNJ10 (green) is expressed in the intermediate cells (a,b), while KCNQ1 (green) is located in the marginal cells (c,d) of the stria vascularis. Confocal images (stacks of 5 and 2 confocal planes of 2 μm each, respectively, in e and f) in the area of the root cells (e–j) revealed similar colocalizations of KCNJ10 (green) and tubulin (magenta) in Kcnk5+/− (e,g,h) and Kcnk5−/− (f,i,j) mice. Cells' nuclei are stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochoride (DAPI) (blue, a–j). Scale bars, 50 μm (a–d); 20 μm (e–j). |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_2259.jpg | What is present ? | colon |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4676315_f1-cln_70p781_452865.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | a-f: cTACE standardization. Selective angiography of the common hepatic artery (a, b) depicts a hypervascular lesion nourished by distal branches of the hepatic artery (arrows). Microcatheters reached the supplying arteries of the tumor (c). No staining of the tumor was seen in the final angiography (d, e). The procedure was considered to be successful. The tumor retained Lipiodol and became radiopaque (f, arrowheads). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4364357_pone.0119759.g003_368825.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | 47-year-old man with T4–5 tuberculosis, underwent transforaminal debridement, interbody fusion (iliac bone autograft) and posterior instrumentation.(a) Preoperative X-ray films of thoracic spine show paraspinal shadow (left) and a narrowed disc space at T4–5. (b) Coronal and sagital CT scans demonstrate tuberculosis cavities and parevertebral abscess at T4–5. (c) T2W sagittal MRI showing enhancements of the inflammatory vertebral bodies and tissue. (d,e) X-ray films and CT of thoracic spine show grafts union at the final follow-up of 42 months. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3019363_F0006_84101.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Postoperative CT scans of the brain (a) post-hemicraniectomy, (b) temporal lobectomy, and (c) after second stage autologous cranioplasty. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4438875_f4-mmr-12-01-0871_388241.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Histological and immunohistochemical staining of the spindle cell oncocytoma in case 2. (A and B) Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealing that the tumor was composed of spindled and epithelioid cells arranged in intersecting fascicles. The cells had an abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Mild to moderate nuclear atypia was identified, but mitosis was not observed. Nuclear pleomorphism was found in certain cells. Infiltration of a few mature lymphocytes and local interstitial mucoid degeneration was observed. A, magnification, ×20; B, magnification, ×40. Immunohistochemical staining for (C) S-100, (D) epithelial membrane antigen, (E and F) vimentin and (G and H) thyroid transcription factor-1. C-E and G, magnification, ×20; F and H, magnification, ×40. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4316965_f3-etm-09-03-0717_355491.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | (A) Coronal 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan showing the maximum standardised uptake value: 4.2 (the arrow indicates pelvic lymph node metastasis). (B) Maximum intensity projection images of a patient (the arrow indicates pelvic lymph node metastasis). |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4177221_pone-0108393-g009_322987.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Scanning electron microscopy images showing the hydrolytic effect of GtCel12A on filter paper.Left panels, images in different magnifications of the reaction control; center panels, after 12 hours of enzyme action; right panels, after 24 hours of enzyme hydrolysis. A- Scale bar of 200 µm. B- Scale bar of 100 µm. C- Scale bar of 10 µm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3698800_fig02_215152.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Thoracic aorta multiplanar reconstructed (MPR) cuts without (left) and with (right) arterial wall delineation contours, showing matched magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) slices (1.1 mm thick) of the baseline MRI (left group) and end of trial MRI (right group) examinations in a 62-year-old man. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3655246_F0001_204767.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Corrosion cast showing dilated, rough and wringled bile ducts in left liver lobe, and reduction and lost of smaller branches (yellow) in a sheep infected with F. hepatica. Along to deformated bile duct are visible dilated and winding terminal branches of hepatic arteries (red) |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4478850_F6_399426.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | Root cortex maceration and necrosis of developing taproot of OSR by R. solani AG2-1. (A) 3D X-ray CT image of soil and root (yellow). (B) Image showing only root tissue (white solid arrow indicates maceration of tissue. (C) 2D cross-section (zx plane) image showing high porosity around OSR root (scale bar = 2 mm). (D) Magnified view of image shown in (C), showing necrosis of root cortex (scale bar = 1 mm). (E) 2D cross-section (xy plane) image showing preservation of the stele (solid arrow) but complete necrosis of cortex tissue (scale bar = 0.5 mm). |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3983067_ppat-1004070-g007_280238.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | miR-21, YOD1 siRNA or CVB3 infection induces co-localization of desmin proteins and proteasomes.HL-1 cells were transfected as indicated or infected with CVB3 at 10 MOI for 24 h. Cells were subjected to immunofluorescence detection of desmin and proteasome. Nuclei were stained by DAPI (blue). Images were captured by confocal microscopy. Bar: 20 µm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3640977_F5_202377.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | Chest radiograph showing a 50% left-sided pneumothorax. 50% left-sided pneumothorax as visualised on a simple chest radiograph following 4 weeks of crizotinib treatment. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4205504_F18_329572.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Digital images of habitus of Honduran Geocharidius species. A
Geocharidius
celaquensis (HONDURAS, Lempira, Celaque National Park), paratype B
Geocharidius
lencanus (HONDURAS, Lempira, Celaque National Park), paratype C
Geocharidius
comayaguanus (HONDURAS, Comayagua, Comayagua), paratype D
Geocharidius
disjunctus (HONDURAS, Francisco Morazán, La Tigra National Park), holotype. Scale = 0.5mm. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3724771_pone-0070949-g006_220630.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Locations of equivalent current dipoles (ECDs) in the posterior cingulate cortex induced by cue sounds and imagery of handgrips during the second magnetoencephalography (MEG) sessions.Closed red circles indicate the locations of ECDs and short red lines radiating from closed circles indicate the orientation of ECDs. ECDs are superimposed on individual magnetic resonance images (sagittal view) (A: anterior side; P: posterior side). The peak latencies are presented in parentheses. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4008087_fig4_285354.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Brain CT scan with hemorrhagic transformation of infarcts. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3599802_F1_192543.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | a and b: The magnetic resonance imaging before re-irradiation. Recurrence of disease is clearly evident (arrows). |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4048366_F1_295433.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | Pre- (A, B, C, D) and postoperative (E, F, G, H) computed tomography (CT) scans of four left acute traumatic subdural hematoma (ASDH) patients with contusion, all of whom sustained fatal brain swelling. A, E: a 64-year-old man with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3; B, F: a 73-year-old woman with GCS score of 6; C, G: a 71-year-old woman with GCS score of 11; D, H: a 68-year-old man with GCS score of 4. All postoperative CT scans were obtained within 24 h of surgery. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_75046.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Abdominal CT scan showing multiple stones in the CBD and IHD with biliary obstruction, multifocal liver abscesses, and air-biliarygram. CBD, common bile duct; IHD, intra-hepatic duct. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4527720_pone.0133917.g001_412760.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Bone lesions are found in Mushi Tg mice.A) Representative stereo miscroscopic images of 4-month-old littermates (LMs) and sick Mushi mice femur, ilium/ischium and tibia. Arrows indicate the area of bone lesions in Mushi mice. B) Morphometric analyses of LMs and Mushi mice femurs using CT analyzer. Five mice per group, data are from a single experiment representative of two independent experiments. Significance was calculated in relation to wild type group C) Representative axial views of femoral metaphyseal region of LMs and Mushi femoral bone using micro CT scan. |
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