image stringlengths 37 84 | question stringlengths 9 255 | answer stringlengths 1 1.79k |
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splits/subfolder_4/PMC4021882_membranes-02-00001-f006_288872.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Composite TEM micrographs of MPs from TC mice (A, B and C) and mice 2 days post-ligation (D and E) using the MPS-ULTRA procedure (described in Figure 1A). Note the regular circular morphology of the vesicles, the diameters below 400 nm and the observation that some seem to be shells and others solid bodies (this difference is more noticeable in A and B). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3418022_F1_149499.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Figure 1: CT scan showing solid and cystic components with internal calcifications. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3460997_pone-0046106-g006_158081.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Histology showing vascular impairment and apoptosis in MCF7-mCherry-luc tumors.Sections were obtained from a series of mice sacrificed at various times after ATO (8 mg/kg). Hoechst stain shows reduced perfusion 2–6 hrs following ATO and H&E stain shows increased necrosis after 24 hrs. Left column: vascular extent (CD31; green) and perfusion (Hoechst 33342; blue). Middle column: Caspase-3 activity indicating apoptosis. Right column: H&E. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC544560_F5_982.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Delta protein expression is abnormally distributed in the presence of spen mutant clones. Crosses were performed as described in Figure 1, and third instar imaginal disks were isolated from progeny female larvae with the following genotypes: {MS1096 GAL4/+; 40 2piM FRT40A/ GFP FRT40A; UAS-Flp1/ +} (A-C), and {MS1096 GAL4/ +; spenpoc361 FRT40A/ GFP FRT40A; UAS-Flp1/ +} (D-I). Delta expression (in red) was detected in by using a mouse anti-Delta MAb followed by a Cy3-conjugated anti mouse antibody. The area indicated by the arrows in E and F is shown at higher magnification in G to I. Dorsal is up and anterior is to the left. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3386951_pone-0040015-g006_143356.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | β-catenin expression.(A) Nuclear β-catenin labeling control in a desmoid tumor. (B) Leiomyoma without β-catenin expression (LM1). (C) Uterine leiomyosarcoma with cytoplasmic β-catenin expression (LMS8). (D) Uterine leiomyosarcoma with membranous β-catenin expression (LMS2). Magnification: X40. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_53559.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Chest radiography on admission. Diffuse bilateral reticular infiltrates in the bilateral lung fields were present |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3200343_pone-0026577-g006_113049.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | MRI FLAIR images of hMSC infused NHPs.Axial images of available MRI of hMSC infused NHPs at day 3, day 7, 1 month, 6 months and 12 months. #12, #14, #17 and #18 correspond to the animal number in Table 3. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4606502_Fig1_433527.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Example of MRI data from an individual sheep. a T1-weighted (left column) and T2-weighted (right column) axial images from dorsal (top) to ventral (bottom). In the T1 images, arrows indicate flow-related artifacts along the phase-encoding direction. Individual fMRI activation maps from (b) the sensorimotor and (c) visual stimulations were overlaid on axial, coronal, and sagittal views as well as on a 3D MRI head rendering. Crosshairs (in blue) indicate the location of the local maxima on the fMRI activation map from the square frame (in blue) showed on an axial plane of the 3D rendering. L: left, R: right, D: dorsal, V: ventral, Ca: caudal, and Ro: rostral |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxv18zy0074yd3bcc08u.jpg | How many findings are present? | 2 |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4100882_pone-0102015-g002_306602.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | CT method.(A) CT slice of the soap block with a cavity. Air outside the block and in the cavity appears black. The soap appears gray and the metal fragments as small white spots. (B) Segmented cavity shown in blue. (C, D) 3D renderings of the virtually cut soap block and the segmented cavity. (E) 3D rendering of the cavity. (F) Cavity with lead fragments. (G) Cloud of lead fragments. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC2661372_pone-0004992-g002_36632.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Admixed Skov-3/MSC xenografts express fibroblast markers and invasive markers indicative of TAF.IHC staining for markers that define fibroblast presence are visible in the Skov-3/MSC (1∶1) admixed xenografts but not in Skov-3-only xenografts. Fibroblast markers FAP (A) and FSP (B) are both present throughout the admixed tumors. The three tissue remodeling proteins Tn-C (C), TSP-1 (D) and SL-1 (E) are detectable within the admixed tumors. These two categories cover the first two characteristics of a TAF, and are observed only in tumors exposed to MSC. Human-specific, mouse non-cross-reactive antibodies allow identification of the human MSC-contributory components within the tumor microenvironment. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3069070_pone-0018273-g006_91613.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Total Kv11.1 protein expression in fixed, permeabilized cells.The staining patterns for cells co-transfected with GFP (green) and HA-tagged Kv11.1 plasmids (CY3, red) were assessed using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. A: Kv11.1-wt; B: Kv11.1-mut; C: co-expression of both plasmids. Untransfected cells served as negative controls (D). DAPI stained nuclei (blue) and phalloidin stained actin filaments (CY5, purple) were used to identify the nucleus and plasma membrane, respectively. White arrows indicate the location of line scans through the plasma membrane and perinuclear regions of merged images. Profile histograms indicate the fluorescence intensity for pixels along line scans for each group. Scale bar represents 20 µm. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_04542.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | Computed tomography scan of the chest showing heterogeneously enhancing soft tissue density in the left upper lobe |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3240607_ppat-1002426-g001_119478.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Radiographic imaging and gross lung pathology associated with HPS in hamsters.Hamsters were infected with 200 FFU of Andes virus as outlined in the materials and methods section. Beginning at 12 hours post-infection and continuing every 1–2 days, infected hamsters were euthanized and necropsied. Macroscopic evidence of pulmonary damage was first noted at day 7 post-infection (see arrows) with the frequency and severity of lesions increasing until the terminal phase of disease. Radiographic imaging (X-ray) demonstrated a progression of lung infiltrations beginning between days 7 and 9 post-infection. Shown are ventral dorsal chest radiographs and gross pathology from a representative hamster collected at the indicated time points. |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic39974.jpg | what is most alarming about this ct scan? | chronic eosinophilic pneumonia |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3751216_Fig2_226725.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Radiographic findings of chondrosarcoma. a Presence of a ring-and-arc pattern of calcification. b Absence of calcification (arrow). c Presence of cortical penetration (arrows) and endosteal scalloping (arrowheads) is defined |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4619012_Fig3_436566.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Ultrastructure of chloroplast of Edamai No.6 and whs18 at different developmental stages. a Edamai No.6 at etiolated stage, b Edamai No.6 at albino stage, c Flag leaf of Edamai No.6 d Etiolated leaf of whs18, e Albinistic leaf of whs18, f Flag leaf of whs18
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splits/sfolder_3/PMC3380612_ppat-1002732-g002_142199.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | The upper GI tract of humanized BLT mice is repopulated with HIV target cells.The esophagus, stomach and duodenum were harvested from BLT mice for IHC analysis to determine if these potential sites for HIV transmission following an oral exposure possess HIV target cells. The tissues harvested were stained with the appropriate antibodies to verify the presence of human leukocytes (CD45+) including dendritic cells (CD11c+), macrophages (CD68+) and T cells (CD3+), specifically, CD4+ T cells (CD4+). Positive cells appear brown. Scale bars = 100 µm. |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic27745.jpg | what part of the body is being imaged here? | skull and contents |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_02467.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Aortography confirms bleeding from right adrenal artery off the renal artery. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4072741_pone-0101260-g008_301621.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Spleen immunohistochemical examination.Healthy Balb/C mice (n = 3) received intravenously 59 µg of Zoledronate by loaded RBCs. Seven days post treatment, the spleens were removed and processed by immunohistochemistry. Spleen sections from control A) and treated B) mice were incubated with anti-F4/80 antibody. Magnification 40×. The number of macrophages was evaluated counting 10 randomly selected fields/slide and the results were expressed as percentage respect to untreated controls C). The arrows point at positive zones. CTL = controls; TR = treated mice. Control vs. treated mice, P<0.001 by unpaired t test with Tukey post-hoc test. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3031546_pone-0016386-g005_85840.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Foliar spots in Iriartea deltoidea caused by Diplodia mutila, at different infection stages.(A) Leaf spot infection for a plant with 2 leaves and one spot covering less than 20% of the leaf (B) A plant with two leaves and with a spot covering ∼40% of one leaf (C) A plant with two leaves and with the two foliar spots covering 50% of both leaves (D) Foliar spots covering the entire plant, representing 100% of infection. These plants died after 15 to 31 days. (E) Diplodia mutila pycnidia produced slowly maturing, non-striate, brown, 1-septate conidia measuring 26–28×15–20 µm. Liquid conidial darkening and septation was recorded to take place after discharge. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/val/cell_other/train_0316.jpg | Is electron micrograph of Gaucher cells with elongated distended lysosomes? | yes |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4035488_Fig13_292074.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | DIP pattern. A 54-year-old male smoker with DIP (diagnosis confirmed at histological examination) showing ground-glass opacifications and cysts |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwycdnzw086udcyb2keq.jpg | Are there any anatomical landmarks in the image? | No |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4637027_fig8_442248.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Anti-CD15-SPIONs injected into the corpus callosum. After injection of anti-CD15-SPIONs into the corpus callosum, the corpus callosum (arrows) shows decreased signal intensity on T2∗-weighted (a) and T2-weighed images (b), which was retained until 7 days after injection. No decreased signal intensity appears in the RMS or SVZ. Prussian blue staining reveals that there were positive SPIONs in the needle track (black arrowhead) and the corpus callosum (arrows), while no positive SPIONs are present in the SVZ and RMS (black rectangle). Bar = 200 μm. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_1973.jpg | Does this image show kidney, thickened and hyalinized basement membranes due to diabetes mellitus, pas? | yes |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4436221_pone.0126914.g009_387542.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Denoising results for a 56-year-old male patient with multiple hepatic metastases (slice 1).The first row from (a) to (e) shows the SDCT image, the LDCT image, and the images denoised with AT-PCA, NLM, and KSVD, respectively. The second row from (a’) to (e’) shows the zoomed regions corresponding to (a) to (e). |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cl8k2u1qp1f2308328se14rpa.jpg | Are there any abnormalities in the image? | Polyp |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3853202_pone-0082512-g002_249445.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Identification and analysis of induced endometriotic lesions.(A) Four weeks after treatment, B6C3F1 (I, II) and CD-1 nude (III, IV) mice were sacrificed; endometrial implants were identified (black arrows) and excised for further analysis. Adhesions were also observed at implant sites in the B6C3F1 (II) and CD-1 (IV) mice and involved the liver (L) and gut (G). (B) Hematoxylin-eosin staining of the endometriotic tissues derived from both mouse groups was performed for histological evaluation (magnification: x100). (C) The presence of L1CAM was observed in the endometriotic implants derived from autologous (I) and heterologous (II) models by immunohistochemistry. Negative (III) and positive (colon, squamous epithelium) (IV) controls are shown (magnification: x200). |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3103544_pone-0020330-g002_97273.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Representative ultrasound images of orthotopic human pancreatic cancer xenografts in the mouse pancreas over time.A) Normal mouse pancreas, B) 1 week post-USGI, C) 2 weeks post-USGI, D) 1 week post-SOI, and E) 2 weeks post-SOI. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC1929103_F8_12377.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Response to anti-oestrogen therapy. (a) Tumour cells were recovered from a mouse, then grown in the presence of oestradiol (E) or fulvestrant (F). (b,c) Mammary glands of mice that received an oestrogen pellet before injection of the tumour cells, followed by either no additional treatment (b) or weekly subcutaneous injections of fulvestrant to block oestrogen signalling (c). Upper panels, normal light; lower panels, cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) fluorescence. Only the human mammary epithelial cells were infected with the CFP-expressing virus in this experiment. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3197633_pone-0026253-g004_112474.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Intravital visualization of immune cell migration into and within a lymphatic vessel in a pathologically vascularized cornea.A–E) Lymphatic vessel (green), crossing blood vessel (red), corneal epithelium (red) and stromal collagen fibrils (blue) are imaged simultaneously. An individual cell (arrow) migrates into the lymphatic vessel via a presumed gate (dotted line) that demonstrates an enhanced LYVE-1-antibody signal (compare to video S3). F–H) Rapid intravascular transport of a single cell (dotted circle). |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic31780.jpg | what is abnormal in the x-ray? | osteogenesis imperfecta |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4161387_pone-0107192-g001_319715.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Lithium treatment reduced HI brain injury.
A. The study design. B. Representative MAP2 staining from the dorsal hippocampus (left panels) and striatum (right panels) 12 weeks post-HI in vehicle-treated (upper panels) and lithium-treated rats (lower panels). C. The total volume of tissue loss 12 weeks after HI was reduced by 38.8% in lithium-treated mice (n = 23) compared with vehicle-treated mice (n = 21). D. The total pathological score. E. Neuropathological scores revealed less injury in the observed brain regions (except the hippocampus) after lithium treatment. Cx = cortex, Hip = hippocampus, Str = striatum, and Tha = thalamus; *p<0.05, **p<0.01. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3257265_pone-0030134-g006_121958.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Renal pathology in experimental mice stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Compared to lipopolysacchrade (LPS)-free mice (a), marked vacuolar degeneration of tubular cells were noted in LPS-injected mice (b). Such vacuolar changes were markedly suppressed in either pretreated group (c) or posttreated group (d). Quantitative estimation of the degenerated cells confirmed the effects of aldose reductase inhibitor (e). Magnification of the pictures was all x320. Each group consists of 6 animals. Bar stands for mean ± SE. AU; arbitrary unit C: Control, L: LPS-injected group, Pre: LPS+ARI-pretreatment group, Post: LPS+ARI-posttreatment group. *p<0.01 vs Control, **p<0.01 vs LPS. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3582556_pone-0058025-g006_188137.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Binding of the amino-terminal domain of AtGnTL to AtCRT1 and its subcellular localization in N. benthamiana.Protein interaction was assayed by BiFC. The AtGnTL-91N domain contains amino acid residues between positions 1 and 91 of the AtGnTL protein. YFP fluorescence is in green, plastid autofluorescence is in red. In AtGnTL-91N-mCherry and AtGnTL-mCherry subcellular localization experiments, mCherry fluorescence is in red, and plastid autofluorescence was filtered out. Images are single confocal sections. Bars = 20 µm. |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC3388365_F2_143714.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | SEM images of silver EGNPs grown from different starting DNA concentrations of 0.16, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 10 µM (as labelled above the columns). The reaction time was 10 s, 1 min, 5 min, or 30 min, respectively. The scale bar of 1 µm, as indicated, is valid for all parts of the figure. The images were taken at normal incidence. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_52691.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Dosimetry treatment plan single dose ablative radiotherapy. Legend: The red isodose (20 Gy) represents the prescribed dose to the gross tumor volume (GTV), the orange isodose (19 Gy) represents 95% of the prescribed dose to the GTV, the yellow isodose (16 Gy) represents 107% of the prescribed dose to the clinical target volume (CTV) and the green isodose (14.3 Gy) represents 95% of the prescribed dose to the CTV |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_29069.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Same foot as in Figure 3. Follow-up MRI sagittal STIR-sequence shows patchy regredient bone marrow edema. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3136463_ppat-1002127-g011_102282.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | SRp20ΔRRM partial co-localization with PCBP2 in the cytoplasm of poliovirus-infected SK-N-SH cells.Cells were transfected with SRp20ΔRRM and mock-infected (A) or infected with poliovirus for 3 hours (B) at an MOI of 25. At 3 hours post-infection, cells were fixed and incubated with a PCBP2 monoclonal antibody, a secondary antibody conjugated to biotin, and streptavidin conjugated to Texas Red. Cells were examined for co-localization of PCBP2 and SRp20ΔRRM (shown in the merged image in yellow and highlighted by white arrows) in the cytoplasm of the cells using confocal microscopy; nuclei were identified by DAPI staining. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4061887_brainsci-03-01597-f006_299177.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Tractography following the first surgical resection of the left frontal lobe (resection areas in blue) showing anterior portions of the left inferior frontooccipital fascicle (IFOF), uncuate fasciculus (UF), and corticospinal tract (CST) removed, and the projections of the long segment of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) [i.e., the arcuate fasciculus (AF)] removed. The medial portion of the SLF is preserved. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4650975_gov044-F1_445539.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer in CT scan (left) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), right. DWI shows lesions that are not visible in conventional CT scan (arrow). |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4647452_Fig1_444329.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Localization of leukocytes and macrophages in liver biopsies. a/b Localization of neutrophil leukocytes as detected by MPO immunohistochemistry in CH (a) and CE (b) samples. Note the decreased density in CE biopsy. c/d Localization of macrophages by CD68 immunchemistry in CH (c) and CE (d) biopsies. Note the significant infiltration of macrophages in CH (c) and decreased presence in CE sample (d). Bar: 100 μm |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/inside_uterus/train_1853.jpg | What is present? | female reproductive |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_36454.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | At mid-forearm, the ulnar nerve retains its normal sieve-like morphology on a transverse scan (cross-sectional area= 2.2 mm2). The nerve is accompanied by the ulnar artery. |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC3976817_fig1_279111.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | Radiographic aspect of hip fracture Garden 3 secondary to amyloidoma. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_2542.jpg | Is hepatobiliary present? | yes |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3441285_F3_154608.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | Suspicious “tumor” cell clusters in lymph nodes that are negative for tumor metastasis on examination after H&E staining but positive for CgA RNA after PCR of lymph node tissue. The arrows point to suspicious minute cell clusters in case (3a) and (3b), shown under lower and higher magnification. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4293649_f1_350430.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | Laparoscopic visualization of left transverse testicular ectopia (Arrow shows the left testis =TTE) |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3389711_fig5_143874.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | PPAR-γ expression in hippocampus and hypothalamus by immunohistochemical technology. (a) PPAR-γ expression in hippocampus (by light microscopy × 400). (a1): control group (n = 10), (a2): constant hyperglycemia group (n = 10), (a3): fluctuant glycemia group (n = 10). (b) PPAR-γ expression in hypothalamus (by light microscopy × 4000). (b1): control group (n = 10), (b2): constant hyperglycemia group (n = 10), (b3): fluctuant glycemia group (n = 10). There were positive stainings of PPAR-γ (yellow-brown particles) in all groups. In hippocampus and hypothalamus, the constant hyperglycemia group had the most PPAR-γ-positive expressions and the control group had the least PPAR-γ-positive expressions. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC2996572_F0006_80422.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Photomicrographs of the bone marrow smear, (a, b): Control group (1 × 1,200 magnification), (c, d): Therapeutically equivalent dose group (1 × 1,200 magnification), (e, f): Therapeutically equivalent dose × 5 group (1 × 1,200 magnification), (g, h): Therapeutically equivalent dose × 10 group (1 × 1,200 magnification) |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/cell_dense/train_0795.jpg | Are normal marrow cells composed of noncohesive tumor cells that invade as linear cords of cells and induce little stromal response? | no |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4625550_jcdd-02-00214-f001_438706.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Characterization of VIC phenotypes during early heart valve development. Immunohistochemistry to show expression of smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) with Periostin (A,A’,D), Twist1 (B,B’,E) and Vimentin (C,C’,F) in cells within the inferior and superior endocardial cushions at E12.5 (A–C’) and atrioventricular valve primordia at E13.5 (D–F). Arrows indicate SMA expression (red) and arrowheads indicate Periostin (A,A’,D) Twist1 (B,B’,E) and Vimentin (C,C’,F) shown in green. The boxed areas in A-C are shown at higher magnification in (A’–C’). The white lines highlight the developing valve regions. I, inferior cushion; IVS, intraventricular septum; LV, left ventricle; P, parietal leaflets; S, superior cushion. |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic60855.jpg | is this a contrast or noncontrast ct? | noncontrast |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4446341_pone.0126404.g003_390317.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Electron micrographs of GISH for E.coli cells after different times of gold enhancement by GOLDENHANCE EM Plus (Nanoprobes).Panels A-D correspond to 0 min, 1.5 min, 3 min, 6 min of gold enhancement, respectively. The top and bottom panels are shown for SE and BSE images, respectively. Scale bar = 1 μm. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxvc90g4074yhcv0de09.jpg | How many instrumnets are in the image? | 0 |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3524283_f1-etm-05-01-0112_173948.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Expression of HIF-1α and VEGF (immunohistochemisty, magnification, x200). (A–C) Expression of HIF-1α at various levels in TSCC: (A) weak positive, (B) medium positive and (C) strong expression. (D) No expression of HIF-1α in the adjacent tissue. (E–G) Expression of VEGF in TSCC. (H) Weak expression of VEGF in adjacent normal tissue. Red lines, 50 μm; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; TSCC, tongue squamous cell carcinoma. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cla820gl6s3yn071u1z4u1dh6.jpg | What type of procedure is the image taken from? | Colonoscopy |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4570935_fig4_423819.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath. MRI (of the same patient as in Figure 3) show multiple, well-defined, lobulated, T1W, and T2W hypointense lesions ((a)–(c)) along the flexor tendons of right 5th finger. These lesions show mild enhancement seen on postgadolinium T1FS images (d). |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/inside_intestine/train_1613.jpg | What does this image show? | normal colon |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4113641_f1-etm-08-03-1015_309249.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Histological images of the liver tissue of mice with CCl4-induced hepatic damage (magnification, ×200). D. candidum, Dendrobium candidum. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3271108_pone-0030432-g006_124438.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Histopathology of the liver of c-Myc treated transgenic animals.(A) Diffuse liver cell dysplasia of physiological saline ( = vehicle) treated transgenic mice at (A1) 50- and (A2) 200-fold magnification. (B) Large cell dysplasia of various degrees in BHT treated animals at (B1) 50- and (B2) 200-fold magnification. (C) Hepatocellular carcinoma of a transgenic mouse treated with the genotoxic carcinogen NDEA at (C1) 50 and (C2) 200-fold magnification. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/outside_head/train_1597.jpg | What is present ? | gastrointestinal |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4670246_F4_450544.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | Photomicrograph showing degenerative changes in muscles. 4a. Fragmentation. 4b. Highly eosinophilic areas with loss of striations. 4c. Nucleus internalization. 4d. Multiple pyknotic nuclei. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3091532_F6_94947.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Scanning electron micrographs of trichomes with alterations in branch number or shape. A) wildtype, B) SK41546, C) SK270, D) SK5775, E) SK2298, F) SK4201, G) SK43953, H) SK1967, I) SK3023, J) SK42715, K) SK1824, L) SK3344, M) SK44335, N) SK8517, O) higher magnification of SK8517, P) higher magnification of wildtype. Scale bar = 100 μm for A-N, and 10 μm for O, P. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3435335_F1_153534.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | Magnetic resonance imaging of patient with encephalitic neurocysticercosis, showing multiple degenerating cysticerci and marked brain swelling. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_0059.jpg | Were ganglion cells absent in the rectum, but presented in the sigmoid colon? | yes |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3995689_F1_282965.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Initial findings of retinal abnormalities in patient with Werner syndrome. Fluorescein angiographic (FAG; A) and optical coherence tomographic (OCT; B) findings. The patient’s visual acuity was 0.5 OD. CME was detected in the right eye in both FAG and OCT images. FAG showed high fluorescent signals near the lower arcade of the right eye indicating damage of the retinal pigment epithelium (A). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2732624_F1_44389.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | Focal FDG uptake on PET/CT. 54 year old female with breast cancer. The 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed focal uptake with SUV of 7.6. The patients was performed total thyroidectomy with a final diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2653474_F4_35709.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | In situ hybridization analysis of mClca1/2 expression in E17 mouse embryo. Dark-field emulsion autoradiograph depicting whole embryo is shown in A. Hematoxylin-eosin stained bright-field images (B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, S, U, W) and corresponding dark-field emulsion autoradiographs (C, E, G, I, K, M, O, R, T, V, X) taken at 100× magnification, corresponding to various parts of the embryo are shown. Abbreviations: di-diencephalon; fv-follicles of vibrissae; he-heart; in-intestine; li-liver; lu-lung; oe-olfactory epithelium; on-optic nerve; sg-submandibular gland; sk-skin; tr-trachea; tri-trigeminal nerve; ur-urethra; ve-vertebrae. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3541575_fig5_178167.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | (a) Abdominal CT scanning after 24 months from surgical treatment showed multiple small nodules in the liver with no abnormal findings in other organs. (b) Multiple metastatic nodules have remarkably reduced after two cycles of hepatic arterial infusion of cisplatin. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3669260_pone-0065989-g020_208251.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | Posterior portions of the mandibles of Pliosaurus kevani n. sp. DORCM G.13,675.Posterior portion of the left mandible in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views. Posterior portion of the right mandible in dorsal (C), lateral (D), posterodorsomedial (E), and medial (F, G, H) views with magnifications (x2.0) of the coronoid-surangular contact (G) and foramen at the splenial-angular contact (H). Abbreviations: ang, angular; cor, coronoid; cor-sur, coronoid-surangular contact; for, foramen or foramina; gle, glenoid; pra, prearticular; pra-ang, prearticular-angular contact; retrart, retroarticular process; spl, splenial; sur, surangular; sur-ang, surangular-angular contact. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, F) and 100 mm (E). |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4356330_f2-ol-09-04-1672_366387.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Expression of PCNA in prostate cancer tissue. Nuclear expression of PCNA with labeling index of (A) 18%, (B) 35% and (C) 85%. Magnification, ×400. PCNA, proliferating-cell nuclear antigen. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cl8k2u1qw1fcj0832dn27bew0.jpg | Are there any anatomical landmarks in the image? | No |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4368695_pone.0120097.g006_370157.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Mycoplasma positive cysts lack organized tight junctions.Cysts were stained for the tight junctional protein, ZO-1 (green), actin (using phalloidin, red), and nuclei (blue) after 2 weeks of 3D culture. Note that ZO-1 expression is reduced and actin is unorganized in mycoplasma positive cultures. Images are representative of at least two different at least 2 images from three different cyst preparations for each condition. Scale bars = 10 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4517142_viruses-07-02813-f003_409752.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Localization of pigeon CARDs and RIG-I in chicken DF-1 cells and human 293T cells (A) DF-1 cells were transfected with pEGFP-N1, ppCARDs-EGFP (ppigeonCARDs-EGFP) and ppRIG-I-EGFP (ppigeonRIG-I-EGFP), and 24 h later, transfected cells were dyed with DAPI, then, the cellular localization of pRIG-I and CARDs was examined via confocal microscopy; (B) 293T cells were transfected with pEGFP-N1, ppCARDs-EGFP and ppRIG-I-EGFP, and 24 h later, the transfected cells were dyed with DAPI, then, the cellular localization of pRIG-I and CARDs was examined via confocal microscopy. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_1535.jpg | What is present? | peritoneum |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/val/illus_other/train_1567.jpg | Is atherosclerosis present? | yes |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_66501.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Mature cystic teratomas in 55-year-old female.Bilateral mature cystic teratomas are found on axial pre-contrast CT image. In left mature cystic teratoma, presence of peripheral, thick, rim calcification (arrow) and central punctate calcification (arrowhead) are simultaneously noted. Right mature cystic teratoma contains single punctate calcification (arrowhead). |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cla820glws50r071ucawv6lg5.jpg | How many instrumnets are in the image? | 0 |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC3760270_fig3_228745.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | Patient no. 4: right eye. Scanning laser ophthalmoscope fundus image (on the left) showing the position of optical coherence tomography (OCT) section. Spectralis OCT (on the right) shows severe macular edema and a foveal detachment (foveal thickness 600 μm). |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3799746_pone-0076362-g006_238456.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | Visualising brain plaques using image segmentation methodology with Aβ42-specific 1E8 antibody.Original RGB image of typical transgenic brain section showing significant plaque presence (a) and nuclear image obtained using colour unmixing; plaques are mostly absent from this image (b). Plaque image obtained by colour unmixing; nuclei are mostly absent from this image while plaques are clearly visible (c). Masks for the cortex area and the hippocampus were produced manually as shown by lighter grey shading (d). Plaques shown in white were segmented automatically from image (c) using intensity Otsu thresholding on image (b). All images are 20×magnification. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4055457_f6-mmr-09-06-2097_297512.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Topical IMQ alters keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation. Fat-1 and WT mice were treated for 14 consecutive days with IMQ or Vaseline.(A) Histological view (H&E staining and the higher magnification) of the ear and dorsal skin of the four groups of mice treated by two types of drugs. (B) Immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory cytokines in the dorsal skin. IMQ, imiquimod; WT, wild-type; IL, interleukin. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4295481_Fig8_350675.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image |
Purified
h
HSS1 inhibits HUVEC tube formation in a concentration-related manner. HUVEC growing on top of matrigel were treated with different concentrations of purified hHSS1 or vehicle control (PBS). Cells were pre-treated with hHSS1-His protein or vehicle control for 3 h before plating on top of matrigel. After 8 h, cells were stained with crystal violet and tube formation was evaluated. Images (100x, magnification) are representative of two independent experiments done in duplicate. A and C) Inhibitory effect of purified hHSS1-His on tube formation using 500 nM and 200 nM of hHSS1 protein, respectively. B and D) Vehicle control was diluted following the protein dilution scheme. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3608732_pone-0059557-g004_194918.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Illustration of a “vascular lock” and re-perfusion of tumor blood vessels after EP and ECT.Tumor blood vessels were visualized by fluorescence microscopy at 80×magnification. Control – mice without treatment, Bleomycin – mice treated with bleomycin only, EP – mice treated with EP, ECT – mice treated with ECT. (A) FD was injected i.o. at different times after the therapy (1, 10, 30, 60 min), and images were taken at designated times. Scale bar is 500 µm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2830938_F11_58246.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Expression of γ-H2AX in normal, BH, DCIS and IBC tissue. A. Tissues were subjected to IHC using a γ-H2AX-specific antibody. Representative slides are shown at 40× magnification. B. The relative mean intensity was determined from 6-8 images for each BH (n = 16), DCIS (n = 16) or IBC (n = 22) section and is shown graphically. The intensity of normal mammary tissue is equal to one (dashed line). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4015047_F1_286952.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | A panoramic roentgen of a patient (MD) operated for removal of mandibular third molars. The classifications of third molars were compatible with Class II, in Mesio-Angular position according to Archer Third Molar Classification. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3861388_f1-etm-07-01-0011_251356.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Different concentrations of XMJ and H2O2 stimulate HASMC morphological changes (magnification, ×200; R-G staining). (A) Blank control group; (B) XMJ control group; (C) model group; (D) lovastatin group; (E) zhibituo group; (F) low-dose XMJ group; (G) middle-dose XMJ group; (H) high-dose XMJ group. XMJ, Xin Mai Jia; HASMC, human aortic smooth muscle cell; R-G, Wright-Giemsa dye. |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic58921.jpg | what organ system is primarily present in this image? | skull and contents |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3700847_f1-ol-05-06-1833_215452.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen revealed an indeterminate 5.7×4.7 cm retroperitoneal soft tissue mass. (A) Precontrast; (B) arterial phase; (C) venous phase; (D) coronal arterial phase. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4389761_F2_376209.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | Chest ultrasound with examples of pleural effusion. A: absent, B: small (only in the costophrenic angle), C: moderate, D: large. Double arrows show the measurement of pleural effusion. Thick arrows indicate the diaphragm. X: lung (in B air-filled, in C and D consolidated). ∗pleural effusion. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2891704_pgen-1000995-g003_67323.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image |
Brca2;Trp53 mutants have increased DNA damage and apoptosis.(A) Immunohistochemistry for γH2AX shows several cells have DNA damage in LG PIN areas in Brca2F/F;PBCre4 and Brca2F/F;Trp53F/+;PBCre4 mutant prostates, whereas control (Brca2F/F) prostates have undetectable levels of DNA damage. Brca2F/F;Trp53F/F;PBCre4 mutants have multi-focal areas with a large number of cells with DNA damage in regions of HG PIN. (B) TUNEL assay on sections of prostates demonstrates Brca2F/F;PBCre4 and Brca2F/F;Trp53F/+;PBCre4 mutant prostates have an increased level of apoptosis, compared to control (Brca2F/F) prostates. The level of apoptotic cells increases further in HG PIN lesions of Brca2F/F;Trp53F/F;PBCre4 mutants. Arrows indicate apoptotic cells. The anterior prostates of 16-month-old animals are shown. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3808318_F7_239434.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Protein–protein interactions with ACS7. (A) Co-expression of NR-nEYFP and 14-3-3-cEYFP (positive control). (B) Co-expression of NR-cEYFP and 14-3-3-nEYFP (positive control). (C) Co-expression of ACS7-nEYFP and 14-3-3cEYFP. (D) Co-expression of ACS7-M1. (E) Co-expression of ACS7-M2. (D) and (E) are ACS7 mutant proteins for testing ACS7 homodimer formation. M1: Thr296 and Ser299 of AtACS7 were both mutated to alanine. M2: Ser216 of AtACS7 was point mutated to alanine. YFP signals were observed by confocal microscopy. The blue signal shows a nucleus stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI); the red signal showed chlorophyll with autofluorescence; and merge shows YFP, DAPI, chlorophyll, and bright field signals. |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC3570124_f3-etm-05-02-0533_185020.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Case 3: Bilateral lower limb swelling of 5 days’ duration, 25 months after filter implantation. (A) After recanalization by guide wire, the cavogram displayed a large thrombus in the infrarenal IVC and a Vena Tech filter in the thrombus. (B) After 11 days of thrombolytic therapy, the residual thrombus in the IVC was <10%. IVC, inferior vena cava. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3554624_ppat-1003139-g001_181261.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | Human skin graft.(A) 21 days post graft of human skin onto SCID/Beige mouse. (B) Histology of grafted human skin showing dermal/epidermal border (arrow); (H&E). (C) Graft interface (dotted line) between human (Hu) and mouse (Ms) skin (H&E). (D) Human endothelium in the grafted skin labeled with Ulex europaeus agglutinin lectin (UEA, red). Cell nuclei are labeled with DAPI (blue). (E) Junction between human (UEA lectin, red) and mouse (msCD31, green) vessels at the graft border. (F) Frame from Movie S1. Intravital microscopy showing perfusion of human vessels labeled with UEA lectin (red). Blood plasma is labeled with 150 kDa FITC-dextran (green). Black silhouettes within the flow are red blood cells. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3274204_f3-sensors-10-02851_124750.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Scanning electron micrographs obtained for PTy films in the (a) absence and (b) presence of PNCnase (37 U/mL). Monomer solution contained 0.03 M tyramine, 0.003 M penicillin and 0.01 M KNO3. Electropolymerization conditions were: current density of 0.9 mA/cm2 and polymerization time of 5 minutes. Magnification was x5,000 in both cases. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4648501_pone.0143041.g010_444681.jpg | What is shown in this image? | X-ray tomograms from PGA graphite pre and post oxidation at 650°C in air. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3788796_pone-0075488-g004_235268.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | Morphology of E. coli cells treated with peptides.The cells were incubated with peptides for 3°C and observed using light microscopy at 1000×magnification under oil emersion. A. No peptide control; B. PuroA 32 µg/mL; C. Pina-M 8 µg/mL; D. Indolicidin 32 µg/mL. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4573092_f0010_424122.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Perfusion bioreactor culture of stem cells in scaffolds. Representative top view (A) and cross section (B) of scaffolds depicting the cell organization of stromal cells (Methylene blue stained) on PEOT/PBT fibers under continuous flow (0.3 ml/min). Scale bar: 500 µm. Arrows on (A and B) point to cells aggregated on fibers as depicted by the scanning electron microscope photograph (C), scale bar: 50 µm. Dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements showing baseline of dissolved O2 entering the reactor (DOin) and dissolved O2 exiting the reactor (DOout), which represents the consumption profile by stromal cells (D). DO data represents the mean (n=4 runs). |
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