id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7,066,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shack%E2%80%93Hartmann%20wavefront%20sensor | A Shack–Hartmann (or Hartmann–Shack) wavefront sensor (SHWFS) is an optical instrument used for characterizing an imaging system. It is a wavefront sensor commonly used in adaptive optics systems. It consists of an array of lenses (called lenslets) of the same focal length. Each is focused onto a photon sensor (typical... | Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 522 | [
"Sensors",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
7,067,473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20applications%20of%20nanotechnology | Nanotechnology is impacting the field of consumer goods, several products that incorporate nanomaterials are already in a variety of items; many of which people do not even realize contain nanoparticles, products with novel functions ranging from easy-to-clean to scratch-resistant. Examples of that car bumpers are made... | Industrial applications of nanotechnology | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,495 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science"
] |
7,071,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20design%20process | The engineering design process, also known as the engineering method, is a common series of steps that engineers use in creating functional products and processes. The process is highly iterative – parts of the process often need to be repeated many times before another can be entered – though the part(s) that get iter... | Engineering design process | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,757 | [
"Systems engineering",
"nan",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
7,073,120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20criticality%20safety | Nuclear criticality safety is a field of nuclear engineering dedicated to the prevention of nuclear and radiation accidents resulting from an inadvertent, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
Nuclear criticality safety is concerned with mitigating the consequences of a nuclear criticality accident.
A nuclear criti... | Nuclear criticality safety | [
"Physics"
] | 1,846 | [
"Nuclear technology",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
7,075,678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference%20density%20map | In X-ray crystallography, a difference density map or Fo–Fc map shows the spatial distribution of the difference between the measured electron density of the crystal and the electron density explained by the current model.
A way to compute this map has been formulated for cryo-EM.
Display
Conventionally, they are dis... | Difference density map | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 412 | [
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Materials science"
] |
7,076,870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myc | Myc is a family of regulator genes and proto-oncogenes that code for transcription factors. The Myc family consists of three related human genes: c-myc (MYC), l-myc (MYCL), and n-myc (MYCN). c-myc (also sometimes referred to as MYC) was the first gene to be discovered in this family, due to homology with the viral gene... | Myc | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,358 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
7,077,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidity | In biochemistry, avidity refers to the accumulated strength of multiple affinities of individual non-covalent binding interactions, such as between a protein receptor and its ligand, and is commonly referred to as functional affinity. Avidity differs from affinity, which describes the strength of a single interaction.... | Avidity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 861 | [
"Structural biology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Biophysics",
"Protein structure"
] |
8,566,056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain%20rule%20for%20Kolmogorov%20complexity | The chain rule for Kolmogorov complexity is an analogue of the chain rule for information entropy, which states:
That is, the combined randomness of two sequences X and Y is the sum of the randomness of X plus whatever randomness is left in Y once we know X.
This follows immediately from the definitions of conditional... | Chain rule for Kolmogorov complexity | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 539 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical logic",
"Computer science",
"Information theory",
"Computability theory",
"Articles containing proofs"
] |
8,567,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonic%20spray%20scrubber | Cyclonic spray scrubbers are an air pollution control technology. They use the features of both the dry cyclone and the spray chamber to remove pollutants from gas streams.
Generally, the inlet gas enters the chamber tangentially, swirls through the chamber in a corkscrew motion, and exits. At the same time, liquid i... | Cyclonic spray scrubber | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,094 | [
"Scrubbers",
"Wet scrubbers",
"Pollution control technologies",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
8,567,475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller-compacted%20concrete | Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) or rolled concrete (rollcrete) is a special blend of concrete that has essentially the same ingredients as conventional concrete but in different ratios, and increasingly with partial substitution of fly ash for portland cement. The partial substitution of fly ash for Portland Cement is... | Roller-compacted concrete | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 842 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Concrete",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
8,568,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupuit%E2%80%93Forchheimer%20assumption | The Dupuit–Forchheimer assumption holds that groundwater flows horizontally in an unconfined aquifer and that the groundwater discharge is proportional to the saturated aquifer thickness. It was formulated by Jules Dupuit and Philipp Forchheimer in the late 1800s to simplify groundwater flow equations for analytical so... | Dupuit–Forchheimer assumption | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 144 | [
"Hydrology",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Aquifers",
"Environmental engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
8,569,148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade%20filling%20system | A cascade filling system is a high-pressure gas cylinder storage system that is used for the refilling of smaller compressed gas cylinders. In some applications, each of the large cylinders is filled by a compressor, otherwise they may be filled remotely and replaced when the pressure is too low for effective transfer.... | Cascade filling system | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,203 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Chemical equipment",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Pressure vessels"
] |
8,571,733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%2C%20vibration%2C%20and%20harshness | Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), also known as noise and vibration (N&V), is the study and modification of the noise and vibration characteristics of vehicles, particularly cars and trucks. While noise and vibration can be readily measured, harshness is a subjective quality, and is measured either via jury evalua... | Noise, vibration, and harshness | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,530 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Automotive engineering",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline",
"Mechanical vibrations"
] |
8,573,406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenothrin | Phenothrin, also called sumithrin and d-phenothrin, is a synthetic pyrethroid that kills adult fleas and ticks. It has also been used to kill head lice in humans. d-Phenothrin is used as a component of aerosol insecticides for domestic use. It is often used with methoprene, an insect growth regulator that interrupts th... | Phenothrin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 639 | [
"Endocrine disruptors",
"Pests (organism)",
"Pest control"
] |
8,573,560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrofluidic%20seal | Ferrofluidic is the brand name of a staged magnetic liquid rotary sealing mechanism made by the Ferrotec Corporation. Ferrofluidic seals, also known as magnetic liquid rotary seals, are employed in various rotating equipment to facilitate rotary motion while ensuring a hermetic seal. This is achieved through a physical... | Ferrofluidic seal | [
"Physics"
] | 654 | [
"Seals (mechanical)",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
6,910,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20road%20drag | The King road drag (also known as the Missouri road drag and the split log road drag) was a simple form of a road grader implemented for grading dirt road. It revolutionized the maintenance of dirt roads in the early 1900s. It was invented by David Ward King, who went by "D. Ward King" and who was a farmer in Holt Town... | King road drag | [
"Engineering"
] | 596 | [
"Construction",
"Road construction"
] |
6,916,790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroacoustic%20analogy | Acoustic analogies are applied mostly in numerical aeroacoustics to reduce aeroacoustic sound sources to simple emitter types. They are therefore often also referred to as aeroacoustic analogies.
In general, aeroacoustic analogies are derived from the compressible Navier–Stokes equations (NSE). The compressible NSE ar... | Aeroacoustic analogy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 434 | [
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Computational physics",
"Civil engineering",
"Fluid mechanics",
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
6,917,139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%20diagram | In solid-state physics of semiconductors, a band diagram is a diagram plotting various key electron energy levels (Fermi level and nearby energy band edges) as a function of some spatial dimension, which is often denoted x. These diagrams help to explain the operation of many kinds of semiconductor devices and to visua... | Band diagram | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,624 | [
"Electron",
"Electronic band structures",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
9,190,726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ron%20model | In algebraic geometry, the Néron model (or Néron minimal model, or minimal model)
for an abelian variety AK defined over the field of fractions K of a Dedekind domain R is the "push-forward" of AK from Spec(K) to Spec(R), in other words the "best possible" group scheme AR defined over R corresponding to AK.
They wer... | Néron model | [
"Mathematics"
] | 722 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Number theory",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
9,194,858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20of%20a%20triangle | In geometry, calculating the area of a triangle is an elementary problem encountered often in many different situations. The best known and simplest formula is where b is the length of the base of the triangle, and h is the height or altitude of the triangle. The term "base" denotes any side, and "height" denotes the ... | Area of a triangle | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,173 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Area"
] |
10,694,451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSS%20%28NMR%20standard%29 | Sodium trimethylsilylpropanesulfonate (DSS) is the organosilicon compound with the formula (CH3)3SiCH2CH2CH2SO3−Na+. It is the sodium salt of trimethylsilylpropanesulfonic acid. A white, water-soluble solid, it is used as a chemical shift standard for proton NMR spectroscopy of aqueous solutions. The chemical shift,... | DSS (NMR standard) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 298 | [
"Sulfonic acids",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Functional groups",
"Trimethylsilyl compounds",
"Salts",
"Organic sodium salts",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
10,696,110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supralateral%20arc | A supralateral arc is a comparatively rare member of the halo family which in its complete form appears as a large, faintly rainbow-colored band in a wide arc above the sun and appearing to encircle it, at about twice the distance as the familiar 22° halo. In reality, however, the supralateral arc does not form a circl... | Supralateral arc | [
"Physics"
] | 592 | [
"Optical phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Atmospheric optical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena"
] |
10,696,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infralateral%20arc | An infralateral arc (or lower lateral tangent arc) is a rare halo, an optical phenomenon appearing similar to a rainbow under a white parhelic circle. Together with the supralateral arc they are always located outside the seldom observable 46° halo, but in contrast to supralateral arcs, infralateral arcs are always loc... | Infralateral arc | [
"Physics"
] | 307 | [
"Optical phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Atmospheric optical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena"
] |
10,699,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20efficiency | Water efficiency is the practice of reducing water consumption by measuring the amount of water required for a particular purpose and is proportionate to the amount of essential water used. Water efficiency differs from water conservation in that it focuses on reducing waste, not restricting use. Solutions for water e... | Water efficiency | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,605 | [
"Hydrology",
"Water supply",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
10,701,883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reassignment%20method | The method of reassignment is a technique for sharpening a time-frequency representation (e.g. spectrogram or the short-time Fourier transform) by mapping the data to time-frequency coordinates that are nearer to the true region of support of the analyzed signal. The method has been independently introduced by several... | Reassignment method | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,155 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Time–frequency analysis",
"Frequency-domain analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Transforms"
] |
10,702,027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20wavelet%20transform | In the mathematics of signal processing, the harmonic wavelet transform, introduced by David Edward Newland in 1993, is a wavelet-based linear transformation of a given function into a time-frequency representation. It combines advantages of the short-time Fourier transform and the continuous wavelet transform. It can... | Harmonic wavelet transform | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 493 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Time–frequency analysis",
"Frequency-domain analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Transforms"
] |
10,702,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi%20bond | In chemistry, phi bonds (φ bonds) are usually covalent chemical bonds, where six lobes of one involved atomic orbital overlap six lobes of the other involved atomic orbital. This overlap leads to the formation of a bonding molecular orbital with three nodal planes which contain the internuclear axis and go through both... | Phi bond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 210 | [
"nan",
"Chemical bonding",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Hypotheses in chemistry"
] |
10,702,544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20floating%20nuclear%20power%20station | Floating nuclear power stations () are vessels designed by Rosatom, the Russian state-owned nuclear energy corporation. They are self-contained, low-capacity, floating nuclear power plants. Rosatom plans to mass-produce the stations at shipbuilding facilities and then tow them to ports near locations that require elect... | Russian floating nuclear power station | [
"Physics"
] | 1,987 | [
"Nuclear technology",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
11,680,057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotrophic%20fungus | Radiotrophic fungi are fungi that can perform the hypothetical biological process called radiosynthesis, which means using ionizing radiation as an energy source to drive metabolism. It has been claimed that radiotrophic fungi have been found in extreme environments such as in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
Most ... | Radiotrophic fungus | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,452 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Fungi",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Fungi by adaptation",
"Radiobiology",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Materials science",
"Organisms by adaptation",
"Extremophiles",
"Radiation",
"Gamma rays",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Bacteria",
"Radiation effects",
"Envi... |
5,408,457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20critical%20point | A quantum critical point is a point in the phase diagram of a material where a continuous phase transition takes place at absolute zero. A quantum critical point is typically achieved by a continuous suppression of a nonzero temperature phase transition to zero temperature by the application of a pressure, field, or th... | Quantum critical point | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,035 | [
"Quantum phases",
"Phases of matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
2,944,387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocodes | The Eurocodes are the ten European standards (EN; harmonised technical rules) specifying how structural design should be conducted within the European Union (EU). These were developed by the European Committee for Standardization upon the request of the European Commission.
The purpose of the Eurocodes is to provide:
... | Eurocodes | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,086 | [
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Building codes",
"Building engineering"
] |
2,944,872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipogenesis | In biochemistry, lipogenesis is the conversion of fatty acids and glycerol into fats, or a metabolic process through which acetyl-CoA is converted to triglyceride for storage in fat. Lipogenesis encompasses both fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, with the latter being the process by which fatty acids are esterified... | Lipogenesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,703 | [
"Lipid biochemistry",
"Lipid metabolism",
"Metabolism"
] |
2,945,005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-to-network%20interface | In telecommunications, a network-to-network interface (NNI) is an interface that specifies signaling and management functions between two networks. An NNI circuit can be used for interconnection of signalling (e.g., SS7), Internet Protocol (IP) (e.g., MPLS) or ATM networks.
In networks based on MPLS or GMPLS, NNI is u... | Network-to-network interface | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 308 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Network management",
"Computer network stubs"
] |
2,945,180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superplasticizer | Superplasticizers (SPs), also known as high range water reducers, are additives used for making high-strength concrete or to place self-compacting concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds enabling the production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers allow reduction in water conte... | Superplasticizer | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 999 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Surface science",
"Colloids",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Concrete",
"Heterogeneous chemical mixtures"
] |
2,945,390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20boson | A scalar boson is a boson whose spin equals zero. A boson is a particle whose wave function is symmetric under particle exchange and therefore follows Bose–Einstein statistics. The spin–statistics theorem implies that all bosons have an integer-valued spin. Scalar bosons are the subset of bosons with zero-valued spin.
... | Scalar boson | [
"Physics"
] | 333 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Bosons",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
2,946,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated%20measure | In mathematics, a measure is said to be saturated if every locally measurable set is also measurable. A set , not necessarily measurable, is said to be a if for every measurable set of finite measure, is measurable. -finite measures and measures arising as the restriction of outer measures are saturated.
Referenc... | Saturated measure | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 71 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Physical quantities",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Measures (measure theory)",
"Quantity",
"Size"
] |
2,948,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical%20text%20mining | Biomedical text mining (including biomedical natural language processing or BioNLP) refers to the methods and study of how text mining may be applied to texts and literature of the biomedical domain. As a field of research, biomedical text mining incorporates ideas from natural language processing, bioinformatics, medi... | Biomedical text mining | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,784 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering"
] |
2,948,381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioCreative | BioCreAtIvE (A critical assessment of text mining methods in molecular biology) consists in a community-wide effort for evaluating information extraction and text mining developments in the biological domain.
It was preceded by the Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) Challenge Cup for detection of gene mentions... | BioCreative | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 343 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Bioinformatics stubs",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Bioinformatics"
] |
2,948,757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUNEL%20assay | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) is a method for detecting DNA fragmentation by labeling the 3′- hydroxyl termini in the double-strand DNA breaks generated during apoptosis.
Method
TUNEL is a method for detecting apoptotic DNA fragmentation, widely used to identify and quantify apop... | TUNEL assay | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 461 | [
"Biochemistry detection reactions",
"Signal transduction",
"Biochemical reactions",
"Senescence",
"Microbiology techniques",
"nan",
"Programmed cell death"
] |
2,949,409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral-insulated%20copper-clad%20cable | Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable is a variety of electrical cable made from copper conductors inside a copper sheath, insulated by inorganic magnesium oxide powder. The name is often abbreviated to MICC or MI cable, and colloquially known as pyro (because the original manufacturer and vendor for this product in the ... | Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,024 | [
"Electrical systems",
"Building engineering",
"Physical systems",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical wiring"
] |
2,949,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XENON | The XENON dark matter research project, operated at the Italian Gran Sasso National Laboratory, is a deep underground detector facility featuring increasingly ambitious experiments aiming to detect hypothetical dark matter particles. The experiments aim to detect particles in the form of weakly interacting massive part... | XENON | [
"Physics"
] | 2,429 | [
"Dark matter",
"Experiments for dark matter search",
"Unsolved problems in physics"
] |
311,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary%20gland | A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in humans and other mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring. Mammals get their name from the Latin word mamma, "breast". The mammary glands are arranged in organs such as the breasts in primates (for example, humans and chimpanzees), the udder in ruminants (for example, c... | Mammary gland | [
"Biology"
] | 4,340 | [
"Exocrine system",
"Organ systems"
] |
311,507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opodeldoc | Opodeldoc is a medical plaster or liniment invented, or at least named, by the German Renaissance physician Paracelsus in the 1500s. In modern form opodeldoc is a mixture of soap in alcohol, to which camphor and sometimes a number of herbal essences, most notably wormwood, are added.
Origins
In his Bertheonea Sive... | Opodeldoc | [
"Chemistry"
] | 634 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
311,596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allicin | Allicin is an organosulfur compound obtained from garlic and leeks. When fresh garlic is chopped or crushed, the enzyme alliinase converts alliin into allicin, which is responsible for the aroma of fresh garlic. Allicin is unstable and quickly changes into a series of other sulfur-containing compounds such as diallyl d... | Allicin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 820 | [
"Biotechnology products",
"Functional groups",
"Antibiotics",
"Biocides",
"Thiosulfinates"
] |
312,152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous%20process | In thermodynamics, a spontaneous process is a process which occurs without any external input to the system. A more technical definition is the time-evolution of a system in which it releases free energy and it moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy state (closer to thermodynamic equilibrium). The sign ... | Spontaneous process | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,037 | [
"Chemical thermodynamics",
"Chemical processes",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
312,229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral%20anomaly | In theoretical physics, a chiral anomaly is the anomalous nonconservation of a chiral current. In everyday terms, it is equivalent to a sealed box that contained equal numbers of left and right-handed bolts, but when opened was found to have more left than right, or vice versa.
Such events are expected to be prohibite... | Chiral anomaly | [
"Physics"
] | 2,731 | [
"Standard Model",
"Equations of physics",
"Conservation laws",
"Particle physics",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
312,250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20function%20%28number%20theory%29 | In number theory, the partition function represents the number of possible partitions of a non-negative integer . For instance, because the integer 4 has the five partitions , , , , and .
No closed-form expression for the partition function is known, but it has both asymptotic expansions that accurately approximate ... | Partition function (number theory) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,152 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Integer sequences",
"Mathematical structures",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Arithmetic functions",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Integer partitions",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
312,301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s%20theorem%20%28Hamiltonian%29 | In physics, Liouville's theorem, named after the French mathematician Joseph Liouville, is a key theorem in classical statistical and Hamiltonian mechanics. It asserts that the phase-space distribution function is constant along the trajectories of the system—that is that the density of system points in the vicinity of... | Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,390 | [
"Theorems in dynamical systems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Equations of physics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Statistical mechanics theorems",
"Eponymous theorems of physics",
"Hamiltonian mechanics",
"Theorems in mathematical physics",
"Dynamical systems",
"Statistical mechan... |
312,304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectomorphism | In mathematics, a symplectomorphism or symplectic map is an isomorphism in the category of symplectic manifolds. In classical mechanics, a symplectomorphism represents a transformation of phase space that is volume-preserving and preserves the symplectic structure of phase space, and is called a canonical transformatio... | Symplectomorphism | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,240 | [
"Hamiltonian mechanics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
313,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20diffraction | Neutron diffraction or elastic neutron scattering is the application of neutron scattering to the determination of the atomic and/or magnetic structure of a material. A sample to be examined is placed in a beam of thermal or cold neutrons to obtain a diffraction pattern that provides information of the structure of the... | Neutron diffraction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,458 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Neutron scattering",
"Crystallography",
"Diffraction",
"Scattering",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
313,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum%20analyzer | A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the spectrum of known and unknown signals. The input signal that most common spectrum analyzers measure is electrical; however, spectral compositio... | Spectrum analyzer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,312 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Computer engineering",
"Radio technology",
"Measuring instruments",
"Spectroscopy",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Scattering",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Information and communications technology",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectr... |
313,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20concept%20analysis | In information science, formal concept analysis (FCA) is a principled way of deriving a concept hierarchy or formal ontology from a collection of objects and their properties. Each concept in the hierarchy represents the objects sharing some set of properties; and each sub-concept in the hierarchy represents a subset o... | Formal concept analysis | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 4,130 | [
"Lattice theory",
"Machine learning",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Order theory"
] |
314,204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemometrics | Chemometrics is the science of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means. Chemometrics is inherently interdisciplinary, using methods frequently employed in core data-analytic disciplines such as multivariate statistics, applied mathematics, and computer science, in order to address problems in... | Chemometrics | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,666 | [
"Metrics",
"Quantity",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry",
"nan",
"Cheminformatics"
] |
4,052,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral%20modeling | The behavioral approach to systems theory and control theory was initiated in the late-1970s by J. C. Willems as a result of resolving inconsistencies present in classical approaches based on state-space, transfer function, and convolution representations. This approach is also motivated by the aim of obtaining a gener... | Behavioral modeling | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 883 | [
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
4,055,584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary%20vane%20pump | A rotary vane pump is a type of positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that rotates inside a cavity. In some cases, these vanes can have variable length and/or be tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump rotates.
This type of pump is considered less suitable than other vac... | Rotary vane pump | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,201 | [
"Pumps",
"Hydraulics",
"Physical systems",
"Turbomachinery"
] |
4,055,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate%20transporter | Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane. The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family and vesicular glutamate transp... | Glutamate transporter | [
"Biology"
] | 2,215 | [
"Protein classification",
"Membrane proteins"
] |
14,340,077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahyperbolic%20equation | In the mathematical field of differential equations, the ultrahyperbolic equation is a partial differential equation (PDE) for an unknown scalar function of variables of the form
More generally, if is any quadratic form in variables with signature , then any PDE whose principal part is is said to be ultrahyperb... | Ultrahyperbolic equation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 287 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Differential operators",
"Mathematical analysis stubs"
] |
14,341,419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydrogenesis | Electrohydrogenesis or biocatalyzed electrolysis is the name given to a process for generating hydrogen gas from organic matter being decomposed by bacteria. This process uses a modified fuel cell to contain the organic matter and water. A small amount, 0.2–0.8 V of electricity is used, the original article reports a... | Electrohydrogenesis | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 150 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Biotechnology",
"Civil engineering",
"nan",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
14,343,009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBX21 | T-box transcription factor TBX21, also called T-bet (T-box expressed in T cells), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX21 gene. Though being for long thought of only as a master regulator of type 1 immune response, T-bet has recently been shown to be implicated in development of various immune cell subsets ... | TBX21 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,760 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
14,346,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduct%20purification | Adduct purification is a technique for preparing extremely pure simple organometallic compounds, which are generally unstable and hard to handle, by purifying a stable adduct with a Lewis acid and then obtaining the desired product from the pure adduct by thermal decomposition.
Epichem Limited is the licensee of the m... | Adduct purification | [
"Chemistry"
] | 200 | [
"Chemical reaction stubs",
"nan",
"Separation processes"
] |
15,853,493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectional%20density | Sectional density (often abbreviated SD) is the ratio of an object's mass to its cross sectional area with respect to a given axis. It conveys how well an object's mass is distributed (by its shape) to overcome resistance along that axis.
Sectional density is used in gun ballistics. In this context, it is the ratio ... | Sectional density | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,087 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Aerodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Ballistics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
15,855,253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantification%20of%20margins%20and%20uncertainties | Quantification of Margins and Uncertainty (QMU) is a decision support methodology for complex technical decisions. QMU focuses on the identification, characterization, and analysis of performance thresholds and their associated margins for engineering systems that are evaluated under conditions of uncertainty, particul... | Quantification of margins and uncertainties | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,166 | [
"Computational mathematics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Approximations",
"Numerical analysis"
] |
15,857,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining%20feasibility%20study | A mining feasibility study is an evaluation of a proposed mining project to determine whether the mineral resource can be mined economically. There are three types of feasibility study used in mining, order of magnitude, preliminary feasibility and detailed feasibility.
Order of magnitude
Order of magnitude feasibili... | Mining feasibility study | [
"Engineering"
] | 364 | [
"Mining engineering"
] |
15,858,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei-ichi%20Negishi | was a Japanese chemist who was best known for his discovery of the Negishi coupling. He spent most of his career at Purdue University in the United States, where he was the Herbert C. Brown Distinguished Professor and the director of the Negishi-Brown Institute. He was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for pal... | Ei-ichi Negishi | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,487 | [
"Organic chemists",
"Japanese organic chemists"
] |
13,179,037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPER | G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene. GPER binds to and is activated by the female sex hormone estradiol and is responsible for some of the rapid effects that estradiol has on cells.
Discovery
The cla... | GPER | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,814 | [
"G protein-coupled receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
13,180,391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisohedral%20tiling | In geometry, a shape is said to be anisohedral if it admits a tiling, but no such tiling is isohedral (tile-transitive); that is, in any tiling by that shape there are two tiles that are not equivalent under any symmetry of the tiling. A tiling by an anisohedral tile is referred to as an anisohedral tiling.
Existence... | Anisohedral tiling | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 619 | [
"Tessellation",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
13,180,501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytomining | Phytomining, sometimes called agromining, is the concept of extracting heavy metals from the soil using plants. Specifically, phytomining is for the purpose of economic gain. The approach exploits the existence of hyperaccumulators, proteins or compounds secreted by plants to bind certain metal ions. These extracted or... | Phytomining | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 235 | [
"Ecological restoration",
"Phytoremediation plants",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Biotechnology",
"Biodegradation",
"Environmental engineering",
"Ecological techniques",
"Soil contamination",
"nan",
"Bioremediation",
"Environmental soil science"
] |
13,182,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld%20quality%20assurance | Weld quality assurance is the use of technological methods and actions to test or assure the quality of welds, and secondarily to confirm the presence, location and coverage of welds. In manufacturing, welds are used to join two or more metal surfaces. Because these connections may encounter loads and fatigue during pr... | Weld quality assurance | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,111 | [
"Welding",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
13,183,981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n%20F%C3%A1ry | István Fáry (30 June 1922 – 2 November 1984) was a Hungarian-born mathematician known for his work in geometry and algebraic topology. He proved Fáry's theorem that every planar graph has a straight-line embedding in 1948, and the Fáry–Milnor theorem lower-bounding the curvature of a nontrivial knot in 1949.
Biography... | István Fáry | [
"Mathematics"
] | 252 | [
"Topologists",
"Topology",
"Geometers",
"Geometry"
] |
13,185,596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics a stack or 2-sheaf is, roughly speaking, a sheaf that takes values in categories rather than sets. Stacks are used to formalise some of the main constructions of descent theory, and to construct fine moduli stacks when fine moduli spaces do not exist.
Descent theory is concerned with generalisations of ... | Stack (mathematics) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,457 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mathematical relations",
"Category theory",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
41,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20balance | In telecommunications, a hybrid balance is an expression of the degree of electrical symmetry between two impedances connected to two conjugate sides of a hybrid coil or resistance hybrid. It is usually expressed in dB.
If the respective impedances of the branches of the hybrid that are connected to the conjugate sid... | Hybrid balance | [
"Engineering"
] | 87 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Electrical parameters"
] |
41,248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl%20ion%20absorption | Hydroxyl ion absorption is the absorption in optical fibers of electromagnetic radiation, including the near-infrared, due to the presence of trapped hydroxyl ions remaining from water as a contaminant.
The hydroxyl (OH−) ion can penetrate glass during or after product fabrication, resulting in significant attenuatio... | Hydroxyl ion absorption | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 107 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Materials science",
"Analytical chemistry stubs"
] |
41,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index-matching%20material | In optics, an index-matching material is a substance, usually a liquid, cement (adhesive), or gel, which has an index of refraction that closely approximates that of another object (such as a lens, material, fiber-optic, etc.).
When two substances with the same index are in contact, light passes from one to the other ... | Index-matching material | [
"Physics"
] | 1,050 | [
"Materials",
"Optical materials",
"Matter"
] |
41,281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-field%20region | In antenna theory, intermediate-field region (also known as intermediate field, intermediate zone or transition zone) refers to the transition region lying between the near-field region and the far-field region in which the field strength of an electromagnetic wave is dependent upon the inverse distance, inverse square... | Intermediate-field region | [
"Physics"
] | 117 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves"
] |
41,306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%27s%20cosine%20law | In optics, Lambert's cosine law says that the observed radiant intensity or luminous intensity from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the observer's line of sight and the surface normal; . The law is also known as the cosine emi... | Lambert's cosine law | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,318 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Scattering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radiometry"
] |
41,343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optic%20effect | A magneto-optic effect is any one of a number of phenomena in which an electromagnetic wave propagates through a medium that has been altered by the presence of a quasistatic magnetic field. In such a medium, which is also called gyrotropic or gyromagnetic, left- and right-rotating elliptical polarizations can propag... | Magneto-optic effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,226 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Optical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Magneto-optic effects"
] |
41,359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20usable%20frequency | In radio transmission, maximum usable frequency (MUF) is the highest radio frequency that can be used for transmission between two points on Earth by reflection from the ionosphere (skywave or skip) at a specified time, independent of transmitter power. This index is especially useful for shortwave transmissions.
In ... | Maximum usable frequency | [
"Physics"
] | 502 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves"
] |
41,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neper | The neper (symbol: Np) is a logarithmic unit for ratios of measurements of physical field and power quantities, such as gain and loss of electronic signals. The unit's name is derived from the name of John Napier, the inventor of logarithms. As is the case for the decibel and bel, the neper is a unit defined in the int... | Neper | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 566 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Units of level",
"Quantity",
"Logarithmic scales of measurement",
"Units of measurement"
] |
41,432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20aperture | In optics, the numerical aperture (NA) of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light. By incorporating index of refraction in its definition, has the property that it is constant for a beam as it goes from one material to another, p... | Numerical aperture | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,098 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
" molecular",
"Microscopy",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
41,461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20path%20length | In optics, optical path length (OPL, denoted Λ in equations), also known as optical length or optical distance, is the length that light needs to travel through a vacuum to create the same phase difference as it would have when traveling through a given medium. It is calculated by taking the product of the geometric le... | Optical path length | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 542 | [
"Optical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities"
] |
41,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20quality%20analysis | Path quality analysis: In a communications path, an analysis that (a) includes the overall evaluation of the component quality measures, the individual link quality measures, and the aggregate path quality measures, and (b) is performed by evaluating communications parameters, such as bit error ratio, signal-plus-nois... | Path quality analysis | [
"Physics"
] | 82 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves"
] |
41,496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo%20bit%20error%20ratio | Pseudo bit error ratio (PBER) in adaptive high-frequency (HF) radio, is a bit error ratio derived by a majority decoder that processes redundant transmissions.
Note: In adaptive HF radio automatic link establishment, PBER is determined by the extent of error correction, such as by using the fraction of non-unanimous... | Pseudo bit error ratio | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 87 | [
"Metrics",
"Reliability engineering",
"Engineering ratios",
"Quantity",
"Error detection and correction"
] |
41,545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro%20constant | The Avogadro constant, commonly denoted or , is an SI defining constant with an exact value of (reciprocal moles). It is this defined number of constituent particles (usually molecules, atoms, ions, or ion pairs—in general, entities) per mole (SI unit) and used as a normalization factor in relating the amount of subs... | Avogadro constant | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,944 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Chemical quantities",
"Amount of substance",
"Physical constants",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Fundamental constants"
] |
41,548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked%20loop | A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL) is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is fixed relative to the phase of an input signal. Keeping the input and output phase in lockstep also implies keeping the input and output frequencies the same, thus a phase-locked loop can also track an input ... | Phase-locked loop | [
"Engineering"
] | 7,126 | [
"Radio electronics",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Electronic design",
"Electronic engineering",
"Design",
"Communication circuits"
] |
41,549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20noise | In signal processing, phase noise is the frequency-domain representation of random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform, corresponding to time-domain deviations from perfect periodicity (jitter). Generally speaking, radio-frequency engineers speak of the phase noise of an oscillator, whereas digital-system engineer... | Phase noise | [
"Physics"
] | 1,582 | [
"Frequency-domain analysis",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
41,586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation%20constant | The propagation constant of a sinusoidal electromagnetic wave is a measure of the change undergone by the amplitude and phase of the wave as it propagates in a given direction. The quantity being measured can be the voltage, the current in a circuit, or a field vector such as electric field strength or flux density. Th... | Propagation constant | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,932 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electromagnetism",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Physical quantities",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Quantity",
"Analog circuits",
"Filter theory",
"Electronic engineering",
"Radiation",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Physical properties"
] |
41,625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometry | Radiometry is a set of techniques for measuring electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. Radiometric techniques in optics characterize the distribution of the radiation's power in space, as opposed to photometric techniques, which characterize the light's interaction with the human eye. The fundamental diffe... | Radiometry | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 541 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Physical quantities",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Quantity",
"Observational astronomy",
"Measurement",
"Size",
"Radiation",
"Electrical engineering",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Radiometry"
] |
41,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectance | The reflectance of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in reflecting radiant energy. It is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is reflected at the boundary. Reflectance is a component of the response of the electronic structure of the material to the electromagnetic field of light, and is in ... | Reflectance | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,222 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Physical properties",
"Radiometry"
] |
41,660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance | Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when an object or system is subjected to an external force or vibration that matches its natural frequency. When this happens, the object or system absorbs energy from the external force and starts vibrating with a larger amplitude. Resonance can occur in various systems, such as m... | Resonance | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 7,436 | [
"Resonance",
"Physical phenomena",
"Waves",
"Scattering",
"Mechanics",
"Oscillation"
] |
41,665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return%20loss | In telecommunications, return loss is a measure in relative terms of the power of the signal reflected by a discontinuity in a transmission line or optical fiber. This discontinuity can be caused by a mismatch between the termination or load connected to the line and the characteristic impedance of the line. It is us... | Return loss | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 926 | [
"Radio electronics",
"Physical phenomena",
"Metrics",
"Engineering ratios",
"Quantity",
"Classical mechanics",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical parameters"
] |
41,667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringaround | In telecommunications, the term ringaround has the following meanings:
The improper routing of a call back through a switching center already engaged in attempting to complete the same call.
In secondary surveillance radar, the presence of false targets declared as a result of transponder interrogation by side lobes o... | Ringaround | [
"Engineering"
] | 67 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
41,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot%20noise | Shot noise or Poisson noise is a type of noise which can be modeled by a Poisson process.
In electronics shot noise originates from the discrete nature of electric charge. Shot noise also occurs in photon counting in optical devices, where shot noise is associated with the particle nature of light.
Origin
In a stat... | Shot noise | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,805 | [
"Point (geometry)",
"Electrical parameters",
"Quantum optics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Point processes",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electrical engineering",
"Mesoscopic physics",
"Poisson point processes"
] |
41,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise%20ratio | Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to noise power, often expressed in decibels. A ratio higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB) indicates more signal than no... | Signal-to-noise ratio | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,852 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Metrics",
"Engineering ratios",
"Quantity",
"Classical mechanics",
"Measurement",
"Acoustics",
"Size",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Audio engineering",
"Audio amplifier specifications",
"Electrical parameters"
] |
41,730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20of%20service | In telecommunication, speed of service is the time for a message to be received. For example:
The time between release of a message by the originator to receipt of the message by the addressee, as perceived by the end user. (originator-to-recipient speed of service)
The time between entry of a message into a communica... | Speed of service | [
"Engineering"
] | 104 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
41,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing%20wave | In physics, a standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that oscillates in time but whose peak amplitude profile does not move in space. The peak amplitude of the wave oscillations at any point in space is constant with respect to time, and the oscillations at different points throughout the wave are i... | Standing wave | [
"Physics"
] | 5,212 | [
"Wave mechanics",
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
41,742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing%20wave%20ratio | In radio engineering and telecommunications, standing wave ratio (SWR) is a measure of impedance matching of loads to the characteristic impedance of a transmission line or waveguide. Impedance mismatches result in standing waves along the transmission line, and SWR is defined as the ratio of the partial standing wave'... | Standing wave ratio | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,963 | [
"Radio electronics",
"Physical phenomena",
"Metrics",
"Engineering ratios",
"Quantity",
"Classical mechanics",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics"
] |
41,789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20temperature | Thermodynamic temperature is a quantity defined in thermodynamics as distinct from kinetic theory or statistical mechanics.
Historically, thermodynamic temperature was defined by Lord Kelvin in terms of a macroscopic relation between thermodynamic work and heat transfer as defined in thermodynamics, but the kelvin was... | Thermodynamic temperature | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 10,990 | [
"State functions",
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Temperature",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Quantity",
"Thermodynamics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
41,797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-domain%20reflectometer | A time-domain reflectometer (TDR) is an electronic instrument used to determine the characteristics of electrical lines by observing reflected pulses. It can be used to characterize and locate faults in metallic cables (for example, twisted pair wire or coaxial cable),
and to locate discontinuities in a connector, prin... | Time-domain reflectometer | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,016 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Electronic test equipment",
"Measuring instruments",
"Soil physics"
] |
41,811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20line | In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner. The term applies when the conductors are long enough that the wave nature of the transmission must be taken into account. This applies especially to radio-frequency ... | Transmission line | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,219 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Distributed element circuits"
] |
41,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20medium | A transmission medium is a system or substance that can mediate the propagation of signals for the purposes of telecommunication. Signals are typically imposed on a wave of some kind suitable for the chosen medium. For example, data can modulate sound, and a transmission medium for sounds may be air, but solids and liq... | Transmission medium | [
"Physics"
] | 2,415 | [
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Physical phenomena",
"Radiation"
] |
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