id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
41,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible%20power%20supply | An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) or uninterruptible power source is a type of continual power system that provides automated backup electric power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails. A UPS differs from a traditional auxiliary/emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provi... | Uninterruptible power supply | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 6,500 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Reliability engineering",
"Fault tolerance",
"Voltage",
"Voltage stability"
] |
41,855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice%20frequency | A voice frequency (VF) or voice band is the range of audio frequencies used for the transmission of speech.
Frequency band
In telephony, the usable voice frequency band ranges from approximately 300 to 3400 Hz. It is for this reason that the ultra low frequency band of the electromagnetic spectrum between 300 and 300... | Voice frequency | [
"Physics"
] | 323 | [
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
41,951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%20and%20lintel | Post and lintel (also called prop and lintel, a trabeated system, or a trilithic system) is a building system where strong horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical elements with large spaces between them. This is usually used to hold up a roof, creating a largely open space beneath, for whatever use the buil... | Post and lintel | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 811 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Timber framing",
"Building engineering",
"Building",
"Structural system",
"Construction",
"Architectural elements",
"Civil engineering",
"Components",
"Architecture"
] |
41,957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20impedance | In electrical engineering, impedance is the opposition to alternating current presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit.
Quantitatively, the impedance of a two-terminal circuit element is the ratio of the complex representation of the sinusoidal voltage between its terminals, to the com... | Electrical impedance | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,945 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physical properties",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
42,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20radioisotope | A synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie were the first to produce a synthetic radioisotope in the 20th century. ... | Synthetic radioisotope | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 726 | [
"Medicinal radiochemistry",
"Radiopharmaceuticals",
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Radioactivity"
] |
42,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20radioisotope | A trace radioisotope is a radioisotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts (i.e. extremely small). Generally speaking, trace radioisotopes have half-lives that are short in comparison with the age of the Earth, since primordial nuclides tend to occur in larger than trace amounts. Trace radioisotopes are therefore pr... | Trace radioisotope | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 318 | [
"Nuclear chemistry stubs",
"Nuclear and atomic physics stubs",
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
42,445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton%20%28unit%29 | The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbols: Da or u, respectively) is a unit of mass defined as of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. The atomic mass constant, denoted mu, is defined identically, gi... | Dalton (unit) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,914 | [
"Units of measurement",
"Nuclear chemistry",
"Quantity",
"Units of mass",
"Mass",
"Chemical quantities",
"nan",
"Nuclear physics",
"Units of chemical measurement",
"Matter"
] |
42,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkendall%20effect | The Kirkendall effect is the motion of the interface between two metals that occurs due to the difference in diffusion rates of the metal atoms. The effect can be observed, for example, by placing insoluble markers at the interface between a pure metal and an alloy containing that metal, and heating to a temperature wh... | Kirkendall effect | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,690 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
42,526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching | Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material. As a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the m... | Etching | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,657 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical processes",
"nan"
] |
42,676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%20health%20issues | Mold health issues refer to the harmful health effects of molds ("moulds" in British English) and their mycotoxins.
Molds are ubiquitous in the biosphere, and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace dust. The vast majority of molds are not hazardous to humans, and reaction to molds can vary betwe... | Mold health issues | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,100 | [
"Humans and other species",
"Fungi",
"Toxicology",
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Environmental engineering",
"Fungi and humans",
"Civil engineering",
"Building defects",
"Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source",
"Mechanical failure",
"Building biology"... |
42,739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble%20fusion | Bubble fusion is the non-technical name for a nuclear fusion reaction hypothesized to occur inside extraordinarily large collapsing gas bubbles created in a liquid during acoustic cavitation. The more technical name is sonofusion.
The term was coined in 2002 with the release of a report by Rusi Taleyarkhan and collabo... | Bubble fusion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,717 | [
"Bubbles (physics)",
"Foams",
"Cold fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
42,806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone | In meteorology, a cyclone () is a large air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as viewed from above (opposite to an anticyclone). Cyclones are characterized by inward-spiraling winds that rotate abou... | Cyclone | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,172 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Vortices",
"Weather hazards",
"Weather",
"Meteorological phenomena",
"Dynamical systems",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
42,882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogony | Cosmogony is any model concerning the origin of the cosmos or the universe.
Overview
Scientific theories
In astronomy, cosmogony is the study of the origin of particular astrophysical objects or systems, and is most commonly used in reference to the origin of the universe, the Solar System, or the Earth–Moon system... | Cosmogony | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 950 | [
"Cosmogony",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Creation myths",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
1,490,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroactive%20polymer | An electroactive polymer (EAP) is a polymer that exhibits a change in size or shape when stimulated by an electric field. The most common applications of this type of material are in actuators and sensors. A typical characteristic property of an EAP is that they will undergo a large amount of deformation while sustaini... | Electroactive polymer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,734 | [
"Materials science",
"Polymer material properties",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Electrical engineering",
"Smart materials"
] |
1,490,148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation%20%28astronomy%29 | In astronomy, perturbation is the complex motion of a massive body subjected to forces other than the gravitational attraction of a single other massive body. The other forces can include a third (fourth, fifth, etc.) body, resistance, as from an atmosphere, and the off-center attraction of an oblate or otherwise missh... | Perturbation (astronomy) | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,232 | [
"Dynamics of the Solar System",
"Classical mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Mechanics",
"Celestial mechanics",
"Solar System",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,492,498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular%20hydrostat | A muscular hydrostat is a biological structure found in animals. It is used to manipulate items (including food) or to move its host about and consists mainly of muscles with no skeletal support. It performs its hydraulic movement without fluid in a separate compartment, as in a hydrostatic skeleton.
A muscular hydro... | Muscular hydrostat | [
"Physics"
] | 1,754 | [
"Biomechanics",
"Mechanics"
] |
1,493,025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassphalt | Glassphalt or glasphalt (a portmanteau of glass and asphalt) is a variety of asphalt that uses crushed glass. It has been used as an alternative to conventional bituminous asphalt pavement since the early 1970s. Glassphalt must be properly mixed and placed if it is to meet roadway pavement standards, requiring some mod... | Glassphalt | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 113 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
1,494,813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsauer%E2%80%93Townsend%20effect | The Ramsauer–Townsend effect, also sometimes called the Ramsauer effect or the Townsend effect, is a physical phenomenon involving the scattering of low-energy electrons by atoms of a noble gas. This effect is a result of quantum mechanics. The effect is named for Carl Ramsauer and John Sealy Townsend, who each indepen... | Ramsauer–Townsend effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 506 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Scattering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
151,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality%20%28physics%29 | Causality is the relationship between causes and effects. While causality is also a topic studied from the perspectives of philosophy and physics, it is operationalized so that causes of an event must be in the past light cone of the event and ultimately reducible to fundamental interactions. Similarly, a cause cannot ... | Causality (physics) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,271 | [
"Philosophy of physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time travel",
"Quantity",
"nan",
"Spacetime",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
152,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-100%20bus | The S-100 bus or Altair bus, IEEE 696-1983 (inactive-withdrawn), is an early computer bus designed in 1974 as a part of the Altair 8800. The bus was the first industry standard expansion bus for the microcomputer industry. computers, consisting of processor and peripheral cards, were produced by a number of manufactu... | S-100 bus | [
"Technology"
] | 2,015 | [
"Computer standards",
"IEEE standards"
] |
152,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20nucleosynthesis | In astrophysics, stellar nucleosynthesis is the creation of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions within stars. Stellar nucleosynthesis has occurred since the original creation of hydrogen, helium and lithium during the Big Bang. As a predictive theory, it yields accurate estimates of the observed abundances of... | Stellar nucleosynthesis | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,098 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Astrophysics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Nuclear physics",
"Concepts in stellar astronomy",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Stellar astronomy"
] |
152,464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide | Nuclides (or nucleides, from nucleus, also known as nuclear species) are a class of atoms characterized by their number of protons, Z, their number of neutrons, N, and their nuclear energy state.
The word nuclide was coined by the American nuclear physicist Truman P. Kohman in 1947. Kohman defined nuclide as a "specie... | Nuclide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,140 | [
"Isotopes",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
152,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20third%20problem | The third of Hilbert's list of mathematical problems, presented in 1900, was the first to be solved. The problem is related to the following question: given any two polyhedra of equal volume, is it always possible to cut the first into finitely many polyhedral pieces which can be reassembled to yield the second? Based ... | Hilbert's third problem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,348 | [
"Geometry problems",
"Euclidean solid geometry",
"Hilbert's problems",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
153,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot%20theory | In topology, knot theory is the study of mathematical knots. While inspired by knots which appear in daily life, such as those in shoelaces and rope, a mathematical knot differs in that the ends are joined so it cannot be undone, the simplest knot being a ring (or "unknot"). In mathematical language, a knot is an embed... | Knot theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,887 | [
"Topology",
"Low-dimensional topology"
] |
153,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20closure%20%28group%20theory%29 | In group theory, the normal closure of a subset of a group is the smallest normal subgroup of containing
Properties and description
Formally, if is a group and is a subset of the normal closure of is the intersection of all normal subgroups of containing :
The normal closure is the smallest normal subgrou... | Normal closure (group theory) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 200 | [
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Order theory",
"Closure operators"
] |
153,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedekind%20group | In group theory, a Dedekind group is a group G such that every subgroup of G is normal.
All abelian groups are Dedekind groups.
A non-abelian Dedekind group is called a Hamiltonian group.
The most familiar (and smallest) example of a Hamiltonian group is the quaternion group of order 8, denoted by Q8.
Dedekind and Bae... | Dedekind group | [
"Mathematics"
] | 351 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Properties of groups",
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic structures"
] |
153,130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion%20group | In group theory, the quaternion group Q8 (sometimes just denoted by Q) is a non-abelian group of order eight, isomorphic to the eight-element subset
of the quaternions under multiplication. It is given by the group presentation
where e is the identity element and commutes with the other elements of the group. These... | Quaternion group | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,899 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Finite groups",
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic structures"
] |
153,187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracytoplasmic%20sperm%20injection | Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI ) is an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure in which a single sperm cell is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an egg. This technique is used in order to prepare the gametes for the obtention of embryos that may be transferred to a maternal uterus. With this method, the a... | Intracytoplasmic sperm injection | [
"Biology"
] | 3,227 | [
"Assisted reproductive technology",
"Medical technology"
] |
153,197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic%20table%20%28electron%20configurations%29 | Configurations of elements 109 and above are not available. Predictions from reliable sources have been used for these elements.
Grayed out electron numbers indicate subshells filled to their maximum.
Bracketed noble gas symbols on the left represent inner configurations that are the same in each period. Written out,... | Periodic table (electron configurations) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 419 | [
"Periodic table"
] |
153,215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working%20mass | Working mass, also referred to as reaction mass, is a mass against which a system operates in order to produce acceleration.
In the case of a chemical rocket, for example, the reaction mass is the product of the burned fuel shot backwards to provide propulsion. All acceleration requires an exchange of momentum, which c... | Working mass | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 493 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Size",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
153,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20exchanger | A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between a source and a working fluid. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning,... | Heat exchanger | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 9,768 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Chemical equipment",
"Heat exchangers",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
153,563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilab | Scilab is a free and open-source, cross-platform numerical computational package and a high-level, numerically oriented programming language. It can be used for signal processing, statistical analysis, image enhancement, fluid dynamics simulations, numerical optimization, and modeling, simulation of explicit and impli... | Scilab | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,367 | [
"Free mathematics software",
"Mathematical software"
] |
153,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20optics | Crystal optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in anisotropic media, that is, media (such as crystals) in which light behaves differently depending on which direction the light is propagating. The index of refraction depends on both composition and crystal structure and can be calculated u... | Crystal optics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,126 | [
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
153,852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20information%20officer | Chief information officer (CIO), chief digital information officer (CDIO) or information technology (IT) director, is a job title commonly given to the most senior executive in an enterprise who works with information technology and computer systems, in order to support enterprise goals.
Normally, the CIO reports dire... | Chief information officer | [
"Technology"
] | 1,913 | [
"Information systems",
"Information technology"
] |
153,861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moat | A moat is a deep, broad ditch dug around a castle, fortification, building, or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence. Moats can be dry or filled with water. In some places, moats evolved into more extensive water defences, including natural or artificial lakes, dams and sluices. In older f... | Moat | [
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,947 | [
"Hydrology",
"Engineering barrages",
"Construction",
"Military engineering",
"Water",
"Masonry"
] |
153,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisibility | Invisibility is the state of an object that cannot be seen. An object in this state is said to be invisible (literally, "not visible"). The phenomenon is studied by physics and perceptual psychology.
Since objects can be seen by light from a source reflecting off their surfaces and hitting the viewer's eyes, the most... | Invisibility | [
"Physics"
] | 1,928 | [
"Optical phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Optical illusions",
"Invisibility"
] |
8,577,896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane%20reformer | A methane reformer is a device based on steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation and is a type of chemical synthesis which can produce pure hydrogen gas from methane using a catalyst. There are multiple types of reformers in development but the most common in industry are autothermal reforming (ATR) ... | Methane reformer | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 703 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical equipment",
"Industrial gases",
"nan"
] |
8,578,085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20affinity%20%28data%20page%29 | This page deals with the electron affinity as a property of isolated atoms or molecules (i.e. in the gas phase). Solid state electron affinities are not listed here.
Elements
Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous at... | Electron affinity (data page) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 343 | [
"Chemical data pages",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Chemical element data pages",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
8,582,679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerColor | PowerColor is a Taiwanese graphics card brand established in 1997 by TUL Corporation (撼訊科技), based in New Taipei, Taiwan. PowerColor maintains office locations in a number of countries, including Taiwan, the Netherlands and the United States. The United States branch is located in City of Industry, California and serve... | PowerColor | [
"Technology"
] | 327 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computers"
] |
6,921,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Geometry%20%28book%29 | Algebraic Geometry is an algebraic geometry textbook written by Robin Hartshorne and published by Springer-Verlag in 1977.
Importance
It was the first extended treatment of scheme theory written as a text intended to be accessible to graduate students.
Contents
The first chapter, titled "Varieties", deals with the cl... | Algebraic Geometry (book) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 195 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
6,926,718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch%20distillation | Batch distillation refers to the use of distillation in batches, meaning that a mixture is distilled to separate it into its component fractions before the distillation still is again charged with more mixture and the process is repeated. This is in contrast with continuous distillation where the feedstock is added and... | Batch distillation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,204 | [
"Distillation",
"Separation processes"
] |
11,684,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiregular%20polytope | In geometry, by Thorold Gosset's definition a semiregular polytope is usually taken to be a polytope that is vertex-transitive and has all its facets being regular polytopes. E.L. Elte compiled a longer list in 1912 as The Semiregular Polytopes of the Hyperspaces which included a wider definition.
Gosset's list
In th... | Semiregular polytope | [
"Physics"
] | 948 | [
"Uniform polytopes",
"Symmetry"
] |
11,685,115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap%E2%80%93add%20method | In signal processing, the overlap–add method is an efficient way to evaluate the discrete convolution of a very long signal with a finite impulse response (FIR) filter :
where for outside the region This article uses common abstract notations, such as or in which it is understood that the functions should be th... | Overlap–add method | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 712 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Signal processing",
"Mathematical objects",
"Computational mathematics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Transforms",
"Numerical analysis",
"Approximations"
] |
11,685,459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20speed%20gradient | In acoustics, the sound speed gradient is the rate of change of the speed of sound with distance, for example with depth in the ocean,
or height in the Earth's atmosphere. A sound speed gradient leads to refraction of sound wavefronts in the direction of lower sound speed, causing the sound rays to follow a curved path... | Sound speed gradient | [
"Physics"
] | 323 | [
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics"
] |
11,686,224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichibabin%20pyridine%20synthesis | The Chichibabin pyridine synthesis () is a method for synthesizing pyridine rings. The reaction involves the condensation reaction of aldehydes, ketones, α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds, or any combination of the above, with ammonia. It was reported by Aleksei Chichibabin in 1924.
Methyl-substituted pyridines, whic... | Chichibabin pyridine synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 455 | [
"Name reactions",
"Ring forming reactions",
"Heterocycle forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
11,686,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium-conductor%20steel-reinforced%20cable | Aluminium conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR) is a type of high-capacity, high-strength stranded conductor typically used in overhead power lines. The outer strands are high-purity aluminium, chosen for its good conductivity, low weight, low cost, resistance to corrosion and decent mechanical stress resistance. T... | Aluminium-conductor steel-reinforced cable | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 4,766 | [
"Electrical systems",
"Building engineering",
"Energy engineering",
"Physical systems",
"Power engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical wiring"
] |
11,688,824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission%20product%20yield | Nuclear fission splits a heavy nucleus such as uranium or plutonium into two lighter nuclei, which are called fission products. Yield refers to the fraction of a fission product produced per fission.
Yield can be broken down by:
Individual isotope
Chemical element spanning several isotopes of different mass number b... | Fission product yield | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,148 | [
"Nuclear chemistry",
"Nuclear fission",
"nan",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
11,689,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritware | Fritware, also known as stone-paste, is a type of pottery in which ground glass (frit) is added to clay to reduce its fusion temperature. The mixture may include quartz or other siliceous material. An organic compound such as gum or glue may be added for binding. The resulting mixture can be fired at a lower temperatu... | Fritware | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,580 | [
"Ceramic engineering",
"Ceramic materials"
] |
11,693,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal%20therapy | Photothermal therapy (PTT) refers to efforts to use electromagnetic radiation (most often in infrared wavelengths) for the treatment of various medical conditions, including cancer. This neurotherapy is an extension of photodynamic therapy, in which a photosensitizer is excited with specific band light. This activation... | Photothermal therapy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,462 | [
"nan",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Medical physics"
] |
2,141,003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20gallium%20phosphide | Indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), also called gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), is a semiconductor composed of indium, gallium and phosphorus. It is used in high-power and high-frequency electronics because of its superior electron velocity with respect to the more common semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide.
I... | Indium gallium phosphide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 528 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Semiconductor materials",
"Condensed matter physics",
"III-V semiconductors",
"Light-emitting diode materials",
"Condensed matter stubs",
"III-V compounds"
] |
2,142,913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diquark | In particle physics, a diquark, or diquark correlation/clustering, is a hypothetical state of two quarks grouped inside a baryon (that consists of three quarks). Corresponding models of baryons are referred to as quark–diquark models. The diquark is often treated as a single subatomic particle with which the third quar... | Diquark | [
"Physics"
] | 602 | [
"Hypothetical elementary particles",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model"
] |
2,144,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrion%20paper | Hydrion is a trademarked name for a popular line of compound pH indicators, marketed by Micro Essential Laboratory Inc., exhibiting a series of color changes (typically producing a recognizably different color for each pH unit) over a range of pH values. Although solutions are available, the most common forms of Hydrio... | Hydrion paper | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 112 | [
"Titration",
"PH indicators",
"Chromism",
"Chemical tests",
"Equilibrium chemistry"
] |
2,145,168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric%20tensor%20%28general%20relativity%29 | In general relativity, the metric tensor (in this context often abbreviated to simply the metric) is the fundamental object of study. The metric captures all the geometric and causal structure of spacetime, being used to define notions such as time, distance, volume, curvature, angle, and separation of the future and t... | Metric tensor (general relativity) | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,804 | [
"Time in physics",
"Physical phenomena",
"Tensors",
"Physical quantities",
"Tensor physical quantities",
"Tensors in general relativity"
] |
10,708,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible%20reference%20system%20propagation%20algorithm | Reversible reference system propagation algorithm (r-RESPA) is a time stepping algorithm used in molecular dynamics.
It evolves the system state over time,
where the L is the Liouville operator.
References
Molecular dynamics
Hamiltonian mechanics | Reversible reference system propagation algorithm | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 50 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Computational physics",
"Molecular dynamics",
"Hamiltonian mechanics",
"Computational chemistry",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
15,866,439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard%20regularization | In mathematics, Hadamard regularization (also called Hadamard finite part or Hadamard's partie finie) is a method of regularizing divergent integrals by dropping some divergent terms and keeping the finite part, introduced by . showed that this can be interpreted as taking the meromorphic continuation of a convergent ... | Hadamard regularization | [
"Mathematics"
] | 389 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Summability methods",
"Mathematical structures"
] |
15,875,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic%20mechanism%20design | Algorithmic mechanism design (AMD) lies at the intersection of economic game theory, optimization, and computer science. The prototypical problem in mechanism design is to design a system for multiple self-interested participants, such that the participants' self-interested actions at equilibrium lead to good system pe... | Algorithmic mechanism design | [
"Mathematics"
] | 237 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Algorithms",
"Mathematical logic",
"Game theory",
"Mechanism design"
] |
9,206,499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93insulator%20transition | Metal–insulator transitions are transitions of a material from a metal (material with good electrical conductivity of electric charges) to an insulator (material where conductivity of charges is quickly suppressed). These transitions can be achieved by tuning various ambient parameters such as temperature, pressure or,... | Metal–insulator transition | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,100 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Phases of matter",
"Critical phenomena",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Matter"
] |
9,206,525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydron%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, the hydron, informally called proton, is the cationic form of atomic hydrogen, represented with the symbol . The general term "hydron", endorsed by IUPAC, encompasses cations of hydrogen regardless of isotope: thus it refers collectively to protons (H) for the protium isotope, deuterons (H or D) for the d... | Hydron (chemistry) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,255 | [
"Cations",
"Ions",
"Matter"
] |
9,208,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuarkNet | QuarkNet is a long-term, research-based teacher professional development program in the United States jointly funded by the National Science Foundation and the US Department of Energy. Since 1999, QuarkNet has established centers at universities and national laboratories conducting research in particle physics (also ca... | QuarkNet | [
"Physics"
] | 832 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physics education"
] |
9,209,693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helically%20Symmetric%20Experiment | The Helically Symmetric Experiment (HSX, stylized as Helically Symmetric eXperiment), is an experimental plasma confinement device at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, with design principles that are intended to be incorporated into a fusion reactor. The HSX is a modular coil stellarator which is a toroid-shaped pre... | Helically Symmetric Experiment | [
"Physics"
] | 1,042 | [
"Plasma physics facilities",
"Plasma physics"
] |
9,209,712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric%20generator | A thermoelectric generator (TEG), also called a Seebeck generator, is a solid state device that converts heat (driven by temperature differences) directly into electrical energy through a phenomenon called the Seebeck effect (a form of thermoelectric effect). Thermoelectric generators function like heat engines, but ar... | Thermoelectric generator | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 5,398 | [
"Physical systems",
"Electrical generators",
"Machines"
] |
9,210,048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Crandall | Richard E. Crandall (December 29, 1947 – December 20, 2012) was an American physicist and computer scientist who made contributions to computational number theory.
Background
Crandall was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and spent two years at Caltech before transferring to Reed College in Portland, Oregon, where he gradu... | Richard Crandall | [
"Physics"
] | 561 | [
"Computational physicists",
"Computational physics"
] |
9,210,114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhind%20Mathematical%20Papyrus | The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP; also designated as papyrus British Museum 10057, pBM 10058, and Brooklyn Museum 37.1784Ea-b) is one of the best known examples of ancient Egyptian mathematics.
It is one of two well-known mathematical papyri, along with the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus. The Rhind Papyrus is the lar... | Rhind Mathematical Papyrus | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,938 | [
"Pi"
] |
9,210,345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20adaptation | Gaussian adaptation (GA), also called normal or natural adaptation (NA) is an evolutionary algorithm designed for the maximization of manufacturing yield due to statistical deviation of component values of signal processing systems. In short, GA is a stochastic adaptive process where a number of samples of an n-dimensi... | Gaussian adaptation | [
"Biology"
] | 4,264 | [
"Creationism",
"Biology theories",
"Obsolete biology theories"
] |
9,210,858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20architecture | Marine architecture is the design of architectural and engineering structures which support coastal design, near-shore and off-shore or deep-water planning for many projects such as shipyards, ship transport, coastal management or other marine and/or hydroscape activities. These structures include harbors, lighthouses,... | Marine architecture | [
"Engineering"
] | 143 | [
"Construction",
"Marine architecture",
"Architecture",
"Offshore engineering"
] |
13,192,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serviceability%20%28computer%29 | In software engineering and hardware engineering, serviceability (also known as supportability) is one of the -ilities or aspects (from IBM's RAS(U) (Reliability, Availability, Serviceability, and Usability)). It refers to the ability of technical support personnel to install, configure, and monitor computer products... | Serviceability (computer) | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,008 | [
"Design",
"Design for X"
] |
13,192,028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serviceability%20%28structure%29 | In civil engineering and structural engineering, serviceability refers to the conditions under which a building is still considered useful. Should these limit states be exceeded, a structure that may still be structurally sound would nevertheless be considered unfit. It refers to conditions other than the building str... | Serviceability (structure) | [
"Engineering"
] | 331 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Architecture"
] |
13,193,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina%20Beletskaya | Irina Petrovna Beletskaya (; born 10 March 1933) is a Soviet and Russian professor of chemistry at Moscow State University. She specializes in organometallic chemistry and its application to problems in organic chemistry. She is best known for her studies on aromatic reaction mechanisms, as well as work on carbanion ac... | Irina Beletskaya | [
"Chemistry"
] | 909 | [
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
13,195,175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutters are used to cut ceramic tiles to a required size or shape. They come in a number of different forms, from basic manual devices to complex attachments for power tools.
Hand tools
Beam score cutters, cutter boards
The ceramic tile cutter works by first scratching a straight line across the surface... | Ceramic tile cutter | [
"Physics"
] | 610 | [
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical hand tools"
] |
13,196,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20vortices | In a standard superconductor, described by a complex field fermionic condensate wave function (denoted ), vortices carry quantized magnetic fields because the condensate wave function is invariant to increments of the phase by . There a winding of the phase by creates a vortex which carries one flux quantum. See qu... | Fractional vortices | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,662 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Josephson effect",
"Superconductivity",
"Phases of matter",
"Superfluidity",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Exotic matter",
"Matter",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
7,083,690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnitruncation | In geometry, an omnitruncation of a convex polytope is a simple polytope of the same dimension, having a vertex for each flag of the original polytope and a facet for each face of any dimension of the original polytope. Omnitruncation is the dual operation to barycentric subdivision. Because the barycentric subdivision... | Omnitruncation | [
"Physics"
] | 491 | [
"Symmetry",
"Uniform polytopes",
"Truncated tilings",
"Tessellation",
"Uniform polyhedra"
] |
7,084,895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-carrier%20injection | Hot carrier injection (HCI) is a phenomenon in solid-state electronic devices where an electron or a “hole” gains sufficient kinetic energy to overcome a potential barrier necessary to break an interface state. The term "hot" refers to the effective temperature used to model carrier density, not to the overall tempera... | Hot-carrier injection | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,940 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Matter",
"Integrated circuits",
"Physical quantities",
"Charge carriers",
"Computer engineering",
"Semiconductors",
"Technological failures",
"Semiconductor device defects",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Materials",
"Electrical phenome... |
7,086,534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%27s%20circulation%20theorem | In fluid mechanics, Kelvin's circulation theorem states:In a barotropic, ideal fluid with conservative body forces, the circulation around a closed curve (which encloses the same fluid elements) moving with the fluid remains constant with time.
The theorem is named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin who published... | Kelvin's circulation theorem | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 579 | [
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Equations of physics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
2,951,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealMagic | RealMagic (or ReelMagic), from Sigma Designs, was one of the first fully compliant MPEG playback boards on the market in the mid-1990s.
RealMagic is a hardware-accelerated MPEG decoder that mixes its video stream into a computer video card's output through the video card's feature connector. It is also a SoundBlaster-... | RealMagic | [
"Technology"
] | 267 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
2,951,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%E2%80%93Wold%20theorem | In mathematics, the Cramér–Wold theorem or the Cramér–Wold device is a theorem in measure theory and which states that a Borel probability measure on is uniquely determined by the totality of its one-dimensional projections. It is used as a method for proving joint convergence results. The theorem is named after Hara... | Cramér–Wold theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 155 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Functions and mappings",
"Convergence (mathematics)",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Mathematical structures",
"Theorems in measure theory",
"Mathematical objects",
"Theorems in proba... |
2,951,653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical%20carbon%20dioxide | Supercritical carbon dioxide (s) is a fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held at or above its critical temperature and critical pressure.
Carbon dioxide usually behaves as a gas in air at standard temperature and pressure (STP), or as a solid called dry ice when cooled and/or pressurised sufficiently. If the te... | Supercritical carbon dioxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,212 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Carbon dioxide",
"Industrial gases",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
2,951,670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Krok | Matthew Krok (born 8 March 1982) is a former Australian child actor best known for playing the role of schoolboy Arthur McArthur on the Australian sitcom Hey Dad...! from 1991 to 1994. He also appeared in a popular Sorbent toilet paper advertising campaign at around the same time.
Career
During the peak of his stardo... | Matthew Krok | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 332 | [
"Environmental engineers",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
2,951,818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitomycins | The mitomycins are a family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae. They include mitomycin A, mitomycin B, and mitomycin C. When the name mitomycin occurs alone, it usually refers to mitomycin C, its international nonproprietary name. Mitomycin C is us... | Mitomycins | [
"Chemistry"
] | 910 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
2,951,953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argo%20%28ROV%29 | Argo is an unmanned deep-towed undersea video camera sled developed by Dr. Robert Ballard through Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute's Deep Submergence Laboratory. Argo is most famous for its role in the discovery of the wreck of the RMS Titanic in 1985. Argo would also play the key role in Ballard's discovery of the ... | Argo (ROV) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 216 | [
"Oceanographic instrumentation",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
2,952,019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustically%20Navigated%20Geological%20Underwater%20Survey | The Acoustically Navigated Geological Underwater Survey (ANGUS) was a deep-towed still-camera sled operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) in the early 1970s. It was the first unmanned research vehicle made by WHOI. ANGUS was encased in a large steel frame designed to explore rugged volcanic terrain ... | Acoustically Navigated Geological Underwater Survey | [
"Physics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 578 | [
"Oceanography",
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
2,952,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton%20effect | The Cotton effect in physics, is the characteristic change in optical rotatory dispersion and/or circular dichroism in the vicinity of an absorption band of a substance.
In a wavelength region where the light is absorbed, the absolute magnitude of the optical rotation at first varies rapidly with wavelength, crosses ze... | Cotton effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 167 | [
" and optical physics stubs",
"Astrophysics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Polarization (waves)",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
" and optical physics"
] |
2,952,363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20rotatory%20dispersion | In optics, optical rotatory dispersion is the variation of the specific rotation of a medium with respect to the wavelength of light. Usually described by German physicist Paul Drude's empirical relation:
where is the specific rotation at temperature and wavelength , and and are constants that depend on the proper... | Optical rotatory dispersion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 704 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Astrophysics",
"Space",
"nan",
"Spacetime",
"Polarization (waves)"
] |
2,952,442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai%20high-speed%20railway | The Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway (or Jinghu high-speed railway) is a high-speed railway that connects two major economic zones in the People's Republic of China: the Bohai Economic Rim and the Yangtze River Delta.
Construction began on April 18, 2008, with the line opened to the public for commercial service on ... | Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,466 | [
"Megaprojects"
] |
2,952,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20integrity%20level | In functional safety, safety integrity level (SIL) is defined as the relative level of risk-reduction provided by a safety instrumented function (SIF), i.e. the measurement of the performance required of the SIF.
In the functional safety standards based on the IEC 61508 standard, four SILs are defined, with SIL4 being... | Safety integrity level | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,641 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Safety engineering",
"Process safety"
] |
2,952,636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders%20of%20magnitude%20%28pressure%29 | This is a tabulated listing of the orders of magnitude in relation to pressure expressed in pascals. psi values, prefixed with + and -, denote values relative to Earth's sea level standard atmospheric pressure (psig); otherwise, psia is assumed.
References
Units of pressure
Pressure | Orders of magnitude (pressure) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 61 | [
"Quantity",
"Orders of magnitude",
"Units of measurement",
"Units of pressure"
] |
2,953,344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnation%20pressure | In fluid dynamics, stagnation pressure, also
referred to as total pressure, is what the pressure would be if all the kinetic energy of the fluid were to be converted into pressure in a reversable manner.; it is defined as the sum of the free-stream static pressure and the free-stream dynamic pressure.
The Bernoulli eq... | Stagnation pressure | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 635 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
2,953,922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcrystalline%20wax | Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process. In contrast to the more familiar paraffin wax which contains mostly unbranched alkanes, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocar... | Microcrystalline wax | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,196 | [
"Petroleum products",
"Petroleum",
"Materials",
"Matter",
"Waxes"
] |
2,954,049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative%20learning%20control | Iterative Learning Control (ILC) is an open-loop control approach of tracking control for systems that work in a repetitive mode. Examples of systems that operate in a repetitive manner include robot arm manipulators, chemical batch processes and reliability testing rigs. In each of these tasks the system is required t... | Iterative learning control | [
"Mathematics"
] | 377 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,954,685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povarov%20reaction | The Povarov reaction is an organic reaction described as a formal cycloaddition between an aromatic imine and an alkene. The imine in this organic reaction is a condensation reaction product from an aniline type compound and a benzaldehyde type compound. The alkene must be electron rich which means that functional grou... | Povarov reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 774 | [
"Name reactions"
] |
4,061,767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz%20units | Heaviside–Lorentz units (or Lorentz–Heaviside units) constitute a system of units and quantities that extends the CGS with a particular set of equations that defines electromagnetic quantities, named for Oliver Heaviside and Hendrik Antoon Lorentz. They share with the CGS-Gaussian system that the electric constant and... | Heaviside–Lorentz units | [
"Physics"
] | 1,939 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Special relativity",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
4,062,370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Institute%20of%20Mining%2C%20Metallurgical%2C%20and%20Petroleum%20Engineers | The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) is a professional association for mining and metallurgy, with over 145,000 members. The association was founded in 1871 by 22 mining engineers in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and was one of the first national engineering societies in the co... | American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,480 | [
"Mining engineering",
"Metallurgy",
"Petroleum engineering",
" and Petroleum Engineers",
"American Institute of Mining",
" Metallurgical"
] |
4,062,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20aggregation | Particle agglomeration refers to the formation of assemblages in a suspension and represents a mechanism leading to the functional destabilization of colloidal systems. During this process, particles dispersed in the liquid phase stick to each other, and spontaneously form irregular particle assemblages, flocs, or aggl... | Particle aggregation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,903 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Colloids",
"Surface science",
"nan"
] |
4,063,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20physics | Thermal physics is the combined study of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory of gases. This umbrella-subject is typically designed for physics students and functions to provide a general introduction to each of three core heat-related subjects. Other authors, however, define thermal physics loos... | Thermal physics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 371 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Physics education",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
4,064,439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20entropy | A thermodynamic free entropy is an entropic thermodynamic potential analogous to the free energy. Also known as a Massieu, Planck, or Massieu–Planck potentials (or functions), or (rarely) free information. In statistical mechanics, free entropies frequently appear as the logarithm of a partition function. The Onsager r... | Free entropy | [
"Physics"
] | 509 | [
"Statistical mechanics",
"Entropy",
"Physical quantities",
"Thermodynamic entropy"
] |
4,066,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkel%20defect | In crystallography, a Frenkel defect is a type of point defect in crystalline solids, named after its discoverer Yakov Frenkel. The defect forms when an atom or smaller ion (usually cation) leaves its place in the structure, creating a vacancy and becomes an interstitial by lodging in a nearby location. In elemental sy... | Frenkel defect | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 627 | [
"Crystallographic defects",
"Crystallography",
"Materials degradation",
"Materials science"
] |
4,066,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler%20water | Boiler water is liquid water within a boiler, or in associated piping, pumps and other equipment, that is intended for evaporation into steam. The term may also be applied to raw water intended for use in boilers, treated boiler feedwater, steam condensate being returned to a boiler, or boiler blowdown being removed f... | Boiler water | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,285 | [
"Water",
"Boilers",
"Hydrology",
"Pressure vessels"
] |
5,424,160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevalley%20basis | In mathematics, a Chevalley basis for a simple complex Lie algebra is a basis constructed by Claude Chevalley with the property that all structure constants are integers. Chevalley used these bases to construct analogues of Lie groups over finite fields, called Chevalley groups. The Chevalley basis is the Cartan-Weyl ... | Chevalley basis | [
"Mathematics"
] | 282 | [
"Algebra stubs",
"Mathematical structures",
"Lie groups",
"Algebraic structures",
"Algebra"
] |
5,424,364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voigt%20effect | The Voigt effect is a magneto-optical phenomenon which rotates and elliptizes linearly polarised light sent into an optically active medium. The effect is named after the German scientist Woldemar Voigt who discovered it in vapors. Unlike many other magneto-optical effects such as the Kerr or Faraday effect which are l... | Voigt effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,924 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Astrophysics",
"Optical phenomena",
"Magneto-optic effects",
"Polarization (waves)"
] |
962,739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Chemistry%2C%20Slovak%20Academy%20of%20Sciences | The research activities of the Institute of Chemistry of the Slovak Academy of Sciences are aimed at the chemistry and biochemistry of saccharides. The main fields of interest may be classified into the following directions:
Synthesis and structure of biologically important mono- and oligosaccharides and their deriva... | Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences | [
"Chemistry"
] | 174 | [
"Biochemistry research institutes",
"Chemistry organization stubs",
"Biochemistry organizations"
] |
963,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finitely%20generated%20group | In algebra, a finitely generated group is a group G that has some finite generating set S so that every element of G can be written as the combination (under the group operation) of finitely many elements of S and of inverses of such elements.
By definition, every finite group is finitely generated, since S can be t... | Finitely generated group | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,135 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Properties of groups",
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic structures"
] |
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