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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
963,881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm%20management	Alarm management is the application of human factors and ergonomics along with instrumentation engineering and systems thinking to manage the design of an alarm system to increase its usability. Most often the major usability problem is that there are too many alarms annunciated in a plant upset, commonly referred to ...	Alarm management	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	3,459	[ "Warning systems", "Safety engineering", "Alarms", "Process safety", "Chemical process engineering" ]
964,161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulus%20of%20continuity	In mathematical analysis, a modulus of continuity is a function ω : [0, ∞] → [0, ∞] used to measure quantitatively the uniform continuity of functions. So, a function f : I → R admits ω as a modulus of continuity if for all x and y in the domain of f. Since moduli of continuity are required to be infinitesimal at 0, a...	Modulus of continuity	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,069	[ "Approximation theory", "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical relations", "Constructivism (mathematics)", "Approximations" ]
964,229	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplast	Protoplast (), is a biological term coined by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall. Protoplasts can be generated by stripping the cell wall from plant, bacterial, or fungal cells by mechanical, chemical or enzymatic means. Protoplasts differ from spheroplasts in that their cell wall h...	Protoplast	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	649	[ "Plant physiology", "Behavior", "Cell biology", "Plant reproduction", "Plants", "Reproduction", "Membrane biology", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
964,378	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramachandran%20plot	In biochemistry, a Ramachandran plot (also known as a Rama plot, a Ramachandran diagram or a [φ,ψ] plot), originally developed in 1963 by G. N. Ramachandran, C. Ramakrishnan, and V. Sasisekharan, is a way to visualize energetically allowed regions for backbone dihedral angles ( also called as torsional angles , phi and...	Ramachandran plot	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,353	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Biochemistry" ]
964,428	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighing%20scale	A scale or balance is a device used to measure weight or mass. These are also known as mass scales, weight scales, mass balances, massometers, and weight balances. The traditional scale consists of two plates or bowls suspended at equal distances from a fulcrum. One plate holds an object of unknown mass (or weight), w...	Weighing scale	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	5,638	[ "Weighing instruments", "Mass", "Matter", "Measuring instruments" ]
965,387	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathymetry	Bathymetry (; ) is the study of underwater depth of ocean floors (seabed topography), lake floors, or river floors. In other words, bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography. The first recorded evidence of water depth measurements are from Ancient Egypt over 3000 years ago. Bathymetry has vari...	Bathymetry	[ "Physics", "Environmental_science" ]	3,449	[ "Oceanography", "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics" ]
965,419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20resonance	Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon in which a signal that is normally too weak to be detected by a sensor can be boosted by adding white noise to the signal, which contains a wide spectrum of frequencies. The frequencies in the white noise corresponding to the original signal's frequencies will resonate with eac...	Stochastic resonance	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,601	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing", "Mechanics", "Biophysics", "Oscillation", "Statistical mechanics" ]
965,569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason-1	Jason-1 was a satellite altimeter oceanography mission. It sought to monitor global ocean circulation, study the ties between the ocean and the atmosphere, improve global climate forecasts and predictions, and monitor events such as El Niño and ocean eddies. Jason-1 was launched in 2001 and it was followed by OSTM/Jas...	Jason-1	[ "Physics" ]	2,443	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical oceanography" ]
966,106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidics	Fluidics, or fluidic logic, is the use of a fluid to perform analog or digital operations similar to those performed with electronics. The physical basis of fluidics is pneumatics and hydraulics, based on the theoretical foundation of fluid dynamics. The term fluidics is normally used when devices have no moving parts...	Fluidics	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,753	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
15,876,400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20chloride%20transformation	Calcium chloride (CaCl2) transformation is a laboratory technique in prokaryotic (bacterial) cell biology. The addition of calcium chloride to a cell suspension promotes the binding of plasmid DNA to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Positively charged calcium ions attract both the negatively charged DNA backbone and the nega...	Calcium chloride transformation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,444	[ "Molecular biology techniques", "Cell biology", "Molecular biology" ]
15,878,352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample%20preparation%20in%20mass%20spectrometry	Sample preparation for mass spectrometry is used for the optimization of a sample for analysis in a mass spectrometer (MS). Each ionization method has certain factors that must be considered for that method to be successful, such as volume, concentration, sample phase, and composition of the analyte solution. Quite po...	Sample preparation in mass spectrometry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	4,876	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Mass", "Mass spectrometry", "Matter" ]
15,878,680	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler%E2%80%93Volmer%20equation	In electrochemistry, the Butler–Volmer equation (named after John Alfred Valentine Butler and Max Volmer), also known as Erdey-Grúz–Volmer equation, is one of the most fundamental relationships in electrochemical kinetics. It describes how the electrical current through an electrode depends on the voltage difference be...	Butler–Volmer equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,973	[ "Chemical reaction engineering", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "Electrochemistry", "nan", "Chemical kinetics", "Physical chemistry", "Electrochemical equations" ]
15,879,602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%201999eu	SN 1999eu was a type IIP supernova that happened in NGC 1097, a barred spiral galaxy about 45 million light years away, in the constellation Fornax. It was discovered 5 November 1999, possibly three months after its initial brightening, and is unusually under-luminous for a type II supernova. References External link...	SN 1999eu	[ "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	92	[ "Supernovae", "Astronomical events", "Constellations", "Explosions", "Fornax" ]
15,881,178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement%20chromatography	Displacement chromatography is a chromatography technique in which a sample is placed onto the head of the column and is then displaced by a solute that is more strongly sorbed than the components of the original mixture. The result is that the components are resolved into consecutive "rectangular" zones of highly conc...	Displacement chromatography	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,653	[ "Chromatography", "Separation processes" ]
11,694,119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20second	The inverse second or reciprocal second (s−1), also called per second, is a unit defined as the multiplicative inverse of the second (a unit of time). It is applicable for physical quantities of dimension reciprocal time, such as frequency and strain rate. It is dimensionally equivalent to: hertz (Hz), historically k...	Inverse second	[ "Mathematics" ]	339	[ "Quantity", "Units of frequency", "Units of measurement" ]
11,694,610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-body%20problem%20in%20general%20relativity	The two-body problem in general relativity (or relativistic two-body problem) is the determination of the motion and gravitational field of two bodies as described by the field equations of general relativity. Solving the Kepler problem is essential to calculate the bending of light by gravity and the motion of a plane...	Two-body problem in general relativity	[ "Mathematics" ]	5,207	[ "Exact solutions in general relativity", "Mathematical objects", "Equations" ]
11,695,358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Equilibrium%20of%20Heterogeneous%20Substances	In the history of thermodynamics, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances" is a 300-page paper written by American chemical physicist Willard Gibbs. It is one of the founding papers in thermodynamics, along with German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz's 1882 paper "Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge." Together th...	On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	674	[ "Thermodynamics literature", "Thermodynamics" ]
11,695,492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone%E2%80%93butanol%E2%80%93ethanol%20fermentation	Acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation, also known as the Weizmann process, is a process that uses bacterial fermentation to produce acetone, n-butanol, and ethanol from carbohydrates such as starch and glucose. It was developed by chemist Chaim Weizmann and was the primary process used to produce acetone, which wa...	Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,783	[ "Biochemistry", "Cellular respiration", "Fermentation" ]
11,698,208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthamide	Diphthamide is a post-translationally modified histidine amino acid found in archaeal and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2). Dipthamide is named after the toxin produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which targets diphthamide. Besides this toxin, it is also targeted by exotoxin A from Pseudomonas ...	Diphthamide	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	337	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Matter", "Gene expression", "Biochemical reactions", "Amino acids", "Post-translational modification", "Zwitterions", "Ions" ]
11,699,110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakoff%20effect	In particle physics, the Primakoff effect, named after Henry Primakoff, is the resonant production of neutral pseudoscalar mesons by high-energy photons interacting with an atomic nucleus. It can be viewed as the reverse process of the decay of the meson into two photons and has been used for the measurement of the dec...	Primakoff effect	[ "Physics" ]	156	[ "Particle physics stubs", "Particle physics" ]
11,699,678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle%20frame	A vehicle frame, also historically known as its chassis, is the main supporting structure of a motor vehicle to which all other components are attached, comparable to the skeleton of an organism. Until the 1930s, virtually every car had a structural frame separate from its body. This construction design is known as bo...	Vehicle frame	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	3,856	[ "Structural engineering", "Building engineering", "Structural system", "Construction", "Civil engineering", "Vehicle parts", "Components" ]
563,161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20potential	Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. It equals the interior potential minus the exterior potential. This is the energy (i.e. work) per charge which is required to move a (very small) posi...	Membrane potential	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	8,658	[ "Cell communication", "Membrane biology", "Electrochemical concepts", "Electrochemistry", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology" ]
563,239	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic%20substance	A biogenic substance is a product made by or of life forms. While the term originally was specific to metabolite compounds that had toxic effects on other organisms, it has developed to encompass any constituents, secretions, and metabolites of plants or animals. In context of molecular biology, biogenic substances are...	Biogenic substance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,900	[ "Algae", "Natural materials", "Phycology", "Organic compounds", "Materials", "Paleobiology", "Matter" ]
563,386	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select%20Society%20of%20Sanitary%20Sludge%20Shovelers	The Select Society of Sanitary Sludge Shovelers (5S) is used by water environment associations (i.e., those working with sewage and sewage treatment) to honour those who have made a particular contribution to the industry. Pennsylvania started the High Hat Society in 1937 and used the words "Sludge Shovelers Society" ...	Select Society of Sanitary Sludge Shovelers	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	191	[ "Sewerage", "Environmental engineering", "Water pollution" ]
563,847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromigration	Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms. The effect is important in applications where high direct current densities are used, such as in microelectronics and related stru...	Electromigration	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	4,096	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Chemical engineering", "Technological failures", "Semiconductor device defects", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science", "Electrochemistry", "Condensed matter physics" ]
564,527	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density%20matrix%20renormalization%20group	The density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) is a numerical variational technique devised to obtain the low-energy physics of quantum many-body systems with high accuracy. As a variational method, DMRG is an efficient algorithm that attempts to find the lowest-energy matrix product state wavefunction of a Hamiltonia...	Density matrix renormalization group	[ "Physics" ]	2,829	[ "Statistical mechanics", "Theoretical physics", "Computational physics" ]
564,641	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20ground	In electronics, a virtual ground (or virtual earth) is a node of a circuit that is maintained at a steady reference potential, without being connected directly to the reference potential. In some cases the reference potential is considered to be that of the surface of the earth, and the reference node is called "groun...	Virtual ground	[ "Engineering" ]	597	[ "Electrical engineering", "Electronic engineering", "Electrical circuits" ]
564,719	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20system	A hybrid system is a dynamical system that exhibits both continuous and discrete dynamic behavior – a system that can both flow (described by a differential equation) and jump (described by a state machine, automaton, or a difference equation). Often, the term "hybrid dynamical system" is used instead of "hybrid system...	Hybrid system	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,484	[ "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Mathematical objects", "Differential equations", "Equations", "Mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
564,746	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loop%20controller	A closed-loop controller or feedback controller is a control loop which incorporates feedback, in contrast to an open-loop controller or non-feedback controller. A closed-loop controller uses feedback to control states or outputs of a dynamical system. Its name comes from the information path in the system: process inp...	Closed-loop controller	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,260	[ "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Dynamical systems" ]
565,250	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternoster%20lift	A paternoster (, , or ) or paternoster lift is a passenger elevator which consists of a chain of open compartments (each usually designed for two people) that move slowly in a loop up and down inside a building without stopping. Passengers can step on or off at any floor they like. The same technique is also used for f...	Paternoster lift	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	4,051	[ "Building engineering", "Vertical transport devices", "Transport systems", "Elevators" ]
565,530	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopelagic%20zone	The mesopelagic zone (Greek μέσον, middle), also known as the middle pelagic or twilight zone, is the part of the pelagic zone that lies between the photic epipelagic and the aphotic bathypelagic zones. It is defined by light, and begins at the depth where only 1% of incident light reaches and ends where there is no li...	Mesopelagic zone	[ "Physics", "Environmental_science" ]	5,422	[ "Oceanography", "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics" ]
565,536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathypelagic%20zone	The bathypelagic zone or bathyal zone (from Greek βαθύς (bathýs), deep) is the part of the open ocean that extends from a depth of below the ocean surface. It lies between the mesopelagic above and the abyssopelagic below. The bathypelagic is also known as the midnight zone because of the lack of sunlight; this featur...	Bathypelagic zone	[ "Physics", "Environmental_science" ]	3,302	[ "Oceanography", "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics" ]
565,742	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic%20method	In mathematics, the symbolic method in invariant theory is an algorithm developed by Arthur Cayley, Siegfried Heinrich Aronhold, Alfred Clebsch, and Paul Gordan in the 19th century for computing invariants of algebraic forms. It is based on treating the form as if it were a power of a degree one form, which correspond...	Symbolic method	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	684	[ "Algebra", "Invariant theory", "Group actions", "Symmetry" ]
14,350,137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-silicon%20via	In electronic engineering, a through-silicon via (TSV) or through-chip via is a vertical electrical connection (via) that passes completely through a silicon wafer or die. TSVs are high-performance interconnect techniques used as an alternative to wire-bond and flip chips to create 3D packages and 3D integrated circuit...	Through-silicon via	[ "Materials_science", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,601	[ "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Integrated circuits", "Computer engineering", "Microtechnology" ]
14,350,461	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IdMOC	Integrated discrete Multiple Organ Culture (IdMOC) is an in vitro, cell culture based experimental model for the study of intercellular communication. In conventional in vitro systems, each cell type is studied in isolation ignoring critical interactions between organs or cell types. IdMOC technology is based on the c...	IdMOC	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	531	[ "Pharmacology", "Cell communication", "Pharmacokinetics", "Pharmacodynamics", "Cellular processes", "nan", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
14,350,687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen%20bond	In chemistry, a halogen bond (XB or HaB) occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a halogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. Like a hydrogen bond, the result is not a formal chemical bond,...	Halogen bond	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,655	[ "Molecular physics", "Materials science", "Intermolecular forces", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Chemical bonding" ]
14,352,042	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FENE%20model	In polymer physics, the finite extensible nonlinear elastic (FENE) model, also called the FENE dumbbell model, represents the dynamics of a long-chained polymer. It simplifies the chain of monomers by connecting a sequence of beads with nonlinear springs. Its direct extension the FENE-P model, is more commonly used i...	FENE model	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	450	[ "Polymers", "Polymer chemistry" ]
14,352,711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20flow%20test	A lateral flow test (LFT), is an assay also known as a lateral flow immunochromatographic test (ICT), or rapid test. It is a simple device intended to detect the presence of a target substance in a liquid sample without the need for specialized and costly equipment. LFTs are widely used in medical diagnostics in the h...	Lateral flow test	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,313	[ "Chromatography", "Separation processes", "Immunologic tests", "Biotechnology", "Molecular biology techniques", "nan", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
14,356,754	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatta%20number	The Hatta number (Ha) was developed by Shirôji Hatta (1895-1973 ) in 1932, who taught at Tohoku University from 1925 to 1958. It is a dimensionless parameter that compares the rate of reaction in a liquid film to the rate of diffusion through the film. For a second order reaction (), the maximum rate of reaction assume...	Hatta number	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	202	[ "Transport phenomena", "Catalysis", "Physical phenomena", "Chemical engineering", "Chemical reaction stubs", "Chemical kinetics", "Dimensionless numbers of chemistry", "Chemical process stubs" ]
14,356,889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamow%20factor	The Gamow factor, Sommerfeld factor or Gamow–Sommerfeld factor, named after its discoverer George Gamow or after Arnold Sommerfeld, is a probability factor for two nuclear particles' chance of overcoming the Coulomb barrier in order to undergo nuclear reactions, for example in nuclear fusion. By classical physics, ther...	Gamow factor	[ "Physics" ]	1,306	[ "Nuclear physics" ]
14,357,725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20vivo%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy	In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a specialized technique associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), also known as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, is a non-invasive, ionizing-radiation-free analytical technique that has been used to study meta...	In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	4,724	[ "Nuclear magnetic resonance", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Magnetic resonance imaging", "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", "Spectroscopy" ]
14,357,843	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20requirements%20%28spacecraft%20system%29	System requirements in spacecraft systems are the specific system requirements needed to design and operate a spacecraft or a spacecraft subsystem. Overview Spacecraft systems are normally developed under the responsibility of space agencies as NASA, ESA etc. In the space area standardized terms and processes have b...	System requirements (spacecraft system)	[ "Engineering" ]	889	[ "Systems engineering" ]
9,211,703	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptosphaeria%20maculans	Leptosphaeria maculans (anamorph Phoma lingam) is a fungal pathogen of the phylum Ascomycota that is the causal agent of blackleg disease on Brassica crops. Its genome has been sequenced, and L. maculans is a well-studied model phytopathogenic fungus. Symptoms of blackleg generally include basal stem cankers, small gre...	Leptosphaeria maculans	[ "Biology" ]	3,097	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
9,212,193	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow%20shock%20%28aerodynamics%29	A bow shock, also called a detached shock or bowed normal shock, is a curved propagating disturbance wave characterized by an abrupt, nearly discontinuous, change in pressure, temperature, and density. It occurs when a supersonic flow encounters a body, around which the necessary deviation angle of the flow is higher t...	Bow shock (aerodynamics)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	406	[ "Physical phenomena", "Shock waves", "Aerodynamics", "Waves", "Aerospace engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
9,223,226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullstrand%E2%80%93Painlev%C3%A9%20coordinates	Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates are a particular set of coordinates for the Schwarzschild metric – a solution to the Einstein field equations which describes a black hole. The ingoing coordinates are such that the time coordinate follows the proper time of a free-falling observer who starts from far away at zero veloci...	Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	2,964	[ "Black holes", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Astrophysics", "Density", "Coordinate systems", "Stellar phenomena", "Astronomical objects", "Coordinate charts in general relativity" ]
6,928,455	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20prostate%20cancer%20antigen-2	Early prostate cancer antigen-2 (EPCA-2) is a protein of which blood levels are elevated in prostate cancer. It appears to provide more accuracy in identifying early prostate cancer than the standard prostate cancer marker, PSA. "EPCA-2" is not the name of a gene. EPCA-2 gets its name because it is the second prostate...	Early prostate cancer antigen-2	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	438	[ "Chemical pathology", "Tumor markers", "Biomarkers" ]
6,930,483	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederin	Pederin is a vesicant toxic amide with two tetrahydropyran rings, found in the haemolymph of the beetle genus Paederus, including the Nairobi fly, belonging to the family Staphylinidae. It was first characterized by processing 25 million field-collected P. fuscipes. It makes up approximately 0.025% of an insects weigh...	Pederin	[ "Chemistry" ]	599	[ "Blister agents", "Chemical weapons", "Functional groups", "Organic compounds", "Ethers" ]
6,932,634	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori%20Aminoff%20Prize	The Gregori Aminoff Prize is an international prize awarded since 1979 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in the field of crystallography, rewarding "a documented, individual contribution in the field of crystallography, including areas concerned with the dynamics of the formation and dissolution of crystal struc...	Gregori Aminoff Prize	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Technology" ]	447	[ "Crystallography awards", "Chemistry awards", "Crystallography", "Science and technology awards", "Physics awards" ]
6,933,302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20from%20ultrasound	Sound from ultrasound is the name given here to the generation of audible sound from modulated ultrasound without using an active receiver. This happens when the modulated ultrasound passes through a nonlinear medium which acts, intentionally or unintentionally, as a demodulator. Parametric array Since the early 1960s...	Sound from ultrasound	[ "Physics" ]	3,784	[ "Classical mechanics", "Acoustics" ]
6,935,971	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20cleavage	Alpha-cleavage (α-cleavage) in organic chemistry refers to the act of breaking the carbon-carbon bond adjacent to the carbon bearing a specified functional group. Mass spectrometry Generally this topic is discussed when covering tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation and occurs generally by the same mechanisms. For ...	Alpha cleavage	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	262	[ "Organic reactions", "Mass spectrometry", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Tandem mass spectrometry" ]
10,716,352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%20Wetland%20Restoration%20Project	The Hamilton Wetland Restoration Project, now known as the Hamilton/Bel Marin Keys Wetlands Restoration, is a wetlands habitat restoration project at the former Hamilton Air Force Base—Hamilton Army Airfield (1930−1988) site and adjacent Bel Marin Keys shoreline, in Marin County, California. It is located at Whitesi...	Hamilton Wetland Restoration Project	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	333	[ "Ecological restoration", "Environmental engineering" ]
10,721,076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease%20trap	A grease trap (also known as grease interceptor, grease recovery device, grease capsule and grease converter) is a plumbing device (a type of trap) designed to intercept most greases and solids before they enter a wastewater disposal system. Common wastewater contains small amounts of oils which enter into septic tanks...	Grease trap	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,781	[ "Water treatment", "Plumbing", "Sewerage infrastructure", "Construction" ]
10,721,443	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Hydrologic%20Engineering	The Journal of Hydrologic Engineering is a monthly engineering journal, first published by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1996. The journal provides information on the development of new hydrologic methods, theories, and applications to current engineering problems. It publishes papers on analytical, experi...	Journal of Hydrologic Engineering	[ "Physics", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	421	[ "Hydrology", "Hydrology journals", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
10,730,216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20hexaboride	Calcium hexaboride (sometimes calcium boride) is a compound of calcium and boron with the chemical formula CaB6. It is an important material due to its high electrical conductivity , hardness, chemical stability, and melting point. It is a black, lustrous, chemically inert powder with a low density. It has the cubic st...	Calcium hexaboride	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,433	[ "Non-stoichiometric compounds", "Deoxidizers", "Ferromagnetic materials", "Metallurgy", "Materials", "Matter" ]
7,090,506	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric%20loss	In electrical engineering, dielectric loss quantifies a dielectric material's inherent dissipation of electromagnetic energy (e.g. heat). It can be parameterized in terms of either the loss angle or the corresponding loss tangent . Both refer to the phasor in the complex plane whose real and imaginary parts are the ...	Dielectric loss	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	982	[ "Electromagnetism", "Electrical engineering", "Physical phenomena", "Fundamental interactions" ]
7,095,521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%20tailings	Uranium tailings or uranium tails are a radioactive waste byproduct (tailings) of conventional uranium mining and uranium enrichment. They contain the radioactive decay products from the uranium decay chains, mainly the U-238 chain, and heavy metals. Long-term storage or disposal of tailings may pose a danger for publi...	Uranium tailings	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology" ]	539	[ "Nuclear chemistry stubs", "Nuclear and atomic physics stubs", "Environmental impact of nuclear power", "Radioactivity", "Nuclear physics", "Hazardous waste", "Radioactive waste" ]
7,096,085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction%20aggregate	Construction aggregate, or simply aggregate, is a broad category of coarse- to medium-grained particulate material used in construction. Traditionally, it includes natural materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone. As with other types of aggregates, it is a component of composite materials, particularly concrete an...	Construction aggregate	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,555	[ "Structural engineering", "Materials", "Concrete", "Particle technology", "Granularity of materials", "Matter" ]
7,096,097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20thermometer	A gas thermometer is a thermometer that measures temperature by the variation in volume or pressure of a gas. Volume Thermometer This thermometer functions by Charles's Law. Charles's Law states that when the temperature of a gas increases, so does the volume. Using Charles's Law, the temperature can be measured by ...	Gas thermometer	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	348	[ "Thermodynamics stubs", "Statistical mechanics stubs", "Matter", "Phases of matter", "Measuring instruments", "Thermodynamics", "Thermometers", "Statistical mechanics", "Physical chemistry stubs", "Gases" ]
7,096,967	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20source%20heat%20pump	A ground source heat pump (also geothermal heat pump) is a heating/cooling system for buildings that use a type of heat pump to transfer heat to or from the ground, taking advantage of the relative constancy of temperatures of the earth through the seasons. Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs)or geothermal heat pumps (GHP)...	Ground source heat pump	[ "Engineering" ]	5,277	[ "Building engineering", "Civil engineering", "Architecture" ]
7,097,405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina%20Bari	Nina Karlovna Bari (; 19 November 1901 – 15 July 1961) was a Soviet mathematician known for her work on trigonometric series.<ref name="asc">Biography of Nina Karlovna Bari, by Giota Soublis, Agnes Scott College.</ref> She is also well-known for two textbooks, Higher Algebra and The Theory of Series''. Early life and ...	Nina Bari	[ "Mathematics" ]	793	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical analysts" ]
1,496,348	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire	Samphire is a name given to a number of succulent salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) that tend to be associated with water bodies. Rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum) is a coastal species with white flowers that grows in Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man. This is probably the species mentioned by Shakespea...	Samphire	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	634	[ "Common names of organisms", "Plants", "Plant common names", "Halophytes", "Salts" ]
1,496,757	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest%20Diagnostics	Quest Diagnostics Incorporated is an American clinical laboratory. A Fortune 500 company, Quest operates in the United States, Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Brazil. Quest also maintains collaborative agreements with various hospitals and clinics across the globe. As of 2020, the company had approximately 48,000 employees, ...	Quest Diagnostics	[ "Biology" ]	1,075	[ "Life sciences industry" ]
1,496,984	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-gas%20desulfurization	Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) is a set of technologies used to remove sulfur dioxide () from exhaust flue gases of fossil-fuel power plants, and from the emissions of other sulfur oxide emitting processes such as waste incineration, petroleum refineries, cement and lime kilns. Methods Since stringent environmental re...	Flue-gas desulfurization	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	3,804	[ "Desulfurization", "Separation processes", "Chemical engineering", "Combustion engineering", "Pollution control technologies", "Incineration", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering" ]
1,498,040	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg%20atom	A Rydberg atom is an excited atom with one or more electrons that have a very high principal quantum number, n. The higher the value of n, the farther the electron is from the nucleus, on average. Rydberg atoms have a number of peculiar properties including an exaggerated response to electric and magnetic fields, long ...	Rydberg atom	[ "Physics" ]	4,005	[ "Atoms", "Matter" ]
1,498,102	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtotechnology	Femtotechnology is a term used in reference to the hypothetical manipulation of matter on the scale of a femtometer, or 10−15 m. This is three orders of magnitude lower than picotechnology, at the scale of 10−12 m, and six orders of magnitude lower than nanotechnology, at the scale of 10−9 m. Theory Work in the femtom...	Femtotechnology	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	641	[ "Nanotechnology", "Materials science" ]
1,498,615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Haag	Rudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist, who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local obser...	Rudolf Haag	[ "Physics" ]	1,675	[ "Theoretical physics", "Theoretical physicists" ]
1,498,625	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellin%20inversion%20theorem	In mathematics, the Mellin inversion formula (named after Hjalmar Mellin) tells us conditions under which the inverse Mellin transform, or equivalently the inverse two-sided Laplace transform, are defined and recover the transformed function. Method If is analytic in the strip , and if it tends to zero uniformly as...	Mellin inversion theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	410	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Theorems in complex analysis" ]
1,499,203	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transocean	Transocean Ltd. is an American drilling company. It is the world's largest offshore drilling contractor based on revenue and is based in Steinhausen, Switzerland. The company has offices in 20 countries, including Canada, the United States, Norway, United Kingdom, India, Brazil, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia. In ...	Transocean	[ "Engineering" ]	2,719	[ "Energy engineering and contractor companies", "Engineering companies" ]
2,146,034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR	CRISPR () (an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. Each sequence within an individual prokaryotic cell is derived from a DNA fragment of a bacteriophage that had previously infected...	CRISPR	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	7,130	[ "Genetics techniques", "Biological engineering", "Prokaryote genes", "Genome editing", "Immune system", "Prokaryotes", "Genetic engineering", "Biotechnology", "Organ systems", "Molecular genetics", "Repetitive DNA sequences", "nan", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
2,146,043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochromic%20ink	Thermochromic ink (also called thermochromatic ink) is a type of dye that changes color in response to a change in temperature. It was first used in the 1970s in novelty toys like mood rings, but has found some practical uses in things such as thermometers, product packaging, and pens. The ink has also found applicatio...	Thermochromic ink	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,066	[ "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Instrumental analysis", "Chromism", "Materials science", "nan", "Smart materials", "Spectroscopy", "Thermochromism" ]
2,147,274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical%20fluid%20extraction	Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is the process of separating one component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent. Extraction is usually from a solid matrix, but can also be from liquids. SFE can be used as a sample preparation step for analytical purposes, ...	Supercritical fluid extraction	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,416	[ "Extraction (chemistry)", "Materials science", "Microtechnology", "Separation processes" ]
2,147,801	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gell-Mann%E2%80%93Nishijima%20formula	The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula (sometimes known as the NNG formula) relates the baryon number B, the strangeness S, the isospin I3 of quarks and hadrons to the electric charge Q. It was originally given by Kazuhiko Nishijima and Tadao Nakano in 1953, and led to the proposal of strangeness as a concept, which Nishijima...	Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula	[ "Physics" ]	510	[ "Standard Model", "Particle physics" ]
2,147,961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariants%20of%20tensors	In mathematics, in the fields of multilinear algebra and representation theory, the principal invariants of the second rank tensor are the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial , where is the identity operator and are the roots of the polynomial and the eigenvalues of . More broadly, any scalar-valued fu...	Invariants of tensors	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	996	[ "Symmetry", "Tensors", "Group actions", "Invariant theory", "Linear algebra", "Algebra" ]
2,148,329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20universe%20hypothesis	In physics and cosmology, the mathematical universe hypothesis (MUH), also known as the ultimate ensemble theory, is a speculative "theory of everything" (TOE) proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. According to the hypothesis, the universe is a mathematical object in and of itself. Tegmark extends this idea to hypothesi...	Mathematical universe hypothesis	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	2,651	[ "Astronomical hypotheses", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Mathematical Platonism", "Mathematical logic", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical objects", "Astrophysics", "Computability theory", "Multiverse", "Physical cosmology" ]
2,148,918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anionic%20addition%20polymerization	In polymer chemistry, anionic addition polymerization is a form of chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization that involves the polymerization of monomers initiated with anions. The type of reaction has many manifestations, but traditionally vinyl monomers are used. Often anionic polymerization involves liv...	Anionic addition polymerization	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,161	[ "Polymerization reactions", "Polymer chemistry" ]
2,149,887	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive%20amination	Reductive amination (also known as reductive alkylation) is a form of amination that converts a carbonyl group to an amine via an intermediate imine. The carbonyl group is most commonly a ketone or an aldehyde. It is a common method to make amines and is widely used in green chemistry since it can be done catalytically...	Reductive amination	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,236	[ "Coupling reactions", "Organic redox reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
2,149,972	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective%20inhibition	Convective inhibition (CIN or CINH) is a numerical measure in meteorology that indicates the amount of energy that will prevent an air parcel from rising from the surface to the level of free convection. CIN is the amount of energy required to overcome the negatively buoyant energy the environment exerts on an air par...	Convective inhibition	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	783	[ "Quantity", "Physical quantities", "Meteorological quantities" ]
2,150,292	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Winogradsky	Sergei Nikolaevich Winogradsky (; ; , Kyiv – 24 February 1953, Brie-Comte-Robert), also published under the name Sergius Winogradsky, was a Ukrainian and Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who pioneered the cycle-of-life concept. Winogradsky discovered the first known form of lithotrophy during his r...	Sergei Winogradsky	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	1,550	[ "Environmental microbiology", "Nitrogen cycle", "Metabolism" ]
2,150,441	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier%20elimination	Quantifier elimination is a concept of simplification used in mathematical logic, model theory, and theoretical computer science. Informally, a quantified statement " such that " can be viewed as a question "When is there an such that ?", and the statement without quantifiers can be viewed as the answer to that questi...	Quantifier elimination	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,008	[ "Mathematical logic", "Model theory" ]
2,150,549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative%20stress	Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can cause toxic effects through the production of perox...	Oxidative stress	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,923	[ "Cell biology", "Senescence", "Cellular processes", "Biochemistry", "Chemical pathology", "Metabolism" ]
5,425,217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full%20state%20feedback	Full state feedback (FSF), or pole placement, is a method employed in feedback control system theory to place the closed-loop poles of a plant in predetermined locations in the s-plane. Placing poles is desirable because the location of the poles corresponds directly to the eigenvalues of the system, which control the...	Full state feedback	[ "Mathematics" ]	449	[ "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Dynamical systems" ]
5,426,393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection%20upstream%20splitting%20method	The Advection Upstream Splitting Method (AUSM) is a numerical method used to solve the advection equation in computational fluid dynamics. It is particularly useful for simulating compressible flows with shocks and discontinuities. The AUSM is developed as a numerical inviscid flux function for solving a general syste...	Advection upstream splitting method	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	498	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Fluid dynamics", "Computational physics" ]
5,427,586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahler%20number	In mathematics, the Strahler number or Horton–Strahler number of a mathematical tree is a numerical measure of its branching complexity. These numbers were first developed in hydrology, as a way of measuring the complexity of rivers and streams, by and . In this application, they are referred to as the Strahler strea...	Strahler number	[ "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,773	[ "Hydrology", "Graph theory", "Graph invariants", "Mathematical relations", "Environmental engineering" ]
5,434,119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misalignment%20mechanism	It is a well known fact that a quarter of the energy density of the universe is in the form of dark matter (DM). One can corroborate the presence of DM by alluding to the observational data such as anisotropies in Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation and the formation of Large scale structure in the universe. Th...	Misalignment mechanism	[ "Physics" ]	729	[ "Astroparticle physics", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Astrophysics", "Particle physics", "Physics beyond the Standard Model" ]
5,434,910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonner%20sphere	A Bonner sphere is a device used to determine the energy spectrum of a neutron beam. The method was first described in 1960 by Rice University's Bramblett, Ewing and Tom W. Bonner and employs thermal neutron detectors embedded in moderating spheres of different sizes. Comparison of the neutrons detected by each spher...	Bonner sphere	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	256	[ "Spectroscopy stubs", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Astronomy stubs", "Measuring instruments", "Spectrometers", "Particle detectors", "Neutron instrumentation", "Particle physics", "Particle physics stubs", "Molecular physics stubs", "Spectroscopy", "Physical chemistry stubs" ]
2,956,909	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaou%20Taxol%20total%20synthesis	The Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis, published by K. C. Nicolaou and his group in 1994 concerns the total synthesis of taxol. Taxol is an important drug in the treatment of cancer but also expensive because the compound is harvested from a scarce resource, namely the pacific yew. This synthetic route to taxol is one of...	Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,110	[ "Total synthesis", "Chemical synthesis" ]
2,957,626	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimaric%20acid	Pimaric acid is a carboxylic acid that is classified as a resin acid. It is a major component of the rosin obtained from pine trees. When heated above 100 °C, pimaric acid converts to abietic acid, which it usually accompanies in mixtures like rosin. It is soluble in alcohols, acetone, and ethers. The compound is...	Pimaric acid	[ "Chemistry" ]	149	[ "Carboxylic acids", "Functional groups", "Organic compounds", "Organic compound stubs", "Organic chemistry stubs" ]
2,957,962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenching%20%28fluorescence%29	In chemistry, quenching refers to any process which decreases the fluorescent intensity of a given substance. A variety of processes can result in quenching, such as excited state reactions, energy transfer, complex-formation and collisions. As a consequence, quenching is often heavily dependent on pressure and tempera...	Quenching (fluorescence)	[ "Chemistry" ]	850	[ "Reaction mechanisms", "Luminescence", "Fluorescence", "Physical organic chemistry", "Chemical kinetics" ]
2,962,357	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20electromagnetism	Relativistic electromagnetism is a physical phenomenon explained in electromagnetic field theory due to Coulomb's law and Lorentz transformations. Electromechanics After Maxwell proposed the differential equation model of the electromagnetic field in 1873, the mechanism of action of fields came into question, for ins...	Relativistic electromagnetism	[ "Physics" ]	1,034	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Special relativity", "Fundamental interactions", "Theory of relativity" ]
11,708,593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometric%20microscopy	Interferometric microscopy or imaging interferometric microscopy is the concept of microscopy which is related to holography, synthetic-aperture imaging, and off-axis-dark-field illumination techniques. Interferometric microscopy allows enhancement of resolution of optical microscopy due to interferometric (holographic...	Interferometric microscopy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	329	[ "Atomic", "Microscopy", " molecular", " and optical physics" ]
11,709,087	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine%20engine%20failure	A turbine engine failure occurs when a gas turbine engine unexpectedly stops producing power due to a malfunction other than fuel exhaustion. It often applies for aircraft, but other turbine engines can also fail, such as ground-based turbines used in power plants or combined diesel and gas vessels and vehicles. Relia...	Turbine engine failure	[ "Chemistry", "Technology" ]	3,379	[ "Engines", "Turbomachinery", "Turbines", "Jet engines", "Aircraft engines" ]
11,710,718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well%20drainage	Well drainage means drainage of agricultural lands by wells. Agricultural land is drained by pumped wells (vertical drainage) to improve the soils by controlling water table levels and soil salinity. Introduction Subsurface (groundwater) drainage for water table and soil salinity in agricultural land can be done by ho...	Well drainage	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	974	[ "Hydrology", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering", "Hydraulic engineering", "Hydrogeology" ]
11,711,216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsel%20wire	Tinsel wire is a type of electrical wire used for applications that require high mechanical flexibility but low current-carrying capacity. Tinsel wire is commonly used in cords of telephones, handsets, headphones, and small electrical appliances. It is far more resistant to metal fatigue failure than either stranded wi...	Tinsel wire	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	408	[ "Electrical systems", "Building engineering", "Physical systems", "Electrical engineering", "Electrical wiring" ]
314,366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-infinity%20methods%20in%20control%20theory	H∞ (i.e. "H-infinity") methods are used in control theory to synthesize controllers to achieve stabilization with guaranteed performance. To use H∞ methods, a control designer expresses the control problem as a mathematical optimization problem and then finds the controller that solves this optimization. H∞ technique...	H-infinity methods in control theory	[ "Mathematics" ]	886	[ "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Dynamical systems" ]
314,402	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20oxygen	Liquid oxygen, sometimes abbreviated as LOX or LOXygen, is a clear cyan liquid form of dioxygen . It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard, an application which is ongoing. Physical properties Liquid oxygen has a clear cyan color and is strongly paramagnetic: ...	Liquid oxygen	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,082	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Phases of matter", "Cryogenics", "Oxidizing agents", "Rocket oxidizers", "Industrial gases", "Chemical process engineering", "Matter", "Liquids" ]
314,647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GROMOS	GROningen MOlecular Simulation (GROMOS) is the name of a force field for molecular dynamics simulation, and a related computer software package. Both are developed at the University of Groningen, and at the Computer-Aided Chemistry Group at the Laboratory for Physical Chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technol...	GROMOS	[ "Chemistry" ]	794	[ "Molecular dynamics software", "Computational chemistry software", "Molecular dynamics", "Computational chemistry", "Force fields (chemistry)" ]
314,650	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamel%20paint	Enamel paint is paint that air-dries to a hard, usually glossy, finish, used for coating surfaces that are outdoors or otherwise subject to hard wear or variations in temperature; it should not be confused with decorated objects in "painted enamel", where vitreous enamel is applied with brushes and fired in a kiln. The...	Enamel paint	[ "Chemistry" ]	904	[ "Paints", "Coatings" ]
314,692	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-form%20%28differential%20geometry%29	In differential geometry, a one-form (or covector field) on a differentiable manifold is a differential form of degree one, that is, a smooth section of the cotangent bundle. Equivalently, a one-form on a manifold is a smooth mapping of the total space of the tangent bundle of to whose restriction to each fibre is a...	One-form (differential geometry)	[ "Engineering" ]	538	[ "Tensors", "Differential forms" ]
314,983	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylamine	Hydroxylamine (also known as hydroxyammonia) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . The compound is in a form of a white hygroscopic crystals. Hydroxylamine is almost always provided and used as an aqueous solution. It is consumed almost exclusively to produce Nylon-6. The oxidation of to hydroxylamine i...	Hydroxylamine	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,090	[ "Functional groups", "Hydroxylamines", "Redox", "Reducing agents" ]
315,008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoresistive%20RAM	Magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) is a type of non-volatile random-access memory which stores data in magnetic domains. Developed in the mid-1980s, proponents have argued that magnetoresistive RAM will eventually surpass competing technologies to become a dominant or even universal memory. Currently, memory ...	Magnetoresistive RAM	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	4,805	[ "Spintronics", "Condensed matter physics" ]

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