id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6,390,798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20vaccine | A synthetic vaccine is a vaccine consisting mainly of synthetic peptides, carbohydrates, or antigens. They are usually considered to be safer than vaccines from bacterial cultures. Creating vaccines synthetically has the ability to increase the speed of production. This is especially important in the event of a pandemi... | Synthetic vaccine | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 347 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Biological engineering",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular genetics",
"Vaccination",
"Vaccines"
] |
6,391,934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroethane | Nitroethane is an organic compound having the chemical formula C2H5NO2. Similar in many regards to nitromethane, nitroethane is an oily liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Pure nitroethane is colorless and has a fruity odor.
Preparation
Nitroethane is produced industrially by treating propane with nitric a... | Nitroethane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 785 | [
"Fuels",
"Chemical energy sources"
] |
6,393,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceleration%20parameter | The deceleration parameter in cosmology is a dimensionless measure of the cosmic acceleration of the expansion of space in a Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker universe. It is defined by:
where is the scale factor of the universe and the dots indicate derivatives by proper time. The expansion of the universe is sa... | Deceleration parameter | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 784 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Theoretical physics",
"Physical cosmology",
"Astrophysics"
] |
6,393,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultracold%20atom | In condensed matter physics, an ultracold atom is an atom with a temperature near absolute zero. At such temperatures, an atom's quantum-mechanical properties become important.
To reach such low temperatures, a combination of several techniques typically has to be used. First, atoms are trapped and pre-cooled via lase... | Ultracold atom | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,427 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Atoms",
"Matter",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
6,394,160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20atom%20model | In computational chemistry and computational physics, the embedded atom model, embedded-atom method or EAM, is an approximation describing the energy between atoms
and is a type of interatomic potential. The energy is a function of a sum of functions of the separation between an atom and its neighbors. In the original ... | Embedded atom model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 357 | [
"Theoretical chemistry stubs",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry",
"Computational chemistry stubs",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Chemical bonding",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
6,395,054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet%20jack | A pallet jack, also known as a pallet truck or pallet pump, is a tool used to lift and move pallets. Pallet jacks are the most basic form of a forklift and are intended to move palletized loads within warehouses, distribution centers, retail stores, and construction sites.
Operational principle
The jack is steered b... | Pallet jack | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 885 | [
"Machines",
"Material handling",
"Lifting equipment",
"Physical systems",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
6,396,233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars%20regional%20atmospheric%20modeling%20system | The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (MRAMS) is a computer program that simulates the circulations of the Martian atmosphere at regional and local scales. MRAMS, developed by Scot Rafkin and Timothy Michaels, is derived from the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) developed by William R. Cotton and Rog... | Mars regional atmospheric modeling system | [
"Physics"
] | 525 | [
"Physics software",
"Computational physics"
] |
6,396,576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheil%20equation | In metallurgy, the Scheil-Gulliver equation (or Scheil equation) describes solute redistribution during solidification of an alloy.
Assumptions
Four key assumptions in Scheil analysis enable determination of phases present in a cast part. These assumptions are:
No diffusion occurs in solid phases once they are for... | Scheil equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,549 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Metallurgy",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Differential equations",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
2,657,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiperiodic%20function | In mathematics, a quasiperiodic function is a function that has a certain similarity to a periodic function. A function is quasiperiodic with quasiperiod if , where is a "simpler" function than . What it means to be "simpler" is vague.
A simple case (sometimes called arithmetic quasiperiodic) is if the function obe... | Quasiperiodic function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 440 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Functions and mappings",
"Types of functions",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
2,658,073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic%20set | In dynamical systems theory, a subset Λ of a smooth manifold M is said to have a hyperbolic structure with respect to a smooth map f if its tangent bundle may be split into two invariant subbundles, one of which is contracting and the other is expanding under f, with respect to some Riemannian metric on M. An analogous... | Hyperbolic set | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 437 | [
"Limit sets",
"Topology",
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,660,978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine%20and%20cosine%20transforms | In mathematics, the Fourier sine and cosine transforms are integral equations that decompose arbitrary functions into a sum of sine waves representing the odd component of the function plus cosine waves representing the even component of the function. The modern Fourier transform concisely contains both the sine and co... | Sine and cosine transforms | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,375 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
18,728,089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace%20bearing | Aerospace bearings are the bearings installed in aircraft and aerospace systems including commercial, private, military, or space applications.
Materials include M50 tool steel (AMS6491), carbon chrome steel (AMS6444), the corrosion resistant AMS5930, 440C stainless steel, silicon nitride (ceramic) and titanium carbid... | Aerospace bearing | [
"Engineering"
] | 400 | [
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
18,730,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-transfer-reaction%20mass%20spectrometry | Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that uses gas phase hydronium reagent ions which are produced in an ion source. PTR-MS is used for online monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air and was developed in 1995 by scientists at the Institut für Io... | Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,012 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Ion source",
"Measuring instruments",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
22,480,056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dithiooxamide | Dithiooxamide, also known as rubeanic acid, is an organic compound. It is the sulfur analog of oxamide. It acts as a chelating agent, e.g. in the detection or determination of copper. It has also been used as a building block in the synthesis of cyclen.
Materials chemistry
Rubeanic acid has received much attention as ... | Dithiooxamide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 125 | [
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Thioamides",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
22,483,052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crich%20beta-mannosylation | The Crich β-mannosylation in organic chemistry is a synthetic strategy which is used in carbohydrate synthesis to generate a 1,2-cis-glycosidic bond. This type of linkate is generally very difficult to make, and specific methods like the Crich β-mannosylation are used to overcome these issues. The technique takes its n... | Crich beta-mannosylation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,144 | [
"Organic reactions",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"nan",
"Chemical synthesis",
"Glycobiology"
] |
22,484,332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyl%20acceptor | A glycosyl acceptor is any suitable nucleophile-containing molecule that will react with a glycosyl donor to form a new glycosidic bond. By convention, the acceptor is the member of this pair which did not contain the resulting anomeric carbon of the new glycosidic bond. Since the nucleophilic atom of the acceptor is t... | Glycosyl acceptor | [
"Chemistry"
] | 195 | [
"Organic reactions",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"Chemical synthesis",
"nan",
"Glycobiology"
] |
22,484,557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxocarbenium | An oxocarbenium ion (or oxacarbenium ion) is a chemical species characterized by a central sp2-hybridized carbon, an oxygen substituent, and an overall positive charge that is delocalized between the central carbon and oxygen atoms. An oxocarbenium ion is represented by two limiting resonance structures, one in the fo... | Oxocarbenium | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,569 | [
"Organic reactions",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"nan",
"Chemical synthesis",
"Glycobiology"
] |
22,487,049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20McKubre | Michael Charles Harold McKubre is an electrochemist involved with cold fusion energy research. McKubre was the director of the Energy Research Center at SRI International in 1998. He is a native of New Zealand.
Education
McKubre completed two degrees at Victoria University of Wellington, a Master's degree in 1972, ti... | Michael McKubre | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 424 | [
"Electrochemistry",
"Cold fusion",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Electrochemists"
] |
22,489,171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20number | The gold number is the minimum weight (in milligrams) of a protective colloid/lyophilic colloid required to prevent the coagulation of 10 ml of a standard hydro gold sol when 1 ml of a 10% sodium chloride solution is added to it. It was first used by Richard Adolf Zsigmondy in 1901.
An electrical double layer is norma... | Gold number | [
"Chemistry"
] | 189 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Surface science",
"Colloids"
] |
23,989,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke%20manifold | In oil and gas production a choke manifold is used to lower the pressure from the well head. It consist of a set of high pressure valves and at least two chokes. These chokes can be fixed or adjustable or a mix of both. The redundancy is needed so that if one choke has to be taken out of service, the flow can be direct... | Choke manifold | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 105 | [
"Petroleum",
"nan",
"Petroleum stubs"
] |
23,990,825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromochlorofluoroiodomethane | Bromochlorofluoroiodomethane is a hypothetical haloalkane with all four stable halogen substituents present in it.
Overview
This compound can be seen as a methane molecule, whose four hydrogen atoms are each replaced with a different halogen atom. As the mirror images of this molecule are not superimposable, the molec... | Bromochlorofluoroiodomethane | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 163 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Origin of life",
"Biochemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry stubs",
"Stereochemistry",
"Hypotheses in chemistry",
"Chirality",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Stereochemistry stubs",
"Hypothetical chemical compounds",
"Asymmetry",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Symmetry"
] |
23,991,325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%20form | In mathematics, a Jacobi form is an automorphic form on the Jacobi group, which is the semidirect product of the symplectic group Sp(n;R) and the Heisenberg group . The theory was first systematically studied by .
Definition
A Jacobi form of level 1, weight k and index m is a function of two complex variables (with ... | Jacobi form | [
"Mathematics"
] | 177 | [
"Modular forms",
"Number theory"
] |
23,992,011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20derivatives%20and%20integrals%20in%20alternative%20calculi | There are many alternatives to the classical calculus of Newton and Leibniz; for example, each of the infinitely many non-Newtonian calculi. Occasionally an alternative calculus is more suited than the classical calculus for expressing a given scientific or mathematical idea.
The table below is intended to assist peop... | List of derivatives and integrals in alternative calculi | [
"Mathematics"
] | 175 | [
"Mathematical tables",
"Non-Newtonian calculus",
"Calculus"
] |
23,992,863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous%20game | In game theory, a simultaneous game or static game is a game where each player chooses their action without knowledge of the actions chosen by other players. Simultaneous games contrast with sequential games, which are played by the players taking turns (moves alternate between players). In other words, both players no... | Simultaneous game | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,755 | [
"Game theory game classes",
"Game theory"
] |
23,993,412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C6H4Cl2O | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C6H4Cl2O}}
The molecular formula C6H4Cl2O could refer to:
2,3-Dichlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,5-Dichlorophenol
2,6-Dichlorophenol
3,4-Dichlorophenol
3,5-Dichlorophenol | C6H4Cl2O | [
"Chemistry"
] | 91 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
1,291,319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-invariant%20system | In control theory, a time-invariant (TI) system has a time-dependent system function that is not a direct function of time. Such systems are regarded as a class of systems in the field of system analysis. The time-dependent system function is a function of the time-dependent input function. If this function depends onl... | Time-invariant system | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 864 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Signal processing",
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,291,808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive%20Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra%20equations | The competitive Lotka–Volterra equations are a simple model of the population dynamics of species competing for some common resource. They can be further generalised to the generalized Lotka–Volterra equation to include trophic interactions.
Overview
The form is similar to the Lotka–Volterra equations for predation i... | Competitive Lotka–Volterra equations | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,342 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Mathematical relations",
"Chaotic maps",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,292,142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal%20experimental%20design | In the design of experiments, optimal experimental designs (or optimum designs) are a class of experimental designs that are optimal with respect to some statistical criterion. The creation of this field of statistics has been credited to Danish statistician Kirstine Smith.
In the design of experiments for estimating ... | Optimal experimental design | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,011 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Statistical process control",
"Industrial engineering",
"Engineering statistics",
"Mathematical optimization"
] |
1,295,412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure-fed%20engine | The pressure-fed engine is a class of rocket engine designs. A separate gas supply, usually helium, pressurizes the propellant tanks to force fuel and oxidizer to the combustion chamber. To maintain adequate flow, the tank pressures must exceed the combustion chamber pressure.
Pressure fed engines have simple plumbing... | Pressure-fed engine | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 659 | [
"Rocket engines",
"Thermodynamics",
"Engines",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,295,520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Podkletnov | Eugene Podkletnov (, Yevgeny Podkletnov) is a Russian ceramics engineer known for his claims made in the 1990s of designing and demonstrating gravity shielding devices consisting of rotating discs constructed from ceramic superconducting materials.
Background and education
Podkletnov graduated from the University of ... | Eugene Podkletnov | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Astronomy",
"Engineering"
] | 1,107 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Materials science",
"Anti-gravity",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
20,983,125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pettis%20integral | In mathematics, the Pettis integral or Gelfand–Pettis integral, named after Israel M. Gelfand and Billy James Pettis, extends the definition of the Lebesgue integral to vector-valued functions on a measure space, by exploiting duality. The integral was introduced by Gelfand for the case when the measure space is an int... | Pettis integral | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,158 | [
"Functional analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
20,986,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20medical%20and%20health%20informatics%20journals | This is a list of notable journals related to medical and health informatics.
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making
BMJ Health & Care Informatics
Computers in Biology and Medicine
Health Informatics Journal
International Journal of Medical Informatics
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
Jour... | List of medical and health informatics journals | [
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 120 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Health informatics",
"Bioinformatics",
"Medical technology",
"Biomedical informatics journals"
] |
20,986,604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm%20module | In noncommutative geometry, a Fredholm module is a mathematical structure used to quantize the differential calculus. Such a module is, up to trivial changes, the same as the abstract elliptic operator introduced by .
Definition
If A is an involutive algebra over the complex numbers C, then a Fredholm module over A co... | Fredholm module | [
"Physics"
] | 158 | [
"Mathematical quantization",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
20,987,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20skin | Artificial skin is a collagen scaffold that induces regeneration of skin in mammals such as humans. The term was used in the late 1970s and early 1980s to describe a new treatment for massive burns. It was later discovered that treatment of deep skin wounds in adult animals and humans with this scaffold induces regener... | Artificial skin | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,006 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Biological engineering",
"Artificial organs",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular genetics"
] |
19,858,946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20pressure%20enclosure |
A positive pressure enclosure, also known as a welding habitat or hot work habitat, is a chamber used to provide a safe working environment for performing hot work in the presence of explosive gases or vapors. They are commonly used in welding environments and are associated with the offshore oil industry.
A positiv... | Positive pressure enclosure | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 825 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Safety engineering",
"Process safety"
] |
19,862,791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite%20overwrapped%20pressure%20vessel | A composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) is a vessel consisting of a thin, non-structural liner wrapped with a structural fiber composite, designed to hold a fluid under pressure. The liner provides a barrier between the fluid and the composite, preventing leaks (which can occur through matrix microcracks which d... | Composite overwrapped pressure vessel | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 650 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Chemical equipment",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Pressure vessels"
] |
19,870,711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser-based%20angle-resolved%20photoemission%20spectroscopy | Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is a form of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy that uses a laser as the light source. Photoemission spectroscopy is a powerful and sensitive experimental technique to study surface physics. It is based on the photoelectric effect originally observed by Heinr... | Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,794 | [
"Emission spectroscopy",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
19,871,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic%20impact | Ballistic impact is a high velocity impact by a small mass object, analogous to runway debris or small arms fire. The simulation of ballistic impacts can be achieved with a light-gas gun or other ballistic launcher. It is important to study the response of materials to ballistic impact loads. Applications of this resea... | Ballistic impact | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 106 | [
"Materials testing",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Ballistics",
"Materials science"
] |
19,872,687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroelectric%20liquid%20crystal%20display | Ferroelectric liquid-crystal display (FLCD) is a display technology based on the ferroelectric properties of chiral smectic liquid crystals as proposed in 1980 by Clark and Lagerwall. Reportedly discovered in 1975, several companies pursued the development of FLCD technologies, notably Canon and Central Research Labora... | Ferroelectric liquid crystal display | [
"Engineering"
] | 541 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Display technology"
] |
13,021,753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrowski%E2%80%93Hadamard%20gap%20theorem | In mathematics, the Ostrowski–Hadamard gap theorem is a result about the analytic continuation of complex power series whose non-zero terms are of orders that have a suitable "gap" between them. Such a power series is "badly behaved" in the sense that it cannot be extended to be an analytic function anywhere on the bou... | Ostrowski–Hadamard gap theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 224 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical structures",
"Series (mathematics)",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Calculus",
"Theorems in complex analysis"
] |
13,024,185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon%20receptor%20family | The glucagon receptor family is a group of closely related G-protein coupled receptors which include:
Glucagon receptor
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor
Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor
The first three receptors bind closely related peptide hormones (glucagon, glucagon-lik... | Glucagon receptor family | [
"Chemistry"
] | 123 | [
"G protein-coupled receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
13,026,240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20phosphorylase%20isoenzyme%20BB | Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) is an isoenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase. This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac (heart) and brain tissue.
The enzyme is one of the "new cardiac markers" which are discussed to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome. A rapid rise in blood leve... | Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB | [
"Chemistry"
] | 155 | [
"Blood tests",
"Chemical pathology"
] |
13,028,634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet%20Propulsion%20Laboratory%20Development%20Ephemeris | Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris (abbreviated JPL DE(number), or simply DE(number)) designates one of a series of mathematical models of the Solar System produced at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, for use in spacecraft navigation and astronomy. The models consist of numeric repres... | Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,911 | [
"Dynamics of the Solar System",
"Classical mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Astrometry",
"Mechanics",
"Celestial mechanics",
"Solar System",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
26,848,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher%20security%20summary | This article summarizes publicly known attacks against block ciphers and stream ciphers. Note that there are perhaps attacks that are not publicly known, and not all entries may be up to date.
Table color key
Best attack
This column lists the complexity of the attack:
If the attack doesn't break the full cipher, "r... | Cipher security summary | [
"Technology"
] | 256 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Cryptography lists and comparisons"
] |
26,850,357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20drip%20line | The nuclear drip line is the boundary beyond which atomic nuclei are unbound with respect to the emission of a proton or neutron.
An arbitrary combination of protons and neutrons does not necessarily yield a stable nucleus. One can think of moving up or to the right across the table of nuclides by adding a proton or a... | Nuclear drip line | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,850 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Nucleons",
"Astrophysics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Radioactivity"
] |
26,855,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterite | Laterite is a soil type rich in iron and aluminium and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and prolonged weathering of the underlying parent rock, usually when there are condi... | Laterite | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,815 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
26,855,865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial%20polymer | Polymers with the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses are classified as antimicrobial agents. This class of polymers consists of natural polymers with inherent antimicrobial activity and polymers modified to exhibit antimicrobial activity. Polymers are generally n... | Antimicrobial polymer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Biology"
] | 5,310 | [
"Polymers",
"Biocides",
"Antimicrobials",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
26,856,232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor%20washing%20machine | The Thor washing machine was the first electric clothes washer sold commercially in the United States. Produced by the Chicago-based Hurley Electric Laundry Equipment Company, the 1907 Thor is believed to be the first electrically powered washer ever manufactured, crediting Hurley as the inventor of the first automati... | Thor washing machine | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 680 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Home appliances"
] |
25,360,962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C16H24N2O4 | The molecular formula C16H24N2O4 (molar mass: 308.37 g/mol) may refer to:
Diacetolol
Hydroxycarteolol
Nitracaine
Ubenimex, or bestatin
Molecular formulas | C16H24N2O4 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 55 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
25,363,094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-valent%20iron | High-valent iron commonly denotes compounds and intermediates in which iron is found in a formal oxidation state > 3 that show a number of bonds > 6 with a coordination number ≤ 6. The term is rather uncommon for hepta-coordinate compounds of iron. It has to be distinguished from the terms hypervalent and hypercoordina... | High-valent iron | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,611 | [
"Redox",
"Coordination complexes",
"Cluster chemistry",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Salts",
"nan",
"Ferrates",
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
25,367,566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%20distance | Rayleigh distance in optics is the axial distance from a radiating aperture to a point at which the path difference between the axial ray and an edge ray is λ / 4.
An approximation of the Rayleigh Distance is , in which Z is the Rayleigh distance, D is the aperture of radiation, λ the wavelength.
This approximation ca... | Rayleigh distance | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 252 | [
"Optical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities"
] |
25,367,575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot%20Ecosystem%20Research%20and%20Man%27s%20Impact%20On%20European%20Seas | Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas (HERMIONE) is an international multidisciplinary project, started in April 2009, that studies deep-sea ecosystems. HERMIONE scientists study the distribution of hotspot ecosystems, how they function and how they interconnect, partially in the context of how ... | Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,818 | [
"Oceanography",
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
25,368,725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical%20switches%20in%20the%20cell%20cycle | A series of biochemical switches control transitions between and within the various phases of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is a series of complex, ordered, sequential events that control how a single cell divides into two cells, and involves several different phases. The phases include the G1 and G2 phases, DNA repli... | Biochemical switches in the cell cycle | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 8,062 | [
"Cellular processes",
"Cell cycle regulators",
"Signal transduction"
] |
25,369,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peres%20metric | In mathematical physics, the Peres metric is defined by the proper time
for any arbitrary function f. If f is a harmonic function with respect to x and y, then the corresponding Peres metric satisfies the Einstein field equations in vacuum. Such a metric is often studied in the context of gravitational waves. The m... | Peres metric | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 115 | [
"Tensors",
"Vector spaces",
"Coordinate systems",
"Space (mathematics)",
"General relativity",
"Metric tensors",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity",
"Spacetime",
"Coordinate charts in general relativity"
] |
25,372,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked%20timestamping | Linked timestamping is a type of trusted timestamping where issued time-stamps are related to each other.
Description
Linked timestamping creates time-stamp tokens which are dependent on each other, entangled in some authenticated data structure. Later modification of the issued time-stamps would invalidate this struc... | Linked timestamping | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,402 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Quantity",
"Spacetime",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
23,995,819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McStas | McStas is free and open-source (GNU General Public License) software simulator for neutron scattering experiments. McStas is an abbreviation for Monte carlo Simulation of triple axis spectrometers, but the software can be used to simulate all types of neutron scattering instruments. The software is based on both Monte... | McStas | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 315 | [
"Neutron scattering",
"Scattering stubs",
"Scattering",
"Nuclear and atomic physics stubs",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
4,894,035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20dynamic%20laser | A gas dynamic laser (GDL) is a laser based on differences in relaxation velocities of molecular vibrational states. The lasing medium gas has such properties that an energetically lower vibrational state relaxes faster than a higher vibrational state, and so a population inversion is achieved in a particular time. It w... | Gas dynamic laser | [
"Chemistry"
] | 456 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical lasers"
] |
4,894,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary%20layer%20thickness | This page describes some of the parameters used to characterize the thickness and shape of boundary layers formed by fluid flowing along a solid surface. The defining characteristic of boundary layer flow is that at the solid walls, the fluid's velocity is reduced to zero. The boundary layer refers to the thin transi... | Boundary layer thickness | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 4,392 | [
"Boundary layers",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
4,896,789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log%20analysis | In computer log management and intelligence, log analysis (or system and network log analysis) is an art and science seeking to make sense of computer-generated records (also called log or audit trail records). The process of creating such records is called data logging.
Typical reasons why people perform log analysis... | Log analysis | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 857 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Computer systems",
"Web log analysis software",
"Computer logging",
"Computer science",
"Computers"
] |
4,898,962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20point%20contact | A quantum point contact (QPC) is a narrow constriction between two wide electrically conducting regions, of a width comparable to the electronic wavelength (nano- to micrometer).
The importance of QPC lies in the fact that they prove quantisation of ballistic conductance in mesoscopic systems. The conductance of a QPC ... | Quantum point contact | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,493 | [
"Quantum electronics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nanoelectronics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Mesoscopic physics"
] |
4,900,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20evolutionary%20time | The hypothesis of effective evolutionary time attempts to explain gradients, in particular latitudinal gradients, in species diversity. It was originally named "time hypothesis".
Background
Low (warm) latitudes contain significantly more species than high (cold) latitudes. This has been shown for many animal and plan... | Effective evolutionary time | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,789 | [
"Biogeography",
"Environmental social science",
"Systems ecology"
] |
842,004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano%20nobile | Piano nobile (Italian for "noble floor" or "noble level", also sometimes referred to by the corresponding French term, bel étage) is the architectural term for the principal floor of a palazzo. This floor contains the main reception and bedrooms of the house.
The German term is Beletage (meaning "beautiful storey", fr... | Piano nobile | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 674 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Building engineering",
"Floors",
"Architectural elements",
"Components",
"Architecture"
] |
842,224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer | An elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity (i.e. both viscosity and elasticity) and with weak intermolecular forces, generally low Young's modulus (E) and high failure strain compared with other materials. The term, a portmanteau of elastic polymer, is often used interchangeably with rubber, although the latter is ... | Elastomer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,164 | [
"Polymer physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Synthetic materials",
"Materials science",
"Elastomers",
"Polymer chemistry",
"nan"
] |
842,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque%20density | Torque density is a measure of the torque-carrying capability of a mechanical component. It is the ratio of torque capability to volume and is expressed in units of torque per volume.
Torque density is a system property since it depends on the design of each element of the component being examined and their interconne... | Torque density | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 404 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Density",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
842,430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaton | The inflaton field is a hypothetical scalar field which is conjectured to have driven cosmic inflation in the very early universe.
The field, originally postulated by Alan Guth, provides a mechanism by which a period of rapid expansion from 10−35 to 10−34 seconds after the initial expansion can be generated, forming a ... | Inflaton | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 914 | [
"Hypothetical particles",
"Matter",
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Physical quantities",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Energy (physics)",
"Dark energy",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Subatomic particl... |
842,484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recirculating%20ball | Recirculating ball, also known as recirculating ball and nut or worm and sector, is a steering mechanism commonly found in older automobiles, off-road vehicles, and some trucks. Most newer cars use the more economical rack and pinion steering instead, but some upmarket manufacturers (such as BMW and Mercedes-Benz) hel... | Recirculating ball | [
"Engineering"
] | 412 | [
"Mechanical engineering",
"Mechanisms (engineering)"
] |
842,493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-electron-mobility%20transistor | A high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT or HEM FET), also known as heterostructure FET (HFET) or modulation-doped FET (MODFET), is a field-effect transistor incorporating a junction between two materials with different band gaps (i.e. a heterojunction) as the channel instead of a doped region (as is generally the cas... | High-electron-mobility transistor | [
"Physics"
] | 2,827 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Terahertz technology"
] |
842,495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxotrophy | Auxotrophy ( "to increase"; τροφή "nourishment") is the inability of an organism to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth (as defined by IUPAC). An auxotroph is an organism that displays this characteristic; auxotrophic is the corresponding adjective. Auxotrophy is the opposite of prototrophy... | Auxotrophy | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,919 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology"
] |
842,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20of%20systems | System of systems is a collection of task-oriented or dedicated systems that pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new, more complex system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent systems. Currently, systems of systems is a critical research discipline... | System of systems | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,496 | [
"Systems engineering"
] |
842,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alquist%20Priolo%20Special%20Studies%20Zone%20Act | The Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act was signed into California law on December 22, 1972, to mitigate the hazard of surface faulting to structures for human occupancy.
The act in its current form has three main provisions:
1) It directs the state's California Geological Survey agency (then known as the Cali... | Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,058 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation"
] |
843,211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20mechanics | Fracture mechanics is the field of mechanics concerned with the study of the propagation of cracks in materials. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental solid mechanics to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.
Theoretically, the st... | Fracture mechanics | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 5,437 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Glass engineering and science",
"Fracture mechanics",
"Structural analysis",
"Materials science",
"Glass physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Materials degradation"
] |
843,904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedrane | Tetrahedrane is a hypothetical platonic hydrocarbon with chemical formula and a tetrahedral structure. The molecule would be subject to considerable angle strain and has not been synthesized . However, a number of derivatives have been prepared. In a more general sense, the term tetrahedranes is used to describe a c... | Tetrahedrane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,552 | [
"Cluster chemistry",
"Hypotheses in chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Hypothetical chemical compounds",
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
843,986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulene | Annulenes are monocyclic hydrocarbons that contain the maximum number of non-cumulated or conjugated double bonds ('mancude'). They have the general formula CnHn (when n is an even number) or CnHn+1 (when n is an odd number). The IUPAC accepts the use of 'annulene nomenclature' in naming carbocyclic ring systems with 7... | Annulene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 631 | [
"Physical organic chemistry"
] |
844,290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogel | A hydrogel is a biphasic material, a mixture of porous and permeable solids and at least 10% of water or other interstitial fluid. The solid phase is a water insoluble three dimensional network of polymers, having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels have several applications, especially in ... | Hydrogel | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 5,391 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Soft matter",
"Colloids",
"Surface science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Gels"
] |
845,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic%20welding | Plastic welding is welding for semi-finished plastic materials, and is described in ISO 472 as a process of uniting softened surfaces of materials, generally with the aid of heat (except for solvent welding). Welding of thermoplastics is accomplished in three sequential stages, namely surface preparation, application o... | Plastic welding | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,873 | [
"Packaging machinery",
"Industrial machinery"
] |
845,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal%20%28mechanical%29 | A seal is a device or material that helps join systems, mechanisms or other materials together by preventing leakage (e.g. in a pumping system), containing pressure, or excluding contamination. The effectiveness of a seal is dependent on adhesion in the case of sealants and compression in the case of gaskets. The seals... | Seal (mechanical) | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 457 | [
"Seals (mechanical)",
"Plumbing",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Mechanical engineering stubs",
"Matter"
] |
845,216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XyMTeX | ΧyMTeΧ is a macro package for TeX which renders high-quality chemical structure diagrams. Using the typesetting system, the name is styled as . It was originally written by . Molecules are defined by TeX markup.
Example
The following code produces the image for corticosterone below.
\documentclass{letter}
\usepackage... | XyMTeX | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 537 | [
"Chemistry software",
"Theoretical chemistry stubs",
"Computational chemistry stubs",
"Computational chemistry",
"Digital typography stubs",
"nan",
"Computing stubs",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
18,739,787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassif%20Ghoussoub | Nassif A. Ghoussoub is a Canadian mathematician working in the fields of non-linear analysis and partial differential equations. He is a Professor of Mathematics and a Distinguished University Scholar at the University of British Columbia.
Early life and education
Ghoussoub was born to Lebanese parents in Western A... | Nassif Ghoussoub | [
"Mathematics"
] | 738 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysts"
] |
19,874,353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-extended%20X-ray%20absorption%20fine%20structure | Surface-extended X-ray absorption fine structure (SEXAFS) is the surface-sensitive equivalent of the EXAFS technique. This technique involves the illumination of the sample by high-intensity X-ray beams from a synchrotron and monitoring their photoabsorption by detecting in the intensity of Auger electrons as a functio... | Surface-extended X-ray absorption fine structure | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,757 | [
"X-ray absorption spectroscopy",
"Materials science",
"Laboratory techniques in condensed matter physics"
] |
19,878,629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level%20synthesis | High-level synthesis (HLS), sometimes referred to as C synthesis, electronic system-level (ESL) synthesis, algorithmic synthesis, or behavioral synthesis, is an automated design process that takes an abstract behavioral specification of a digital system and finds a register-transfer level structure that realizes the gi... | High-level synthesis | [
"Technology"
] | 1,857 | [
"Hardware acceleration",
"Computer systems"
] |
19,879,858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched%20reluctance%20motor | The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is a type of reluctance motor. Unlike brushed DC motors, power is delivered to windings in the stator (case) rather than the rotor. This simplifies mechanical design because power does not have to be delivered to the moving rotor, which eliminates the need for a commutator. However i... | Switched reluctance motor | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,533 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Engines",
"Electric motors"
] |
19,880,157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaminopimelic%20acid | Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is an amino acid, representing an epsilon-carboxy derivative of lysine. meso-α,ε-Diaminopimelic acid is the last intermediate in the biosynthesis of lysine and undergoes decarboxylation by diaminopimelate decarboxylase to give the final product.
DAP is a characteristic of certain cell walls o... | Diaminopimelic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 216 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
19,882,883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20cancellation%20theory | In the mathematical subject of group theory, small cancellation theory studies groups given by group presentations satisfying small cancellation conditions, that is where defining relations have "small overlaps" with each other. Small cancellation conditions imply algebraic, geometric and algorithmic properties of the ... | Small cancellation theory | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,325 | [
"Geometric group theory",
"Group actions",
"Combinatorics",
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Combinatorics on words",
"Symmetry"
] |
19,886,507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev%20Lipatov | Lev Nikolaevich Lipatov (; 2 May 1940, in Leningrad – 4 September 2017, in Dubna) was a Russian physicist, well known for his contributions to nuclear physics and particle physics. He has been the head of Theoretical Physics Division at St. Petersburg's Nuclear Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences in Gatch... | Lev Lipatov | [
"Physics"
] | 323 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
19,887,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20gallium%20zinc%20oxide | Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) is a semiconducting material, consisting of indium (In), gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O). IGZO thin-film transistors (TFT) are used in the TFT backplane of flat-panel displays (FPDs). IGZO-TFT was developed by Hideo Hosono's group at Tokyo Institute of Technology and Japan Scienc... | Indium gallium zinc oxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 806 | [
"Oxides",
"Salts"
] |
8,379,672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratos%20MS%2050 | The Kratos MS 50, or EI 50, is a tool for electron ionization (EI). The EI 50, used for relatively small molecules (as opposed to methods like MALDI), ionizes molecules via electron ionization (normally under 70 electronvolt conditions) and then accelerates them through an electric potential. The spectroscopy is done b... | Kratos MS 50 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 130 | [
"Spectroscopy stubs",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Molecular physics stubs",
"Spectroscopy",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Matter"
] |
8,380,514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometric%20titration | A thermometric titration is one of a number of instrumental titration techniques where endpoints can be located accurately and precisely without a subjective interpretation on the part of the analyst as to their location. Enthalpy change is arguably the most fundamental and universal property of chemical reactions, so ... | Thermometric titration | [
"Chemistry"
] | 6,944 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Titration"
] |
8,381,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20biotechnology | The historical application of biotechnology throughout time is provided below in chronological order.
These discoveries, inventions and modifications are evidence of the application of biotechnology since before the common era and describe notable events in the research, development and regulation of biotechnology.
B... | Timeline of biotechnology | [
"Biology"
] | 9,604 | [
"History of biotechnology"
] |
8,384,010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20fluid%20mechanics%20journals | This is a list of scientific journals related to the field of fluid mechanics.
See also
List of scientific journals
List of physics journals
List of materials science journals
Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics | List of fluid mechanics journals | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 36 | [
"Fluid dynamics journals",
"Civil engineering",
"Fluid mechanics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
8,384,818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving%20shock | In fluid dynamics, a moving shock is a shock wave that is travelling through a fluid (often gaseous) medium with a velocity relative to the velocity of the fluid already making up the medium. As such, the normal shock relations require modification to calculate the properties before and after the moving shock. A know... | Moving shock | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 394 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Shock waves",
"Chemical engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Waves",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
8,387,306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20capacity%20rate | The heat capacity rate is heat transfer terminology used in thermodynamics and different forms of engineering denoting the quantity of heat a flowing fluid of a certain mass flow rate is able to absorb or release per unit temperature change per unit time. It is typically denoted as C, listed from empirical data experim... | Heat capacity rate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 647 | [
"Temporal quantities",
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Temporal rates",
"Thermodynamics",
"Physical properties"
] |
1,919,357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent%20quark | A constituent quark is a current quark with a notional "covering" induced by the renormalization group.
In the low-energy limit of QCD, a description by means of perturbation theory is not possible: Here, no asymptotic freedom exists, but collective interactions between valence quarks and sea quarks gain strongly in s... | Constituent quark | [
"Physics"
] | 324 | [
"Particle physics stubs",
"Particle physics"
] |
1,919,367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCD%20matter | Quark matter or QCD matter (quantum chromodynamic) refers to any of a number of hypothetical phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons, of which the prominent example is quark-gluon plasma. Several series of conferences in 2019, 2020, and 2021 were devoted to this topic.
Quarks are liberated ... | QCD matter | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,363 | [
"Quark matter",
"Phases of matter",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Matter"
] |
1,919,614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20leak | A gas leak refers to a leak of natural gas or another gaseous product from a pipeline or other containment into any area where the gas should not be present. Gas leaks can be hazardous to health as well as the environment. Even a small leak into a building or other confined space may gradually build up an explosive or ... | Gas leak | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,137 | [
"Matter",
"Natural gas safety",
"Phases of matter",
"Natural gas technology",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Gases"
] |
1,920,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume%20element | In mathematics, a volume element provides a means for integrating a function with respect to volume in various coordinate systems such as spherical coordinates and cylindrical coordinates. Thus a volume element is an expression of the form
where the are the coordinates, so that the volume of any set can be computed... | Volume element | [
"Mathematics"
] | 955 | [
"Multivariable calculus",
"Integral calculus",
"Calculus"
] |
1,920,736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisen%20rearrangement | The Claisen rearrangement is a powerful carbon–carbon bond-forming chemical reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen. The heating of an allyl vinyl ether will initiate a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to give a γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl, driven by exergonically favored carbonyl CO bond formation Δ(ΔfH) = .
Mechani... | Claisen rearrangement | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,855 | [
"Name reactions",
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
1,924,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20ecology | Fire ecology is a scientific discipline concerned with the effects of fire on natural ecosystems. Many ecosystems, particularly prairie, savanna, chaparral and coniferous forests, have evolved with fire as an essential contributor to habitat vitality and renewal. Many plant species in fire-affected environments use fi... | Fire ecology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 6,211 | [
"Ecology terminology",
"Combustion",
"Fire"
] |
27,215,025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20fragment%20library | Protein backbone fragment libraries have been used successfully in a variety of structural biology applications, including homology modeling, de novo structure prediction, and structure determination. By reducing the complexity of the search space, these fragment libraries enable more rapid search of conformational spa... | Protein fragment library | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,329 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering",
"Protein structure",
"Structural biology"
] |
27,216,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20theory%20approaches%20to%20nucleic%20acid%20design | DNA code construction refers to the application of coding theory to the design of nucleic acid systems for the field of DNA–based computation.
Introduction
DNA sequences are known to appear in the form of double helices in living cells, in which one DNA strand is hybridized to its complementary strand through a serie... | Coding theory approaches to nucleic acid design | [
"Materials_science"
] | 3,310 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"DNA nanotechnology"
] |
27,220,034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20phosphate%20%28compound%29 | Ammonium phosphate refers to three different chemical compounds, all of which are formed by the reaction of ammonia with phosphoric acid and have the general formula [NH4]x[H3−xPO4], where 1 ≤ x ≤ 3:
Ammonium dihydrogenphosphate, [NH4][H2PO4]
Diammonium phosphate, [NH4]2[HPO4]
Ammonium phosphate, [NH4]3[PO4]
Ammoni... | Ammonium phosphate (compound) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 112 | [
"Phosphates",
"Ammonium compounds",
"Salts"
] |
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