id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,286,452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgame | In game theory, a subgame is any part (a subset) of a game that meets the following criteria (the following terms allude to a game described in extensive form):
It has a single initial node that is the only member of that node's information set (i.e. the initial node is in a singleton information set).
If a node is co... | Subgame | [
"Mathematics"
] | 803 | [
"Game theory"
] |
1,287,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex%20operator%20algebra | In mathematics, a vertex operator algebra (VOA) is an algebraic structure that plays an important role in two-dimensional conformal field theory and string theory. In addition to physical applications, vertex operator algebras have proven useful in purely mathematical contexts such as monstrous moonshine and the geome... | Vertex operator algebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 7,763 | [
"Non-associative algebra",
"Mathematical structures",
"Algebraic structures"
] |
1,287,818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg%20radar%20detector | The FuG 227 Flensburg was a German passive radar receiver developed by Siemens & Halske and introduced into service in early 1944. It used wing and tail-mounted dipole antennae and was sensitive to the mid-VHF band frequencies of 170–220 MHz, subharmonics of the Monica radar's 300 MHz transmissions. It allowed Luftwaff... | Flensburg radar detector | [
"Technology"
] | 278 | [
"Warning systems",
"Avionics",
"Radar warning receivers",
"Aircraft instruments"
] |
1,288,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stueckelberg%20action | In field theory, the Stueckelberg action (named after Ernst Stueckelberg) describes a massive spin-1 field as an R (the real numbers are the Lie algebra of U(1)) Yang–Mills theory coupled to a real scalar field . This scalar field takes on values in a real 1D affine representation of R with as the coupling strength.
... | Stueckelberg action | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 703 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Particle physics",
"Geometry",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Symmetry"
] |
1,289,909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn%27s%20equation | In physics, Washburn's equation describes capillary flow in a bundle of parallel cylindrical tubes; it is extended with some issues also to imbibition into porous materials. The equation is named after Edward Wight Washburn; also known as Lucas–Washburn equation, considering that Richard Lucas wrote a similar paper thr... | Washburn's equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 972 | [
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Equations of physics",
"Porous media",
"Materials science",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,290,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canker | A plant canker is a small area of dead tissue, which grows slowly, often over years. Some cankers are of only minor consequence, but others are ultimately lethal and therefore can have major economic implications for agriculture and horticulture. Their causes include a wide range of organisms as fungi, bacteria, mycopl... | Canker | [
"Biology"
] | 667 | [
"Plant pathogens and diseases",
"Plants"
] |
27,174,683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RLC%20circuit | An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C), connected in series or in parallel. The name of the circuit is derived from the letters that are used to denote the constituent components of this circuit, where the sequence of the components may vary from RLC.
... | RLC circuit | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,198 | [
"Analog circuits",
"Electronic engineering"
] |
27,177,206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoresponse%20force%20microscopy | Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is a variant of atomic force microscopy (AFM) that allows imaging and manipulation of piezoelectric/ferroelectric materials domains. This is achieved by bringing a sharp conductive probe into contact with a ferroelectric surface (or piezoelectric material) and applying an alternatin... | Piezoresponse force microscopy | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,140 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Scanning probe microscopy",
"Microscopy"
] |
20,971,576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appearance%20energy | Appearance energy (also known as appearance potential) is the minimum energy that must be supplied to a gas phase atom or molecule in order to produce an ion. In mass spectrometry, it is accounted as the voltage to correspond for electron ionization. This is the minimum electron energy that produces an ion. In photoio... | Appearance energy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 142 | [
" and optical physics stubs",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Mass spectrometry",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Matter",
" and optical physics"
] |
19,839,949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20buoyancy | Electromagnetic buoyancy (EMB) is a force that opposes the Lorentz force during electromagnetic phoresis of small particles or droplets in an aqueous medium. It is analogous to the ordinary effect of buoyancy observed when objects float in liquid under the influence of gravity. Though this force is still being research... | Electromagnetic buoyancy | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 84 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Materials science stubs",
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Electromagnetism stubs"
] |
19,840,237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%20pressure | The Laplace pressure is the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of a curved surface that forms the boundary between two fluid regions. The pressure difference is caused by the surface tension of the interface between liquid and gas, or between two immiscible liquids.
The Laplace pressure is determin... | Laplace pressure | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 411 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Mechanical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Bubbles (physics)",
"Foams",
"Chemical engineering",
"Pressure",
"Piping",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
19,844,077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmall%201026 | The Farmall 1026 is a row crop tractor with a hydraulic drive system, or hydro, produced by International Harvester from 1970–1971. Rated at 112 power take off, (PTO) horsepower, the Farmall 1026 was the first 100+ horsepower hydro tractor ever produced.
The 1026 was produced as a hydro only model. This was unique t... | Farmall 1026 | [
"Engineering"
] | 218 | [
"Engineering vehicles",
"Tractors"
] |
19,845,079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fram%20Strait | The Fram Strait is the passage between Greenland and Svalbard, located roughly between 77°N and 81°N latitudes and
centered on the prime meridian. The Greenland and Norwegian Seas lie south of Fram Strait, while the Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean lies to the north. Fram Strait is noted for being the only deep connec... | Fram Strait | [
"Physics"
] | 1,321 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical oceanography"
] |
19,849,524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%28trimethylsilyl%29acetamide | Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) is an organosilicon compound with the formula (Me = CH3). It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in diverse organic solvents, but reacts rapidly with moisture and solvents containing OH and NH groups. It is used in analytical chemistry to increase the volatility of analytes, e.g... | Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 228 | [
"Functional groups",
"Trimethylsilyl compounds",
"Reagents for organic chemistry"
] |
19,849,627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20waves | Shape waves are excitations propagating along Josephson vortices or fluxons. In the case of two-dimensional Josephson junctions (thick long Josephson junctions with an extra dimension) described by the 2D sine-Gordon equation, shape waves are distortions of a Josephson vortex line of an arbitrary profile. Shape waves h... | Shape waves | [
"Physics"
] | 148 | [
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Motion (physics)"
] |
19,850,755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Army%20Gas%20School | The United States Army Gas School was established during World War I at Camp A.A. Humphreys in Virginia. The first courses began in May 1918 and the school was designed to instruct commissioned and noncommissioned officers in chemical warfare.
History
In late October 1917 the War College was badly underprepared for la... | United States Army Gas School | [
"Chemistry"
] | 395 | [
"Chemical warfare facilities"
] |
19,851,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlich%E2%80%93Kwong%20equation%20of%20state | In physics and thermodynamics, the Redlich–Kwong equation of state is an empirical, algebraic equation that relates temperature, pressure, and volume of gases. It is generally more accurate than the van der Waals equation and the ideal gas equation at temperatures above the critical temperature. It was formulated by ... | Redlich–Kwong equation of state | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,378 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Engineering thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Gas laws",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Equations of state"
] |
19,852,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulability%20ellipsoid | In robot kinematics, the manipulability ellipsoid represents the manipulability of a robotic system in a graphical form. Here, the manipulability of a robot arm refers to its ability to alter the position of the end effector based on the joint configuration. A higher manipulability measure signifies a broader range of ... | Manipulability ellipsoid | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 230 | [
"Robot control",
"Geometry",
"Robotics engineering"
] |
8,364,143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi%20scrubber | A venturi scrubber is designed to effectively use the energy from a high-velocity inlet gas stream to atomize the liquid being used to scrub the gas stream. This type of technology is a part of the group of air pollution controls collectively referred to as wet scrubbers.
Venturis can be used to collect both particula... | Venturi scrubber | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,719 | [
"Scrubbers",
"Wet scrubbers",
"Pollution control technologies",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
8,366,618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu%20B%C4%83lescu | Radu Bălescu (Bucharest, 18 July 1932 – 1 June 2006, Bucharest) was a Romanian and Belgian (since 1959) scientist and professor at the Statistical and Plasma Physics group of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB).
He studied at the Titu Maiorescu High School in Bucharest (1943–1948) and the Athénée Royal d'Ixelles (... | Radu Bălescu | [
"Physics"
] | 304 | [
"Plasma physicists",
"Plasma physics"
] |
6,385,832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20convex%20hull | Local convex hull (LoCoH) is a method for estimating size of the home range of an animal or a group of animals (e.g. a pack of wolves, a pride of lions, or herd of buffaloes), and for constructing a utilization distribution. The latter is a probability distribution that represents the probabilities of finding an anima... | Local convex hull | [
"Physics"
] | 1,134 | [
"Spacetime",
"Space",
"Spatial analysis"
] |
6,386,814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20architecture | The following outline is an overview and topical guide to architecture:
Architecture – the process and the product of designing and constructing buildings. Architectural works with a certain indefinable combination of design quality and external circumstances may become cultural symbols and / or be considered works of... | Outline of architecture | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,188 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Architecture lists",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
2,652,836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTM%20theorem | In computability theory, the theorem, or universal Turing machine theorem, is a basic result about Gödel numberings of the set of computable functions. It affirms the existence of a computable universal function, which is capable of calculating any other computable function. The universal function is an abstract versi... | UTM theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 254 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Theorems in theory of computation",
"Computability theory",
"Mathematical theorems in theoretical computer science",
"Mathematical logic stubs"
] |
2,654,296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20boundedness | In mathematics, a uniformly bounded family of functions is a family of bounded functions that can all be bounded by the same constant. This constant is larger than or equal to the absolute value of any value of any of the functions in the family.
Definition
Real line and complex plane
Let
be a family of function... | Uniform boundedness | [
"Mathematics"
] | 187 | [
"Mathematical analysis"
] |
2,654,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutical | A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biological medical product, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources. Different from totally synthesized pharmaceuticals, they include vaccines, whole blood, blood components, allergenics, somatic cel... | Biopharmaceutical | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,882 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Specialty drugs",
"Biotechnology products",
"Life sciences industry",
"Pharmacy",
"Pharmaceutical industry",
"Biotechnology",
"nan",
"Biopharmaceuticals"
] |
2,655,094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern%20blot | The southwestern blot, is a lab technique that involves identifying as well as characterizing DNA-binding proteins by their ability to bind to specific oligonucleotide probes. Determination of molecular weight of proteins binding to DNA is also made possible by the technique. The name originates from a combination of ... | Southwestern blot | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,643 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"nan",
"Molecular biology"
] |
2,655,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricalcium%20phosphate | Tricalcium phosphate (sometimes abbreviated TCP), more commonly known as Calcium phosphate, is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2. It is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL). It is a white solid of low solubility. Most commercial samples of "trica... | Tricalcium phosphate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,390 | [
"Biomaterials",
"Salts",
"Materials",
"Phosphates",
"Matter",
"Medical technology"
] |
2,655,717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heusler%20compound | Heusler compounds are magnetic intermetallics with face-centered cubic crystal structure and a composition of XYZ (half-Heuslers) or X2YZ (full-Heuslers), where X and Y are transition metals and Z is in the p-block. The term derives from the name of German mining engineer and chemist Friedrich Heusler, who studied such... | Heusler compound | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,050 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Copper alloys",
"Metallurgy",
"Spintronics",
"Ferromagnetic materials",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Crystal structure types",
"Materials science",
"Magnetic alloys",
"Materials",
"Crystallography",
"Intermetallics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Alloys... |
2,656,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evershed%20effect | The Evershed effect, named after the British astronomer John Evershed, is the radial flow of gas across the photospheric surface of the penumbra of sunspots from the inner border with the umbra towards the outer edge.
The speed varies from around 1 km/s at the border between the umbra and the penumbra to a maximum of ... | Evershed effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 407 | [
"Spectroscopy stubs",
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Plasma physics",
"Plasma phenomena",
"Emission spectroscopy",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Solar phenomena",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Molecular physics stubs",
"Spectroscopy",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
22,472,780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20chromodynamics%20binding%20energy | Quantum chromodynamics binding energy (QCD binding energy), gluon binding energy or chromodynamic binding energy is the energy binding quarks together into hadrons. It is the energy of the field of the strong force, which is mediated by gluons. Motion-energy and interaction-energy contribute most of the hadron's mass.
... | Quantum chromodynamics binding energy | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 757 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Matter",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Hadrons",
"Physical properties",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
22,473,529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive%20map | In algebra, an additive map, -linear map or additive function is a function that preserves the addition operation:
for every pair of elements and in the domain of For example, any linear map is additive. When the domain is the real numbers, this is Cauchy's functional equation. For a specific case of this definiti... | Additive map | [
"Mathematics"
] | 494 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Ring theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Types of functions",
"Morphisms"
] |
22,474,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic%20Lov%C3%A1sz%20local%20lemma | In theoretical computer science, the algorithmic Lovász local lemma gives an algorithmic way of constructing objects that obey a system of constraints with limited dependence.
Given a finite set of bad events {A1, ..., An} in a probability space with limited dependence amongst the Ais and with specific bounds on their... | Algorithmic Lovász local lemma | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,148 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Combinatorics",
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Lemmas"
] |
22,476,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davies%20equation | The Davies equation is an empirical extension of Debye–Hückel theory which can be used to calculate activity coefficients of electrolyte solutions at relatively high concentrations at 25 °C. The equation, originally published in 1938, was refined by fitting to experimental data. The final form of the equation gives the... | Davies equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 267 | [
"Thermodynamics stubs",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Thermodynamic equations",
"Equations of physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Equilibrium chemistry",
"Electrochemistry",
"Thermodynamics",
"Chemical thermodynamics",
"Electrochemistry stubs",
"Electrochemical equations"
] |
19,855,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20force%20microscopy | In materials science, chemical force microscopy (CFM) is a variation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) which has become a versatile tool for characterization of materials surfaces. With AFM, structural morphology is probed using simple tapping or contact modes that utilize van der Waals interactions between tip and samp... | Chemical force microscopy | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,771 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Scanning probe microscopy",
"Microscopy"
] |
837,770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20of%20fusion | In thermodynamics, the entropy of fusion is the increase in entropy when melting a solid substance. This is almost always positive since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from an organized crystalline solid to the disorganized structure of a liquid; the only known exception is helium. It is denoted as ... | Entropy of fusion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 251 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Thermodynamic entropy",
"Entropy",
"Thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
837,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malliavin%20calculus | In probability theory and related fields, Malliavin calculus is a set of mathematical techniques and ideas that extend the mathematical field of calculus of variations from deterministic functions to stochastic processes. In particular, it allows the computation of derivatives of random variables. Malliavin calculus i... | Malliavin calculus | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,846 | [
"Calculus",
"Applied mathematics",
"Malliavin calculus",
"Mathematical finance",
"Integral calculus"
] |
840,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20equation | In physics, chemistry, and related fields, master equations are used to describe the time evolution of a system that can be modeled as being in a probabilistic combination of states at any given time, and the switching between states is determined by a transition rate matrix. The equations are a set of differential equ... | Master equation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,342 | [
"Statistical mechanics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations of physics",
"Equations"
] |
840,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimetal | A semimetal is a material with a small energy overlap between the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band, but they do not overlap in momentum space. According to electronic band theory, solids can be classified as insulators, semiconductors, semimetals, or metals. In insulators and semiconductors... | Semimetal | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,222 | [
"Matter",
"Metals",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Materials",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Semimetals"
] |
841,262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footprint%20%28satellite%29 | The footprint of a communications satellite is the ground area that its transponders offer coverage, and determines the satellite dish diameter required to receive each transponder's signal. There is usually a different map for each transponder (or group of transponders), as each may be aimed to cover different areas.
... | Footprint (satellite) | [
"Astronomy",
"Engineering"
] | 164 | [
"Satellites",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Outer space",
"Satellite broadcasting"
] |
841,429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20biology | Synthetic biology (SynBio) is a multidisciplinary field of science that focuses on living systems and organisms, and it applies engineering principles to develop new biological parts, devices, and systems or to redesign existing systems found in nature.
It is a branch of science that encompasses a broad range of metho... | Synthetic biology | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 12,835 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Biological engineering",
"Biotechnology",
"Biological warfare",
"Bioinformatics",
"Bioterrorism",
"Molecular genetics",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Systems biology"
] |
841,685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractrix | In geometry, a tractrix (; plural: tractrices) is the curve along which an object moves, under the influence of friction, when pulled on a horizontal plane by a line segment attached to a pulling point (the tractor) that moves at a right angle to the initial line between the object and the puller at an infinitesimal sp... | Tractrix | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,313 | [
"Plane curves",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
841,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullback%20%28category%20theory%29 | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a pullback (also called a fiber product, fibre product, fibered product or Cartesian square) is the limit of a diagram consisting of two morphisms and with a common codomain. The pullback is written
.
Usually the morphisms and are omitted from the notation, and then th... | Pullback (category theory) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,812 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory",
"Limits (category theory)"
] |
282,299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle%20velocity | Muzzle velocity is the speed of a projectile (bullet, pellet, slug, ball/shots or shell) with respect to the muzzle at the moment it leaves the end of a gun's barrel (i.e. the muzzle). Firearm muzzle velocities range from approximately to in black powder muskets, to more than in modern rifles with high-velocity car... | Muzzle velocity | [
"Physics"
] | 1,465 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Ballistics"
] |
282,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrometer | A hygrometer is an instrument which measures the humidity of air or some other gas: that is, how much of it is water vapor. Humidity measurement instruments usually rely on measurements of some other quantities such as temperature, pressure, mass, and mechanical or electrical changes in a substance as moisture is absor... | Hygrometer | [
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,371 | [
"Hydrology",
"Meteorological instrumentation and equipment",
"Hydrology instrumentation",
"Measuring instruments",
"Sensors"
] |
282,998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism%20%28optics%29 | An optical prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that are designed to refract light. At least one surface must be angled — elements with two parallel surfaces are not prisms. The most familiar type of optical prism is the triangular prism, which has a triangular base and rectangular sides.... | Prism (optics) | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,183 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Optical components",
"Components"
] |
283,810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20spectrometry | Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results are presented as a mass spectrum, a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. Mass spectrometry is used in many different fields and is applied to pure samples as well as complex m... | Mass spectrometry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 9,527 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Measuring instruments",
"Scientific instruments",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Biochemistry",
"Spectrometers",
"Chemical pathology",
"Spectroscopy",
"Matter"
] |
283,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonite | Ebonite is a brand name for a material generically known as hard rubber or vulcanite, obtained via vulcanizing natural rubber for prolonged periods. Ebonite may contain from 25% to 80% sulfur and linseed oil. Its name comes from its intended use as an artificial substitute for ebony wood. The material has also been cal... | Ebonite | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 870 | [
"Organic polymers",
"Synthetic resins",
"Synthetic materials",
"Organic compounds",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
284,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinet%27s%20principle | In physics, Babinet's principle states that the diffraction pattern from an opaque body is identical to that from a hole of the same size and shape except for the overall forward beam intensity. It was formulated in the 1800s by French physicist Jacques Babinet.
A quantum version of Babinet's principle has been deriv... | Babinet's principle | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 825 | [
"Crystallography",
"Diffraction",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
285,048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon-catalyzed%20fusion | Muon-catalyzed fusion (abbreviated as μCF or MCF) is a process allowing nuclear fusion to take place at temperatures significantly lower than the temperatures required for thermonuclear fusion, even at room temperature or lower. It is one of the few known ways of catalyzing nuclear fusion reactions.
Muons are unstable... | Muon-catalyzed fusion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,233 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
285,422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%E2%80%93Campbell%E2%80%93Hausdorff%20formula | In mathematics, the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula gives the value of that solves the equation
for possibly noncommutative and in the Lie algebra of a Lie group. There are various ways of writing the formula, but all ultimately yield an expression for in Lie algebraic terms, that is, as a formal series (not nece... | Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,243 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Mathematical structures",
"Lie groups",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Combinatorics",
"E (mathematical constant)",
"Algebraic structures",
"Exponentials",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
285,534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercooling | Supercooling, also known as undercooling, is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid. Per the established international definition, supercooling means ‘cooling a substance below the normal freezing point without solidification’ While it can be achieved b... | Supercooling | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,323 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Thermodynamic processes",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Glass physics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
286,217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash%20evaporation | Flash evaporation (or partial evaporation) is the partial vapor that occurs when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other throttling device. This process is one of the simplest unit operations. If the throttling valve or device is located at the entry in... | Flash evaporation | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,605 | [
"Separation processes by phases",
"Chemical equipment",
"Distillation",
"Evaporators",
"Gas-liquid separation"
] |
286,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20silicate | Sodium silicate is a generic name for chemical compounds with the formula or ·, such as sodium metasilicate (), sodium orthosilicate (), and sodium pyrosilicate (). The anions are often polymeric. These compounds are generally colorless transparent solids or white powders, and soluble in water in various amounts.
Sod... | Sodium silicate | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 4,419 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Glass chemistry",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Glass compositions",
"Concrete",
"Inorganic silicon compounds"
] |
286,322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash%20test | A crash test is a form of destructive testing usually performed in order to ensure safe design standards in crashworthiness and crash compatibility for various modes of transportation (see automobile safety) or related systems and components.
Types
Frontal-impact tests: which is what most people initially think of w... | Crash test | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,322 | [
"Mechanical tests",
"Transport safety",
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
286,466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal%20circulation | Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water (Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water, and θέρμη, heat ). Hydrothermal circulation occurs most often in the vicinity of sources of heat within the Earth's crust. In general, this occurs near volcanic activity, but can occur in the shallow to mid cr... | Hydrothermal circulation | [
"Physics"
] | 1,144 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical oceanography"
] |
286,534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20icosidodecahedron | In geometry, a truncated icosidodecahedron, rhombitruncated icosidodecahedron, great rhombicosidodecahedron, omnitruncated dodecahedron or omnitruncated icosahedron is an Archimedean solid, one of thirteen convex, isogonal, non-prismatic solids constructed by two or more types of regular polygon faces.
It has 62 faces... | Truncated icosidodecahedron | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,174 | [
"Symmetry",
"Uniform polytopes",
"Truncated tilings",
"Tessellation",
"Planar graphs",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Uniform polyhedra"
] |
286,550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety-critical%20system | A safety-critical system or life-critical system is a system whose failure or malfunction may result in one (or more) of the following outcomes:
death or serious injury to people
loss or severe damage to equipment/property
environmental harm
A safety-related system (or sometimes safety-involved system) comprises e... | Safety-critical system | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,730 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Reliability engineering",
"Safety engineering",
"Technological failures",
"Computer systems",
"Engineering failures",
"Software engineering",
"Computer science",
"Control engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Process safety",
"Chemical process en... |
286,681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash%20point | The flash point of a material is the "lowest liquid temperature at which, under certain standardized conditions, a liquid gives off vapours in a quantity such as to be capable of forming an ignitable vapour/air mixture".
The flash point is sometimes confused with the autoignition temperature, the temperature that caus... | Flash point | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,332 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Threshold temperatures",
"Combustion"
] |
18,712,595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollmien%E2%80%93Schlichting%20wave | In fluid dynamics, a Tollmien–Schlichting wave (often abbreviated T-S wave) is a streamwise unstable wave which arises in a bounded shear flow (such as boundary layer and channel flow). It is one of the more common methods by which a laminar bounded shear flow transitions to turbulence. The waves are initiated when som... | Tollmien–Schlichting wave | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,371 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Chemical engineering",
"Waves",
"Motion (physics)",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
18,713,565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low%20voltage%20ride%20through | In electrical power engineering, fault ride through (FRT), sometimes under-voltage ride through (UVRT), or low voltage ride through (LVRT), is the capability of electric generators to stay connected in short periods of lower electric network voltage (cf. voltage sag). It is needed at distribution level (wind parks, PV... | Low voltage ride through | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 707 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
18,715,724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grushko%20theorem | In the mathematical subject of group theory, the Grushko theorem or the Grushko–Neumann theorem is a theorem stating that the rank (that is, the smallest cardinality of a generating set) of a free product of two groups is equal to the sum of the ranks of the two free factors. The theorem was first obtained in a 1940 ar... | Grushko theorem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,273 | [
"Geometric group theory",
"Group actions",
"Geometric topology",
"Topology",
"Symmetry"
] |
23,983,793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraploid%20complementation%20assay | The tetraploid complementation assay is a technique in biology in which cells of two mammalian embryos are combined to form a new embryo. It is used to construct genetically modified organisms, to study the consequences of certain mutations on embryonal development, and in the study of pluripotent stem cells.
Procedur... | Tetraploid complementation assay | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 495 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Genetic engineering",
"Molecular biology"
] |
23,984,205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangeness%20and%20quark%E2%80%93gluon%20plasma | In high-energy nuclear physics, strangeness production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is a signature and diagnostic tool of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) formation and properties. Unlike up and down quarks, from which everyday matter is made, heavier quark flavors such as strange and charm typically approach chemical ... | Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,523 | [
"Quark matter",
"Phases of matter",
"Astrophysics",
"Exotic matter",
"Nuclear physics",
"Matter"
] |
23,984,989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20Manufacturing%20Co.%20Inc | Energy Manufacturing Co., Inc. is an American manufacturing company based in Monticello, Iowa. Established in 1944, the company produces a variety of hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic pumps, valves, and power systems.
History
In the early 1940s B.J. Pasker ran a blacksmith shop in New Vienna, Iowa. In this shop his son, ... | Energy Manufacturing Co. Inc | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 712 | [
"Pumps",
"Turbomachinery",
"Chemical engineering",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
23,988,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative%20equilibrium | Radiative equilibrium is the condition where the total thermal radiation leaving an object is equal to the total thermal radiation entering it. It is one of the several requirements for thermodynamic equilibrium, but it can occur in the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium. There are various types of radiative equilibr... | Radiative equilibrium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,031 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
26,830,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-energy%20nexus | The water-energy nexus is the relationship between the water used for energy production, including both electricity and sources of fuel such as oil and natural gas, and the energy consumed to extract, purify, deliver, heat/cool, treat and dispose of water (and wastewater) sometimes referred to as the energy intensity (... | Water-energy nexus | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,303 | [
"Hydrology",
"Physical quantities",
"Energy (physics)",
"Energy",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water supply"
] |
26,834,062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKX-homeodomain%20factor | NKX-homeodomain factors are a family of homeodomain transcription factors that are critical regulators of organ development.
Human genes that encode NKX-homeodomain factors include:
NKX1-1, NKX1-2
NKX2-1, NKX2-2, NKX2-4, NKX2-8
NKX3-1, NKX3-2
NKX6-1, NKX6-2, NKX6-3
References
Developmental genes and proteins
T... | NKX-homeodomain factor | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 112 | [
"Transcription factors",
"Gene expression",
"Signal transduction",
"Developmental genes and proteins",
"Induced stem cells"
] |
26,834,979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation%20cloud | A transient condensation cloud, also called a Wilson cloud, is observable surrounding large explosions in humid air.
When a nuclear weapon or high explosive is detonated in sufficiently humid air, the "negative phase" of the shock wave causes a rarefaction of the air surrounding the explosion but not of the air contai... | Condensation cloud | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 589 | [
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Shock waves",
"Explosions"
] |
26,835,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRX1 | Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-1, also known as Iroquois homeobox protein 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRX1 gene. All members of the Iroquois (IRO) family of proteins share two highly conserved features, encoding both a homeodomain and a characteristic IRO sequence motif. Members of this fam... | IRX1 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,155 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
26,836,721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%20Nicolas%20Duchesne | Antoine Nicolas Duchesne (born 7 October 1747 Versailles; died 18 February 1827 Paris) was a French botanist known for his keen observation of variation within species, and for demonstrating that species are not immutable, because mutations can occur. "As Duchesne's observations were unaided by knowledge of modern conc... | Antoine Nicolas Duchesne | [
"Biology"
] | 801 | [
"Non-Darwinian evolution",
"Biology theories",
"Proto-evolutionary biologists"
] |
26,839,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial%20properties%20of%20copper | Copper and its alloys (brasses, bronzes, cupronickel, copper-nickel-zinc, and others) are natural antimicrobial materials. Ancient civilizations exploited the antimicrobial properties of copper long before the concept of microbes became understood in the nineteenth century. In addition to several copper medicinal prepa... | Antimicrobial properties of copper | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,631 | [
"Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements",
"Copper in health",
"Antimicrobials",
"Biocides"
] |
20,975,192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch%20migration | Branch migration is the process by which base pairs on homologous DNA strands are consecutively exchanged at a Holliday junction, moving the branch point up or down the DNA sequence. Branch migration is the second step of genetic recombination, following the exchange of two single strands of DNA between two homologous... | Branch migration | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 918 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology"
] |
20,975,307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality%20%28mechanical%20engineering%29 | In mechanical engineering, many terms are associated into pairs called duals. A dual of a relationship is formed by interchanging force (stress) and deformation (strain) in an expression.
Here is a partial list of mechanical dualities:
force — deformation
stress — strain
stiffness method — flexibility method
... | Duality (mechanical engineering) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 132 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Category theory",
"Duality theories",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Geometry"
] |
20,978,769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulging%20factor | Bulging factor is an engineering term describing the geometry of out-of plane deformations of the surface of a crack on a pressurized fuselage structure. It is used in evaluating the damage tolerance of airframe fuselages.
The single curved geometry and pressure differential causes a longitudinal crack to bulge out o... | Bulging factor | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 215 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Fracture mechanics",
"Chemical equipment",
"Materials science",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Materials degradation",
"Pressure vessels"
] |
4,883,003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems%20modeling%20language | The systems modeling language (SysML) is a general-purpose modeling language for systems engineering applications. It supports the specification, analysis, design, verification and validation of a broad range of systems and systems-of-systems.
SysML was originally developed by an open source specification project, and... | Systems modeling language | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,665 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Systems Modeling Language"
] |
4,883,158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lder%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Hölder's theorem states that the gamma function does not satisfy any algebraic differential equation whose coefficients are rational functions. This result was first proved by Otto Hölder in 1887; several alternative proofs have subsequently been found.
The theorem also generalizes to the -gamma functi... | Hölder's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 508 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
4,883,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20beta%20decay | In nuclear and particle physics, inverse beta decay, commonly abbreviated to IBD, is a nuclear reaction involving an electron antineutrino scattering off a proton, creating a positron and a neutron. This process is commonly used in the detection of electron antineutrinos in neutrino detectors, such as the first detect... | Inverse beta decay | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 610 | [
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
4,884,363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levorphanol | Levorphanol (brand name Levo-Dromoran) is an opioid medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is the levorotatory enantiomer of the compound racemorphan. Its dextrorotatory counterpart is dextrorphan.
It was first described in Germany in 1946. The drug has been in medical use in the United States since 1953... | Levorphanol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,160 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Enantiopure drugs"
] |
4,886,627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetted%20perimeter | The wetted perimeter is the perimeter of the cross sectional area that is "wet". The length of line of the intersection of channel wetted surface with a cross sectional plane normal to the flow direction. The term wetted perimeter is common in civil engineering, environmental engineering, hydrology, geomorphology, and ... | Wetted perimeter | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 249 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Hydrology",
"Physical quantities",
"Distance",
"Chemical engineering",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Length",
"Environmental engineering",
"Piping",
"nan",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",... |
1,914,405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heats%20of%20fusion%20of%20the%20elements%20%28data%20page%29 |
Heat of fusion
Notes
Values refer to the enthalpy change between the liquid phase and the most stable solid phase at the melting point (normal, 101.325 kPa).
References
CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press... | Heats of fusion of the elements (data page) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 330 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical data pages",
"Quantity",
"Chemical element data pages",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
1,914,406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heats%20of%20vaporization%20of%20the%20elements%20%28data%20page%29 |
Heat of vaporization
Notes
Values refer to the enthalpy change in the conversion of liquid to gas at the boiling point (normal, 101.325 kPa).
References
Zhang et al.
CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. ... | Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 390 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical data pages",
"Quantity",
"Chemical element data pages",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
1,916,509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20free%20time | Molecules in a fluid constantly collide with each other. The mean free time for a molecule in a fluid is the average time between collisions. The mean free path of the molecule is the product of the average speed and the mean free time. These concepts are used in the kinetic theory of gases to compute transport coeffic... | Mean free time | [
"Physics"
] | 167 | [
"Statistical mechanics stubs",
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
1,916,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20accident | A chemical accident is the unintentional release of one or more hazardous chemicals, which could harm human health and the environment. Such events include fires, explosions, and release of toxic materials that may cause people illness, injury, or disability. Chemical accidents can be caused for example by natural disa... | Chemical accident | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 776 | [
"Industrial fires and explosions",
"Chemical accident",
"Safety engineering",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Chemical hazards",
"Process safety",
"Explosions",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
1,917,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20wire | A safety wire or locking-wire is a type of positive locking device that prevents fasteners from falling out due to vibration and other forces. The presence of safety wiring may also serve to indicate that the fasteners have been properly tightened.
Safety wire is available in a variety of gauges and materials, dependi... | Safety wire | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,648 | [
"Construction",
"Fasteners"
] |
1,918,370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamford%E2%80%93Stevens%20reaction | The Bamford–Stevens reaction is a chemical reaction whereby treatment of tosylhydrazones with strong base gives alkenes. It is named for the British chemist William Randall Bamford and the Scottish chemist Thomas Stevens Stevens (1900–2000). The usage of aprotic solvents gives predominantly Z-alkenes, while protic solv... | Bamford–Stevens reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,801 | [
"Name reactions",
"Olefination reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
25,347,757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter%20and%20sinister | Dexter and sinister are terms used in heraldry to refer to specific locations in an escutcheon bearing a coat of arms, and to the other elements of an achievement. Dexter (Latin for 'right') indicates the right-hand side of the shield, as regarded by the bearer, i.e. the bearer's proper right, and to the left as seen b... | Dexter and sinister | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 789 | [
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Orientation (geometry)"
] |
25,350,901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis%20%28mathematics%29 | is a mathematical notation defined by , where is the cosine function, is the imaginary unit and is the sine function. is the argument of the complex number (angle between line to point and x-axis in polar form). The notation is less commonly used in mathematics than Euler's formula, which offers an even shorter no... | Cis (mathematics) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 689 | [
"Algebra",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical identities"
] |
25,351,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20C%2A-algebra | In the mathematical field of functional analysis, a nuclear C*-algebra is a C*-algebra such that for every C*-algebra the injective and projective C*-cross norms coincides on the algebraic tensor product and the completion of with respect to this norm is a C*-algebra. This property was first studied by under the n... | Nuclear C*-algebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 275 | [
"Functional analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
25,351,840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine%20structure%20genetics | Fine structure genetics encompasses a set of tools used to examine not just the mutations within an entire genome, but can be isolated to either specific pathways or regions of the genome. Ultimately, this more focused lens can lead to a more nuanced and interactive view of the function of a gene.
Regional Mutagenesis... | Fine structure genetics | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 863 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology"
] |
25,352,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Capacity%20Guide%20For%20Signalized%20Intersections | The Canadian Capacity Guide for Signalized Intersections (CCG) is a publication of the Canadian Institute of Transportation Engineers (CITE). It provides a methodology that allows Traffic Engineers to plan, design, and evaluate traffic signal controlled roadway intersections.
The CCG has been based on the current exp... | Canadian Capacity Guide For Signalized Intersections | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,439 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Transportation engineering",
"Industrial engineering"
] |
25,354,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20recursion | In recursive function theory, double recursion is an extension of primitive recursion which allows the definition of non-primitive recursive functions like the Ackermann function.
Raphael M. Robinson called functions of two natural number variables G(n, x) double recursive with respect to given functions, if
G(0, x) ... | Double recursion | [
"Mathematics"
] | 266 | [
"Computability theory",
"Mathematical logic stubs",
"Mathematical logic",
"Recursion"
] |
25,358,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20k-cut | In mathematics, the minimum -cut is a combinatorial optimization problem that requires finding a set of edges whose removal would partition the graph to at least connected components. These edges are referred to as -cut. The goal is to find the minimum-weight -cut. This partitioning can have applications in VLSI desig... | Minimum k-cut | [
"Mathematics"
] | 450 | [
"Computational problems in graph theory",
"Computational mathematics",
"Graph theory",
"Approximation algorithms",
"Computational problems",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical problems",
"Approximations",
"NP-complete problems"
] |
25,359,516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-polarized%20electron%20energy%20loss%20spectroscopy | Spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy or SPEELS is a technique mainly used to measure the dispersion relation of the collective excitations, over the whole Brillouin zone.
Spin waves are collective perturbations in a magnetic solid. Their properties depend on their wavelength (or wave vector). For long wav... | Spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Astronomy"
] | 405 | [
"Spectroscopy stubs",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electron spectroscopy",
"Scattering stubs",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Scattering",
"Particle physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Molecular physics stubs",
"Spectroscopy",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
25,360,121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%E2%80%93Samuel%20function | In commutative algebra the Hilbert–Samuel function, named after David Hilbert and Pierre Samuel, of a nonzero finitely generated module over a commutative Noetherian local ring and a primary ideal of is the map such that, for all ,
where denotes the length over . It is related to the Hilbert function of the asso... | Hilbert–Samuel function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 366 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Commutative algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
3,615,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20inequalities | Quantum inequalities are local constraints on the magnitude and extent of distributions of negative energy density in space-time. Initially conceived to clear up a long-standing problem in quantum field theory (namely, the potential for unconstrained negative energy density at a point), quantum inequalities have proven... | Quantum inequalities | [
"Physics"
] | 1,734 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
3,616,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%20%28thermodynamics%29 | Thermodynamic work is one of the principal kinds of process by which a thermodynamic system can interact with and transfer energy to its surroundings. This results in externally measurable macroscopic forces on the system's surroundings, which can cause mechanical work, to lift a weight, for example, or cause changes i... | Work (thermodynamics) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 7,326 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
3,616,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonioreflectometer | A gonioreflectometer is a device for measuring a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF).
The device consists of a light source illuminating the material to be measured and a sensor that captures light reflected from that material. The light source should be able to illuminate and the sensor should be a... | Gonioreflectometer | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 406 | [
"Measuring instruments"
] |
3,618,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20glass | Safety glass is glass with additional safety features that make it less likely to break, or less likely to pose a threat when broken. Common designs include toughened glass (also known as tempered glass), laminated glass, and wire mesh glass (also known as wired glass). Toughened glass was invented in 1874 by Francois ... | Safety glass | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 922 | [
"Homogeneous chemical mixtures",
"Amorphous solids",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Glass"
] |
8,370,210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Englert | François, Baron Englert (; born 6 November 1932) is a Belgian theoretical physicist and 2013 Nobel Prize laureate.
Englert is professor emeritus at the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where he is a member of the Service de Physique Théorique. He is also a Sackler Professor by Special Appointment in the School of ... | François Englert | [
"Physics"
] | 1,617 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists",
"Particle physics",
"Particle physicists"
] |
8,372,004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic%20trends | In chemistry, periodic trends are specific patterns present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of certain elements when grouped by period and/or group. They were discovered by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1863. Major periodic trends include atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affi... | Periodic trends | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,693 | [
"Properties of chemical elements"
] |
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