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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
1,358,959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobol%20sequence	Sobol’ sequences (also called LPτ sequences or (t, s) sequences in base 2) are a type of quasi-random low-discrepancy sequence. They were first introduced by the Russian mathematician Ilya M. Sobol’ (Илья Меерович Соболь) in 1967. These sequences use a base of two to form successively finer uniform partitions of the u...	Sobol sequence	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,558	[ "Sequences and series", "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects" ]
1,359,360	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansatz	In physics and mathematics, an ansatz (; , meaning: "initial placement of a tool at a work piece", plural ansatzes or, from German, ansätze ; ) is an educated guess or an additional assumption made to help solve a problem, and which may later be verified to be part of the solution by its results. Use An ansatz is the ...	Ansatz	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	543	[ "Philosophy of physics", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "nan" ]
1,359,407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Tsunami%20Warning%20Center	The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), located on Ford Island, Hawaii, is one of two tsunami warning centers in the United States, covering Hawaii, Guam, American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific, as well as Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Se...	Pacific Tsunami Warning Center	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,786	[ "Structural engineering", "Safety engineering", "Measuring instruments", "Warning systems", "Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation" ]
1,359,420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20beam	A particle beam is a stream of charged or neutral particles. In particle accelerators, these particles can move with a velocity close to the speed of light. There is a difference between the creation and control of charged particle beams and neutral particle beams, as only the first type can be manipulated to a suffici...	Particle beam	[ "Physics" ]	856	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Accelerator physics", "Experimental physics" ]
1,359,541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20rotation	Solar rotation varies with latitude. The Sun is not a solid body, but is composed of a gaseous plasma. Different latitudes rotate at different periods. The source of this differential rotation is an area of current research in solar astronomy. The rate of surface rotation is observed to be the fastest at the equator (...	Solar rotation	[ "Physics" ]	1,745	[ "Physical phenomena", "Motion (physics)", "Classical mechanics", "Rotation" ]
1,360,654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Kuzmin%E2%80%93Wirsing%20operator	In mathematics, the Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator is the transfer operator of the Gauss map that takes a positive number to the fractional part of its reciprocal. (This is not the same as the Gauss map in differential geometry.) It is named after Carl Gauss, Rodion Kuzmin, and Eduard Wirsing. It occurs in the study of ...	Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,968	[ "Continued fractions", "Mechanics", "Number theory", "Dynamical systems" ]
1,361,116	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20volume	In continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, a control volume (CV) is a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes. In an inertial frame of reference, it is a fictitious region of a given volume fixed in space or moving with constant flow velocity through which ...	Control volume	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	674	[ "Dynamical systems", "Classical mechanics", "Thermodynamics", "Continuum mechanics" ]
1,361,454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20differential%20equation	A stochastic differential equation (SDE) is a differential equation in which one or more of the terms is a stochastic process, resulting in a solution which is also a stochastic process. SDEs have many applications throughout pure mathematics and are used to model various behaviours of stochastic models such as stock p...	Stochastic differential equation	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,074	[ "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical objects", "Differential equations", "Equations", "Mathematical finance" ]
1,362,465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20electron%20radius	The classical electron radius is a combination of fundamental physical quantities that define a length scale for problems involving an electron interacting with electromagnetic radiation. It links the classical electrostatic self-interaction energy of a homogeneous charge distribution to the electron's relativistic mas...	Classical electron radius	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	657	[ "Electron", "Molecular physics", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Quantum mechanics", "Physical constants", "Atomic physics", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
1,362,724	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazhdan%27s%20property%20%28T%29	In mathematics, a locally compact topological group G has property (T) if the trivial representation is an isolated point in its unitary dual equipped with the Fell topology. Informally, this means that if G acts unitarily on a Hilbert space and has "almost invariant vectors", then it has a nonzero invariant vector. Th...	Kazhdan's property (T)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,993	[ "Geometric group theory", "Group actions", "Computer-assisted proofs", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topological groups", "Symmetry" ]
1,363,288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrotron	A gyrotron is a class of high-power linear-beam vacuum tubes that generates millimeter-wave electromagnetic waves by the cyclotron resonance of electrons in a strong magnetic field. Output frequencies range from about 20 to 527 GHz, covering wavelengths from microwave to the edge of the terahertz gap. Typical output po...	Gyrotron	[ "Physics" ]	1,539	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Terahertz technology", "Vacuum tubes", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Vacuum", "Matter" ]
1,363,423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Proteome%20Folding%20Project	The Human Proteome Folding Project (HPF) is a collaborative effort between New York University (Bonneau Lab), the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) and the University of Washington (Baker Lab), using the Rosetta software developed by the Rosetta Commons. The project is managed by the Bonneau lab. HPF Phase 1 applied...	Human Proteome Folding Project	[ "Chemistry" ]	333	[ "Protein structure", "Structural biology" ]
25,642,027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita%20aestivalis	Amanita aestivalis, commonly known as the white American star-footed amanita, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Amanitaceae. The cap of the white fruit body is in diameter. It sits atop a stem that is long. The entire fruit body will slowly stain a reddish-brown color in response to bruising. A. aestivali...	Amanita aestivalis	[ "Biology" ]	1,385	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
25,642,802	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20software	Tensor software is a class of mathematical software designed for manipulation and calculation with tensors. Standalone software SPLATT is an open source software package for high-performance sparse tensor factorization. SPLATT ships a stand-alone executable, C/C++ library, and Octave/MATLAB API. Cadabra is a compute...	Tensor software	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,101	[ "Computer algebra systems", "Tensors", "Mathematical software" ]
25,646,652	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C22H34O2	{{DISPLAYTITLE:C22H34O2}} The molecular formula C22H34O2 (molar mass: 330.51 g/mol, exact mass: 330.2559 u) may refer to: Anagestone Docosapentaenoic acid E-EPA Hexahydrocannabihexol 3β-Methoxypregnenolone Topterone Molecular formulas	C22H34O2	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	89	[ "Molecules", "Set index articles on molecular formulas", "Isomerism", "Molecular formulas", "Matter" ]
25,646,687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C20H38O2	{{DISPLAYTITLE:C20H38O2}} The molecular formula C20H38O2 may refer to: Eicosanolide Eicosenoic acids Paullinic acid, also called 7-eicosenoic acid Prostanoic acid, also called 9-eicosenoic acid 11-Eicosenoic acid, also called gondoic acid Ethyl oleate Gadoleic acid Vaccenyl acetate Molecular formulas	C20H38O2	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	98	[ "Molecules", "Set index articles on molecular formulas", "Isomerism", "Molecular formulas", "Matter" ]
18,952,167	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulary%20%28pharmacy%29	A formulary is a list of pharmaceutical drugs, often decided upon by a group of people, for various reasons such as insurance coverage or use at a medical facility. Traditionally, a formulary contained a collection of formulas for the compounding and testing of medication (a resource closer to what would be referred to...	Formulary (pharmacy)	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,380	[ "Pharmacological classification systems", "Pharmacology", "Pharmacy" ]
18,952,443	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoregulation	Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by bod...	Osmoregulation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,290	[ "Cell biology", "Human homeostasis", "Membrane biology", "Homeostasis", "Molecular biology" ]
18,952,492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanin	Anthocyanins (), also called anthocyans, are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue, or black. In 1835, the German pharmacist Ludwig Clamor Marquart named a chemical compound that gives flowers a blue color, Anthokyan, in his treatise "Die Farben der Blüthen" (English:...	Anthocyanin	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Biology" ]	3,482	[ "Titration", "PH indicators", "Chromism", "Chemical tests", "Equilibrium chemistry", "Pigmentation", "Biological pigments", "Anthocyanins" ]
18,952,779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaser	A spaser or plasmonic laser is a type of laser which aims to confine light at a subwavelength scale far below Rayleigh's diffraction limit of light, by storing some of the light energy in electron oscillations called surface plasmon polaritons. The phenomenon was first described by David J. Bergman and Mark Stockman in...	Spaser	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	422	[ "Plasmonics", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Surface science", "Condensed matter physics", "Nanoelectronics", "Nanotechnology", "Solid state engineering", "Matter" ]
18,952,860	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration	Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers. It is a passive process that requires no energy expense by the plant. Transpiration also cools plants, changes osmotic pressure of cells, and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients. ...	Transpiration	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	2,003	[ "Plant physiology", "Hydrology", "Plants", "Environmental engineering" ]
18,953,543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabby%20concrete	Tabby is a type of concrete made by burning oyster shells to create lime, then mixing it with water, sand, ash and broken oyster shells. Tabby was used by early Spanish settlers in present-day Florida, then by British colonists primarily in coastal South Carolina and Georgia. It is a man-made analogue of coquina, a nat...	Tabby concrete	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,289	[ "Structural engineering", "Building engineering", "Construction", "Materials", "Building materials", "Concrete", "Matter", "Architecture" ]
18,958,074	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure%20%28business%29	Business closure is the term used to refer to when a business ceases operations. While the term is often associated with the failure of a commercial enterprise, businesses may also close because the owners have sold it at a higher value than what they invested in it. Entrepreneurs may close a business for personal reas...	Closure (business)	[ "Physics" ]	682	[ "Spacetime", "Endings", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
2,777,780	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal%20maintenance	Optimal maintenance is the discipline within operations research concerned with maintaining a system in a manner that maximizes profit or minimizes cost. Cost functions depending on the reliability, availability and maintainability characteristics of the system of interest determine the parameters to minimize. Paramete...	Optimal maintenance	[ "Mathematics" ]	407	[ "Applied mathematics", "Operations research" ]
2,778,009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20tensor	In mathematics, mathematical physics, and theoretical physics, the spin tensor is a quantity used to describe the rotational motion of particles in spacetime. The spin tensor has application in general relativity and special relativity, as well as quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics, and quantum field th...	Spin tensor	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	588	[ "Quantum field theory", "Lie groups", "Mathematical structures", "Tensors", "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "General relativity", "Special relativity", "Algebraic structures", "Theory of relativity" ]
2,779,670	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintuple%20bond	A quintuple bond in chemistry is an unusual type of chemical bond, first reported in 2005 for a dichromium compound. Single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds are commonplace in chemistry. Quadruple bonds are rarer and are currently known only among the transition metals, especially for Cr, Mo, W, and Re, e.g. [Mo2C...	Quintuple bond	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,433	[ "Chemical bonding", "Condensed matter physics", "nan" ]
2,780,729	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABINIT	ABINIT is an open-source suite of programs for materials science, distributed under the GNU General Public License. ABINIT implements density functional theory, using a plane wave basis set and pseudopotentials, to compute the electronic density and derived properties of materials ranging from molecules to surfaces to ...	ABINIT	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	430	[ "Materials science stubs", "Computational chemistry software", "Chemistry software", "Computational chemistry", "Density functional theory software", "Condensed matter physics", "Condensed matter stubs" ]
2,781,586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluor%20Corporation	Fluor Corporation is an American engineering and construction firm, headquartered in Irving, Texas. It is a holding company that provides services through its subsidiaries in three main areas: oil and gas, industrial and infrastructure, government and power. It is the largest publicly traded engineering and constructio...	Fluor Corporation	[ "Engineering" ]	3,350	[ "Petroleum engineering", "Energy engineering" ]
2,782,914	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice%20position	The Prentice position is an orientation of a prism, used in optics, optometry and ophthalmology. In this position, named after the optician Charles F. Prentice, the prism is oriented such that light enters it at an angle of 90° to the first surface, so that the beam does not refract at that surface. All the deviation c...	Prentice position	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	137	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Optics", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
2,783,119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20mapping	In mathematics, in particular the subfield of algebraic geometry, a rational map or rational mapping is a kind of partial function between algebraic varieties. This article uses the convention that varieties are irreducible. Definition Formal definition Formally, a rational map between two varieties is an equivalen...	Rational mapping	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,093	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic geometry" ]
2,783,368	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEPnet	HEPnet or the High-Energy Physics Network is a telecommunications network for researchers in high-energy physics. It originated in the United States, but has spread to - or been connected with - most places involved in such research, including Japan, Europe, and Canada, amongst other places. Well-known mainland US sit...	HEPnet	[ "Physics" ]	109	[ "Particle physics stubs", "Particle physics", "Computational particle physics", "Computational physics" ]
2,783,513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20dimension	In mathematics, complex dimension usually refers to the dimension of a complex manifold or a complex algebraic variety. These are spaces in which the local neighborhoods of points (or of non-singular points in the case of a variety) are modeled on a Cartesian product of the form for some , and the complex dimension is...	Complex dimension	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	324	[ "Geometric measurement", "Mathematical analysis", "Algebraic geometry", "Physical quantities", "Mathematical analysis stubs", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Theory of relativity", "Dimension" ]
2,783,891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noetherian%20scheme	In algebraic geometry, a Noetherian scheme is a scheme that admits a finite covering by open affine subsets , where each is a Noetherian ring. More generally, a scheme is locally Noetherian if it is covered by spectra of Noetherian rings. Thus, a scheme is Noetherian if and only if it is locally Noetherian and compact...	Noetherian scheme	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,151	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic geometry" ]
22,714,557	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion%20current	Diffusion current is a current in a semiconductor caused by the diffusion of charge carriers (electrons and/or electron holes). This is the current which is due to the transport of charges occurring because of non-uniform concentration of charged particles in a semiconductor. The drift current, by contrast, is due to ...	Diffusion current	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,466	[ "Electrical resistance and conductance", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Charge carriers", "Semiconductors", "Materials", "Electrical phenomena", "Electronic engineering", "Condensed matter physics", "Electric current", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Sol...
22,717,850	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20Ecology%20%28journal%29	Molecular Ecology is a twice monthly scientific journal covering investigations that use molecular techniques to address questions in ecology, evolution, behavior, and conservation. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell. Its 2022 impact factor is 4.9. It was established in 1992 with Harry Smith as founding editor-in-chief...	Molecular Ecology (journal)	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	103	[ "Ecology journals", "Molecular ecology", "Environmental science journals", "Molecular biology", "Environmental science journal stubs" ]
22,720,110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%20microscale	In fluid dynamics, the Taylor microscale, which is sometimes called the turbulence length scale, is a length scale used to characterize a turbulent fluid flow. This microscale is named after Geoffrey Ingram Taylor. The Taylor microscale is the intermediate length scale at which fluid viscosity significantly affects the...	Taylor microscale	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	414	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Turbulence", "Fluid dynamics" ]
22,721,042	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20volume%20approximation	In the analysis of algorithms, several authors have studied the computation of the volume of high-dimensional convex bodies, a problem that can also be used to model many other problems in combinatorial enumeration. Often these works use a black box model of computation in which the input is given by a subroutine for t...	Convex volume approximation	[ "Mathematics" ]	558	[ "Computational mathematics", "Approximation algorithms", "Computational geometry", "Mathematical relations", "Approximations" ]
22,721,223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGh%20physics	cGh physics refers to the historical attempts in physics to unify relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics, in particular following the ideas of Matvei Petrovich Bronstein and George Gamow. The letters are the standard symbols for the speed of light (), the gravitational constant (), and the Planck constant (). ...	CGh physics	[ "Physics" ]	680	[ "Theoretical physics" ]
22,721,456	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20sustainability	Computational sustainability is an emerging field that attempts to balance societal, economic, and environmental resources for the future well-being of humanity using methods from mathematics, computer science, and information science fields. Sustainability in this context refers to the world's ability to sustain biolo...	Computational sustainability	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	4,671	[ "Computational science", "Applied mathematics", "Computational fields of study", "Computing and society" ]
21,252,213	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNA1G	Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1G subunit, also known as CACNA1G or Cav3.1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CACNA1G gene. It is one of the primary targets in the pharmacology of absence seizure. Function Cav3.1 is a type of low-voltage-activated calcium channel, also known as "T-type"...	CACNA1G	[ "Chemistry" ]	261	[ "Neurochemistry", "Ion channels" ]
21,254,434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20states%20%28d%20electrons%29	Spin states when describing transition metal coordination complexes refers to the potential spin configurations of the central metal's d electrons. For several oxidation states, metals can adopt high-spin and low-spin configurations. The ambiguity only applies to first row metals, because second- and third-row metals a...	Spin states (d electrons)	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,841	[ "Electron", "Coordination chemistry", "Electron states" ]
21,256,480	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Porter%20tube	A Fisher-Porter tube or Fisher-Porter vessel is a glass pressure vessel used in the chemical laboratory. The reaction vessel consists of a lipped heavy-wall borosilicate glass tube and a lid made from stainless steel. The lid is sealed with an o-ring and held in place with a coupling. The advantage over steel autoclav...	Fisher-Porter tube	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	281	[ "Structural engineering", "Chemical equipment", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Pressure vessels" ]
21,256,927	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTK%20class%20III	RTK class III is a class of receptor tyrosine kinases. It includes PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, C-KIT, CSF1R, and FLT3. References Tyrosine kinase receptors	RTK class III	[ "Chemistry" ]	49	[ "Tyrosine kinase receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
21,257,247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrival%20theorem	In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, the arrival theorem (also referred to as the random observer property, ROP or job observer property) states that "upon arrival at a station, a job observes the system as if in steady state at an arbitrary instant for the system without that...	Arrival theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	545	[ "Theorems in probability theory", "Mathematical theorems", "Mathematical problems" ]
31,344,199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UT-VPN	University of Tsukuba Virtual Private Network, UT-VPN is a free and open source software application that implements virtual private network (VPN) techniques for creating secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections in routed or bridged configurations and remote access facilities. It uses SSL/TLS security for encr...	UT-VPN	[ "Engineering" ]	778	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer networks engineering", "Computer network security", "Tunneling protocols" ]
31,344,475	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope%20electrochemistry	Isotope electrochemistry is a field within electrochemistry concerned with various topics like electrochemical separation of isotopes, electrochemical estimation of isotopic exchange equilibrium constants, electrochemical kinetic isotope effect, electrochemical isotope sensors, etc. It is an active domain of investiga...	Isotope electrochemistry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	296	[ "Physical chemistry stubs", "Chemical engineering", "Isotope stubs", "Isotopes", "Electrochemistry", "Nuclear chemistry stubs", "nan", "Nuclear physics", "Electrochemistry stubs" ]
31,349,351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20spin%20liquid	In condensed matter physics, a quantum spin liquid is a phase of matter that can be formed by interacting quantum spins in certain magnetic materials. Quantum spin liquids (QSL) are generally characterized by their long-range quantum entanglement, fractionalized excitations, and absence of ordinary magnetic order. Th...	Quantum spin liquid	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,331	[ "Matter", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Correlated electrons", "Quasiparticles", "Subatomic particles", "Liquids" ]
31,350,335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed%20electron%20paramagnetic%20resonance	Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is an electron paramagnetic resonance technique that involves the alignment of the net magnetization vector of the electron spins in a constant magnetic field. This alignment is perturbed by applying a short oscillating field, usually a microwave pulse. One can then measure ...	Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,916	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Spectroscopy", "Electron paramagnetic resonance" ]
534,003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality%20%28electricity%20and%20magnetism%29	In physics, the electromagnetic dual concept is based on the idea that, in the static case, electromagnetism has two separate facets: electric fields and magnetic fields. Expressions in one of these will have a directly analogous, or dual, expression in the other. The reason for this can ultimately be traced to speci...	Duality (electricity and magnetism)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	324	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Mathematical structures", "Category theory", "Duality theories", "Fundamental interactions", "Geometry" ]
535,349	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebotarev%27s%20density%20theorem	Chebotarev's density theorem in algebraic number theory describes statistically the splitting of primes in a given Galois extension K of the field of rational numbers. Generally speaking, a prime integer will factor into several ideal primes in the ring of algebraic integers of K. There are only finitely many patterns...	Chebotarev's density theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,122	[ "Theorems in algebraic number theory", "Analytic number theory", "Theorems in number theory", "Number theory" ]
536,059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanat	A qanāt () or kārīz () is a water supply system that was developed in ancient Iran for the purpose of transporting usable water to the surface from an aquifer or a well through an underground aqueduct. Originating approximately 3,000 years ago, its function is essentially the same across the Middle East and North Afric...	Qanat	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	11,774	[ "Hydrology", "Water wells", "Water supply", "Environmental engineering" ]
536,063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic%20reaction	In thermochemistry, an exothermic reaction is a "reaction for which the overall standard enthalpy change ΔH⚬ is negative." Exothermic reactions usually release heat. The term is often confused with exergonic reaction, which IUPAC defines as "... a reaction for which the overall standard Gibbs energy change ΔG⚬ is negat...	Exothermic reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	741	[ "Thermochemistry" ]
536,249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm%20Prediction%20Center	The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) is a US government agency that is part of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), operating under the control of the National Weather Service (NWS), which in turn is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States Department of ...	Storm Prediction Center	[ "Physics" ]	5,858	[ "Weather", "Weather prediction", "Physical phenomena" ]
536,313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate	Polycarbonates (PC) are a group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering are strong, tough materials, and some grades are optically transparent. They are easily worked, molded, and thermoformed. Because of these properties, polycarbonates fi...	Polycarbonate	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	4,018	[ "Physical phenomena", "Commodity chemicals", "Products of chemical industry", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Optical phenomena", "Materials", "Optical materials", "Transparent materials", "Dielectrics", "Amorphous solids", "Matter", "Plastics" ]
536,317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus%20ponendo%20tollens	Modus ponendo tollens (MPT; Latin: "mode that denies by affirming") is a valid rule of inference for propositional logic. It is closely related to modus ponens and modus tollendo ponens. Overview MPT is usually described as having the form: Not both A and B A Therefore, not B For example: Ann and Bill cannot both win...	Modus ponendo tollens	[ "Mathematics" ]	261	[ "Theorems in propositional logic", "Rules of inference", "Theorems in the foundations of mathematics", "Proof theory" ]
536,505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20%28unit%29	The rod, perch, or pole (sometimes also lug) is a surveyor's tool and unit of length of various historical definitions. In British imperial and US customary units, it is defined as feet, equal to exactly of a mile, or yards (a quarter of a surveyor's chain), and is exactly 5.0292 meters. The rod is useful as a unit ...	Rod (unit)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,226	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Obsolete units of measurement", "Units of measurement", "Physical quantities", "Units of length", "Quantity", "Size", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Area" ]
537,026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematical%20topics%20in%20quantum%20theory	This is a list of mathematical topics in quantum theory, by Wikipedia page. See also list of functional analysis topics, list of Lie group topics, list of quantum-mechanical systems with analytical solutions. Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics bra–ket notation canonical commutation relation complete set...	List of mathematical topics in quantum theory	[ "Physics" ]	578	[ "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
20,172,703	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizable%20continuum%20model	The polarizable continuum model (PCM) is a commonly used method in computational chemistry to model solvation effects. If it is necessary to consider each solvent molecule as a separate molecule, the computational cost of modeling a solvent-mediated chemical reaction would grow prohibitively high. Modeling the solven...	Polarizable continuum model	[ "Chemistry" ]	431	[ "Theoretical chemistry", "Computational chemistry" ]
20,174,278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovoxamine	Clovoxamine (INN) (developmental code name DU-23811) is a drug that was discovered in the 1970s and was subsequently investigated as an antidepressant and anxiolytic agent but was never marketed. It acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), with little affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine, hist...	Clovoxamine	[ "Chemistry" ]	148	[ "Organic compounds", "Functional groups", "Ethers" ]
30,234,468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formability	Formability is the ability of a given metal workpiece to undergo plastic deformation without being damaged. The plastic deformation capacity of metallic materials, however, is limited to a certain extent, at which point, the material could experience tearing or fracture (breakage). Processes affected by the formabilit...	Formability	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	998	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Mechanical engineering" ]
30,243,152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus%20Toroidal%20Experiment	The Pegasus Toroidal Experiment is a plasma confinement experiment relevant to fusion power production, run by the Department of Engineering Physics of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. It is a spherical tokamak, a very low-aspect-ratio version of the tokamak configuration, i.e. the minor radius of the torus is comp...	Pegasus Toroidal Experiment	[ "Physics" ]	193	[ "Plasma physics stubs", "Plasma physics" ]
32,836,952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical%20system%20oscillator	Microelectromechanical system oscillators (MEMS oscillators) are devices that generate highly stable reference frequencies used to sequence electronic systems, manage data transfer, define radio frequencies, and measure elapsed time. The core technologies used in MEMS oscillators have been in development since the mid-...	Microelectromechanical system oscillator	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	5,055	[ "Microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems", "Materials science", "Microtechnology" ]
32,840,582	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20antisense%20short%20interfering%20RNA	Natural antisense short interfering RNA (natsiRNA) is a type of siRNA. They are endogenous RNA regulators which are between 21 and 24 nucleotides in length, and are generated from complementary mRNA transcripts which are further processed into siRNA. natsiRNA has been implicated in several developmental and response m...	Natural antisense short interfering RNA	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	110	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
21,265,224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstan%20equation	The capstan equation or belt friction equation, also known as Euler–Eytelwein formula (after Leonhard Euler and Johann Albert Eytelwein), relates the hold-force to the load-force if a flexible line is wound around a cylinder (a bollard, a winch or a capstan). It also applies for fractions of one turn as occur with rop...	Capstan equation	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,328	[ "Mathematical objects", "Equations of physics", "Equations" ]
21,265,548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper%20diagram	A Piper diagram is a graphic procedure proposed by Arthur M. Piper in 1944 for presenting water chemistry data to help in understanding the sources of the dissolved constituent salts in water. This procedure is based on the premise that cations and anions in water are in such amounts to assure the electroneutrality of ...	Piper diagram	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	351	[ "Physical chemistry", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "nan" ]
27,492,898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaine%20transporter	The Betaine/Carnitine/Choline Transporter (BCCT) family proteins are found in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and archaea. The BCCT family members a large group of secondary transporters, the APC superfamily. Their common functional feature is that they all transport molecules with a quaternary ammonium group ...	Betaine transporter	[ "Biology" ]	1,020	[ "Protein families", "Protein domains", "Protein classification", "Membrane proteins" ]
27,498,772	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrational%20temperature	The vibrational temperature is commonly used in thermodynamics, to simplify certain equations. It has units of temperature and is defined as where is the Boltzmann constant, is the speed of light, is the wavenumber, and (Greek letter nu) is the characteristic frequency of the oscillator. The vibrational temperat...	Vibrational temperature	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	108	[ "Thermodynamics stubs", "Molecular physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Atomic physics", "Thermodynamics", " molecular", "Atomic", "nan", "Molecular physics stubs", "Physical chemistry stubs", " and optical physics" ]
27,499,693	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20permutation	In combinatorial mathematics, a partial permutation, or sequence without repetition, on a finite set S is a bijection between two specified subsets of S. That is, it is defined by two subsets U and V of equal size, and a one-to-one mapping from U to V. Equivalently, it is a partial function on S that can be extended to...	Partial permutation	[ "Mathematics" ]	638	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Functions and mappings", "Discrete mathematics", "Mathematical objects", "Combinatorics", "Mathematical relations" ]
27,499,844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman%20modulation%20contrast%20microscopy	Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy (HMC microscopy) is an optical microscopy technique for enhancing the contrast in unstained biological specimens. The technique was invented by Robert Hoffman in 1975. Like differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC microscopy), contrast is increased by using components in...	Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy	[ "Chemistry" ]	238	[ "Microscopy" ]
27,499,917	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox%20gradient	A redox gradient is a series of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions sorted according to redox potential. The redox ladder displays the order in which redox reactions occur based on the free energy gained from redox pairs. These redox gradients form both spatially and temporally as a result of differences in microbial...	Redox gradient	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	1,611	[ "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Redox", "Oceanography", "Environmental chemistry", "Chemical oceanography", "Electrochemistry", "Biogeochemistry", "Ecosystems", "nan", "Aquatic ecology" ]
27,500,554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS%20Block%20IIF	GPS Block IIF, or GPS IIF is an interim class of GPS (satellite) which were used to bridge the gap between previous Navstar Global Positioning System generations until the GPS Block III satellites became operational. They were built by Boeing, operated by the United States Air Force, and launched by the United Launch A...	GPS Block IIF	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	448	[ "Global Positioning System", "Aerospace engineering", "Wireless locating", "Aircraft instruments" ]
27,500,605	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical%20model	A canonical model is a design pattern used to communicate between different data formats. Essentially: create a data model which is a superset of all the others ("canonical"), and create a "translator" module or layer to/from which all existing modules exchange data with other modules. The canonical model acts as a m...	Canonical model	[ "Engineering" ]	485	[ "Systems engineering", "Enterprise modelling" ]
27,501,362	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein%E2%80%93Herring%20method	The Holstein–Herring method, also called the surface integral method, or Smirnov's method is an effective means of getting the exchange energy splittings of asymptotically degenerate energy states in molecular systems. Although the exchange energy becomes elusive at large internuclear systems, it is of prominent import...	Holstein–Herring method	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,228	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
27,502,485	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20crystallization	Protein crystallization is the process of formation of a regular array of individual protein molecules stabilized by crystal contacts. If the crystal is sufficiently ordered, it will diffract. Some proteins naturally form crystalline arrays, like aquaporin in the lens of the eye. In the process of protein crystalliza...	Protein crystallization	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,638	[ "Materials science", "Crystallography", "Condensed matter physics", "Structural biology", "Protein structure" ]
34,333,919	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Metabolome%20Database	The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a comprehensive, high-quality, freely accessible, online database of small molecule metabolites found in the human body. It has been created by the Human Metabolome Project funded by Genome Canada and is one of the first dedicated metabolomics databases. The HMDB facilitates huma...	Human Metabolome Database	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	691	[ "Biochemistry", "Biochemistry databases", "Chemical databases", "Food databases" ]
34,333,996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTAG	CTAG is a computational fluid dynamics model for the behaviour of air pollutants on and near roadways. CTAG stands for Comprehensive Turbulent Aerosol Dynamics and Gas Chemistry, is an environmental turbulent reacting flow model designed to simulate the transport and transformation of air pollutants in complex environ...	CTAG	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	172	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Computational physics", "Atmospheric dispersion modeling", "Environmental engineering", "Environmental modelling", "Fluid dynamics" ]
34,334,126	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniwiz	Miniwiz () is a Taiwanese company that upcycles consumer and industrial waste into construction and consumer products. The company was founded by Arthur Huang. It is headquartered in Taiwan with offices in Milan, Singapore, Beijing, and Shanghai. History Miniwiz was founded in March 2005 by Arthur Huang and Jarvis Liu...	Miniwiz	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	344	[ "Sustainable building", "Building engineering", "Construction", "Polymer chemistry", "Polymers" ]
34,340,344	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity%20label	Toxicity labels viz; red label, yellow label, blue label and green label are mandatory labels employed on pesticide containers in India identifying the level of toxicity (that is, the toxicity class) of the contained pesticide. The schemes follows from the Insecticides Act of 1968 and the Insecticides Rules of 1971. T...	Toxicity label	[ "Chemistry", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	234	[ "Chemical accident", "Pesticides", "Biocides", "Toxicology", "nan", "Chemical safety" ]
34,340,842	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular%20Mining%20Systems	Modular Mining is a privately held company that develops, manufactures, markets, and services mining equipment management systems, headquartered in Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. Modular's DISPATCH Fleet Management System is available in eight languages, and has been deployed at more than 250 active mine sites; among these ar...	Modular Mining Systems	[ "Engineering" ]	1,960	[ "Mining equipment", "Mining equipment companies" ]
5,071,294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic%20viscosity	Intrinsic viscosity is a measure of a solute's contribution to the viscosity of a solution. If is the viscosity in the absence of the solute, is (dynamic or kinematic) viscosity of the solution and is the volume fraction of the solute in the solution, then intrinsic viscosity is defined as the dimensionless number...	Intrinsic viscosity	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	442	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Chemical engineering", "Piping", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Viscosity", "Physical properties", "Fluid dynamics" ]
5,074,413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20Boltzmann%20methods	The lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM), originated from the lattice gas automata (LGA) method (Hardy-Pomeau-Pazzis and Frisch-Hasslacher-Pomeau models), is a class of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for fluid simulation. Instead of solving the Navier–Stokes equations directly, a fluid density on a lattice is si...	Lattice Boltzmann methods	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	5,622	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Lattice models", "Computational physics", "Condensed matter physics", "Statistical mechanics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
5,074,851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level%20of%20free%20convection	The level of free convection (LFC) is the altitude in the atmosphere where an air parcel lifted adiabatically until saturation becomes warmer than the environment at the same level, so that positive buoyancy can initiate self-sustained convection. Finding the LFC The usual way of finding the LFC is to lift a parcel fr...	Level of free convection	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	329	[ "Thermodynamics stubs", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Meteorological quantities", "Thermodynamics", "Physical chemistry stubs" ]
5,075,270	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonormal%20space	In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be pseudonormal if given two disjoint closed sets in it, one of which is countable, there are disjoint open sets containing them. Note the following: Every normal space is pseudonormal. Every pseudonormal space is regular. An example of a pseud...	Pseudonormal space	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	111	[ "Properties of topological spaces", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology stubs", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
5,075,551	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20set	In general topology, a subset of a topological space is perfect if it is closed and has no isolated points. Equivalently: the set is perfect if , where denotes the set of all limit points of , also known as the derived set of . (Some authors do not consider the empty set to be perfect.) In a perfect set, every poin...	Perfect set	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	529	[ "Properties of topological spaces", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
5,076,475	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel%20kerb	A Kassel kerb is a design of kerb (curb in US English) that features a concave-section that allows for an easier alignment for buses. The kerb was first introduced in the German city of Kassel for the low-floor tram system but has since been adopted for use at traffic stops. Kassel kerbs can be part of a bus stop kerb,...	Kassel kerb	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,694	[ "Accessible transportation", "Accessible building", "Physical systems", "Transport", "Architecture" ]
35,523,510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrontium%20ruthenate	Distrontium ruthenate, also known as strontium ruthenate, is an oxide of strontium and ruthenium with the chemical formula Sr2RuO4. It was the first reported perovskite superconductor that did not contain copper. Strontium ruthenate is structurally very similar to the high-temperature cuprate superconductors, and in ...	Distrontium ruthenate	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	945	[ "Superconductivity", "Superconductors" ]
35,525,984	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20Object%20Server	The Media Object Server (MOS) protocol allows newsroom computer systems (NRCS) to communicate using a standard protocol with video servers, audio servers, still stores, and character generators for broadcast production. The MOS protocol is based on XML. It enables the exchange of the following types of messages: Des...	Media Object Server	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	776	[ "Information and communications technology", "Broadcast engineering", "Television technology", "Electronic engineering", "Multimedia" ]
35,527,030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate%20%28structure%29	A plate is a structural element which is characterized by a three-dimensional solid whose thickness is very small when compared with other dimensions. The effects of the loads that are expected to be applied on it only generate stresses whose resultants are, in practical terms, exclusively normal to the element's thic...	Plate (structure)	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	231	[ "Structural engineering", "Solid mechanics", "Building engineering", "Structural system", "Civil engineering", "Mechanics", "Civil engineering stubs" ]
35,527,085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20%28structure%29	A shell is a three-dimensional solid structural element whose thickness is very small compared to its other dimensions. It is characterized in structural terms by mid-plane stress which is both coplanar and normal to the surface. A shell can be derived from a plate in two steps: by initially forming the middle surface ...	Shell (structure)	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	513	[ "Structural engineering", "Solid mechanics", "Building engineering", "Structural system", "Civil engineering", "Mechanics", "Civil engineering stubs" ]
35,528,199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCB%20Africa%20ASBCB%20Conference%20on%20Bioinformatics	The ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics is a biennial academic conference on the subjects of bioinformatics and computational biology, organized by the African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (ASBCB). The conference was first held in 2007 as the "ASBCB Conference on the Bioinformatics of...	ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics	[ "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	393	[ "Biological engineering", "Computer science conferences", "Computer conference stubs", "Bioinformatics", "Computer science", "Computing stubs" ]
35,529,156	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardin%20C	Riccardin C is a macrocyclic bis(bibenzyl). It is a secondary metabolite isolated from the Siberian cowslip subspecies Primula veris subsp. macrocalyx, in Reboulia hemisphaerica and in the Chinese liverwort Plagiochasma intermedium. In 2005, the compound was prepared by total synthesis together with the strained compo...	Riccardin C	[ "Chemistry" ]	120	[ "Organic compounds", "Macrocycles" ]
35,531,907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flottweg	Flottweg SE is a manufacturer of machines and systems for mechanical liquid-solid separation. The headquarters is located in Vilsbiburg (Bavaria), Germany. The company develops and produces decanter centrifuges, separators and belt presses. Flottweg has subsidiaries and branch offices with service centers in the Unite...	Flottweg	[ "Chemistry" ]	893	[ "Separation processes by phases", "Liquid-solid separation" ]
24,231,219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed-element%20filter	A distributed-element filter is an electronic filter in which capacitance, inductance, and resistance (the elements of the circuit) are not localised in discrete capacitors, inductors, and resistors as they are in conventional filters. Its purpose is to allow a range of signal frequencies to pass, but to block others. ...	Distributed-element filter	[ "Engineering" ]	6,915	[ "Electronic engineering", "Distributed element circuits" ]
24,231,653	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle%20valve	A shuttle valve is a type of valve which allows fluid to flow through it from one of two sources. Generally a shuttle valve is used in pneumatic systems, although sometimes it will be found in hydraulic systems. Structure and function The basic structure of a shuttle valve is like a tube with three openings; one on ea...	Shuttle valve	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	491	[ "Control devices", "Physical systems", "Control engineering", "Valves", "Hydraulics", "Piping" ]
24,237,000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushton%20turbine	The Rushton turbine or Rushton disc turbine is a radial flow impeller used for many mixing applications (commonly for gas dispersion applications) in process engineering and was invented by John Henry Rushton. The design is based on a flat horizontal disk, with flat, vertically-mounted blades. Recent innovations includ...	Rushton turbine	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	79	[ "Pumps", "Turbomachinery", "Chemical engineering", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
6,688,378	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewvaporation	Dewvaporation is a novel desalination technology developed at Arizona State University (Tempe) as an energy efficient tool for freshwater procurement and saline waste stream management. The system has relatively low installation costs and low operation and maintenance requirements. The process uses air as a carrier ga...	Dewvaporation	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	508	[ "Water desalination", "Water treatment", "Water pollution", "Environmental engineering", "Water technology" ]
6,690,048	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal%20genome%20project	The Neanderthal genome project is an effort, founded in July 2006, of a group of scientists to sequence the Neanderthal genome. It was initiated by 454 Life Sciences, a biotechnology company based in Branford, Connecticut in the United States and is coordinated by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology...	Neanderthal genome project	[ "Biology" ]	1,840	[ "Genome projects" ]
6,692,258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medrad%20Inc.	Medrad was an American company headquartered in Warrendale, Pennsylvania, until it was purchased by Bayer AG in 2006. It was founded in 1964 by M. Stephen Heilman, a doctor who created the first flow-controlled, angiographic power injector in the kitchen of his home near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. An emergency depart...	Medrad Inc.	[ "Biology" ]	243	[ "Medical equipment", "Medical technology" ]
2,000,736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge%20fixing	In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field c...	Gauge fixing	[ "Physics" ]	3,024	[ "Quantum field theory", "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Quantum mechanics", "Fundamental interactions" ]
2,001,549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20f	Cytochrome f is the largest subunit of cytochrome b6f complex (plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase; ). In its structure and functions, the cytochrome b6f complex bears extensive analogy to the cytochrome bc1 complex of mitochondria and photosynthetic purple bacteria. Cytochrome f (cyt f) plays a role analogous to that ...	Cytochrome f	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	366	[ "Biochemistry", "Photosynthesis" ]

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