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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
64,017,065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20diode	Geometric diodes, also known as morphological diodes, use the shape of their structure and ballistic / quasi-ballistic electron transport to create diode behavior. Geometric diodes differ from all other forms of diodes because they do not rely on a depletion region or a potential barrier to create their diode behavior....	Geometric diode	[ "Materials_science" ]	1,201	[ "Nanotechnology", "Nanoelectronics" ]
64,024,339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addressed%20fiber%20Bragg%20structure	An addressed fiber Bragg structure (AFBS) is a fiber Bragg grating, the optical frequency response of which includes two narrowband components with the frequency spacing between them (which is the address frequency of the AFBS) being in the radio frequency (RF) range. The frequency spacing (the address frequency) is un...	Addressed fiber Bragg structure	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,134	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Measuring instruments", "Crystallography", "Diffraction", "Sensors", "Spectroscopy" ]
64,026,460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjem%20Chatterton	Marjem Chatterton (28 September 1916 – 27 January 2010) was a pioneering engineer in Israel and Zimbabwe, specialising in multi storey reinforced concrete buildings. She was the first female fellow of the Institution of Structural Engineers. Chatterton designed some of Zimbabwe's first skyscrapers. Early life and educ...	Marjem Chatterton	[ "Engineering" ]	615	[ "Structural engineering", "Structural engineers" ]
38,426,772	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritan%20copolyester	Tritan, a copolymer offered by the Eastman Chemical Company since 2007, is a transparent plastic intended to replace polycarbonate, because of health concerns about Bisphenol A (BPA). Tritan is a copolymer made from three monomers: dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM), and 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3...	Tritan copolyester	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	736	[ "Physical phenomena", "Commodity chemicals", "Products of chemical industry", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Optical phenomena", "Materials", "Transparent materials", "Amorphous solids", "Matter", "Plastics" ]
38,428,702	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xolve	Xolve, Inc. is a Madison, Wisconsin-based nanomaterial company that uses its proprietary technology to improve the attributes and performance of polymer composites and energy storage materials. The company is known for developing a process that uses organic compounds or polymers to either dissolve or place true solutio...	Xolve	[ "Materials_science" ]	458	[ "Nanotechnology", "Nanotechnology companies" ]
38,430,890	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogenide%20chemical%20vapour%20deposition	Chalcogenide chemical vapor deposition is a proposed technology for depositing thin films of chalcogenides, i.e. materials derived from sulfides, selenides, and tellurides. Conventional CVD can be used to deposit films of most metals, many non-metallic elements (notably silicon) as well as a wide range of compounds in...	Chalcogenide chemical vapour deposition	[ "Materials_science" ]	477	[ "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Microtechnology" ]
38,431,897	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20inverse%20Q%20filtering	Seismic inverse Q filtering is a data processing technology for enhancing the resolution of reflection seismology images. Q is the anelastic attenuation factor or the seismic quality factor, a measure of the energy loss as the seismic wave moves. Basics Seismic inverse Q-filtering employs a wave propagation reversal ...	Seismic inverse Q filtering	[ "Physics" ]	1,568	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Geophysics" ]
38,432,576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed-power%20water%20treatment	Pulsed-power water treatment is the process of using pulsed, electro-magnetic fields into cooling water to control scaling, biological growth, and corrosion. The process does not require the use of chemicals and helps eliminate environmental and health issues associated with the use and life-cycle management of chemica...	Pulsed-power water treatment	[ "Chemistry" ]	413	[ "Water technology" ]
38,433,373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Medicine%20and%20Biology	Nuclear Medicine and Biology is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier that covers research on all aspects of nuclear medicine, including radiopharmacology, radiopharmacy and clinical studies of targeted radiotracers. It is the official journal of the Society of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences. According to...	Nuclear Medicine and Biology	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	156	[ "Nuclear magnetic resonance", "Medicinal radiochemistry", "Nuclear chemistry stubs", "Radiopharmaceuticals", "Nuclear magnetic resonance stubs", "Nuclear physics", "Chemicals in medicine" ]
47,201,091	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPG%20Asia%20Materials	NPG Asia Materials is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal focusing on materials science. It was established in 2009 and is published by the Nature Publishing Group. The founding editor-in-chief was Hideo Takezoe (Tokyo Institute of Technology); the current editor-in-chief is Martin Vacha (Tokyo Institute of ...	NPG Asia Materials	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	144	[ "Materials science stubs", "Materials science journals", "Materials science journal stubs", "Materials science" ]
47,203,681	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROfusion	EUROfusion is a consortium of national fusion research institutes located in the European Union, the UK, Switzerland and Ukraine. It was established in 2014 to succeed the European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA) as the umbrella organisation of Europe's fusion research laboratories. The consortium is currently fund...	EUROfusion	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	334	[ "Nuclear fusion", "Fusion power", "Plasma physics" ]
47,206,618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20Association%20of%20Mathematical%20Physics	The Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics is a professional academic association of Nigerian mathematical physicists. The association is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the association's President, according to a set of Statutes and Standing Orders. Notable members Professor Awele Maduemezia Profes...	Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	69	[ "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical physics" ]
41,216,240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hericenone	Hericenones is a class of benzaldehydes that are isolates of the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceum (lion's mane mushroom) that promote nerve growth factor synthesis in vitro. Hericenones References Benzaldehydes	Hericenone	[ "Chemistry" ]	57	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Organic compounds", "Natural phenols", "Organic compound stubs", "Organic chemistry stubs" ]
41,223,765	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowtie%20%28sequence%20analysis%29	Bowtie is a software package commonly used for sequence alignment and sequence analysis in bioinformatics. The source code for the package is distributed freely and compiled binaries are available for Linux, macOS and Windows platforms. As of 2017, the Genome Biology paper describing the original Bowtie method has been...	Bowtie (sequence analysis)	[ "Biology" ]	452	[ "Bioinformatics", "Bioinformatics software", "Bioinformatics algorithms" ]
41,224,221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted%20correlation%20network%20analysis	Weighted correlation network analysis, also known as weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), is a widely used data mining method especially for studying biological networks based on pairwise correlations between variables. While it can be applied to most high-dimensional data sets, it has been most wi...	Weighted correlation network analysis	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,977	[ "Bioinformatics", "Biological engineering" ]
59,027,149	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortcuts%20to%20adiabaticity	Shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA) are fast control protocols to drive the dynamics of system without relying on the adiabatic theorem. The concept of STA was introduced in a 2010 paper by Xi Chen et al. Their design can be achieved using a variety of techniques. A universal approach is provided by counterdiabatic driving...	Shortcuts to adiabaticity	[ "Physics" ]	377	[ "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
59,028,782	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Halzen	Francis Louis Halzen (born 23 March 1944 in Tienen, Belgium) is a Belgian particle physicist. He is the Hilldale and Gregory Breit Distinguished Professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Director of its Institute for Elementary Particle Physics. Halzen is the Principal Investigator of the IceCube Neutrino Ob...	Francis Halzen	[ "Physics" ]	900	[ "Particle physicists", "Particle physics" ]
59,028,825	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20cyclopentadienide	Lithium cyclopentadienide is an organolithium compound with the formula C5H5Li. The compound is often abbreviated as LiCp, where Cp− is the cyclopentadienide anion. Lithium cyclopentadienide is a colorless solid, although samples often are pink owing to traces of oxidized impurities. Preparation, structure and reactio...	Lithium cyclopentadienide	[ "Chemistry" ]	300	[ "Organolithium compounds", "Organometallic chemistry", "Cyclopentadienyl complexes", "Reagents for organic chemistry" ]
59,031,392	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20speed%20limit	In quantum mechanics, a quantum speed limit (QSL) is a limitation on the minimum time for a quantum system to evolve between two distinguishable (orthogonal) states. QSL theorems are closely related to time-energy uncertainty relations. In 1945, Leonid Mandelstam and Igor Tamm derived a time-energy uncertainty relation...	Quantum speed limit	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,834	[ "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical physics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
59,038,212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulipalin%20A	Tulipalin A, also known as α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone, is a naturally occurring compound found in certain flowers such as tulips and alstroemerias. Tulipalin A has the molecular formula C5H6O2 and the CAS registry number 547-65-9. It is an allergen and has been known to cause occupational contact dermatitis, i.e. 'tul...	Tulipalin A	[ "Chemistry" ]	203	[ "Chemical ecology", "Plant toxins" ]
50,428,178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet%20thermal%20processing	In electronics manufacturing, ultraviolet thermal processing (UVTP) is the process of using ultraviolet light to stabilize dielectric films used to insulate semiconductors. Description Semiconductor films need low dielectric constants (k-values) for optimal thermal conductivity, to ensure semiconductor scaling. Newer...	Ultraviolet thermal processing	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	126	[ "Electronics manufacturing", "Microtechnology", "Packaging (microfabrication)", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Electronic engineering", "Semiconductor technology" ]
50,429,846	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20desert	Gene deserts are regions of the genome that are devoid of protein-coding genes. Gene deserts constitute an estimated 25% of the entire genome, leading to the recent interest in their true functions. Originally believed to contain inessential and "Junk DNA" due to their inability to create proteins, gene deserts have si...	Gene desert	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,560	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
50,431,382	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAN%20translation	Repeat Associated Non-AUG translation, or RAN translation, is an irregular mode of mRNA translation that can occur in eukaryotic cells. Mechanism For the majority of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs), translation initiates from a methionine-encoding AUG start codon following the molecular processes of 'cap-binding' a...	RAN translation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	291	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Protein biosynthesis", "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Biosynthesis", "Cellular processes", "nan", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry", "Proteins" ]
52,802,478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20algebraic%20geometry	Numerical algebraic geometry is a field of computational mathematics, particularly computational algebraic geometry, which uses methods from numerical analysis to study and manipulate the solutions of systems of polynomial equations. Homotopy continuation The primary computational method used in numerical algebraic g...	Numerical algebraic geometry	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	909	[ "Computational fields of study", "Computational mathematics", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Computational geometry", "Computing and society", "Algebraic geometry" ]
52,802,727	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover%20value	In genetics, the crossover value is the linked frequency of chromosomal crossover between two gene loci (markers). For a fixed set of genetic and environmental conditions, recombination in a particular region of a linkage structure (chromosome) tends to be constant and the same is then true for the crossover value whi...	Crossover value	[ "Biology" ]	301	[ "Cellular processes" ]
52,805,567	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine%20nuclei	Monoamine nuclei are clusters of cells that primarily use monoamine neurotransmitters to communicate. The raphe nuclei, ventral tegmental area, and locus coeruleus have been included in texts about monoamine nuclei. These nuclei receive a variety of inputs including from other monoamines, as well as from glutaminergi...	Monoamine nuclei	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	226	[ "Biochemistry", "Neurochemistry" ]
52,811,717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20fast%20radio%20bursts	This is a list of fast radio bursts. Items are listed here if information about the fast radio burst has been published. Although there could be thousands of detectable events per day, only detected ones are listed. Notes References Radio bursts Unsolved problems in astronomy Radio astronomy Fast radio bursts	List of fast radio bursts	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	59	[ "Astronomy-related lists", "Unsolved problems in astronomy", "Concepts in astronomy", "Astronomical events", "Lists of astronomical events", "Radio astronomy", "Astronomical controversies", "Lists of astronomical objects", "Astronomical objects", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
60,515,451	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC%20class%20III	MHC class III is a group of proteins belonging the class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Unlike other MHC types such as MHC class I and MHC class II, of which their structure and functions in immune response are well defined, MHC class III are poorly defined structurally and functionally. They are not involv...	MHC class III	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	562	[ "Organ systems", "Cytokines", "Immune system", "Signal transduction" ]
60,521,624	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa%20M.%20Reineke	Theresa M. Reineke (born January 1, 1972) is an American chemist and Distinguished McKnight University Professor at the University of Minnesota. She designs sustainable, environmentally friendly polymer-based delivery systems for targeted therapeutics. She is the associate editor of ACS Macro Letters. Early life and e...	Theresa M. Reineke	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	787	[ "Biochemistry", "Biochemists" ]
60,525,671	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20channel%20associated%20transcriptional%20regulator	Calcium channel associated transcriptional regulator (CCAT) is a transcription factor found in mammalian cells. Generation In neuronal cells, CCAT is generated upon activation of a cryptic promoter in exon 46 of CACNA1C, the gene that encodes the voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.2. References Genes Transcription ...	Calcium channel associated transcriptional regulator	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	71	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
51,270,099	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunviridae	Sunviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Snakes serve as natural hosts. The family includes the single genus Sunshinevirus which includes the single species Reptile sunshinevirus 1.The family was formed to accommodate the Sunshine Coast virus (SunCV), previously referred to as...	Sunviridae	[ "Biology" ]	149	[ "Virus stubs", "Viruses" ]
51,272,361	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity%20fading%20MALDI%20mass%20spectrometry	Intensity-fading MALDI is a term coined to rename an existing method originally reported in 1999 to indirectly study a Protein–protein interaction or other protein complex and the same year applied to a biological mixture to study the antigenicity of the influenza virus. It involves treating a protein and a potential b...	Intensity fading MALDI mass spectrometry	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	178	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Protein–protein interaction assays" ]
37,006,478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straton%20tube	The Straton tube, by Siemens Healthineers (formerly Siemens Medical Solutions), Erlangen, Germany, is the first X-ray tube from the class of rotating envelope tubes (RET) to be used for computed tomography. With rotating envelope tubes, the entire vacuum tube rotates with respect to the anode axis, versus rotating ano...	Straton tube	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	121	[ "X-rays", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "X-ray instrumentation", "Measuring instruments" ]
37,007,490	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%E2%80%93Arakelov%20theory	In mathematics, Hodge–Arakelov theory of elliptic curves is an analogue of classical and p-adic Hodge theory for elliptic curves carried out in the framework of Arakelov theory. It was introduced by . It bears the name of two mathematicians, Suren Arakelov and W. V. D. Hodge. The main comparison in his theory remains u...	Hodge–Arakelov theory	[ "Mathematics" ]	318	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic geometry", "Abc conjecture", "Number theory" ]
37,009,413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial%20manifold	In mathematics, inertial manifolds are concerned with the long term behavior of the solutions of dissipative dynamical systems. Inertial manifolds are finite-dimensional, smooth, invariant manifolds that contain the global attractor and attract all solutions exponentially quickly. Since an inertial manifold is finite...	Inertial manifold	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,016	[ "Mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
37,011,244	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductor%20clashing	In an overhead power line, conductor clashing occurs when energized wires accidentally come into contact with each other. Overhead transmission systems typically use un-insulated bare conductors for reasons of weight and economy. When bare conductors touch, the resulting momentary short circuit or electric arc can caus...	Conductor clashing	[ "Physics" ]	964	[ "Physical phenomena", "Electrical phenomena" ]
44,084,967	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilting%20pan%20filter	A tilting pan filter is a chemical equipment used in continuous solid-liquid filtration. It is formed by a number of trapezoidal pans arranged in circle. At the center of the equipment there is the main valve which is connected to every pan through pipes. The pans are rotating continuously around the main valve, which...	Tilting pan filter	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	193	[ "Chemical equipment", "Filtration", "Filters" ]
44,086,751	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orban%20%28audio%20processing%29	Orban is an international company making audio processors for radio, television and Internet broadcasters. It has been operating since founder Bob Orban sold his first product in 1967. The company was originally based in San Francisco, California. History The Orban company started in 1967 when Bob Orban built and sol...	Orban (audio processing)	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	648	[ "Audio electronics", "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing", "Audio engineering" ]
44,086,763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton%20Sandler	Merton Sandler (28 March 1926 – 24 August 2014) was a British professor of chemical pathology and a pioneer in biological psychiatry. Education and career Sandler grew up in an observant Jewish family in Salford. He studied at the Manchester Grammar School having won a scholarship, before studying medicine at the Univ...	Merton Sandler	[ "Chemistry" ]	347	[ "Chemical pathology", "Chemical pathologists" ]
44,088,995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustoelastography	Acoustoelastography is an ultrasound technique that relates ultrasonic wave amplitude changes to a tendon's mechanical properties. See also the page on the acoustoelastic effect. References Medical technology	Acoustoelastography	[ "Biology" ]	44	[ "Biotechnology stubs", "Medical technology stubs", "Medical technology" ]
44,089,226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterostasis%20%28cybernetics%29	Heterostasis is a medical term. It is a neologism coined by Walter Cannon intended to connote an alternative but related meaning to its lexical sibling Homeostasis, which means 'same state'. Any device, organ, system or organism capable of Heterostasis (multistable behavior) can be represented by an abstract state mach...	Heterostasis (cybernetics)	[ "Biology" ]	358	[ "Homeostasis" ]
42,648,132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Fluoro-L-threonine	{{DISPLAYTITLE:4-Fluoro-L-threonine}} 4-Fluoro--threonine is an antibacterial produced by Streptomyces cattleya. It is formed by the fluorothreonine transaldolase catalysed transfer of fluoroacetaldehyde onto threonine. References Alpha-Amino acids Fluorinated amino acids Fluorohydrins Fluorine-containing natural pr...	4-Fluoro-L-threonine	[ "Chemistry" ]	100	[ "Organic compounds", "Organic compound stubs", "Organic chemistry stubs" ]
42,649,528	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial%20uses%20of%20armor	Armor has been used in the military for a long period of time during the course of history but is becoming more frequently seen in the public sector as time passes. There are many different forms and ways that armor is being commercially used throughout the world today. The most popular and well-known uses are body and...	Commercial uses of armor	[ "Physics" ]	1,115	[ "Materials", "Matter" ]
42,650,781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Mathematical%20Universe	Our Mathematical Universe: My Quest for the Ultimate Nature of Reality is a 2014 nonfiction book by the Swedish-American cosmologist Max Tegmark. Written in popular science format, the book interweaves what a New York Times reviewer called "an informative survey of exciting recent developments in astrophysics and quant...	Our Mathematical Universe	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,000	[ "Mathematical Platonism" ]
57,458,671	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl%20fluoroacetate	Methyl fluoroacetate (MFA) is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is the extremely toxic methyl ester of fluoroacetic acid. It is a colorless, odorless liquid at room temperature. It is used as a laboratory chemical and as a rodenticide. Because of its extreme toxicity, MFA was studied for potential use ...	Methyl fluoroacetate	[ "Chemistry", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	2,960	[ "Chemical accident", "Toxicology", "Chemical weapons", "Poisons", "Biochemistry" ]
57,461,942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-induced%20embrittlement	Metal-induced embrittlement (MIE) is the embrittlement caused by diffusion of metal, either solid or liquid, into the base material. Metal induced embrittlement occurs when metals are in contact with low-melting point metals while under tensile stress. The embrittler can be either solid (SMIE) or liquid (liquid metal e...	Metal-induced embrittlement	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	769	[ "Metals", "Metallurgy", "Corrosion", "Electrochemistry", "Materials degradation" ]
57,462,594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20splice	In telecommunications, a line splice is a method of connecting electrical cables (electrical splice) or optical fibers (optical splice). Splices are often housed in sleeves to protect against external influences. Splicing of copper wires The splicing of copper wires happens in the following steps: The cores are la...	Line splice	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	740	[ "Information and communications technology", "Electrical systems", "Building engineering", "Telecommunications", "Physical systems", "Electrical engineering", "Electrical wiring" ]
61,664,297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem%20of%20absolute%20purity	In algebraic geometry, the theorem of absolute (cohomological) purity is an important theorem in the theory of étale cohomology. It states: given a regular scheme X over some base scheme, a closed immersion of a regular scheme of pure codimension r, an integer n that is invertible on the base scheme, a locally consta...	Theorem of absolute purity	[ "Mathematics" ]	248	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic geometry" ]
64,029,436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing%20Numbers%20of%20Graphs	Crossing Numbers of Graphs is a book in mathematics, on the minimum number of edge crossings needed in graph drawings. It was written by Marcus Schaefer, a professor of computer science at DePaul University, and published in 2018 by the CRC Press in their book series Discrete Mathematics and its Applications. Topics T...	Crossing Numbers of Graphs	[ "Mathematics" ]	541	[ "Graph theory", "Topology", "Mathematical relations", "Geometric graph theory", "Topological graph theory" ]
64,037,033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroestradiol%20F-18	Fluoroestradiol F-18, also known as [18F]16α-fluoroestradiol and sold under the brand name Cerianna, is a radioactive diagnostic agent indicated for use with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. It is an analog of estrogen and is used to detect estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer lesions. Chemistry Chemica...	Fluoroestradiol F-18	[ "Chemistry" ]	186	[ "Medicinal radiochemistry", "PET radiotracers", "Radiopharmaceuticals", "Medicinal chemistry", "Chemicals in medicine" ]
64,041,384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium%28II%29%20fluoride	Europium(II) fluoride is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula EuF2. It was first synthesized in 1937. Production Europium(II) fluoride can be produced by reducing europium(III) fluoride with metallic europium or hydrogen gas. Properties Europium(II) fluoride is a bright yellowish solid with a fluorite struct...	Europium(II) fluoride	[ "Chemistry" ]	186	[ "Fluorides", "Salts" ]
54,150,419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate%20Laplace%20distribution	In the mathematical theory of probability, multivariate Laplace distributions are extensions of the Laplace distribution and the asymmetric Laplace distribution to multiple variables. The marginal distributions of symmetric multivariate Laplace distribution variables are Laplace distributions. The marginal distributi...	Multivariate Laplace distribution	[ "Mathematics" ]	600	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical relations", "Mathematical objects", "Probability distributions" ]
54,150,730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspace%20identification%20method	In mathematics, specifically in control theory, subspace identification (SID) aims at identifying linear time invariant (LTI) state space models from input-output data. SID does not require that the user parametrizes the system matrices before solving a parametric optimization problem and, as a consequence, SID methods...	Subspace identification method	[ "Mathematics" ]	582	[ "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Dynamical systems" ]
50,438,425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GF%20Biochemicals	GF Biochemicals is a biochemical company founded in 2008. It was co-founded by and named after Pasquale Granata and Mathieu Flamini. Along with Biofine, it is a mass producer of levulinic acid. The company worked with the University of Pisa for seven years on its production. In 2016 GF Biochemicals acquired the Americ...	GF Biochemicals	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	138	[ "Green chemistry", "Chemical engineering", "Environmental chemistry", "nan" ]
50,445,178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitronickelate	The nitronickelates are a class of chemical compounds containing a nickel atom complexed by nitro groups, –NO2. Nickel can be in a +2 or +3 oxidation state. There can be five (pentanitronickelates), or six, (hexanitronickelates) nitro groups per nickel atom. They can be considered the double nitrites of nickel nitrite....	Nitronickelate	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	97	[ "Ions", "Matter", "Anions" ]
50,445,433	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite%20square	A kite square is a device used to measure the "out-of-squareness" of a machining center or coordinate measuring machine. “Square-ness” or “Out-of-Square” is one of the critical measurement in machine tool metrology. For rectangular measurements, it refers to angular deviation of working axes between one carriages to a...	Kite square	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	178	[ "Quantity", "Dimensional instruments", "Physical quantities", "Size" ]
50,446,731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20contrast%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging	Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a specific type of magnetic resonance imaging used primarily to determine flow velocities. PC-MRI can be considered a method of Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry. It also provides a method of magnetic resonance angiography. Since modern PC-MRI is typically time-resolve...	Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,598	[ "Nuclear magnetic resonance", "Magnetic resonance imaging" ]
41,226,144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20Electronic%20Modulated%20Suspension	TEMS (Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension) is a shock absorber that is electronically controlled (Continuous Damping Control) based on multiple factors, and was built and exclusively used by Toyota for selected products during the 1980s and 1990s (first introduced on the Toyota Soarer in 1983). The semi-active suspe...	Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension	[ "Physics" ]	2,037	[ "Mechanics", "Mechanical power control" ]
41,228,482	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline%20organocatalysis	Proline organocatalysis is the use of proline as an organocatalyst in organic chemistry. This theme is often considered the starting point for the area of organocatalysis, even though early discoveries went unappreciated. Modifications, such as MacMillan’s catalyst and Jorgensen's catalysts, proceed with excellent ...	Proline organocatalysis	[ "Chemistry" ]	724	[ "Catalysis", "Chemical kinetics", "nan" ]
41,228,673	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20combustion%20engine	An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases pr...	Internal combustion engine	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	14,216	[ "Internal combustion engine", "Machines", "Combustion engine", "Engines", "Piston engines", "Combustion engineering", "Physical systems", "Combustion" ]
41,234,142	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readout%20integrated%20circuit	A readout integrated circuit (ROIC) is an integrated circuit (IC) specifically used for reading detectors of a particular type. They are compatible with different types of detectors such as infrared and ultraviolet. The primary purpose for ROICs is to accumulate the photocurrent from each pixel and then transfer the re...	Readout integrated circuit	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	651	[ "Computer engineering", "Integrated circuits" ]
41,234,248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difluorine%20complex	A difluorine complex is a molecular complex involving a difluorine molecule (F2) and another molecule. The first example was gold heptafluoride (AuF7). Instead of being a gold(VII) compound, AuF7 is an adduct of gold pentafluoride (AuF5) and F2. This conclusion has been repeatedly supported by calculations. Unlike di...	Difluorine complex	[ "Chemistry" ]	129	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Inorganic compound stubs" ]
41,234,301	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keck%20asymmetric%20allylation	In organic chemistry, the Keck asymmetric allylation is a chemical reaction that involves the nucleophilic addition of an allyl group to an aldehyde. The catalyst is a chiral complex that contains titanium as a Lewis acid. The chirality of the catalyst induces a stereoselective addition, so the secondary alcohol of the...	Keck asymmetric allylation	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,456	[ "Name reactions" ]
41,237,117	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly%28amidoamine%29	Poly(amidoamine), or PAMAM, is a class of dendrimer which is made of repetitively branched subunits of amide and amine functionality. PAMAM dendrimers, sometimes referred to by the trade name Starburst, have been extensively studied since their synthesis in 1985, and represent the most well-characterized dendrimer fami...	Poly(amidoamine)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,890	[ "nan", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "Dendrimers" ]
65,507,105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielandt%20theorem	In mathematics, the Wielandt theorem characterizes the gamma function, defined for all complex numbers for which by as the only function defined on the half-plane such that: is holomorphic on ; ; for all and is bounded on the strip . This theorem is named after the mathematician Helmut Wielandt. See also ...	Wielandt theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	93	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Theorems in complex analysis" ]
65,513,520	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiala%20E.%20Shanahan	Phiala Elisabeth Shanahan is an Australian theoretical physicist who lives and works in the United States. She is known for her work on the structure and interactions of hadrons and nuclei and her innovative use of machine learning techniques in lattice quantum field theory calculations. Education Shanahan attended T...	Phiala E. Shanahan	[ "Physics" ]	993	[ "Theoretical physics", "Theoretical physicists", "Particle physics", "Particle physicists" ]
48,934,114	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle%20of%20incidence%20%28aerodynamics%29	On fixed-wing aircraft, the angle of incidence (sometimes referred to as the mounting angle or setting angle) is the angle between the chord line of the wing where the wing is mounted to the fuselage, and a reference axis along the fuselage (often the direction of minimum drag, or where applicable, the longitudinal axi...	Angle of incidence (aerodynamics)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	476	[ "Geometric measurement", "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Aerodynamics", "Aerospace engineering", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Angle", "Fluid dynamics" ]
48,934,672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOG%20superfamily	The transporter-opsin-G protein-coupled receptor (TOG) superfamily is a protein superfamily of integral membrane proteins, usually of 7 or 8 transmembrane alpha-helical segments (TMSs). It includes (1) ion-translocating microbial rhodopsins and (2) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), (3) Sweet sugar transporters, (4)...	TOG superfamily	[ "Biology" ]	581	[ "Protein superfamilies", "Protein classification" ]
48,938,687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absement	In kinematics, absement (or absition) is a measure of sustained displacement of an object from its initial position, i.e. a measure of how far away and for how long. The word absement is a portmanteau of the words absence and displacement. Similarly, its synonym absition is a portmanteau of the words absence and positi...	Absement	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	986	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Motion (physics)", "Mechanics", "Vector physical quantities", "Space", "Spacetime" ]
52,820,398	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurewicz%20space	In mathematics, a Hurewicz space is a topological space that satisfies a certain basic selection principle that generalizes σ-compactness. A Hurewicz space is a space in which for every sequence of open covers of the space there are finite sets such that every point of the space belongs to all but finitely many sets ...	Hurewicz space	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	793	[ "Properties of topological spaces", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
52,821,211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20inference%20using%20transcriptomic%20data	In molecular phylogenetics, relationships among individuals are determined using character traits, such as DNA, RNA or protein, which may be obtained using a variety of sequencing technologies. High-throughput next-generation sequencing has become a popular technique in transcriptomics, which represent a snapshot of ge...	Phylogenetic inference using transcriptomic data	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,350	[ "Genetics techniques", "Computational phylogenetics", "Genetic engineering", "Bioinformatics", "Phylogenetics" ]
52,821,888	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE%20Building%20System	The SAFE Building System, also known as the SAFE Foundation System, is a way to build in flood zones and coastal areas, developed by architect and inventor Greg Henderson and his team at Arx Pax Labs, Inc. It is designed to float buildings, roadways, and utilities in a few feet of water. The self-adjusting floating en...	SAFE Building System	[ "Engineering" ]	359	[ "Construction", "Civil engineering" ]
52,823,070	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovelock%27s%20theorem	Lovelock's theorem of general relativity says that from a local gravitational action which contains only second derivatives of the four-dimensional spacetime metric, then the only possible equations of motion are the Einstein field equations. The theorem was described by British physicist David Lovelock in 1971. Stat...	Lovelock's theorem	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	253	[ "Equations of physics", "Theorems in general relativity", "General relativity", "Theorems in mathematical physics", "Relativity stubs", "Theory of relativity", "Physics theorems" ]
59,041,363	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavarzinella	Zavarzinella is an aerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species (Zavarzinella formosa). Zavarzinella formosa has been isolated from Sphagnum peat from West Siberia. See also List of bacterial orders List of bacteria genera References Bacteria genera Monotypic bacteria gene...	Zavarzinella	[ "Biology" ]	78	[ "Bacteria stubs", "Bacteria" ]
59,041,411	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostilla	Thermostilla is a thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species (Thermostilla marina). Thermostilla marina has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from a Vulcano Island in Italy. See also List of bacterial orders List of bacteria genera References Bacteria genera Mo...	Thermostilla	[ "Biology" ]	82	[ "Bacteria stubs", "Bacteria" ]
59,041,446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmatocola	Telmatocola is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species (Telmatocola sphagniphila). Telmatocola sphagniphila has been isolate from Sphagnum peat from Staroselsky moss from the Tver Region. See also List of bacterial orders List of bacteria genera References Bacteria genera Mo...	Telmatocola	[ "Biology" ]	88	[ "Bacteria stubs", "Bacteria" ]
59,041,486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesneria	Schlesneria is a genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species (Schlesneria paludicola). Schlesneria paludicola has been isolated from sphagnum peat from Bakchar in Russia. See also List of bacterial orders List of bacteria genera References Bacteria genera Monotypic bacteria genera...	Schlesneria	[ "Biology" ]	85	[ "Bacteria stubs", "Bacteria" ]
59,041,656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermogutta	Thermogutta is a thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae. See also List of bacterial orders List of bacteria genera References Bacteria genera Planctomycetota	Thermogutta	[ "Biology" ]	47	[ "Bacteria stubs", "Bacteria" ]
59,047,031	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial%20matrix%20theory	Combinatorial matrix theory is a branch of linear algebra and combinatorics that studies matrices in terms of the patterns of nonzeros and of positive and negative values in their coefficients. Concepts and topics studied within combinatorial matrix theory include: (0,1)-matrix, a matrix whose coefficients are all 0 o...	Combinatorial matrix theory	[ "Mathematics" ]	263	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Combinatorics", "Combinatorics stubs", "Linear algebra", "Algebra" ]
59,049,263	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferlins	Ferlins are an ancient protein family involved in vesicle fusion and membrane trafficking. Ferlins are distinguished by their multiple tandem C2 domains, and sometimes a FerA and a DysF domain. Mutations in ferlins can cause human diseases such as muscular dystrophy and deafness. Abnormalities in expression of myoferli...	Ferlins	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,509	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Protein classification", "Membrane proteins", "Proteins", "Molecular biology" ]
59,050,931	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20vulcanization	Inverse vulcanization is a process that produces polysulfide polymers, which also contain some organic linkers. In contrast, sulfur vulcanization produces material that is predominantly organic but has a small percentage of polysulfide crosslinks. Synthesis Like Thiokols and sulfur-vulcanization, inverse vulcanizati...	Inverse vulcanization	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,442	[ "Reaction mechanisms", "Chemical processes", "nan", "Polymer chemistry", "Physical organic chemistry", "Chemical kinetics", "Chemical process engineering", "Polymerization reactions" ]
47,211,913	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Foerster%20equation	The McKendrick–von Foerster equation is a linear first-order partial differential equation encountered in several areas of mathematical biology – for example, demography and cell proliferation modeling; it is applied when age structure is an important feature in the mathematical model. It was first presented by Anderso...	Von Foerster equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	511	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Diffusion", "Equations of physics", "Demography", "Mathematical and theoretical biology", "Applied mathematics", "Chemical engineering", "Eponymous equations of physics", "Ecology", "Epidemiology", "Environmental social science" ]
47,215,278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20entropy	Electronic entropy is the entropy of a system attributable to electrons' probabilistic occupation of states. This entropy can take a number of forms. The first form can be termed a density of states based entropy. The Fermi–Dirac distribution implies that each eigenstate of a system, , is occupied with a certain probab...	Electronic entropy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,265	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Thermodynamics", "Condensed matter physics", "Statistical mechanics", "Physical properties", "Matter", "Dynamical systems" ]
47,218,591	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etherington%27s%20reciprocity%20theorem	The Etherington's distance-duality equation is the relationship between the luminosity distance of standard candles and the angular diameter distance. The equation is as follows: , where is the redshift, is the luminosity distance and the angular-diameter distance. History and derivations When Ivor Etherington int...	Etherington's reciprocity theorem	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	376	[ "Physical phenomena", "Quantity", "Physical quantities", "Physical properties" ]
47,218,791	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal%20acceleration%20%28astrophysics%29	Centrifugal acceleration of astroparticles to relativistic energies might take place in rotating astrophysical objects (see also Fermi acceleration). It is strongly believed that active galactic nuclei and pulsars have rotating magnetospheres, therefore, they potentially can drive charged particles to high and ultra-hi...	Centrifugal acceleration (astrophysics)	[ "Physics" ]	1,070	[ "Astroparticle physics", "Particle physics", "Astrophysics" ]
37,019,370	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20electromagnetism%20equations	This article summarizes equations in the theory of electromagnetism. Definitions Here subscripts e and m are used to differ between electric and magnetic charges. The definitions for monopoles are of theoretical interest, although real magnetic dipoles can be described using pole strengths. There are two possible uni...	List of electromagnetism equations	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	300	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Equations of physics", "Quantity", "Fundamental interactions", "Physical properties", "Lists of physics equations" ]
37,019,524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20equations%20in%20fluid%20mechanics	This article summarizes equations in the theory of fluid mechanics. Definitions Here is a unit vector in the direction of the flow/current/flux. Equations See also Defining equation (physical chemistry) List of electromagnetism equations List of equations in classical mechanics List of equations in gravitation Li...	List of equations in fluid mechanics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	106	[ "Physical phenomena", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Equations of physics", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Fluid mechanics", "Civil engineering", "nan", "Physical chemistry", "Physical properties", "Lists of physics equations" ]
37,019,651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20equations%20in%20wave%20theory	This article summarizes equations in the theory of waves. Definitions General fundamental quantities A wave can be longitudinal where the oscillations are parallel (or antiparallel) to the propagation direction, or transverse where the oscillations are perpendicular to the propagation direction. These oscillations a...	List of equations in wave theory	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	688	[ "Physical phenomena", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Equations of physics", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Waves", "Motion (physics)", "nan", "Physical chemistry", "Physical properties", "Lists of physics equations" ]
37,020,373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng%20rotation%20vane	A fluid flow conditioning device, the cheng rotation vane (CRV) is a stationary vane fabricated within a pipe piece as a single unit and welded directly upstream of an elbow before the pump inlet, flow meters, compressors, or other downstream equipment. The cheng rotation vane is used to eliminate elbow induced turbul...	Cheng rotation vane	[ "Engineering" ]	105	[ "Civil engineering", "Fluid mechanics" ]
55,704,714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20field%20microscopy	Light field microscopy (LFM) is a scanning-free 3-dimensional (3D) microscopic imaging method based on the theory of light field. This technique allows sub-second (~10 Hz) large volumetric imaging ([~0.1 to 1 mm]3) with ~1 μm spatial resolution in the condition of weak scattering and semi-transparence, which has never ...	Light field microscopy	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,891	[ "Microscopy" ]
55,707,554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunungan%20%28wayang%29	The ( ), also known as () or kayonan in Bali, is a figure in the Indonesian theatrical performance of e.g. , , , and . The is a conical or triangular structure (tapered peak) inspired by the shape of a mountain (volcano). In , are special figures in the form of pictures of mountains and its contents. has many f...	Gunungan (wayang)	[ "Physics" ]	629	[ "Optical phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Shadows" ]
55,707,592	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonez%20%28multiple%20rocket%20launcher%29	The Polonez is a Belarusian 300 mm rocket artillery system of a launcher unit comprising eight rockets packaged in two four-rocket pods mounted on a MZKT-7930 vehicle. In 2018, it was exported to Azerbaijan. The system was designed by the Belarusian Plant of Precision Electromechanics in cooperation with a foreign coun...	Polonez (multiple rocket launcher)	[ "Engineering" ]	392	[ "Modular design", "Modular rocket launchers" ]
55,708,561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20Council%20Engineering%20Research%20Station	The Gas Council Engineering Research Station (ERS) was a former engineering research institute on Tyneside, situated in a distinctively-shaped and listed building, now occupied by the Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside. History Design It was designed by Ryder & Yates in 1965, who also designed the Television Cent...	Gas Council Engineering Research Station	[ "Engineering" ]	564	[ "Energy research institutes", "Energy organizations" ]
55,709,615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester%20fiberfill	Polyester fiberfill is a synthetic fiber used for stuffing pillows and other soft objects such as stuffed animals. It is also used in audio speakers for its acoustic properties. It is commonly sold under the trademark name Poly-Fil, or un-trademarked as polyfill. References Synthetic fibers	Polyester fiberfill	[ "Chemistry" ]	62	[ "Polymer stubs", "Synthetic materials", "Organic chemistry stubs", "Synthetic fibers" ]
55,711,057	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamuli	Mamuli are precious metal ornaments of the Sumba people, Sumba, Indonesia. They are found in the megalithic society of the western Sumba people, e.g. the Anakalang society. The mamuli ornaments have a shape which represents the female genitalia, symbolizing the woman as the giver of life. Mamuli are the most important ...	Mamuli	[ "Technology" ]	819	[ "Jewellery components", "Components" ]
55,714,452	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20accessory%20lobes	Lateral accessory lobes, or LALs are paired, symmetrical, systems of synaptic neuropils that exist in the brains of insects and other arthropods. Lateral accessory lobes are located inferiorly and laterally from ellipsoid body, anteriorly and laterally from the bulb. In the frontal section of the arthropod brain the LA...	Lateral accessory lobes	[ "Biology" ]	334	[ "Organ systems", "Nervous system" ]
38,454,237	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMECA	CAMECA is a manufacturer of scientific instruments, namely material analysis instruments based on charged particle beam, ions, or electrons. History The company was founded as a subsidiary of Compagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil (CSF), in 1929, as "Radio-cinéma" at the time of the emergence of the talkies. T...	CAMECA	[ "Engineering" ]	663	[ "Equipment semiconductor companies", "Semiconductor fabrication equipment" ]
38,454,487	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20L.%20Solomon	Susan Lynn Solomon (August 23, 1951 – September 8, 2022) was an American executive and lawyer. She was the chief executive officer and co-founder of the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF). Early life and education Solomon was born in Brooklyn on August 23, 1951. Her father, Seymour Solomon, was the co-founder of ...	Susan L. Solomon	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,310	[ "Translational medicine", "Tissue engineering", "Stem cell research" ]
38,454,848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo%20Hand	The Michelangelo Hand is a fully articulated robotic hand prosthesis developed by the German prosthetics company Ottobock and its American partner Advanced Arm Dynamics. It is the first prosthesis to feature an electronically actuated thumb which mimics natural human hand movements. The Michelangelo Hand can be used fo...	Michelangelo Hand	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	626	[ "Biological engineering", "Biomedical engineering", "Bionics", "Medical equipment", "Medical technology" ]
51,277,173	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20agriculture	Cellular agriculture focuses on the production of agricultural products from cell cultures using a combination of biotechnology, tissue engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology to create and design new methods of producing proteins, fats, and tissues that would otherwise come from traditional agriculture. ...	Cellular agriculture	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	3,628	[ "Biological engineering", "Cellular agriculture" ]

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