id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13,700,509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norcocaine | Norcocaine is a minor metabolite of cocaine. It is the only confirmed pharmacologically active metabolite of cocaine, although salicylmethylecgonine is also speculated to be an active metabolite. The local anesthetic potential of norcocaine has been shown to be higher than that of cocaine, however cocaine continues to... | Norcocaine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 393 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Human drug metabolites"
] |
13,704,501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%2016750 | ISO 16750, Road vehicles – Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment, is a series of ISO standards which provide guidance regarding environmental conditions commonly encountered by electrical and electronic systems installed in automobiles and specify requirements and tests.
ISO 1675... | ISO 16750 | [
"Engineering"
] | 144 | [
"Automotive engineering",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline"
] |
13,705,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonston%20Pumping%20Plant | Edmonston Pumping Plant is a pumping station near the south end of the California Aqueduct, which is the principal feature of the California State Water Project. It lifts water 1,926 feet (600 m) to cross the Tehachapi Mountains where it splits into the west and east branches of the California Aqueduct serving Souther... | Edmonston Pumping Plant | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 474 | [
"Hydrology",
"Interbasin transfer"
] |
1,630,483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20power | In mathematics, a prime power is a positive integer which is a positive integer power of a single prime number.
For example: , and are prime powers, while
, and are not.
The sequence of prime powers begins:
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 37, 41, 43, 47, 49, 53, 59, 61, 64, 67, 71,... | Prime power | [
"Mathematics"
] | 525 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Integer sequences",
"Mathematical structures",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Prime numbers",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"E (mathematical constant)",
"Exponentials",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
1,630,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay%20heat | Decay heat is the heat released as a result of radioactive decay. This heat is produced as an effect of radiation on materials: the energy of the alpha, beta or gamma radiation is converted into the thermal movement of atoms.
Decay heat occurs naturally from decay of long-lived radioisotopes that are primordially pres... | Decay heat | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,462 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Nuclear technology",
"Thermodynamics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
1,630,999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry%20of%20Toxic%20Effects%20of%20Chemical%20Substances | Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference to the validity or usefulness of the studies reported. Until 2001 it was maintained by US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a freel... | Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 444 | [
"Chemical accident",
"Toxicology",
"Biochemistry databases",
"Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source",
"Chemical databases",
"nan",
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical safety"
] |
1,631,010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk-adjusted%20return%20on%20capital | Risk-adjusted return on capital (RAROC) is a risk-based profitability measurement framework for analysing risk-adjusted financial performance and providing a consistent view of profitability across businesses. The concept was developed by Bankers Trust and principal designer Dan Borge in the late 1970s. Note, however, ... | Risk-adjusted return on capital | [
"Mathematics"
] | 622 | [
"Metrics",
"Applied mathematics",
"Quantity",
"Financial ratios",
"Actuarial science"
] |
1,631,015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneutronic%20fusion | Aneutronic fusion is any form of fusion power in which very little of the energy released is carried by neutrons. While the lowest-threshold nuclear fusion reactions release up to 80% of their energy in the form of neutrons, aneutronic reactions release energy in the form of charged particles, typically protons or alph... | Aneutronic fusion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 5,161 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Fusion power",
"Nuclear fusion reactions",
"Plasma physics"
] |
1,631,288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-drive%20mechanism | A direct-drive mechanism is a mechanism design where the force or torque from a prime mover is transmitted directly to the effector device (such as the drive wheels of a vehicle) without involving any intermediate couplings such as a gear train or a belt.
History
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, some o... | Direct-drive mechanism | [
"Engineering"
] | 613 | [
"Mechanical engineering",
"Mechanisms (engineering)"
] |
1,631,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Wilmut | Sir Ian Wilmut (7 July 1944 – 10 September 2023) was a British embryologist and the chair of the Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He is best known as the leader of the research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly... | Ian Wilmut | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 906 | [
"Cloning",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
1,632,806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical%20Society%20of%20America | The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is an international scientific society founded in 1929 dedicated to generating, disseminating and promoting the knowledge of acoustics and its practical applications. The Society is primarily a voluntary organization of about 7500 members and attracts the interest, commitment, an... | Acoustical Society of America | [
"Physics"
] | 975 | [
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics"
] |
1,633,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedwater%20heater | A feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid ... | Feedwater heater | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 847 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
1,633,917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20parity | In physics, the C parity or charge parity is a multiplicative quantum number of some particles that describes their behavior under the symmetry operation of charge conjugation.
Charge conjugation changes the sign of all quantum charges (that is, additive quantum numbers), including the electrical charge, baryon number... | C parity | [
"Physics"
] | 851 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
1,634,352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20battery | An atomic battery, nuclear battery, radioisotope battery or radioisotope generator uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Like a nuclear reactor, it generates electricity from nuclear energy, but it differs by not using a chain reaction. Although commonly called batteries, atomic ... | Atomic battery | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 2,872 | [
"Electrical generators",
"Machines",
"Nuclear technology",
"Physical systems",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
631,310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20%28unit%29 | The Mark (from Middle High German: Marc, march, brand) is originally a medieval weight or mass unit, which supplanted the pound weight as a precious metals and coinage weight in parts of Europe in the 11th century. The Mark is traditionally divided into 8 ounces or 16 lots. The Cologne mark corresponded to about 234 gr... | Mark (unit) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 505 | [
"Obsolete units of measurement",
"Matter",
"Quantity",
"Units of mass",
"Mass",
"Units of measurement"
] |
632,489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20algorithm | In quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm that runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the quantum circuit model of computation. A classical (or non-quantum) algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, or a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, wh... | Quantum algorithm | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,241 | [
"Theoretical computer science",
"Applied mathematics"
] |
632,786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like%20growth%20factor%201 | Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin which plays an important role in childhood growth, and has anabolic effects in adults. In the 1950s IGF-1 was called "sulfation factor" because it stimulated sulfation of cartilage in vitro, and in th... | Insulin-like growth factor 1 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,234 | [
"Signal transduction",
"Senescence",
"Neurotrophic factors",
"Neurochemistry",
"Aging-related proteins"
] |
633,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martensitic%20stainless%20steel | Martensitic stainless steel is a family of stainless steel alloy that has a martensite (body-centered tetragonal) crystal structure. It can be hardened and tempered through aging and heat treatment. The other main types of stainless steel are austenitic, ferritic, duplex, and precipitation hardened.
History
In 1912, ... | Martensitic stainless steel | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 911 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
633,233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitino | In supergravity theories combining general relativity and supersymmetry, the gravitino () is the gauge fermion supersymmetric partner of the hypothesized graviton. It has been suggested as a candidate for dark matter.
If it exists, it is a fermion of spin and therefore obeys the Rarita–Schwinger equation. The gravit... | Gravitino | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 966 | [
"Symmetry",
"Fermions",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Quantum gravity",
"Subatomic particles",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Hypothetical elementary particles",
"Supersymmetry",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Matter"
] |
633,423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20Molecular%20Dynamics | Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) is a molecular modelling and visualization computer program. VMD is developed mainly as a tool to view and analyze the results of molecular dynamics simulations. It also includes tools for working with volumetric data, sequence data, and arbitrary graphics objects. Molecular scenes can b... | Visual Molecular Dynamics | [
"Chemistry"
] | 859 | [
"Molecular modelling",
"Molecular modelling software",
"Computational chemistry software"
] |
634,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence%20recovery%20after%20photobleaching | Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a method for determining the kinetics of diffusion through tissue or cells. It is capable of quantifying the two-dimensional lateral diffusion of a molecularly thin film containing fluorescently labeled probes, or to examine single cells. This technique is very usefu... | Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,482 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Luminescence",
"Fluorescence",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Biophysics",
"Microscopy",
"Biochemistry",
"Cell imaging",
"Fluorescence techniques"
] |
634,140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeder | A breeder is a person who selectively breeds carefully selected mates, normally of the same breed, to sexually reproduce offspring with specific, consistently replicable qualities and characteristics. This might be as a farmer, agriculturalist, or hobbyist, and can be practiced on a large or small scale, for food, fun,... | Breeder | [
"Biology"
] | 405 | [
"Behavior",
"Breeding",
"Reproduction"
] |
634,183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20spectrum | The radio spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies from 3 Hz to 3,000 GHz (3 THz). Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, called radio waves, are widely used in modern technology, particularly in telecommunication. To prevent interference between different users, the generation and ... | Radio spectrum | [
"Physics"
] | 2,787 | [
"Radio spectrum",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum"
] |
634,264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue%20of%20Galaxies%20and%20of%20Clusters%20of%20Galaxies | The Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies (or CGCG) was compiled by Fritz Zwicky in 1961–68. It contains 29,418 galaxies and 9,134 galaxy clusters.
Gallery
External Links
Caltech library's free online PDFs of all six volumes of the Catalogue
References
Astronomical catalogues
Astronomical catalogues of... | Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies | [
"Astronomy"
] | 77 | [
"Works about astronomy",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astronomical catalogues",
"Astronomical catalogue stubs",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
634,266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-4 | FR-4 (or FR4) is a NEMA grade designation for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material. FR-4 is a composite material composed of woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder that is flame resistant (self-extinguishing).
"FR" stands for "flame retardant", and does not denote that the material complies with the st... | FR-4 | [
"Engineering"
] | 692 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Printed circuit board manufacturing"
] |
634,543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendixson%E2%80%93Dulac%20theorem | In mathematics, the Bendixson–Dulac theorem on dynamical systems states that if there exists a function (called the Dulac function) such that the expression
has the same sign () almost everywhere in a simply connected region of the plane, then the plane autonomous system
has no nonconstant periodic solutions ... | Bendixson–Dulac theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 263 | [
"Theorems in dynamical systems",
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,287,401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked%20spire | A crooked spire, (also known as a twisted spire) is a tower showing a twist and/or a deviation from the vertical. A church tower usually consists of a square stone tower topped with a pyramidal wooden structure, the spire is usually cladded with slates or lead to protect the wood. Through accident or design the spire m... | Crooked spire | [
"Engineering"
] | 387 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Towers"
] |
2,288,549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum%20operator | In quantum mechanics, the momentum operator is the operator associated with the linear momentum. The momentum operator is, in the position representation, an example of a differential operator. For the case of one particle in one spatial dimension, the definition is:
where is the reduced Planck constant, the imagina... | Momentum operator | [
"Physics"
] | 1,309 | [
"Quantum operators",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
2,288,927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20thermal%20expansion | Negative thermal expansion (NTE) is an unusual physicochemical process in which some materials contract upon heating, rather than expand as most other materials do. The most well-known material with NTE is water at 0 to 3.98 °C. Also, the density of solid water (ice) is lower than the density of liquid water at standar... | Negative thermal expansion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,575 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Physical chemistry",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,289,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic%20mean%20temperature%20difference | In thermal engineering, the logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) is used to determine the temperature driving force for heat transfer in flow systems, most notably in heat exchangers. The LMTD is a logarithmic average of the temperature difference between the hot and cold feeds at each end of the double pipe ... | Logarithmic mean temperature difference | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 948 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
2,289,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9my%27s%20salt | Frémy's salt is a chemical compound with the formula (K4[ON(SO3)2]2), sometimes written as (K2[NO(SO3)2]). It is a bright yellowish-brown solid, but its aqueous solutions are bright violet. The related sodium salt, disodium nitrosodisulfonate (NDS, Na2ON(SO3)2, CAS 29554-37-8) is also referred to as Frémy's salt.
Rega... | Frémy's salt | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 543 | [
"Redox",
"Free radicals",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Senescence",
"Biomolecules",
"Reagents for organic chemistry"
] |
5,712,189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose%201%2C6-bisphosphate | Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, known in older publications as Harden-Young ester, is fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbons 1 and 6 (i.e., is a fructosephosphate). The β-D-form of this compound is common in cells. Upon entering the cell, most glucose and fructose is converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
In glycolysis... | Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 465 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Glycolysis"
] |
5,712,506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoglycerate%20kinase | Phosphoglycerate kinase () (PGK 1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) to ADP producing 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) and ATP :
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP glycerate 3-phosphate + ATP
Like all kinases it is a transferase. PGK is a major enzyme... | Phosphoglycerate kinase | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,636 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Glycolysis"
] |
5,713,217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal%20spray | A metered-dose transdermal spray (MDTS) delivers a drug to the surface of the skin and is absorbed into the circulation on a sustained basis. It works in a similar manner to a transdermal patch or topical gel. The drug is delivered by a device placed gently against the skin and triggered, causing it to release a light ... | Transdermal spray | [
"Chemistry"
] | 125 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Drug delivery devices"
] |
5,716,217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greigite | Greigite is an iron sulfide mineral with the chemical formula . It is the sulfur equivalent of the iron oxide magnetite (Fe3O4). It was first described in 1964 for an occurrence in San Bernardino County, California, and named after the mineralogist and physical chemist Joseph W. Greig (1895–1977).
Natural occurrence a... | Greigite | [
"Physics"
] | 535 | [
"Materials",
"Ferromagnetic materials",
"Matter"
] |
5,717,580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20appearance%20model | An active appearance model (AAM) is a computer vision algorithm for matching a statistical model of object shape and appearance to a new image. They are built during a training phase. A set of images, together with coordinates of landmarks that appear in all of the images, is provided to the training supervisor.
The m... | Active appearance model | [
"Engineering"
] | 569 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Packaging machinery",
"Computer vision"
] |
5,719,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylhydrazine | Phenylhydrazine is the chemical compound with the formula . It is often abbreviated as . It is also found in edible mushrooms.
Properties
Phenylhydrazine forms monoclinic prisms that melt to an oil around room temperature which may turn yellow to dark red upon exposure to air. Phenylhydrazine is miscible with ethanol... | Phenylhydrazine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 403 | [
"Functional groups",
"Hydrazines"
] |
361,449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, the idea of descent extends the intuitive idea of 'gluing' in topology. Since the topologists' glue is the use of equivalence relations on topological spaces, the theory starts with some ideas on identification.
Descent of vector bundles
The case of the construction of vector bundles from data on a di... | Descent (mathematics) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 899 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Algebraic geometry",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Category theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
361,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moduli%20space | In mathematics, in particular algebraic geometry, a moduli space is a geometric space (usually a scheme or an algebraic stack) whose points represent algebro-geometric objects of some fixed kind, or isomorphism classes of such objects. Such spaces frequently arise as solutions to classification problems: If one can ... | Moduli space | [
"Physics"
] | 4,425 | [
"Invariant theory",
"Group actions",
"Symmetry"
] |
361,897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics | Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline, James Keeler, said, astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in spac... | Astrophysics | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,644 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Astrophysics"
] |
361,924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20theory | Order theory is a branch of mathematics that investigates the intuitive notion of order using binary relations. It provides a formal framework for describing statements such as "this is less than that" or "this precedes that". This article introduces the field and provides basic definitions. A list of order-theoretic t... | Order theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,498 | [
"Order theory"
] |
362,070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition%20system | Ignition systems are used by heat engines to initiate combustion by igniting the fuel-air mixture. In a spark ignition versions of the internal combustion engine (such as petrol engines), the ignition system creates a spark to ignite the fuel-air mixture just before each combustion stroke. Gas turbine engines and rocke... | Ignition system | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,543 | [
"Engine components",
"Control engineering",
"Engines",
"Applications of control engineering"
] |
362,132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans | The glans (, : glandes ; from the Latin word for "acorn") is a vascular structure located at the tip of the penis in male mammals or a homologous genital structure of the clitoris in female mammals.
Structure
The exterior structure of the glans consists of mucous membrane, which is usually covered by foreskin or clit... | Glans | [
"Biology"
] | 379 | [
"Behavior",
"Sex",
"Sexuality stubs",
"Sexual anatomy",
"Sexuality"
] |
362,348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz%20radiation | Terahertz radiation – also known as submillimeter radiation, terahertz waves, tremendously high frequency (THF), T-rays, T-waves, T-light, T-lux or THz – consists of electromagnetic waves within the International Telecommunication Union-designated band of frequencies from 0.3 to 3 terahertz (THz), although the upper bo... | Terahertz radiation | [
"Physics"
] | 5,117 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Terahertz technology"
] |
362,598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20tin%20oxide | Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a ternary composition of indium, tin and oxygen in varying proportions. Depending on the oxygen content, it can be described as either a ceramic or an alloy. Indium tin oxide is typically encountered as an oxygen-saturated composition with a formulation of 74% In, 8% Sn, and 18% O by weight. O... | Indium tin oxide | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,094 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Oxides",
"Display technology",
"Salts"
] |
362,722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20death%20of%20the%20universe | The heat death of the universe (also known as the Big Chill or Big Freeze) is a hypothesis on the ultimate fate of the universe, which suggests the universe will evolve to a state of no thermodynamic free energy, and will therefore be unable to sustain processes that increase entropy. Heat death does not imply any part... | Heat death of the universe | [
"Physics"
] | 2,685 | [
"Statistical mechanics",
"Entropy",
"Physical quantities",
"Thermodynamic entropy"
] |
362,728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20temperature | Certain systems can achieve negative thermodynamic temperature; that is, their temperature can be expressed as a negative quantity on the Kelvin or Rankine scales. This phenomenon was first discovered at the University of Alberta. This should be distinguished from temperatures expressed as negative numbers on non-therm... | Negative temperature | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,810 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Temperature",
"Physical quantities",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Quantity",
"Entropy",
"Thermodynamics",
"Asymmetry",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Symmetry",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
363,325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous%20space | In mathematics, a homogeneous space is, very informally, a space that looks the same everywhere, as you move through it, with movement given by the action of a group. Homogeneous spaces occur in the theories of Lie groups, algebraic groups and topological groups. More precisely, a homogeneous space for a group G is a n... | Homogeneous space | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,157 | [
"Lie groups",
"Mathematical structures",
"Group actions",
"Homogeneous spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Algebraic structures",
"Geometry",
"Topological groups",
"Symmetry"
] |
363,360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov%20stability | Various types of stability may be discussed for the solutions of differential equations or difference equations describing dynamical systems. The most important type is that concerning the stability of solutions near to a point of equilibrium. This may be discussed by the theory of Aleksandr Lyapunov. In simple terms, ... | Lyapunov stability | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,553 | [
"Lagrangian mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Stability theory",
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
363,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial%20topology | In mathematics, combinatorial topology was an older name for algebraic topology, dating from the time when topological invariants of spaces (for example the Betti numbers) were regarded as derived from combinatorial decompositions of spaces, such as decomposition into simplicial complexes. After the proof of the simpli... | Combinatorial topology | [
"Mathematics"
] | 341 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Algebraic topology",
"Combinatorics",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology"
] |
363,540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serre%E2%80%93Swan%20theorem | In the mathematical fields of topology and K-theory, the Serre–Swan theorem, also called Swan's theorem, relates the geometric notion of vector bundles to the algebraic concept of projective modules and gives rise to a common intuition throughout mathematics: "projective modules over commutative rings are like vector b... | Serre–Swan theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 932 | [
"Theorems in topology",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Differential topology",
"Commutative algebra",
"Theorems in algebraic topology"
] |
363,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20enveloping%20algebra | In mathematics, the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra is the unital associative algebra whose representations correspond precisely to the representations of that Lie algebra.
Universal enveloping algebras are used in the representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras. For example, Verma modules can b... | Universal enveloping algebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 7,310 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Ring theory"
] |
363,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20algebra | In mathematics, the tensor algebra of a vector space V, denoted T(V) or T(V), is the algebra of tensors on V (of any rank) with multiplication being the tensor product. It is the free algebra on V, in the sense of being left adjoint to the forgetful functor from algebras to vector spaces: it is the "most general" algeb... | Tensor algebra | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,031 | [
"Tensors",
"Algebras",
"Mathematical structures",
"Algebraic structures"
] |
363,695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST%20%28biotechnology%29 | In bioinformatics, BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) is an algorithm and program for comparing primary biological sequence information, such as the amino-acid sequences of proteins or the nucleotides of DNA and/or RNA sequences. A BLAST search enables a researcher to compare a subject protein or nucleotide sequ... | BLAST (biotechnology) | [
"Biology"
] | 5,162 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Bioinformatics algorithms"
] |
363,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20theory | Invariant theory is a branch of abstract algebra dealing with actions of groups on algebraic varieties, such as vector spaces, from the point of view of their effect on functions. Classically, the theory dealt with the question of explicit description of polynomial functions that do not change, or are invariant, under ... | Invariant theory | [
"Physics"
] | 2,460 | [
"Invariant theory",
"Group actions",
"Symmetry"
] |
363,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian%20fluid | A Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow are at every point linearly correlated to the local strain rate — the rate of change of its deformation over time. Stresses are proportional to the rate of change of the fluid's velocity vector.
A fluid is Newtonian only if the tensors th... | Newtonian fluid | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,327 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Piping",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Viscosity",
"Physical properties",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
363,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacentric%20height | The metacentric height (GM) is a measurement of the initial static stability of a floating body. It is calculated as the distance between the centre of gravity of a ship and its metacentre. A larger metacentric height implies greater initial stability against overturning. The metacentric height also influences the natu... | Metacentric height | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,939 | [
"Vertical position",
"Point (geometry)",
"Physical quantities",
"Distance",
"Geometric centers",
"Symmetry"
] |
364,143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based%20currency | In economics, a time-based currency is an alternative currency or exchange system where the unit of account is the person-hour or some other time unit. Some time-based currencies value everyone's contributions equally: one hour equals one service credit. In these systems, one person volunteers to work for an hour for a... | Time-based currency | [
"Physics"
] | 4,383 | [
"Spacetime",
"Economics and time",
"Physical quantities",
"Time"
] |
364,380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20foam | Quantum foam (or spacetime foam, or spacetime bubble) is a theoretical quantum fluctuation of spacetime on very small scales due to quantum mechanics. The theory predicts that at this small scale, particles of matter and antimatter are constantly created and destroyed. These subatomic objects are called virtual particl... | Quantum foam | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 837 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Quantum gravity",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Wormhole theory"
] |
364,774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal%20field%20theory | A conformal field theory (CFT) is a quantum field theory that is invariant under conformal transformations. In two dimensions, there is an infinite-dimensional algebra of local conformal transformations, and conformal field theories can sometimes be exactly solved or classified.
Conformal field theory has important ap... | Conformal field theory | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,100 | [
"Symmetry",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Geometry",
"Mathematical physics",
"Scaling symmetries"
] |
364,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubna | Dubna () is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It has a status of naukograd (i.e. town of science), being home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, an international nuclear physics research center and one of the largest scientific foundations in the country. It is also home to MKB Raduga, a defense aerospace comp... | Dubna | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,504 | [
"Nuclear research institutes",
"Nuclear organizations"
] |
12,121,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20cluster%20remnant | In astronomy, an open cluster remnant (OCR) is the final stage in the evolution of an open star cluster.
Theory
Viktor Ambartsumian (1938) and Lyman Spitzer (1940) showed that, from a theoretical point of view, it was impossible for a star cluster to evaporate completely; furthermore, Spitzer pointed out two possibl... | Open cluster remnant | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,479 | [
"Star clusters",
"Astronomical objects",
"Astrophysics",
"Stellar evolution"
] |
12,123,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20loss%20due%20to%20linear%20thermal%20bridging | The heat loss due to linear thermal bridging () is a physical quantity used when calculating the energy performance of buildings. It appears in both United Kingdom and Irish methodologies.
Calculation
The calculation of the heat loss due to linear thermal bridging is relatively simple, given by the formula below:
I... | Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 98 | [
"Thermodynamics stubs",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Energy economics",
"Environmental social science stubs",
"Thermodynamics",
"Environmental social science",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
12,128,493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20transformation%20vector | Plant transformation vectors are plasmids that have been specifically designed to facilitate the generation of transgenic plants. The most commonly used plant transformation vectors are T-DNA binary vectors and are often replicated in both E. coli, a common lab bacterium, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant-virulent... | Plant transformation vector | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,201 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Mobile genetic elements",
"Plants",
"Plant genetics",
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Gene delivery"
] |
17,650,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20spectrum%20management | Every military force has a goal to ensure and have permanent access to radio frequencies to meet its vital military tasks. This is based on strategies, doctrines and different policies that military forces adhere to.
The nature of high mobility of military operations and their logistics support requires wide use with ... | Military spectrum management | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,493 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Radio spectrum",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Military communications"
] |
17,650,716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasistatic%20loading | In solid mechanics, quasistatic loading refers to loading where inertial effects are negligible. In other words, time and inertial force are irrelevant.
References
Solid mechanics | Quasistatic loading | [
"Physics"
] | 38 | [
"Solid mechanics",
"Classical mechanics stubs",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
17,657,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHV%20amplitudes | In theoretical particle physics, maximally helicity violating amplitudes (MHV) are amplitudes with massless external gauge bosons, where gauge bosons have a particular helicity and the other two have the opposite helicity. These amplitudes are called MHV amplitudes, because at tree level, they violate helicity conse... | MHV amplitudes | [
"Chemistry"
] | 859 | [
"Scattering",
"Scattering theory"
] |
8,975,663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20gain | In coding theory, telecommunications engineering and other related engineering problems, coding gain is the measure in the difference between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels between the uncoded system and coded system required to reach the same bit error rate (BER) levels when used with the error correcting code... | Coding gain | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 601 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Coding theory",
"Reliability engineering",
"Error detection and correction"
] |
8,978,043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop-O-Plane | The Loop-O-Plane is an amusement park ride that originated in America. It was invented by Lee Eyerly and manufactured by the Eyerly Aircraft Company of Salem, Oregon, in 1933. The ride was immediately popular with customers and became a staple of amusement parks.
The ride was imported into Europe, where it was first u... | Loop-O-Plane | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 328 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Amusement rides"
] |
8,978,415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic%20treatment | A cryogenic treatment is the process of treating workpieces to cryogenic temperatures (typically around -300°F / -184°C, or as low as ) in order to remove residual stresses and improve wear resistance in steels and other metal alloys, such as aluminum. In addition to seeking enhanced stress relief and stabilization, o... | Cryogenic treatment | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,337 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metal heat treatments",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Cryogenics"
] |
8,978,774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20nonlocality | In theoretical physics, quantum nonlocality refers to the phenomenon by which the measurement statistics of a multipartite quantum system do not allow an interpretation with local realism. Quantum nonlocality has been experimentally verified under a variety of physical assumptions.
Quantum nonlocality does not allow f... | Quantum nonlocality | [
"Physics"
] | 5,932 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Quantum measurement",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
8,981,301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegard%27s%20law | In crystallography, materials science and metallurgy, Vegard's law is an empirical finding (heuristic approach) resembling the rule of mixtures. In 1921, Lars Vegard discovered that the lattice parameter of a solid solution of two constituents is approximately a weighted mean of the two constituents' lattice parameters... | Vegard's law | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 579 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
8,982,401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanakshahi%20bricks | Nanakshahi bricks (; meaning "belonging to the reign of Guru Nanak"), also known as Lakhuri bricks, were decorative bricks used for structural walls during the Mughal era. They were employed for constructing historical Sikh architecture, such as at the Golden Temple complex. The British colonists also made use of the b... | Nanakshahi bricks | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 949 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
8,982,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedtime | Bedtime (also called putting to bed or tucking in) is a ritual part of parenting to help children feel more secure and become accustomed to a more rigid schedule of sleep than they might prefer. The ritual of bedtime is aimed at facilitating the transition from wakefulness to sleep. It may involve bedtime stories, chil... | Bedtime | [
"Biology"
] | 305 | [
"Behavior",
"Sleep"
] |
8,983,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimmer%20%28electronics%29 | A trimmer, or preset, is a miniature adjustable electrical component. It is meant to be set correctly when installed in some device, and never seen or adjusted by the device's user. Trimmers can be variable resistors (potentiometers), variable capacitors, or trimmable inductors. They are common in precision circuitry l... | Trimmer (electronics) | [
"Physics"
] | 1,284 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Resistive components",
"Capacitors",
"Capacitance",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
8,983,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam%C3%A9%20parameters | In continuum mechanics, Lamé parameters (also called the Lamé coefficients, Lamé constants or Lamé moduli) are two material-dependent quantities denoted by λ and μ that arise in strain-stress relationships. In general, λ and μ are individually referred to as Lamé's first parameter and Lamé's second parameter, respecti... | Lamé parameters | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 464 | [
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical properties",
"Elasticity (physics)"
] |
8,984,493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20pump | An ion pump (also referred to as a sputter ion pump) is a type of vacuum pump which operates by sputtering a metal getter. Under ideal conditions, ion pumps are capable of reaching pressures as low as 10−11 mbar. An ion pump first ionizes gas within the vessel it is attached to and employs a strong electrical potential... | Ion pump | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,089 | [
"Vacuum pumps",
"Vacuum systems",
"Vacuum",
"Matter"
] |
4,290,894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20bialgebra | In mathematics, a Lie bialgebra is the Lie-theoretic case of a bialgebra: it is a set with a Lie algebra and a Lie coalgebra structure which are compatible.
It is a bialgebra where the multiplication is skew-symmetric and satisfies a dual Jacobi identity, so that the dual vector space is a Lie algebra, whereas the co... | Lie bialgebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 766 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Algebraic structures",
"Coalgebras"
] |
4,296,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness%20%28cryptography%29 | In cryptography, a boolean function is said to be complete if the value of each output bit depends on all input bits.
This is a desirable property to have in an encryption cipher, so that if one bit of the input (plaintext) is changed, every bit of the output (ciphertext) has an average of 50% probability of changing... | Completeness (cryptography) | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 282 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
3,152,853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20set%20%28Ramsey%20theory%29 | In Ramsey theory, a set S of natural numbers is considered to be a large set if and only if Van der Waerden's theorem can be generalized to assert the existence of arithmetic progressions with common difference in S. That is, S is large if and only if every finite partition of the natural numbers has a cell containing... | Large set (Ramsey theory) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 450 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Combinatorics",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics",
"Basic concepts in set theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Ramsey theory"
] |
3,153,173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoquark | Leptoquarks are hypothetical particles that would interact with quarks and leptons. Leptoquarks are color-triplet bosons that carry both lepton and baryon numbers. Their other quantum numbers, like spin, (fractional) electric charge and weak isospin vary among models. Leptoquarks are encountered in various extensions o... | Leptoquark | [
"Physics"
] | 1,281 | [
"Hypothetical elementary particles",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Grand Unified Theory"
] |
3,155,399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa%20El-Sayed | Mostafa A. El-Sayed (Arabic: مصطفى السيد) is an Egyptian-American physical chemist, nanoscience researcher, member of the National Academy of Sciences and US National Medal of Science laureate. He is known for the spectroscopy rule named after him, the El-Sayed rule.
Early life and academic career
El-Sayed was born ... | Mostafa El-Sayed | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,400 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Biochemists"
] |
3,156,443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagama%20kiln | The anagama kiln (Japanese Kanji: 穴窯/ Hiragana: あながま) is an ancient type of pottery kiln brought to Japan from China via Korea in the 5th century. It is a version of the climbing dragon kiln of south China, whose further development was also copied, for example in breaking up the firing space into a series of chambers ... | Anagama kiln | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,406 | [
"Chemical equipment",
"Kilns"
] |
3,156,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20dithiophosphate | Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (often referred to as ZDDP) are a family of coordination compounds developed in the 1940s that feature zinc bound to the anion of a dialkyldithiophosphoric salt (e.g., ammonium diethyl dithiophosphate). These uncharged compounds are not salts. They are soluble in nonpolar solvents, and the ... | Zinc dithiophosphate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,096 | [
"Corrosion inhibitors",
"Phosphorothioates",
"Functional groups",
"Process chemicals"
] |
3,157,156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus%20sulfides | Phosphorus sulfides comprise a family of inorganic compounds containing only phosphorus and sulfur. These compounds have the formula with n ≤ 10. Two are of commercial significance, phosphorus pentasulfide (), which is made on a kiloton scale for the production of other organosulfur compounds, and phosphorus sesquisul... | Phosphorus sulfides | [
"Chemistry"
] | 662 | [
"Inorganic phosphorus compounds",
"Inorganic compounds"
] |
3,157,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus%20pentasulfide | Phosphorus pentasulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula (empirical) or (molecular). This yellow solid is the one of two phosphorus sulfides of commercial value. Samples often appear greenish-gray due to impurities. It is soluble in carbon disulfide but reacts with many other solvents such as alcohols, DMSO... | Phosphorus pentasulfide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 620 | [
"Inorganic phosphorus compounds",
"Inorganic compounds"
] |
3,157,586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20methylphosphonate | Dimethyl methylphosphonate is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula CH3PO(OCH3)2. It is a colourless liquid, which is primarily used as a flame retardant.
Synthesis
Dimethyl methylphosphonate can be prepared from trimethyl phosphite and a halomethane (e.g. iodomethane) via the Michaelis–Arbuzov reacti... | Dimethyl methylphosphonate | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 364 | [
"Chemical accident",
"Chemical weapons",
"Antistatic agents",
"Biochemistry",
"Process chemicals"
] |
3,157,738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval%20stores | Naval stores refers to the industry that produces rosin, turpentine, tall oil, pine oil, and other oleoresin collected from conifers. The term was originally applied to the compounds used in building and maintaining wooden sailing ships. Presently, pine compounds produced by the naval stores industry are used to manu... | Naval stores | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,107 | [
"Resins",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Shipbuilding",
"Marine engineering",
"Amorphous solids"
] |
3,157,929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original%20design%20manufacturer | An original design manufacturer is a company that designs and manufactures a product, in contrast to "OEM" which only manufactures a product.
Post-2016 Nokia phones (HMD) is an example of a firm which relies on original design manufacturers. In late 2019, it switched from relying on only one original design manufactur... | Original design manufacturer | [
"Engineering"
] | 207 | [
"Design",
"Engineering companies",
"Design companies"
] |
14,800,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%203 | Cell division protein kinase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK3 gene.
Function
CDK3 complements cdc28 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggesting that it may be involved in cell cycle control. CDK3 can phosphorylate histone H1 and interacts with an unknown type of cyclin.
References
Further r... | Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 91 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Proteins",
"Cell cycle"
] |
14,800,736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHB2 | Prohibitin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PHB2 gene.
Interactions
PHB2 has been shown to interact with PTMA.
References
Further reading | PHB2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 37 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Protein stubs"
] |
14,810,768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetic%20superconductor | Ferromagnetic superconductors are materials that display intrinsic coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity. They include UGe2, URhGe, and UCoGe. Evidence of ferromagnetic superconductivity was also reported for ZrZn2 in 2001, but later reports question these findings. These materials exhibit superconductivi... | Ferromagnetic superconductor | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 527 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Materials science",
"Magnetic ordering",
"Ferromagnetism",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
7,464,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem%20of%20corresponding%20states | According to van der Waals, the theorem of corresponding states (or principle/law of corresponding states) indicates that all fluids, when compared at the same reduced temperature and reduced pressure, have approximately the same compressibility factor and all deviate from ideal gas behavior to about the same degree.
... | Theorem of corresponding states | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 455 | [
"Thermodynamics stubs",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Engineering thermodynamics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Laws of thermodynamics"
] |
7,465,720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser%20peening | Laser peening (LP), or laser shock peening (LSP), is a surface engineering process used to impart beneficial residual stresses in materials. The deep, high-magnitude compressive residual stresses induced by laser peening increase the resistance of materials to surface-related failures, such as fatigue, fretting fatigue... | Laser peening | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 5,660 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Corrosion",
"Electrochemistry",
"Shot peening",
"Strengthening mechanisms of materials",
"Materials degradation"
] |
7,466,120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20and%20breathing | When we sleep, our breathing changes due to normal biological processes that affect both our respiratory and muscular systems.
Physiology
Sleep Onset
Breathing changes as we transition from wakefulness to sleep. These changes arise due to biological changes in the processes that regulate our breathing. When we fall a... | Sleep and breathing | [
"Biology"
] | 1,485 | [
"Behavior",
"Sleep physiology",
"Sleep"
] |
7,466,623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloor%20massive%20sulfide%20deposits | Seafloor massive sulfide deposits or SMS deposits, are modern equivalents of ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits or VMS deposits. The term has been coined by mineral explorers to differentiate the modern deposit from the ancient.
SMS deposits were first recognized during the exploration of the deep ocean... | Seafloor massive sulfide deposits | [
"Physics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,090 | [
"Oceanography",
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
7,466,964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise%20modelling | Enterprise modelling is the abstract representation, description and definition of the structure, processes, information and resources of an identifiable business, government body, or other large organization.
It deals with the process of understanding an organization and improving its performance through creation and... | Enterprise modelling | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,516 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Enterprise modelling"
] |
11,147,646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20Earth%20hypothesis | The Purple Earth Hypothesis (PEH) is an astrobiological hypothesis, first proposed by molecular biologist Shiladitya DasSarma in 2007, that the earliest photosynthetic life forms of Early Earth were based on the simpler molecule retinal rather than the more complex porphyrin-based chlorophyll, making the surface biosp... | Purple Earth hypothesis | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 1,285 | [
"Origin of life",
"Speculative evolution",
"Astrobiology",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
11,148,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5D%20%28machining%29 | In machining, 2.5D refers to a surface which is a projection of a plane into 3rd dimension – although the object is 3-dimensional, there are no overhanging elements possible. Objects of this type are often represented as a contour map that gives the height (i.e., thickness or depth) of the object at each point. A 2.5D ... | 2.5D (machining) | [
"Engineering"
] | 775 | [
"Construction",
"Industrial engineering",
"Computer-aided engineering"
] |
11,148,549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract%20family%20of%20languages | In computer science, in particular in the field of formal language theory,
an abstract family of languages is an abstract mathematical notion generalizing characteristics common to the regular languages, the context-free languages and the recursively enumerable languages, and other families of formal languages studied ... | Abstract family of languages | [
"Mathematics"
] | 456 | [
"Formal languages",
"Mathematical logic",
"Applied mathematics"
] |
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