id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16,589,498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20spherical%20harmonics | In mathematics, vector spherical harmonics (VSH) are an extension of the scalar spherical harmonics for use with vector fields. The components of the VSH are complex-valued functions expressed in the spherical coordinate basis vectors.
Definition
Several conventions have been used to define the VSH.
We follow that of... | Vector spherical harmonics | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,199 | [
"Special functions",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations",
"Combinatorics"
] |
13,801,080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-attachment%20mass%20spectrometry | Ion-attachment mass spectrometry (IAMS) is a form of mass spectrometry that uses a "soft" form of ionization similar to chemical ionization in which a cation is attached to the analyte molecule in a reactive collision:
{M} + {X+} + A -> {MX+} + A
Where M is the analyte molecule, X+ is the cation and A is a non-reactin... | Ion-attachment mass spectrometry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 284 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Ion source",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
13,803,076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20liberalization | Drug liberalization is a drug policy process of decriminalizing, legalizing, or repealing laws that prohibit the production, possession, sale, or use of prohibited drugs. Variations of drug liberalization include drug legalization, drug relegalization, and drug decriminalization. Proponents of drug liberalization may f... | Drug liberalization | [
"Chemistry"
] | 11,202 | [
"Drug control law",
"Regulation of chemicals"
] |
13,805,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubmeth | PubMeth is a database that contains information about DNA hypermethylation in cancer. It can be queried either by searching a list of genes, or cancer (sub)types.
It was created at the lab for bioinformatics and computational genomics in the Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering at G... | Pubmeth | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 89 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry"
] |
13,806,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-evaporable%20getter | Non evaporable getters (NEG), based on the principle of metallic surface sorption of gas molecules, are mostly porous alloys or powder mixtures of Al, Zr, Ti, V and Fe. They help to establish and maintain vacuums by soaking up or bonding to gas molecules that remain within a partial vacuum. This is done through the use... | Non-evaporable getter | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 282 | [
"Alloy stubs",
"Alloys",
"Vacuum",
"Matter"
] |
13,808,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterdepolarization | Afterdepolarizations are abnormal depolarizations of cardiac myocytes that interrupt phase 2, phase 3, or phase 4 of the cardiac action potential in the electrical conduction system of the heart. Afterdepolarizations may lead to cardiac arrhythmias. Afterdepolarization is commonly a consequence of myocardial infarction... | Afterdepolarization | [
"Chemistry"
] | 596 | [
"Membrane biology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
9,769,489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20emulsion | A nuclear emulsion plate is a type of particle detector first used in nuclear and particle physics experiments in the early decades of the 20th century. It is a modified form of photographic plate that can be used to record and investigate fast charged particles like alpha-particles, nucleons, leptons or mesons. Afte... | Nuclear emulsion | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,786 | [
"Particle detectors",
"Measuring instruments",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
9,769,502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localized%20molecular%20orbitals | Localized molecular orbitals are molecular orbitals which are concentrated in a limited spatial region of a molecule, such as a specific bond or lone pair on a specific atom. They can be used to relate molecular orbital calculations to simple bonding theories, and also to speed up post-Hartree–Fock electronic structure... | Localized molecular orbitals | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,765 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Molecular physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
9,772,947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler%20feedwater | Boiler feedwater is the water which is supplied to a boiler. The feed water is put into the steam drum from a feed pump. In the steam drum the feed water is then turned into steam from the heat. After the steam is used, it is then dumped to the main condenser. From the condenser, it is then pumped to the deaerated feed... | Boiler feedwater | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,041 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Boilers",
"Pressure vessels"
] |
9,773,583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone%20antagonist | For the use of hormone antagonists in cancer, see hormonal therapy (oncology)
A hormone antagonist is a specific type of receptor antagonist which acts upon hormone receptors. Such pharmaceutical drugs are used in antihormone therapy.
External links
Hormonal agents
Receptor antagonists | Hormone antagonist | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 58 | [
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Receptor antagonists",
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry"
] |
9,773,858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisulfite%20sequencing | Bisulfite sequencing (also known as bisulphite sequencing) is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA before routine sequencing to determine the pattern of methylation. DNA methylation was the first discovered epigenetic mark, and remains the most studied. In animals it predominantly involves the addition of a methyl gro... | Bisulfite sequencing | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,262 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Genomics techniques",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
9,774,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular%20Object%20Network%20Databank | The Biomolecular Object Network Databank is a bioinformatics databank containing information on small molecule structures and interactions. The databank integrates a number of existing databases to provide a comprehensive overview of the information currently available for a given molecule.
Background
The Blueprint ... | Biomolecular Object Network Databank | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,879 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Biochemistry databases"
] |
9,775,312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool%20insulation | Wool insulation is made from sheep wool fibres that are either mechanically held together or bonded using between 5% and 20% recycled polyester adhesive to form insulating batts, rolls and ropes. Some companies do not use any adhesives or bonding agents, but rather entangle the wool fibers into in high R-Value, air cap... | Wool insulation | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,168 | [
"Building engineering",
"Sustainable building",
"Construction"
] |
9,775,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superadobe | Superadobe is a form of earthbag construction that was developed by Iranian architect Nader Khalili. The technique uses layered long fabric tubes or bags filled with adobe to form a compression structure. The resulting beehive-shaped structures employ corbelled arches, corbelled domes, and vaults to create sturdy singl... | Superadobe | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,128 | [
"Construction",
"Structural engineering",
"Foundations (buildings and structures)",
"Masonry"
] |
1,087,818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius%20normal%20form | In linear algebra, the Frobenius normal form or rational canonical form of a square matrix A with entries in a field F is a canonical form for matrices obtained by conjugation by invertible matrices over F. The form reflects a minimal decomposition of the vector space into subspaces that are cyclic for A (i.e., spanne... | Frobenius normal form | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,515 | [
"Linear algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
1,088,425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahler%20measure | In mathematics, the Mahler measure of a polynomial with complex coefficients is defined as
where factorizes over the complex numbers as
The Mahler measure can be viewed as a kind of height function. Using Jensen's formula, it can be proved that this measure is also equal to the geometric mean of for on the unit... | Mahler measure | [
"Mathematics"
] | 983 | [
"Analytic number theory",
"Polynomials",
"Algebra",
"Number theory"
] |
1,089,161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Tricomi%20equation | In mathematics, the Euler–Tricomi equation is a linear partial differential equation useful in the study of transonic flow. It is named after mathematicians Leonhard Euler and Francesco Giacomo Tricomi.
It is elliptic in the half plane x > 0, parabolic at x = 0 and hyperbolic in the half plane x < 0.
Its characterist... | Euler–Tricomi equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 266 | [
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Equations of physics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,089,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplygin%27s%20equation | In gas dynamics, Chaplygin's equation, named after Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin (1902), is a partial differential equation useful in the study of transonic flow. It is
Here, is the speed of sound, determined by the equation of state of the fluid and conservation of energy. For polytropic gases, we have , where is th... | Chaplygin's equation | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 458 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,089,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafast%20monochromator | An ultrafast monochromator is a monochromator that preserves the duration of an ultrashort pulse (in the femtosecond, or lower, time-scale). Monochromators are devices that select for a particular wavelength, typically using a diffraction grating to disperse the light and a slit to select the desired wavelength; howev... | Ultrafast monochromator | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 380 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Materials science stubs",
"Electromagnetism stubs",
"Optical devices"
] |
1,090,018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s%20cradle | Newton's cradle is a device, usually made of metal, that demonstrates the principles of conservation of momentum and conservation of energy in physics with swinging spheres. When one sphere at the end is lifted and released, it strikes the stationary spheres, compressing them and thereby transmitting a pressure wave th... | Newton's cradle | [
"Physics"
] | 3,978 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physics education"
] |
1,090,861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20brick | Glass brick, also known as glass block, is an architectural element made from glass. The appearance of glass blocks can vary in color, size, texture and form. Glass bricks provide visual obscuration while admitting light. The modern glass block was developed from pre-existing prism lighting principles in the early 1900... | Glass brick | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,361 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Masonry",
"Building engineering",
"Architecture",
"Glass architecture",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Matter",
"Building materials"
] |
1,091,018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20electron%20diffraction | Gas electron diffraction (GED) is one of the applications of electron diffraction techniques. The target of this method is the determination of the structure of gaseous molecules, i.e., the geometrical arrangement of the atoms from which a molecule is built up. GED is one of two experimental methods (besides microwave ... | Gas electron diffraction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,770 | [
"Crystallography",
"Diffraction",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
1,091,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similitude | Similitude is a concept applicable to the testing of engineering models. A model is said to have similitude with the real application if the two share geometric similarity, kinematic similarity and dynamic similarity. Similarity and similitude are interchangeable in this context.
The term dynamic similitude is often us... | Similitude | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,546 | [
"Dimensional analysis",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
1,091,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Mises%20yield%20criterion | In continuum mechanics, the maximum distortion energy criterion (also von Mises yield criterion) states that yielding of a ductile material begins when the second invariant of deviatoric stress reaches a critical value. It is a part of plasticity theory that mostly applies to ductile materials, such as some metals. Pr... | Von Mises yield criterion | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,393 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Structural analysis",
"Materials science",
"Plasticity (physics)",
"nan",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
2,317,010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine%20trifluoride | Bromine trifluoride is an interhalogen compound with the formula BrF3. At room temperature, it is a straw-coloured liquid with a pungent odor which decomposes violently on contact with water and organic compounds. It is a powerful fluorinating agent and an ionizing inorganic solvent. It is used to produce uranium hexaf... | Bromine trifluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 435 | [
"Redox",
"Interhalogen compounds",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Salts",
"Fluorinating agents",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Fluorides"
] |
2,317,437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymous%20substitution | A synonymous substitution (often called a silent substitution though they are not always silent) is the evolutionary substitution of one base for another in an exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid sequence is not modified. This is possible because the genetic code is "degenerate", mean... | Synonymous substitution | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 967 | [
"Evolutionary processes",
"Protein biosynthesis",
"Molecular evolution",
"Gene expression",
"Neutral theory",
"Biosynthesis",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Non-Darwinian evolution",
"Biology theories"
] |
2,318,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRKM%20theory | The Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory is a theory of chemical reactivity. It was developed by Rice and Ramsperger in 1927 and Kassel in 1928 (RRK theory) and generalized (into the RRKM theory) in 1952 by Marcus who took the transition state theory developed by Eyring in 1935 into account. These methods enab... | RRKM theory | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 323 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Molecular physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Chemical physics",
" and optical physics"
] |
2,318,488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20electromagnetic%20fields | In differential geometry and theoretical physics, the classification of electromagnetic fields is a pointwise classification of bivectors at each point of a Lorentzian manifold. It is used in the study of solutions of Maxwell's equations and has applications in Einstein's theory of relativity.
The classification theor... | Classification of electromagnetic fields | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,087 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
2,320,078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosov%20diffeomorphism | In mathematics, more particularly in the fields of dynamical systems and geometric topology, an Anosov map on a manifold M is a certain type of mapping, from M to itself, with rather clearly marked local directions of "expansion" and "contraction". Anosov systems are a special case of Axiom A systems.
Anosov diffeomor... | Anosov diffeomorphism | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,709 | [
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,320,130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20Monte%20Carlo | Quantum Monte Carlo encompasses a large family of computational methods whose common aim is the study of complex quantum systems. One of the major goals of these approaches is to provide a reliable solution (or an accurate approximation) of the quantum many-body problem. The diverse flavors of quantum Monte Carlo appr... | Quantum Monte Carlo | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,097 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Computational physics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Electronic structure methods",
"Computational chemistry",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Quantum Monte Carlo",
" and optical physics"
] |
2,321,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic%20recoil%20detection | Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), also referred to as forward recoil scattering or spectrometry, is an ion beam analysis technique, in materials science, to obtain elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films. This technique can be achieved using many processes.
In the technique of ERDA, an energetic i... | Elastic recoil detection | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 8,875 | [
"Ion beam methods",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"nan"
] |
376,800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20phenomena | In physics, critical phenomena is the collective name associated with the
physics of critical points. Most of them stem from the divergence of the
correlation length, but also the dynamics slows down. Critical phenomena include scaling relations among different quantities, power-law divergences of some quantities (suc... | Critical phenomena | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,692 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Critical phenomena",
"Renormalization group",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
376,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper%20pair | In condensed matter physics, a Cooper pair or BCS pair (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer pair) is a pair of electrons (or other fermions) bound together at low temperatures in a certain manner first described in 1956 by American physicist Leon Cooper.
Description
Cooper showed that an arbitrarily small attraction between ele... | Cooper pair | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,082 | [
"Quantum phases",
"Physical phenomena",
"Matter",
"Physical quantities",
"Charge carriers",
"Spintronics",
"Superconductivity",
"Phases of matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Superconductors",
"Electrical resistance and co... |
376,885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction-limited%20system | In optics, any optical instrument or systema microscope, telescope, or camerahas a principal limit to its resolution due to the physics of diffraction. An optical instrument is said to be diffraction-limited if it has reached this limit of resolution performance. Other factors may affect an optical system's performance... | Diffraction-limited system | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Astronomy",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,666 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Telescopes",
"Astronomical instruments",
"Measuring instruments",
"Crystallography",
"Diffraction",
"Microscopes",
"Microscopy",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
377,537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankel%20matrix | In linear algebra, a Hankel matrix (or catalecticant matrix), named after Hermann Hankel, is a n x m matrix in which each ascending skew-diagonal from left to right is constant. For example,
More generally, a Hankel matrix is any matrix of the form
In terms of the components, if the element of is denoted with , a... | Hankel matrix | [
"Mathematics"
] | 731 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Matrices (mathematics)",
"Mathematical relations",
"Transforms"
] |
377,876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20of%20flight | Time of flight (ToF) is the measurement of the time taken by an object, particle or wave (be it acoustic, electromagnetic, etc.) to travel a distance through a medium. This information can then be used to measure velocity or path length, or as a way to learn about the particle or medium's properties (such as compositio... | Time of flight | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,680 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time measurement systems",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spacetime",
"Spectroscopy",
"Matter"
] |
378,010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning | Planning is the process of thinking regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning is based on foresight, the fundamental capacity for mental time travel. Some researchers regard the evolution of forethought - the capacity to think ahead - as a prime mover in human evolution.
Planning is a fundam... | Planning | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,644 | [
"Systems engineering"
] |
378,661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation | Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregul... | Thermoregulation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 5,585 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Animals",
"Animal physiology",
"Human homeostasis",
"Applied mathematics",
"Thermoregulation",
"Thermodynamics",
"Homeostasis",
"Mathematics in medicine"
] |
378,744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20in%20biology | Calcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms' cells. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where they act as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization. Many enzymes require calcium... | Calcium in biology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,536 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Properties of chemical elements",
"Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements",
"Signal transduction",
"nan",
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry",
"Calcium signaling"
] |
378,912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20in%20biology | Potassium is the main intracellular ion for all types of cells, while having a major role in maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance. Potassium is necessary for the function of all living cells and is thus present in all plant and animal tissues. It is found in especially high concentrations within plant cells, an... | Potassium in biology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,064 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Properties of chemical elements",
"Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements",
"nan",
"Biochemistry"
] |
378,938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20in%20biology | Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion. It is an essential mineral nutrient (i.e., element) for life and is present in every cell type in every organism. For example, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in cells, must bind to a magnesium i... | Magnesium in biology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 8,696 | [
"Plant physiology",
"Pharmacology",
"Properties of chemical elements",
"Plants",
"Physiology",
"Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements",
"nan",
"Biochemistry"
] |
379,241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmitt%20trigger | In electronics, a Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis implemented by applying positive feedback to the noninverting input of a comparator or differential amplifier. It is an active circuit which converts an analog input signal to a digital output signal. The circuit is named a trigger because the o... | Schmitt trigger | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 5,471 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Digital electronics",
"Electronic circuits",
"Materials science",
"Electronic engineering",
"Hysteresis"
] |
379,303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20exchange | Gas exchange is the physical process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface. For example, this surface might be the air/water interface of a water body, the surface of a gas bubble in a liquid, a gas-permeable membrane, or a biological membrane that forms the boundary between an organism and its ex... | Gas exchange | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 6,762 | [
"Matter",
"Phases of matter",
"nan",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Gases"
] |
1,659,646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, initiation is a chemical reaction that triggers one or more secondary reactions. Initiation creates a reactive centre on a molecule which produces a chain reaction. The reactive centre generated by initiation is usually a radical, but can also be cations or anions. Once the reaction is initiated, the spec... | Initiation (chemistry) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 875 | [
"Reaction mechanisms",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Physical organic chemistry"
] |
1,661,177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20%28astrophysics%29 | In astrophysics, accretion is the accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter, typically gaseous matter, into an accretion disk. Most astronomical objects, such as galaxies, stars, and planets, are formed by accretion processes.
Overview
The accretion model that Earth and... | Accretion (astrophysics) | [
"Physics"
] | 3,087 | [
"Celestial mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Concepts in astrophysics"
] |
1,661,604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec%20%E2%80%93%20New%20England%20Transmission | The Quebec – New England Transmission (officially known in Quebec as the Réseau multiterminal à courant continu (RMCC) and also known as Phase I / Phase II and the Radisson - Nicolet - Des Cantons circuit, and known in New England as the Northern Pass) is a long-distance high-voltage direct current (HVDC) line between ... | Quebec – New England Transmission | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,666 | [
"James Bay Project",
"Macro-engineering"
] |
1,664,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mereotopology | In formal ontology, a branch of metaphysics, and in ontological computer science, mereotopology is a first-order theory, embodying mereological and topological concepts, of the relations among wholes, parts, parts of parts, and the boundaries between parts.
History and motivation
Mereotopology begins in philosophy wit... | Mereotopology | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,207 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical axioms",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
1,664,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniProt | UniProt is a freely accessible database of protein sequence and functional information, many entries being derived from genome sequencing projects. It contains a large amount of information about the biological function of proteins derived from the research literature. It is maintained by the UniProt consortium, which ... | UniProt | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,970 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering",
"Computational biology"
] |
5,785,677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%27s%20problems | At the 1912 International Congress of Mathematicians, Edmund Landau listed four basic problems about prime numbers. These problems were characterised in his speech as "unattackable at the present state of mathematics" and are now known as Landau's problems. They are as follows:
Goldbach's conjecture: Can every even in... | Landau's problems | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,134 | [
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Mathematical problems",
"Number theory",
"Unsolved problems in number theory"
] |
5,786,821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothe%E2%80%93Hagen%20identity | In mathematics, the Rothe–Hagen identity is a mathematical identity valid for all complex numbers () except where its denominators vanish:
It is a generalization of Vandermonde's identity, and is named after Heinrich August Rothe and Johann Georg Hagen.
References
.
. See especially pp. 89–91.
. As cited by .
.
. As ... | Rothe–Hagen identity | [
"Mathematics"
] | 91 | [
"Factorial and binomial topics",
"Algebraic identities",
"Applied mathematics",
"Combinatorics",
"Applied mathematics stubs",
"Mathematical identities"
] |
5,787,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerche%E2%80%93Newberger%20sum%20rule | The Lerche–Newberger, or Newberger, sum rule, discovered by B. S. Newberger in 1982, finds the sum of certain infinite series involving Bessel functions Jα of the first kind.
It states that if μ is any non-integer complex number, , and Re(α + β) > −1, then
Newberger's formula generalizes a formula of this type proven... | Lerche–Newberger sum rule | [
"Mathematics"
] | 135 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Special functions",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical identities",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Algebra"
] |
5,787,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein%20kinase%202 | Casein kinase 2 ()(CK2/CSNK2) is a serine/threonine-selective protein kinase that has been implicated in cell cycle control, DNA repair, regulation of the circadian rhythm, and other cellular processes. De-regulation of CK2 has been linked to tumorigenesis as a potential protection mechanism for mutated cells. Proper C... | Casein kinase 2 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,162 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry",
"Signal transduction"
] |
5,788,287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking%20wave | In fluid dynamics and nautical terminology, a breaking wave or breaker is a wave with enough energy to "break" at its peak, reaching a critical level at which linear energy transforms into wave turbulence energy with a distinct forward curve. At this point, simple physical models that describe wave dynamics often beco... | Breaking wave | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,424 | [
"Water waves",
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
5,790,527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Kui%20%28legalist%29 | Li Kui (, 455–395 BC) was a Chinese hydraulic engineer, philosopher, and politician. He served as government minister and court advisor to Marquis Wen (r. 403–387 BC) in the state of Wei. In 407 BC, he wrote the Book of Law (Fajing, 法经). Said to have been a main influence on Shang Yang, it served the basis for the codi... | Li Kui (legalist) | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 800 | [
"Hydrology",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
5,791,186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20density | Bone density, or bone mineral density, is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue. The concept is of mass of mineral per volume of bone (relating to density in the physics sense), although clinically it is measured by proxy according to optical density per square centimetre of bone surface upon imaging. Bone density ... | Bone density | [
"Physics"
] | 1,736 | [
"Mechanical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Mass",
"Intensive quantities",
"Volume-specific quantities",
"Density",
"Mass density",
"Matter"
] |
5,791,679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20singularity | In engineering, a mechanical singularity is a position or configuration of a mechanism or a machine where the subsequent behaviour cannot be predicted, or the forces or other physical quantities involved become infinite or nondeterministic.
When the underlying engineering equations of a mechanism or machine are evalua... | Mechanical singularity | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 286 | [
"Mechanical engineering stubs",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
5,792,005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perchloryl%20fluoride | Perchloryl fluoride is a reactive gas with the chemical formula . It has a characteristic sweet odor that resembles gasoline and kerosene. It is toxic and is a powerful oxidizing and fluorinating agent. It is the acid fluoride of perchloric acid.
In spite of its small enthalpy of formation (ΔfH° = ), it is kinetically... | Perchloryl fluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 688 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Fluorinating agents",
"Rocket oxidizers",
"Inorganic chlorine compounds",
"Reagents for organic chemistry"
] |
5,792,085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction%20drive | A reduction drive is a mechanical device to shift rotational speed. A planetary reduction drive is a small scale version using ball bearings in an epicyclic arrangement instead of toothed gears.
Reduction drives are used in engines of all kinds to increase the amount of torque per revolution of a shaft: the gearbox of... | Reduction drive | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,541 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Hardware (mechanical)",
"Construction"
] |
9,073,820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVLAS | PVLAS (Polarizzazione del Vuoto con LASer, "polarization of the vacuum with laser") aims to carry out a test of quantum electrodynamics and possibly detect dark matter at the Department of Physics and National Institute of Nuclear Physics in Ferrara, Italy. It searches for vacuum polarization causing nonlinear optical... | PVLAS | [
"Physics"
] | 794 | [
"Dark matter",
"Experiments for dark matter search",
"Unsolved problems in physics"
] |
9,075,104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20Energy%20Survey | The Dark Energy Survey (DES) is an astronomical survey designed to constrain the properties of dark energy. It uses images taken in the near-ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared to measure the expansion of the universe using Type Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, the number of galaxy clusters, and weak gr... | Dark Energy Survey | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,080 | [
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Physical quantities",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Astronomical surveys",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Works about astronomy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Dark energy",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
191,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20space | The phase space of a physical system is the set of all possible physical states of the system when described by a given parameterization. Each possible state corresponds uniquely to a point in the phase space. For mechanical systems, the phase space usually consists of all possible values of the position and momentum p... | Phase space | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,196 | [
"Dimensional analysis",
"Theoretical physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Hamiltonian mechanics",
"Mechanics",
"nan",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
191,123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s%20law | In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the body and its environment.
At the end of the 19th century, physicists were un... | Planck's law | [
"Physics"
] | 14,404 | [
"Old quantum theory",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Foundational quantum physics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
191,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coand%C4%83%20effect | The Coandă effect ( or ) is the tendency of a fluid jet to stay attached to a surface of any form. Merriam-Webster describes it as "the tendency of a jet of fluid emerging from an orifice to follow an adjacent flat or curved surface and to entrain fluid from the surroundings so that a region of lower pressure develops.... | Coandă effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,719 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Microfluidics",
"Microtechnology",
"Aerodynamics",
"Boundary layers",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
191,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine%20tool | A machine tool is a machine for handling or machining metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, boring, grinding, shearing, or other forms of deformations. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the workpiece and provide a g... | Machine tool | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 5,643 | [
"Machines",
"Machine tools",
"Physical systems",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Industrial machinery"
] |
191,646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED | An organic light-emitting diode (OLED), also known as organic electroluminescent (organic EL) diode, is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is an organic compound film that emits light in response to an electric current. This organic layer is situated between two electrod... | OLED | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 14,348 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Molecular electronics",
"Electronic engineering",
"Display technology",
"Nanotechnology",
"Flexible electronics",
"Conductive polymers"
] |
191,897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric-field%20screening | In physics, screening is the damping of electric fields caused by the presence of mobile charge carriers. It is an important part of the behavior of charge-carrying mediums, such as ionized gases (classical plasmas), electrolytes, and electronic conductors (semiconductors, metals).
In a fluid, with a given permittivity... | Electric-field screening | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,089 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Plasma physics",
"Electromagnetism concepts",
"Plasma phenomena",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
191,933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential%20growth | Exponential growth occurs when a quantity grows as an exponential function of time. The quantity grows at a rate directly proportional to its present size. For example, when it is 3 times as big as it is now, it will be growing 3 times as fast as it is now.
In more technical language, its instantaneous rate of change ... | Exponential growth | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,111 | [
"Mathematical modeling",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Applied mathematics",
"E (mathematical constant)",
"Exponentials",
"Temporal exponentials",
"Spacetime"
] |
191,941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethics | Bioethics is both a field of study and professional practice, interested in ethical issues related to health (primarily focused on the human, but also increasingly includes animal ethics), including those emerging from advances in biology, medicine, and technologies. It proposes the discussion about moral discernment i... | Bioethics | [
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 6,903 | [
"Bioethics",
"Behavior",
"Ethics of science and technology",
"Human behavior",
"Applied ethics"
] |
192,025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20roof | A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintain... | Green roof | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 9,403 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Sustainable building",
"Hydrology",
"Sustainable architecture",
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Landscape architecture",
"Structural system",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Hydrology and urban planning",
"Environmental engineering",
"Environ... |
192,198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio%20vaccine | Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio. The two vaccines have eliminated polio ... | Polio vaccine | [
"Biology"
] | 8,075 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccines"
] |
192,266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20class | In mathematics, specifically functional analysis, a trace-class operator is a linear operator for which a trace may be defined, such that the trace is a finite number independent of the choice of basis used to compute the trace. This trace of trace-class operators generalizes the trace of matrices studied in linear alg... | Trace class | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,726 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Tensors",
"Mathematical objects",
"Linear operators",
"Mathematical relations",
"Topological tensor products"
] |
192,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screened%20Poisson%20equation | In physics, the screened Poisson equation is a Poisson equation, which arises in (for example) the Klein–Gordon equation, electric field screening in plasmas, and nonlocal granular fluidity in granular flow.
Statement of the equation
The equation is
where is the Laplace operator, λ is a constant that expresses the ... | Screened Poisson equation | [
"Physics"
] | 850 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Plasma physics equations"
] |
192,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20particle | A virtual particle is a theoretical transient particle that exhibits some of the characteristics of an ordinary particle, while having its existence limited by the uncertainty principle, which allows the virtual particles to spontaneously emerge from vacuum at short time and space ranges. The concept of virtual particl... | Virtual particle | [
"Physics"
] | 3,070 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Quantum mechanics",
"nan"
] |
192,595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant%20Staphylococcus%20aureus | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a group of gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It caused more than 100,000 deaths worldwide attributable to antimicrobial resistanc... | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | [
"Biology"
] | 9,678 | [
"Bacteria",
"Antibiotic-resistant bacteria"
] |
192,904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate%20fate%20of%20the%20universe | The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology, whose theoretical restrictions allow possible scenarios for the evolution and ultimate fate of the universe to be described and evaluated. Based on available observational evidence, deciding the fate and evolution of the universe has become a valid cos... | Ultimate fate of the universe | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,626 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Theoretical physics",
"Physical cosmology",
"Astrophysics"
] |
192,989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Rip | In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a hypothetical cosmological model concerning the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, and even spacetime itself, is progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time i... | Big Rip | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,198 | [
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Physical quantities",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Energy (physics)",
"Dark energy",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physical cosmology"... |
11,253,084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20form%20factor | In physics, the atomic form factor, or atomic scattering factor, is a measure of the scattering amplitude of a wave by an isolated atom. The atomic form factor depends on the type of scattering, which in turn depends on the nature of the incident radiation, typically X-ray, electron or neutron. The common feature of al... | Atomic form factor | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,227 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
17,769,499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate%20brachytherapy | Brachytherapy is a type of radiotherapy, or radiation treatment, offered to certain cancer patients. There are two types of brachytherapy – high dose-rate (HDR) and low dose-rate (LDR). LDR brachytherapy is the one most commonly used to treat prostate cancer. It may be referred to as 'seed implantation' or it may be ca... | Prostate brachytherapy | [
"Physics"
] | 1,929 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Medical physics"
] |
17,774,634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective%20area%20epitaxy | Selective area epitaxy is the local growth of epitaxial layer through a patterned amorphous dielectric mask (typically SiO2 or Si3N4) deposited on a semiconductor substrate. Semiconductor growth conditions are selected to ensure epitaxial growth on the exposed substrate, but not on the dielectric mask. SAE can be execu... | Selective area epitaxy | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 842 | [
"Chemical vapor deposition",
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Microtechnology"
] |
17,776,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20VandenBerg | Dr. Don VandenBerg is Professor Emeritus of astronomy (Ph.D. Australian National University) at the department of physics and astronomy at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. He is internationally acclaimed for his work on modelling stars of different size and composition.
Using basic input physics, ... | Don VandenBerg | [
"Astronomy"
] | 199 | [
"Astronomers",
"Astronomer stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
17,780,181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ-limited%20amyloidosis | Organ-limited amyloidosis is a category of amyloidosis where the distribution can be associated primarily with a single organ. It is contrasted to systemic amyloidosis, and it can be caused by several different types of amyloid.
In almost all of the organ-specific pathologies, there is debate as to whether the amyloid... | Organ-limited amyloidosis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 305 | [
"Histopathology",
"Microscopy"
] |
17,780,458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter%20power%20spectrum | The matter power spectrum describes the density contrast of the universe (the difference between the local density and the mean density) as a function of scale. It is the Fourier transform of the matter correlation function. On large scales, gravity competes with cosmic expansion, and structures grow according to lin... | Matter power spectrum | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 678 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Theoretical physics",
"Physical cosmology",
"Astrophysics"
] |
17,782,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susceptibility%20weighted%20imaging | Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), originally called BOLD venographic imaging, is an MRI sequence that is exquisitely sensitive to venous blood, hemorrhage and iron storage. SWI uses a fully flow compensated, long echo, gradient recalled echo (GRE) pulse sequence to acquire images. This method exploits the suscepti... | Susceptibility weighted imaging | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,725 | [
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Magnetic resonance imaging"
] |
17,782,683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrations%20of%20a%20circular%20membrane | A two-dimensional elastic membrane under tension can support transverse vibrations. The properties of an idealized drumhead can be modeled by the vibrations of a circular membrane of uniform thickness, attached to a rigid frame. Due to the phenomenon of resonance, at certain vibration frequencies, its resonant frequ... | Vibrations of a circular membrane | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,291 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical vibrations"
] |
17,785,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-cone%20coordinates | In physics, particularly special relativity, light-cone coordinates, introduced by Paul Dirac and also known as Dirac coordinates, are a special coordinate system where two coordinate axes combine both space and time, while all the others are spatial.
Motivation
A spacetime plane may be associated with the plane of s... | Light-cone coordinates | [
"Physics"
] | 643 | [
"Theory of relativity"
] |
14,908,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%20perfusion | Limb perfusion is a medical technique that is used to deliver drugs locally directly to a site of interest. It is commonly used in human medicine for administration of anticancer drugs directly to an arm or leg. It is also used in veterinary medicine to deliver drugs to a site of infection or injury, as well as for the... | Limb perfusion | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,135 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Routes of administration"
] |
14,909,006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20structure | The term magnetic structure of a material pertains to the ordered arrangement of magnetic spins, typically within an ordered crystallographic lattice. Its study is a branch of solid-state physics.
Magnetic structures
Most solid materials are non-magnetic, that is, they do not display a magnetic structure. Due to the P... | Magnetic structure | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,379 | [
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Solid-state chemistry"
] |
14,915,121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium%20malonate | Disodium malonate is a sodium salt of malonic acid with the chemical formula CH2(COONa)2. It is a white crystal soluble in water but not in alcohols, esters or benzene. It can be prepared from the reaction of sodium hydroxide and malonic acid:
CH2(COOH)2 + 2 NaOH → CH2(COONa)2 + 2 H2O
Malonates
Organic sodium salts | Disodium malonate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 93 | [
"Salts",
"Organic compounds",
"Organic sodium salts",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
69,937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20pulse%20propulsion | Nuclear pulse propulsion or external pulsed plasma propulsion is a hypothetical method of spacecraft propulsion that uses nuclear explosions for thrust. It originated as Project Orion with support from DARPA, after a suggestion by Stanislaw Ulam in 1947. Newer designs using inertial confinement fusion have been the bas... | Nuclear pulse propulsion | [
"Physics"
] | 2,740 | [
"Plasma technology and applications",
"Plasma physics"
] |
70,085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20J.%20Thomson | Sir Joseph John Thomson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was an English physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 for his discovery of the electron, the first subatomic particle to be found.
In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of previously unknown negatively charged particles (n... | J. J. Thomson | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,749 | [
"Biochemists",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometrists"
] |
70,117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain | A floodplain or flood plain or bottomlands is an area of land adjacent to a river. Floodplains stretch from the banks of a river channel to the base of the enclosing valley, and experience flooding during periods of high discharge. The soils usually consist of clays, silts, sands, and gravels deposited during floods.
... | Floodplain | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,065 | [
"Flood control",
"Hydrology",
"Wetlands",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
70,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Waals%20radius | The van der Waals radius, r, of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom.
It is named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals, winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics, as he was the first to recognise that atoms were not simply points and to demons... | Van der Waals radius | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,646 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Materials science",
"Intermolecular forces",
"Atomic radius",
"nan",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
70,662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaffing%20and%20winnowing | Chaffing and winnowing is a cryptographic technique to achieve confidentiality without using encryption when sending data over an insecure channel. The name is derived from agriculture: after grain has been harvested and threshed, it remains mixed together with inedible fibrous chaff. The chaff and grain are then sepa... | Chaffing and winnowing | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,244 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
70,671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy%20tensor | The stress–energy tensor, sometimes called the stress–energy–momentum tensor or the energy–momentum tensor, is a tensor physical quantity that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime, generalizing the stress tensor of Newtonian physics. It is an attribute of matter, radiation, and non-gravita... | Stress–energy tensor | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,246 | [
"Tensors",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Tensor physical quantities",
"Density",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
70,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodisiac | An aphrodisiac is a substance alleged to increase libido, sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior. These substances range from a variety of plants, spices, and foods to synthetic chemicals. Natural aphrodisiacs, such as cannabis or cocaine, are classified into plant-based and non-plant-bas... | Aphrodisiac | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,961 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Sex and drugs"
] |
71,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible%20spectroscopy | Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis or UV-VIS) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in part of the ultraviolet and the full, adjacent visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Being relatively inexpensive and easily implemented, this methodology is widely used in diverse applie... | Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,443 | [
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Absorption spectroscopy"
] |
71,119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%27s%20friend | Wigner's friend is a thought experiment in theoretical quantum physics, first published by the Hungarian-American physicist Eugene Wigner in 1961, and further developed by David Deutsch in 1985. The scenario involves an indirect observation of a quantum measurement: An observer observes another observer who performs ... | Wigner's friend | [
"Physics"
] | 4,320 | [
"Quantum measurement",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Thought experiments in quantum mechanics"
] |
71,986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark%20spectroscopy | Stark spectroscopy (sometimes known as electroabsorption/emission spectroscopy) is a form of spectroscopy based on the Stark effect. In brief, this technique makes use of the Stark effect (or electrochromism) either to reveal information about the physiochemical or physical properties of a sample using a well-character... | Stark spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 222 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
72,536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20conduction | Thermal conduction is the diffusion of thermal energy (heat) within one material or between materials in contact. The higher temperature object has molecules with more kinetic energy; collisions between molecules distributes this kinetic energy until an object has the same kinetic energy throughout. Thermal conductivit... | Thermal conduction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,864 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Quantity",
"Thermodynamics",
"Heat conduction",
"Physical properties"
] |
72,576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial%20precession | In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis. In the absence of precession, the astronomical body's orbit would show axial parallelism. In particular, axial precession can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Ea... | Axial precession | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 9,481 | [
"Time in astronomy",
"Physical quantities",
"Classical mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Precession",
"Equinoxes",
"Celestial mechanics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
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