id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
72,672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocrine%20gland | Exocrine glands are glands that secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct. Examples of exocrine glands include sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, prostate and mucous. Exocrine glands are one of two types of glands in the human body, the other being endocrine glands, which se... | Exocrine gland | [
"Biology"
] | 679 | [
"Exocrine system",
"Organ systems"
] |
72,750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthesis | In medicine, a prosthesis (: prostheses; from ), or a prosthetic implant, is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part, which may be lost through physical trauma, disease, or a condition present at birth (congenital disorder). Prostheses may restore the normal functions of the missing body part, or may pe... | Prosthesis | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 14,630 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Biomedical engineering",
"Automation",
"Robotics",
"Medical technology"
] |
72,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s%20integral%20formula | In mathematics, Cauchy's integral formula, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a central statement in complex analysis. It expresses the fact that a holomorphic function defined on a disk is completely determined by its values on the boundary of the disk, and it provides integral formulas for all derivatives of a hol... | Cauchy's integral formula | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,239 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in complex analysis"
] |
72,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault%20pendulum | The Foucault pendulum or Foucault's pendulum is a simple device named after French physicist Léon Foucault, conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the Earth's rotation. If a long and heavy pendulum suspended from the high roof above a circular area is monitored over an extended period of time, its plane of oscillati... | Foucault pendulum | [
"Physics"
] | 2,979 | [
"Experimental physics",
"Physics experiments"
] |
12,202,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbons%E2%80%93Hawking%20effect | In the theory of general relativity, the Gibbons–Hawking effect is the statement that a temperature can be associated to each solution of the Einstein field equations that contains a causal horizon. It is named after Gary Gibbons and Stephen Hawking.
The term "causal horizon" does not necessarily refer to event horizo... | Gibbons–Hawking effect | [
"Physics"
] | 178 | [
"General relativity",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
12,202,917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%20dispersion | Taylor dispersion or Taylor diffusion is an apparent or effective diffusion of some scalar field arising on the large scale due to the presence of a strong, confined, zero-mean shear flow on the small scale. Essentially, the shear acts to smear out the concentration distribution in the direction of the flow, enhancing ... | Taylor dispersion | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,369 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid mechanics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
12,203,588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotic%20inhibitor | A mitotic inhibitor, microtubule inhibitor, or tubulin inhibitor, is a drug that inhibits mitosis, or cell division, and is used in treating cancer, gout, and nail fungus. These drugs disrupt microtubules, which are structures that pull the chromosomes apart when a cell divides. Mitotic inhibitors are used in cancer t... | Mitotic inhibitor | [
"Biology"
] | 8,617 | [
"Mitosis",
"Harmful chemical substances",
"Cellular processes",
"Mitotic inhibitors"
] |
12,206,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HESX1 | Homeobox expressed in ES cells 1, also known as homeobox protein ANF, is a homeobox protein that in humans is encoded by the HESX1 gene.
Expression of HEX1 and HESX1 marks the anterior visceral endoderm of the embryo. The AVE is an extra-embryonic tissue, key to the establishment of the anterior-posterior body axis.
... | HESX1 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 153 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
12,207,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Either%E2%80%93or%20topology | In mathematics, the either–or topology is a topological structure defined on the closed interval [−1, 1] by declaring a set open if it either does not contain {0} or does contain (−1, 1).
References
General topology | Either–or topology | [
"Mathematics"
] | 52 | [
"General topology",
"Topology",
"Topology stubs"
] |
12,207,392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact%20complement%20topology | In mathematics, the compact complement topology is a topology defined on the set of real numbers, defined by declaring a subset open if and only if it is either empty or its complement is compact in the standard Euclidean topology on .
References
Topology | Compact complement topology | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 48 | [
"Topology stubs",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
12,212,114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-board%20scale | On-board scales are mobile weighing systems that have been integrated into a vehicle, such as a flatbed truck or semi-trailer. In the United States, such scales are used primarily as a self-check for weight compliance. Thus the operator can use the scale to determine the weight of the vehicle as it is loaded. This ena... | On-board scale | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,447 | [
"Weighing instruments",
"Mass",
"Matter",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
4,351,011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-slowing | C-slow retiming is a technique used in conjunction with retiming to improve throughput of a digital circuit. Each register in a circuit is replaced by a set of C registers (in series). This creates a circuit with C independent threads, as if the new circuit contained C copies of the original circuit. A single computati... | C-slowing | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 345 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Gate arrays",
"Computer science stubs",
"Computer science",
"Computing stubs"
] |
4,355,120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm%20theory | In mathematics, Fredholm theory is a theory of integral equations. In the narrowest sense, Fredholm theory concerns itself with the solution of the Fredholm integral equation. In a broader sense, the abstract structure of Fredholm's theory is given in terms of the spectral theory of Fredholm operators and Fredholm kern... | Fredholm theory | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,019 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
7,542,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal%20analysis | Modal analysis is the study of the dynamic properties of systems in the frequency domain. It consists of mechanically exciting a studied component in such a way to target the modeshapes of the structure, and recording the vibration data with a network of sensors. Examples would include measuring the vibration of a car'... | Modal analysis | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,281 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Earthquake engineering"
] |
7,552,188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiles%20rearrangement | In organic chemistry, the Smiles rearrangement is an organic reaction and a rearrangement reaction named after British chemist Samuel Smiles. It is an intramolecular, nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the type:
where X in the arene compound can be a sulfone, a sulfide, an ether or any substituent capable of dislod... | Smiles rearrangement | [
"Chemistry"
] | 340 | [
"Name reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
3,197,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlapping%20interval%20topology | In mathematics, the overlapping interval topology is a topology which is used to illustrate various topological principles.
Definition
Given the closed interval of the real number line, the open sets of the topology are generated from the half-open intervals with and with . The topology therefore consists of inte... | Overlapping interval topology | [
"Mathematics"
] | 222 | [
"Topological spaces",
"Mathematical structures",
"Topology",
"Space (mathematics)"
] |
3,199,351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic%20flame%20temperature | In the study of combustion, the adiabatic flame temperature is the temperature reached by a flame under ideal conditions. It is an upper bound of the temperature that is reached in actual processes.
There are two types of adiabatic flame temperature: constant volume and constant pressure, depending on how the process ... | Adiabatic flame temperature | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,310 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Temperature",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Phase transitions",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Threshold temperatures",
"Combustion",
"Thermodynamics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantiti... |
3,199,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-receptor | A co-receptor is a cell surface receptor that binds a signalling molecule in addition to a primary receptor in order to facilitate ligand recognition and initiate biological processes, such as entry of a pathogen into a host cell.
Properties
The term co-receptor is prominent in literature regarding signal transduction... | Co-receptor | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,110 | [
"Transmembrane receptors",
"Neurochemistry",
"Biochemistry",
"Signal transduction"
] |
3,200,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20molecular%20motor | Synthetic molecular motors are molecular machines capable of continuous directional rotation under an energy input. Although the term "molecular motor" has traditionally referred to a naturally occurring protein that induces motion (via protein dynamics), some groups also use the term when referring to non-biological, ... | Synthetic molecular motor | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,754 | [
"Machines",
"Materials science",
"Molecular machines",
"Physical systems",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
3,200,841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel%20%28unit%29 | A fresnel is a unit of frequency equal to 1012 s−1. It was occasionally used in the field of spectroscopy, but its use has been superseded by terahertz (with the identical value 1012 hertz). It is named for Augustin-Jean Fresnel the physicist whose expertise in optics led to the creation of Fresnel lenses.
References
... | Fresnel (unit) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 91 | [
"Spectroscopy stubs",
"Obsolete units of measurement",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time stubs",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Quantity",
"Non-SI metric units",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Units of frequency",
"Spacetime",
"Molecular physics stub... |
3,201,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Power%20Electric%20Propulsion | High Power Electric Propulsion (HiPEP) is a variation of ion thruster for use in nuclear electric propulsion applications. It was ground-tested in 2003 by NASA and was intended for use on the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter, which was canceled in 2005.
Theory
The HiPEP thruster differs from earlier ion thrusters because th... | High Power Electric Propulsion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 503 | [
"Ions",
"Ion engines",
"Matter"
] |
3,201,543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20scattering | Electron scattering occurs when electrons are displaced from their original trajectory. This is due to the electrostatic forces within matter interaction or, if an external magnetic field is present, the electron may be deflected by the Lorentz force. This scattering typically happens with solids such as metals, semico... | Electron scattering | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,962 | [
"Electron",
"Molecular physics",
"Scattering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
3,201,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20Reynolds%20number | In magnetohydrodynamics, the magnetic Reynolds number (Rm) is a dimensionless quantity that estimates the relative effects of advection or induction of a magnetic field by the motion of a conducting medium to the magnetic diffusion. It is the magnetic analogue of the Reynolds number in fluid mechanics and is typically ... | Magnetic Reynolds number | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,135 | [
"Piping",
"Magnetohydrodynamics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
3,201,787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle-node%20bifurcation | In the mathematical area of bifurcation theory a saddle-node bifurcation, tangential bifurcation or fold bifurcation is a local bifurcation in which two fixed points (or equilibria) of a dynamical system collide and annihilate each other. The term 'saddle-node bifurcation' is most often used in reference to continuous ... | Saddle-node bifurcation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 530 | [
"Bifurcation theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
3,201,899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceinte | Enceinte (from Latin incinctus "girdled, surrounded") is a French term that refers to the "main defensive enclosure of a fortification". For a castle, this is the main defensive line of wall towers and curtain walls enclosing the position. For a settlement, it would refer to the main town wall with its associated gateh... | Enceinte | [
"Engineering"
] | 517 | [
"Architecture stubs",
"Architecture"
] |
3,201,966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20density%20wave | Spin-density wave (SDW) and charge-density wave (CDW) are names for two similar low-energy ordered states of solids. Both these states occur at low temperature in anisotropic, low-dimensional materials or in metals that have high densities of states at the Fermi level . Other low-temperature ground states that occur ... | Spin density wave | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 915 | [
"Phases of matter",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
16,592,105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kith%20%28Poul%20Anderson%29 | The Kith are a starfaring culture featured in a number of science fiction stories by American writer Poul Anderson. They are:
"Ghetto" (1954)
"The Horn of Time the Hunter" (also known as "Homo Aquaticus", 1963)
The novel Starfarers (1998) - John W. Campbell Memorial Award nominee, 1999
The Kith develop out of early i... | Kith (Poul Anderson) | [
"Physics"
] | 402 | [
"Special relativity",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
16,597,340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20Underground%20Xenon%20experiment | The Large Underground Xenon experiment (LUX) aimed to directly detect weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter interactions with ordinary matter on Earth. Despite the wealth of (gravitational) evidence supporting the existence of non-baryonic dark matter in the Universe, dark matter particles in our galax... | Large Underground Xenon experiment | [
"Physics"
] | 1,158 | [
"Dark matter",
"Experiments for dark matter search",
"Unsolved problems in physics"
] |
9,783,078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins%40home | proteins@home was a volunteer computing project that used the BOINC architecture. The project was run by the Department of Biology at . The project began on December 28, 2006 and ended in June 2008.
Purpose
proteins@home was a large-scale non-profit protein structure prediction project utilizing volunteer computing t... | Proteins@home | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 325 | [
"Computer science stubs",
"Computer science",
"Structural biology",
"Computing stubs",
"Protein structure"
] |
9,788,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20species%20identification | Automated species identification is a method of making the expertise of taxonomists available to ecologists, parataxonomists and others via digital technology and artificial intelligence. Today, most automated identification systems rely on images depicting the species for the identification. Based on precisely identif... | Automated species identification | [
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,108 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Taxonomy (biology)",
"Bioinformatics",
"Data",
"nan",
"Automatic identification and data capture"
] |
9,788,885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinian%20mammarenavirus | Mammarenavirus juninense, better known as the Junin virus or Junín virus (JUNV), is an arenavirus in the Mammarenavirus genus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The virus took its original name from the city of Junín, around which the first cases of infection were reported, in 1958.
Virology
Structure
Ar... | Argentinian mammarenavirus | [
"Biology"
] | 959 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccine-preventable diseases"
] |
9,790,509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20air%20solder%20leveling | HASL or HAL (for hot air (solder) leveling) is a type of finish used on printed circuit boards (PCBs).
The PCB is typically dipped into a bath of molten solder so that all exposed copper surfaces are covered by solder. Excess solder is removed by passing the PCB between hot air knives.
HASL can be applied with or wit... | Hot air solder leveling | [
"Engineering"
] | 208 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Printed circuit board manufacturing"
] |
9,790,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20category | In category theory, a regular category is a category with finite limits and coequalizers of all pairs of morphisms called kernel pairs, satisfying certain exactness conditions. In that way, regular categories recapture many properties of abelian categories, like the existence of images, without requiring additivity. At... | Regular category | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,131 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory",
"Categories in category theory"
] |
9,790,951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20pump | A hydraulic pump is a mechanical source of power that converts mechanical power into hydraulic energy (hydrostatic energy i.e. flow, pressure). Hydraulic pumps are used in hydraulic drive systems and can be hydrostatic or hydrodynamic. They generate flow with enough power to overcome pressure induced by a load at the p... | Hydraulic pump | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,270 | [
"Pumps",
"Turbomachinery",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
9,791,475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornstein%E2%80%93Zernike%20equation | In statistical mechanics the Ornstein–Zernike (OZ) equation is an integral equation introduced by Leonard Ornstein and Frits Zernike that relates different correlation functions with each other. Together with a closure relation, it is used to compute the structure factor and thermodynamic state functions of amorphous ... | Ornstein–Zernike equation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 722 | [
"Statistical mechanics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Integral equations",
"Equations"
] |
9,791,594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Paul | Lewis Paul (died 1759) was the original inventor of roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill.
Life and work
Lewis Paul was of Huguenot descent. His father was physician to Lord Shaftesbury. He may have begun work on designing a spinning machine for cotton as early as 1729, bu... | Lewis Paul | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 732 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Textile engineering"
] |
9,792,297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solder%20form | In mathematics, more precisely in differential geometry, a soldering (or sometimes solder form) of a fiber bundle to a smooth manifold is a manner of attaching the fibers to the manifold in such a way that they can be regarded as tangent. Intuitively, soldering expresses in abstract terms the idea that a manifold may ... | Solder form | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,079 | [
"Tensors",
"Differential forms"
] |
9,793,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance%20function | In probability theory and statistics, the covariance function describes how much two random variables change together (their covariance) with varying spatial or temporal separation. For a random field or stochastic process Z(x) on a domain D, a covariance function C(x, y) gives the covariance of the values of the rando... | Covariance function | [
"Physics"
] | 555 | [
"Spacetime",
"Space",
"Spatial analysis"
] |
5,793,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP%20Physics%20C%3A%20Electricity%20and%20Magnetism | Advanced Placement (AP) Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism (also known as AP Physics C: E&M or AP E&M) is an introductory physics course administered by the College Board as part of its Advanced Placement program. It is intended to serve as a proxy for a second-semester calculus-based university course in electricity... | AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism | [
"Physics"
] | 690 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physics education"
] |
5,793,608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway%20Technical%20Research%20Institute | , or , is the technical research company under the Japan Railways group of companies.
Overview
RTRI was established in its current form in 1986 just before Japanese National Railways (JNR) was privatised and split into separate JR group companies. It conducts research on everything related to trains, railways and thei... | Railway Technical Research Institute | [
"Engineering"
] | 385 | [
"Engineering research institutes"
] |
5,794,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20structural%20engineering%20articles | This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to structural engineering. For a broad overview of engineering, please see List of engineering topics. For biographies please see List of engineers.
A
A-frame –
Aerodynamics –
Aeroelasticity –
Air-supported structure –
Airframe –
Aluminium –
Analytical m... | Index of structural engineering articles | [
"Engineering"
] | 905 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Construction"
] |
9,082,922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric%20elastomers | Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are smart material systems that produce large strains and are promising for Soft robotics, Artificial muscle, etc. They belong to the group of electroactive polymers (EAP). DE actuators (DEA) transform electric energy into mechanical work and vice versa. Thus, they can be used as both actuat... | Dielectric elastomers | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,766 | [
"Molecular electronics",
"Materials science",
"Polymer material properties",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Smart materials",
"Conductive polymers"
] |
9,083,935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine%20earthquake | A submarine, undersea, or underwater earthquake is an earthquake that occurs underwater at the bottom of a body of water, especially an ocean. They are the leading cause of tsunamis. The magnitude can be measured scientifically by the use of the moment magnitude scale and the intensity can be assigned using the Mercall... | Submarine earthquake | [
"Physics"
] | 1,062 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical oceanography"
] |
9,084,531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputter%20deposition | Sputter deposition is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method of thin film deposition by the phenomenon of sputtering. This involves ejecting material from a "target" that is a source onto a "substrate" such as a silicon wafer.
Resputtering is re-emission of the deposited material during the deposition process by ion... | Sputter deposition | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,819 | [
"Microtechnology",
"Thin film deposition",
"Coatings",
"Thin films",
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Solid state engineering"
] |
9,089,819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckley%E2%80%93Leverett%20equation | In fluid dynamics, the Buckley–Leverett equation is a conservation equation used to model two-phase flow in porous media. The Buckley–Leverett equation or the Buckley–Leverett displacement describes an immiscible displacement process, such as the displacement of oil by water, in a one-dimensional or quasi-one-dimension... | Buckley–Leverett equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 418 | [
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Equations of physics",
"Conservation laws",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Conservation equations",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
11,268,035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy%20%28specification%20language%29 | In computer science and software engineering, Alloy is a declarative specification language for expressing complex structural constraints and behavior in a software system. Alloy provides a simple structural modeling tool based on first-order logic. Alloy is targeted at the creation of micro-models that can then be aut... | Alloy (specification language) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 796 | [
"Automated theorem proving",
"Z notation",
"Mathematical software",
"Computational problems",
"Formal methods tools",
"Mathematical problems",
"Satisfiability problems"
] |
11,268,193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microoptomechanical%20systems | Microoptomechanical systems (MOMS), also written as micro-optomechanical systems, are a special class of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) which use optical and mechanical, but not electronic components.
See also
Microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS)
Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)
References
Microtech... | Microoptomechanical systems | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 85 | [
"Materials science",
"Microtechnology"
] |
11,268,558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlithography | Microlithography is a general name for any manufacturing process that can create a minutely patterned thin film of protective materials over a substrate, such as a silicon wafer, in order to protect selected areas of it during subsequent etching, deposition, or implantation operations.
The term is normally used for pr... | Microlithography | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 373 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Microtechnology",
"Nanotechnology",
"Integrated circuits",
"Lithography (microfabrication)"
] |
11,270,253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20dial | A solar dial is a type of time switch used primarily for controlling lighting.
The benefit of a solar dial over a conventional 'on-off' time switch is the ability to 'track' the sunrise and sunset times for a particular latitude (which is specified when the unit is purchased). The solar dial 'adjusts' itself by a frac... | Solar dial | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 515 | [
"Machines",
"Control devices",
"Clocks",
"Measuring instruments",
"Physical systems",
"Control engineering"
] |
17,785,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20cone%20gauge | In theoretical physics, light cone gauge is an approach to remove the ambiguities arising from a gauge symmetry. While the term refers to several situations, a null component of a field A is set to zero (or a simple function of other variables) in all cases.
The advantage of light-cone gauge is that fields, e.g. gluon... | Light cone gauge | [
"Physics"
] | 208 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physics stubs"
] |
17,785,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20front%20quantization | The light-front quantization
of quantum field theories
provides a useful alternative to ordinary equal-time
quantization. In
particular, it can lead to a relativistic description of bound systems
in terms of quantum-mechanical wave functions. The quantization is
based on the choice of light-front coordinates,
where ... | Light front quantization | [
"Physics"
] | 9,745 | [
"Theoretical physics"
] |
17,787,148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber%E2%80%93physical%20system | Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are mechanisms controlled and monitored by computer algorithms, tightly integrated with the internet and its users. In cyber-physical systems, physical and software components are deeply intertwined, able to operate on different spatial and temporal scales, exhibit multiple and distinct beh... | Cyber–physical system | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,583 | [
"Computer science",
"Computers",
"Computer engineering",
"Computer systems"
] |
17,787,631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-isotropic%20material | In physics, engineering and materials science, bi-isotropic materials have the special optical property that they can rotate the polarization of light in either refraction or transmission. This does not mean all materials with twist effect fall in the bi-isotropic class. The twist effect of the class of bi-isotropic m... | Bi-isotropic material | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 742 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Topology",
"Space",
"nan",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Orientation (geometry)"
] |
17,790,253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt%28II%29%20iodide | Cobalt(II) iodide or cobaltous iodide are the inorganic compounds with the formula CoI2 and the hexahydrate CoI2(H2O)6. These salts are the principal iodides of cobalt.
Synthesis
Cobalt(II) iodide is prepared by treating cobalt powder with gaseous hydrogen iodide. The hydrated form CoI2.6H2O can be prepared by the r... | Cobalt(II) iodide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 364 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Metal halides",
"Salts"
] |
17,791,786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver%20Convergence%20Vorticity%20Zone | The Denver Convergence Vorticity Zone (DCVZ) is an orographically-induced atmospheric phenomenon characterized by convergent winds in the High Plains just east of the Denver metropolitan area, typically in length and oriented in a north-south direction. This meteorological feature was subject to scientific scrutiny fo... | Denver Convergence Vorticity Zone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 558 | [
"Atmospheric dynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
17,795,435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott-Firestone%20curve | The Abbott-Firestone curve or bearing area curve (BAC) describes the surface texture of an object. The curve can be found from a profile trace by drawing lines parallel to the datum and measuring the fraction of the line which lies within the profile.
Mathematically it is the cumulative probability density function o... | Abbott-Firestone curve | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 165 | [
"Tribology",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Engineering mechanics"
] |
17,800,165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendronized%20polymer | In polymer chemistry and materials science, dendronized polymers (British English: dendronised polymers; ) are linear polymers to every repeat unit of which dendrons are attached. Dendrons are regularly-branched, tree-like fragments and for larger ones the polymer backbone is wrapped to give sausage-like, cylindrical m... | Dendronized polymer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 801 | [
"Polymers",
"Soft matter",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
17,801,223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonic%20acid%20semialdehyde | Methylmalonic acid semialdehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of thymine and valine.
See also
Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating)
References
Aldehydes
Carboxylic acids
Aldehydic acids | Methylmalonic acid semialdehyde | [
"Chemistry"
] | 57 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
17,801,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20working | In metallurgy, hot working refers to processes where metals are plastically deformed above their recrystallization temperature. Being above the recrystallization temperature allows the material to recrystallize during deformation. This is important because recrystallization keeps the materials from strain hardening, wh... | Hot working | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 845 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy"
] |
14,919,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Methylnicotinamide | 1-Methylnicotinamide (1-MNA, trigonellamide) is a prototypic organic cation. 1-Methylnicotinamide is the methylated amide of Nicotinamide (niacinamide, vitamin B3).
1-Methylnicotinamide is an endogenic substance that is produced in the liver when Nicotinamide is metabolized. It is a typical substance secreted in the k... | 1-Methylnicotinamide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,683 | [
"Cations",
"Ions",
"Matter"
] |
14,920,392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics%20and%20Spectroscopy | Optics and Spectroscopy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal. It is the English version of the Russian journal () that was established in 1956. The journal was aided in development by Patricia Wakeling through a grant to her from the National Science Foundation. It covers research on spectroscopy of electroma... | Optics and Spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 108 | [
"Spectroscopy stubs",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spectroscopy journals",
"Molecular physics stubs",
"Spectroscopy",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
651,196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducing%20kernel%20Hilbert%20space | In functional analysis, a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) is a Hilbert space of functions in which point evaluation is a continuous linear functional. Specifically, a Hilbert space of functions from a set (to or ) is an RKHS if, for each , there exists a function such that for all ,
The funct... | Reproducing kernel Hilbert space | [
"Physics"
] | 3,987 | [
"Hilbert spaces",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
652,078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20fundamental%20form | In differential geometry, the second fundamental form (or shape tensor) is a quadratic form on the tangent plane of a smooth surface in the three-dimensional Euclidean space, usually denoted by (read "two"). Together with the first fundamental form, it serves to define extrinsic invariants of the surface, its principa... | Second fundamental form | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,034 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Tensors",
"Physical quantities",
"Curvature (mathematics)"
] |
652,531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. The photovoltaic effect is commercially used for electricity generation and as photosensors.
A photovoltaic system e... | Photovoltaics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 10,792 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Electrochemistry",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
652,816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing%20%28process%20engineering%29 | In industrial process engineering, mixing is a unit operation that involves manipulation of a heterogeneous physical system with the intent to make it more homogeneous. Familiar examples include pumping of the water in a swimming pool to homogenize the water temperature, and the stirring of pancake batter to eliminate ... | Mixing (process engineering) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 5,211 | [
"Machines",
"Unit operations",
"Physical systems",
"Rotating machines",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Industrial machinery"
] |
653,060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl%20ethyl%20ketone%20peroxide | Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) is an organic peroxide with the formula [(CH3)(C2H5)C(O2H)]2O2. MEKP is a colorless oily liquid. It is widely used in vulcanization (crosslinking) of polymers.
It is derived from the reaction of methyl ethyl ketone and hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions. Several products res... | Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 397 | [
"Ketals",
"Radical initiators",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Explosive chemicals",
"Organic peroxide explosives",
"Organic peroxides"
] |
653,183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delocalized%20electron | In chemistry, delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule, ion or solid metal that are not associated with a single atom or a covalent bond.
The term delocalization is general and can have slightly different meanings in different fields:
In organic chemistry, it refers to resonance in conjugated systems and aro... | Delocalized electron | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 573 | [
"Electron",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Chemical bonding",
"Electron states"
] |
653,273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic%20levitation | Electrostatic levitation is the process of using an electric field to levitate a charged object and counteract the effects of gravity. It was used, for instance, in Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment and is used to suspend the gyroscopes in Gravity Probe B during launch.
Due to Earnshaw's theorem, no static arrange... | Electrostatic levitation | [
"Physics"
] | 569 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Motion (physics)",
"Levitation"
] |
653,348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20musculoskeletal%20system | The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the human locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems. The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
The human musculosk... | Human musculoskeletal system | [
"Biology"
] | 2,008 | [
"Organ systems",
"Musculoskeletal system"
] |
653,780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20number%20%28computing%29 | In computing, a normal number is a non-zero number in a floating-point representation which is within the balanced range supported by a given floating-point format: it is a floating point number that can be represented without leading zeros in its significand.
The magnitude of the smallest normal number in a format is... | Normal number (computing) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 264 | [
"Computer arithmetic",
"Arithmetic"
] |
654,098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20algebra | In mathematics, the symmetric algebra (also denoted on a vector space over a field is a commutative algebra over that contains , and is, in some sense, minimal for this property. Here, "minimal" means that satisfies the following universal property: for every linear map from to a commutative algebra , there is ... | Symmetric algebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,936 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Polynomials",
"Algebras",
"Ring theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic structures",
"Algebra"
] |
654,161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional%20sound | Directional Sound refers to the notion of using various devices to create fields of sound which spread less than most (small) traditional loudspeakers. Several techniques are available to accomplish this, and each has its benefits and drawbacks. Ultimately, choosing a directional sound device depends greatly on the e... | Directional sound | [
"Physics"
] | 799 | [
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics"
] |
654,168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20antagonist | A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist. Antagonist drugs interfere in the natural operation of receptor proteins. They are sometimes called blockers; examples include alpha b... | Receptor antagonist | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,390 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacodynamics",
"Signal transduction",
"Receptor antagonists",
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry"
] |
2,322,579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal%20plane | The coronal plane (also known as the frontal plane) is an anatomical plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral sections. It is perpendicular to the sagittal and transverse planes.
Details
The coronal plane is an example of a longitudinal plane. For a human, the mid-coronal plane would transect a standing bod... | Coronal plane | [
"Mathematics"
] | 226 | [
"Planes (geometry)",
"Anatomical planes"
] |
2,322,835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallography | Metallography is the study of the physical structure and components of metals, by using microscopy.
Ceramic and polymeric materials may also be prepared using metallographic techniques, hence the terms ceramography, plastography and, collectively, materialography.
Preparing metallographic specimens
The surface of ... | Metallography | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,250 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Materials testing",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
2,323,901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground%20living | Underground living refers to living below the ground's surface, whether in natural or manmade caves or structures (earth shelters). Underground dwellings are an alternative to above-ground dwellings for some home seekers, including those who are looking to minimize impact on the environment. Factories and office buildi... | Underground living | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,341 | [
"Underground construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Construction"
] |
2,324,711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers%E2%80%93Ramanujan%20identities | In mathematics, the Rogers–Ramanujan identities are two identities related to basic hypergeometric series and integer partitions. The identities were first discovered and proved by , and were subsequently rediscovered (without a proof) by Srinivasa Ramanujan some time before 1913. Ramanujan had no proof, but rediscove... | Rogers–Ramanujan identities | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,047 | [
"Integer partitions",
"Number theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical problems",
"Modular forms",
"Mathematical identities",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Q-analogs",
"Algebra"
] |
2,325,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact%20%28mechanics%29 | In mechanics, an impact is when two bodies collide. During this collision, both bodies decelerate. The deceleration causes a high force or shock, applied over a short time period. A high force, over a short duration, usually causes more damage to both bodies than a lower force applied over a proportionally longer dur... | Impact (mechanics) | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,127 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Mechanical failure modes",
"Fracture mechanics",
"Technological failures",
"Materials science",
"Mechanics",
"Materials degradation",
"Mechanical failure",
"Collision"
] |
2,327,063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAMELA%20detector | PAMELA (Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics) was a cosmic ray research module attached to an Earth orbiting satellite. PAMELA was launched on 15 June 2006 and was the first satellite-based experiment dedicated to the detection of cosmic rays, with a particular focus on their antimatt... | PAMELA detector | [
"Physics"
] | 1,262 | [
"Dark matter",
"Experiments for dark matter search",
"Unsolved problems in physics"
] |
2,327,478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulliken%20population%20analysis | Mulliken charges arise from the Mulliken population analysis and provide a means of estimating partial atomic charges from calculations carried out by the methods of computational chemistry, particularly those based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method, and are routinely used as variabl... | Mulliken population analysis | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 552 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
2,328,120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-exchange%20membrane | A proton-exchange membrane, or polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM), is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while acting as an electronic insulator and reactant barrier, e.g. to oxygen and hydrogen gas. This is their essential function when incorporated into a membrane el... | Proton-exchange membrane | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,449 | [
"Separation processes",
"Electrochemistry",
"Membrane technology",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Polymers"
] |
12,213,637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QM/MM | The hybrid QM/MM (quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics) approach is a molecular simulation method that combines the strengths of ab initio QM calculations (accuracy) and MM (speed) approaches, thus allowing for the study of chemical processes in solution and in proteins. The QM/MM approach was introduced in the 1976 p... | QM/MM | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,234 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Computational physics",
"Molecular dynamics",
"Computational chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry"
] |
12,217,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded%20deformation | In mathematics, a function of bounded deformation is a function whose distributional derivatives are not quite well-behaved-enough to qualify as functions of bounded variation, although the symmetric part of the derivative matrix does meet that condition. Thought of as deformations of elasto-plastic bodies, functions o... | Bounded deformation | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 410 | [
"Solid mechanics",
"Functions and mappings",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Functional analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Materials science",
"Mechanics",
"Mathematical relations",
"nan"
] |
9,794,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-resolution%20manometry | High-resolution manometry (HRM) is a gastrointestinal motility diagnostic system that measures intraluminal pressure activity in the gastrointestinal tract using a series of closely spaced pressure sensors. For a manometry system to be classified as "high-resolution" as opposed to "conventional", the pressure sensors n... | High-resolution manometry | [
"Physics"
] | 179 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Medical physics"
] |
9,795,740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction%20engine | A reaction engine is an engine or motor that produces thrust by expelling reaction mass (reaction propulsion), in accordance with Newton's third law of motion. This law of motion is commonly paraphrased as: "For every action force there is an equal, but opposite, reaction force."
Examples include jet engines, rocket e... | Reaction engine | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,978 | [
"Engine technology",
"Engines",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
9,797,479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor%20%28electric%29 | The rotor is a moving component of an electromagnetic system in the electric motor, electric generator, or alternator. Its rotation is due to the interaction between the windings and magnetic fields which produces a torque around the rotor's axis.
Early development
An early example of electromagnetic rotation was the... | Rotor (electric) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,648 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Engines",
"Electric motors"
] |
9,798,607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporogenesis | Sporogenesis is the production of spores in biology. The term is also used to refer to the process of reproduction via spores. Reproductive spores were found to be formed in eukaryotic organisms, such as plants, algae and fungi, during their normal reproductive life cycle. Dormant spores are formed, for example by cert... | Sporogenesis | [
"Biology"
] | 1,634 | [
"Behavior",
"Reproductive system",
"Plant reproduction",
"Plants",
"Reproduction",
"Sex",
"Biological interactions",
"Organ systems"
] |
9,801,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressilator | The repressilator is a genetic regulatory network consisting of at least one feedback loop with at least three genes, each expressing a protein that represses the next gene in the loop. In biological research, repressilators have been used to build cellular models and understand cell function. There are both artificial... | Repressilator | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,393 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Biological engineering",
"Molecular genetics",
"Bioinformatics"
] |
9,801,876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous%20nitrification%E2%80%93denitrification | Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification (SNdN) is a wastewater treatment process. Microbial simultaneous nitrification-denitrification is the conversion of the ammonium ion to nitrogen gas in a single bioreactor. The process is dependent on floc characteristics, reaction kinetics, mass loading of readily biodegrada... | Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 629 | [
"Water treatment",
"Water pollution",
"Nitrogen cycle",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water technology",
"Metabolism"
] |
9,804,678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyether%20block%20amide | Polyether block amide or PEBA is a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). It is known under the tradename of PEBAX® (Arkema) and VESTAMID® E (Evonik Industries). It is a block copolymer obtained by polycondensation of a carboxylic acid polyamide (PA6, PA11, PA12) with an alcohol termination polyether (Polytetramethylene glyco... | Polyether block amide | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 511 | [
"Polymers",
"Synthetic materials",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Elastomers"
] |
5,799,154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20mechanics | Structural mechanics or mechanics of structures is the computation of deformations, deflections, and internal forces or stresses (stress equivalents) within structures, either for design or for performance evaluation of existing structures. It is one subset of structural analysis. Structural mechanics analysis needs in... | Structural mechanics | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 257 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Solid mechanics",
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Earthquake engineering",
"Architecture"
] |
5,799,888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessible%20surface%20area | The accessible surface area (ASA) or solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) is the surface area of a biomolecule that is accessible to a solvent. Measurement of ASA is usually described in units of square angstroms (a standard unit of measurement in molecular biology). ASA was first described by Lee & Richards in 1971 ... | Accessible surface area | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 912 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Computational physics",
"Molecular dynamics",
"Computational chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Molecular modelling",
"Structural biology",
"Protein structure"
] |
7,562,718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20sojourn%20time | The mean sojourn time (or sometimes mean waiting time) for an object in a dynamical system is the amount of time an object is expected to spend in a system before leaving the system permanently. This concept is widely used in various fields, including physics, chemistry, and stochastic processes, to study the behavior... | Mean sojourn time | [
"Physics"
] | 981 | [
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
7,564,980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaugino%20condensation | In quantum field theory, gaugino condensation is the nonzero vacuum expectation value in some models of a bilinear expression constructed in theories with supersymmetry from the superpartner of a gauge boson called the gaugino. The gaugino and the bosonic gauge field and the D-term are all components of a supersymmetri... | Gaugino condensation | [
"Physics"
] | 298 | [
"Symmetry",
"Supersymmetric quantum field theory",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Supersymmetry",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
1,092,110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk%20modulus | The bulk modulus ( or or ) of a substance is a measure of the resistance of a substance to bulk compression. It is defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume.
Other moduli describe the material's response (strain) to other kinds of stress: the shear mo... | Bulk modulus | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 947 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Mechanical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Elasticity (physics)",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Quantity",
"Mechanics",
"Physical properties"
] |
1,092,885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20field%20theory | In physics, lattice field theory is the study of lattice models of quantum field theory. This involves studying field theory on a space or spacetime that has been discretised onto a lattice.
Details
Although most lattice field theories are not exactly solvable, they are immensely appealing due to their feasibility for... | Lattice field theory | [
"Physics"
] | 536 | [
"Statistical mechanics stubs",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum physics stubs",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Computational physics",
"Theoretical physics stubs",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Computational physics stubs"
] |
1,093,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannier%20function | The Wannier functions are a complete set of orthogonal functions used in solid-state physics. They were introduced by Gregory Wannier in 1937. Wannier functions are the localized molecular orbitals of crystalline systems.
The Wannier functions for different lattice sites in a crystal are orthogonal, allowing a conveni... | Wannier function | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,133 | [
"Phases of matter",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter",
"Materials science"
] |
1,093,768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-beam%20lithography | Electron-beam lithography (often abbreviated as e-beam lithography or EBL) is the practice of scanning a focused beam of electrons to draw custom shapes on a surface covered with an electron-sensitive film called a resist (exposing). The electron beam changes the solubility of the resist, enabling selective removal of ... | Electron-beam lithography | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 4,091 | [
"Electron",
"Microtechnology",
"Electron beam",
"Nanotechnology",
"Lithography (microfabrication)"
] |
1,095,210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron%20carbide | Boron carbide (chemical formula approximately B4C) is an extremely hard boron–carbon ceramic, a covalent material used in tank armor, bulletproof vests, engine sabotage powders,
as well as numerous industrial applications. With a Vickers hardness of >30 GPa, it is one of the hardest known materials, behind cubic boron ... | Boron carbide | [
"Physics"
] | 1,365 | [
"Materials",
"Superhard materials",
"Matter"
] |
1,095,275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen%20chloride | Cyanogen chloride is a highly toxic chemical compound with the formula CNCl. This linear, triatomic pseudohalogen is an easily condensed colorless gas. More commonly encountered in the laboratory is the related compound cyanogen bromide, a room-temperature solid that is widely used in biochemical analysis and preparati... | Cyanogen chloride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 642 | [
"Pseudohalogens",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Chemical weapons",
"Molecules",
"Triatomic molecules",
"Blood agents",
"Matter"
] |
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