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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
17,192,773	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kink%20instability	A kink instability (also known as a kink oscillation or kink mode) is a current-driven plasma instability characterized by transverse displacements of a plasma column's cross-section from its center of mass without any change in the characteristics of the plasma. It typically develops in a thin plasma column carrying a...	Kink instability	[ "Physics" ]	256	[ "Physical phenomena", "Plasma physics", "Plasma phenomena", "Plasma instabilities", "Plasma physics stubs" ]
7,995,248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme%20M	Coenzyme M is a coenzyme required for methyl-transfer reactions in the metabolism of archaeal methanogens, and in the metabolism of other substrates in bacteria. It is also a necessary cofactor in the metabolic pathway of alkene-oxidizing bacteria. CoM helps eliminate the toxic epoxides formed from the oxidation of alk...	Coenzyme M	[ "Chemistry" ]	682	[ "Organic compounds", "Coenzymes", "Thiols" ]
7,995,309	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface%20flow	Subsurface flow, in hydrology, is the flow of water beneath Earth's surface as part of the water cycle. In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the Earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers. The remaining water, through infiltration, penetrates the soil traveling undergrou...	Subsurface flow	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	519	[ "Hydrology", "Hydrology stubs", "Aquifers", "Environmental engineering" ]
7,997,903	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester%20resin	Polyester resins are synthetic resins formed by the reaction of dibasic organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Maleic anhydride is a commonly used raw material with diacid functionality in unsaturated polyester resins. Unsaturated polyester resins are used in sheet moulding compound, bulk moulding compound and the tone...	Polyester resin	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,429	[ "Synthetic materials", "Polymer chemistry", "Materials science", "Synthetic resins" ]
7,999,492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment%20transport	Sediment transport is the movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of gravity acting on the sediment, and the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. Sediment transport occurs in natural systems where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or...	Sediment transport	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	6,501	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Hydrology", "Chemical engineering", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering", "Fluid mechanics" ]
7,999,626	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5rding%27s%20inequality	In mathematics, Gårding's inequality is a result that gives a lower bound for the bilinear form induced by a real linear elliptic partial differential operator. The inequality is named after Lars Gårding. Statement of the inequality Let be a bounded, open domain in -dimensional Euclidean space and let denote the So...	Gårding's inequality	[ "Mathematics" ]	530	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Mathematical theorems", "Binary relations", "Theorems in functional analysis", "Mathematical relations", "Inequalities (mathematics)", "Mathematical problems" ]
8,000,600	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard%E2%80%93Stratonovich%20transformation	The Hubbard–Stratonovich (HS) transformation is an exact mathematical transformation invented by Russian physicist Ruslan L. Stratonovich and popularized by British physicist John Hubbard. It is used to convert a particle theory into its respective field theory by linearizing the density operator in the many-body inter...	Hubbard–Stratonovich transformation	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	243	[ "Materials science stubs", "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations", "Condensed matter physics", "Transforms", "Condensed matter stubs" ]
8,000,781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement%20field%20%28mechanics%29	In mechanics, a displacement field is the assignment of displacement vectors for all points in a region or body that are displaced from one state to another. A displacement vector specifies the position of a point or a particle in reference to an origin or to a previous position. For example, a displacement field may b...	Displacement field (mechanics)	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	831	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical quantities", "Continuum mechanics", "Quantity", "Classical mechanics", "Materials science", "Vector physical quantities", "nan" ]
8,001,517	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield%20surface	A yield surface is a five-dimensional surface in the six-dimensional space of stresses. The yield surface is usually convex and the state of stress of inside the yield surface is elastic. When the stress state lies on the surface the material is said to have reached its yield point and the material is said to have be...	Yield surface	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,332	[ "Structural engineering", "Solid mechanics", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Continuum mechanics", "Deformation (mechanics)", "Aerospace engineering", "Structural analysis", "Materials science", "Classical mechanics", "Plasticity (physics)", "Mechanics", "nan", "Mechanical engineer...
10,330,610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20base	A crystal base for a representation of a quantum group on a -vector space is not a base of that vector space but rather a -base of where is a -lattice in that vector space. Crystal bases appeared in the work of and also in the work of . They can be viewed as specializations as of the canonical basis defined by . D...	Crystal base	[ "Mathematics" ]	816	[ "Representation theory", "Fields of abstract algebra" ]
10,334,720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20for%20Earthquake%20Engineering%20Simulation	The George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) was created by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to improve infrastructure design and construction practices to prevent or minimize damage during an earthquake or tsunami. Its headquarters were at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indi...	Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,331	[ "Information and communications technology", "Structural engineering", "IT infrastructure", "Cyberinfrastructure", "Civil engineering", "Earthquake engineering" ]
10,346,175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMO%20model%20%28wind-flow%20simulation%29	The MEMO model (version 6.2) is a Eulerian non-hydrostatic prognostic mesoscale model for wind-flow simulation. It was developed by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in collaboration with the Universität Karlsruhe. The MEMO Model together with the photochemical dispersion model MARS are the two core models of th...	MEMO model (wind-flow simulation)	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	2,727	[ "Chemical engineering", "Environmental science software", "Atmospheric dispersion modeling", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering", "Environmental modelling" ]
15,460,100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit%20%28nuclear%20engineering%29	In the field of nuclear engineering, a rabbit is a pneumatically controlled tool used to insert small samples of material inside the core of a nuclear reactor, usually for the purpose of studying the effect of irradiation on the material. Some rabbits have special linings to screen out certain types of neutrons. (For e...	Rabbit (nuclear engineering)	[ "Physics" ]	104	[ "Nuclear technology", "Nuclear physics" ]
15,462,488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Ulam%20model	The Fermi–Ulam model (FUM) is a dynamical system that was introduced by Polish mathematician Stanislaw Ulam in 1961. FUM is a variant of Enrico Fermi's primary work on acceleration of cosmic rays, namely Fermi acceleration. The system consists of a particle that collides elastically between a fixed wall and a moving o...	Fermi–Ulam model	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	613	[ "Mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
15,464,235	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%20gap	First introduced by M. Pollak, the Coulomb gap is a soft gap in the single-particle density of states (DOS) of a system of interacting localized electrons. Due to the long-range Coulomb interactions, the single-particle DOS vanishes at the chemical potential, at low enough temperatures, such that thermal excitations d...	Coulomb gap	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	956	[ "Electron", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Electronic band structures", "Condensed matter physics", "Statistical mechanics", "Physical properties" ]
439,454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard%20Harrison%20Bennett	Willard Harrison Bennett (June 13, 1903 – September 28, 1987) was an American scientist and inventor, born in Findlay, Ohio. Bennett conducted research into plasma physics, astrophysics, geophysics, surface physics, and physical chemistry. The Bennett pinch is named after him. Biography Born in Findlay, Ohio, Bennett ...	Willard Harrison Bennett	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	494	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Plasma physics", "Mass spectrometrists", "Plasma physicists", "Mass spectrometry", "Biochemists" ]
439,497	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20limit	The classical limit or correspondence limit is the ability of a physical theory to approximate or "recover" classical mechanics when considered over special values of its parameters. The classical limit is used with physical theories that predict non-classical behavior. Quantum theory A heuristic postulate called the ...	Classical limit	[ "Physics" ]	1,252	[ "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "nan", "Theory of relativity" ]
440,425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose%20stairs	The Penrose stairs or Penrose steps, also dubbed the impossible staircase, is an impossible object created by Oscar Reutersvärd in 1937 and later independently discovered and made popular by Lionel Penrose and his son Roger Penrose. A variation on the Penrose triangle, it is a two-dimensional depiction of a staircase i...	Penrose stairs	[ "Physics" ]	1,103	[ "Optical phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Optical illusions" ]
440,704	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonnade	In classical architecture, a colonnade is a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building. Paired or multiple pairs of columns are normally employed in a colonnade which can be straight or curved. The space enclosed may be covered or open. In St. Peter's Square in Rome...	Colonnade	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	432	[ "Building engineering", "Structural system", "Architectural elements", "Columns and entablature", "Components", "Architecture" ]
440,789	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrator	A gyrator is a passive, linear, lossless, two-port electrical network element proposed in 1948 by Bernard D. H. Tellegen as a hypothetical fifth linear element after the resistor, capacitor, inductor and ideal transformer. Unlike the four conventional elements, the gyrator is non-reciprocal. Gyrators permit network rea...	Gyrator	[ "Engineering" ]	3,400	[ "Analog circuits", "Electronic engineering" ]
440,906	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiche	A seiche ( ) is a standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water. Seiches and seiche-related phenomena have been observed on lakes, reservoirs, swimming pools, bays, harbors, caves, and seas. The key requirement for formation of a seiche is that the body of water be at least partially bounded, allowin...	Seiche	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	2,896	[ "Physical phenomena", "Hydrology", "Water waves", "Flood", "Waves", "Water", "Fluid dynamics" ]
440,959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba%20effect	The Mpemba effect is the name given to the observation that a liquid (typically water) that is initially hot can freeze faster than the same liquid which begins cold, under otherwise similar conditions. There is disagreement about its theoretical basis and the parameters required to produce the effect. The Mpemba effe...	Mpemba effect	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,632	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Phases of matter", "Critical phenomena", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Thermodynamics", "Statistical mechanics", "Water physics", "Hysteresis", "Matter", "Dynamical systems" ]
441,197	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20smear	A blood smear, peripheral blood smear or blood film is a thin layer of blood smeared on a glass microscope slide and then stained in such a way as to allow the various blood cells to be examined microscopically. Blood smears are examined in the investigation of hematological (blood) disorders and are routinely employed...	Blood smear	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,169	[ "Blood tests", "Chemical pathology", "Pathology" ]
441,228	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20synapse	An electrical synapse, or gap junction, is a mechanical and electrically conductive synapse, a functional junction between two neighboring neurons. The synapse is formed at a narrow gap between the pre- and postsynaptic neurons known as a gap junction. At gap junctions, such cells approach within about 3.8 nm of each ...	Electrical synapse	[ "Biology" ]	1,534	[ "Cell communication", "Cellular processes" ]
441,529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducin	Transducin (Gt) is a protein naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones and it is very important in vertebrate phototransduction. It is a type of heterotrimeric G-protein with different α subunits in rod and cone photoreceptors. Light leads to conformational changes in rhodopsin, which in turn leads to th...	Transducin	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,027	[ "G proteins", "Signal transduction" ]
441,790	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%20hydroelectric%20scheme	The Shannon hydroelectric Scheme was a major development by the Irish Free State in the 1920s to harness the power of the River Shannon. Its product, the Ardnacrusha power plant, is a hydroelectric power station located near Ardnacrusha within County Clare approximately from the Limerick border. It is Ireland's larges...	Shannon hydroelectric scheme	[ "Engineering" ]	2,993	[ "Civil engineering", "Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks" ]
441,935	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20cryptography	Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information (pictures, text, etc.) to be encrypted in such a way that the decrypted information appears as a visual image. One of the best-known techniques has been credited to Moni Naor and Adi Shamir, who developed it in 1994. They demonstrated a ...	Visual cryptography	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,315	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]
442,079	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguchi%20methods	Taguchi methods () are statistical methods, sometimes called robust design methods, developed by Genichi Taguchi to improve the quality of manufactured goods, and more recently also applied to engineering, biotechnology, marketing and advertising. Professional statisticians have welcomed the goals and improvements bro...	Taguchi methods	[ "Engineering" ]	2,200	[ "Systems engineering", "Manufacturing", "Mechanical engineering" ]
442,136	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability	Computability is the ability to solve a problem in an effective manner. It is a key topic of the field of computability theory within mathematical logic and the theory of computation within computer science. The computability of a problem is closely linked to the existence of an algorithm to solve the problem. The mos...	Computability	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,934	[ "Computability theory", "Mathematical logic" ]
442,291	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Harsanyi	John Charles Harsanyi (; May 29, 1920 – August 9, 2000) was a Hungarian-American economist who spent most of his career at the University of California, Berkeley. He was the recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994. Harsanyi is best known for his contributions to the study of game theory and ...	John Harsanyi	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,891	[ "Game theorists", "Game theory" ]
442,370	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20prime%20numbers	This is a list of articles about prime numbers. A prime number (or prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. By Euclid's theorem, there are an infinite number of prime numbers. Subsets of the prime numbers may be generated with various formulas for primes. The firs...	List of prime numbers	[ "Mathematics" ]	11,679	[ "Prime numbers", "Mathematical objects", "Number theory", "Numbers", "Number-related lists" ]
442,505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20in%20a%20spherically%20symmetric%20potential	In quantum mechanics, a spherically symmetric potential is a system of which the potential only depends on the radial distance from the spherical center and a location in space. A particle in a spherically symmetric potential will behave accordingly to said potential and can therefore be used as an approximation, for e...	Particle in a spherically symmetric potential	[ "Physics" ]	2,407	[ "Quantum models", "Quantum mechanics" ]
18,395,527	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomagnetism	Photomagnetism (photomagnetic effect) is the effect in which a material acquires (and in some cases loses) its ferromagnetic properties in response to light. The current model for this phenomenon is a light-induced electron transfer, accompanied by the reversal of the spin direction of an electron. This leads to an inc...	Photomagnetism	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	532	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phases of matter", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science", "Optical phenomena", "Magnetic ordering", "Ferromagnetism", "Condensed matter physics", "Magneto-optic effects", "Matter" ]
18,397,882	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbrook%20Superconductor%20Project	The Holbrook Superconductor Project is the world's first production superconducting transmission power cable. The lines were commissioned in 2008. The suburban Long Island electrical substation is fed by a 600 meter long tunnel containing approximately 155,000 meters of high-temperature superconductor wire manufacture...	Holbrook Superconductor Project	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	304	[ "Physical quantities", "Superconductivity", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
2,504,081	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeyer%E2%80%93Drewsen%20indigo%20synthesis	The Baeyer–Drewsen indigo synthesis (1882) is an organic reaction in which indigo is prepared from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone The reaction was developed by von Baeyer and Viggo Drewsen in 1880 to produce the first synthetic indigo at laboratory scale. This procedure is not used at industrial scale. T...	Baeyer–Drewsen indigo synthesis	[ "Chemistry" ]	149	[ "Name reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
2,504,412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20manifold	In mathematics, a Hilbert manifold is a manifold modeled on Hilbert spaces. Thus it is a separable Hausdorff space in which each point has a neighbourhood homeomorphic to an infinite dimensional Hilbert space. The concept of a Hilbert manifold provides a possibility of extending the theory of manifolds to infinite-dime...	Hilbert manifold	[ "Mathematics" ]	885	[ "General topology", "Space (mathematics)", "Riemannian manifolds", "Metric spaces", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Manifolds" ]
2,505,125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattleback	A rattleback is a semi-ellipsoidal top which will rotate on its axis in a preferred direction. If spun in the opposite direction, it becomes unstable, "rattles" to a stop and reverses its spin to the preferred direction. For most rattlebacks the motion will happen when the rattleback is spun in one direction, but not ...	Rattleback	[ "Physics" ]	1,008	[ "Mechanics", "Classical mechanics" ]
2,505,416	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocatalysis	Biocatalysis refers to the use of living (biological) systems or their parts to speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions. In biocatalytic processes, natural catalysts, such as enzymes, perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. Both enzymes that have been more or less isolated and enzymes still residing insid...	Biocatalysis	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,156	[ "Catalysis", "Chemical kinetics", "nan" ]
2,505,643	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodide	In chemistry, triiodide usually refers to the triiodide ion, . This anion, one of the polyhalogen ions, is composed of three iodine atoms. It is formed by combining aqueous solutions of iodide salts and iodine. Some salts of the anion have been isolated, including thallium(I) triiodide (Tl+[I3]−) and ammonium triiodide...	Triiodide	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,491	[ "Matter", "Anions", "Molecules", "Hypervalent molecules", "Ions" ]
2,505,822	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter%20flight%20controls	Helicopter flight controls are used to achieve and maintain controlled aerodynamic helicopter flight. Changes to the aircraft flight control system transmit mechanically to the rotor, producing aerodynamic effects on the rotor blades that make the helicopter move in a desired way. To tilt forward and back (pitch) or si...	Helicopter flight controls	[ "Engineering" ]	2,231	[ "Systems engineering", "Aircraft systems" ]
2,506,847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal%20sentience	Hormonal sentience, first described by Robert A. Freitas Jr., describes the information processing rate in plants, which are mostly based on hormones instead of neurons like in all major animals (except sponges). Plants can to some degree communicate with each other and there are even examples of one-way-communication ...	Hormonal sentience	[ "Biology" ]	362	[ "Plants", "Botany" ]
2,507,104	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aposematism	Aposematism is the advertising by an animal, whether terrestrial or marine, to potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. This unprofitability may consist of any defenses which make the prey difficult to kill and eat, such as toxicity, venom, foul taste or smell, sharp spines, or aggressive nature. T...	Aposematism	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,710	[ "Chemical ecology", "Ecology", "Biological defense mechanisms", "Antipredator adaptations", "Biochemistry" ]
2,507,339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazinamide	Pyrazinamide is a medication used to treat tuberculosis. For active tuberculosis, it is often used with rifampicin, isoniazid, and either streptomycin or ethambutol. It is not generally recommended for the treatment of latent tuberculosis. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include nausea, loss of appetite, mus...	Pyrazinamide	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,858	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Prodrugs" ]
2,507,552	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchimerism	Microchimerism is the presence of a small number of cells in an individual that have originated from another individual and are therefore genetically distinct. This phenomenon may be related to certain types of autoimmune diseases although the responsible mechanisms are unclear. The term comes from the prefix "micro" +...	Microchimerism	[ "Biology" ]	3,597	[ "Evolutionary biology", "Evolutionary processes", "Behavior", "Reproduction", "Chimerism", "Biological interactions", "Ethology", "Sexual selection", "Mating" ]
2,508,210	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Precision%20Event%20Timer	The High Precision Event Timer (HPET) is a hardware timer available in modern x86-compatible personal computers. Compared to older types of timers available in the x86 architecture, HPET allows more efficient processing of highly timing-sensitive applications, such as multimedia playback and OS task switching. It was d...	High Precision Event Timer	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,554	[ "Computer engineering", "Integrated circuits" ]
2,508,768	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afwillite	Afwillite is a calcium hydroxide nesosilicate mineral with formula Ca3(SiO3OH)2·2H2O. It occurs as glassy, colorless to white prismatic monoclinic crystals. Its Mohs scale hardness is between 3 and 4. It occurs as an alteration mineral in contact metamorphism of limestone. It occurs in association with apophyllite, nat...	Afwillite	[ "Engineering" ]	937	[ "Structural engineering", "Concrete" ]
22,072,718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20network	A biological network is a method of representing systems as complex sets of binary interactions or relations between various biological entities. In general, networks or graphs are used to capture relationships between entities or objects. A typical graphing representation consists of a set of nodes connected by edges....	Biological network	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	4,291	[ "Bioinformatics", "Biological engineering", "nan", "Systems biology" ]
22,074,819	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Applied%20Mathematics%20and%20Mechanics	The Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, also known as Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik or ZAMM is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal dedicated to applied mathematics. It is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of the Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik. The editor-in-chie...	Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	167	[ "Applied mathematics", "Applied mathematics journals", "Mechanics", "Mechanics journals" ]
22,078,147	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate%20analog	Substrate analogs (substrate state analogues), are chemical compounds with a chemical structure that resemble the substrate molecule in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction. Substrate analogs can act as competitive inhibitors of an enzymatic reaction. An example is phosphoramidate to the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme. ...	Substrate analog	[ "Chemistry" ]	492	[ "Chemical kinetics", "nan", "Enzyme kinetics" ]
22,079,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Union%20climate%20and%20energy%20package	The European plan on climate change consists of a range of measures adopted by the members of the European Union to fight against climate change. The plan was launched in March 2007, and after months of tough negotiations between the member countries, it was adopted by the European Parliament in December 2008. The pack...	European Union climate and energy package	[ "Environmental_science" ]	1,391	[ "Environmental social science", "Energy policy" ]
22,081,483	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%27s%20%CE%A9%20process	In mathematics, Cayley's Ω process, introduced by , is a relatively invariant differential operator on the general linear group, that is used to construct invariants of a group action. As a partial differential operator acting on functions of n2 variables xij, the omega operator is given by the determinant For binary...	Cayley's Ω process	[ "Physics" ]	325	[ "Invariant theory", "Group actions", "Symmetry" ]
743,441	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouguer%20anomaly	In geodesy and geophysics, the Bouguer anomaly (named after Pierre Bouguer) is a gravity anomaly, corrected for the height at which it is measured and the attraction of terrain. The height correction alone gives a free-air gravity anomaly. Definition The Bouguer anomaly defined as: Here, is the free-air gravity a...	Bouguer anomaly	[ "Physics" ]	640	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Geophysics" ]
744,171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20perfect%20graph%20theorem	In graph theory, the strong perfect graph theorem is a forbidden graph characterization of the perfect graphs as being exactly the graphs that have neither odd holes (odd-length induced cycles of length at least 5) nor odd antiholes (complements of odd holes). It was conjectured by Claude Berge in 1961. A proof by Mari...	Strong perfect graph theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,544	[ "Theorems in graph theory", "Theorems in discrete mathematics" ]
746,495	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor	A bioreactor is any manufactured device or system that supports a biologically active environment. In one case, a bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic. Th...	Bioreactor	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,114	[ "Bioreactors", "Biological engineering", "Chemical reactors", "Chemical engineering", "Biochemical engineering", "Biotechnology", "Microbiology equipment", "nan", "Biochemistry" ]
747,122	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20linear%20model	In statistics, a generalized linear model (GLM) is a flexible generalization of ordinary linear regression. The GLM generalizes linear regression by allowing the linear model to be related to the response variable via a link function and by allowing the magnitude of the variance of each measurement to be a function of ...	Generalized linear model	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,847	[ "Applied mathematics", "Actuarial science" ]
747,222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20on%20sapphire	Silicon on sapphire (SOS) is a hetero-epitaxial process for metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing that consists of a thin layer (typically thinner than 0.6 μm) of silicon grown on a sapphire () wafer. SOS is part of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) family of CMOS (complementary MOS) techno...	Silicon on sapphire	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	942	[ "Microtechnology", "Thin film deposition", "Coatings", "Thin films", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Planes (geometry)", "Solid state engineering" ]
747,290	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20on%20insulator	In semiconductor manufacturing, silicon on insulator (SOI) technology is fabrication of silicon semiconductor devices in a layered silicon–insulator–silicon substrate, to reduce parasitic capacitance within the device, thereby improving performance. SOI-based devices differ from conventional silicon-built devices in th...	Silicon on insulator	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,903	[ "Microtechnology", "Materials science", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Nanoelectronics", "Nanotechnology", "Semiconductor technology" ]
12,661,414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20emitter%20array	A field emitter array (FEA) is a particular form of large-area field electron source. FEAs are prepared on a silicon substrate by lithographic techniques similar to those used in the fabrication of integrated circuits. Their structure consists of many individual, similar, small-field electron emitters, usually organiz...	Field emitter array	[ "Physics" ]	707	[ "Vacuum tubes", "Vacuum", "Matter" ]
12,662,075	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique%20Loedel%20Palumbo	Enrique Loedel Palumbo (Montevideo Uruguay, June 29, 1901 – La Plata Argentina, July 31, 1962) was an Uruguayan physicist. Loedel Palumbo was born in Montevideo, Uruguay and studied at the University of La Plata in Argentina. His doctoral advisor was the German physicist of Jewish origin Richard Gans. Loedel wrote his...	Enrique Loedel Palumbo	[ "Physics" ]	797	[ "Relativity theorists", "Theory of relativity" ]
12,666,251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mott%20scattering	In physics, Mott scattering, also referred to as spin-coupling inelastic Coulomb scattering, is the separation of the two spin states of an electron beam by scattering the beam off the Coulomb field of heavy atoms. It is named after Nevill Francis Mott, who first developed the theory. It is mostly used to measure the ...	Mott scattering	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	513	[ "Electron", "Electron beam", "Foundational quantum physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Scattering", "Particle physics", "Condensed matter physics", "Nuclear physics" ]
3,440,178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-phase%20and%20quadrature%20components	A sinusoid with modulation can be decomposed into, or synthesized from, two amplitude-modulated sinusoids that are in quadrature phase, i.e., with a phase offset of one-quarter cycle (90 degrees or /2 radians). All three sinusoids have the same center frequency. The two amplitude-modulated sinusoids are known as the in...	In-phase and quadrature components	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,476	[ "Radio electronics", "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing" ]
3,443,739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosing	Dosing generally applies to feeding chemicals or medicines when used in small quantities. For medicines the term dose is generally used. In the case of inanimate objects the word dosing is typical. The term dose titration, referring to stepwise adjustment of doses until a desired level of effect is reached, is common ...	Dosing	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	544	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacodynamics", "nan" ]
3,443,916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design%20methods	Design methods are procedures, techniques, aids, or tools for designing. They offer a number of different kinds of activities that a designer might use within an overall design process. Conventional procedures of design, such as drawing, can be regarded as design methods, but since the 1950s new procedures have been de...	Design methods	[ "Engineering" ]	2,450	[ "Industrial design", "Design engineering", "Design", "Design studies" ]
3,445,204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8rmer%27s%20theorem	In number theory, Størmer's theorem, named after Carl Størmer, gives a finite bound on the number of consecutive pairs of smooth numbers that exist, for a given degree of smoothness, and provides a method for finding all such pairs using Pell equations. It follows from the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem that there are only a...	Størmer's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,131	[ "Mathematics of music", "Mathematical theorems", "Applied mathematics", "Theorems in number theory", "Mathematical problems", "Number theory" ]
3,446,185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection%20ring	In computer science, hierarchical protection domains, often called protection rings, are mechanisms to protect data and functionality from faults (by improving fault tolerance) and malicious behavior (by providing computer security). Computer operating systems provide different levels of access to resources. A protect...	Protection ring	[ "Engineering" ]	3,745	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer security models" ]
1,202,098	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voigt%20profile	The Voigt profile (named after Woldemar Voigt) is a probability distribution given by a convolution of a Cauchy-Lorentz distribution and a Gaussian distribution. It is often used in analyzing data from spectroscopy or diffraction. Definition Without loss of generality, we can consider only centered profiles, which pe...	Voigt profile	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,790	[ "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Special functions", "Instrumental analysis", "Combinatorics", "Spectroscopy" ]
1,202,852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed%20wetland	A constructed wetland is an artificial wetland to treat sewage, greywater, stormwater runoff or industrial wastewater. It may also be designed for land reclamation after mining, or as a mitigation step for natural areas lost to land development. Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that use the natural functions...	Constructed wetland	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	5,006	[ "Hydrology", "Constructed wetlands", "Ecological restoration", "Water treatment", "Stormwater management", "Chemical engineering", "Sewerage infrastructure", "Wetlands", "Water pollution", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering", "Bioremediation" ]
1,203,063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level-set%20method	The Level-set method (LSM) is a conceptual framework for using level sets as a tool for numerical analysis of surfaces and shapes. LSM can perform numerical computations involving curves and surfaces on a fixed Cartesian grid without having to parameterize these objects. LSM makes it easier to perform computations on s...	Level-set method	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,225	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Fluid dynamics", "Computational physics" ]
1,203,089	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsional%20vibration	Torsional vibration is the angular vibration of an object - commonly a shaft - along its axis of rotation. Torsional vibration is often a concern in power transmission systems using rotating shafts or couplings, where it can cause failures if not controlled. A second effect of torsional vibrations applies to passenger...	Torsional vibration	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,410	[ "Structural engineering", "Mechanics", "Mechanical vibrations" ]
1,204,012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhangmeter	A bhangmeter is a non-imaging radiometer installed on reconnaissance and navigation satellites to detect atmospheric nuclear detonations and determine the yield of the nuclear weapon. They are also installed on some armored fighting vehicles, in particular NBC reconnaissance vehicles, in order to help detect, localise ...	Bhangmeter	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	955	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic radiation meters", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Measuring instruments", "Biological warfare", " biological", " radiological and nuclear defense", "Nuclear warfare", "Chemical", "Radioactivity" ]
1,204,294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluing%20axiom	In mathematics, the gluing axiom is introduced to define what a sheaf on a topological space must satisfy, given that it is a presheaf, which is by definition a contravariant functor to a category which initially one takes to be the category of sets. Here is the partial order of open sets of ordered by inclusion ...	Gluing axiom	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,618	[ "General topology", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical axioms", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Topology", "Category theory", "Differential topology", "Limits (category theory)", "Homological algebra" ]
1,205,131	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regge%20theory	In quantum physics, Regge theory ( , ) is the study of the analytic properties of scattering as a function of angular momentum, where the angular momentum is not restricted to be an integer multiple of ħ but is allowed to take any complex value. The nonrelativistic theory was developed by Tullio Regge in 1959. Details...	Regge theory	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,443	[ "Scattering", "Scattering theory" ]
1,205,435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet%20fuel	Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF, also abbreviated avtur) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized interna...	Jet fuel	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	6,261	[ "Aviation fuels", "Petroleum", "Petroleum products", "Aerospace engineering" ]
1,205,681	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20process	The contact process is a method of producing sulfuric acid in the high concentrations needed for industrial processes. Platinum was originally used as the catalyst for this reaction; however, because it is susceptible to reacting with arsenic impurities in the sulfur feedstock, vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5) has since been p...	Contact process	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,381	[ "Catalysis", "Chemical processes", "nan", "Chemical process engineering", "Chemical kinetics" ]
17,198,286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramolecular%20Diels%E2%80%93Alder%20cycloaddition	In organic chemistry, an intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition is a Diels–Alder reaction in which the diene and the dienophile are both part of the same molecule. The reaction leads to the formation of the cyclohexene-like structure as usual for a Diels–Alder reaction, but as part of a more complex fused or bridged ...	Intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition	[ "Chemistry" ]	312	[ "Name reactions" ]
17,198,697	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-service%20business%20gateway	A multi-service business gateway (MSBG) is a device that combines multiple network voice and data communications functions into a single device. Targeted at small and medium enterprises (SMEs), the MSBG integrates critical functions such as routing, VoIP, and security (virtual private networking, firewall, intrusion de...	Multi-service business gateway	[ "Engineering" ]	317	[ "Computer networks engineering", "Networking hardware" ]
17,199,168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry%20heat%20sterilization	Dry heat sterilization of an object is one of the earliest forms of sterilization practiced. It uses hot air that is either free from water vapor or has very little of it, where this moisture plays a minimal or no role in the process of sterilization. Process The dry heat sterilization process is accomplished by condu...	Dry heat sterilization	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	447	[ "Microbiology techniques", "Sterilization (microbiology)" ]
17,206,404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20web%20steel%20joist	In structural engineering, the open web steel joist (OWSJ) is a lightweight steel truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel chords and a triangulated web system, proportioned to span between bearing points. The main function of an OWSJ is to provide direct support for roof or floor deck and to transfer the l...	Open web steel joist	[ "Engineering" ]	1,349	[ "Structural engineering", "Civil engineering", "Structural steel", "Construction" ]
17,208,090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butyl%20isocyanide	tert-Butyl isocyanide is an organic compound with the formula Me3CNC (Me = methyl, CH3). It is an isocyanide, commonly called isonitrile or carbylamine, as defined by the functional group C≡N-R. tert-Butyl isocyanide, like most alkyl isocyanides, is a reactive colorless liquid with an extremely unpleasant odor. It f...	Tert-Butyl isocyanide	[ "Chemistry" ]	547	[ "Isocyanides", "Ligands", "Coordination chemistry", "Functional groups" ]
17,208,553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply%20connected%20at%20infinity	In topology, a branch of mathematics, a topological space X is said to be simply connected at infinity if for any compact subset C of X, there is a compact set D in X containing C so that the induced map on fundamental groups is the zero map. Intuitively, this is the property that loops far away from a small subsp...	Simply connected at infinity	[ "Mathematics" ]	175	[ "Properties of topological spaces", "Algebraic topology", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Topology", "Topology stubs" ]
4,638,199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20decommissioning	Nuclear decommissioning is the process leading to the irreversible complete or partial closure of a nuclear facility, usually a nuclear reactor, with the ultimate aim at termination of the operating licence. The process usually runs according to a decommissioning plan, including the whole or partial dismantling and dec...	Nuclear decommissioning	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology" ]	5,252	[ "Radioactive contamination", "Nuclear technology", "Environmental impact of nuclear power", "Hazardous waste", "Radioactivity", "Nuclear physics", "Radioactive waste" ]
4,638,461	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmiths%20of%20western%20Africa	The history of blacksmithing in West Africa dates back to around 1500 BCE, marking the emergence of skilled artisans whose mastery of ironworking was both revered and feared across the region. Blacksmiths held a unique position in West African societies, often perceived as possessing magical abilities due to their expe...	Blacksmiths of western Africa	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,256	[ "Metallurgy", "History of metallurgy" ]
4,642,577	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical%20noise	Electrochemical noise (ECN) is the generic term given to fluctuations of current and potential. When associated with corrosion, it is the result of stochastic pulses of current generated by sudden film rupture, crack propagation, and discrete events involving metal dissolution and hydrogen discharge with gas bubble for...	Electrochemical noise	[ "Chemistry" ]	407	[ "Electrochemistry", "Physical chemistry stubs", "Electrochemistry stubs" ]
4,642,746	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman%20sprinkler	A Feynman sprinkler, also referred to as a Feynman inverse sprinkler or reverse sprinkler, is a sprinkler-like device which is submerged in a tank and made to suck in the surrounding fluid. The question of how such a device would turn was the subject of an intense and remarkably long-lived debate. The device generally ...	Feynman sprinkler	[ "Engineering" ]	1,179	[ "Civil engineering", "Fluid mechanics" ]
4,643,304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightest%20supersymmetric%20particle	In particle physics, the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is the generic name given to the lightest of the additional hypothetical particles found in supersymmetric models. In models with R-parity conservation, the LSP is stable; in other words, it cannot decay into any Standard Model particle, since all SM parti...	Lightest supersymmetric particle	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	735	[ "Dark matter", "Hypothetical particles", "Force", "Unsolved problems in astronomy", "Physical quantities", "Symmetry", "Supersymmetric quantum field theory", "Concepts in astronomy", "Mechanical quantities", "Mass", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Weight", "Subatomic particles", "Exotic m...
4,643,400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorana%20fermion	A Majorana fermion () or Majorana particle is a fermion that is its own antiparticle. They were hypothesised by Ettore Majorana in 1937. The term is sometimes used in opposition to Dirac fermion, which describes fermions that are not their own antiparticles. With the exception of neutrinos, all of the Standard Model e...	Majorana fermion	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	2,758	[ "Quantum field theory", "Matter", "Fermions", "Quantum mechanics", "Condensed matter physics", "Subatomic particles" ]
20,586,364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity%20radiated%20field	A high-intensity radiated field (HIRF) is radio-frequency energy of a strength sufficient to adversely affect either a living organism or the performance of a device subjected to it. A microwave oven is an example of this principle put to controlled, safe use. Radio-frequency (RF) energy is non-ionizing electromagnet...	High-intensity radiated field	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	479	[ "Physical phenomena", "Materials science", "Radiation", "Condensed matter physics", "Radiation effects" ]
20,587,582	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-line%20working	In electrical engineering, live-line working, also known as hotline maintenance, is the maintenance of electrical equipment, often operating at high voltage, while the equipment is energised. Although this is more hazardous for personnel than working on electrical equipment with the power off, live-line maintenance te...	Live-line working	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,858	[ "Power (physics)", "Electrical engineering", "Electric power", "Physical quantities" ]
20,589,034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20climbing%20problem	In mathematics, the mountain climbing problem is a mathematical problem that considers a two-dimensional mountain range (represented as a continuous function), and asks whether it is possible for two mountain climbers starting at sea level on the left and right sides of the mountain to meet at the summit, while maintai...	Mountain climbing problem	[ "Mathematics" ]	986	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Recreational mathematics", "Discrete geometry", "Articles containing proofs", "Mathematical problems" ]
20,589,543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing%20length%20model	In fluid dynamics, the mixing length model is a method attempting to describe momentum transfer by turbulence Reynolds stresses within a Newtonian fluid boundary layer by means of an eddy viscosity. The model was developed by Ludwig Prandtl in the early 20th century. Prandtl himself had reservations about the model, d...	Mixing length model	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	428	[ "Hydrology", "Turbulence", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Oceanography", "Fluid dynamics" ]
8,002,891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomixing	Photomixing is the generation of continuous wave terahertz radiation from two lasers. The beams are mixed together and focused onto a photomixer device which generates the terahertz radiation. It is technologically significant because there are few sources capable of providing radiation in this waveband, others inclu...	Photomixing	[ "Physics" ]	601	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Terahertz technology" ]
8,003,258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dol%20hareubang	A (Jejuan: ), alternatively , or , is a type of traditional volcanic rock statue from Jeju Island, Korea. It is not known when the statues first began to be made; various theories exist for their origin. They possibly began to be made at latest 500 years ago, since the early Joseon period. There are either 47 or 48 ...	Dol hareubang	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,401	[ "Quantity", "Colossal statues", "Physical quantities", "Size" ]
8,003,764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%20size	Bra size (also known as brassiere measurement or bust size) indicates the size characteristics of a bra. While there is a number of bra sizing systems in use around the world, the bra sizes usually consist of a number, indicating the size of the band around the woman's torso, and one or more letters that indicate the b...	Bra size	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	7,059	[ "Sizes in clothing", "Quantity", "Physical quantities", "Size" ]
8,005,697	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylic%20strain	Allylic strain (also known as A1,3 strain, 1,3-allylic strain, or A-strain) in organic chemistry is a type of strain energy resulting from the interaction between a substituent on one end of an olefin (a synonym for an alkene) with an allylic substituent on the other end. If the substituents (R and R') are large enough...	Allylic strain	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,724	[ "Spacetime", "Stereochemistry", "Space", "nan" ]
8,006,942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20College%20of%20Telecommunication%20Engineering	The Military College of Telecommunication Engineering (MCTE) is the engineering training establishment for the Corps of Signals, established 1911, of the Indian Army. It is located near Indore, in the town formerly known as Mhow, now called Dr Ambedkar Nagar, in Madhya Pradesh. Lt Gen Vivek Dogra is the present Militar...	Military College of Telecommunication Engineering	[ "Engineering" ]	118	[ "Electrical engineering", "Telecommunications engineering" ]
8,008,377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-contrast%20microscopy	Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) is an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image. Phase shifts themselves are invisible, but become visible when shown as brightness variations. When light waves travel through a medium oth...	Phase-contrast microscopy	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,145	[ "Microscopes", "Cell imaging", "Measuring instruments", "Microscopy" ]
8,008,410	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtime	In computing and telecommunications, downtime (also (system) outage or (system) drought colloquially) is a period when a system is unavailable. The unavailability is the proportion of a time-span that a system is unavailable or offline. This is usually a result of the system failing to function because of an unplanned ...	Downtime	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,760	[ "Systems engineering", "Reliability engineering", "Technological failures", "Engineering failures", "System administration", "Information systems", "Civil engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Maintenance" ]
8,008,662	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafel%20equation	The Tafel equation is an equation in electrochemical kinetics relating the rate of an electrochemical reaction to the overpotential. The Tafel equation was first deduced experimentally and was later shown to have a theoretical justification. The equation is named after Swiss chemist Julius Tafel.It describes how the e...	Tafel equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	977	[ "Chemical reaction engineering", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "Electrochemistry", "nan", "Chemical kinetics", "Physical chemistry", "Electrochemical equations" ]
8,009,013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20fascia%20of%20the%20urogenital%20diaphragm	The superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm is continuous with the obturator fascia and stretches across the pubic arch. Structure If the obturator fascia be traced medially after leaving the obturator internus muscle, it will be found attached by some of its deeper or anterior fibers to the inner margin of the pu...	Superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm	[ "Biology" ]	212	[ "Organ systems", "Genitourinary system" ]
10,348,500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material%20flow%20management	Material flow management (MFM) is an economic focused method of analysis and reformation of goods production and subsequent waste through the lens of material flows, incorporating themes of sustainability and the theory of a circular economy. It is used in social, medical, and urban contexts. However, MFM has grown in ...	Material flow management	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,432	[ "Industrial engineering", "Materials", "Environmental engineering", "Industrial ecology", "Matter" ]

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