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When focusing on the type of exercise, the first two studies explicitly focus on the role of exercise in managing diabetes, with the first study exploring the benefits of HIIT for psychological and physical health in T1DM and the second focusing on the effectiveness of exercise in T2DM. The third study, however, discus... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 506 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
In summary, while the first two studies explore the benefits and challenges of exercise in different diabetes types, the third study stresses the importance of accurate diagnosis and management before engaging in physical activity. Together, these studies highlight the complex interactions between exercise, diabetes ty... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 56 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Transplant
In some cases, people can receive transplants of the pancreas or isolated islet cells to restore insulin production and alleviate diabetic symptoms. Transplantation of the whole pancreas is rare, due in part to the few available donor organs, and to the need for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 349 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Pathogenesis
Type 1 diabetes is a result of the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, although what triggers that destruction remains unclear. People with type 1 diabetes tend to have more CD8+ T-cells and B-cells that specifically target islet antigens than those without type 1 diabetes, suggesting a role for the adap... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 403 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Partial ablation of beta-cell function is enough to cause diabetes; at diagnosis, people with type 1 diabetes often still have detectable beta-cell function. Once insulin therapy is started, many people experience a resurgence in beta-cell function, and can go some time with little-to-no insulin treatment – called the ... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 241 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Hyperglucagonemia
Onset of type 1 diabetes is followed by an increase in glucagon secretion after meals. Increases have been measured up to 37% during the first year of diagnosis, while C-peptide levels (indicative of islet-derived insulin), decline by up to 45%. Insulin production will continue to fall as the immune s... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 388 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Autonomic inputs to alpha cells are much more important for glucagon stimulation in the moderate to severe ranges of hypoglycemia, yet the autonomic response is blunted in a number of ways. Recurrent hypoglycemia leads to metabolic adjustments in the glucose sensing areas of the brain, shifting the threshold for counte... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 483 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
The most pressing complication of type 1 diabetes are the always present risks of poor blood sugar control: severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. Hypoglycemia – typically blood sugar below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) – triggers the release of epinephrine, and can cause people to feel shaky, anxious, or irritable. Pe... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 416 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
The other persistent risk is diabetic ketoacidosis – a state where lack of insulin results in cells burning fat rather than sugar, producing toxic ketones as a byproduct. Ketoacidosis symptoms can develop rapidly, with frequent urination, excessive thirst, nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain all common. More se... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 475 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Urinary tract infection
People with diabetes show an increased rate of urinary tract infection. The reason is bladder dysfunction is more common in people with diabetes than people without diabetes due to diabetes nephropathy. When present, nephropathy can cause a decrease in bladder sensation, which in turn, can cause... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 414 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Autoimmune disorders
People with type 1 diabetes are at an increased risk for developing several autoimmune disorders, particularly thyroid problems – around 20% of people with type 1 diabetes have hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, typically caused by Hashimoto thyroiditis or Graves' disease respectively. Celiac disea... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 311 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
In addition to anti-CD3 antibodies, several other immunosuppressive agents have been trialled with the aim of preventing beta cell destruction. Large trials of cyclosporine treatment suggested that cyclosporine could improve insulin secretion in those recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes; however, people who stopped... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 473 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Tolerogenic therapies, which seek to induce immune tolerance to beta-cell antigens, are another area of interest. Techniques such as using dendritic cells or regulatory T cells engineered to promote tolerance to beta cells are being studied in clinical trials, though these approaches remain experimental.
There is also... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 485 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
In Australia, about one million people have been diagnosed with diabetes and of this figure 130,000 people have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Australia ranks 6th-highest in the world with children under 14 years of age. Between 2000 and 2013, 31,895 new cases were established, with 2,323 in 2013, a rate of 10–13... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 257 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Management with exercise
Children with type 1 diabetes typically manage their blood sugar levels with regular insulin injections; however, exercise can also play a vital role in the management of type 1 diabetes. For youth with type 1 diabetes, exercise is correlated with greater blood sugar control. HbA1c levels are ... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 483 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Type 1 diabetes was described as an autoimmune disease in the 1970s, based on observations that autoantibodies against islets were discovered in diabetics with other autoimmune deficiencies. It was also shown in the 1980s that immunosuppressive therapies could slow disease progression, further supporting the idea that ... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 483 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Disease models
Various animal models of disease are used to understand the pathogenesis and etiology of type 1 diabetes. Currently available models of T1D can be divided into spontaneously autoimmune, chemically induced, virus induced and genetically induced.
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is the most widely studie... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 491 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
LEW-1AR1 / -iddm rats are derived from congenital Lewis rats and represent a rarer spontaneous model for T1D. These rats develop diabetes at about 8–9 weeks of age with no sex differences unlike NOD mice. In LEW mice, diabetes presents with hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketonuria, and polyuria. The advantage of the model ... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 184 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Chemically induced
The chemical compounds aloxan and streptozotocin (STZ) are commonly used to induce diabetes and destroy β-cells in mouse/rat animal models. In both cases, it is a cytotoxic analog of glucose that passes GLUT2 transport and accumulates in β-cells, causing their destruction. The chemically induced dest... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 423 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
The most significant genetic contribution to T1D comes from the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region on chromosome 6p21. The HLA class II genes, particularly HLA-DR and HLA-DQ, are the strongest genetic determinants of T1D risk. Specific combinations of alleles such as HLA-DR3-DQ2 and HLA-DR4-DQ8 have been associated w... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 272 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
INS: The insulin gene (INS) on chromosome 11p15 is one of the earliest identified non-HLA genes linked to T1D. A variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the promoter region of the insulin gene affects its thymic expression, with certain alleles reducing the ability to develop immune tolerance to insulin, a... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 480 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Recent research has also focused on the role of epigenetics and gene-environment interactions in T1D development. Environmental factors such as viral infections, early childhood diet, and gut microbiome composition are thought to trigger the autoimmune process in genetically susceptible individuals. Epigenetic modifica... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 292 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Syncope (, commonly known as fainting or passing out, is a loss of consciousness and muscle strength characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery. It is caused by a decrease in blood flow to the brain, typically from low blood pressure. There are sometimes symptoms before the loss of consciou... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 410 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
A medical history, physical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG) are the most effective ways to determine the underlying cause. The ECG is useful to detect an abnormal heart rhythm, poor blood flow to the heart muscle and other electrical issues, such as long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome. Heart related causes a... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 489 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Neurally mediated syncope
Reflex syncope or neurally mediated syncope occurs when blood vessels expand and heart rate decreases inappropriately leading to poor blood flow to the brain. This may occur from either a triggering event such as exposure to blood, pain, strong feelings, or a specific activity such as urinatio... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 487 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Vasovagal syncope can be considered in two forms:
Isolated episodes of loss of consciousness, unheralded by any warning symptoms for more than a few moments. These tend to occur in the adolescent age group and may be associated with fasting, exercise, abdominal straining, or circumstances promoting vaso-dilation (e.g.... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 488 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Situational syncope
Syncope may be caused by specific behaviors including coughing, urination, defecation, vomiting, swallowing (deglutition), and following exercise. Manisty et al. note: "Deglutition syncope is characterised by loss of consciousness on swallowing; it has been associated not only with ingestion of so... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 470 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Long QT syndrome can cause syncope when it sets off ventricular tachycardia or torsades de pointes. The degree of QT prolongation determines the risk of syncope. Brugada syndrome also commonly presents with syncope secondary to arrhythmia.
Typically, tachycardic-generated syncope is caused by a cessation of beats foll... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 490 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Adams-Stokes syndrome is a cardiac syncope that occurs with seizures caused by complete or incomplete heart block. Symptoms include deep and fast respiration, weak and slow pulse, and respiratory pauses that may last for 60 seconds.
Subclavian steal syndrome arises from retrograde (reversed) flow of blood in the verte... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 439 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
This may be due to medications, dehydration, significant bleeding or infection. The most susceptible individuals are elderly frail individuals, or persons who are dehydrated from hot environments or inadequate fluid intake. For example, medical students would be at risk for orthostatic hypotensive syncope while observi... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 480 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
The respiratory system may compensate for dropping oxygen levels through hyperventilation, though a sudden ischemic episode may also proceed faster than the respiratory system can respond. These processes cause the typical symptoms of fainting: pale skin, rapid breathing, nausea, and weakness of the limbs, particularly... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 512 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Narcolepsy may present with sudden loss of consciousness similar to syncope.
Diagnostic approach
A medical history, physical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG) are the most effective ways to determine the underlying cause of syncope. Guidelines from the American College of Emergency Physicians and American Heart... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 445 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Electrocardiogram (ECG) finds that should be looked for include signs of heart ischemia, arrhythmias, atrioventricular blocks, a long QT, a short PR, Brugada syndrome, signs of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), and signs of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD/C). Signs of HCM include large vo... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 467 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Differential diagnosis
Other diseases which mimic syncope include seizure, low blood sugar, certain types of stroke, and paroxysmal spells. While these may appear as "fainting", they do not fit the strict definition of syncope being a sudden reversible loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain.
Ma... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 511 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Risk tools
The San Francisco syncope rule was developed to isolate people who have higher risk for a serious cause of syncope. High risk is anyone who has: congestive heart failure, hematocrit <30%, electrocardiograph abnormality, shortness of breath, or systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg. The San Francisco syncope rule ... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 454 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Syncope and presyncope are common in young athletes. In 1990 the American college basketball player Hank Gathers suddenly collapsed and died during a televised intercollegiate basketball game. He had previously collapsed during a game a few months prior. He was diagnosed with exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia at... | Syncope (medicine) | Wikipedia | 171 | 20254750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope%20%28medicine%29 | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
The flour mite, Acarus siro, a pest of stored grains and animal feedstuffs, is one of many species of grain and flour mites. An older name for the species is Tyroglyphus farinae.
The flour mite, which is pale greyish white in colour with pink legs, is the most common species of mite in foodstuffs. The males are from ... | Flour mite | Wikipedia | 331 | 20256947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour%20mite | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | Animals |
Tempskya is an extinct genus of tree fern that lived during the Cretaceous period. Fossils have been found across both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The growth habit of Tempskya was unlike that of any living fern or any other living plant, consisting of multiple conjoined dichotomous branching stems enmeshed w... | Tempskya | Wikipedia | 450 | 34400150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempskya | Biology and health sciences | Ferns | Plants |
Tempskya is the sole member of the family Tempskyaceae. The family has been placed in the order "Filicales", which is now split into a number of orders of leptosporangiate ferns. They have been suggested to members of Cyatheales, based on morphological similarities of the petiole and spores to some members of that orde... | Tempskya | Wikipedia | 135 | 34400150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempskya | Biology and health sciences | Ferns | Plants |
Parenchymatous inner cortex group:
Tempskya iwatensis Nishida, 1986 Taneichi Formation, Japan, Late Cretaceous (Santonian)
Tempskya rossica Kidston and Gwynne Vaughan, 1911 Mugadjar, Kazakhstan, Upper Cretaceous?
Tempskya uemurae Nishida, 2001 Taneichi Formation, Japan, Late Cretaceous (Santonian)
Tempskya dernbach... | Tempskya | Wikipedia | 508 | 34400150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempskya | Biology and health sciences | Ferns | Plants |
Incertae sedis:
Tempskya pulchra Corda, 1845 Czech Republic, Cretaceous
Tempskya schimperi Corda, 1845 Germany, Czech Republic, France, Lower Cretaceous
Tempskya varians Velenovsky, 1888 Czech Republic, Cenomanian (?)
Tempskya cretacea Hosius and Marck, 1880, Westfalia, Germany, Late Cretaceous
Tempskya erosa ,Sto... | Tempskya | Wikipedia | 124 | 34400150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempskya | Biology and health sciences | Ferns | Plants |
Fossil sites
Tempskya finds were thought to be exclusive to the Northern Hemisphere until specimens were discovered in Argentina and Australia, in 2003 and 2005, respectively. Tempskya fossils have also been discovered in the Czech Republic ,2002 and Japan ,1986. | Tempskya | Wikipedia | 50 | 34400150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempskya | Biology and health sciences | Ferns | Plants |
WeChat or Weixin in Chinese () is a Chinese instant messaging, social media, and mobile payment app developed by Tencent. First released in 2011, it became the world's largest standalone mobile app in 2018 with over 1 billion monthly active users. WeChat has been described as China's "app for everything" and a super-ap... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 504 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
During a period of government support of e-commerce development—for example in the 12th five-year plan (2011–2015)—WeChat also saw new features enabling payments and commerce in 2013, which saw massive adoption after their virtual Red envelope promotion for Chinese New Year 2014.
WeChat had over 889 million monthly ac... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 378 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Messaging
WeChat provides a variety of features including text messaging, hold-to-talk voice messaging, broadcast (one-to-many) messaging, video calls and conferencing, video games, photograph and video sharing, as well as location sharing. WeChat also allows users to exchange contacts with people nearby via Bluetooth,... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 445 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Public accounts
WeChat users can register as a public account (), which enables them to push feeds to subscribers, interact with subscribers, and provide subscribers with services. Users can also create an official account, which fall under service, subscription, or enterprise accounts. Once users as individuals or org... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 474 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Recently, WeChat launched a new foundation that users can choose to top their posts in their own Moments. No matter how long the posts can be viewed set by users, the posts topped by them can be seen all the time. This foundation enable people to mark some important posts that it will be easy to find them. Besides, use... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 504 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In 2019 it was reported that Weixin had overtaken Alibaba with 800 million active Weixin mobile payment users versus 520 million for Alibaba's Alipay. However Alibaba had a 54 per cent share of the Chinese mobile online payments market in 2017 compared to Weixin's 37 per cent share. In the same year, Tencent introduced... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 467 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
WeChat Channels
In 2020, WeChat Channels were launched. They are a short video platform within WeChat that allows users to create and share short video clips and photos to their own WeChat Channel. Users of Channels can also discover content posted to other Channels by others via the in-built feed. Each post can inclu... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 512 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In January 2016, Tencent launched WeChat Out, a VOIP service allowing users to call mobile phones and landlines around the world. The feature allowed purchasing credit within the app using a credit card. WeChat Out was originally only available in the United States, India, and Hong Kong, but later coverage was expanded... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 386 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On 17 June 2020, WeChat released a new add-on called "WeChat Nudge". The feature was first introduced in MSN Messenger 7.0, in 2005. The feature was called Buzz in Yahoo! Messenger and the feature had interoperability with MSN Messenger's Nudge. Similar to Messenger and Yahoo, users can access WeChat Nudge by double-cl... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 397 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
B2C Mode
This is the main profit mode of WeChat Business. The first one is to launch advertisements and provide services through the WeChat Official Account, which is a B2C mode. This mode has been used by many hospitals, banks, fashion brands, internet companies and personal blogs because the Official Account can acce... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 267 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Existing problems
As more and more people have joined WeChat Business, it has brought many problems. For example, some sellers have begun to sell counterfeit luxury goods such as bags, clothes and watches. Some sellers have disguised themselves as international flight attendants or overseas students to post fake stylis... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 510 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Platforms
WeChat's mobile phone app is available only to Android, HarmonyOS and iOS. BlackBerry, Windows Phone, and Symbian phones were supported before. However, as of 22 September 2017, WeChat was no longer working on Windows Phones. The company ceased the development of the app for Windows Phones before the end of 2... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 485 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Weixin, the Chinese version of WeChat, operates from China under Chinese law, which includes strong censorship provisions and interception protocols. Its parent company is obliged to share data with the Chinese government under the China Internet Security Law and National Intelligence Law. Weixin can access and expose ... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 490 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On August 14, 2020, Radio Free Asia reported that in 2019, Gao Zhigang, a citizen of Taiyuan city, Shanxi Province, China, used Weixin to forward a video to his friend Geng Guanjun in USA. Gao was later convicted on the charge of the crime of picking quarrels and provoking trouble, and sentenced to ten-months imprisonm... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 366 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In 2015, Apple published a list of the top 25 most popular apps infected with the XcodeGhost malware, confirming earlier reports that version 6.2.5 of WeChat for iOS was infected with it. The malware originated in a counterfeit version of Xcode (dubbed "XcodeGhost"), Apple's software development tools, and made its way... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 476 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
The Department of Commerce issued orders on September 18, 2020, to enact the ban on WeChat and TikTok by the end of September 20, 2020, citing national security and data privacy concerns. The measures ban the transferring of funds or processing through WeChat in the U.S. and ban any company from offering hosting, conte... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 364 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
In the lead-up to the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum, an unsuccessful attempt to enshrine an Indigenous Voice to Parliament in the Constitution, WeChat and other popular Chinese social media platforms were criticised by both Yes and No supporters and by both Chi... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 314 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Starting in 2013, reports arose that Chinese-language searches even outside China were being keyword filtered and then blocked. This occurred on incoming traffic to China from foreign countries but also exclusively between foreign parties (the service had already censored its communications within China). In the intern... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 433 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Keyword filtering was only enabled for users who registered via phone numbers from mainland China;
Users did not get notices anymore when messages are blocked;
Filtering was more strict on group chat;
Keywords were not static. Some newfound censored keywords were in response to current news events;
The Internal br... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 407 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On July 6, 2021, several Weixin accounts associated with China's university campuses LGBTQ movement were blocked and then deleted without warning; the official media said they had no knowledge of this. Some of the accounts, which consisted of a mix of registered student clubs and unofficial grassroots groups had operat... | WeChat | Wikipedia | 240 | 34408890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Acacia melanoxylon, commonly known as the Australian blackwood, is an Acacia species native to south-eastern Australia. The species is also known as blackwood, hickory, mudgerabah, Tasmanian blackwood, or blackwood acacia. The tree belongs to the Plurinerves section of Acacia and is one of the most wide-ranging tree sp... | Acacia melanoxylon | Wikipedia | 468 | 3771802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia%20melanoxylon | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants |
Distribution
In its native range Acacia melanoxylon is found down the east coast of Australia from Queensland in the north, into New South Wales, through Victoria and west along the south coast of South Australia. It is also found along the east coast of Tasmania. It has become naturalised in Western Australia. In New ... | Acacia melanoxylon | Wikipedia | 438 | 3771802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia%20melanoxylon | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants |
Invasive species
It has been introduced to many countries for forestry plantings and as an ornamental tree. It now is present in Africa, Asia, Europe, Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, South America and the United States. It is a declared noxious weed species in South Africa and is a pest in Portugal's Azores Islands. ... | Acacia melanoxylon | Wikipedia | 346 | 3771802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia%20melanoxylon | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants |
Lissachatina fulica is a species of large land snail that belongs in the subfamily Achatininae of the family Achatinidae. It is also known as the giant African land snail. It shares the common name "giant African snail" with other species of snails such as Achatina achatina and Archachatina marginata. This snail specie... | Lissachatina fulica | Wikipedia | 487 | 3771988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissachatina%20fulica | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
This species has been found in China since 1931 and its initial point of distribution in China was Xiamen. The snail has also been established on Pratas Island, of Taiwan.
The species was established in Hawaii, United States, by 1936. The snail was present in Papua New Guinea by 1946, spreading from New Ireland and Ne... | Lissachatina fulica | Wikipedia | 442 | 3771988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissachatina%20fulica | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
A newly hatched snail is called a neonate. When the giant African land snail hatches, its shell is about 5 to 5.5 mm long, consisting of 2.5 whorls. As the snail grows, its shell extends either clockwise (dextral) or counter-clockwise (sinistral), coiling and creating whirls as the snail ages. Dextral growth is most co... | Lissachatina fulica | Wikipedia | 392 | 3771988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissachatina%20fulica | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
L. fulica occurs in a wide range of temperate climates, now including most regions of the humid tropics. The snail can tolerate a broad range of soil pH and calcium conditions, although calcium is critical for snail shell development. Relative humidity, such as the amount of rain, is an important factor for snail growt... | Lissachatina fulica | Wikipedia | 347 | 3771988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissachatina%20fulica | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
Lifecycle
This snail is a protandric hermaphrodite; each individual has both testes and ovaries and is capable of producing both sperm and ova. The testes typically mature first around 5–8 months, followed by the ovaries. Self-fertilization has been observed and therefore snails do not require a partner to reproduce, ... | Lissachatina fulica | Wikipedia | 463 | 3771988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissachatina%20fulica | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
This snail was twice established in southeastern Florida and was successfully eradicated both times. They were brought to the U.S. through imports, intended for educational uses and to be pets. Some were also introduced because they were accidentally shipped with other cargo. An eradication effort in Florida began in 2... | Lissachatina fulica | Wikipedia | 439 | 3771988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissachatina%20fulica | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
Human health
Terrestrial snails in urban environments at high densities pose a risk for human health in the form of zoonotic disease. Human-mediated transport is a major cause of the dispersal of invasive and pest snails, which are then able to survive at high densities in close proximity to people. Young children and... | Lissachatina fulica | Wikipedia | 483 | 3771988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissachatina%20fulica | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
These snails are used by some practitioners of Candomblé for religious purposes in Brazil as an offering to the deity Oxalá. The snails substitute for a closely related species, the West African giant snail (Archachatina marginata) normally offered in Nigeria. The two species are similar enough in appearance to satisfy... | Lissachatina fulica | Wikipedia | 212 | 3771988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissachatina%20fulica | Biology and health sciences | Gastropods | Animals |
Tweed is a rough, woollen fabric, of a soft, open, flexible texture, resembling cheviot or homespun, but more closely woven. It is usually woven with a plain weave, twill or herringbone structure. Colour effects in the yarn may be obtained by mixing dyed wool before it is spun.
Tweeds are an icon of traditional Scotti... | Tweed | Wikipedia | 464 | 3776458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweed | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
In modern times, cyclists may wear tweed when they ride vintage bicycles on a Tweed Run. This practice has its roots in the British young fogey and hipster subcultures of the late 2000s and early 2010s, whose adherents appreciate both vintage tweed, and bicycles.
Musical instruments
Some vintage Danemann upright piano... | Tweed | Wikipedia | 323 | 3776458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweed | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Multi-factor authentication (MFA; two-factor authentication, or 2FA, along with similar terms) is an electronic authentication method in which a user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism. MFA protects... | Multi-factor authentication | Wikipedia | 438 | 22772421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor%20authentication | Technology | Computer security | null |
An example of two-factor authentication is the withdrawing of money from an ATM; only the correct combination of a bank card (something the user possesses) and a PIN (something the user knows) allows the transaction to be carried out. Two other examples are to supplement a user-controlled password with a one-time passw... | Multi-factor authentication | Wikipedia | 473 | 22772421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor%20authentication | Technology | Computer security | null |
A software token (a.k.a. soft token) is a type of two-factor authentication security device that may be used to authorize the use of computer services. Software tokens are stored on a general-purpose electronic device such as a desktop computer, laptop, PDA, or mobile phone and can be duplicated. (Contrast hardware tok... | Multi-factor authentication | Wikipedia | 487 | 22772421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor%20authentication | Technology | Computer security | null |
Many multi-factor authentication vendors offer mobile phone-based authentication. Some methods include push-based authentication, QR code-based authentication, one-time password authentication (event-based and time-based), and SMS-based verification. SMS-based verification suffers from some security concerns. Phones ca... | Multi-factor authentication | Wikipedia | 493 | 22772421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor%20authentication | Technology | Computer security | null |
No additional tokens are necessary because it uses mobile devices that are (usually) carried all the time.
As they are constantly changed, dynamically generated passcodes are safer to use than fixed (static) log-in information.
Depending on the solution, passcodes that have been used are automatically replaced in or... | Multi-factor authentication | Wikipedia | 467 | 22772421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor%20authentication | Technology | Computer security | null |
India
In India, the Reserve Bank of India mandated two-factor authentication for all online transactions made using a debit or credit card using either a password or a one-time password sent over SMS. This requirement was removed in 2016 for transactions up to ₹2,000 after opting-in with the issuing bank. Vendors such ... | Multi-factor authentication | Wikipedia | 387 | 22772421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor%20authentication | Technology | Computer security | null |
Security
According to proponents, multi-factor authentication could drastically reduce the incidence of online identity theft and other online fraud, because the victim's password would no longer be enough to give a thief permanent access to their information. However, many multi-factor authentication approaches remain... | Multi-factor authentication | Wikipedia | 511 | 22772421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor%20authentication | Technology | Computer security | null |
There are drawbacks to multi-factor authentication that are keeping many approaches from becoming widespread. Some users have difficulty keeping track of a hardware token or USB plug. Many users do not have the technical skills needed to install a client-side software certificate by themselves. Generally, multi-factor ... | Multi-factor authentication | Wikipedia | 472 | 22772421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor%20authentication | Technology | Computer security | null |
A paleocontinent or palaeocontinent is a distinct area of continental crust that existed as a major landmass in the geological past. There have been many different landmasses throughout Earth's time. They range in sizes; some are just a collection of small microcontinents while others are large conglomerates of crust. ... | Paleocontinent | Wikipedia | 438 | 25706228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocontinent | Physical sciences | Paleogeography | Earth science |
Formation
Gondwana was made of present-day South America, Africa, Arabia, India, Antarctica, Australia, and Madagascar. The Continent was fully formed by the late Precambrian period. This was 600 million years ago. It was an amalgamation of all the current southern hemisphere continents. Gondwana lasted through many d... | Paleocontinent | Wikipedia | 431 | 25706228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocontinent | Physical sciences | Paleogeography | Earth science |
Climate
Gondwana experienced a variety of climates as it has been a land mass from 600 million years ago in the Precambrian to the Early Jurassic with the breakup of Pangea. In the Cambrian, there was a warmer and milder climate because most continental crust was closer to the equator and not the poles. The continent ... | Paleocontinent | Wikipedia | 443 | 25706228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocontinent | Physical sciences | Paleogeography | Earth science |
Demise
Laurentia is presently still coherent and still a continental craton. Now, it goes by the name North America. The craton can be found stretching from Alberta, Canada to the Eastern coast of both Canada and the United States. The craton stretches from the south eastern United States to Greenland. The western bor... | Paleocontinent | Wikipedia | 342 | 25706228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocontinent | Physical sciences | Paleogeography | Earth science |
Climate
Laurentia experienced a variety of climates as it has been a land mass for billions of years. The craton experienced an ice age during the late Proterozoic and another during the Ordivician period. During the Cambrian, there was no ice age and it was slightly warmer as most continents avoided the poles giving ... | Paleocontinent | Wikipedia | 436 | 25706228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocontinent | Physical sciences | Paleogeography | Earth science |
Demise
Pangea broke apart after 70 million years. The supercontinent was torn apart through fragmentation, which is where parts of the main landmass would break off in stages. There were two main events that led to the dispersal of Pangea. The first was a passive rifting event that occurred in the Triassic period. Th... | Paleocontinent | Wikipedia | 496 | 25706228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocontinent | Physical sciences | Paleogeography | Earth science |
Time period
1.2-1 bya to 800-850 mya, Proterozoic Eon - end of Precambrian.
Formation
It was the first supercontinent to form on Earth, all the continental crust on Earth came together and formed one giant land mass. This land mass was surrounded by an even larger ocean, known as Mirovia. There were about four small... | Paleocontinent | Wikipedia | 460 | 25706228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocontinent | Physical sciences | Paleogeography | Earth science |
The Hayashi track is a luminosity–temperature relationship obeyed by infant stars of less than in the pre-main-sequence phase (PMS phase) of stellar evolution. It is named after Japanese astrophysicist Chushiro Hayashi. On the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, which plots luminosity against temperature, the track is a near... | Hayashi track | Wikipedia | 491 | 5116788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi%20track | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
A few years prior, Osterbrock proposed deep convection zones with efficient convection, analyzing them using the opacity of H− ions (the dominant opacity source in cool atmospheres) in temperatures below 5000 K. However, the earliest numerical models of Sun-like stars did not follow up on this work and continued to ass... | Hayashi track | Wikipedia | 465 | 5116788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi%20track | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
For a given , a lower temperature implies a larger radius, and vice versa. Thus, the Hayashi track separates the HR diagram into two regions: the allowed region to the left, with high temperatures and smaller radii for each luminosity, and the forbidden region to the right, with lower temperatures and correspondingly l... | Hayashi track | Wikipedia | 462 | 5116788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi%20track | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
A star far to the left of the Hayashi track has a temperature gradient smaller than adiabatic. This means that if a parcel of gas rises a tiny bit, it will be more dense than its surroundings and sink back to where it came from. Convection therefore does not occur, and almost all energy output is carried radiatively.
... | Hayashi track | Wikipedia | 475 | 5116788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi%20track | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Lower-mass stars follow the Hayashi track until the track intersects with the main sequence, at which point hydrogen fusion begins and the star follows the main sequence. Even lower-mass 'stars' never achieve the conditions necessary to fuse hydrogen and become brown dwarfs.
Derivation
The exact shape and position of... | Hayashi track | Wikipedia | 510 | 5116788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi%20track | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Finally, we need to eliminate and introduce , the luminosity. This can be done with the equation
Equations and can now be combined by setting and in equation 1, then eliminating . can be eliminated using equation . After some algebra and setting , we get
where
In cool stellar atmospheres (), like those of ne... | Hayashi track | Wikipedia | 449 | 5116788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi%20track | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Chemical composition affects the Hayashi track in a few ways. The track depends strongly on the atmosphere's opacity, and this opacity is dominated by the H− ion. The abundance of the H− ion is proportional to the density of free electrons, which, in turn, is higher if there are more metals because metals are easier t... | Hayashi track | Wikipedia | 504 | 5116788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi%20track | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Chard or Swiss chard (; Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, Cicla Group and Flavescens Group) is a green leafy vegetable. In the cultivars of the Flavescens Group, the leaf stalks are large and often prepared separately from the leaf blade; the Cicla Group is the leafy spinach beet. The leaf blade can be green or reddish; t... | Chard | Wikipedia | 511 | 545520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chard | Biology and health sciences | Caryophyllales | null |
The two rankless cultivar groups for chard are the Cicla Group for the leafy spinach beet and the Flavescens Group for the stalky Swiss chard.
Etymology
The word "chard" descends from the 14th-century French carde, from Latin carduus meaning artichoke thistle (or cardoon which also includes the artichoke) itself.
The... | Chard | Wikipedia | 511 | 545520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chard | Biology and health sciences | Caryophyllales | null |
It is one of the most common ingredients of Croatian cuisine in the Dalmatia region, being known as "queen of the Dalmatian garden" and used in various ways (boiled, in stews, in Soparnik etc.).
Nutritional content
In a serving, raw Swiss chard provides of food energy and has rich content (> 19% of the Daily Value,... | Chard | Wikipedia | 239 | 545520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chard | Biology and health sciences | Caryophyllales | null |
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