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Amchoor or aamchur or amchur, also referred to as mango powder, is a fruity spice powder made from dried unripe green mangoes. A citrusy seasoning, it is mostly produced in India. In addition to its use as a seasoning it adds the nutritional benefits of mangoes when the fresh fruit is out of season.
Preparation
To mak... | Amchoor | Wikipedia | 385 | 3767418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amchoor | Biology and health sciences | Herbs and spices | Plants |
Agricultural chemistry is the chemistry, especially organic chemistry and biochemistry, as they relate to agriculture. Agricultural chemistry embraces the structures and chemical reactions relevant in the production, protection, and use of crops and livestock. Its applied science and technology aspects are directed t... | Agricultural chemistry | Wikipedia | 483 | 5111982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural%20chemistry | Technology | Academic disciplines | null |
Agricultural chemistry encompases the science and technology of producing not only edible crops, but feedstocks for fuels ("biofuels") and materials. Ethanol fuel obtained by fermentation of sugars. Biodiesel is derived from fats, both animal- and plant-derived. Methane can be recovered from manure and other ag wast... | Agricultural chemistry | Wikipedia | 477 | 5111982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural%20chemistry | Technology | Academic disciplines | null |
Herpes simplex, often known simply as herpes, is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Herpes infections are categorized by the area of the body that is infected. The two major types of herpes are oral herpes and genital herpes, though other forms also exist.
Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It ... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 457 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
The most effective method of avoiding genital infections is by avoiding vaginal, oral, manual, and anal sex. Condom use decreases the risk. Daily antiviral medication taken by someone who has the infection can also reduce spread. There is no available vaccine and once infected, there is no cure. Paracetamol (acetaminop... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 458 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
In all cases, HSV is never removed from the body by the immune system. Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection, migrates to the cell body of the neuron, and becomes latent in the ganglion. As a result of primary infection, the body produces antibodies to the particul... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 453 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Although the exact cause of Bell's palsya type of facial paralysisis unknown, it may be related to the reactivation of HSV-1. This theory has been contested, however, since HSV is detected in large numbers of individuals having never experienced facial paralysis, and higher levels of antibodies for HSV are not found in... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 354 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
HSV asymptomatic shedding occurs at some time in most individuals infected with herpes. It can occur more than a week before or after a symptomatic recurrence in 50% of cases. Virus enters into susceptible cells by entry receptors
such as nectin-1, HVEM and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate. Infected people who show no vi... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 372 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Examination
Primary orofacial herpes is readily identified by examination of persons with no previous history of lesions and contact with an individual with known HSV infection. The appearance and distribution of sores is typically presents as multiple, round, superficial oral ulcers, accompanied by acute gingivitis. A... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 494 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Prevention
As with almost all sexually transmitted infections, women are more susceptible to acquiring genital HSV-2 than men. On an annual basis, without the use of antivirals or condoms, the transmission risk of HSV-2 from infected male to female is about 8–11%. This is believed to be due to the increased exposure of... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 345 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Barrier methods
Condoms offer moderate protection against HSV-2 in both men and women, with consistent condom users having a 30%-lower risk of HSV-2 acquisition compared with those who never use condoms. A female condom can provide greater protection than the male condom, as it covers the labia. The virus cannot pass t... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 390 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Pregnancy
The risk of transmission from mother to baby is highest if the mother becomes infected around the time of delivery (30% to 60%), since insufficient time will have occurred for the generation and transfer of protective maternal antibodies before the birth of the child. In contrast, the risk falls to 3% if the ... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 442 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Several antiviral drugs are effective for treating herpes, including aciclovir (acyclovir), valaciclovir, famciclovir, and penciclovir. Aciclovir was the first discovered and is now available in generic. Valaciclovir is also available as a generic and is slightly more effective than aciclovir for reducing lesion healin... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 364 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Many HSV-infected people experience recurrence within the first year of infection. Prodrome precedes development of lesions. Prodromal symptoms include tingling (paresthesia), itching, and pain where lumbosacral nerves innervate the skin. Prodrome may occur as long as several days or as short as a few hours before le... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 304 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
The frequency and severity of recurrent outbreaks vary greatly between people. Some individuals' outbreaks can be quite debilitating, with large, painful lesions persisting for several weeks, while others experience only minor itching or burning for a few days. Some evidence indicates genetics play a role in the freque... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 488 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
The annual incidence in Canada of genital herpes due to HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection is not known (for a review of HSV-1/HSV-2 prevalence and incidence studies worldwide, see Smith and Robinson 2002). As many as one in seven Canadians aged 14 to 59 may be infected with herpes simplex type 2 virus and more than 90 per cent... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 447 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Herpes antiviral therapy began in the early 1960s with the experimental use of medications that interfered with viral replication called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) inhibitors. The original use was against normally fatal or debilitating illnesses such as adult encephalitis, keratitis, in immunocompromised (transplant) ... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 504 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
However, aciclovir seems to inhibit antibody response, and newborns on aciclovir antiviral treatment experienced a slower rise in antibody titer than those on vidarabine | Herpes | Wikipedia | 38 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Society and culture
Some people experience negative feelings related to the condition following diagnosis, in particular, if they have acquired the genital form of the disease. Feelings can include depression, fear of rejection, feelings of isolation, fear of being found out, and self-destructive feelings. Herpes sup... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 420 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
As of October 2022, the U.S. FDA have not approved a vaccine for herpes. However, there are herpes vaccines currently in clinical trials, such as Moderna mRNA-1608. Unsuccessful clinical trials have been conducted for some glycoprotein subunit vaccines. As of 2017, the future pipeline includes several promising replica... | Herpes | Wikipedia | 125 | 21323216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
The anis are the three species of birds in the genus Crotophaga of the cuckoo family. They are essentially tropical New World birds, although the range of two species just reaches the United States.
Unlike some cuckoos, the anis are not brood parasites, but nest communally, the cup nest being built by several pairs fr... | Ani (bird) | Wikipedia | 412 | 2017415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani%20%28bird%29 | Biology and health sciences | Cuculiformes and relatives | Animals |
Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamentous forms. Xanthophyte chloroplasts contain the photosynthetic pigments chl... | Yellow-green algae | Wikipedia | 507 | 2018701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-green%20algae | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
Dictyosphaeriopsis
Groenlandiella
Halosphaeropsis
Pelagocystis
Polyedrium
Pseudopleurochloris
Raphidosphaera
Sphaerochloris
Tiresias
Order Botrydiales Schaffner 1922
Family Botrydiaceae Rabenhorst 1863 e.g. Botrydium
Order Mischococcales Fritsch 1927
Family Botrydiopsidaceae Hibberd 1980 e.g. Botrydiopsis
... | Yellow-green algae | Wikipedia | 502 | 2018701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-green%20algae | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
Class Heterokontae
Order Chloromonadales
Order Confervales
Pascher (1912)
Classification according to Pascher (1912):
Heterokontae
Heterochloridales
Heterocapsales
Heterococcales
Heterotrichales
Heterosiphonales
Fritsch (1935)
Fritsch (1935) recognizes the following orders in the class Xanthophyceae:
Order ... | Yellow-green algae | Wikipedia | 476 | 2018701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-green%20algae | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
Pascher (1939) recognizes 6 classes in Heterokontae:
Class Heterochloridineae
Class Rhizochloridineae
Class Hetcrocapsineae
Class Heterococcincae
Class Hetcrotrichineae
Class Heterosiphonineae
Copeland (1956)
Copeland (1956) treated the group as order Vaucheriacea:
Kingdom Protoctista
Phylum Phaeophyta
Class Heter... | Yellow-green algae | Wikipedia | 495 | 2018701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-green%20algae | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
Maistro et al. (2009)
Informal groups, according to Maistro et al. (2009):
Botrydiopsalean clade
Chlorellidialean clade
Tribonematalean clade
Vaucherialean clade
Unicellular flagellates, amoeboid and palmelloid taxa were not included in this study.
Adl et al. (2005, 2012)
According to Adl et al. (2005, 2012):
Tr... | Yellow-green algae | Wikipedia | 153 | 2018701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-green%20algae | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
Leptostraca (from the Greek words for thin and shell) is an order of small, marine crustaceans. Its members, including the well-studied Nebalia, occur throughout the world's oceans and are usually considered to be filter-feeders. It is the only extant order in the subclass Phyllocarida. They are believed to represent t... | Leptostraca | Wikipedia | 470 | 2018704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptostraca | Biology and health sciences | Malacostraca | Animals |
The family Argulidae, whose members are commonly known as carp lice or fish lice, are parasitic crustaceans in the class Ichthyostraca. It is the only family in the monotypic subclass Branchiura and the order Arguloida, although a second family, Dipteropeltidae, has been proposed.
Taxonomy
Branchiurans were once tho... | Argulidae | Wikipedia | 502 | 2018725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argulidae | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
Not much research has been done on the respiratory system, which lacks gills, but respiratory areas on the carapace and gas exchange through the fleshy abdomen has been suggested.
Distribution and habitat
Branchiurans are widely distributed throughout the world. Most species are found in Africa and South America, and... | Argulidae | Wikipedia | 293 | 2018725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argulidae | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
Reproduction
Only the life cycle of freshwater forms of the genus Argulus is well known. Branchiurans are not permanently attached to their hosts, and leave them for up to three weeks to mate and lay eggs, and reattach behind the fish's operculum, where they feed on mucus and sloughed-off scales, or pierce the skin an... | Argulidae | Wikipedia | 334 | 2018725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argulidae | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | Animals |
The navy bean, haricot bean, pearl haricot bean, Boston bean, white pea bean, or pea bean is a variety of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) native to the Americas, where it was first domesticated. It is a dry white bean that is smaller than many other types of white beans, and has an oval, slightly flattened shape. ... | Navy bean | Wikipedia | 461 | 2019834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Storage and safety
Dried and canned beans stay fresh longer by storing them in a pantry or other cool, dark place under . With normal seed storage, seeds should last from one to four years for replanting, with a very large timetable for cooking for well-kept seeds, nearing on indefinite. Beans that are discolored from ... | Navy bean | Wikipedia | 85 | 2019834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Micro combined heat and power, micro-CHP, μCHP or mCHP is an extension of the idea of cogeneration to the single/multi family home or small office building in the range of up to 50 kW. Usual technologies for the production of heat and power in one common process are e.g. internal combustion engines, micro gas turbines,... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 400 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
The purpose of cogeneration is to make use of more of the chemical energy in the fuel. The reason for using CHP systems is that large thermal power plants which generate electric power by burning fuel produce between 40% and 60% low-temperature waste heat, due to Carnot's theorem. The temperature produced by this waste... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 488 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
Since the year 2000, micro-CHP has become cost effective in many markets around the world, due to rising energy costs. The development of micro-CHP systems has also been facilitated by recent technological developments of small heat engines. This includes improved performance and cost-effectiveness of fuel cells, Stirl... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 399 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
Fuels
There are many types of fuels and sources of heat that may be considered for micro-CHP. The properties of these sources vary in terms of system cost, heat cost, environmental effects, convenience, ease of transportation and storage, system maintenance, and system life. Some of the heat sources and fuels that are ... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 498 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
Other possibilities include the Organic Rankine cycle, which operates at lower temperatures and pressures using low-grade heat sources. The primary advantage to this is that the equipment is essentially an air-conditioning or refrigeration unit operating as an engine, whereby the piping and other components need not be... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 444 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
1 Standard utility natural gas delivered at typical residential distribution line pressures.
2 Regulated AC net/lower heating value of fuel.
3 Only heat available at 80 °C or higher is included in CHP energy efficiency calculation.
4 Cost includes materials and labor costs to produce stack, plus any balance of plant ne... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 479 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
Net metering
To date, micro-CHP systems achieve much of their savings, and thus attractiveness to consumers, by the value of electrical energy which is replaced by the autoproduced electricity. A "generate-and-resell" or net metering model supports this, as home-generated power exceeding the instantaneous in-home need... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 362 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
While net-metering is a very efficient mechanism for using excess energy generated by a micro-CHP system, it does have disadvantages: while the main generating source on the electrical grid is a large commercial generator, net-metering generators "spill" power to the smart grid in a haphazard and unpredictable fashion.... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 431 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
PEMFC
Per December 2012, Panasonic and Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. sold about 21,000 PEM Ene-Farm units in Japan for a price of $22,600 before installation.
Toshiba and Osaka Gas Co., Ltd./Nichigas installed 6,500 PEM ENE FARM units (manufactured by CHOFU SEISAKUSHO Co., Ltd. ) per November 2011.
SOFC
In the middle of 2012, ... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 388 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
Europe
The European public–private partnership Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Seventh Framework Programme project ene.field aims to deploy by 2017 up 1,000 residential fuel cell Combined Heat and Power (micro-CHP) installations in 12 EU member states.
The programme brings together 9 mature European micro FC... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 487 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
UK
It is estimated that about 1,000 micro-CHP systems were in operation in the UK as of 2002. These are primarily Whispergen using Stirling engines, and Senertec Dachs reciprocating engines. The market is supported by the government through regulatory work, and some government research money expended through the Energy... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 495 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
Marathon Engine Systems, a Wisconsin company, produces a variable electrical and thermal output micro-CHP system called the ecopower with an electrical output of 2.2-4.7 kWe. The ecopower was independently measured to operate at 24.4% and 70.1% electrical and waste heat recovery efficiency, respectively.
Canada
Hyteo... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 481 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
The U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Research Project Agency - Energy (ARPA-e) has funded $25 million towards mCHP research in the GENerators for Small Electrical and Thermal Systems (GENSETS) program. 12 project teams have been selected to develop a 1 kWe mCHP technology that can achieve 40% electrical efficiency,... | Micro combined heat and power | Wikipedia | 84 | 2019941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20combined%20heat%20and%20power | Technology | Power generation | null |
Sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands, , are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. Sweat glands are a type of exocrine gland, which are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct. There are two main types of sweat glands that diffe... | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 456 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
The number of active sweat glands varies greatly among different people, though comparisons between different areas (ex. axillae vs. groin) show the same directional changes (certain areas always have more active sweat glands while others always have fewer). According to Henry Gray's estimates, the palm has around 370 ... | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 494 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
History
The pores of eccrine sweat pores were first identified by the Italian physiologist Marcello Malpighi. Sweat glands themselves were first discovered by the Czech physiologist, Johannes Purkinjé in 1833. The differing densities of sweat glands in different body regions was first investigated in 1844 by the Germa... | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 496 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
Apocrine sweat glands are found in the armpit, areola (around the nipples), perineum (between the anus and genitals), in the ear, and the eyelids. The secretory portion is larger than that of eccrine glands (making them larger overall). Rather than opening directly onto the surface of the skin, apocrine glands secrete ... | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 436 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
Specialized sweat glands, including the ceruminous glands, mammary glands, ciliary glands of the eyelids, and sweat glands of the nasal vestibulum, are modified apocrine glands. Ceruminous glands are near the ear canals, and produce cerumen (earwax) that mixes with the oil secreted from sebaceous glands. Mammary glands... | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 499 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
Secretion of sweat occurs when the myoepithelial cell cells surrounding the secretory glands contract. Eccrine sweat increases the rate of bacterial growth and volatilizes the odor compounds of apocrine sweat, strengthening the latter's acrid smell.
Normally, only a certain number of sweat glands are actively producin... | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 377 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
Antiperspirant
Unlike deodorant, which simply reduces axillary odor without affecting body functions, antiperspirant reduces both eccrine and apocrine sweating. Antiperspirants, which are classified as drugs, cause proteins to precipitate and mechanically block eccrine (and sometimes apocrine) sweat ducts. The metal sa... | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 248 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
Fox-Fordyce disease The apocrine sweat glands become inflamed, causing a persistent, itchy rash, usually in the axillae and pubic areas.
Frey's Syndrome If the auriculotemporal nerve is damaged (most often as a result of a Parotidectomy), excess sweat can be produced in the rear of the cheek area (just below the ear)... | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 453 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
Osmidrosis Often called bromhidrosis, especially in combination with hyperhidrosis. Osmohidrosis is excessive odor from apocrine sweat glands (which are overactive in the axillae). Osmidrosis is thought to be caused by changes in the apocrine gland structure rather than changes in the bacteria that acts on sweat. | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 73 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
Tumors
Sweat gland tumors include:
Acrospiroma
Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma
Apocrine gland carcinoma
Ceruminoma
Cutaneous myoepithelioma
Cylindroma
Eccrine carcinoma
Hidradenoma papilliferum
Hidrocystoma
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma
Mucinous carcinoma
Papillary eccrine adenoma
Poroma
Poro... | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 144 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
Acromegaly, a result of excess growth hormone, causes the size of sweat glands increase, which leads to thicker skin.
Aquagenic wrinkling of the palms, in which white papules develop on the palms after exposure to water, can sometimes come with abnormal aquaporin 5 in the sweat glands.
Cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed ... | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 484 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
Schindler disease causes cytoplasmic vacuoles that appear to be empty or contain filamentous material to manifest in eccrine sweat gland cells.
Small fiber peripheral neuropathy can damage the nerves that control the sweat glands. The sweat gland nerve fiber density test can diagnose this condition. | Sweat gland | Wikipedia | 64 | 1381306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20gland | Biology and health sciences | Exocrine system | Biology |
Chlorocebus is a genus of medium-sized primates from the family of Old World monkeys. Six species are currently recognized, although some people classify them all as a single species with numerous subspecies. Either way, they make up the entirety of the genus Chlorocebus.
Confusingly, the terms "vervet monkey" and "gr... | Chlorocebus | Wikipedia | 486 | 1381556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorocebus | Biology and health sciences | Old World monkeys | Animals |
Unlike the closely related guenons, Chlorocebus species are not primarily forest dwellers. Rather, they are semi-arboreal and semi-terrestrial, spending most of the day on the ground feeding and then sleeping at night in the trees. However, they must drink each day and are dependent on water, so they are never far from... | Chlorocebus | Wikipedia | 485 | 1381556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorocebus | Biology and health sciences | Old World monkeys | Animals |
To signal mating readiness, the female presents her vulva to the male. Since groups are made of several more females than males, each male mates with several females. Generally, the male will display a striking, light-blue scrotal pouch, most prevalent during the mating season. Males do not take part in raising the you... | Chlorocebus | Wikipedia | 374 | 1381556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorocebus | Biology and health sciences | Old World monkeys | Animals |
The African green monkey has been the focus of much scientific research since the 1950s, and cell lines derived from its tissues are still used today to produce vaccines for polio and smallpox. Chlorocebus species are also important in studying high blood pressure and AIDS. Unlike most other nonhuman primates, they nat... | Chlorocebus | Wikipedia | 454 | 1381556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorocebus | Biology and health sciences | Old World monkeys | Animals |
A shotgun slug is a heavy projectile (a slug) made of lead, copper, or other material and fired from a shotgun. Slugs are designed for hunting large game, and other uses, particularly in areas near human population where their short range and slow speed helps increase safety margin. The first effective modern shotgun s... | Shotgun slug | Wikipedia | 385 | 1383616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20slug | Technology | Ammunition | null |
Uses
Shotgun slugs are used to hunt medium to large game at short ranges by firing a single large projectile rather than a large number of smaller ones. In many populated areas, hunters are restricted to shotguns even for medium to large game, such as deer and elk, due to concerns about the range of modern rifle bullet... | Shotgun slug | Wikipedia | 362 | 1383616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20slug | Technology | Ammunition | null |
Comparisons with rifle bullets
A 1 oz ( Foster 12 gauge shotgun slug achieves a velocity of approximately with a muzzle energy of . slugs travel at around with a muzzle energy of . In contrast, a .30-06 Springfield bullet weighing at a velocity of achieves an energy of . A bullet at , which is a very common 30-0... | Shotgun slug | Wikipedia | 422 | 1383616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20slug | Technology | Ammunition | null |
Full-bore slugs
Full-bore slugs such as the Brenneke and Foster designs use a spin-stabilization method of stabilization through the use of angled fins on the slug’s outer walls. The slight 750 RPM spin is enough to stabilize the slug because the slug’s center of pressure is so much further back than its center of mass... | Shotgun slug | Wikipedia | 446 | 1383616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20slug | Technology | Ammunition | null |
Saboted slugs
Saboted slugs are shotgun projectiles smaller than the bore of the shotgun and supported by a plastic sabot. The sabot is traditionally designed to engage the rifling in a rifled shotgun barrel and impart a ballistic spin onto the projectile. This differentiates them from traditional slugs, which are not ... | Shotgun slug | Wikipedia | 224 | 1383616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20slug | Technology | Ammunition | null |
A modern variant between the Foster slug and the sabot slug is the wad slug. This is a type of shotgun slug designed to be fired through a smoothbore shotgun barrel. Like the traditional Foster slug, a deep hollow is located in the rear of this slug, which serves to retain the center of mass near the front tip of the s... | Shotgun slug | Wikipedia | 471 | 1383616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20slug | Technology | Ammunition | null |
Unlike the Foster slug which is traditionally roll-crimped, the wad slug is fold-crimped. Because of this important difference, and because it uses standard shotshell wads, a wad slug can easily be reloaded using any standard modern shotshell reloading press without requiring specialized roll-crimp tools.
Plumbata slu... | Shotgun slug | Wikipedia | 356 | 1383616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20slug | Technology | Ammunition | null |
Wax slugs
Another variant of a Great Depression–era shotgun slug design is the wax slug. These were made by hand by cutting the end off a standard birdshot loaded shotshell, shortening the shell very slightly, pouring the lead shot out, and melting paraffin, candle wax, or crayons in a pan on a stovetop, mixing the lea... | Shotgun slug | Wikipedia | 357 | 1383616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20slug | Technology | Ammunition | null |
Guns for use with slugs
Many hunters hunt with shotgun slugs where rifle usage is not allowed, or as a way of saving the cost of a rifle by getting additional use out of their shotgun. A barrel for shooting slugs can require some special considerations. The biggest drawback of a rifled shotgun barrel is the inability... | Shotgun slug | Wikipedia | 485 | 1383616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20slug | Technology | Ammunition | null |
Improvements in slug performance have also led to some very specialized slug guns. The H&R Ultra Slug Hunter, for example, uses a heavy rifled barrel (see Accurize) to obtain high accuracy from slugs.
Reloading shotgun slugs
Shotgun slugs are often hand loaded, primarily to save cost but also to improve performance ov... | Shotgun slug | Wikipedia | 454 | 1383616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20slug | Technology | Ammunition | null |
United Kingdom
Ammunition which contains no fewer than five projectiles, none of which exceed in diameter, is legal with a Section 2 Shotgun Certificate. Slugs, which contain only one projectile and usually exceed in diameter, are controlled under the Firearms Act, and require a firearms certificate to possess, which... | Shotgun slug | Wikipedia | 319 | 1383616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20slug | Technology | Ammunition | null |
Absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules or ions enter the liquid or solid bulk phase of a material. This is a different process from adsorption, since molecules undergoing absorption are taken up by the volume, not by the surface (as in the case for adsorption).
A more c... | Absorption (chemistry) | Wikipedia | 470 | 1383986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption%20%28chemistry%29 | Physical sciences | Other separations | Chemistry |
In the case of gas absorption, one may calculate its concentration by using, e.g., the Ideal gas law, c = p/RT. In alternative fashion, one may use partial pressures instead of concentrations.
Types of absorption
Absorption is a process that may be chemical (reactive) or physical (non-reactive).
Chemical absorption
... | Absorption (chemistry) | Wikipedia | 302 | 1383986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption%20%28chemistry%29 | Physical sciences | Other separations | Chemistry |
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy—and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy).
A notable effect of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is attenuation o... | Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) | Wikipedia | 448 | 1384005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption%20%28electromagnetic%20radiation%29 | Physical sciences | Electromagnetic radiation | Physics |
Precise measurements of the absorbance at many wavelengths allow the identification of a substance via absorption spectroscopy, where a sample is illuminated from one side, and the intensity of the light that exits from the sample in every direction is measured. A few examples of absorption are ultraviolet–visible spec... | Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) | Wikipedia | 386 | 1384005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption%20%28electromagnetic%20radiation%29 | Physical sciences | Electromagnetic radiation | Physics |
The star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) is a small semiaquatic mole found in moist, low elevation areas in the northeastern parts of North America. It is the only extant member of the tribe Condylurini and genus Condylura, and it has more than 25,000 minute sensory receptors in touch organs, known as Eimer's organs, w... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 356 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Ecology and behavior
The star-nosed mole lives in wet lowland areas and eats small invertebrates such as aquatic insects (such as the larvae of caddisflies, midges, dragonflies, damselflies, crane flies, horseflies, predaceous diving beetles, and stoneflies), terrestrial insects, worms (such as earthworms, leeches, and... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 433 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Snout comparison to visual organ
Vanderbilt University neuroscientist Kenneth Catania, who has studied star-nosed moles for 20 years, recently turned his research to the study of star-moles as a route to understanding general principles about how human brains process and represent sensory information. He called star-mo... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 457 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Anatomy and physiology
The star-nose is a highly specialized sensory-motor organ shaped by 22 fleshy finger-like appendages, or tendrils, that ring their nostrils and are in constant motion as the mole explores its environment. The star itself is across and thus has a diameter slightly smaller than a typical human fin... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 409 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Each Eimer’s organ is supplied by a number of primary afferents, thus the star is densely innervated. It is associated with a Merkel cell-neurite complex at the base of the cell column, a lamellated corpuscle in the dermis just below the column and a series of free nerve endings that originate from myelinated fibers in... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 302 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
The myelinated fibers innervating the 11 rays were photographed and counted from an enlarged photomontage by Catania and colleagues. The total number of myelinated fibers for half of the star ranged from 53,050 to 93–94; hence the total fibers for the entire star vary from roughly 106,000 to 117,000. This means that ta... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 452 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Other important fact of the representation of the star in the cerebral cortex is that each hemisphere had clearly visible set of 11 stripes representing the contralateral star. In some favorable cases, a smaller third set of stripes was also apparent; opposite to other body structures that have a unique representation,... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 408 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Frequency sensitivity
Among the receptors described, Marasco identified that there were receptors relatively unresponsive to compressive stimuli but were acutely responsive to any kind of stimulus that brushed or slid across the surface of the nose (Stimuli applied with large displacements and high velocity). In contra... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 449 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Behavior
Despite the poorly developed eyes, star-nosed moles have an intricate system to detect prey and understand their environment. During exploration, the mole's star-like appendage produces brief touches which compress Eimer’s organ against objects or substrate. When foraging, moles search in random patterns of to... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 473 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
In 1993, Edwin Gould and colleagues proposed that the star-like proboscis had electroreceptors and that the mole was therefore able to sense the electrical field of its prey prior to mechanical inspection by its appendages. Through behavioral experiments, they demonstrated that moles preferred an artificial worm with t... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 429 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
The picture which emerges suggests that the star-nosed mole is an extreme in mammalian evolution, having perhaps the most sensitive mechano-sensory system to be found among mammals. There are two evolutionary theories concerning the star-like nose. One proposes the development of the structure of the star as a conseque... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 380 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
Current applications in engineering
The study of highly specialized systems often allows better insight into more generalized ones. The mole's striking, star-like structure may reflect a general trend in its "less remarkable" relatives, including humans. Little is known today about the molecular mechanisms of tactile t... | Star-nosed mole | Wikipedia | 441 | 1385908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-nosed%20mole | Biology and health sciences | Eulipotyphla | Animals |
A marine transgression is a geologic event where sea level rises relative to the land and the shoreline moves toward higher ground, resulting in flooding. Transgressions can be caused by the land sinking or by the ocean basins filling with water or decreasing in capacity. Transgressions and regressions may be caused by... | Marine transgression | Wikipedia | 412 | 2811075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20transgression | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
These are both idealized scenarios; in practice identifying transgression or regressions can be more complicated. For instance, a regression may be indicated by a change from carbonates to shale only, or a transgression from sandstone to shale, and so on. Lateral changes in facies are also important; a well-marked tran... | Marine transgression | Wikipedia | 106 | 2811075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20transgression | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), formerly known as juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune disease that occurs when pancreatic cells (beta cells) are destroyed by the body's immune system. In healthy persons, beta cells produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone required by the body to store and convert blood sugar into energy. T1D resul... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 510 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, with a peak in onsets during childhood and adolescence. Adult onsets on the other hand are often initially misdiagnosed as type 2. The major sign of type 1 diabetes is very high blood sugar, which typically manifests in children as a few days to weeks of polyuria (increased urina... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 298 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Causes
Type 1 diabetes is caused by the destruction of β-cells—the only cells in the body that produce insulin—and the consequent progressive insulin deficiency. Without insulin, the body cannot respond effectively to increases in blood sugar. Due to this, people with diabetes have persistent hyperglycemia. In 70–90% o... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 283 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Environmental
Various environmental risks have been studied in an attempt to understand what triggers β-cell destroying autoimmunity. Many aspects of environment and life history are associated with slight increases in type 1 diabetes risk, however the connection between each risk and diabetes often remains unclear. Ty... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 506 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
About half of the disease's heritability is due to variations in three HLA class II genes involved in antigen presentation: HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, and HLA-DQB1. The variation patterns associated with increased risk of type 1 diabetes are called HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4-HLA-DQ8, and are common in people of European descent. A p... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 490 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Diabetes is typically diagnosed by a blood test showing unusually high blood sugar. The World Health Organization defines diabetes as blood sugar levels at or above 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) after fasting for at least eight hours, or a glucose level at or above 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) two hours after an oral glucose toler... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 306 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
The mainstay of type 1 diabetes treatment is the regular injection of insulin to manage hyperglycemia. Injections of insulin via subcutaneous injection using either a syringe or an insulin pump are necessary multiple times per day, adjusting dosages to account for food intake, blood glucose levels, and physical activit... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 351 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
The goal of insulin therapy is to mimic normal pancreatic insulin secretion: low levels of insulin constantly present to support basic metabolism, plus the two-phase secretion of additional insulin in response to high blood sugar, then an extended phase of continued insulin secretion. This is accomplished by combining ... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 418 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Lifestyle
Besides insulin, the major way type 1 diabetics control their blood sugar is by learning how various foods impact their blood sugar levels. This is primarily done by tracking their intake of carbohydrates, the type of food with the greatest impact on blood sugar. In general, people with type 1 diabetes are ad... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 350 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
While there is a lot of research on diabetes in youth, it is important to keep progressing, expanding and building our knowledge of Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. T1DM is an autoimmune disease that prevents the pancreas from producing insulin, which helps the body regulate blood sugar levels. T2DM is a chronic ... | Type 1 diabetes | Wikipedia | 198 | 2812725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%201%20diabetes | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
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