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Collard is a group of loose-leafed cultivars of Brassica oleracea, the same species as many common vegetables including cabbage and broccoli. Part of the Acephala (kale) cultivar group, it is also classified as the variety B. oleracea var. viridis.
The plants are grown as a food crop for their large, dark-green, edibl... | Collard (plant) | Wikipedia | 478 | 545523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collard%20%28plant%29 | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | null |
Flavor and texture also depend on the cultivar; the couve manteiga and couve tronchuda are especially appreciated in Brazil and Portugal. The large number of varieties grown in the United States decreased as people moved to towns after World War II, leaving only five varieties commonly in cultivation. However, seeds of... | Collard (plant) | Wikipedia | 495 | 545523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collard%20%28plant%29 | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | null |
The false root knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans has a wide host range of up to 84 species including many weeds. On Brassicas it has been reported in several states, including Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, and Kansas (Manzanilla-López et al., 2002). As a pest of collards, the degree of damage ... | Collard (plant) | Wikipedia | 485 | 545523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collard%20%28plant%29 | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | null |
United States
Collard greens are a staple vegetable in Southern U.S. cuisine. They are often prepared with other similar green leaf vegetables, such as spinach, kale, turnip greens, and mustard greens in the dish called "mixed greens". Typically used in combination with collard greens are smoked and salted meats (ham ... | Collard (plant) | Wikipedia | 467 | 545523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collard%20%28plant%29 | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | null |
Many explorers in the late nineteenth century have written about the pervasiveness of collards in Southern cooking particularly among black Americans. In 1869, Hyacinth, a traveler during the Civil War, for example, observed that collards could be found anywhere in the south. In 1972, another observer, Stearns, echoed ... | Collard (plant) | Wikipedia | 437 | 545523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collard%20%28plant%29 | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | null |
Zimbabwe
In Zimbabwe, collard greens are known as in Ndebele and in Shona. Due to the climate, the plant thrives under almost all conditions, with most people growing it in their gardens. It is commonly eaten with sadza (ugali in East Africa, pap in South Africa, fufu in West Africa and polenta in Italy) as part of ... | Collard (plant) | Wikipedia | 308 | 545523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collard%20%28plant%29 | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | null |
Celeriac (Apium graveolens Rapaceum Group, synonyms Apium graveolens Celeriac Group and Apium graveolens var. rapaceum), also called celery root, knob celery, and turnip-rooted celery (although it is not a close relative of the turnip), is a group of cultivars of Apium graveolens cultivated for their edible bulb-like h... | Celeriac | Wikipedia | 371 | 545620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeriac | Biology and health sciences | Other vegetables | Plants |
Goosefishes, sometimes called anglers or monkfishes, are a family, the Lophiidae, of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Lophiiformes, the anglerfishes. The family includes 30 recognized species. These fishes are found in all the world's oceans except for the Antarctic Ocean.
Taxonomy
The goosefish family... | Goosefish | Wikipedia | 345 | 545824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goosefish | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Characteristics
Goosefishes in the family Lophiidae have flattened heads and bodies covered in thin skin and are further characterised by the possession of pelvic fins with the first, spiny dorsal fin having its origin close to the rear of the head and this fin is supported by between one and three spines. The frontmos... | Goosefish | Wikipedia | 458 | 545824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goosefish | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Utilisation
Goosefishes, particularly several of the large species in the genus Lophius, commonly known as monkfishes in northern Europe, are important commercially fished species. The liver of monkfish, known as ankimo, is considered a delicacy in Japan. | Goosefish | Wikipedia | 57 | 545824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goosefish | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
In mathematics, extrapolation is a type of estimation, beyond the original observation range, of the value of a variable on the basis of its relationship with another variable. It is similar to interpolation, which produces estimates between known observations, but extrapolation is subject to greater uncertainty and a ... | Extrapolation | Wikipedia | 470 | 546415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation | Mathematics | Basics | null |
High-order polynomial extrapolation must be used with due care. For the example data set and problem in the figure above, anything above order 1 (linear extrapolation) will possibly yield unusable values; an error estimate of the extrapolated value will grow with the degree of the polynomial extrapolation. This is rela... | Extrapolation | Wikipedia | 396 | 546415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation | Mathematics | Basics | null |
Even for proper assumptions about the function, the extrapolation can diverge severely from the function. The classic example is truncated power series representations of sin(x) and related trigonometric functions. For instance, taking only data from near the x = 0, we may estimate that the function behaves as sin(x)... | Extrapolation | Wikipedia | 475 | 546415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation | Mathematics | Basics | null |
Also, one may use sequence transformations like Padé approximants and Levin-type sequence transformations as extrapolation methods that lead to a summation of power series that are divergent outside the original radius of convergence. In this case, one often obtains
rational approximants.
Fast
The extrapolated dat... | Extrapolation | Wikipedia | 378 | 546415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation | Mathematics | Basics | null |
The Moorish idol (Zanclus cornutus) is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zanclidae. It is the only member of the monospecific genus Zanclus and the only extant species within the Zanclidae. This species is found on reefs in the Indo-Pacific region.
Taxonomy
The Moorish idol was first formally... | Moorish idol | Wikipedia | 404 | 546778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish%20idol | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Etymology
Moorish idol's unusual name was apparently given to it because, in some areas of south-east Asia, fishermen have respect for these fishes, releasing them when caught and honouring them with a bow after their release. In this case, Moor being erroneously used as it usually refers to Amazigh people from Morocc... | Moorish idol | Wikipedia | 313 | 546778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish%20idol | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Like their closely related family, the Acanthuridae, the Moorish idol has larvae that are specialized for a long pelagic life stage. In acanthuridae, the pelagic, pre-juvenile stage larvae can reach lengths of 60 mm before settling in their habitat. The Moorish idol’s various larval stages have been described and illus... | Moorish idol | Wikipedia | 454 | 546778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish%20idol | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Conservation Status
Since their last assessment in 2015, the Moorish idol is listed as a species of least concern by the IUCN. They were found to be widely distributed and locally abundant with no major threats to the species. However, their habitat type, particularly coral reefs, are known to be in decline due to cli... | Moorish idol | Wikipedia | 365 | 546778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish%20idol | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
In popular culture
In the 2003 Disney/Pixar animated movie Finding Nemo, a Moorish idol fish named Gill, voiced by Willem Dafoe, is one of Nemo's tank mates and the leader of the Tank Gang. Gill was depicted having a very strong desire for freedom outside of the aquarium and was constantly scheming to achieve this, po... | Moorish idol | Wikipedia | 160 | 546778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish%20idol | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
A breechloader is a firearm in which the user loads the ammunition from the breech end of the barrel (i.e., from the rearward, open end of the gun's barrel), as opposed to a muzzleloader, in which the user loads the ammunition from the (muzzle) end of the barrel.
The vast majority of modern firearms are generally bree... | Breechloader | Wikipedia | 485 | 547111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breechloader | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Although breech-loading firearms were developed as far back as the early 14th century in Burgundy and various other parts of Europe, breech-loading became more successful with improvements in precision engineering and machining in the 19th century.
The main challenge for developers of breech-loading firearms was seali... | Breechloader | Wikipedia | 507 | 547111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breechloader | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
In Paris in 1808, in association with French gunsmith François Prélat, Jean Samuel Pauly created the first fully self-contained cartridges: the cartridges incorporated a copper base with integrated mercury fulminate primer powder (the major innovation of Pauly), a round bullet and either brass or paper casing. The cart... | Breechloader | Wikipedia | 458 | 547111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breechloader | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
The Dreyse Zündnadelgewehr (Dreyse needle gun) was a single-shot breech-loading rifle using a rotating bolt to seal the breech. It was so called because of its .5-inch needle-like firing pin, which passed through a paper cartridge case to impact a percussion cap at the bullet base. It began development in the 1830s und... | Breechloader | Wikipedia | 390 | 547111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breechloader | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
During the American Civil War, at least nineteen types of breech-loaders were fielded. The Sharps used a successful dropping block design. The Greene used rotating bolt-action, and was fed from the breech. The Spencer, which used lever-actuated bolt-action, was fed from a seven-round detachable tube magazine. The Henry... | Breechloader | Wikipedia | 410 | 547111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breechloader | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
A breech action is the loading sequence of a breech loading naval gun or small arm. The earliest breech actions were either three-shot break-open actions or a barrel tip-down, remove the plug and reload actions. The later breech-loaders included the Ferguson rifle, which used a screw-in/screw out action to reload, and ... | Breechloader | Wikipedia | 181 | 547111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breechloader | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge is a pedestrian and cyclist tilt bridge spanning the River Tyne between Gateshead arts quarter on the south bank and Newcastle upon Tyne's Quayside area on the north bank. It was the first tilting bridge ever to be constructed. Opened for public use in 2001, the award-winning structure w... | Gateshead Millennium Bridge | Wikipedia | 502 | 547497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead%20Millennium%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null |
By July 1997, a final design was under preparation for submission to the Millennium Commission in order to secure funding. The bridge, which is the world's first tilting bridge, ultimately cost £22million, with funding from the Millennium Commission, the European Regional Development Fund, English Partnerships, East Ga... | Gateshead Millennium Bridge | Wikipedia | 360 | 547497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead%20Millennium%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null |
Gateshead Millennium Bridge was constructed to fulfil the following main design constraints: the bridge must be above river-level during high spring tides when closed; nothing must be built on the Gateshead Quayside; the deck must have no more than a 1:20 slope to allow disabled access. The bridge consists of two stee... | Gateshead Millennium Bridge | Wikipedia | 457 | 547497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead%20Millennium%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null |
Construction and installation
Gateshead Council selected Gateshead-based Harbour & General as the main contractor for the construction of the bridge. Harbour and General then selected over 12 sub-contractors to cover elements of construction including control systems, metalwork, lighting, and piling and river work. Co... | Gateshead Millennium Bridge | Wikipedia | 361 | 547497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead%20Millennium%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null |
The Port of Tyne Authority required the design of the bridge to incorporate a vessel collision protection system. As a result, two rows of parallel fixed piles, splaying out diagonally on each side of the bridge, were installed. However, it became clear to members of the construction project team and WilkinsonEyre that... | Gateshead Millennium Bridge | Wikipedia | 433 | 547497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead%20Millennium%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null |
Awards
Gateshead Millennium Bridge has won a total of 25 awards for design and lighting. For the construction of the bridge, the architect WilkinsonEyre won the 2002 Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Stirling Prize. This was a somewhat controversial decision; although the RIBA judges described the bridge as... | Gateshead Millennium Bridge | Wikipedia | 177 | 547497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead%20Millennium%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null |
Chthonian planets (, sometimes 'cthonian') are a hypothetical class of celestial objects resulting from the stripping away of a gas giant's hydrogen and helium atmosphere and outer layers, which is called hydrodynamic escape. Such atmospheric stripping is a likely result of proximity to a star. The remaining rocky or m... | Chthonian planet | Wikipedia | 505 | 547693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonian%20planet | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
The stone pine, botanical name Pinus pinea, also known as the Italian stone pine, Mediterranean stone pine, umbrella pine and parasol pine, is a tree from the pine family (Pinaceae). The tree is native to the Mediterranean region, occurring in Southern Europe and the Levant. The species was introduced into North Africa... | Stone pine | Wikipedia | 512 | 547980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20pine | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Southern Europe
The Iberian conifer forests ecoregion of the Iberian Peninsula in Spain and Portugal; the Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests ecoregion in France and Italy; the Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests ecoregion of southern Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia; the Illyrian deciduous f... | Stone pine | Wikipedia | 444 | 547980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20pine | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Pests
The introduced Western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis) was accidentally imported with timber to northern Italy in the late 1990s from the western US, and has spread across Europe as an invasive pest species since then. It feeds on the sap of developing conifer cones throughout its life, and its sap-s... | Stone pine | Wikipedia | 485 | 547980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20pine | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Small specimens are used for bonsai, and also grown in large pots and planters. The year-old seedlings are seasonally available as table-top Christmas trees tall.
Other
Other products of economic value include resin, bark for tannin extraction, and empty pine cone shells for fuel. Pinus pinea is also currently widely... | Stone pine | Wikipedia | 91 | 547980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20pine | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
In dynamical systems instability means that some of the outputs or internal states increase with time, without bounds. Not all systems that are not stable are unstable; systems can also be marginally stable or exhibit limit cycle behavior.
In structural engineering, a structural beam or column can become unstable whe... | Instability | Wikipedia | 382 | 548173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instability | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
Ballooning instability (some analogy to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability); found in the magnetosphere
Atmospheric instability
Hydrodynamic instability or dynamic instability (atmospheric dynamics)
Inertial instability; baroclinic instability; symmetric instability, conditional symmetric or convective symmetric instab... | Instability | Wikipedia | 425 | 548173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instability | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
Joint instabilities
The most common residual disability after any sprain in the body is instability. Mechanical instability includes insufficient stabilizing structures and mobility that exceed the physiological limits. Functional instability involves recurrent sprains or a feeling of giving way of the injured joint.... | Instability | Wikipedia | 244 | 548173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instability | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
The firebrat (Thermobia domestica) is a small insect (typically 1–1.5 cm) in the order Zygentoma.
Habitat
Firebrats prefer relatively warm temperatures (36–39 °C) and require some humidity. They are commonly found indoors near heat sources such as furnaces and boilers. They feed on a wide variety of carbohydrates a... | Firebrat | Wikipedia | 326 | 2021152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebrat | Biology and health sciences | Zygentoma | Animals |
In physics, relativistic mechanics refers to mechanics compatible with special relativity (SR) and general relativity (GR). It provides a non-quantum mechanical description of a system of particles, or of a fluid, in cases where the velocities of moving objects are comparable to the speed of light c. As a result, class... | Relativistic mechanics | Wikipedia | 300 | 2021419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20mechanics | Physical sciences | Basics_10 | null |
Some definitions and concepts from classical mechanics do carry over to SR, such as force as the time derivative of momentum (Newton's second law), the work done by a particle as the line integral of force exerted on the particle along a path, and power as the time derivative of work done. However, there are a number o... | Relativistic mechanics | Wikipedia | 500 | 2021419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20mechanics | Physical sciences | Basics_10 | null |
The first three terms, excepting the factor of , is the velocity as seen by the observer in their own reference frame. The is determined by the velocity between the observer's reference frame and the object's frame, which is the frame in which its proper time is measured. This quantity is invariant under Lorentz tr... | Relativistic mechanics | Wikipedia | 486 | 2021419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20mechanics | Physical sciences | Basics_10 | null |
The factor comes from the definition of the four-velocity described above. The appearance of may be stated in an alternative way, which will be explained in the next section.
The kinetic energy, , is defined as
and the speed as a function of kinetic energy is given by
The spatial momentum may be written as , pres... | Relativistic mechanics | Wikipedia | 512 | 2021419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20mechanics | Physical sciences | Basics_10 | null |
Looking at the above formula for invariant mass of a system, one sees that, when a single massive object is at rest (v = 0, p = 0), there is a non-zero mass remaining: m0 = E/c2.
The corresponding energy, which is also the total energy when a single particle is at rest, is referred to as "rest energy". In systems of pa... | Relativistic mechanics | Wikipedia | 480 | 2021419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20mechanics | Physical sciences | Basics_10 | null |
Taking this formula at face value, we see that in relativity, mass is simply energy by another name (and measured in different units). In 1927 Einstein remarked about special relativity, "Under this theory mass is not an unalterable magnitude, but a magnitude dependent on (and, indeed, identical with) the amount of ene... | Relativistic mechanics | Wikipedia | 330 | 2021419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20mechanics | Physical sciences | Basics_10 | null |
In chemistry, the mass differences associated with the emitted energy are around 10−9 of the molecular mass. However, in nuclear reactions the energies are so large that they are associated with mass differences, which can be estimated in advance, if the products and reactants have been weighed (atoms can be weighed in... | Relativistic mechanics | Wikipedia | 389 | 2021419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20mechanics | Physical sciences | Basics_10 | null |
For isolated systems (closed to all mass and energy exchange), mass never disappears in the center of momentum frame, because energy cannot disappear. Instead, this equation, in context, means only that when any energy is added to, or escapes from, a system in the center-of-momentum frame, the system will be measured a... | Relativistic mechanics | Wikipedia | 505 | 2021419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20mechanics | Physical sciences | Basics_10 | null |
If the acceleration is separated into the part parallel to the velocity (a∥) and the part perpendicular to it (a⊥), so that:
one gets
By construction a∥ and v are parallel, so (v·a∥)v is a vector with magnitude v2a∥ in the direction of v (and hence a∥) which allows the replacement:
then
|}
Consequently, in some o... | Relativistic mechanics | Wikipedia | 501 | 2021419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20mechanics | Physical sciences | Basics_10 | null |
Newtonian limit
The Lorentz factor γ(v) can be expanded into a Taylor series or binomial series for (v/c)2 < 1, obtaining:
and consequently
For velocities much smaller than that of light, one can neglect the terms with c2 and higher in the denominator. These formulas then reduce to the standard definitions of Newtoni... | Relativistic mechanics | Wikipedia | 103 | 2021419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20mechanics | Physical sciences | Basics_10 | null |
This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group . The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson.
The Stan... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 375 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Fermions
Rather than having one fermion field , it can be split up into separate components for each type of particle. This mirrors the historical evolution of quantum field theory, since the electron component (describing the electron and its antiparticle the positron) is then the original field of quantum electrod... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 505 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Mass and interaction eigenstates
A distinction can thus be made between, for example, the mass and interaction eigenstates of the neutrino. The former is the state that propagates in free space, whereas the latter is the different state that participates in interactions. Which is the "fundamental" particle? For the ne... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 434 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Perturbative QFT and the interaction picture
Much of the qualitative descriptions of the standard model in terms of "particles" and "forces" comes from the perturbative quantum field theory view of the model. In this, the Lagrangian is decomposed as into separate free field and interaction Lagrangians. The free field... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 454 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Free fields
Under the usual free/interaction decomposition, which is suitable for low energies, the free fields obey the following equations:
The fermion field satisfies the Dirac equation; for each type of fermion.
The photon field satisfies the wave equation .
The Higgs field satisfies the Klein–Gordon equat... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 397 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Technically, is the Hermitian adjoint of the operator in the inner product space of ket vectors. The identification of and as creation and annihilation operators comes from comparing conserved quantities for a state before and after one of these have acted upon it. can for example be seen to add one particle, beca... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 511 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
where the notations are carried from earlier in the article. can represent any, or all, Dirac fermions in the standard model. Generally, as below, this term is included within the couplings (creating an overall "dynamical" term).
Gauge fields
For the spin-1 fields, first define the field strength tensor
for a given... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 436 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
where is the gauge field; is the weak hypercharge (the generator of the group); is the three-component gauge field; and the components of are the Pauli matrices (infinitesimal generators of the group) whose eigenvalues give the weak isospin. Note that we have to redefine a new symmetry of weak hypercharge, dif... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 500 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Mass terms
The mass term arising from the Dirac Lagrangian (for any fermion ) is , which is not invariant under the electroweak symmetry. This can be seen by writing in terms of left and right-handed components (skipping the actual calculation):
i.e. contribution from and terms do not appear. We see that the mass-... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 507 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
The mass of the Higgs boson itself is given by
Yukawa interaction
The Yukawa interaction terms are
where , , and are matrices of Yukawa couplings, with the term giving the coupling of the generations and , and h.c. means Hermitian conjugate of preceding terms. The fields and are left-handed quark and lepton d... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 305 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
where denotes a charge conjugated (i.e. anti-) particle, and the terms are consistently all left (or all right) chirality (note that a left-chirality projection of an antiparticle is a right-handed field; care must be taken here due to different notations sometimes used). Here we are essentially flipping between left... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 365 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Field content in detail
The Standard Model has the following fields. These describe one generation of leptons and quarks, and there are three generations, so there are three copies of each fermionic field. By CPT symmetry, there is a set of fermions and antifermions with opposite parity and charges. If a left-handed f... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 483 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
The value of the vacuum energy (or more precisely, the renormalization scale used to calculate this energy) may also be treated as an additional free parameter. The renormalization scale may be identified with the Planck scale or fine-tuned to match the observed cosmological constant. However, both options are problema... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 494 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
U(1) symmetry
For the leptons, the gauge group can be written . The two factors can be combined into , where is the lepton number. Gauging of the lepton number is ruled out by experiment, leaving only the possible gauge group . A similar argument in the quark sector also gives the same result for the electroweak the... | Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model | Wikipedia | 227 | 2024795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
Aplacophora is a possibly paraphyletic taxon. This is a class of small, deep-water, exclusively benthic, marine molluscs found in all oceans of the world.
All known modern forms are shell-less: only some extinct primitive forms possessed valves. The group comprises the two clades Solenogastres (Neomeniomorpha) and C... | Aplacophora | Wikipedia | 292 | 2025047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplacophora | Biology and health sciences | Mollusks | Animals |
Aplacophorans are worm-like animals, with little resemblance to most other molluscs. They have no shell, although small calcified spicules are embedded in the skin; these spicules are occasionally coated with an organic pellicle that is presumably secreted by microvilli. Caudofoveates lack a foot while solenogasters ha... | Aplacophora | Wikipedia | 457 | 2025047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplacophora | Biology and health sciences | Mollusks | Animals |
Taxonomy and evolution
This class was once classified as sea cucumbers in the echinoderms. In 1987, they were officially recognized as molluscs and given their own class. It consists of two clades: the Solenogastres and the Caudofoveata. It has been considered polyphyletic but more recent molecular evidence supports it... | Aplacophora | Wikipedia | 179 | 2025047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplacophora | Biology and health sciences | Mollusks | Animals |
In sewing and fashion design, a pattern is the template from which the parts of a garment are traced onto woven or knitted fabrics before being cut out and assembled. Patterns are usually made of paper, and are sometimes made of sturdier materials like paperboard or cardboard if they need to be more robust to withstand... | Pattern (sewing) | Wikipedia | 291 | 2025919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20%28sewing%29 | Technology | Other techniques | null |
The flat-pattern method is where the entire pattern is drafted on a flat surface from measurements, using rulers, curves, and straight-edges. A pattern maker would also use various tools such as a notcher, drill, and awl to mark the pattern. Usually, flat patterning begins with the creation of a "sloper" or "block" pat... | Pattern (sewing) | Wikipedia | 497 | 2025919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20%28sewing%29 | Technology | Other techniques | null |
Pattern digitizing
After a paper/fabric pattern is completed, very often patternmakers digitize their patterns for archiving and vendor communication purposes. The previous standard for digitizing was the digitizing tablet. Nowadays, automatic options such as scanners and camera systems are available.
Fitting patterns... | Pattern (sewing) | Wikipedia | 452 | 2025919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20%28sewing%29 | Technology | Other techniques | null |
Standard pattern symbols
Sewing patterns typically include standard symbols and marks that guide the cutter and/or sewer in cutting and assembling the pieces of the pattern. Patterns may use:
Notches, to indicate:
Seam allowances. (not all patterns include allowances)
Centerlines and other lines important to the f... | Pattern (sewing) | Wikipedia | 364 | 2025919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20%28sewing%29 | Technology | Other techniques | null |
The making of industrial patterns begins with an existing block pattern that most closely resembles the designer's vision. Patterns are cut of oak tag (manila folder) paper, punched with a hole and stored by hanging with a special hook. The pattern is first checked for accuracy, then it is cut out of sample fabrics and... | Pattern (sewing) | Wikipedia | 391 | 2025919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20%28sewing%29 | Technology | Other techniques | null |
Home sewing patterns are generally printed on tissue paper and sold in packets containing sewing instructions and suggestions for fabric and trim. They are also available over the Internet as downloadable files. Home sewers can print the patterns at home or take the electronic file to a business that does copying and... | Pattern (sewing) | Wikipedia | 458 | 2025919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20%28sewing%29 | Technology | Other techniques | null |
Voay is an extinct genus of crocodile from Madagascar that lived during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene, containing only one species, V. robustus. Numerous subfossils have been found, including complete skulls, noted for their distinctive pair of horns on the posterior, as well as vertebrae and osteoderms from such pl... | Voay | Wikipedia | 479 | 22782965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voay | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric crocodiles | Animals |
Phylogenetics
When V. robustus was first described in 1872, it was originally assigned to the genus Crocodylus. It was later found to morphologically have had more in common with the extant Osteolaemus, or dwarf crocodile, than Crocodylus. Some features it shared with Osteolaemus include a depressed pterygoid surface t... | Voay | Wikipedia | 264 | 22782965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voay | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric crocodiles | Animals |
The is a traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to six Japanese feet (shaku). The exact value has varied over time and location but has generally been a little shorter than . It is now standardized as 1.82 m.
Although mostly supplanted by the metric system, this unit is a common measurement in Japanese architectu... | Ken (unit) | Wikipedia | 399 | 22785535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | East Asian | Basics and measurement |
A building's proportions were (and, to a certain extent, still are) measured in ken, as for example in the case of Enryaku-ji's Konponchū-dō (Main Hall), which measures 11×6 bays (37.60 m × 23.92 m), of which 11×4 are dedicated to the worshipers. Inside buildings, available space was often divided in squares measuring ... | Ken (unit) | Wikipedia | 392 | 22785535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | East Asian | Basics and measurement |
Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs in two isotopes of helium (helium-3 and helium-4) when they are liquefied by cooling ... | Superfluidity | Wikipedia | 407 | 35607283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidity | Physical sciences | States of matter | Physics |
Cold atomic gases
Superfluidity in an ultracold fermionic gas was experimentally proven by Wolfgang Ketterle and his team who observed quantum vortices in lithium-6 at a temperature of 50 nK at MIT in April 2005. Such vortices had previously been observed in an ultracold bosonic gas using rubidium-87 in 2000, and mor... | Superfluidity | Wikipedia | 489 | 35607283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidity | Physical sciences | States of matter | Physics |
Dental braces (also known as orthodontic braces, or simply braces) are devices used in orthodontics that align and straighten teeth and help position them with regard to a person's bite, while also aiming to improve dental health. They are often used to correct underbites, as well as malocclusions, overbites, open bite... | Dental braces | Wikipedia | 428 | 902683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20braces | Biology and health sciences | Dental treatments | Health |
Traditional metal wired braces (also known as "train track braces") are stainless-steel and are sometimes used in combination with titanium. Traditional metal braces are the most common type of braces. These braces have a metal bracket with elastic ties (also known as rubber bands) holding the wire onto the metal brack... | Dental braces | Wikipedia | 452 | 902683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20braces | Biology and health sciences | Dental treatments | Health |
The first step is to determine whether braces are suitable for the patient. The doctor consults with the patient and inspects the teeth visually. If braces are appropriate, a records appointment is set up where X-rays, moulds, and impressions are made. These records are analyzed to determine the problems and the proper... | Dental braces | Wikipedia | 246 | 902683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20braces | Biology and health sciences | Dental treatments | Health |
Teeth to be braced will have an adhesive applied to help the cement bond to the surface of the tooth. In most cases, the teeth will be banded and then brackets will be added. A bracket will be applied with dental cement, and then cured with light until hardened. This process usually takes a few seconds per tooth. If re... | Dental braces | Wikipedia | 511 | 902683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20braces | Biology and health sciences | Dental treatments | Health |
The fitting process can vary between different types of braces, though there are similarities such as the initial steps of moulding the teeth before application. For example, with clear braces, impressions of a patient's teeth are evaluated to create a series of trays, which fit to the patient's mouth almost like a pro... | Dental braces | Wikipedia | 457 | 902683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20braces | Biology and health sciences | Dental treatments | Health |
Post-treatment
Patients may need post-orthodontic surgery, such as a fiberotomy or alternatively a gum lift, to prepare their teeth for retainer use and improve the gumline contours after the braces come off. After braces treatment, patients can use a transparent plate to keep the teeth in alignment for a certain peri... | Dental braces | Wikipedia | 447 | 902683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20braces | Biology and health sciences | Dental treatments | Health |
Facebow: the facebow (or J-Hooks) is fitted with a metal arch onto headgear tubes attached to the rear upper and lower molars. This facebow then extends out of the mouth and around the patient's face. J-Hooks are different in that they hook into the patient's mouth and attach directly to the brace (see photo for an exa... | Dental braces | Wikipedia | 375 | 902683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20braces | Biology and health sciences | Dental treatments | Health |
Complications and risks
A group of dental researchers, Fatma Boke, Cagri Gazioglu, Selvi Akkaya, and Murat Akkaya, conducted a study titled "Relationship between orthodontic treatment and gingival health." The results indicated that some orthodontist treatments result in gingivitis, also known as gum disease. The rese... | Dental braces | Wikipedia | 504 | 902683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20braces | Biology and health sciences | Dental treatments | Health |
The dental displacement obtained with the orthodontic appliance determines in most cases some degree of root resorption. Only in a few cases is this side effect large enough to be considered real clinical damage to the tooth. In rare cases, the teeth may fall out or have to be extracted due to root resorption.
History... | Dental braces | Wikipedia | 472 | 902683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20braces | Biology and health sciences | Dental treatments | Health |
19th century
Although teeth and palate straightening and/or pulling were used to improve the alignment of remaining teeth and had been practised since early times, orthodontics, as a science of its own, did not really exist until the mid-19th century. Several important dentists helped to advance dental braces with spe... | Dental braces | Wikipedia | 414 | 902683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20braces | Biology and health sciences | Dental treatments | Health |
Today, space age wires (also known as dental arch wires) are used to tighten braces. In 1959, the Naval Ordnance Laboratory created an alloy of nickel and titanium called Nitinol. NASA further studied the material's physical properties. In 1979, Dr. George Andreasen developed a new method of fixing braces with the use ... | Dental braces | Wikipedia | 143 | 902683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20braces | Biology and health sciences | Dental treatments | Health |
The slug is a derived unit of mass in a weight-based system of measures, most notably within the British Imperial measurement system and the United States customary measures system. Systems of measure either define mass and derive a force unit or define a base force and derive a mass unit (cf. poundal, a derived unit o... | Slug (unit) | Wikipedia | 463 | 902982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | Mass and weight | Basics and measurement |
The addax (Addax nasomaculatus), also known as the white antelope and the screwhorn antelope, is an antelope native to the Sahara Desert. The only member of the genus Addax, it was first described scientifically by Henri de Blainville in 1816. As suggested by its alternative name, the pale antelope has long, twisted ho... | Addax | Wikipedia | 402 | 904386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addax | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Taxonomy and naming
The scientific name of the addax is Addax nasomaculatus. This antelope was first described by French zoologist and anatomist Henri Blainville in 1816. It is placed in the monotypic genus Addax and the family Bovidae. Henri Blainville observed syntypes in Bullock's Pantherion and the Museum of the Ro... | Addax | Wikipedia | 417 | 904386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addax | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
History and fossil record
In ancient times, the addax occurred from northern Africa through Arabia and the Levant. Pictures in a tomb, dating back to 2500 BCE, show at least the partial domestication of the addax by the ancient Egyptians. These pictures show addax and some other antelopes tied with ropes to stakes. The... | Addax | Wikipedia | 439 | 904386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addax | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The horns, which are found on both males and females, have two to three twists and are typically in females and in males, although the maximum recorded length is . The lower and middle portions of the horns are marked with a series of 30 to 35 ring-shaped ridges. The tail is short and slender, ending in a puff of bla... | Addax | Wikipedia | 503 | 904386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addax | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Due to its slow movements, the addax is an easy target for predators such as humans, lions, leopards, cheetahs and African wild dogs. Caracals, servals and hyenas attack calves. The addax is normally not aggressive, though individuals may charge if they are disturbed.
Adaptations
The addax is amply suited to live in ... | Addax | Wikipedia | 474 | 904386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addax | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Reproduction
Females are sexually mature at 2 to 3 years of age and males at about 2 years. Breeding occurs throughout the year, but it peaks during winter and early spring. In the northern Sahara, breeding peaks at the end of winter and the beginning of spring; in the southern Sahara, breeding peaks from September to ... | Addax | Wikipedia | 493 | 904386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addax | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Declines in the population of the addax have been ongoing since the mid-1800s. More recently, addaxes were found from Algeria to Sudan, but due mainly to overhunting, they have become much more restricted and rare.
Addaxes are easy to hunt due to their slow movements. Roadkill, firearms for easy hunting and nomadic se... | Addax | Wikipedia | 397 | 904386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addax | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Hives, also known as urticaria, is a kind of skin rash with red and/or flesh-colored, raised, itchy bumps. Hives may burn or sting. The patches of rash may appear on different body parts, with variable duration from minutes to days, and do not leave any long-lasting skin change. Fewer than 5% of cases last for more tha... | Hives | Wikipedia | 412 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Hives, or urticaria, is a form of skin rash with red, raised, itchy bumps. They may also burn or sting. Hives can appear anywhere on the surface of the skin. Whether the trigger is allergic or not, a complex release of inflammatory mediators, including histamine from cutaneous mast cells, results in fluid leakage from ... | Hives | Wikipedia | 501 | 904954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
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