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These are the seven nuclides with half-lives comparable to, or somewhat less than, the estimated age of the universe. (87Rb, 187Re, 176Lu, and 232Th have half-lives somewhat longer than the age of the universe.) For a complete list of the 35 known primordial radionuclides, including the next 28 with half-lives much lon... | Primordial nuclide | Wikipedia | 457 | 23105042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial%20nuclide | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Because primordial chemical elements often consist of more than one primordial isotope, there are only 83 distinct primordial chemical elements. Of these, 80 have at least one observationally stable isotope and three additional primordial elements have only radioactive isotopes (bismuth, thorium, and uranium).
Natural... | Primordial nuclide | Wikipedia | 487 | 23105042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial%20nuclide | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
A primordial element is a chemical element with at least one primordial nuclide. There are 251 stable primordial nuclides and 35 radioactive primordial nuclides, but only 80 primordial stable elements—hydrogen through lead, atomic numbers 1 to 82, except for technetium (43) and promethium (61)—and three radioactive pri... | Primordial nuclide | Wikipedia | 332 | 23105042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial%20nuclide | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Radioactive primordial nuclides
Though it is estimated that about 35 primordial nuclides are radioactive (list below), it becomes very hard to determine the exact total number of radioactive primordials, because the total number of stable nuclides is uncertain. There are many extremely long-lived nuclides whose half-li... | Primordial nuclide | Wikipedia | 428 | 23105042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial%20nuclide | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
The longest-lived radionuclide known, Te, has a half-life of : 1.6 × 10 times the age of the Universe. Only four of these 35 nuclides have half-lives shorter than, or equal to, the age of the universe. Most of the other 30 have half-lives much longer. The shortest-lived primordial, U, has a half-life of 703.8 million y... | Primordial nuclide | Wikipedia | 174 | 23105042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial%20nuclide | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Lithium oxide (O) or lithia is an inorganic chemical compound. It is a white solid. Although not specifically important, many materials are assessed on the basis of their Li2O content. For example, the Li2O content of the principal lithium mineral spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) is 8.03%.
Production
Lithium oxide forms along w... | Lithium oxide | Wikipedia | 382 | 5292611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20oxide | Physical sciences | Alkali oxide salts | Chemistry |
Naver (; stylized as NAVER) is a South Korean online platform operated by the Naver Corporation. The company's products include a search engine, email hosting, blogs, maps, and mobile payment. It was founded in 1999 and was the first Korean company to develop their own search engine. Naver also created the world's firs... | Naver | Wikipedia | 466 | 5293591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver | Technology | Portals/Platform sites | null |
Over the years, Naver has continued to expand its services. Naver Blog started with the name 'paper' in June 2003 and evolved to 'blog' in October 2003. 'Webtoon' is a South Korean webtoon publisher launched in 2004 by Naver.
In May 2005, Naver started the Real-time Search service. The rising search terms was a chart... | Naver | Wikipedia | 475 | 5293591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver | Technology | Portals/Platform sites | null |
Knowledge iN
Knowledge iN (지식iN), formerly Knowledge Search (지식검색), is an online Q&A platform launched in October 2002. The tool allows users to ask any question and receive answers from other users. Naver became an early pioneer in user-generated content through the creation of the 'Knowledge iN' (네이버 지식인)' service in... | Naver | Wikipedia | 472 | 5293591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver | Technology | Portals/Platform sites | null |
Naver Blog
Naver Blog (네이버 블로그) started with the name 'paper' in June 2003 and evolved to 'blog' in October 2003. It had 23 million users as of April 2016. In 2023, there were 1.26 million new users.
For two weeks from May 1, 2021, Naver held an event to pay up to 16,000 won to people who posted on Naver's blog every ... | Naver | Wikipedia | 438 | 5293591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver | Technology | Portals/Platform sites | null |
Naver Shopping Live
Naver Shopping Live (네이버 쇼핑 라이브) is a live commerce platform operated by Naver. Broadcasts can be transmitted via mobile phones or camcorders, with a resolution of 1080*1920 and a vertical format similar to YouTube shorts. It is currently the platform with the highest number of consumers in Korea. ... | Naver | Wikipedia | 357 | 5293591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver | Technology | Portals/Platform sites | null |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:δ18O}}
In geochemistry, paleoclimatology and paleoceanography δ18O or delta-O-18 is a measure of the deviation in ratio of stable isotopes oxygen-18 (18O) and oxygen-16 (16O).
It is commonly used as a measure of the temperature of precipitation, as a measure of groundwater/mineral interactions, and as... | Δ18O | Wikipedia | 496 | 5298371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9418O | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Solid samples (organic and inorganic) for oxygen isotope analysis are usually stored in silver cups and measured with pyrolysis and mass spectrometry. Researchers need to avoid improper or prolonged storage of the samples for accurate measurements.
Extrapolation of temperature
Based on the simplifying assumption that ... | Δ18O | Wikipedia | 431 | 5298371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9418O | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Biomineralized tissues
δ18O from biomineralized tissues may also be used in reconstructing past environmental conditions. In vertebrates, apatite from bone mineral, tooth enamel and dentin contains phosphate [PO4]3− groups which may preserve the oxygen isotope ratios of environmental water. Fractionation of oxygen iso... | Δ18O | Wikipedia | 85 | 5298371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9418O | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Arandaspis prionotolepis is an extinct species of jawless fish that lived in the Ordovician period, about 480 to 470 million years ago. Its remains were found in the Stairway Sandstone near Alice Springs, Australia in 1959, but it was not determined that they were the oldest known vertebrates until the late 1960s. Aran... | Arandaspis | Wikipedia | 217 | 5298400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arandaspis | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric agnathae and early chordates | Animals |
The açaí palm (, , from Nheengatu asai), Euterpe oleracea, is a species of palm tree (Arecaceae) cultivated for its fruit (açaí berries, or simply açaí), hearts of palm (a vegetable), leaves, and trunk wood. Global demand for the fruit has expanded rapidly in the 21st century, and the tree is cultivated for that purpos... | Açaí palm | Wikipedia | 496 | 1455717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD%20palm | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
Cultivation
There are two harvests: one is normally between January and June, while the other is between August and December, producing larger volumes. In 2022, the state of Pará, which accounts for 90% of Brazil's total açaí economy, produced of açaí berries, generating US$26 million in revenue. The 2022 production w... | Açaí palm | Wikipedia | 428 | 1455717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD%20palm | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
A powdered preparation of freeze-dried açaí fruit pulp and skin was shown to contain cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside as major anthocyanins (3.19 mg/g). The powdered preparation was also reported to contain twelve flavonoid-like compounds, including homoorientin, orientin, taxifolin deoxyhexose, isovi... | Açaí palm | Wikipedia | 494 | 1455717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD%20palm | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
The FTC handed down an $80 million judgement in January 2012 against five companies that were marketing açaí berry supplements with fraudulent claims that their products promoted weight loss and prevented colon cancer. One company, Central Coast Nutraceuticals, was ordered to pay a $1.5 million settlement.
Production
... | Açaí palm | Wikipedia | 478 | 1455717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD%20palm | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
Other uses
Leaves of the palm may be made into hats, mats, baskets, brooms and roof thatch for homes, and trunk wood, resistant to pests, for building construction. Tree trunks may be processed to yield dietary minerals.
Comprising 80% of the fruit mass, açaí seeds may be ground for livestock food or as a component of... | Açaí palm | Wikipedia | 164 | 1455717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD%20palm | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
Scaphopoda (plural scaphopods , from Ancient Greek σκᾰ́φης skáphē "boat" and πούς poús "foot"), whose members are also known as tusk shells or tooth shells, are a class of shelled marine invertebrates belonging to the phylum Mollusca with worldwide distribution and are the only class of exclusively infaunal marine mol... | Tusk shell | Wikipedia | 416 | 1455879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusk%20shell | Biology and health sciences | Mollusks | Animals |
According to the World Register of Marine Species:
Dentaliida da Costa, 1776
family Anulidentaliidae Chistikov, 1975 – 3 genera
family Calliodentaliidae – 1 genus
family Dentaliidae Children, 1834 – 14 genera
family Fustiariidae Steiner, 1991 – 1 genus
family Gadilinidae Chistikov, 1975 – 3 genera
family Laevi... | Tusk shell | Wikipedia | 319 | 1455879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusk%20shell | Biology and health sciences | Mollusks | Animals |
Phylogeny
The scaphopods are largely agreed to be members of the Conchifera, however their phylogenetic relationship with the other members of this subphylum remains contentious. The Diasoma concept proposes a clade of scaphopods and bivalves based on their shared infaunal lifestyle, burrowing foot, and possession of ... | Tusk shell | Wikipedia | 510 | 1455879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusk%20shell | Biology and health sciences | Mollusks | Animals |
The Dentalids, by contrast, tend to have strongly ribbed and rough shells. When they sense vibrations anywhere around them, their defensive response is to freeze. This makes them harder to detect by animals such as ratfish, which can sense the electrical signals given off by the most minute muscle movement.
Mantle
Th... | Tusk shell | Wikipedia | 511 | 1455879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusk%20shell | Biology and health sciences | Mollusks | Animals |
Vascular system
The scaphopod vascular system is rudimentary lacking heart auricles as well as corresponding ctenidia (gills) and blood vessels; the blood is held in sinuses throughout the body cavity, and is pumped through the body by the rhythmic action of the foot. The heart, a characteristic feature of all other g... | Tusk shell | Wikipedia | 470 | 1455879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusk%20shell | Biology and health sciences | Mollusks | Animals |
Once fertilized, the eggs hatch into a free-living trochophore larva, which develops into a veliger larva that more closely resembles the adult, but lacks the extreme elongation of the adult body. The three-lobed foot originates prior to metamorphosis while the cephalic tentacles develop post metamorphosis. Scaphopods ... | Tusk shell | Wikipedia | 193 | 1455879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusk%20shell | Biology and health sciences | Mollusks | Animals |
Organic synthesis is a branch of chemical synthesis concerned with the construction of organic compounds. Organic compounds are molecules consisting of combinations of covalently-linked hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Within the general subject of organic synthesis, there are many different types of synt... | Organic synthesis | Wikipedia | 505 | 1456984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20synthesis | Physical sciences | Synthetic strategies | Chemistry |
Liquid–liquid extraction uses the density and polarity of the product and solvents to perform a separation. Based on the concept of "like-dissolves-like", non-polar compounds are more soluble in non-polar solvents, and polar compounds are more soluble in polar solvents. By using this concept, the relative solubility of... | Organic synthesis | Wikipedia | 486 | 1456984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20synthesis | Physical sciences | Synthetic strategies | Chemistry |
Vacuum filtration uses suction to pull liquid through a Büchner funnel equipped with filter paper, which catches the desired solid product. This process removes any unwanted solution in the reaction mixture by pulling it into the filtration flask and leaving the desired product to collect on the filter paper.
Liquid p... | Organic synthesis | Wikipedia | 431 | 1456984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20synthesis | Physical sciences | Synthetic strategies | Chemistry |
Synthesis design
Many synthetic procedures are developed from a retrosynthetic framework, a type of synthetic design developed by Elias James Corey, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1990. In this approach, the synthesis is planned backwards from the product, obliging to standard chemical rules. Each st... | Organic synthesis | Wikipedia | 419 | 1456984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20synthesis | Physical sciences | Synthetic strategies | Chemistry |
Relevance
Organic synthesis is an important chemical process that is integral to many scientific fields. Examples of fields beyond chemistry that require organic synthesis include the medical industry, pharmaceutical industry, and many more. Organic processes allow for the industrial-scale creation of pharmaceutical... | Organic synthesis | Wikipedia | 239 | 1456984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20synthesis | Physical sciences | Synthetic strategies | Chemistry |
The tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) is a nocturnal arboreal gecko in the genus Gekko, the true geckos. It is native to Asia and some Pacific Islands.
Etymology
The word "tokay" is an onomatopoeia of the sound made by males of this species. The common and scientific names, as well as the family name Gekkonidae and the gener... | Tokay gecko | Wikipedia | 429 | 1457471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokay%20gecko | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
The skin is soft to the touch and is generally blue-gray with red or orange spots and speckles, but the animal can change the color of its skin to blend into the environment. The species is sexually dimorphic, with the males being more brightly colored and slightly larger than females.
They have two visual pigments: a... | Tokay gecko | Wikipedia | 503 | 1457471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokay%20gecko | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
The tokay gecko's call is also responsible for the name given to it by Filipino residents: "Tuko," and by U.S. soldiers during the Vietnam War, the "Fuck-you lizard".
Light and temperature can affect its vocalizations. The most frequent calling occurs in May at dusk, and the second peak of call frequency occurs in May... | Tokay gecko | Wikipedia | 481 | 1457471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokay%20gecko | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Captivity
Tokay geckos are becoming more popular as pets because of their striking colors and large size. Most of them are wild-caught imports, but captive-bred ones are becoming more common. Wild-caught adults can be difficult to keep because of their aggressive nature and powerful bite, but captive-bred juveniles ca... | Tokay gecko | Wikipedia | 95 | 1457471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokay%20gecko | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
The Caspian tiger was a Panthera tigris tigris population native to eastern Turkey, northern Iran, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus around the Caspian Sea, Central Asia to northern Afghanistan and the Xinjiang region in western China. Until the Middle Ages, it was also present in southern Russia. It inhabited sparse forests a... | Caspian tiger | Wikipedia | 424 | 1457625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
At the start of the 21st century, genetic studies were carried out using 20 tiger bone and tissue samples from museum collections and sequencing at least one segment of five mitochondrial genes. Results revealed a low amount of variability in the mitochondrial DNA in Caspian tigers; and that Caspian and Siberian tigers... | Caspian tiger | Wikipedia | 366 | 1457625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Fur
Photographs of skins of Caspian and Siberian tigers indicate that the main background colour of the Caspian tiger's fur varied and was generally brighter and more uniform than that of the Siberian tiger. The stripes were narrower, fuller and more closely set than those of tigers from Manchuria. The colour of its s... | Caspian tiger | Wikipedia | 466 | 1457625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In the 19th century, tigers occurred in:
the Eastern Anatolia Region, which is considered to have been the westernmost area where tigers occurred. Records are known from the region of Mount Ararat, Şanlıurfa, Şırnak, Siirt and Hakkari Provinces in eastern Turkey; in the Hakkari Province tigers possibly occurred up to ... | Caspian tiger | Wikipedia | 481 | 1457625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Its former distribution can be approximated by examining the distribution of ungulates in the region. Wild boar was the numerically dominant ungulate in forested habitats, along watercourses, in reed beds and in thickets of the Caspian and Aral Seas. Where watercourses penetrated deep into desert areas, suitable wild p... | Caspian tiger | Wikipedia | 387 | 1457625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Until the early 20th century, the regular Russian army was used to clear predators from forests, around settlements, and potential agricultural lands. Until World War I, about 50 tigers were killed in the forests of Amu Darya and Piandj Rivers each year. High incentives were paid for tiger skins up to 1929. Wild pigs a... | Caspian tiger | Wikipedia | 318 | 1457625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In Iran, one of the last known tigers was shot in Golestan National Park in 1953. Another individual was sighted in Golestān Province in 1958.
In Turkmenistan, the last known tiger was killed in January 1954 in the Sumbar River valley in the Kopet-Dag Range.
It reportedly disappeared in the Manasi River basin in the Ti... | Caspian tiger | Wikipedia | 497 | 1457625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
Disease
Two tigers in southwestern Tajikistan harbored 5–7 tapeworms (Taenia bubesei) in their small and large intestines.
Conservation
In 1938, Tigrovaya Balka was the first protected area in Tajikistan established in the lower reaches of Vakhsh River between the Panj and Kofarnihon Rivers; it was apparently the la... | Caspian tiger | Wikipedia | 503 | 1457625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In the Roman Empire, tigers and other large animals imported from Africa and Asia were used during gladiatorial games.
In the Taurus Mountains, stone traps were used to capture leopards and tigers.
In the Fables of Pilpay, the tiger is described as furious and avid to rule over wilderness.
The babr (, tiger) features... | Caspian tiger | Wikipedia | 202 | 1457625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian%20tiger | Biology and health sciences | Felines | Animals |
In chemistry, yield, also known as reaction yield or chemical yield, refers to the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction. Yield is one of the primary factors that scientists must consider in organic and inorganic chemical synthesis processes. In chemical reaction engineering, "yield", "conversion" and "sel... | Yield (chemistry) | Wikipedia | 446 | 1458081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield%20%28chemistry%29 | Physical sciences | Reaction | Chemistry |
According to the 1996 edition of Vogel's Textbook, yields close to 100% are called quantitative, yields above 90% are called excellent, yields above 80% are very good, yields above 70% are good, yields above 50% are fair, and yields below 40% are called poor. In their 2002 publication, Petrucci, Harwood, and Herring w... | Yield (chemistry) | Wikipedia | 306 | 1458081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield%20%28chemistry%29 | Physical sciences | Reaction | Chemistry |
The ideal relationship between products and reactants in a chemical reaction can be obtained by using a chemical reaction equation. Stoichiometry is used to run calculations about chemical reactions, for example, the stoichiometric mole ratio between reactants and products. The stoichiometry of a chemical reaction is ... | Yield (chemistry) | Wikipedia | 399 | 1458081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield%20%28chemistry%29 | Physical sciences | Reaction | Chemistry |
According to Whitten, the actual yield is always smaller (the percent yield is less than 100%), often very much so, for several reasons. As a result, many reactions are incomplete and the reactants are not completely converted to products. If a reverse reaction occurs, the final state contains both reactants and produc... | Yield (chemistry) | Wikipedia | 418 | 1458081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield%20%28chemistry%29 | Physical sciences | Reaction | Chemistry |
Purification of products
In his 2016 Handbook of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Michael Pirrung wrote that yield is one of the primary factors synthetic chemists must consider in evaluating a synthetic method or a particular transformation in "multistep syntheses." He wrote that a yield based on recovered starting materi... | Yield (chemistry) | Wikipedia | 382 | 1458081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield%20%28chemistry%29 | Physical sciences | Reaction | Chemistry |
Reporting of yields
In their 2010 Synlett article, Martina Wernerova and organic chemist, Tomáš Hudlický, raised concerns about inaccurate reporting of yields, and offered solutions—including the proper characterization of compounds. After performing careful control experiments, Wernerova and Hudlický said that each ph... | Yield (chemistry) | Wikipedia | 173 | 1458081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield%20%28chemistry%29 | Physical sciences | Reaction | Chemistry |
Depersonalization-derealization disorder (DPDR, DDD) is a mental disorder in which the person has persistent or recurrent feelings of depersonalization and/or derealization. Depersonalization is described as feeling disconnected or detached from one's self. Individuals may report feeling as if they are an outside obser... | Depersonalization-derealization disorder | Wikipedia | 481 | 1458550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Individuals with depersonalization describe feeling disconnected from their physicality; feeling as if they are not completely occupying their own body; feeling as if their speech or physical movements are out of their control; feeling detached from their own thoughts or emotions; and experiencing themselves and their ... | Depersonalization-derealization disorder | Wikipedia | 488 | 1458550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Causes
The exact cause of depersonalization is unknown, although biopsychosocial correlations and triggers have been identified. It has been thought that depersonalization can be caused by a biological response to dangerous or life-threatening situations which causes heightened senses and emotional numbing.
Psychosoci... | Depersonalization-derealization disorder | Wikipedia | 421 | 1458550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
There is converging evidence that the prefrontal cortex may inhibit neural circuits that normally form the basis of emotional experience. In an fMRI study of DPDR patients, emotionally aversive scenes activated the right ventral prefrontal cortex. Participants demonstrated a reduced neural response in emotion-sensitive... | Depersonalization-derealization disorder | Wikipedia | 499 | 1458550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Dissociative symptoms are sometimes described by those with neurological diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis (MS), etc., that directly affect brain tissue.
Diagnosis
Assessment
Diagnosis is based on the self-reported experiences of the person followed by a clinical assessm... | Depersonalization-derealization disorder | Wikipedia | 268 | 1458550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) is a simple, quick, self-administered questionnaire that has been widely used to measure dissociative symptoms. It has been used in hundreds of dissociative studies, and can detect depersonalization and derealization experiences.
The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (D... | Depersonalization-derealization disorder | Wikipedia | 437 | 1458550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Presence of persistent/recurrent episodes of depersonalization/derealization
Ability to distinguish between reality and dissociation during an episode (i.e. patient is aware of a perceptual disturbance)
Symptoms are severe enough to interfere with social, occupational, or other areas of functioning
Symptoms are not ... | Depersonalization-derealization disorder | Wikipedia | 414 | 1458550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Treatment
Treatment of DPDR is often difficult and refractory. Some clinicians speculate that this could be due to a delay in diagnosis by which point symptoms tend to be constant and less responsive to treatment. Additionally, symptoms tend to overlap with other diagnoses. Some results have been promising, but are har... | Depersonalization-derealization disorder | Wikipedia | 454 | 1458550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
Some studies have found repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to be helpful. One study examined 12 patients with DPDR that were treated with right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) rTMS and found that 50% showed improvement after three weeks of treatment. ... | Depersonalization-derealization disorder | Wikipedia | 488 | 1458550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Relation to other psychiatric disorders
Depersonalization exists as both a primary and secondary phenomenon. The most common comorbid disorders are depression and anxiety, although cases of depersonalization disorder without symptoms of either do exist. Comorbid obsessive/compulsive behaviors may exist as attempts to ... | Depersonalization-derealization disorder | Wikipedia | 467 | 1458550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Psychodynamic theory formed the basis for the conceptualization of dissociation as a defense mechanism. Within this framework, depersonalization is understood as a defense against a variety of negative feelings, conflicts, or experiences. Sigmund Freud himself experienced fleeting derealization when visiting the Acropo... | Depersonalization-derealization disorder | Wikipedia | 486 | 1458550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
The chromatic polynomial is a graph polynomial studied in algebraic graph theory, a branch of mathematics. It counts the number of graph colorings as a function of the number of colors and was originally defined by George David Birkhoff to study the four color problem. It was generalised to the Tutte polynomial by Hass... | Chromatic polynomial | Wikipedia | 421 | 1460126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic%20polynomial | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
The fact that the number of k-colorings is a polynomial in k follows from a recurrence relation called the deletion–contraction recurrence or Fundamental Reduction Theorem. It is based on edge contraction: for a pair of vertices and the graph is obtained by merging the two vertices and removing any edges between th... | Chromatic polynomial | Wikipedia | 498 | 1460126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic%20polynomial | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
We prove this via induction on the number of edges on a simple graph G with vertices and edges. When , G is an empty graph. Hence per definition . So the coefficient of is , which implies the statement is true for an empty graph. When , as in G has just a single edge, . Thus coefficient of is . So the statement hol... | Chromatic polynomial | Wikipedia | 446 | 1460126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic%20polynomial | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
No graph can be 0-colored, so 0 is always a chromatic root. Only edgeless graphs can be 1-colored, so 1 is a chromatic root of every graph with at least one edge. On the other hand, except for these two points, no graph can have a chromatic root at a real number smaller than or equal to 32/27. A result of Tutte connect... | Chromatic polynomial | Wikipedia | 447 | 1460126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic%20polynomial | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
The first problem is more general because if we knew the coefficients of we could evaluate it at any point in polynomial time because the degree is n. The difficulty of the second type of problem depends strongly on the value of x and has been intensively studied in computational complexity. When x is a natural number... | Chromatic polynomial | Wikipedia | 449 | 1460126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic%20polynomial | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Cube method
There is a natural geometric perspective on graph colorings by observing that, as an assignment of natural numbers to each vertex, a graph coloring is a vector in the integer lattice.
Since two vertices and being given the same color is equivalent to the ’th and ’th coordinate in the coloring vector being... | Chromatic polynomial | Wikipedia | 374 | 1460126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic%20polynomial | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
No approximation algorithms for computing are known for any x except for the three easy points. At the integer points , the corresponding decision problem of deciding if a given graph can be k-colored is NP-hard. Such problems cannot be approximated to any multiplicative factor by a bounded-error probabilistic algorit... | Chromatic polynomial | Wikipedia | 149 | 1460126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic%20polynomial | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation. Effective temperature is often used as an estimate of a body's surface temperature when the body's emissivity curve (as a function of wavelength) is not kn... | Effective temperature | Wikipedia | 510 | 1460629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20temperature | Physical sciences | Basics | Astronomy |
A red star could be a tiny red dwarf, a star of feeble energy production and a small surface or a bloated giant or even supergiant star such as Antares or Betelgeuse, either of which generates far greater energy but passes it through a surface so large that the star radiates little per unit of surface area. A star near... | Effective temperature | Wikipedia | 407 | 1460629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20temperature | Physical sciences | Basics | Astronomy |
The effective temperature for Jupiter from this calculation is 88 K and 51 Pegasi b (Bellerophon) is 1,258 K. A better estimate of effective temperature for some planets, such as Jupiter, would need to include the internal heating as a power input. The actual temperature depends on albedo and atmosphere effects. The ... | Effective temperature | Wikipedia | 506 | 1460629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20temperature | Physical sciences | Basics | Astronomy |
Earth has an albedo of about 0.306 and a solar irradiance () of at its mean orbital radius of 1.5×108 km. The calculation with ε=1 and remaining physical constants then gives an Earth effective temperature of .
The actual temperature of Earth's surface is an average as of 2020. The difference between the two values ... | Effective temperature | Wikipedia | 208 | 1460629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20temperature | Physical sciences | Basics | Astronomy |
A bag (also known regionally as a sack) is a common tool in the form of a non-rigid container, typically made of cloth, leather, bamboo, paper, or plastic. The use of bags predates recorded history, with the earliest bags being lengths of animal skin, cotton, or woven plant fibers, folded up at the edges and secured in... | Bag | Wikipedia | 496 | 37263123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag | Technology | Containers | null |
Women also wore more ornate drawstring bags, typically called hamondeys or tasques, to display their social status. The 14th-century handbags evolved into wedding gifts from groom to bride. These medieval pouches were embroidered, often with depictions of love stories or songs. Eventually, these pouches evolved into wh... | Bag | Wikipedia | 421 | 37263123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag | Technology | Containers | null |
There are environmental concerns regarding use and disposal of plastic bags. Efforts are being taken to control and reduce their use in some European Union countries, including Ireland and the Netherlands. In some cases these cheap bags are taxed so the customer must pay a fee where they may not have done previously. S... | Bag | Wikipedia | 477 | 37263123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag | Technology | Containers | null |
Other
Airbag (vehicle safety device)
Bagpipes
Bag valve mask
Bean bag
Bag valve mask
Bota bag
Bulgarian Bag
Coin purse
Coffee bag
Ita-bag
Milk bag
Oven bag
Pastry bag
Punching bag (a piece of physical training equipment)
Perhaps-bag or Netted sack
Portable hyperbaric bag
Raschen bag
Sachet
Sleeping b... | Bag | Wikipedia | 79 | 37263123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag | Technology | Containers | null |
Acute medicine, also known as acute internal medicine (AIM), is a specialty within internal medicine concerned with the immediate and early specialist management of adult patients with a wide range of medical conditions who present in hospital as emergencies. It developed in the United Kingdom in the early 2000s as a d... | Acute medicine | Wikipedia | 503 | 2927640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute%20medicine | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | Health |
Organisations
The Society for Acute Medicine was founded in 2000. It is "the national representative body for staff caring for medical patients in the acute hospital setting. In the Netherlands, the Dutch Acute Medicine (DAM) society was formed in 2012 and held its first Congress on 28 September 2012 in the VU Universi... | Acute medicine | Wikipedia | 76 | 2927640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute%20medicine | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | Health |
The Atlantic hurricane season is the period in a year, from June 1 through November 30, when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the North Atlantic Ocean. These dates, adopted by convention, encompass the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the basin. Even so, subtropic... | Atlantic hurricane season | Wikipedia | 418 | 2930244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | Physical sciences | Seasons | Earth science |
The hurricane season was also an important influence on European naval operations within the West Indies, forcing the movement of materiel to be expedited before its onset or delayed until its end. English admiral Edward Vernon described the "hurricane months" of August and September within the West Indies as a particu... | Atlantic hurricane season | Wikipedia | 248 | 2930244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | Physical sciences | Seasons | Earth science |
The concept of the hurricane season took on a more practical significance in forecasting operations as the United States Weather Bureau began to extend its weather prediction efforts and data collection into the tropics. In 1882, the bureau briefly considered an effort to adopt special hurricane signals between July an... | Atlantic hurricane season | Wikipedia | 277 | 2930244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | Physical sciences | Seasons | Earth science |
The basic concept of an official hurricane season began during 1935, when dedicated wire circuits known as hurricane circuits began to be set up along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, a process completed by 1955. It was originally the time frame when the tropics were monitored routinely for tropical cyclone activity, and ... | Atlantic hurricane season | Wikipedia | 466 | 2930244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | Physical sciences | Seasons | Earth science |
The North Atlantic hurricane database, or HURDAT, is the database for all tropical storms and hurricanes for the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, including those that have made landfall in the United States. The original database of six-hourly positions and intensities was put together in the 1960s in ... | Atlantic hurricane season | Wikipedia | 478 | 2930244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | Physical sciences | Seasons | Earth science |
In addition to the groundbreaking work by Partagas Cigars, additional analyses, digitization and quality control of the data was carried out by researchers at the NOAA Hurricane Research Division funded by the NOAA Office of Global Programs.
The National Hurricane Center's Best Track Change Committee has approved chan... | Atlantic hurricane season | Wikipedia | 261 | 2930244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20hurricane%20season | Physical sciences | Seasons | Earth science |
Distributive shock is a medical condition in which abnormal distribution of blood flow in the smallest blood vessels results in inadequate supply of blood to the body's tissues and organs. It is one of four categories of shock, a condition where there is not enough oxygen-carrying blood to meet the metabolic needs of t... | Distributive shock | Wikipedia | 499 | 2930734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Pathophysiology
The cause of inadequate tissue perfusion (blood delivery to tissues) in distributive shock is a lack of normal responsiveness of blood vessels to vasoconstrictive agents and direct vasodilation.
There are four types of distributive shock. The most common, septic shock, is caused by an infection, most f... | Distributive shock | Wikipedia | 359 | 2930734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Neurogenic shock is caused by the loss of vascular tone normally supported by the sympathetic nervous system due to injury to the central nervous system especially spinal cord injury. Rupture of a hollow organ, with subsequent evacuation of contents in the peritoneal cavity could also determine neurogenic shock, a subt... | Distributive shock | Wikipedia | 480 | 2930734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
Research directions
The choice of fluids for resuscitation remains an area of research, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign an international consortium of experts, did not find adequate evidence to support the superiority of crystalloid fluids versus colloid fluids. Drugs such as pyridoxalated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene, whi... | Distributive shock | Wikipedia | 127 | 2930734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive%20shock | Biology and health sciences | Cardiovascular disease | Health |
For both chemical and biological engineering, Semibatch (semiflow) reactors operate much like batch reactors in that they take place in a single stirred tank with similar equipment. However, they are modified to allow reactant addition and/or product removal in time.
A normal batch reactor is filled with reactants in... | Semibatch reactor | Wikipedia | 464 | 35888611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semibatch%20reactor | Physical sciences | Chemical engineering | Chemistry |
Reactor choice
It is important to understand that these advantages are more applicable to the decision between using a batch, a semibatch or a continuous reactor in a certain process. Both batch and semibatch reactors are more suitable for liquid phase reactions and small scale production, because they usually require ... | Semibatch reactor | Wikipedia | 144 | 35888611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semibatch%20reactor | Physical sciences | Chemical engineering | Chemistry |
There are many effects of climate change on oceans. One of the most important is an increase in ocean temperatures. More frequent marine heatwaves are linked to this. The rising temperature contributes to a rise in sea levels due to the expansion of water as it warms and the melting of ice sheets on land. Other effects... | Effects of climate change on oceans | Wikipedia | 472 | 35895879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20oceans | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
These changes harm marine ecosystems, and this can lead to biodiversity loss or changes in species distribution. This in turn can affect fishing and coastal tourism. For example, rising water temperatures are harming tropical coral reefs. The direct effect is coral bleaching on these reefs, because they are sensitive t... | Effects of climate change on oceans | Wikipedia | 466 | 35895879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20oceans | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The warming rate varies with depth. The upper ocean (above 700 m) is warming the fastest. At an ocean depth of a thousand metres the warming occurs at a rate of nearly 0.4 °C per century (data from 1981 to 2019). In deeper zones of the ocean (globally speaking), at 2000 metres depth, the warming has been around 0.1 °C ... | Effects of climate change on oceans | Wikipedia | 394 | 35895879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20oceans | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Ocean currents are caused by temperature variations caused by sunlight and air temperatures at various latitudes, as well as prevailing winds and the different densities of salt and fresh water. Warm air rises near the equator. Later, as it moves toward the poles, it cools again. Cool air sinks near the poles, but war... | Effects of climate change on oceans | Wikipedia | 492 | 35895879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20oceans | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Changes in ocean stratification are significant because they can influence productivity and oxygen levels. The separation of water into layers based on density is known as stratification. Stratification by layers occurs in all ocean basins. The stratified layers limit how much vertical water mixing takes place, reducin... | Effects of climate change on oceans | Wikipedia | 476 | 35895879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20oceans | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The second area of concern relates to coastal waters where increasing nutrient supply from rivers to coastal areas leads to increasing production and sinking organic matter which in some coastal regions leads to extreme oxygen depletion, sometimes referred to as dead zones. These dead zones are expanding driven particu... | Effects of climate change on oceans | Wikipedia | 413 | 35895879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20oceans | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The long term observation records show a clear trend: the global salinity patterns are amplifying in this period. This means that the high saline regions have become more saline, and regions of low salinity have become less saline. The regions of high salinity are dominated by evaporation, and the increase in salinity ... | Effects of climate change on oceans | Wikipedia | 422 | 35895879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20oceans | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Ocean productivity under a very high emission scenario (RCP8.5) is very likely to drop by 4-11% by 2100. The decline will show regional variations. For example, the tropical ocean NPP will decline more: by 7–16% for the same emissions scenario. Less organic matter will likely sink from the upper oceans into deeper ocea... | Effects of climate change on oceans | Wikipedia | 417 | 35895879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20oceans | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The warming ocean surface waters can lead to bleaching of the corals which can cause serious damage and/or coral death. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report in 2022 found that: "Since the early 1980s, the frequency and severity of mass coral bleaching events have increased sharply worldwide". Marine heatwaves have caused c... | Effects of climate change on oceans | Wikipedia | 432 | 35895879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20oceans | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
It has been generally assumed that the Arctic marine mammals were the most vulnerable in the face of climate change given the substantial observed and projected decline in Arctic sea ice. However, research has shown that the North Pacific Ocean, the Greenland Sea and the Barents Sea host the species that are most vulne... | Effects of climate change on oceans | Wikipedia | 439 | 35895879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20oceans | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
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