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Seals are another marine mammal that are susceptible to climate change. Much like polar bears, some seal species have evolved to rely on sea ice. They use the ice platforms for breeding and raising young seal pups. In 2010 and 2011, sea ice in the Northwest Atlantic was at or near an all-time low and harp seals as well... | Effects of climate change on oceans | Wikipedia | 366 | 35895879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20oceans | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Telegram Messenger, commonly known as Telegram, is a cloud-based, cross-platform, social media and instant messaging (IM) service. It was originally launched for iOS on 14 August 2013 and Android on 20 October 2013. It allows users to exchange messages, share media and files, and hold private and group voice or video c... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 486 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
While a former employee of VK said that Telegram had employees in Saint Petersburg, Pavel said the Telegram team made Berlin, Germany, its headquarters in 2014, but failed to obtain German residence permits for everyone on the team and moved to other jurisdictions in early 2015. Since 2017, the company has been based i... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 510 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On 24 April 2020, Telegram announced that it had reached 400 million monthly active users.
On 8 January 2021, Pavel announced in a blog post that Telegram had reached "about 500 million" monthly active users. In August, TechCrunch reported that India was Telegram's largest market, with a 22% share of total installs co... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 478 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Users can however import chat history, including both messages and media, from WhatsApp, Line, and KakaoTalk due to data portability, either making a new chat to hold the messages or adding them to an existing one.
As users can be logged into many devices at once, starting to type a message on one of them will create ... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 413 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Chats can be sorted into folders to organize them with preset options like "Unread" and "Muted? or custom separations such as "Work" and "Family". Premium users have the ability to set any chat folder as the default screen in the app while regular users will always see the full chat list when first opening the app.
Use... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 476 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Groups and channels also support polls, which can be open or anonymous and can support multiple choices. When forwarded, polls retain the answer data and any votes cast in other chats will count toward the overall total.
Channels are one-way feeds where the channel owner or admins can post content while followers can ... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 454 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Telegram added group voice chats in December 2020 and group video chats in June 2021. Group voice and video chats support picture-in-picture video, as well as sharing one's screen, creating a recording of the call, noise suppression and selective muting. In channels, users can start a livestream, that is able to integr... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 508 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Bots
In June 2015, Telegram launched a platform for third-party developers to create bots. Bots are Telegram accounts operated by programs. They can respond to messages or mentions directly or can be invited into groups, and are able to perform tasks, integrate with other programs and host mini apps. Bots can accept o... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 497 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In April 2022, bots gained support for customized interfaces and inline page loading. Interfaces can be adjusted to match the app's theme even if it changes while interacting with the bot.
In October 2024, Telegram added increased messaging limits for bots, allowing bots to send up to 1000 messages per second to their... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 463 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Reactions were first added to Telegram in 2021 and expanded to include more emoji options for Premium users. In September 2022, Telegram gave free users access to dozens of reactions, even some that were only previously available to Premium subscribers. In order to accommodate the new reactions, the reaction panel was ... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 487 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
When an article is first published, the URL is generated automatically from its title. Non-Latin characters are transliterated, spaces are replaced with hyphens, and the date of publication is added to the address. For example, an article titled "Telegraph (blog platform)" published on 17 November would receive the URL... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 445 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
For encrypted chats (branded as Secret Chats), Telegram uses a custom-built symmetric encryption scheme called MTProto. The protocol was developed by Nikolai Durov and other developers at Telegram and, as of version 2.0, is based on 256-bit symmetric AES encryption, 2048-bit RSA encryption and Diffie–Hellman key exchan... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 512 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
For users who signed in from the European Economic Area (EEA) or United Kingdom, the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) are supported by storing data only on servers in the Netherlands, and designating a London-based company as their responsible data controller.
Clients
Telegram has various client apps, some ... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 415 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Business
The company was initially supported by founding CEO Pavel Durov's personal funds after the sale of his stake in VK. In January 2018, it launched a private placement and collected $1.7 billion from investors such as Kleiner Perkins, Sequoia Capital, and Benchmark. After the shutdown of the TON project, the com... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 449 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Advertising and monetization
Telegram has stated that the company will never serve advertisements in private chats. In late 2020, Durov announced that the company was working on its own ad platform, and would integrate non-targeted ads in public one-to-many channels, that already were selling and displaying ads in the... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 503 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
The development of TON took place in a completely isolated manner, and the release was postponed several times. The test network was launched in January 2019. The launch of the TON main network was scheduled for 31 October. On 30 October, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission obtained a temporary restrictive orde... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 391 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
The app has been criticized by numerous research institutions and internet monitoring bodies due to violent organizations like ISIS, Proud Boys and the Myanmar junta using the app to communicate, both privately between members and publicly through channel posts. While Telegram made substantial efforts to ban illegal co... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 431 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Throughout 2020, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps used groups and channels to dox Iraqi and Iranian citizens, while sharing propagandistic posts on the platform. After the 2021 coup d'état in Myanmar, Telegram channels were used by the junta to spread propaganda and organize misinformation campaigns against pro-de... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 471 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In January 2021, Macedonian media outlets reported that a now-banned Telegram group, with more than 7,000 members, titled "Public Room" ("Јавна соба") was used to share nude photos of women, often young teenage girls. Along with the shared photographs, anonymous accounts shared private information of the women, includi... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 501 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Fraudulent jobs
Telegram has received criticism for its failure to curb fraud on the platform. The most common mode of fraud involves scammers sending messages to unsuspecting users, offering part-time online jobs which comprise a series of tasks. Scammers employ a variety of confidence tricks to entice users into comp... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 452 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Reception
Channels have been used by celebrities such as Arnold Schwarzenegger and politicians: President of France Emmanuel Macron, former President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of Moldova Maia Sandu, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, former Mexican President And... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 477 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In May 2016, critics disputed claims by Telegram that it is "more secure than mass market messengers like WhatsApp and Line", as WhatsApp claims to apply end-to-end encryption to all of its traffic by default and uses the Signal Protocol, which has been "reviewed and endorsed by leading security experts", while Telegra... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 360 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) listed Telegram on its "Secure Messaging Scorecard" in February 2015. Telegram's default chat function received a score of 4 out of 7 points on the scorecard. It received points for having communications encrypted in transit, having its code open to independent review, having th... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 504 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On 2 August 2016, Reuters reported that Iranian hackers compromised more than a dozen Telegram accounts and identified the phone numbers of 15 million Iranian users, as well as the associated user IDs. Researchers said the hackers belonged to a group known as Rocket Kitten. Rocket Kitten's attacks were similar to ones ... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 472 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In December 2019, multiple Russian businessmen suffered account takeovers that involved bypassing SMS single-factor authentication. Security company Group-IB suggested SS7 mobile signalling protocol weaknesses, illegal usage of surveillance equipment, or telecom insider attacks.
On 30 March 2020, an Elasticsearch data... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 490 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In March 2023, the Norwegian National Security Authority (NSM) advised against the use of Telegram and TikTok on business devices (especially the ones used for government related activities), the assessment has been commissioned and supported by the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, Emilie Enger Mehl. Regarding ... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 490 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Telegram was the main subject surrounding the 2019 Puerto Rico riots that ended up in the resignation of then-Governor Ricardo Rosselló. Hundreds of pages of a group chat between Rosselló and members of his staff were leaked. The messages were considered vulgar, racist, and homophobic, with members of the chat discussi... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 386 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On 24 August 2024, Pavel Durov, who is both a French and UAE citizen, was arrested in France by French authorities and four days later charged with a wide array of crimes, including complicity in managing an online platform to enable illegal transactions; complicity in crimes such as enabling the distribution of child ... | Telegram (software) | Wikipedia | 127 | 41501305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram%20%28software%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules are involved in sequence-specific suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA, through translational or transcriptional repression. Historically, RNAi was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing ... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 349 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
The RNAi pathway is a naturally occurring process found in many eukaryotes and animal cells. It is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of approximately 21 to 23 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 508 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Exogenous dsRNA initiates RNAi by activating the ribonuclease protein Dicer, which binds and cleaves dsRNAs in plants, or short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in humans, to produce double-stranded fragments of 20–25 base pairs with a 2-nucleotide overhang at the 3′ end. Bioinformatics studies on the genomes of multiple organism... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 466 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Exogenous dsRNA is detected and bound by an effector protein, known as RDE-4 in C. elegans and R2D2 in Drosophila, that stimulates Dicer activity. The mechanism producing this length specificity is unknown and this protein only binds long dsRNAs.
In C. elegans this initiation response is amplified through the synthesi... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 453 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
siRNAs derived from long dsRNA precursors differ from miRNAs in that miRNAs, especially those in animals, typically have incomplete base pairing to a target and inhibit the translation of many different mRNAs with similar sequences. In contrast, siRNAs typically base-pair perfectly and induce mRNA cleavage only in a si... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 469 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression seem to be important in cancer. For instance, in gastrointestinal cancers, nine miRNAs have been identified as epigenetically altered and effective in down regulating DNA repair enzymes.
The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression also seem to be importan... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 270 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
The active components of an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) are endonucleases called Argonaute proteins, which cleave the target mRNA strand complementary to their bound siRNA. As the fragments produced by Dicer are double-stranded, they could each in theory produce a functional siRNA. However, only one of the two... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 477 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
It is not understood how the activated RISC complex locates complementary mRNAs within the cell. Although the cleavage process has been proposed to be linked to translation, translation of the mRNA target is not essential for RNAi-mediated degradation. Indeed, RNAi may be more effective against mRNA targets that are no... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 353 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
The mechanism by which the RITS complex induces heterochromatin formation and organization is not well understood. Most studies have focused on the mating-type region in fission yeast, which may not be representative of activities in other genomic regions/organisms. In maintenance of existing heterochromatin regions, R... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 410 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Organisms vary in their ability to take up foreign dsRNA and use it in the RNAi pathway. The effects of RNAi can be both systemic and heritable in plants and C. elegans, although not in Drosophila or mammals. In plants, RNAi is thought to propagate by the transfer of siRNAs between cells through plasmodesmata (channels... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 497 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
RNAi is a vital part of the immune response to viruses and other foreign genetic material, especially in plants where it may also prevent the self-propagation of transposons. Plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana express multiple Dicer homologs that are specialized to react differently when the plant is exposed to differ... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 474 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Endogenously expressed miRNAs, including both intronic and intergenic miRNAs, are most important in translational repression and in the regulation of development, especially on the timing of morphogenesis and the maintenance of undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated cell types such as stem cells. The role of e... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 425 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Gene knockdown is a method used to reduce the expression of an organism’s specific genes. This is accomplished by using the naturally occurring process of RNAi. This gene knockdown technique uses a double-stranded siRNA molecule that is synthesized with a sequence complementary to the gene of interest. The RNAi cascade... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 488 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
The technique of knocking down genes using RNAi therapeutics has demonstrated success in randomized controlled clinical studies. These medications are a growing class of siRNA-based drugs that decrease the expression of proteins encoded by certain genes. To date, five RNAi medications have been approved by regulatory a... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 331 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
In 2019, the FDA and EMA approved givosiran for the treatment of adults with acute hepatic porphyria (AHP). The FDA also granted givosiran a breakthrough therapy designation, priority review designation, and orphan drug designation for the treatment of acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) in November 2019. By 2020, givosiran ... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 478 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Other investigational drugs using RNAi that are being developed by pharmaceutical companies such as Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Dicerna, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, and Sylentis. These medications cover a variety of targets via RNAi and diseases.
Investigational RNAi therapeutics in development:
Legal categorizati... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 426 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Lipid nanoparticles
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are based on liposome-like structures that are typically made of an aqueous center surrounded by a lipid shell. A subset of liposomal structures used for delivery drugs to tissues rest in large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) which may be 100 nm in size. LNP delivery mechanis... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 482 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
RNAi has been used for a variety of other applications including food, crops and insecticides. The use of the RNAi pathway has developed numerous products such as foods like Arctic apples, nicotine-free tobacco, decaffeinated coffee, nutrient fortified vegetation and hypoallergenic crops. The emerging use of RNAi has t... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 461 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
RNAi drugs treat cancer by silencing certain cancer promoting genes. This is done by complementing the cancer genes with the RNAi, such as keeping the mRNA sequences in accordance with the RNAi drug. Ideally, RNAi is should be injected and/or chemically modified so the RNAi can reach cancer cells more efficiently. RNAi... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 351 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
siRNA is controlled by the innate immune system, which can be divided into the acute inflammatory responses and antiviral responses. The inflammatory response is created with signals from small signaling molecules, or cytokines. These include interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor ... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 314 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Development efforts have successfully reduced the levels of allergens in tomato plants and fortification of plants such as tomatoes with dietary antioxidants. RNAi silencing of alpha-amylase have also been used to decrease Aspergillus flavus fungal growth in maize which would have otherwise contaminated the kernels wit... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 327 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Drosophila spp., Bombyx mori, Locusta spp., Spodoptera spp., Tribolium castaneum, Nilaparvata lugens, Helicoverpa armigera, and Apis mellifera are models that have been widely used to learn how RNAi works within particular taxa of insects. Musca domestica has two Ago2 genes and Glossina morsitans three, as found by Lew... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 455 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
Genome-scale RNAi research relies on high-throughput screening (HTS) technology. RNAi HTS technology allows genome-wide loss-of-function screening and is broadly used in the identification of genes associated with specific phenotypes. This technology has been hailed as a potential second genomics wave, following the fi... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 214 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
The process of RNAi was referred to as "co-suppression" and "quelling" when observed prior to the knowledge of an RNA-related mechanism. The discovery of RNAi was preceded first by observations of transcriptional inhibition by antisense RNA expressed in transgenic plants, and more directly by reports of unexpected outc... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 468 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
After these initial observations in plants, laboratories searched for this phenomenon in other organisms. The first instance of RNA silencing in animals was documented in 1996, when Guo and Kemphues observed that, by introducing sense and antisense RNA to par-1 mRNA in Caenorhabditis elegans caused degradation of the p... | RNA interference | Wikipedia | 504 | 29188721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20interference | Biology and health sciences | Molecular biology | Biology |
A laminar flow reactor (LFR) is a type of chemical reactor that uses laminar flow to control reaction rate, and/or reaction distribution. LFR is generally a long tube with constant diameter that is kept at constant temperature. Reactants are injected at one end and products are collected and monitored at the other. La... | Laminar flow reactor | Wikipedia | 346 | 34740042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar%20flow%20reactor | Physical sciences | Chemical engineering | Chemistry |
Flow velocity in LFR
Fluids or gases with controlled velocity pass through a laminar flow reactor in a fashion of laminar flow. That is, streams of fluids or gases slide over each other like cards. When analyzing fluids with the same viscosity ("thickness" or "stickiness") but different velocity, fluids are typically ... | Laminar flow reactor | Wikipedia | 388 | 34740042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar%20flow%20reactor | Physical sciences | Chemical engineering | Chemistry |
Characteristics
The laminar flows inside of a LFR has the unique characteristic of flowing in a parallel fashion without disturbing one another. The velocity of the fluid or gas will naturally decrease as it gets closer to the wall and farther from the center. Therefore the reactants have an increasing residence time ... | Laminar flow reactor | Wikipedia | 263 | 34740042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar%20flow%20reactor | Physical sciences | Chemical engineering | Chemistry |
The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups. The family includes the underwings (Catocala); litter moths (Herminiinae); tiger, lichen, footman and wasp moths (Arctiinae); ... | Erebidae | Wikipedia | 406 | 27888690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebidae | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Description
Adult moths of Erebidae have quadrifid forewings and usually quadrifine hindwings, meaning that each wing includes a cubital vein that splits into four (explained further in the Classification section). The tribe Micronoctuini instead has bifine hindwings (meaning this same vein splits into two). Aside fro... | Erebidae | Wikipedia | 380 | 27888690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebidae | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Classification
Among the Noctuoidea, the Erebidae can be broadly defined by the wing characteristics of the adults with support from phylogenetic studies. The cubital forewing vein, which runs outward from the base of a wing to the outer margin, splits into two (bifid), three (trifid), or four (quadrifid) veins from t... | Erebidae | Wikipedia | 421 | 27888690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebidae | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
The determination of these phylogenetic relationships has led to the present classification scheme in which several clades were rearranged while kept mostly intact and others were split apart. The Erebidae are one monophyletic family among six in the Noctuoidea. A more strictly defined family Noctuidae is also monophy... | Erebidae | Wikipedia | 235 | 27888690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebidae | Biology and health sciences | Lepidoptera | Animals |
Pteraspis (from 'wing' or 'fin' and 'shield') is an extinct genus of pteraspidid heterostracan jawless fish. It lived from the Lochkovian to Eifelian epochs of the Devonian period in what is now Brazil (Eifelian Maecuru Formation), Britain (Lochkovian Ditton Group), Ukraine (Lochkovian Ivane Suite, Pragian Babin Sa... | Pteraspis | Wikipedia | 255 | 5301750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteraspis | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric agnathae and early chordates | Animals |
Brosimum alicastrum, commonly known as breadnut, Maya nut or ramon, and many others, is a tree species in the family Moraceae of flowering plants, whose other genera include figs and mulberries.
Two subspecies are commonly recognized:
B. a. alicastrum
B. a. bolivarense (Pittier) C.C.Berg
Description
Brosimum alic... | Brosimum alicastrum | Wikipedia | 454 | 5302698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosimum%20alicastrum | Biology and health sciences | Nuts | Plants |
The tree lends its name to the Maya archaeological sites of Iximché and Topoxte, both in Guatemala and Tamuin (reflecting the Maya origin of the Huastec peoples). It is one of the 20 dominant species of the Maya forest. Of the dominant species, it is the only one that is wind-pollinated. It is also found in traditional... | Brosimum alicastrum | Wikipedia | 481 | 5302698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosimum%20alicastrum | Biology and health sciences | Nuts | Plants |
The species can be used to restore damaged soils. It can prevent erosion and act as a wind barrier. The tree tolerates poor, damaged, dried or salty soils and it requires few inputs after its planting. Furthermore, its oxalogenic activity increases the pH and the amount of organic matter in the soil once well implement... | Brosimum alicastrum | Wikipedia | 230 | 5302698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosimum%20alicastrum | Biology and health sciences | Nuts | Plants |
Monopotassium glutamate (MPG) is the compound with formula KC5H8NO4. It is a potassium salt of glutamic acid.
It has the E number E622 and is used in foods as a flavor enhancer. It is a non-sodium MSG alternative. | Monopotassium glutamate | Wikipedia | 65 | 5305778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopotassium%20glutamate | Physical sciences | Glutamates | Chemistry |
Raspberry Pi () is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed in the United Kingdom. The original Raspberry Pi computer was developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with Broadcom. Since 2012, all Raspberry Pi products have been developed by Raspberry Pi Ltd, which began as a wholly-owned s... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 497 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Raspberry Pi
The first-generation Raspberry Pi Model B was released in February 2012, followed by the simpler and cheaper Model A.
Raspberry Pi Model B+, an improved design, was released in 2014. These first-generation boards feature ARM11 processors, are approximately credit-card sized, and represent the standard ma... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 457 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The Raspberry Pi 4 Model B was released in June 2019 with a 1.5 GHz 64-bit quad core ARM Cortex-A72 processor, on-board 802.11ac Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 5, full gigabit Ethernet (throughput not limited), two USB 2.0 ports, two USB 3.0 ports, 1, 2, 4, or 8 GB of RAM, and dual-monitor support via a pair of micro HDMI (HDMI Type... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 473 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The Raspberry Pi 5 was announced in September 2023. It uses a 2.4 GHz quad-core 64-bit ARM Cortex-A76 CPU and a VideoCore VII GPU, with the improvements in hardware and software reportedly making the Pi 5 more than twice as powerful as the Pi 4. It has an I/O controller designed in-house, a power button, and an RTC chi... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 421 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Raspberry Pi Pico was released in January 2021 with a retail price of $4. It was Raspberry Pi's first board based upon a single microcontroller chip; the RP2040, which was designed by Raspberry Pi in the UK. The Pico has 264 KB of RAM and 2 MB of flash memory. It is programmable in C, C++, Assembly, MicroPython, Circui... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 444 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
This block diagram describes models B, B+, A and A+. The Pi Zero models are similar, but lack the Ethernet and USB hub components. The Ethernet adapter is internally connected to an additional USB port. In Model A, A+, and the Pi Zero, the USB port is connected directly to the system on a chip (SoC). On the Pi 1 Model ... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 405 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The Broadcom BCM2835 SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Pi includes a RISC-based 700 MHz 32-bit ARM1176JZF-S processor, VideoCore IV graphics processing unit (GPU), and RAM. It has a level 1 (L1) cache of 16 KB and a level 2 (L2) cache of 128 KB. The level 2 cache is used primarily by the GPU. The SoC is stacke... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 509 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W uses the RP3A0-AU, which is a System-in-Package (SiP) design. The package contains a Broadcom BCM2710A1 processor, which is a 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 clocked at 1 GHz, along with 512 MB of LPDDR2 SDRAM layered above. The Raspberry Pi 3 also uses the BCM2710A1 in its Broadcom BCM2837 So... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 501 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The Raspberry Pi 3, with a quad-core Cortex-A53 processor, is described as having ten times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 1. Benchmarks showed the Raspberry Pi 3 to be approximately 80% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2 in parallelised tasks.
The Raspberry Pi 4, with a quad-core Cortex-A72 processor, is described as ... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 493 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The CPU of the first and second generation Raspberry Pi board did not require cooling with a heat sink or fan, even when overclocked, but the Raspberry Pi 3 may generate more heat when overclocked.
RAM
The early designs of the Raspberry Pi Model A and B boards included 256 MB of random-access memory (RAM). Of this, t... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 503 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
The Raspberry Pi 5 is available with 2, 4, 8 or 16 GB of RAM.
Networking
The Model A, A+ and Pi Zero have no Ethernet circuitry and are commonly connected to a network using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet or Wi-Fi adapter. On the the Ethernet port is provided by a built-in USB Ethernet adapter using the SMSC... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 507 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Other peripherals can be attached through the various pins and connectors on the surface of the Raspberry Pi.
Video
The video controller can generate standard modern TV resolutions, such as HD and Full HD, and higher or lower monitor resolutions as well as older NTSC or PAL standard CRT TV resolutions. As shipped (i... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 474 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Real-time clock
When booting, the time defaults to being set over the network using the Network Time Protocol (NTP). The source of time information can be another computer on the local network that does have a real-time clock, or to a NTP server on the internet. If no network connection is available, the time may be s... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 484 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Models A and B provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 16. Models A+ and B+ provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 47, and the power status LED using GPIO 35.
Specifications
Simplified Model B changelog
Software
Operating systems | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 57 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Raspberry Pi provides Raspberry Pi OS (formerly called Raspbian), a Debian-based Linux distribution for download, as well as third-party Ubuntu, Windows 10 IoT Core, RISC OS, LibreELEC (specialised media centre distribution) and specialised distributions for the Kodi media centre and classroom management. It promotes P... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 464 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Other operating systems (Linux-based)
Alpine Linux – a Linux distribution based on musl and BusyBox, "designed for power users who appreciate security, simplicity and resource efficiency".
Android is available for non-commercial use from KonstaKANG
Arch Linux ARM – a port of Arch Linux for ARM processors; the Arch-b... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 432 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Slackware ARM – version 13.37 and later runs on the Raspberry Pi without modification. The 128–496 MB of available memory on the Raspberry Pi is at least twice the minimum requirement of 64 MB needed to run Slackware Linux on an ARM or i386 system. (Whereas the majority of Linux systems boot into a graphical user inter... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 184 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Trisquel, a fully free GNU/Linux distribution
Linux Q83 is a fast, secure, and innovative Linux distribution
Ubuntu-based: Lubuntu and Xubuntu
Void Linux – a rolling release Linux distribution which was designed and implemented from scratch, provides images based on musl or glibc
webOS Open Source Edition – an ... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 419 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Firmware
The official firmware is a freely redistributable binary blob, that is proprietary software. A minimal proof-of-concept open source firmware is also available, mainly aimed at initialising and starting the ARM cores as well as performing minimal startup that is required on the ARM side. It is also capable of ... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 357 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Software development tools
Algoid – for teaching programming to children and beginners.
Arduino IDE – for programming an Arduino.
BlueJ – for teaching Java to beginners.
C-STEM Studio – a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotic... | Raspberry Pi | Wikipedia | 182 | 31692117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Pi | Technology | Specific hardware | null |
Port of Jebel Ali, also known as Mina Jebel Ali, is a deep port located in Jebel Ali, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Jebel Ali is the world's ninth busiest port, the largest man-made harbour, and the biggest and by far the busiest port in the Middle-East. Port Jebel Ali was constructed in the late 1970s to supplement the... | Port of Jebel Ali | Wikipedia | 458 | 31694713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Jebel%20Ali | Technology | Specific piers and ports | null |
Port Jebel Ali is linked to Dubai's expressway system and to the Dubai International Airport Cargo Village. The Cargo Village facilities capable of handling cargoes, making four-hour transit from ship to aircraft possible.
The DPA's commercial trucking service transport container and general cargo transport between Por... | Port of Jebel Ali | Wikipedia | 383 | 31694713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Jebel%20Ali | Technology | Specific piers and ports | null |
A bay is a recessed, coastal body of water that directly connects to a larger main body of water, such as an ocean, a lake, or another bay. A large bay is usually called a gulf, sea, sound, or bight. A cove is a small, circular bay with a narrow entrance. A fjord is an elongated bay formed by glacial action.
The term e... | Bay | Wikipedia | 462 | 3935892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay | Physical sciences | Oceanic and coastal landforms | null |
There are various ways in which bays can form. The largest bays have developed through plate tectonics. As the super-continent Pangaea broke up along curved and indented fault lines, the continents moved apart and left large bays; these include the Gulf of Guinea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Bay of Bengal, which is the... | Bay | Wikipedia | 133 | 3935892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay | Physical sciences | Oceanic and coastal landforms | null |
Ahaetulla, commonly referred to as Asian vine snakes or Asian whip snakes, is a genus of colubrid snakes distributed throughout tropical Asia. They are considered by some scientists to be mildly venomous and are what is commonly termed as 'rear-fanged' or more appropriately, opisthoglyphous, meaning their enlarged teet... | Ahaetulla | Wikipedia | 444 | 3937442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaetulla | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Taxonomy
Their closest relative is the monotypic genus Proahaetulla, which Ahaetulla diverged from an estimated 26.57 million years ago, during the mid-Oligocene. From here, the clade containing Proahaetulla and Ahaetulla is a sister group to the genus Dryophiops, and the clade containing all three of these genera is a... | Ahaetulla | Wikipedia | 300 | 3937442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaetulla | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Ahaetulla anomala (Annandale, 1906) - Variable colored vine snake (possibly conspecific with A. oxyrhyncha)
Ahaetulla borealis Mallik, Srikanthan, Pal, Princia D'Souza, Shanker & Ganesh, 2020 - Northern Western Ghats vine snake
Ahaetulla dispar (Günther, 1864) - Günther's vine snake
Ahaetulla farnsworthi Mallik, Srik... | Ahaetulla | Wikipedia | 486 | 3937442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaetulla | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Ahaetulla pulverulenta (Duméril & Bibron, 1854) - Brown-speckled whipsnake
Ahaetulla rufusoculara Lam, Thu, Nguyen, Murphy, & Nguyen, 2021
Ahaetulla sahyadrensis Mallik, Srikanthan, Pal, Princia D'Souza, Shanker & Ganesh, 2020
Ahaetulla travancorica Mallik, Srikanthan, Pal, Princia D'Souza, Shanker & Ganesh, 2020 - Tr... | Ahaetulla | Wikipedia | 146 | 3937442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaetulla | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Geographic range
They are found from Sri Lanka and India to China and much of Southeast Asia. Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of India are major hotspots of diversity for the genus, with at least 10 of the currently-described species being endemic to these regions.
Description
All Ahaetulla species are characterize... | Ahaetulla | Wikipedia | 329 | 3937442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaetulla | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. In placental mammals, urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder and exits the urethra through the penis or vulva during urination. In other vertebrates, urine is excreted through the cloaca.
Urine contains wat... | Urine | Wikipedia | 494 | 3938382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine | Biology and health sciences | Urinary system | Biology |
Quantity
Average urine production in adult humans is around of urine per person per day with a normal range of per person per day, produced in around 6 to 8 urinations per day depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and the individual's health. Producing too much or too little ... | Urine | Wikipedia | 453 | 3938382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine | Biology and health sciences | Urinary system | Biology |
Bloody urine is termed hematuria, a symptom of a wide variety of medical conditions.
Reddish or brown urine may be caused by porphyria (not to be confused with the harmless, temporary pink or reddish tint caused by beeturia).
Pinkish urine can result from the consumption of beets (beeturia)
Dark yellow urine is ofte... | Urine | Wikipedia | 455 | 3938382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine | Biology and health sciences | Urinary system | Biology |
pH
The pH normally is within the range of 5.5 to 7 with an average of 6.2. In persons with hyperuricosuria, acidic urine can contribute to the formation of stones of uric acid in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. Urine pH can be monitored by a physician or at home.
A diet which is high in protein from meat and dairy, ... | Urine | Wikipedia | 505 | 3938382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine | Biology and health sciences | Urinary system | Biology |
The color and volume of urine can be reliable indicators of hydration level. Clear and copious urine is generally a sign of adequate hydration. Dark urine is a sign of dehydration. The exception occurs when diuretics are consumed, in which case urine can be clear and copious and the person still be dehydrated.
Uses
S... | Urine | Wikipedia | 487 | 3938382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine | Biology and health sciences | Urinary system | Biology |
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