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Fossil record
Until recently, the oldest ciliate fossils known were tintinnids from the Ordovician period. In 2007, Li et al. published a description of fossil ciliates from the Doushantuo Formation, about 580 million years ago, in the Ediacaran period. These included two types of tintinnids and a possible ancestral s... | Ciliate | Wikipedia | 385 | 23278617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
Class Armophorea
Class Odontostomatea (e.g. Discomorphella, Saprodinium)
Class Cariacotrichea (only one species, Cariacothrix caudata)
Class Muranotrichea
Class Parablepharismea
Class Colpodea (e.g. Colpoda)
Class Litostomatea
Subclass Haptoria (e.g. Didinium)
Subclass Rhynchostomatia
Subclass Trichostomatia (... | Ciliate | Wikipedia | 443 | 23278617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
A video coding format (or sometimes video compression format) is a content representation format of digital video content, such as in a data file or bitstream. It typically uses a standardized video compression algorithm, most commonly based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding and motion compensation. A computer ... | Video coding format | Wikipedia | 365 | 33402026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
Although video coding formats such as H.264 are sometimes referred to as codecs, there is a clear conceptual difference between a specification and its implementations. Video coding formats are described in specifications, and software, firmware, or hardware to encode/decode data in a given video coding format from/to ... | Video coding format | Wikipedia | 398 | 33402026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
A video coding format does not dictate all algorithms used by a codec implementing the format. For example, a large part of how video compression typically works is by finding similarities between video frames (block-matching) and then achieving compression by copying previously-coded similar subimages (such as macrobl... | Video coding format | Wikipedia | 419 | 33402026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
The earliest digital video coding algorithms were either for uncompressed video or used lossless compression, both methods inefficient and impractical for digital video coding. Digital video was introduced in the 1970s, initially using uncompressed pulse-code modulation (PCM), requiring high bitrates around 45200 Mbit/... | Video coding format | Wikipedia | 297 | 33402026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
The other key development was motion-compensated hybrid coding. In 1974, Ali Habibi at the University of Southern California introduced hybrid coding, which combines predictive coding with transform coding. He examined several transform coding techniques, including the DCT, Hadamard transform, Fourier transform, slant ... | Video coding format | Wikipedia | 354 | 33402026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
Video coding standards
The first digital video coding standard was H.120, developed by the CCITT (now ITU-T) in 1984. H.120 was not usable in practice, as its performance was too poor. H.120 used motion-compensated DPCM coding, a lossless compression algorithm that was inefficient for video coding. During the late 1980... | Video coding format | Wikipedia | 411 | 33402026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
The most widely used video coding format is H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. It was developed in 2003, and uses patents licensed from a number of organizations, primarily Panasonic, Godo Kaisha IP Bridge and LG Electronics. In contrast to the standard DCT used by its predecessors, AVC uses the integer DCT. H.264 is one of the video ... | Video coding format | Wikipedia | 499 | 33402026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
Uncompressed video formats, such as Clean HDMI, is a form of lossless video used in some circumstances such as when sending video to a display over a HDMI connection. Some high-end cameras can also capture video directly in this format.
Intra-frame
Interframe compression complicates editing of an encoded video sequenc... | Video coding format | Wikipedia | 477 | 33402026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
A profile restricts which encoding techniques are allowed. For example, the H.264 format includes the profiles baseline, main and high (and others). While P-slices (which can be predicted based on preceding slices) are supported in all profiles, B-slices (which can be predicted based on both preceding and following sli... | Video coding format | Wikipedia | 95 | 33402026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20coding%20format | Technology | File formats | null |
IBM POWER is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by IBM. The name is an acronym for Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC.
The ISA is used as base for high end microprocessors from IBM during the 1990s and were used in many of IBM's servers, minicomputers, works... | IBM POWER architecture | Wikipedia | 485 | 38905529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20POWER%20architecture | Technology | Computer architecture concepts | null |
For two years at the Watson Research Center, the superscalar limits of the 801 design were explored, such as the feasibility of implementing the design using multiple functional units to improve performance, similar to what had been done in the IBM System/360 Model 91 and the CDC 6600 (although the Model 91 had been ba... | IBM POWER architecture | Wikipedia | 485 | 38905529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20POWER%20architecture | Technology | Computer architecture concepts | null |
IBM started the POWER2 processor effort as a successor to the POWER1 two years before the creation of the 1991 Apple/IBM/Motorola alliance in Austin, Texas. Despite being impacted by diversion of resources to jump start the Apple/IBM/Motorola effort, the POWER2 took five years from start to system shipment. By adding... | IBM POWER architecture | Wikipedia | 507 | 38905529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20POWER%20architecture | Technology | Computer architecture concepts | null |
The 801 required all instructions to complete in one clock cycle, which precluded floating point instructions.
Although the decoder was pipelined as a side effect of these single-cycle operations, they didn't use superscalar effects.
Floating point became a focus for the America Project, and IBM was able to use new a... | IBM POWER architecture | Wikipedia | 337 | 38905529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20POWER%20architecture | Technology | Computer architecture concepts | null |
Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words αἷμα "blood" and φαγεῖν "to eat"). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy is a preferred form of f... | Hematophagy | Wikipedia | 497 | 30864598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematophagy | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Hematophagy is classified as either obligatory or facultative. Obligatory hematophagous animals cannot survive on any other food. Examples include Rhodnius prolixus, a South American assassin bug, and Cimex lectularius, the human bed bug. Facultative hematophages, meanwhile, acquire at least some portion of their nutri... | Hematophagy | Wikipedia | 512 | 30864598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematophagy | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Medical importance
The phlebotomic action opens a channel for contamination of the host species with bacteria, viruses and blood-borne parasites contained in the hematophagous organism. Thus, many animal and human infectious diseases are transmitted by hematophagous species, such as the bubonic plague, Chagas disease, ... | Hematophagy | Wikipedia | 472 | 30864598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematophagy | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
The Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB), or lunar cataclysm, is a hypothesized astronomical event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago, at a time corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth. According to the hypothesis, during this interval, a disproportionately large number ... | Late Heavy Bombardment | Wikipedia | 456 | 30864636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20Heavy%20Bombardment | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
The apparent clustering of ages of these impact melts, between about 3.8 and 4.1 Ga, led investigators to postulate that those ages record an intense bombardment of the Moon. They named it the "lunar cataclysm" and proposed that it represented a dramatic increase in the rate of bombardment of the Moon around 3.9 Ga. If... | Late Heavy Bombardment | Wikipedia | 432 | 30864636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20Heavy%20Bombardment | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Studies of the highland crater size distributions suggest that the same family of projectiles struck Mercury and the Moon during the Late Heavy Bombardment. If the history of decay of late heavy bombardment on Mercury also followed the history of late heavy bombardment on the Moon, the youngest large basin discovered, ... | Late Heavy Bombardment | Wikipedia | 396 | 30864636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20Heavy%20Bombardment | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
A second criticism concerns the significance of the lack of impact melt rocks older than about 4.1 Ga. One hypothesis for this observation that does not involve a cataclysm is that old melt rocks did exist, but that their radiometric ages have all been reset by the continuous effects of impact cratering over the past 4... | Late Heavy Bombardment | Wikipedia | 389 | 30864636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20Heavy%20Bombardment | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Older rocks could be found, however, in the form of asteroid fragments that fall to Earth as meteorites. Like the rocks on Earth, asteroids also show a strong cutoff point, at about 4.6 Ga, which is assumed to be the time when the first solids formed in the protoplanetary disk around the then-young Sun. The Hadean, the... | Late Heavy Bombardment | Wikipedia | 482 | 30864636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20Heavy%20Bombardment | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Of particular interest, Manfred Schidlowski argued in 1979 that the carbon isotopic ratios of some sedimentary rocks found in Greenland were a relic of organic matter: the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-13 was unusually high, normally a sign of "processing" by life. There was much debate over the precise dating of the ro... | Late Heavy Bombardment | Wikipedia | 474 | 30864636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20Heavy%20Bombardment | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
In the Nice model, the Late Heavy Bombardment is the result of a dynamical instability in the outer Solar System. The original Nice model simulations by Gomes et al. began with the Solar System's giant planets in a tight orbital configuration surrounded by a rich trans-Neptunian belt. Objects from this belt stray into ... | Late Heavy Bombardment | Wikipedia | 475 | 30864636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20Heavy%20Bombardment | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Late formation of Uranus and Neptune
According to one planetesimal simulation of the establishment of the planetary system, the outermost planets Uranus and Neptune formed very slowly, over a period of several billion years. Harold Levison and his team have also suggested that the relatively low density of material in... | Late Heavy Bombardment | Wikipedia | 356 | 30864636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20Heavy%20Bombardment | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Disruption of Mars-crossing asteroid
A hypothesis proposed by Matija Ćuk posits that the last few basin-forming impacts were the result of the collisional disruption of a large Mars-crossing asteroid. This Vesta-sized asteroid was a remnant of a population which initially was much larger than the current main asteroid... | Late Heavy Bombardment | Wikipedia | 238 | 30864636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20Heavy%20Bombardment | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
Other potential sources
A number of other possible sources of the Late Heavy Bombardment have been investigated. Among these are additional Earth satellites orbiting independently or as lunar trojans, planetesimals left over from the formations of the terrestrial planets, Earth or Venus co-orbitals, and the breakup of... | Late Heavy Bombardment | Wikipedia | 307 | 30864636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20Heavy%20Bombardment | Physical sciences | Events | Earth science |
A ranch (from /Mexican Spanish) is an area of land, including various structures, given primarily to ranching, the practice of raising grazing livestock such as cattle and sheep. It is a subtype of farm. These terms are most often applied to livestock-raising operations in Mexico, the Western United States and Western ... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 429 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
In Mexico, it evolved to mean a cattle farm, station or estate, a pasturing land or agricultural settlement where cattle are raised. Originally used to refer to a hamlet or village where cattle is raised and where the land is sowed; and to a small independent cattle farm, or to a cattle station, an area of land for cat... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 419 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
The most remote origins of a form of ranching, date back to the 1100’s in Spain where livestock raising had developed mainly around the raising of sheep and, by the 1200’s, the establishment of a system of transhumance being regulated by the powerful Mesta, an association of sheep barons and shepherds created by King A... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 404 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
As for the land itself, it was organized and highly regulated into various types due to a scarcity of pasturelands. There were: pastos comunales (communal lands), private lands, baldíos (vacant wooded areas) and dehesas, or fenced lands that could be privately owned. All these pasturelands could be used for a fee or tr... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 512 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Because it was a much greater territory, land was plentiful, thus, any Spanish laws that were applied back in Spain regarding pasturelands and land ownership were never applied. Initially, a generalized common grazing regime was established, in which all vacant land was free and open to all, as was the stubble after th... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 489 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
By 1554, there were 60 estancias de ganado mayor in the Valley of Toluca in central Mexico, with more than 150,000 head of cattle and horses. It’s estimated that just in central Mexico, there were around 1.3 million head of cattle by 1620. Between 1550 and 1619, 103 cattle estancias (+444,789 acres), 118 sheep estancia... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 135 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
The earliest cattle estancias were located in the highlands of Central Mexico and in the lowlands along the Gulf of Mexico. Because the lands in central Mexico were beginning to be insufficient, the cattle barons were forced to relocate. According to Franciscan friar, Juan de Torquemada, cattle barons began to move ope... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 408 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Prior to the establishment of rancho as a cattle-farm, the term seems to have been used to refer to provisional houses, like those of the indigenous people, or a camping site. Similarly, the term “estancia” appears to have been used originally to denote a point where herdsmen and their herds finally came to rest, or as... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 340 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Towards the 19th century, ranchos were either small independent cattle farms or were dependent of a hacienda. Both haciendas and ranchos were divided according to type. In the case of haciendas, there were two types, the “hacienda de beneficio” and the “hacienda de campo”. The “hacienda de beneficio” were mining operat... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 291 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
The largest hacienda/ranch in the world during Colonial times was the Sanchez Navarro estate with more than 16 million acres. The hacienda “San Ignacio del Buey” owned by the friar Don Juan Caballero in the Huasteca region of San Luis Potosi had, at its height, 600,000 hectares or 1.5 million acres. The hacienda “San J... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 443 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
The largest hacienda/ranch in the world, prior to the Mexican Revolution of 1910, was the Terrazas family estate headed by Don Luis Terrazas in the state of Chihuahua, with more than 8 million acres in size (some sources say 15 million acres) stretching for more than 160 miles north to south and 200 miles east to west.... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 412 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
The prairie and desert lands of what today is Mexico and the western United States were well-suited to "open range" grazing. For example, American bison had been a mainstay of the diet for the Native Americans in the Great Plains for centuries. Likewise, cattle and other livestock were simply turned loose in the spring... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 481 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
Ranching in Hawaii
Ranching in Hawaii developed independently of that in the continental United States. In colonial times, Capt. George Vancouver gave several head of cattle to the Hawaiian king, Pai`ea Kamehameha, monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, and by the early 19th century, they had multiplied considerably, to the ... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 401 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
In the colonial period, from the pampas regions of South America all the way to the Minas Gerais state in Brazil, including the semi-arid pampas of Argentina and the south of Brazil, were often well-suited to ranching, and a tradition developed that largely paralleled that of Mexico and the United States. The gaucho cu... | Ranch | Wikipedia | 479 | 30865437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null |
The is a mostly-underground rubber-tyred rapid transit system in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. Operated by the Sapporo City Transportation Bureau, it is the only subway system on the island of Hokkaido.
Lines
The system consists of three lines: the green Namboku Line (North–south line), orange Tozai Line (East–west line)... | Sapporo Municipal Subway | Wikipedia | 441 | 30865446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo%20Municipal%20Subway | Technology | Japan | null |
There are differences between the technology used on the older Namboku Line and the newer Tōzai and Tōhō Lines. The Namboku Line uses a T-shaped guide rail, double tires, and third rail power collection, while the Tōzai and Tōhō Lines use an I-shaped guide rail, single tires, and overhead line power collection. The sur... | Sapporo Municipal Subway | Wikipedia | 473 | 30865446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo%20Municipal%20Subway | Technology | Japan | null |
One-day passes offer unlimited rides on the subway, streetcar, and regular city routes offered by the Chuo, Jotetsu, and JR Hokkaido Buses (excluding some suburban areas) on the day of purchase.
A subway one-day card, for use only on the subway, is also available for 830 yen. Donichika tickets (ドニチカキップ, donichika kip... | Sapporo Municipal Subway | Wikipedia | 423 | 30865446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo%20Municipal%20Subway | Technology | Japan | null |
A claymore (; from , "great sword") is either the Scottish variant of the late medieval two-handed sword or the Scottish variant of the basket-hilted sword. The former is characterised as having a cross hilt of forward-sloping quillons with quatrefoil terminations and was in use from the 15th to 17th centuries.
The wo... | Claymore | Wikipedia | 340 | 23289836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymore | Technology | Swords | null |
Countering this view, Paul Wagner and Christopher Thompson argue that the term "claymore" was applied first to the basket-hilted broadsword, and then to all Scottish swords. They provide quotations that are earlier than those given above in support of its use to refer to a basket-hilted broadsword and targe: "a strong ... | Claymore | Wikipedia | 491 | 23289836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymore | Technology | Swords | null |
The average claymore ran about in overall length, with a grip, blade, and a weight of approximately . For instance, in 1772 Thomas Pennant described a sword seen on his visit to Raasay as: "an unwieldy weapon, two inches broad (), doubly edged; the length of the blade three feet seven inches (); of the handle, fourt... | Claymore | Wikipedia | 229 | 23289836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymore | Technology | Swords | null |
Popular culture references
The song "Tweedle Dee, Tweedle Dum" by the Scottish band Middle of the Road mentions Scottish warriors going to battle with "claymores in their hands".
Drew McIntyre's finishing move in WWE is known as the Claymore Kick. McIntyre has also entered matches with a Claymore sword named 'Angela', ... | Claymore | Wikipedia | 328 | 23289836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymore | Technology | Swords | null |
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for specifying the presentation and styling of a document written in a markup language such as HTML or XML (including XML dialects such as SVG, MathML or XHTML). CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.
CSS is desi... | CSS | Wikipedia | 491 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
Selector types
Selectors may apply to the following:
all elements of a specific type, e.g. the second-level headers h2
elements specified by attribute, in particular:
id: an identifier unique within the document, denoted in the selector language by a hash prefix e.g.
class: an identifier that can annotate multiple el... | CSS | Wikipedia | 511 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
Summary of selector syntax
The following table provides a summary of selector syntax indicating usage and the version of CSS that introduced it.
Declaration block
A declaration block consists of a pair of braces ({}) enclosing a semicolon-separated list of declarations.
Declaration
Each declaration itself consists... | CSS | Wikipedia | 473 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
Use
Before CSS, nearly all presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup. All font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders, and sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS lets authors move much of that information to another file, the... | CSS | Wikipedia | 503 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
All h1 elements in the document will then automatically become red without requiring any explicit code. If the author later wanted to make h1 elements blue instead, this could be done by changing the style element to:
<style>
h1 {
color: blue;
}
</style>
rather than by laboriously going through the do... | CSS | Wikipedia | 445 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
One of the goals of CSS is to allow users greater control over presentation. Someone who finds red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet. Depending on the browser and the website, a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers, or may remove all added styles, and vie... | CSS | Wikipedia | 459 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
Inheritance
Inheritance is a key feature in CSS; it relies on the ancestor-descendant relationship to operate. Inheritance is the mechanism by which properties are applied not only to a specified element but also to its descendants. Inheritance relies on the document tree, which is the hierarchy of XHTML elements in a... | CSS | Wikipedia | 416 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
Whitespace
The whitespace between properties and selectors is ignored. This code snippet:
body{overflow:hidden;background:#000000;background-image:url(images/bg.gif);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:left top;}
is functionally equivalent to this one:
body {
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #0000... | CSS | Wikipedia | 457 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
Position property
There are five possible values of the position property. If an item is positioned in any way other than static, then the further properties top, bottom, left, and right are used to specify offsets and positions.The element having position static is not affected by the top, bottom , left or right pr... | CSS | Wikipedia | 495 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
As HTML grew, it came to encompass a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the demands of web developers. This evolution gave the designer more control over site appearance, at the cost of more complex HTML. Variations in web browser implementations, such as ViolaWWW and WorldWideWeb, made consistent site app... | CSS | Wikipedia | 500 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
Development of HTML, CSS, and the DOM had all been taking place in one group, the HTML Editorial Review Board (ERB). Early in 1997, the ERB was split into three working groups: HTML Working Group, chaired by Dan Connolly of W3C; DOM Working group, chaired by Lauren Wood of SoftQuad; and CSS Working Group, chaired by Ch... | CSS | Wikipedia | 356 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
However, even when later "version 5" web browsers began to offer a fairly full implementation of CSS, they were still incorrect in certain areas. They were fraught with inconsistencies, bugs, and other quirks. Microsoft Internet Explorer 5. x for Windows, as opposed to the very different IE for Macintosh, had a flawed ... | CSS | Wikipedia | 475 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
Vendor prefixes
Individual browser vendors occasionally introduced new parameters ahead of standardization and universalization. To prevent interfering with future implementations, vendors prepended unique names to the parameters, such as -moz- for Mozilla Firefox, -webkit- named after the browsing engine of Apple Saf... | CSS | Wikipedia | 446 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
CSS 2
CSS level 2 specification was developed by the W3C and published as a recommendation in May 1998. A superset of CSS 1, CSS 2 includes a number of new capabilities like absolute, relative, and fixed positioning of elements and z-index, the concept of media types, support for aural style sheets (which were later r... | CSS | Wikipedia | 494 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
Modules that build on things from CSS Level 2 started at Level 3. Some of them have already reached Level 4 or are already approaching Level 5. Other modules that define entirely new functionality, such as Flexbox, have been designated as Level 1 and some of them are approaching Level 2.
The CSS Working Group sometime... | CSS | Wikipedia | 108 | 23290197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | Technology | Stylesheet languages | null |
|-
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Legend
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Group 11, by modern IUPAC numbering, is a group of chemical elements in the periodic table, consisting of copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and roentgenium (Rg), although no chemical experiments ... | Group 11 element | Wikipedia | 507 | 23290471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%2011%20element | Physical sciences | Group 11 | Chemistry |
All group 11 elements are relatively inert, corrosion-resistant metals. Copper and gold are colored, but silver is not. Roentgenium is expected to be silvery, though it has not been produced in large enough amounts to confirm this.
These elements have low electrical resistivity so they are used for wiring. Copper is ... | Group 11 element | Wikipedia | 450 | 23290471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%2011%20element | Physical sciences | Group 11 | Chemistry |
Gold, silver, and copper are quite soft metals and so are easily damaged in daily use as coins. Precious metal may also be easily abraded and worn away through use. In their numismatic functions these metals must be alloyed with other metals to afford coins greater durability. The alloying with other metals makes the r... | Group 11 element | Wikipedia | 402 | 23290471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%2011%20element | Physical sciences | Group 11 | Chemistry |
Biological role and toxicity
Copper, although toxic in excessive amounts, is essential for life. It can be found in hemocyanin, cytochrome c oxidase and in superoxide dismutase. Copper is shown to have antimicrobial properties which make it useful for hospital doorknobs to keep diseases from being spread. Eating food i... | Group 11 element | Wikipedia | 249 | 23290471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%2011%20element | Physical sciences | Group 11 | Chemistry |
In an electric power system, automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of ge... | Automatic generation control | Wikipedia | 511 | 33409078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20generation%20control | Technology | Concepts | null |
is the regulation constant which quantifies the sensitivity of the generator to a change in frequency
is the change in frequency.
For steam turbines, steam turbine governing adjusts the mechanical output of the turbine by increasing or decreasing the amount of steam entering the turbine via a throttle valve.
Load-f... | Automatic generation control | Wikipedia | 244 | 33409078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20generation%20control | Technology | Concepts | null |
Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), motherboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, and computer case. It includes external devices such as a monitor, mouse, keyboard, and speakers.
By contrast, software is a... | Computer hardware | Wikipedia | 495 | 21808348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20hardware | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Around this time, technological advancement in relays and vacuum tubes enabled the construction of the first computers. Building on Babbage's design, relay computers were built by George Stibitz at Bell Laboratories and Harvard University's Howard Aiken, who engineered the MARK I. Also in 1945, mathematician John von ... | Computer hardware | Wikipedia | 306 | 21808348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20hardware | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Instruction set architecture
The most common instruction set architecture (ISA)—the interface between a computer's hardware and software—is based on the one devised by von Neumann in 1945. Despite the separation of the computing unit and the I/O system in many diagrams, typically the hardware is shared, with a bit in t... | Computer hardware | Wikipedia | 412 | 21808348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20hardware | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Microarchitecture
Microarchitecture, also known as computer organization, refers to high-level hardware questions such as the design of the CPU, memory, and memory interconnect. Memory hierarchy ensures that the memory quicker to access (and more expensive) is located closer to the CPU, while slower, cheaper memory for... | Computer hardware | Wikipedia | 464 | 21808348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20hardware | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Desktop personal computers have a monitor, a keyboard, a mouse, and a computer case. The computer case holds the motherboard, fixed or removable disk drives for data storage, the power supply, and may contain other peripheral devices such as modems or network interfaces. Some models of desktop computers integrated th... | Computer hardware | Wikipedia | 334 | 21808348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20hardware | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
A mainframe computer is a much larger computer that typically fills a room and may cost many hundreds or thousands of times as much as a personal computer. They are designed to perform large numbers of calculations for governments and large enterprises.
In the 1960s and 1970s, more and more departments started to use c... | Computer hardware | Wikipedia | 385 | 21808348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20hardware | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
A computer case encloses most of the components of a desktop computer system. It provides mechanical support and protection for internal elements such as the motherboard, disk drives, and power supply, and controls and directs the flow of cooling air over internal components. The case is also part of the system to cont... | Computer hardware | Wikipedia | 314 | 21808348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20hardware | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Components directly attached to or to part of the motherboard include:
At least one CPU (central processing unit), which performs most of the calculations that enable a computer to function. It can be informally referred to as the brain of the computer. It takes program instructions from random-access memory (RAM), in... | Computer hardware | Wikipedia | 473 | 21808348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20hardware | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Permanent storage or non-volatile memory is typically higher capacity and cheaper than memory, but takes much longer to access. Historically, such storage was typically provided in the form of a hard drive, but solid-state drives (SSD) are becoming cheaper and are much faster, thus leading to their increasing adoption.... | Computer hardware | Wikipedia | 238 | 21808348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20hardware | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Expansion cards
An expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus. Expansion cards can be used to obtain or expand on features not offered by the motherboard. Using... | Computer hardware | Wikipedia | 506 | 21808348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20hardware | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Toxic computer components
The central processing unit contains many toxic materials. It contains lead and chromium in the metal plates. Resistors, semiconductors, infrared detectors, stabilizers, cables, and wires contain cadmium. The circuit boards in a computer contain mercury, and chromium. When these types of mater... | Computer hardware | Wikipedia | 484 | 21808348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20hardware | Technology | Computer hardware | null |
Microsoft Edge (or simply nicknamed Edge), based on the Chromium open-source project, also known as The New Microsoft Edge or New Edge, is a proprietary cross-platform web browser created by Microsoft, superseding Edge Legacy. In Windows 11, Edge is the only browser available from Microsoft.
First made available only ... | Microsoft Edge | Wikipedia | 473 | 44904271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Edge | Technology | Browsers | null |
Edge for Business
Starting with Edge version 116, Microsoft released Microsoft Edge for Business. A new business mode for Edge that enables end users to completely separates work and personal browsing into dedicated browser windows, in addition to offering other features aimed at admins.
Release channels
On April 8,... | Microsoft Edge | Wikipedia | 388 | 44904271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Edge | Technology | Browsers | null |
Codenamed "Anaheim", on December 6, 2018, Microsoft announced its intent to base Edge on the Chromium source code, using the same browser engine as Google Chrome but with enhancements developed by Microsoft. It was also announced that there will be versions of Edge available for older Windows versions, including Window... | Microsoft Edge | Wikipedia | 471 | 44904271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Edge | Technology | Browsers | null |
On April 29, 2022, Microsoft announced integrated VPN support for Microsoft Edge, coming in line with this privacy feature with Chrome and Firefox. There will be a free version of the integrated Edge VPN available but is limited to 1 GB of data transfer.
On November 14, 2024, Microsoft announced that they will drop su... | Microsoft Edge | Wikipedia | 436 | 44904271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Edge | Technology | Browsers | null |
Microsoft uses proprietary URL handlers in Windows 10 and 11 to redirect URLs accessed via system search functions to Edge, deliberately ignoring the user's choice of default browser. In November 2021, a patch was released to frustrate a workaround employed by the third-party tool "EdgeDeflector", with a Microsoft spok... | Microsoft Edge | Wikipedia | 353 | 44904271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Edge | Technology | Browsers | null |
Aggradation (or alluviation) is the term used in geology for the increase in land elevation, typically in a river system, due to the deposition of sediment. Aggradation occurs in areas in which the supply of sediment is greater than the amount of material that the system is able to transport. The mass balance between s... | Aggradation | Wikipedia | 341 | 4034788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggradation | Physical sciences | Sedimentology | Earth science |
Terrestrial locomotion has evolved as animals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Locomotion on land raises different problems than that in water, with reduced friction being replaced by the increased effects of gravity.
As viewed from evolutionary taxonomy, there are three basic forms of animal locomoti... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 466 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Locomotion on irregular, steep surfaces require agility and dynamic balance known as sure-footedness. Mountain goats are famed for navigating vertiginous mountainsides where the least misstep could lead to a fatal fall.
Many species of animals must sometimes locomote while safely conveying their young. Most often this... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 388 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
The "sprawling" posture is the most primitive, and is the original limb posture from which the others evolved. The upper limbs are typically held horizontally, while the lower limbs are vertical, though upper limb angle may be substantially increased in large animals. The body may drag along the ground, as in salamand... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 433 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
The number of locomotory appendages varies much between animals, and sometimes the same animal may use different numbers of its legs in different circumstances. The best contender for unipedal movement is the springtail, which while normally hexapedal, hurls itself away from danger using its furcula, a tail-like forked... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 509 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Some species of invertebrate have even more legs, the unusual velvet worm having stubby legs under the length of its body, with around several dozen pairs of legs. Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment, with typically around 50 legs, but some species have over 200. The terrestrial animals with the most legs... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 310 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
The fundamental form of the vertebrate foot has five digits, however some animals have fused digits, giving them less, and some early fishapods had more; Acanthostega had eight toes. Only ichthyosaurs evolved more than 5 digits within tetrapods, while their transition from land to water again (limb terminations were be... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 482 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Animals show a vast range of gaits, the order that they place and lift their appendages in locomotion. Gaits can be grouped into categories according to their patterns of support sequence. For quadrupeds, there are three main categories: walking gaits, running gaits, and leaping gaits. In one system (relating to hor... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 394 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
In saltation (hopping) all legs move together, instead of alternating. As a main means of locomotion, this is usually found in bipeds, or semi-bipeds. Among the mammals saltation is commonly used among kangaroos and their relatives, jerboas, springhares, kangaroo rats, hopping mice, gerbils, and sportive lemurs. Certai... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 395 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Lower body surface
Where the foot is important to the legged mammal, for limbless animals the underside of the body is important. Some animals such as snakes or legless lizards move on their smooth dry underside. Other animals have various features that aid movement. Molluscs such as slugs and snails move on a layer of... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 394 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Most snakes move using lateral undulation where a lateral wave travels down the snake's body in the opposite direction to the snake's motion and pushes the snake off irregularities in the ground. This mode of locomotion requires these irregularities to function. Another form of locomotion, rectilinear locomotion, is us... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 484 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Coastal tiger beetle larvae when threatened can flick themselves into the air and curl their bodies to form a wheels, which the wind blows, often uphill, as far as and as fast as . They also may have some ability to steer themselves in this state.
Pangolins, a type of mammal covered in thick scales, roll into a tight... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 473 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Moroccan flic-flac spiders, if provoked or threatened, can escape by doubling their normal walking speed using forward or backward flips similar to acrobatic flic-flac movements.
Limits and extremes
The fastest terrestrial animal is the cheetah, which can attain maximal sprint speeds of approximately 104 km/h (64 mph)... | Terrestrial locomotion | Wikipedia | 104 | 4037035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion | Biology and health sciences | Ethology | Biology |
Alcohol (), sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is the second most consumed psychoactive drug globally behind caffeine. Alcohol is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, decreasing electrical activity of neurons in the brain. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies alcohol as a toxic, psychoa... | Alcohol (drug) | Wikipedia | 485 | 43173137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol%20%28drug%29 | Biology and health sciences | Drugs and pharmacology | null |
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