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In 2010, NOAA (which also encourages people to report lionfish sightings, to help track lionfish population dispersal) began a campaign to encourage the consumption of the fish. The "Lionfish as Food" campaign encourages human hunting of the fish as the only form of control known to date. Increasing the catch of lionfi... | Lionfish | Wikipedia | 400 | 39152786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionfish | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Zanthoxylum piperitum, also known as Japanese pepper or Japanese prickly-ash, is a deciduous aromatic spiny shrub or small tree of the citrus and rue family Rutaceae, native to Japan and Korea.
It is called () in Japan and () in Korea. Both the leaves and fruits (peppercorns) are used as aromatics and flavorings in ... | Zanthoxylum piperitum | Wikipedia | 472 | 35245121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanthoxylum%20piperitum | Biology and health sciences | Herbs and spices | Plants |
Chemical analysis has revealed that the seeds contain remarkably high concentrations of sugar-modified derivatives (glucosides) of N-methylserotonin and N,N-dimethylserotonin, also known as bufotenin.
Cultivation
In Japan, Wakayama Prefecture boasts 80% of domestic production. Aridagawa, Wakayama produces a specialty... | Zanthoxylum piperitum | Wikipedia | 423 | 35245121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanthoxylum%20piperitum | Biology and health sciences | Herbs and spices | Plants |
The immature green berries are called (), and these may be blanched and salted, or simmered using soy sauce into dark-brown tsukudani, which is eaten as a condiment. The berries are also available as , which is just steeped in soy sauce. The berries are also cooked with small fry fish and flavored with soy sauce (), a... | Zanthoxylum piperitum | Wikipedia | 479 | 35245121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanthoxylum%20piperitum | Biology and health sciences | Herbs and spices | Plants |
Japan
In Japanese pharmaceuticals, the mature husks with seeds removed are considered the crude medicine form of . It is an ingredient in , and the wine served ceremonially. The pungent taste derives from sanshool and sanshoamide. It also contains aromatic oils geraniol, dipentene, citral, etc.
Fishing
In southern ... | Zanthoxylum piperitum | Wikipedia | 102 | 35245121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanthoxylum%20piperitum | Biology and health sciences | Herbs and spices | Plants |
The Algoman orogeny, known as the Kenoran orogeny in Canada, was an episode of mountain-building (orogeny) during the Late Archean Eon that involved repeated episodes of continental collisions, compressions and subductions. The Superior province and the Minnesota River Valley terrane collided about 2,700 to 2,500 milli... | Algoman orogeny | Wikipedia | 465 | 26416344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoman%20orogeny | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Two such terranes that now form part of the Canadian shield collided about . These were the Superior province and the large Minnesota River Valley terrane, the former composed mainly of granite and the latter of gneiss. This led to the mountain-building episode known as the Algoman orogeny in the U. S. (named for Algo... | Algoman orogeny | Wikipedia | 496 | 26416344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoman%20orogeny | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
By extrapolating the now-eroded and tilted beds upward, geologists have determined that these mountains were several kilometers high. Similar projections of the tilted beds downward, coupled with geophysical measurements on the greenstone belts in Canada, suggest the metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the belts ... | Algoman orogeny | Wikipedia | 385 | 26416344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoman%20orogeny | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Most greenstone belts, with all of their components, have been folded into troughlike synclines; the original basaltic rock, which was on the bottom, occurs on the outer margins of the trough. The overlying, younger rock units – rhyolites and greywackes – occur closer to the center of the syncline. The rocks are so int... | Algoman orogeny | Wikipedia | 417 | 26416344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoman%20orogeny | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Due to down warping along elongate zones, each belt is essentially a large downfold or downfaulted block. The areas between individual belts are fault zones consisting of granite or granitic gneiss. Its western part contains a regional pattern of east–west-trending wide granitic greenstone and metasedimentary belts (s... | Algoman orogeny | Wikipedia | 376 | 26416344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoman%20orogeny | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
The boundary between the Wabigoon and Quetico subprovinces seems to have been also controlled by colliding plates and subsequent transpressions. This Rainy Lake – Seine River fault zone is a major northeast–southwest trending strike-slip fault zone; it trends N80°E to cut through the northwest part of Voyageurs Nationa... | Algoman orogeny | Wikipedia | 435 | 26416344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoman%20orogeny | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
The Wabigoon subprovince is a formerly active volcanic island chain, made up of metavolcanic-metasedimentary intrusions. These metamorphosed rocks are volcanically derived greenstone belts, and are surrounded and cut by granitic plutons and batholiths. The subprovince's greenstone belts consist of felsic volcanics, fel... | Algoman orogeny | Wikipedia | 511 | 26416344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoman%20orogeny | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
In extensive regions of the Slave province of northern Canada, the magma that later became batholiths heated the surrounding rock to create metamorphic regions called aureoles about 2,575 million years ago. These regions are typically wide. The creation of aureoles was a continuous process, but three recognizable meta... | Algoman orogeny | Wikipedia | 342 | 26416344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoman%20orogeny | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
Metagreywackes and metapelites from two areas traversing one of these aureoles near Yellowknife have been studied. Most of the Slave province rocks are granitic with metamorphosed Yellowknife metasedimentary and volcanic rocks. Isotopic ages of these rocks is around , the time of the Kenoran orogeny. Rocks comprising t... | Algoman orogeny | Wikipedia | 271 | 26416344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoman%20orogeny | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
A psychoactive drug, mind-altering drug, or consciousness-altering drug is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior. The term psychotropic drug is often used interchangeably, while some sources present narrower definitions. Th... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 449 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Psychoactive drug misuse, dependence, and addiction have resulted in legal measures and moral debate. Governmental controls on manufacture, supply, and prescription attempt to reduce problematic medical drug use; worldwide efforts to combat trafficking in psychoactive drugs are commonly termed the "war on drugs". Ethic... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 510 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Terminology
Psychoactive and psychotropic are often used interchangeably in general and academic sources, to describe substances that act on the brain to alter cognition and perception; some sources make a distinction between the terms. One narrower definition of psychotropic refers to drugs used to treat mental disor... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 438 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Depressants reduce, or depress, activity and stimulation in the central nervous system. This category encompasses a spectrum of substances with sedative, soporific, and anesthetic properties, and include sedatives, hypnotics, and opioids.
Examples: ethanol (alcohol), opioids such as morphine, fentanyl, and codeine, ca... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 465 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
In addition, several psychoactive substances are currently employed to treat various addictions. These include acamprosate or naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism, or methadone or buprenorphine maintenance therapy in the case of opioid addiction.
Exposure to psychoactive drugs can cause changes to the brain that ... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 506 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Psychoactive drugs are often prescribed to manage pain. The subjective experience of pain is primarily regulated by endogenous opioid peptides. Thus, pain can often be managed using psychoactives that operate on this neurotransmitter system, also known as opioid receptor agonists. This class of drugs can be highly addi... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 342 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Many psychoactive substances are used for their mood and perception altering effects, including those with accepted uses in medicine and psychiatry. Examples of psychoactive substances include caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, LSD, nicotine, cannabis, and dextromethorphan. Classes of drugs frequently used recreationally incl... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 332 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Some people who take psychoactive drugs experience drug or substance induced psychosis. A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis by Murrie et al. found that the pooled proportion of transition from substance-induced psychosis to schizophrenia was 25% (95% CI 18%–35%), compared with 36% (95% CI 30%–43%) for brief, aty... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 401 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
The use of entheogens for religious purposes resurfaced in the West during the counterculture movements of the 1960s and 70s. Under the leadership of Timothy Leary, new spiritual and intention-based movements began to use LSD and other hallucinogens as tools to access deeper inner exploration. In the United States, the... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 497 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Cannabis
In the US, NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws) has led since the 1970s a movement to legalize cannabis nationally. The so-called "420 movement" is the global association of the number 420 with cannabis consumption: April 20th – fourth month, twentieth day – has become an internation... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 489 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
The psychiatric drugs fluoxetine, quetiapine, and lorazepam are ingested orally in tablet or capsule form. Alcohol and caffeine are ingested in beverage form; nicotine and cannabis are smoked or vaporized; peyote and psilocybin mushrooms are ingested in botanical form or dried; and crystalline drugs such as cocaine and... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 461 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Drugs that increase activity in particular neurotransmitter systems are called agonists. They act by increasing the synthesis of one or more neurotransmitters, by reducing its reuptake from the synapses, or by mimicking the action by binding directly to the postsynaptic receptor. Drugs that reduce neurotransmitter acti... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 405 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Psychoactive drugs are often associated with addiction or drug dependence. Dependence can be divided into two types: psychological dependence, by which a user experiences negative psychological or emotional withdrawal symptoms (e.g., depression) and physical dependence, by which a user must use a drug to avoid physical... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 342 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
The legality of psychoactive drugs has been controversial through most of recent history; the Second Opium War and Prohibition are two historical examples of legal controversy surrounding psychoactive drugs. However, in recent years, the most influential document regarding the legality of psychoactive drugs is the Sing... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 436 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
A number of animals consume different psychoactive plants, animals, berries and even fermented fruit, becoming intoxicated. An example of this is cats after consuming catnip. Traditional legends of sacred plants often contain references to animals that introduced humankind to their use. Animals and psychoactive plants ... | Psychoactive drug | Wikipedia | 190 | 33632441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive%20drug | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Homo luzonensis, also known as Callao Man and locally called "Ubag" after a mythical caveman, is an extinct, possibly pygmy, species of archaic human from the Late Pleistocene of Luzon, the Philippines. Their remains, teeth and phalanges, are known only from Callao Cave in the northern part of the island dating to befo... | Homo luzonensis | Wikipedia | 393 | 28266290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20luzonensis | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
The holotype, CCH6, comprises the upper right premolars and molars. The paratypes are: CCH1, a right third metatarsal bone of the foot; CCH2 and CCH5, two phalanges of the fingers; CCH3 and CCH4, two phalanges of the foot; CCH4, a left premolar; and CCH9, a right third molar. CCH7 represents a juvenile femoral shaft. T... | Homo luzonensis | Wikipedia | 512 | 28266290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20luzonensis | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
The finger bones are long, narrow, and curved, which is seen in Australopithecus, H. floresiensis, and sometimes modern humans. They are dorso-palmarly (from the palm to the back of the hand) compressed, and have well-developed flexor sheath attachment, which are seen in Australopithecus and the early H. habilis. Uniqu... | Homo luzonensis | Wikipedia | 399 | 28266290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20luzonensis | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
The Rizal Archaeological Site situated in Rizal, Kalinga, Philippines and within an area that has been subject to archaeological explorations since the 1950s, yielded an almost complete skeleton of a rhino (the extinct Nesorhinus philippinensis), which had been butchered by early hominins c. 709,000 years ago. Together... | Homo luzonensis | Wikipedia | 162 | 28266290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20luzonensis | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
The first direct observation of gravitational waves was made on 14 September 2015 and was announced by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations on 11 February 2016. Previously, gravitational waves had been inferred only indirectly, via their effect on the timing of pulsars in binary star systems. The waveform, detected by bot... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 381 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
The observation confirmed the last remaining directly undetected prediction of general relativity and corroborated its predictions of space-time distortion in the context of large scale cosmic events (known as strong field tests). It was heralded as inaugurating a new era of gravitational-wave astronomy, which enables ... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 510 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Indirect observation
Evidence of gravitational waves was first deduced in 1974 through the motion of the double neutron star system PSR B1913+16, in which one of the stars is a pulsar that emits electro-magnetic pulses at radio frequencies at precise, regular intervals as it rotates. Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor, wh... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 239 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
In the present approach used by LIGO, a laser beam is split and the two halves are recombined after traveling different paths. Changes to the length of the paths or the time taken for the two split beams, caused by the effect of passing gravitational waves, to reach the point where they recombine are revealed as "beats... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 471 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Throughout the development and initial observations by LIGO, several "blind injections" of fake gravitational wave signals were introduced to test the ability of the researchers to identify such signals. To protect the efficacy of blind injections, only four LIGO scientists knew when such injections occurred, and that ... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 441 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
More detailed statistical analysis of the signal, and of 16 days of surrounding data from 12 September to 20 October 2015, identified GW150914 as a real event, with an estimated significance of at least 5.1 sigma or a confidence level of 99.99994%. Corresponding wave peaks were seen at Livingston seven milliseconds bef... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 411 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Across the 0.2-second duration of the detectable signal, the relative tangential (orbiting) velocity of the black holes increased from 30% to 60% of the speed of light. The orbital frequency of 75 Hz (half the gravitational wave frequency) means that the objects were orbiting each other at a distance of only 350 km by ... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 416 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Location in the sky
Gravitational wave instruments are whole-sky monitors with little ability to resolve signals spatially. A network of such instruments is needed to locate the source in the sky through triangulation. With only the two LIGO instruments in observational mode, GW150914's source location could only be co... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 385 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
A follow-up analysis by an independent group, released in June 2016, developed a different statistical approach to estimate the spectrum of the gamma-ray transient. It concluded that Fermi GBM's data did not show evidence of a gamma ray burst, and was either background radiation or an Earth albedo transient on a 1-seco... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 482 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Observations by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission of nearby galaxies in the region of the detection, two days after the event, did not detect any new X-ray, optical or ultraviolet sources.
Announcement
The announcement of the detection was made on 11 February 2016 at a news conference in Washington, D.C. by David Rei... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 503 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
Expectations for detection of future binary merger events
On 15 June 2016, the LIGO group announced an observation of another gravitational wave signal, named GW151226. The Advanced LIGO was predicted to detect five more black hole mergers like GW150914 in its next observing campaign from November 2016 until August 201... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 396 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
The fact that the pre-merger black holes were present in a binary star system, as well as the fact that the system was compact enough to merge within the age of the universe, constrains either binary star evolution or dynamical formation scenarios, depending on how the black hole binary was formed. A significant number... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 479 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
The opportunity was limited in this signal to investigate the more complex general relativity interactions, such as tails produced by interactions between the gravitational wave and curved space-time background. Although a moderately strong signal, it is much smaller than that produced by binary-pulsar systems. In the ... | First observation of gravitational waves | Wikipedia | 401 | 49396186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20observation%20of%20gravitational%20waves | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
In mathematics, the telephone numbers or the involution numbers form a sequence of integers that count the ways people can be connected by person-to-person telephone calls. These numbers also describe the number of matchings (the Hosoya index) of a complete graph on vertices, the number of permutations on elements t... | Telephone number (mathematics) | Wikipedia | 497 | 35258497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20number%20%28mathematics%29 | Mathematics | Sequences | null |
A Ferrers diagram is a geometric shape formed by a collection of squares in the plane, grouped into a polyomino with a horizontal top edge, a vertical left edge, and a single monotonic chain of edges from top right to bottom left. A standard Young tableau is formed by placing the numbers from 1 to into these squares ... | Telephone number (mathematics) | Wikipedia | 497 | 35258497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20number%20%28mathematics%29 | Mathematics | Sequences | null |
Summation formula and approximation
The telephone numbers may be expressed exactly as a summation
In each term of the first sum, gives the number of matched pairs, the binomial coefficient counts the number of ways of choosing the elements to be matched, and the double factorial
is the product of the odd integers ... | Telephone number (mathematics) | Wikipedia | 421 | 35258497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20number%20%28mathematics%29 | Mathematics | Sequences | null |
Each vertebra (: vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal segment and the particular species.
The basic configuration of a vertebra ... | Vertebra | Wikipedia | 421 | 46521228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
A typical vertebra has a body (vertebral body), also known as the centrumwhich consists of a large anterior middle portion, and a posterior vertebral arch, also called a neural arch. The body is composed of cancellous bone, which is the spongy type of osseous tissue, whose microanatomy has been specifically studied wi... | Vertebra | Wikipedia | 281 | 46521228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles and laminae. Two pedicles extend from the sides of the vertebral body to join the body to the arch. The pedicles are short thick processes that extend, one from each side, posteriorly, from the junctions of the posteriolateral surfaces of the centrum, on its upper surface.
From ... | Vertebra | Wikipedia | 350 | 46521228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
The two transverse processes, one on each side of the vertebral body, project laterally from either side at the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They also serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments, in particular the intertransverse ligaments. There... | Vertebra | Wikipedia | 411 | 46521228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
There are seven cervical vertebrae (but eight cervical spinal nerves), designated C1 through C7. These bones are, in general, small and delicate. Their spinous processes are short (with the exception of C2 and C7, which have palpable spinous processes). C1 is also called the atlas, and C2 is also called the axis. The s... | Vertebra | Wikipedia | 400 | 46521228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
Specific to the cervical vertebra is the transverse foramen (also known as foramen transversarium). This is an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus. On the cervical vertebrae other than the atlas, the anterior and posterior tuber... | Vertebra | Wikipedia | 508 | 46521228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
The five lumbar vertebrae are the largest of the vertebrae, their robust construction being necessary for supporting greater weight than the other vertebrae. They allow significant flexion, extension and moderate lateral flexion (side-bending). The discs between these vertebrae create a natural lumbar lordosis (a spina... | Vertebra | Wikipedia | 416 | 46521228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
Somites form in the early embryo and some of these develop into sclerotomes. The sclerotomes form the vertebrae as well as the rib cartilage and part of the occipital bone. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially toward the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells fr... | Vertebra | Wikipedia | 506 | 46521228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch. In most cases this occurs in the lowest of the lumbar vertebrae (L5), but may also occur in the other lumbar vertebrae, as well as in the thoracic vertebrae.
Spinal disc herniation, more commonly called a slipped disc, is the result of a tea... | Vertebra | Wikipedia | 411 | 46521228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
In other animals, the vertebrae take the same regional names except for the coccygeal – in animals with tails, the separate vertebrae are usually called the caudal vertebrae. Because of the different types of locomotion and support needed between the aquatic and other vertebrates, the vertebrae between them show the mo... | Vertebra | Wikipedia | 387 | 46521228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
In many species, though not in mammals, the cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. In... | Vertebra | Wikipedia | 485 | 46521228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disabling chronic illness. People with ME/CFS experience profound fatigue that does not go away with rest, as well as sleep issues and problems with memory or concentration. The hallmark symptom is post-exertional malaise, a worsening of the illness which... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 448 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Classification and terminology
ME/CFS has been classified as a neurological disease by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1969, initially under the name benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. The classification of ME/CFS as a neurological disease is based on symptoms which indicate a central role of the nervous syst... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 445 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
A 2015 report from the US Institute of Medicine recommended the illness be renamed systemic exertion intolerance disease (SEID) and suggested new diagnostic criteria. While the new name was not widely adopted, the diagnostic criteria were taken over by the CDC. Like CFS, the name SEID only focuses on a single symptom, ... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 191 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Core symptoms
People with ME/CFS experience persistent debilitating fatigue. It is made worse by normal physical, mental, emotional, and social activity, and is not a result of ongoing overexertion. Rest provides limited relief from fatigue. Particularly in the initial period of illness, this fatigue is described as "... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 454 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Cognitive dysfunction in ME/CFS can be as disabling as physical symptoms, leading to difficulties at work or school, as well as in social interactions. People with ME/CFS sometimes describe it as "brain fog", and report a slowdown in information processing. Individuals may have difficulty speaking, struggling to find w... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 419 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Illness severity
ME/CFS often leads to serious disability, but the degree varies considerably. ME/CFS is generally classified into four categories of illness severity:
People with mild ME/CFS can usually still work and care for themselves, but they will need their free time to recover from these activities rather tha... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 448 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Causes
The cause of ME/CFS is not yet known. Between 60% and 80% of cases start after an infection, usually a viral infection. A genetic factor is believed to contribute, but there is no single gene known to be responsible for increased risk. Instead, many gene variants probably have a small individual effect, but the... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 439 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Different types of viral infection have been implicated in ME/CFS, including airway infections, bronchitis, gastroenteritis, or an acute "flu-like illness". Between 15% and 50% of people with long COVID also meet the diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS. Of people who get infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by the Epst... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 485 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
ME/CFS affects sleep. Individuals experience decreased sleep efficiency, take longer to fall asleep, and take longer to achieve REM sleep, a phase of sleep characterised by rapid eye movement. Changes to non-REM sleep have also been found, together suggesting a role of the autonomic nervous system. Individuals often ha... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 455 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Other
Some people with ME/CFS have abnormalities in their hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hormones. This can include lower cortisol levels, less change in cortisol levels throughout the day, and a weaker reaction to stress and stimuli. Other proposed abnormalities are reduced blood flow to the brain under orthosta... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 461 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
The 1994 CDC criteria, sometimes called the Fukuda criteria, require six months of persistent or relapsing fatigue for diagnosis, as well as the persistent presence of four out of eight other symptoms. While used frequently, the Fukuda criteria have limitations: PEM and cognitive issues are not mandatory. The large var... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 477 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Screening can be done using the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire, which assesses the frequency and severity of ME/CFS symptoms. Individuals may struggle to answer questions related to PEM, if they are unfamiliar with the symptom. To find patterns in symptoms, they may be asked to keep a diary.
A physical exam may appear c... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 431 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Possible differential diagnoses span a large set of specialties and depend on the medical history. Examples are infectious diseases, such as Epstein–Barr virus and Lyme disease, and neuroendocrine disorders, including diabetes and hypothyroidism. Blood disorders, such as anaemia, and some cancers may also present simil... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 456 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
There is no approved drug treatment or cure for ME/CFS, although some symptoms can be treated or managed. Care for ME/CFS involves multidisciplinary healthcare professionals. Usually, the primary care clinician plays an important role in coordinating health care, social care and educational support for those still in s... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 449 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Research on pacing and energy envelope theory typically shows positive effects. However, these studies have often had a low number of participants and have rarely included methods to check if study participants implemented pacing well. Pacing is difficult to apply for people with very severe ME/CFS, as the activities t... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 495 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Like in other chronic illnesses, those with ME/CFS often experience mental health issues like anxiety and depression. Psychotherapy, such as CBT may help manage the stress of being ill and teach self-management strategies. Family sessions may be useful to educate people close to those with ME/CFS about the severity of ... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 467 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
An early diagnosis may improve care and prognosis. Factors that may make the disease worse over days, but also over longer periods, are physical and mental exertion, a new infection, sleep deprivation, and emotional stress. Some people who improve need to manage their activities to prevent a relapse. Children and teena... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 441 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
History
From 1934 onwards, there were multiple outbreaks globally of an unfamiliar illness, initially mistaken for polio. A 1950s outbreak at London's Royal Free Hospital led to the term "benign myalgic encephalomyelitis" (ME). Those affected displayed symptoms such as malaise, sore throat, pain, and signs of nervous ... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 457 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
ME/CFS is a contested illness, with debates mainly revolving around the cause of the illness and treatments. Historically, there was a heated discussion about whether the condition was psychological or neurological. Professionals who subscribed to the psychological model had frequent conflicts with patients, who believ... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 508 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Economic and social impact
ME/CFS negatively impacts people's social lives and relationships. Stress can be compounded by disbelief in the illness from the support network, who can be sceptical due to the subjective nature of diagnosis. Many people with the illness feel socially isolated, and thoughts of suicide are h... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 445 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the largest biomedical funder worldwide. Using rough estimates of disease burden, a study found NIH funding for ME/CFS was only 3% to 7% of the average disease per healthy life year lost between 2015 and 2019. Worldwide, multiple sclerosis, which affects fewer people and re... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 465 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Challenges
Symptoms and their severity can widely differ among people with ME/CFS. This poses a challenge for research into the cause and progression of the disease. Dividing people into subtypes may help manage this heterogeneity. The existence of multiple diagnostic criteria and variations in how scientists apply th... | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Wikipedia | 87 | 29686197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgic%20encephalomyelitis/chronic%20fatigue%20syndrome | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Type II Cepheids are variable stars which pulsate with periods typically between 1 and 50 days. They are population II stars: old, typically metal-poor, low mass objects.
Like all Cepheid variables, Type IIs exhibit a relationship between the star's luminosity and pulsation period, making them useful as standard cand... | Type II Cepheid | Wikipedia | 473 | 29692404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20II%20Cepheid | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Period-luminosity relationship
Type II Cepheids are fainter than their classical Cepheid counterparts for a given period by about 1.6 magnitudes. Cepheid variables are used to establish the distance to the Galactic Center, globular clusters, and galaxies.
Examples
Type II Cepheids are not as well known as their type I... | Type II Cepheid | Wikipedia | 119 | 29692404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20II%20Cepheid | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Slab pull is a geophysical mechanism whereby the cooling and subsequent densifying of a subducting tectonic plate produces a downward force along the rest of the plate. In 1975 Forsyth and Uyeda used the inverse theory method to show that, of the many forces likely to be driving plate motion, slab pull was the stronges... | Slab pull | Wikipedia | 496 | 25025301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab%20pull | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
WhatsApp (officially WhatsApp Messenger) is an instant messaging (IM) and voice-over-IP (VoIP) service owned by technology conglomerate Meta. It allows users to send text, voice messages and video messages, make voice and video calls, and share images, documents, user locations, and other content. WhatsApp's client app... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 485 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Koum updated WhatsApp so that everyone in the user's network would be notified when a user's status changed. This new facility, to Koum's surprise, was used by users to ping "each other with jokey custom statuses like, 'I woke up late' or 'I'm on my way.'"
Fishman said "At some point it sort of became instant messagin... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 459 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
2014–2015
On February 19, 2014, one year after a venture capital financing round at a $1.5 billion valuation, Facebook, Inc. (now Meta Platforms) announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US$19 billion, its largest acquisition to date. At the time, it was the largest acquisition of a venture-capital-backed company in hi... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 497 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most popular messaging app in the world, with more than 600 million users. By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700 million monthly users and over 30 billion messages every day. In April 2015, Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018, the telecommunications industry would lose $386 bi... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 512 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In January 2018, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Business for small business use.
In April 2018, WhatsApp co-founder and CEO Jan Koum announced he would be leaving the company. By leaving before November 2018, due to concerns about privacy, advertising, and monetization by Facebook, Acton and Koum gave up $1.3 billion in u... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 504 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In 2022, WhatsApp added the ability for users to turn off their online status.
In March 2024, Meta announced that WhatsApp would let third-party messaging services enable interoperability with WhatsApp, a requirement of the EU's Digital Markets Act (DMA). This allows users to send messages between other messaging apps... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 424 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In July 2017, WhatsApp added support for file uploads of all file types, with a limit of 100 MB. Previously between March 2016 and May 2017, only limited file types categorised as images (JPG, PNG, GIF), videos (MP4, AVI), and documents (CSV, DOC/DOCX, PDF, PPT/PPTX, RTF, TXT, XLS/XLSX), were allowed to be shared for f... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 503 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In April 2022, WhatsApp announced undated plans to roll out a Communities feature allowing several group chats to exist in a shared space, getting unified notifications and opening up smaller discussion groups. The company also announced plans to implement reactions, the ability for administrators to delete messages in... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 447 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In October 2023, support for logging in to multiple accounts was added, allowing users to switch between different WhatsApp accounts in the same app. They also introduced passkey support, where a user can verify their login with on-device biometrics, rather than SMS. Text formatting options like code blocks, quote bloc... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 474 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In December 2024, WhatsApp introduced several new video calling features, including the ability to select specific participants from a group to make a call, rather than calling all group members. Visual effects also became available, adding visual filters to a user's video feed.
In December 2024, WhatsApp introduced a... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 482 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
WhatsApp Web
WhatsApp was officially made available for PCs through a web client, under the name WhatsApp Web, in late January 2015 through an announcement made by Koum on his Facebook page: "Our web client is simply an extension of your phone: the web browser mirrors conversations and messages from your mobile device... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 479 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In 2023, WhatsApp replaced the Electron-based apps with native versions for their respective platforms. The Windows version is based on UWP while the Mac version is a port of the iOS version using Catalyst technology.
Smartwatches
WhatsApp added support for Android Wear (now called Wear OS) in 2014.
Lack of iPad sup... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 511 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In February 2015, WhatsApp implemented voice calling, which helped WhatsApp to attract a different segment of the user population. WhatsApp's voice codec is Opus, which uses the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) and linear predictive coding (LPC) audio compression algorithms. WhatsApp uses Opus at 816 kHz sampl... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 448 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On April 5, 2016, WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end-to-end encryption to "every form of communication" on WhatsApp, and that users could now verify each other's keys. Users were also given the option to enable a trust on first use mechanism in order to be notified if a corres... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 488 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In June 2019, Facebook said that the project would be named Libra, and that a digital wallet named "Calibra" was to be integrated into Facebook and WhatsApp. After financial regulators in many regions raised concerns, Facebook stated that the currency, renamed Diem since December 2020, would require a government-issued... | WhatsApp | Wikipedia | 465 | 32058867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
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