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An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water, and some in South America are restricted to fresh water.
More than 140 species are placed in 16 genera; they are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, and in ... | Anchovy | Wikipedia | 512 | 23476857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovy | Biology and health sciences | Clupeiformes | null |
The snout is blunt with tiny, sharp teeth in both jaws. The snout contains a unique rostral organ, believed to be electro-sensory in nature, although its exact function is unknown. The mouth is larger than that of herrings and silversides, two fish which anchovies closely resemble in other respects. The anchovy eats p... | Anchovy | Wikipedia | 511 | 23476857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovy | Biology and health sciences | Clupeiformes | null |
A traditional method of processing and preserving anchovies is to gut and salt them in brine, allow them to cure, and then pack them in oil or salt. This results in a characteristic strong flavor and the flesh turning a deep grey. Pickled in vinegar, as with Spanish boquerones, anchovies are milder and the flesh retain... | Anchovy | Wikipedia | 472 | 23476857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovy | Biology and health sciences | Clupeiformes | null |
A thread is a long strand of material, often composed of several filaments or fibres, used for joining, creating or decorating textiles. Ancient Egyptians were known for creating thread using plant fibers, wool and hair. Today, thread can also be made of many different materials including but not limited to cotton, woo... | Thread (yarn) | Wikipedia | 414 | 31019086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28yarn%29 | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Weight (Wt.) and Gunze count
The most common weight system for thread specifies the length of the thread in kilometres required to weigh 1 kilogram. Therefore, a greater weight number (indicated in the American standard by the abbreviation wt) indicates a thinner, finer thread. The American standard of thread weight wa... | Thread (yarn) | Wikipedia | 278 | 31019086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28yarn%29 | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Silk machine twist
Manufacturers producing fine silk threads, apply their own scales of thread measurement using "aughts" or zeroes at the finest end and FFF at the other, thus scaling 000, 00, 0, A, B, C, D, E, F, FF, FFF. The three finest threads are described as having "three aughts", "two aughts", and "one aught" ... | Thread (yarn) | Wikipedia | 475 | 31019086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28yarn%29 | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Labeling
Threads of different composition and construction may be labeled in a variety of ways. Most threads are composed of 2 or more "plies" of fiber, and this information is often provided on thread packaging along with the finalized thread's weight, according to a particular scale of measurement. The actual physic... | Thread (yarn) | Wikipedia | 393 | 31019086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28yarn%29 | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
Single's equivalent
A spool of thread may be described in terms of its "single's equivalent". This is the cotton count size of the thread divided by the number of plies which make it up. A spool of 30/3 thread has a single's equivalent of 10, because a single strand or ply of that thread has a cotton count size of 10... | Thread (yarn) | Wikipedia | 450 | 31019086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20%28yarn%29 | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null |
A bar in a river is an elevated region of sediment (such as sand or gravel) that has been deposited by the flow. Types of bars include mid-channel bars (also called braid bars and common in braided rivers), point bars (common in meandering rivers), and mouth bars (common in river deltas). The locations of bars are dete... | Bar (river morphology) | Wikipedia | 504 | 22016602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%20%28river%20morphology%29 | Physical sciences | Fluvial landforms | Earth science |
A point bar is an area of deposition typically found in meandering rivers. Point bars form on the inside of meander bends in meandering rivers. As the flow moves around the inside of the bend in the river, the water slows down because of the shallow flow and low shear stresses there reduce the amount of material that c... | Bar (river morphology) | Wikipedia | 261 | 22016602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%20%28river%20morphology%29 | Physical sciences | Fluvial landforms | Earth science |
A mouth bar is an elevated region of sediment typically found at a river delta which is located at the mouth of a river where the river flows out to the ocean. Sediment is transported by the river and deposited, mid channel, at the mouth of the river. This occurs because, as the river widens at the mouth, the flow slow... | Bar (river morphology) | Wikipedia | 270 | 22016602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%20%28river%20morphology%29 | Physical sciences | Fluvial landforms | Earth science |
In rheology, Byerlee's law, also known as Byerlee's friction law concerns the shear stress (τ) required to slide one rock over another. The rocks have macroscopically flat surfaces, but the surfaces have small asperities that make them "rough." For a given experiment and at normal stresses (σn) below about 2000 bars (2... | Byerlee's law | Wikipedia | 250 | 43341147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byerlee%27s%20law | Physical sciences | Geophysics | Earth science |
A bull is an intact (i.e., not castrated) adult male of the species Bos taurus (cattle). More muscular and aggressive than the females of the same species (i.e. cows proper), bulls have long been an important symbol in many religions, including for sacrifices. These animals play a significant role in beef ranching, dai... | Bull | Wikipedia | 464 | 28227402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
In horned cattle, the horns of bulls tend to be thicker and somewhat shorter than those of cows, and in many breeds, they curve outwards in a flat arc rather than upwards in a lyre shape. It is not true, as is commonly believed, that bulls have horns and cows do not: the presence of horns depends on the breed, or in h... | Bull | Wikipedia | 422 | 28227402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Beef production
Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated and slaughtered for meat before the age of three years, except where they are needed (castrated) as work oxen for haulage. Most of these beef animals are castrated as calves to reduce aggressive behavior and pr... | Bull | Wikipedia | 424 | 28227402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
In many areas, placing rings in bulls' noses to help control them is traditional. The ring is usually made of copper, and is inserted through a small hole cut in the septum of the nose. It is used by attaching a lead rope either directly to it or running through it from a head collar, or for more difficult bulls, a b... | Bull | Wikipedia | 378 | 28227402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Many cattle ranches and stations run bulls with cows, and most dairy or beef farms traditionally had at least one, if not several, bulls for purposes of herd maintenance. However, the problems associated with handling a bull (particularly where cows must be removed from his presence to be worked) has prompted many dair... | Bull | Wikipedia | 456 | 28227402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The thorax is the midsection (tagma) of the hexapod body (insects and entognathans). It holds the head, legs, wings and abdomen. It is also called mesosoma or cephalothorax in other arthropods.
It is formed by the prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax and comprises the scutellum; the cervix, a membrane that separates t... | Thorax (arthropod anatomy) | Wikipedia | 261 | 33601818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorax%20%28arthropod%20anatomy%29 | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Planetary science (or more rarely, planetology) is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), celestial bodies (such as moons, asteroids, comets) and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes of their formation. It studies objects ranging in size from micrometeoroids to gas g... | Planetary science | Wikipedia | 462 | 36224143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20science | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
In more modern times, planetary science began in astronomy, from studies of the unresolved planets. In this sense, the original planetary astronomer would be Galileo, who discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter, the mountains on the Moon, and first observed the rings of Saturn, all objects of intense later study. ... | Planetary science | Wikipedia | 452 | 36224143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20science | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
In planetary science, the term geology is used in its broadest sense, to mean the study of the surface and interior parts of planets and moons, from their core to their magnetosphere. The best-known research topics of planetary geology deal with the planetary bodies in the near vicinity of the Earth: the Moon, and the ... | Planetary science | Wikipedia | 429 | 36224143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20science | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
One of the main problems when generating hypotheses on the formation and evolution of objects in the Solar System is the lack of samples that can be analyzed in the laboratory, where a large suite of tools are available, and the full body of knowledge derived from terrestrial geology can be brought to bear. Direct samp... | Planetary science | Wikipedia | 499 | 36224143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20science | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Measuring the changes in acceleration experienced by spacecraft as they orbit has allowed fine details of the gravity fields of the planets to be mapped. For example, in the 1970s, the gravity field disturbances above lunar maria were measured through lunar orbiters, which led to the discovery of concentrations of mass... | Planetary science | Wikipedia | 237 | 36224143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20science | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Planetary geodesy (also known as planetary geodetics) deals with the measurement and representation of the planets of the Solar System, their gravitational fields and geodynamic phenomena (polar motion in three-dimensional, time-varying space). The science of geodesy has elements of both astrophysics and planetary scie... | Planetary science | Wikipedia | 468 | 36224143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20science | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Exoplanetology studies exoplanets, the planets existing outside our Solar System. Until recently, the means of studying exoplanets have been extremely limited, but with the current rate of innovation in research technology, exoplanetology has become a rapidly developing subfield of astronomy.
Comparative planetary sci... | Planetary science | Wikipedia | 475 | 36224143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20science | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Professional bodies
This non-exhaustive list includes those institutions and universities with major groups of people working in planetary science. Alphabetical order is used.
Division for Planetary Sciences (DPS) of the American Astronomical Society
American Geophysical Union
Meteoritical Society
Europlanet
Gover... | Planetary science | Wikipedia | 343 | 36224143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20science | Physical sciences | Planetary science | Astronomy |
Sequoioideae, commonly referred to as redwoods, is a subfamily of coniferous trees within the family Cupressaceae, that range in the northern hemisphere. It includes the largest and tallest trees in the world. The trees in the subfamily are amongst the most notable trees in the world and are common ornamental trees.
D... | Sequoioideae | Wikipedia | 441 | 26377919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoioideae | Biology and health sciences | Gymnosperms | null |
Reticulate evolution refers to the origination of a taxon through the merging of ancestor lineages.
Polyploidy has come to be understood as quite common in plants—with estimates ranging from 47% to 100% of flowering plants and extant ferns having derived from ancient polyploidy. Within the gymnosperms however it is qui... | Sequoioideae | Wikipedia | 501 | 26377919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoioideae | Biology and health sciences | Gymnosperms | null |
Paleontology
Sequoioideae is an ancient taxon, with the oldest described Sequoioideae species, Sequoia jeholensis, recovered from Jurassic deposits. The fossil wood Medulloprotaxodioxylon, reported from the late Triassic of China, resembles Sequoiadendron giganteum and may represent an ancestral form of the Sequoioidea... | Sequoioideae | Wikipedia | 403 | 26377919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoioideae | Biology and health sciences | Gymnosperms | null |
A taxi, also known as a taxicab or simply a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice. This differs from public transport where the pick-up and drop-off locations ... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 268 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
The word taxicab is a compound word formed as a contraction of taximeter and cabriolet. Taximeter is an adaptation of the German word Taxameter, which is itself a variant of the earlier German word Taxanom. Taxe /ˈtaksə/ is a German word meaning "tax", "charge", or "scale of charges". The Medieval Latin word taxa also ... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 433 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
Horse-drawn for-hire hackney carriage services began operating in both Paris and London in the early 17th century. The first documented public hackney coach service for hire was in London in 1605. In 1625 carriages were made available for hire from innkeepers in London and the first taxi rank appeared on the Strand out... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 455 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
The modern taximeter was invented and perfected by a trio of German inventors; Wilhelm Friedrich Nedler, Ferdinand Dencker and Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn. The Daimler Victoria—the world's first motorized-powered taximeter-cab—was built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1897 and began operating in Stuttgart in June 1897. Gasol... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 426 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
Paris taxis played a memorable part in the French victory at First Battle of the Marne in the First World War. On 7 September 1914, the Military Governor of Paris, Joseph Gallieni, gathered about six hundred taxicabs at Les Invalides in central Paris to carry soldiers to the front at Nanteuil-le Haudouin, fifty kilomet... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 331 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
Taxi services are typically provided by automobiles, but in some countries various human-powered vehicles, (such as the rickshaw or pedicab) and animal-powered vehicles (such as the Hansom cab) or even boats (such as water taxies or gondolas) are also used or have been used historically. In Western Europe, Bissau, and ... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 467 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
Wheelchair taxicabs are most often specially modified vans or minivans. Wheelchair-using passengers are loaded, with the help of the driver, via a lift or, more commonly, a ramp, at the rear of the vehicle. This feature is however a subject for concern amongst Licensing Authorities who feel that the wheelchair passenge... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 504 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
Most taxi companies have some sort of livery on the vehicle, depending on the type of taxi (taxi, cab, private hire, chauffeur), country, region and operator.
Hiring
Most places allow a taxi to be "hailed" or "flagged" on the side of the street as it is approaching. Another option is a taxi stand (sometimes also call... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 431 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
When a customer calls for a taxi, a trip is dispatched by either radio or computer, via an in-vehicle mobile data terminal, to the most suitable cab. The most suitable cab may either be the one closest to the pick-up address (often determined by GPS coordinates nowadays) or the one that was the first to book into the "... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 435 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
In the United States, a nut is industry slang for the amount of money a driver has to pay upfront to lease a taxi for a specific period of time. Once that amount is collected in fare, the driver then begins to make a profit. A driver "on the nut" is trying to earn back the initial cost. This varies from city to city th... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 512 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
In London, despite the complex and haphazard road layout, such aids have only recently been employed by a small number of 'black cab' taxi (as opposed to minicab) drivers. Instead, they are required to undergo a demanding process of learning and testing called The Knowledge. This typically takes around three years and ... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 447 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
As of mid-2009 New York City had 2,019 hybrid taxis and 12 clean diesel vehicles, representing 15% of New York's 13,237 taxis in service, the most in any city in North America. At this time owners began retiring its original hybrid fleet after per vehicle. Two attempts by the Bloomberg Administration to implement poli... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 495 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
International trade association
The Taxicab, Limousine & Paratransit Association (TLPA) was established in 1917 in the United States, and is a non-profit trade association of and for the private passenger transportation industry. Today its membership spans the globe and includes 1,100 taxicab companies, executive sedan... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 475 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
Deregulation advocates may claim that the taxi service level increases most in the poorest sections of the city. The effect is highest in peak hours and bad weather, when the demand is highest.
Deregulation advocates also may claim that, in a deregulated environment:
black market taxis become legal, possibly eliminati... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 512 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
Taxi companies claim that deregulation may lead to an unstable taxi market. However, one pro-deregulation study by Kitch, Isaacson and Kasper claims that the previous argument is a myth because it ignores the U.S. free taxi competition up to 1929.
Airport taxis as a special case
Some deregulation proponents are less o... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 448 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
Opposition to deregulation
Opponents of taxi deregulation argue that deregulation will result in high taxi driver turnover rates which may cause the number of less-qualified taxi drivers to increase, dishonest business practices such as price gouging (especially on airport routes) and circuitous routing, and poor custo... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 490 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
Taxi companies claim that deregulation would cause problems, raise prices and lower service level on certain hours or in certain places.
The medallion system has been defended by some experts. They argue that the medallion system is similar to a brand-name capital asset and enforces quality of service because quality... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 498 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
In Japan, taxi deregulation resulted in modest decreases in taxi fares (primarily among long-distance trips); however, Japanese taxi fares are still very high (still the highest in the world). Also, taxi driver incomes decreased, and the earnings of taxi companies also decreased substantially. Deregulation failed to in... | Taxi | Wikipedia | 501 | 22026933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi | Technology | Road transport | null |
Demolition (also known as razing, cartage, and wrecking) is the science and engineering in safely and efficiently tearing down buildings and other artificial structures. Demolition contrasts with deconstruction, which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving valuable elements for reuse purposes.
For... | Demolition | Wikipedia | 510 | 43346724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition | Technology | Disciplines | null |
High reach demolition excavators are more often used for tall buildings where explosive demolition is not appropriate or possible. Excavators with shear attachments are typically used to dismantle steel structural elements. Hydraulic hammers are often used for concrete structures and concrete processing attachments are... | Demolition | Wikipedia | 458 | 43346724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Large buildings, tall chimneys, smokestacks, bridges, and increasingly some smaller structures may be destroyed by building implosion using explosives. Imploding a structure is very fast—the collapse itself only takes seconds—and an expert can ensure that the structure falls into its own footprint, so as not to damage ... | Demolition | Wikipedia | 341 | 43346724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition | Technology | Disciplines | null |
It takes several weeks or months to prepare a building for implosion. All items of value, such as copper wiring, are stripped from a building. Some materials must be removed, such as glass that can form deadly projectiles, and insulation that can scatter over a wide area. Non-load bearing partitions and drywall are rem... | Demolition | Wikipedia | 434 | 43346724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition | Technology | Disciplines | null |
Teardowns
In real estate, a teardown or knockdown - also derisively called "bash and build" - is a term for demolishing a building immediately after purchasing it, freeing up the land for a new, typically larger building. The term first entered the real estate lexicon in the 1990s. A teardown is often done when the re... | Demolition | Wikipedia | 245 | 43346724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition | Technology | Disciplines | null |
A galaxy group or group of galaxies (GrG) is an aggregation of galaxies comprising about 50 or fewer gravitationally bound members, each at least as luminous as the Milky Way (about 1010 times the luminosity of the Sun); collections of galaxies larger than groups that are first-order clustering are called galaxy cluste... | Galaxy group | Wikipedia | 475 | 43348949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy%20group | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
Fossil galaxy groups, fossil groups, or fossil clusters are believed to be the end-result of galaxy merging within a normal galaxy group, leaving behind the X-ray halo of the progenitor group. Galaxies within a group interact and merge. The physical process behind this galaxy-galaxy merger is dynamical friction. The t... | Galaxy group | Wikipedia | 266 | 43348949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy%20group | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
A sail is a tensile structure, which is made from fabric or other membrane materials, that uses wind power to propel sailing craft, including sailing ships, sailboats, windsurfers, ice boats, and even sail-powered land vehicles. Sails may be made from a combination of woven materials—including canvas or polyester clot... | Sail | Wikipedia | 477 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
The square rig carries the primary driving sails on horizontal spars, which are perpendicular or square, to the keel of the vessel and to the masts. These spars are called yards and their tips, beyond the lifts, are called the yardarms. A ship mainly so rigged is called a square-rigger.
A fore-and-aft rig consists of... | Sail | Wikipedia | 505 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
Lateen sails emerged by around the 2nd century CE in the Mediterranean. They did not become common until the 5th century, when there is evidence that the Mediterranean square sail (which had been in wide use throughout the classical period) was undergoing a simplification of its rigging components. Both the increasing ... | Sail | Wikipedia | 484 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
The proto-Austronesian words for sail, lay(r), and some other rigging parts date to about 3000 BCE when this group began their Pacific expansion. Austronesian rigs are distinctive in that they have spars supporting both the upper and lower edges of the sails (and sometimes in between). The sails were also made from ... | Sail | Wikipedia | 455 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
For apparent wind angles aligned with the entry point of the sail, the sail acts as an airfoil and lift is the predominant component of propulsion. For apparent wind angles behind the sail, lift diminishes and drag increases as the predominant component of propulsion. For a given true wind velocity over the surface, a ... | Sail | Wikipedia | 448 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
High-performance yachts, including the International C-Class Catamaran, have used or use rigid wing sails, which perform better than traditional soft sails but are more difficult to manage. A rigid wing sail was used by Stars and Stripes, the defender which won the 1988 America's Cup, and by USA-17, the challenger whi... | Sail | Wikipedia | 133 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
The shape of a sail is defined by its edges and corners in the plane of the sail, laid out on a flat surface. The edges may be curved, either to extend the sail's shape as an airfoil or to define its shape in use. In use, the sail becomes a curved shape, adding the dimension of depth or draft.Edges – The top of all sai... | Sail | Wikipedia | 494 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
The corner where the leech and foot connect is called the clew on a fore-and-aft sail. On a jib, the sheet is connected to the clew; on a mainsail, the sheet is connected to the boom (if present) near the clew. Clews are the lower two corners of a square sail. Square sails have sheets attached to their clews like trian... | Sail | Wikipedia | 343 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
Material
Sail characteristics derive, in part, from the design, construction and the attributes of the fibers, which are woven together to make the sail cloth. There are several key factors in evaluating a fiber for suitability in weaving a sail-cloth: initial modulus, breaking strength (tenacity), creep, and flex str... | Sail | Wikipedia | 492 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
Conventional sail panels are sewn together. Sails are tensile structures, so the role of a seam is to transmit a tensile load from panel to panel. For a sewn textile sail this is done through thread and is limited by the strength of the thread and the strength of the hole in the textile through which it passes. Sail se... | Sail | Wikipedia | 442 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
Fore-and-aft rigged vessels
Fore-and-aft rigged vessels have rigging that supports, shapes, and adjusts the sails to optimize their performance in the wind, which include the following lines:Supporting – Halyards raise sails and control luff tension. Topping lifts hold booms and yards aloft. On a gaff sail, brails run ... | Sail | Wikipedia | 317 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
Square-rigged vessels
Square-rigged vessels require more controlling lines than fore-and-aft rigged ones, including the following.Supporting – Halyards raise and lower the yards. Brails run from the leech to the spar to facilitate furling. Buntlines serve to raise the foot up for shortening sail or for furling. Lifts a... | Sail | Wikipedia | 235 | 43354034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail | Technology | Maritime transport | null |
The spinal column, also known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrates. The vertebral column is the defining and eponymous characteristic of the vertebrate. The spinal column is a segmented column of vertebrae that surrounds and protects the spinal cord. The vert... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 433 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
From top to bottom, there are 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae and 5 lumbar vertebrae. The number of those in the cervical region, however, is only rarely changed, while that in the coccygeal region varies most. Excluding rare deviations, the total number of vertebrae ranges from 32 to 35. In about 10% of p... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 411 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
A typical vertebra consists of two parts: the vertebral body (or centrum), which is ventral (or anterior, in the standard anatomical position) and withstands axial structural load; and the vertebral arch (also known as neural arch), which is dorsal (or posterior) and provides articulations and anchorages for ribs and ... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 434 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
From top to bottom, the vertebrae are:
Cervical spine (neck): 7 vertebrae (C1–C7)
Thoracic spine (chest/upper back): 12 vertebrae (T1–T12)
Lumbar spine (lower back): 5 vertebrae (L1–L5)
Sacrum (pelvis region): 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1–S5)
Coccyx (tailbone): 4 (3–5, fused) vertebrae
Combined vertebral regions
For ... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 501 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
The sacral curve begins at the sacrovertebral articulation, and ends at the point of the coccyx; its concavity is directed downward and forward as a kyphotic curve.
The thoracic and sacral kyphotic curves are termed primary curves, because they are present in the fetus. The cervical and lumbar curves are compensatory,... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 230 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
Posterior surface
From behind, the vertebral column presents in the median line the spinous processes. In the cervical region (with the exception of the second and seventh vertebrae), these are short, horizontal, and bifid. In the upper part of the thoracic region they are directed obliquely downward; in the middle the... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 367 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
Lateral surfaces
The sides of the vertebral column are separated from the posterior surface by the articular processes in the cervical and thoracic regions and by the transverse processes in the lumbar region. In the thoracic region, the sides of the bodies of the vertebrae are marked in the back by the facets for arti... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 288 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
Development
The striking segmented pattern of the spine is established during embryogenesis when somites are rhythmically added to the posterior of the embryo. Somite formation begins around the third week when the embryo begins gastrulation and continues until all somites are formed. Their number varies between specie... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 488 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
As the sclerotome develops, it condenses further eventually developing into the vertebral body. Development of the appropriate shapes of the vertebral bodies is regulated by HOX genes.
The less dense tissue that separates the sclerotome segments develop into the intervertebral discs.
The notochord disappears in the s... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 482 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
Spondylolisthesis is the forward displacement of a vertebra and retrolisthesis is a posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to the adjacent vertebra to a degree less than a dislocation.
Spondylolysis, also known as a pars defect, is a defect or fracture at the pars interarticularis of the vertebral a... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 368 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
Excessive or abnormal spinal curvature is classed as a spinal disease or dorsopathy and includes the following abnormal curvatures:
Kyphosis is an exaggerated kyphotic (convex) curvature of the thoracic region in the sagittal plane, also called hyperkyphosis. This produces the so-called "humpback" or "dowager's hump",... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 330 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
Variations in vertebrae
The general structure of vertebrae in other animals is largely the same as in humans. Individual vertebrae are composed of a centrum (body), arches protruding from the top and bottom of the centrum, and various processes projecting from the centrum and/or arches. An arch extending from the top o... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 511 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
Regional vertebrae
Vertebrae are defined by their location in the vertebral column. Cervical vertebrae are those in the neck area. With the exception of the two sloth genera (Choloepus and Bradypus) and the manatee genus, (Trichechus), all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae. In other vertebrates, the number of cervi... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 308 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
The vertebrae of lobe-finned fishes consist of three discrete bony elements. The vertebral arch surrounds the spinal cord, and is of broadly similar form to that found in most other vertebrates. Just beneath the arch lies a small plate-like pleurocentrum, which protects the upper surface of the notochord, and below tha... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 443 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
Other vertebrates
The general structure of human vertebrae is fairly typical of that found in other mammals, reptiles, and birds (amniotes). The shape of the vertebral body does, however, vary somewhat between different groups. In humans and other mammals, it typically has flat upper and lower surfaces, while in reptil... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 504 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
Dinosaurs
The vertebral column in dinosaurs consists of the cervical (neck), dorsal (back), sacral (hips), and caudal (tail) vertebrae. Saurischian dinosaur vertebrae sometimes possess features known as pleurocoels, which are hollow depressions on the lateral portions of the vertebrae, perforated to create an entrance ... | Spinal column | Wikipedia | 254 | 33607453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20column | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
The tree kingfishers, also called wood kingfishers or Halcyoninae, are the most numerous of the three subfamilies of birds in the kingfisher family, with around 70 species divided into 12 genera, including several species of kookaburras. The subfamily appears to have arisen in Indochina and Maritime Southeast Asia and ... | Tree kingfisher | Wikipedia | 508 | 33610705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20kingfisher | Biology and health sciences | Coraciiformes | Animals |
Genus Tanysiptera, paradise kingfishers
Common paradise kingfisher, Tanysiptera galatea
Kofiau paradise kingfisher, Tanysiptera ellioti
Biak paradise kingfisher, Tanysiptera riedelii
Numfor paradise kingfisher, Tanysiptera carolinae
Little paradise kingfisher, Tanysiptera hydrocharis
Buff-breasted paradise kingfi... | Tree kingfisher | Wikipedia | 319 | 33610705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20kingfisher | Biology and health sciences | Coraciiformes | Animals |
Genus Halcyon
Ruddy kingfisher, Halcyon coromanda
White-throated kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis
Brown-breasted kingfisher, Halcyon gularis
Javan kingfisher, Halcyon cyanoventris
Chocolate-backed kingfisher, Halcyon badia
Black-capped kingfisher, Halcyon pileata
Grey-headed kingfisher, Halcyon leucocephala
Brown... | Tree kingfisher | Wikipedia | 503 | 33610705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20kingfisher | Biology and health sciences | Coraciiformes | Animals |
Society kingfisher, Todirhamphus veneratus
Mangareva kingfisher, Todirhamphus gambieri
Niau kingfisher, Todirhamphus gertrudae
Marquesan kingfisher, Todirhamphus godeffroyi
Red-backed kingfisher, Todirhamphus pyrrhopygia
Genus Syma
Yellow-billed kingfisher, Syma torotoro
Mountain kingfisher, Syma megarhyncha | Tree kingfisher | Wikipedia | 99 | 33610705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20kingfisher | Biology and health sciences | Coraciiformes | Animals |
Description
Kingfishers are short-tailed, large-headed, compact birds with long, pointed bills. Like other Coraciiformes, they are brightly coloured. The tree kingfishers are medium to large species, mostly typical kingfishers in appearance, although shovel-billed kookaburra has a huge conical bill, and the Tanysipte... | Tree kingfisher | Wikipedia | 485 | 33610705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20kingfisher | Biology and health sciences | Coraciiformes | Animals |
Springtails (class Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects. Although the three lineages are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another ... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 478 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
Springtails also possess the ability to reduce their body size by as much as 30% through subsequent ecdyses (moulting) if temperatures rise high enough. The shrinkage is genetically controlled. Since warmer conditions increase metabolic rates and energy requirements in organisms, the reduction in body size is advantage... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 455 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
Poduromorphs are characterized by their elongated bodies and conspicuous segmentation – three thoracic segments, six abdominal segments, including a well-developed prothorax with tergal chaetae, while the first thoracic segment in Entomobryomorpha is clearly reduced and bears no chaetae.
The digestive tract of springt... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 395 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
The term "Neopleona" is essentially synonymous with Symphypleona + Neelipleona. The Neelipleona was originally seen as a particularly advanced lineage of Symphypleona, based on the shared global body shape, but the global body of the Neelipleona is realized in a completely different way than in Symphypleona. Subsequent... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 415 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
Eating behavior
Specific feeding strategies and mechanisms are employed to match specific niches. Herbivorous and detritivorous species fragment biological material present in soil and leaf litter, supporting decomposition and increasing the availability of nutrients for various species of microbes and fungi. Carnivor... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 468 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
In addition, a few species routinely climb trees and form a dominant component of canopy fauna, where they may be collected by beating or insecticide fogging. These tend to be the larger (>2 mm) species, mainly in the genera Entomobrya and Orchesella, though the densities on a per square meter basis are typically 1–2 o... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 290 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
As a group, springtails are highly sensitive to desiccation, because of their tegumentary respiration, although some species with thin, permeable cuticles have been shown to resist severe drought by regulating the osmotic pressure of their body fluid. The gregarious behaviour of Collembola, mostly driven by the attract... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 487 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
In a variegated landscape, made of a patchwork of closed (woodland) and open (meadows, cereal crops) environments, most soil-dwelling species are not specialized and can be found everywhere, but most epigeal and litter-dwelling species are attracted to a particular environment, either forested or not. As a consequence ... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 283 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
Various sources and publications have suggested that some springtails may parasitize humans, but this is entirely inconsistent with their biology, and no such phenomenon has ever been scientifically confirmed, though it has been documented that the scales or hairs from springtails can cause irritation when rubbed onto ... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 252 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
In 1952, China accused the United States military of spreading bacteria-laden insects and other objects during the Korean War by dropping them from P-51 fighters above rebel villages over North Korea. In all, the U.S. was accused of dropping ants, beetles, crickets, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, lice, springtails, and st... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 282 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
Ecotoxicology laboratory animals
Springtails are currently used in laboratory tests for the early detection of soil pollution. Acute and chronic toxicity tests have been performed by researchers, mostly using the parthenogenetic isotomid Folsomia candida. These tests have been standardized. Details on a ringtest, on t... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 406 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
Climate warming impact
In polar regions that are expected to experience among the most rapid impact from climate warming, springtails have shown contrasting responses to warming in experimental warming studies. There are negative, positive and neutral responses reported. Neutral responses to experimental warming have a... | Springtail | Wikipedia | 334 | 22037519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail | Biology and health sciences | Insects and other hexapods | null |
In the mathematics of graph drawing, Turán's brick factory problem asks for the minimum number of crossings in a drawing of a complete bipartite graph. The problem is named after Pál Turán, who formulated it while being forced to work in a brick factory during World War II.
A drawing method found by Kazimierz Zarankie... | Turán's brick factory problem | Wikipedia | 451 | 22039971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C3%A1n%27s%20brick%20factory%20problem | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
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