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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
41,796	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division%20multiplexing	Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time according to agreed rules, e.g. with each transmitter working in...	Time-division multiplexing	[ "Engineering" ]	2,125	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Synchronization" ]
41,797	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-domain%20reflectometer	A time-domain reflectometer (TDR) is an electronic instrument used to determine the characteristics of electrical lines by observing reflected pulses. It can be used to characterize and locate faults in metallic cables (for example, twisted pair wire or coaxial cable), and to locate discontinuities in a connector, prin...	Time-domain reflectometer	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	4,016	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Electronic test equipment", "Measuring instruments", "Soil physics" ]
41,799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20standard	A time standard is a specification for measuring time: either the rate at which time passes or points in time or both. In modern times, several time specifications have been officially recognized as standards, where formerly they were matters of custom and practice. An example of a kind of time standard can be a time s...	Time standard	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	3,518	[ "Physical quantities", "Time", "Timekeeping", "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Spacetime", "Time scales" ]
41,800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%20interface	A T-interface or T reference point is used for basic rate access in an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) environment. It is a User–network interface reference point that is characterized by a four-wire, 144 kbit/s (2B+D) user rate. Other characteristics of a T-interface are: it accommodates the link access...	T interface	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	170	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer networks engineering", "Computer hardware stubs", "Networking hardware" ]
41,801	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll%20switching%20trunk	In telecommunications, a toll switching trunk or toll connecting trunk is a trunk connecting an end office to a toll center as the first stage of concentration for intertoll or long-distance traffic. Operator assistance or participation may be an optional function. In U.S. common carrier telephony service, a toll ce...	Toll switching trunk	[ "Engineering" ]	125	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Communication circuits" ]
41,802	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20harmonic%20distortion	The total harmonic distortion (THD or THDi) is a measurement of the harmonic distortion present in a signal and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency. Distortion factor, a closely related term, is sometimes used as a synonym. In audio syst...	Total harmonic distortion	[ "Engineering" ]	1,954	[ "Electronic engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Audio engineering", "Audio amplifier specifications", "Electrical parameters" ]
41,805	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiver	In radio communication, a transceiver is an electronic device which is a combination of a radio transmitter and a receiver, hence the name. It can both transmit and receive radio waves using an antenna, for communication purposes. These two related functions are often combined in a single device to reduce manufacturin...	Transceiver	[ "Engineering" ]	1,173	[ "Radio electronics", "Computer networks engineering", "Networking hardware" ]
41,810	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20level%20point	In telecommunications, a transmission level point (TLP) is a test point in an electronic circuit that is typically a transmission channel. At the TLP, a test signal may be introduced or measured. Various parameters, such as the power of the signal, noise, voltage levels, wave forms, may be measured at the TLP. The nom...	Transmission level point	[ "Engineering" ]	333	[ "Electrical engineering", "Telecommunications engineering" ]
41,811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20line	In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner. The term applies when the conductors are long enough that the wave nature of the transmission must be taken into account. This applies especially to radio-frequency ...	Transmission line	[ "Engineering" ]	5,219	[ "Electrical engineering", "Electronic engineering", "Telecommunications engineering", "Distributed element circuits" ]
41,812	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20medium	A transmission medium is a system or substance that can mediate the propagation of signals for the purposes of telecommunication. Signals are typically imposed on a wave of some kind suitable for the chosen medium. For example, data can modulate sound, and a transmission medium for sounds may be air, but solids and liq...	Transmission medium	[ "Physics" ]	2,415	[ "Electromagnetic radiation", "Physical phenomena", "Radiation" ]
41,813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmit-after-receive%20time%20delay	In telecommunications, transmit-after-receive time delay is the time interval from removal of RF energy at the local receiver input until the local transmitter is automatically keyed on and the transmitted RF signal amplitude has increased to 90% of its steady-state value. An Exception: High-frequency (HF) transceiver...	Transmit-after-receive time delay	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	131	[ "Information and communications technology", "Electrical engineering", "Telecommunications engineering", "Radio technology" ]
41,817	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder	In telecommunications, a transponder is a device that, upon receiving a signal, emits a different signal in response. The term is a blend of transmitter and responder. In air navigation or radio frequency identification, a flight transponder is an automated transceiver in an aircraft that emits a coded identifying sig...	Transponder	[ "Engineering" ]	1,666	[ "Radio electronics", "Telecommunications engineering", "Wireless", "Radio-frequency identification", "Communication circuits" ]
41,820	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20redundancy%20check	In telecommunications, a transverse redundancy check (TRC) or vertical redundancy check is a redundancy check for synchronized parallel bits applied once per bit time, across the bit streams. This requires additional parallel channels for the check bit or bits. The term usually applies to a single parity bit, althoug...	Transverse redundancy check	[ "Engineering" ]	161	[ "Error detection and correction", "Reliability engineering" ]
41,823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric%20wave	In telecommunications, a tropospheric wave is a radio wave that travels via reflection in the troposphere. Trophospheric waves are propagated from a place of abrupt change in the dielectric constant, or its gradient. In some cases, a ground wave may be so altered that new components appear to arise from reflection in r...	Tropospheric wave	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	109	[ "Physical phenomena", "Materials science stubs", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Radio frequency propagation", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Waves", "Electromagnetism stubs" ]
41,826	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted%20computing%20base	The trusted computing base (TCB) of a computer system is the set of all hardware, firmware, and/or software components that are critical to its security, in the sense that bugs or vulnerabilities occurring inside the TCB might jeopardize the security properties of the entire system. By contrast, parts of a computer sys...	Trusted computing base	[ "Engineering" ]	1,762	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer security procedures" ]
41,827	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnkey	A turnkey, a turnkey project, or a turnkey operation (also spelled turn-key) is a type of project that is constructed so that it can be sold to any buyer as a completed product. This is contrasted with build to order, where the constructor builds an item to the buyer's exact specifications, or when an incomplete produc...	Turnkey	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	894	[ "Building engineering", "Facilities engineering", "Mechanical engineering by discipline", "Software features" ]
41,828	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-out-of-five%20code	A two-out-of-five code is a constant-weight code that provides exactly ten possible combinations of two bits, and is thus used for representing the decimal digits using five bits. Each bit is assigned a weight, such that the set bits sum to the desired value, with an exception for zero. According to Federal Standard ...	Two-out-of-five code	[ "Mathematics" ]	664	[ "Computer arithmetic", "Arithmetic" ]
41,831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephony	Telephony ( ) is the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunications services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone. Tel...	Telephony	[ "Technology" ]	3,058	[ "Information and communications technology", "Telecommunications" ]
41,834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible%20power%20supply	An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) or uninterruptible power source is a type of continual power system that provides automated backup electric power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails. A UPS differs from a traditional auxiliary/emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provi...	Uninterruptible power supply	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	6,500	[ "Physical quantities", "Reliability engineering", "Fault tolerance", "Voltage", "Voltage stability" ]
41,835	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Time	Universal Time (UT or UT1) is a time standard based on Earth's rotation. While originally it was mean solar time at 0° longitude, precise measurements of the Sun are difficult. Therefore, UT1 is computed from a measure of the Earth's angle with respect to the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF), called the E...	Universal Time	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	1,981	[ "Time in astronomy", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Spacetime", "Time scales" ]
41,837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications%20link	In a telecommunications network, a link is a communication channel that connects two or more devices for the purpose of data transmission. The link may be a dedicated physical link or a virtual circuit that uses one or more physical links or shares a physical link with other telecommunications links. A telecommunicati...	Telecommunications link	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	930	[ "Information and communications technology", "Broadcast engineering", "Telecommunications engineering", "Telecommunications", "Electronic engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Communication circuits" ]
41,845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-length%20buffer	In telecommunications, a variable length buffer or elastic buffer is a buffer into which data may be entered at one rate and removed at another rate without changing the data sequence. Most first-in first-out (FIFO) storage devices are variable-length buffers in that the input rate may be variable while the output ...	Variable-length buffer	[ "Engineering" ]	116	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Synchronization" ]
41,849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewdata	Viewdata is a Videotex implementation. It is a type of information retrieval service in which a subscriber can access a remote database via a common carrier channel, request data and receive requested data on a video display over a separate channel. Samuel Fedida, who had the idea for Viewdata in 1968, was credited as...	Viewdata	[ "Technology" ]	783	[ "Legacy systems", "Computer systems", "History of computing", "History of computing in the United Kingdom" ]
41,851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20circuit	A virtual circuit (VC) is a means of transporting data over a data network, based on packet switching and in which a connection is first established across the network between two endpoints. The network, rather than having a fixed data rate reservation per connection as in circuit switching, takes advantage of the stat...	Virtual circuit	[ "Engineering" ]	1,565	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Communication circuits" ]
41,855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice%20frequency	A voice frequency (VF) or voice band is the range of audio frequencies used for the transmission of speech. Frequency band In telephony, the usable voice frequency band ranges from approximately 300 to 3400 Hz. It is for this reason that the ultra low frequency band of the electromagnetic spectrum between 300 and 300...	Voice frequency	[ "Physics" ]	323	[ "Waves", "Physical phenomena", "Spectrum (physical sciences)" ]
41,860	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer%20%28electronics%29	In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon (c-Si, silicium), used for the fabrication of integrated circuits and, in photovoltaics, to manufacture solar cells. The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and upon...	Wafer (electronics)	[ "Materials_science" ]	3,746	[ "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Microtechnology" ]
41,863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide	A waveguide is a structure that guides waves by restricting the transmission of energy to one direction. Common types of waveguides include acoustic waveguides which direct sound, optical waveguides which direct light, and radio-frequency waveguides which direct electromagnetic waves other than light like radio waves. ...	Waveguide	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	3,100	[ "Physical phenomena", "Electrical components", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiation", "Electrical engineering", "Components" ]
41,864	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%20impedance	The wave impedance of an electromagnetic wave is the ratio of the transverse components of the electric and magnetic fields (the transverse components being those at right angles to the direction of propagation). For a transverse-electric-magnetic (TEM) plane wave traveling through a homogeneous medium, the wave imped...	Wave impedance	[ "Physics" ]	709	[ "Physical phenomena", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Classical mechanics", "Waves", "Wave mechanics", "Radiation" ]
41,868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband%20modem	In telecommunications, the term wideband modem has the following meanings: A modem whose modulated output signal can have an essential frequency spectrum that is broader than that which can be wholly contained within, and faithfully transmitted through, a voice channel with a nominal 4 kHz bandwidth. A modem whose ...	Wideband modem	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	80	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer networks engineering", "Computer hardware stubs", "Networking hardware" ]
41,871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20mobility%20management	Wireless mobility management in Personal Communications Service (PCS) is the assigning and controlling of wireless links for terminal network connections. Wireless mobility management provides an "alerting" function for call completion to a wireless terminal, monitors wireless link performance to determine when an auto...	Wireless mobility management	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	111	[ "Wireless networking", "Computer networks engineering" ]
41,878	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip-cord	Zip-cord is a type of electrical cable with two or more conductors held together by an insulating jacket that can be easily separated simply by pulling apart. In Australia it is known as 'figure-8' cable. The zip-cord term is also used with optical fiber cables consisting of two optical fibers joined in a similar man...	Zip-cord	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	184	[ "Electrical systems", "Building engineering", "Physical systems", "Electrical engineering", "Electrical wiring" ]
41,890	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20theory	In abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Groups recur throughout m...	Group theory	[ "Mathematics" ]	5,519	[ "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra" ]
41,891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20nuclide	Stable nuclides are isotopes of a chemical element whose nucleons are in a configuration that does not permit them the surplus energy required to produce a radioactive emission. The nuclei of such isotopes are not radioactive and unlike radionuclides do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. When these nuclides a...	Stable nuclide	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,809	[ "Isotopes", "Nuclear physics" ]
41,926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearest%20neighbour%20algorithm	The nearest neighbour algorithm was one of the first algorithms used to solve the travelling salesman problem approximately. In that problem, the salesman starts at a random city and repeatedly visits the nearest city until all have been visited. The algorithm quickly yields a short tour, but usually not the optimal on...	Nearest neighbour algorithm	[ "Mathematics" ]	602	[ "Mathematical relations", "Approximations", "Approximation algorithms" ]
41,927	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal%20generator	A signal generator is one of a class of electronic devices that generates electrical signals with set properties of amplitude, frequency, and wave shape. These generated signals are used as a stimulus for electronic measurements, typically used in designing, testing, troubleshooting, and repairing electronic or electr...	Signal generator	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,168	[ "Electronic test equipment", "Measuring instruments" ]
41,928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein%20four-group	In mathematics, the Klein four-group is an abelian group with four elements, in which each element is self-inverse (composing it with itself produces the identity) and in which composing any two of the three non-identity elements produces the third one. It can be described as the symmetry group of a non-square rectangl...	Klein four-group	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,339	[ "Mathematical structures", "Algebraic structures", "Finite groups" ]
41,951	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%20and%20lintel	Post and lintel (also called prop and lintel, a trabeated system, or a trilithic system) is a building system where strong horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical elements with large spaces between them. This is usually used to hold up a roof, creating a largely open space beneath, for whatever use the buil...	Post and lintel	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	811	[ "Structural engineering", "Timber framing", "Building engineering", "Building", "Structural system", "Construction", "Architectural elements", "Civil engineering", "Components", "Architecture" ]
41,957	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20impedance	In electrical engineering, impedance is the opposition to alternating current presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit. Quantitatively, the impedance of a two-terminal circuit element is the ratio of the complex representation of the sinusoidal voltage between its terminals, to the com...	Electrical impedance	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,945	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Physical properties", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
41,958	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar	Lidar (, also LIDAR, LiDAR or LADAR, an acronym of "light detection and ranging" or "laser imaging, detection, and ranging") is a method for determining ranges by targeting an object or a surface with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the receiver. Lidar may operate in a fixed directio...	Lidar	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	11,205	[ "Meteorological instrumentation and equipment", "Measuring instruments" ]
41,961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20processing	Data processing is the collection and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information. Data processing is a form of information processing, which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer. Functions Data processing may involve various processes, including:...	Data processing	[ "Technology" ]	1,160	[ "Computer data", "Data" ]
41,968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain%20%28electronics%29	In electronics, gain is a measure of the ability of a two-port circuit (often an amplifier) to increase the power or amplitude of a signal from the input to the output port by adding energy converted from some power supply to the signal. It is usually defined as the mean ratio of the signal amplitude or power at the ou...	Gain (electronics)	[ "Engineering" ]	1,060	[ "Electrical engineering", "Electrical parameters" ]
41,976	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco%20Rasetti	Franco Dino Rasetti (August 10, 1901 – December 5, 2001) was an Italian (later naturalized American) physicist, paleontologist and botanist. Together with Enrico Fermi, he discovered key processes leading to nuclear fission. Rasetti refused to work on the Manhattan Project on moral grounds. Life and career Rasetti was...	Franco Rasetti	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,103	[ "Physical chemists", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Analytical chemists", "Spectroscopists", "Spectroscopy" ]
41,985	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest%20path%20problem	In graph theory, the shortest path problem is the problem of finding a path between two vertices (or nodes) in a graph such that the sum of the weights of its constituent edges is minimized. The problem of finding the shortest path between two intersections on a road map may be modeled as a special case of the shortes...	Shortest path problem	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,918	[ "Computational problems in graph theory", "Computational mathematics", "Graph theory", "Computational problems", "Polynomial-time problems", "Network theory", "Mathematical relations", "Mathematical problems", "Graph distance" ]
41,993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity%20%28physics%29	In physics and many other areas of science and engineering the intensity or flux of radiant energy is the power transferred per unit area, where the area is measured on the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the energy. In the SI system, it has units watts per square metre (W/m2), or kg⋅s−3 in base ...	Intensity (physics)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	858	[ "Physical phenomena", "Telecommunications engineering", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Optical quantities", "Physical properties", "Radiometry" ]
41,997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20prime	A twin prime is a prime number that is either 2 less or 2 more than another prime number—for example, either member of the twin prime pair or In other words, a twin prime is a prime that has a prime gap of two. Sometimes the term twin prime is used for a pair of twin primes; an alternative name for this is prime twin...	Twin prime	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,191	[ "Unsolved problems in mathematics", "Mathematical problems", "Unsolved problems in number theory", "Number theory" ]
41,999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Mertens	Franz Mertens (20 March 1840 – 5 March 1927) (also known as Franciszek Mertens) was a Polish mathematician. He was born in Schroda in the Grand Duchy of Posen, Kingdom of Prussia (now Środa Wielkopolska, Poland) and died in Vienna, Austria. The Mertens function M(x) is the sum function for the Möbius function, in the ...	Franz Mertens	[ "Mathematics" ]	479	[ "Number theorists", "Number theory" ]
42,001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie%20van%20Leeuwenhoek	Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( ; ; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch microbiologist and microscopist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. Van ...	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,613	[ "Microscopists", "Microscopy" ]
42,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative%20software	Collaborative software or groupware is application software designed to help people working on a common task to attain their goals. One of the earliest definitions of groupware is "intentional group processes plus software to support them." Regarding available interaction, collaborative software may be divided into re...	Collaborative software	[ "Technology" ]	2,412	[ "Social software", "Mobile content", "Information systems", "Computing and society", "Computer-mediated communication" ]
42,009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo%20Avogadro	Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto (, also , ; 9 August 17769 July 1856) was an Italian scientist, most noted for his contribution to molecular theory now known as Avogadro's law, which states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure will contain...	Amedeo Avogadro	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,653	[ "Fluid dynamicists", "Fluid dynamics" ]
42,020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20radioisotope	A synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie were the first to produce a synthetic radioisotope in the 20th century. ...	Synthetic radioisotope	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	726	[ "Medicinal radiochemistry", "Radiopharmaceuticals", "Nuclear physics", "Chemicals in medicine", "Radioactivity" ]
42,021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20radioisotope	A trace radioisotope is a radioisotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts (i.e. extremely small). Generally speaking, trace radioisotopes have half-lives that are short in comparison with the age of the Earth, since primordial nuclides tend to occur in larger than trace amounts. Trace radioisotopes are therefore pr...	Trace radioisotope	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	318	[ "Nuclear chemistry stubs", "Nuclear and atomic physics stubs", "Radioactivity", "Nuclear physics" ]
42,052	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescaline	Mescaline, also known as mescalin or mezcalin, and in chemical terms 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine, is a naturally occurring psychedelic protoalkaloid of the substituted phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin. It binds to and activates certain serotonin rec...	Mescaline	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,743	[ "Alkaloids by chemical classification", "Phenethylamine alkaloids" ]
42,078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20cyanide	Hydrogen cyanide (formerly known as prussic acid) is a chemical compound with the formula HCN and structural formula . It is a highly toxic and flammable liquid that boils slightly above room temperature, at . HCN is produced on an industrial scale and is a highly valued precursor to many chemical compounds ranging fro...	Hydrogen cyanide	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,680	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Chemical weapons", "Molecules", "Signal transduction", "Gaseous signaling molecules", "Triatomic molecules", "Blood agents", "Matter" ]
42,081	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel%20of%20time	The wheel of time or wheel of history (also known as Kalachakra) is a concept found in several religious traditions and philosophies, notably religions of Indian origin such as Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism, which regard time as cyclical and consisting of repeating ages. Many other cultures contain belief in...	Wheel of time	[ "Physics" ]	1,074	[ "Spacetime", "Time in religion", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
42,113	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20flood	The Chicago flood occurred on April 13, 1992, when repair work on a bridge spanning the Chicago River damaged the wall of an abandoned and disused utility tunnel beneath the river. The resulting breach flooded basements, facilities and the underground Chicago Pedway throughout the Chicago Loop with an estimated of wat...	Chicago flood	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,340	[ "Systems engineering", "Reliability engineering", "Technological failures", "Engineering failures", "Civil engineering" ]
42,127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan%20Huygens	Christiaan Huygens, Lord of Zeelhem, ( , ; ; also spelled Huyghens; ; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor who is regarded as a key figure in the Scientific Revolution. In physics, Huygens made seminal contributions to optics and mechanics, while as an ...	Christiaan Huygens	[ "Mathematics" ]	12,284	[ "Geometers", "Geometry" ]
42,168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20communication	Data communication, including data transmission and data reception, is the transfer of data, transmitted and received over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication using radio spectrum, storage media and computer bu...	Data communication	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,135	[ "Information and communications technology", "Mass media technology", "Computer engineering", "Computer networks engineering", "Telecommunications" ]
42,169	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20number	In algebra, the dual numbers are a hypercomplex number system first introduced in the 19th century. They are expressions of the form , where and are real numbers, and is a symbol taken to satisfy with . Dual numbers can be added component-wise, and multiplied by the formula which follows from the property and t...	Dual number	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,823	[ "Differential algebra", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects", "Infinity", "Nonstandard analysis", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Mathematics of infinitesimals", "Algebraic structures", "Model theory", "Hypercomplex numbers", "Linear algebra", "Commutative algebra", "Numbers", ...
42,232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliope%20%28music%29	A calliope (see below for pronunciation) is a North American musical instrument that produces sound by sending a gas, originally steam or, more recently, compressed air, through large whistles—originally locomotive whistles. A calliope is typically very loud. Even some small calliopes are audible for miles. There is n...	Calliope (music)	[ "Physics" ]	2,074	[ "Power (physics)", "Steam power", "Physical quantities" ]
42,273	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fence	A fence is a structure that encloses an area, typically outdoors, and is usually constructed from posts that are connected by boards, wire, rails or netting. A fence differs from a wall in not having a solid foundation along its whole length. Alternatives to fencing include a ditch (sometimes filled with water, formin...	Fence	[ "Engineering" ]	2,685	[ "Military engineering", "Engineering barrages", "Buildings and structures by type", "Architecture" ]
42,274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbed%20wire	Barbed wire, also known as barb wire, is a type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strands. Its primary use is the construction of inexpensive fences, and it is also used as a security measure atop walls surrounding property. As a wire obstacle, it is a major fe...	Barbed wire	[ "Engineering" ]	6,532	[ "Area denial weapons", "Military engineering", "Engineering barrages" ]
42,301	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arity	In logic, mathematics, and computer science, arity () is the number of arguments or operands taken by a function, operation or relation. In mathematics, arity may also be called rank, but this word can have many other meanings. In logic and philosophy, arity may also be called adicity and degree. In linguistics, it is ...	Arity	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,511	[ "Abstract algebra", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Universal algebra", "Algebra" ]
42,309	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure%20%28topology%29	In topology, the closure of a subset of points in a topological space consists of all points in together with all limit points of . The closure of may equivalently be defined as the union of and its boundary, and also as the intersection of all closed sets containing . Intuitively, the closure can be thought of as ...	Closure (topology)	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,730	[ "General topology", "Topology", "Closure operators", "Order theory" ]
42,314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization	Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-national of a country acquires the nationality of that country after birth. The definition of naturalization by the International Organization for Migration of the United Nations excludes citizenship that is automatically acquired (e.g. at bi...	Naturalization	[ "Physics" ]	5,902	[ "Spacetime", "Physical quantities", "Time in government", "Time" ]
42,315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20group	In mathematics, topological groups are the combination of groups and topological spaces, i.e. they are groups and topological spaces at the same time, such that the continuity condition for the group operations connects these two structures together and consequently they are not independent from each other. Topologica...	Topological group	[ "Mathematics" ]	5,994	[ "Lie groups", "Mathematical structures", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Algebraic structures", "Topological groups" ]
42,373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic%20spiral	A logarithmic spiral, equiangular spiral, or growth spiral is a self-similar spiral curve that often appears in nature. The first to describe a logarithmic spiral was Albrecht Dürer (1525) who called it an "eternal line" ("ewige Linie"). More than a century later, the curve was discussed by Descartes (1638), and later ...	Logarithmic spiral	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,659	[ "Logarithms", "Plane curves", "Euclidean plane geometry", "E (mathematical constant)", "Exponentials", "Planes (geometry)" ]
42,400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization	In sociology, socialization (also socialisation – see spelling differences) is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society. Socialization encompasses both learning and teaching and is thus "the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained". Socialization is strongly connected to deve...	Socialization	[ "Biology" ]	5,146	[ "Deviance (sociology)", "Behavior", "Conformity", "Human behavior" ]
42,405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyology	Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). According to FishBase, 33,400 species of fish had been described as of October 2016, with approximately 250 new species described each year. Etymology ...	Ichthyology	[ "Biology" ]	2,017	[ "Subfields of zoology" ]
42,416	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X10%20%28industry%20standard%29	X10 is a protocol for communication among electronic devices used for home automation (domotics). It primarily uses power line wiring for signaling and control, where the signals involve brief radio frequency bursts representing digital information. A wireless radio-based protocol transport is also defined. X10 was de...	X10 (industry standard)	[ "Technology" ]	4,185	[ "Home automation" ]
42,445	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton%20%28unit%29	The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbols: Da or u, respectively) is a unit of mass defined as of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. The atomic mass constant, denoted mu, is defined identically, gi...	Dalton (unit)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	2,914	[ "Units of measurement", "Nuclear chemistry", "Quantity", "Units of mass", "Mass", "Chemical quantities", "nan", "Nuclear physics", "Units of chemical measurement", "Matter" ]
42,451	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaerythritol%20tetranitrate	Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), also known as PENT, pentyl, PENTA (ПЕНТА, primarily in Russian), TEN (tetraeritrit nitrate), corpent, or penthrite (or, rarely and primarily in German, as nitropenta), is an explosive material. It is the nitrate ester of pentaerythritol, and is structurally very similar to nitroglyc...	Pentaerythritol tetranitrate	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,980	[ "Explosive chemicals" ]
42,453	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkendall%20effect	The Kirkendall effect is the motion of the interface between two metals that occurs due to the difference in diffusion rates of the metal atoms. The effect can be observed, for example, by placing insoluble markers at the interface between a pure metal and an alloy containing that metal, and heating to a temperature wh...	Kirkendall effect	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,690	[ "Metallurgy", "Materials science", "nan" ]
42,515	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20monkey%20theorem	The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type any given text, including the complete works of William Shakespeare. In fact, the monkey would almost surely type every possible finite text an infinite number of times...	Infinite monkey theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	5,796	[ "Mathematical objects", "Infinity", "Theorems in probability theory", "Mathematical problems", "Articles containing proofs", "Mathematical theorems" ]
42,526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching	Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material. As a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the m...	Etching	[ "Chemistry" ]	5,657	[ "Chemical process engineering", "Chemical processes", "nan" ]
42,553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DATR	DATR is a language for lexical knowledge representation. The lexical knowledge is encoded in a network of nodes. Each node has a set of attributes encoded with it. A node can represent a word or a word form. DATR was developed in the late 1980s by Roger Evans, Gerald Gazdar and Bill Keller, and used extensively in the...	DATR	[ "Technology" ]	203	[ "Natural language processing", "Natural language and computing" ]
42,566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic%20crystal	In chemistry, an ionic crystal is a crystalline form of an ionic compound. They are solids consisting of ions bound together by their electrostatic attraction into a regular lattice. Examples of such crystals are the alkali halides, including potassium fluoride (KF), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium bromide (KBr), p...	Ionic crystal	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	205	[ "Crystallography stubs", "Materials science stubs", "Crystallography", "Crystals" ]
42,567	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen	The spleen (, from Ancient Greek σπλήν, splḗn) is an organ found in almost all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the immune system. It removes old red blood cells and holds a r...	Spleen	[ "Biology" ]	3,541	[ "Immune system", "Organ systems" ]
42,666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerg	The Zerg are a fictional race of insectoid aliens obsessed with assimilating other races into their swarm in pursuit of genetic perfection, and the overriding antagonists for much of the StarCraft franchise. Unlike the fictional universe's other primary races, the Protoss and Terrans, the Zerg lack technological inclin...	Zerg	[ "Biology" ]	3,518	[ "Superorganisms", "Fictional superorganisms" ]
42,676	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%20health%20issues	Mold health issues refer to the harmful health effects of molds ("moulds" in British English) and their mycotoxins. Molds are ubiquitous in the biosphere, and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace dust. The vast majority of molds are not hazardous to humans, and reaction to molds can vary betwe...	Mold health issues	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	4,100	[ "Humans and other species", "Fungi", "Toxicology", "Building engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Environmental engineering", "Fungi and humans", "Civil engineering", "Building defects", "Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source", "Mechanical failure", "Building biology"...
42,693	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20and%20lower%20bounds	In mathematics, particularly in order theory, an upper bound or majorant of a subset of some preordered set is an element of that is every element of . Dually, a lower bound or minorant of is defined to be an element of that is less than or equal to every element of . A set with an upper (respectively, lower) b...	Upper and lower bounds	[ "Mathematics" ]	659	[ "Order theory", "nan" ]
42,719	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%20it%20yourself	"Do it yourself" ("DIY") is the method of building, modifying, or repairing things by oneself without the direct aid of professionals or certified experts. Academic research has described DIY as behaviors where "individuals use raw and semi-raw materials and parts to produce, transform, or reconstruct material possessi...	Do it yourself	[ "Engineering" ]	3,785	[ "Construction", "Building" ]
42,728	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal%20reflection	In telecommunications, signal reflection occurs when a signal is transmitted along a transmission medium, such as a copper cable or an optical fiber. Some of the signal power may be reflected back to its origin rather than being carried all the way along the cable to the far end. This happens because imperfections in t...	Signal reflection	[ "Engineering" ]	609	[ "Radio electronics", "Electronic design", "Electronic engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Design" ]
42,739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble%20fusion	Bubble fusion is the non-technical name for a nuclear fusion reaction hypothesized to occur inside extraordinarily large collapsing gas bubbles created in a liquid during acoustic cavitation. The more technical name is sonofusion. The term was coined in 2002 with the release of a report by Rusi Taleyarkhan and collabo...	Bubble fusion	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,717	[ "Bubbles (physics)", "Foams", "Cold fusion", "Nuclear physics", "Nuclear fusion", "Fluid dynamics" ]
42,752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoluminescence	Sonoluminescence is the emission of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound. Sonoluminescence was first discovered in 1934 at the University of Cologne. It occurs when a sound wave of sufficient intensity induces a gaseous cavity within a liquid to collapse quickly, emitting a burst of light. Th...	Sonoluminescence	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,890	[ "Physical phenomena", "Luminescence", "Molecular physics", "Bubbles (physics)", "Foams", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Classical mechanics", "Acoustics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
42,764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia%20Sophia	Hagia Sophia (; ; ; ), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque,(; ), is a mosque and former church serving as a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey. The last of three church buildings to be successively erected on the site by the Eastern Roman Empire, it was completed in AD 537, becoming the world's...	Hagia Sophia	[ "Engineering" ]	21,686	[ "Civil engineering", "Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks" ]
42,766	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing%20wall	A climbing wall is an artificially constructed wall with manufactured grips (or "holds") for the hands and feet. Most walls are located indoors, and climbing on such walls is often termed indoor climbing. Some walls are brick or wooden constructions but on modern walls, the material most often used is a thick multiplex...	Climbing wall	[ "Engineering" ]	1,612	[ "Structural engineering", "Types of wall" ]
42,799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech%20synthesis	Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware products. A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render symbolic linguistic representation...	Speech synthesis	[ "Technology" ]	8,837	[ "History of human–computer interaction", "Natural language and computing", "Computational linguistics", "History of computing" ]
42,806	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone	In meteorology, a cyclone () is a large air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as viewed from above (opposite to an anticyclone). Cyclones are characterized by inward-spiraling winds that rotate abou...	Cyclone	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	4,172	[ "Physical phenomena", "Earth phenomena", "Vortices", "Weather hazards", "Weather", "Meteorological phenomena", "Dynamical systems", "Fluid dynamics" ]
42,808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite	Lignite (derived from Latin lignum meaning 'wood'), often referred to as brown coal, is a soft, brown, combustible sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat. It has a carbon content around 25–35% and is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content. When removed from the ground,...	Lignite	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,511	[ "Organic compounds", "Organic minerals" ]
42,852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20frequency	Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around to around . This is roughly between the upper limit of audio frequencies and the lower limit of infrared frequencies, an...	Radio frequency	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,673	[ "Information and communications technology", "Physical phenomena", "Telecommunications engineering", "Radio spectrum", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Radio technology", "Waves", "Motion (physics)" ]
42,869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta%20EE	Jakarta EE, formerly Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) and Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), is a set of specifications, extending Java SE with specifications for enterprise features such as distributed computing and web services. Jakarta EE applications are run on reference runtimes, which can be m...	Jakarta EE	[ "Technology" ]	2,263	[ "Computing platforms", "Java platform" ]
42,870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20Platform%2C%20Micro%20Edition	Java Platform, Micro Edition or Java ME is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for embedded and mobile devices (micro-controllers, sensors, gateways, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, TV set-top boxes, printers). Java ME was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition or ...	Java Platform, Micro Edition	[ "Technology" ]	1,619	[ "Computing platforms", "Java platform" ]
42,871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20Platform%2C%20Standard%20Edition	Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server environments. Java SE was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE). The platform uses the Java programming language and is part of the Java software-platform family...	Java Platform, Standard Edition	[ "Technology" ]	4,327	[ "Computing platforms", "Java platform" ]
42,882	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogony	Cosmogony is any model concerning the origin of the cosmos or the universe. Overview Scientific theories In astronomy, cosmogony is the study of the origin of particular astrophysical objects or systems, and is most commonly used in reference to the origin of the universe, the Solar System, or the Earth–Moon system...	Cosmogony	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	950	[ "Cosmogony", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Concepts in astronomy", "Theoretical physics", "Astrophysics", "Creation myths", "Physical cosmology" ]
42,889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusor	A fusor is a device that uses an electric field to heat ions to a temperature at which they undergo nuclear fusion. The machine induces a potential difference between two metal cages, inside a vacuum. Positive ions fall down this voltage drop, building up speed. If they collide in the center, they can fuse. This is one...	Fusor	[ "Chemistry" ]	6,022	[ "Nuclear fusion", "Fusion reactors" ]
42,896	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscometer	A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used. Thus, a rheometer can be considered as a special type of viscometer. Viscometers can measure only constant viscosity,...	Viscometer	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	5,323	[ "Polymers", "Viscosity meters", "Polymer chemistry", "Measuring instruments" ]
42,909	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus%20Henricus%20van%20%27t%20Hoff	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Jr. (; 30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch physical chemist. A highly influential theoretical chemist of his time, van 't Hoff was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His pioneering work helped found the modern theory of chemical affinity, chemical equilibrium, chemical...	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,645	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Physical chemists", "Dutch organic chemists", "Organic chemists", "Stereochemistry", "Theoretical chemistry", "Theoretical chemists", "Stereochemists" ]
42,934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryostasis%20%28clathrate%20hydrates%29	The term cryostasis was introduced to name the reversible preservation technology for live biological objects which is based on using clathrate-forming gaseous substances under increased hydrostatic pressure and hypothermic temperatures. Living tissues cooled below the freezing point of water are damaged by the dehydr...	Cryostasis (clathrate hydrates)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	465	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Biotechnology stubs", "Cryobiology", "Biochemistry" ]
42,935	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detection	In general, detection is the action of accessing information without specific cooperation from with the sender. In the history of radio communications, the term "detector" was first used for a device that detected the simple presence or absence of a radio signal, since all communications were in Morse code. The term...	Detection	[ "Technology" ]	352	[ "Wireless locating" ]
42,940	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostasis	Biostasis is the ability of an organism to tolerate environmental changes without having to actively adapt to them. Biostasis is found in organisms that live in habitats that likely encounter unfavorable living conditions, such as drought, freezing temperatures, change in pH levels, pressure, or temperature. Insects un...	Biostasis	[ "Biology" ]	1,505	[ "Ecology", "Physiology" ]

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