id stringlengths 2 8 | url stringlengths 31 117 | title stringlengths 1 71 | text stringlengths 153 118k | topic stringclasses 4
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351077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency%20and%20translucency | Transparency and translucency | In the field of optics, transparency (also called pellucidity or diaphaneity) is the physical property of allowing light to pass through the material without appreciable scattering of light. On a macroscopic scale (one in which the dimensions are much larger than the wavelengths of the photons in question), the photons... | Physical sciences | Optics | null |
351091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency%20%28human%E2%80%93computer%20interaction%29 | Transparency (human–computer interaction) | Any change in a computing system, such as a new feature or new component, is transparent if the system after change adheres to previous external interface as much as possible while changing its internal behavior. The purpose is to shield change from all systems (or human users) on the other end of the interface. Confus... | Technology | Software development: General | null |
4232899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava%20field | Lava field | A lava field, sometimes called a lava bed, is a large, mostly flat area of lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or hundreds of kilometers across the underlying terrain.
Morphology and structure
The final morphology of a lava field can reveal properties ... | Physical sciences | Volcanic landforms | Earth science |
4234786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvariella%20volvacea | Volvariella volvacea | Volvariella volvacea (also known as paddy straw mushroom or straw mushroom) is a species of edible mushroom cultivated throughout East and Southeast Asia and used extensively in Asian cuisine. They are often available fresh in regions they are cultivated, but elsewhere are more frequently found canned or dried. Worldwi... | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
4235754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviridae | Herpesviridae | Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word ἕρπειν ( 'to creep'), referring to spreading cutaneous lesions, usually involving blisters, s... | Biology and health sciences | Specific viruses | Health |
4236766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second%20system%20of%20units | Foot–pound–second system of units | The foot–pound–second system (FPS system) is a system of units built on three fundamental units: the foot for length, the (avoirdupois) pound for either mass or force (see below), and the second for time.
Variants
Collectively, the variants of the FPS system were the most common system in technical publications in En... | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
4237207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error%20correction%20code | Error correction code | In computing, telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, forward error correction (FEC) or channel coding is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or noisy communication channels.
The central idea is that the sender encodes the message in a redundant way, most ofte... | Technology | Software development: General | null |
1035900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saber-toothed%20predator | Saber-toothed predator | A saber-tooth (alternatively spelled sabre-tooth) is any member of various extinct groups of predatory therapsids, predominantly carnivoran mammals, that are characterized by long, curved saber-shaped canine teeth which protruded from the mouth when closed.
Among the earliest animals that can be described as "sabertoo... | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
1036104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midge | Midge | A midge is any small fly, including species in several families of non-mosquito nematoceran Diptera. Midges are found (seasonally or otherwise) on practically every land area outside permanently arid deserts and the frigid zones. Some midges, such as many Phlebotominae (sand fly) and Simuliidae (black fly), are vector... | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | Animals |
1036259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator | Refrigerator | A refrigerator, commonly shortened to fridge, is a commercial and home appliance consisting of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from its inside to its external environment so that its inside is cooled to a temperature below the room temperature. ... | Technology | Household appliances | null |
1037854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20electron%20model | Free electron model | In solid-state physics, the free electron model is a quantum mechanical model for the behaviour of charge carriers in a metallic solid. It was developed in 1927, principally by Arnold Sommerfeld, who combined the classical Drude model with quantum mechanical Fermi–Dirac statistics and hence it is also known as the Drud... | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Physics |
1037904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodium | Lycopodium | Lycopodium (from Greek lykos, wolf and podion, diminutive of pous, foot) is a genus of clubmosses, also known as ground pines or creeping cedars, in the family Lycopodiaceae. Two very different circumscriptions of the genus are in use. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Lycopodium is on... | Biology and health sciences | Lycophytes | Plants |
1038227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forearc | Forearc | A forearc is a region in a subduction zone between an oceanic trench and the associated volcanic arc. Forearc regions are present along convergent margins and eponymously form 'in front of' the volcanic arcs that are characteristic of convergent plate margins. A back-arc region is the companion region behind the volc... | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
1039075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma%20compound | Aroma compound | An aroma compound, also known as an odorant, aroma, fragrance or flavoring, is a chemical compound that has a smell or odor. For an individual chemical or class of chemical compounds to impart a smell or fragrance, it must be sufficiently volatile for transmission via the air to the olfactory system in the upper part o... | Physical sciences | Substance | Chemistry |
614763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark%20effect | Stark effect | The Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to the presence of an external electric field. It is the electric-field analogue of the Zeeman effect, where a spectral line is split into several components due to the presence of the magnetic field. Although initially coined f... | Physical sciences | Atomic physics | Physics |
615222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariable%20calculus | Multivariable calculus | Multivariable calculus (also known as multivariate calculus) is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus with functions of several variables: the differentiation and integration of functions involving multiple variables (multivariate), rather than just one.
Multivariable calculus may be thought of as an ... | Mathematics | Calculus and analysis | null |
615626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthorrhoea | Xanthorrhoea | Xanthorrhoea () is a genus of about 30 species of succulent flowering plants in the family Asphodelaceae. They are endemic to Australia. Common names for the plants include grasstree, grass gum-tree (for resin-yielding species), kangaroo tail, balga (Western Australia), yakka (South Australia), yamina (Tasmania), and b... | Biology and health sciences | Asparagales | Plants |
616293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft%20matter | Soft matter | Soft matter or soft condensed matter is a type of matter that can be deformed or structurally altered by thermal or mechanical stress which is of similar magnitude to thermal fluctuations.
The science of soft matter is a subfield of condensed matter physics. Soft materials include liquids, colloids, polymers, foams, g... | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Physics |
616351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya%20orbit | Molniya orbit | A Molniya orbit (, "Lightning") is a type of satellite orbit designed to provide communications and remote sensing coverage over high latitudes. It is a highly elliptical orbit with an inclination of 63.4 degrees, an argument of perigee of 270 degrees, and an orbital period of approximately half a sidereal day. The nam... | Physical sciences | Orbital mechanics | Astronomy |
616450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theaceae | Theaceae | Theaceae (), the tea family, is a family of flowering plants comprising shrubs and trees, including the economically important tea plant, and the ornamental camellias. It can be described as having from seven to 40 genera, depending on the source and the method of circumscription used. The family Ternstroemiaceae has b... | Biology and health sciences | Ericales | null |
616670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical%20engineering | Biochemical engineering | Biochemical engineering, also known as bioprocess engineering, is a field of study with roots stemming from chemical engineering and biological engineering. It mainly deals with the design, construction, and advancement of unit processes that involve biological organisms (such as fermentation) or organic molecules (oft... | Technology | Disciplines | null |
616698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borage | Borage | Borage ( or ; Borago officinalis), also known as starflower, is an annual herb in the flowering plant family Boraginaceae native to the Mediterranean region. Although the plant contains small amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, some parts are edible and its seeds provide oil.
Description
B. officinalis grows to a hei... | Biology and health sciences | Boraginales | Plants |
616769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20Bubble | Local Bubble | The Local Bubble, or Local Cavity, is a relative cavity in the interstellar medium (ISM) of the Orion Arm in the Milky Way. It contains the closest of celestial neighbours and among others, the Local Interstellar Cloud (which contains the Solar System), the neighbouring G-Cloud, the Ursa Major moving group (the closes... | Physical sciences | Notable patches of universe | Astronomy |
616814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone%20of%20Avoidance | Zone of Avoidance | The Zone of Avoidance (ZOA, ZoA), or Zone of Galactic Obscuration (ZGO), is the area of the sky that is obscured by the Milky Way.
The Zone of Avoidance was originally called the Zone of Few Nebulae in an 1878 paper by English astronomer Richard Proctor that referred to the distribution of "nebulae" in John Herschel's... | Physical sciences | Notable patches of universe | Astronomy |
616967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory%20bowel%20disease | Inflammatory bowel disease | Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) being the principal types. Crohn's disease affects the small intestine and large intestine, as well as the mouth, esophagus, stomach and the anus, whereas UC primaril... | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
616975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian%20black%20bear | Asian black bear | The Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus), also known as the Asiatic black bear, moon bear and white-chested bear, is a medium-sized bear species native to Asia that is largely adapted to an arboreal lifestyle. It lives in the Himalayas, southeastern Iran, the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent, Mainland Southeast... | Biology and health sciences | Bears | Animals |
616992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled%20burn | Controlled burn | A controlled burn or prescribed burn (Rx burn) is the practice of intentionally setting a fire to change the assemblage of vegetation and decaying material in a landscape. The purpose could be for forest management, ecological restoration, land clearing or wildfire fuel management. A controlled burn may also refer to t... | Technology | Trees and forestry | null |
616993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamroller | Steamroller | A steamroller (or steam roller) is a form of road roller – a type of heavy construction machinery used for leveling surfaces, such as roads or airfields – that is powered by a steam engine. The leveling/flattening action is achieved through a combination of the size and weight of the vehicle and the rolls: the smooth w... | Technology | Specific-purpose transportation | null |
13564008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20zoonosis | Reverse zoonosis | A reverse zoonosis, also known as a zooanthroponosis (Greek "animal", "man", "disease") or anthroponosis, is a pathogen reservoired in humans that is capable of being transmitted to non-human animals.
Terminology
Anthroponosis refers to pathogens sourced from humans and can include human to non-human animal transm... | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
174241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta | Terracotta | Terracotta, also known as terra cotta or terra-cotta (; ; ), is a clay-based non-vitreous ceramic fired at relatively low temperatures. It is therefore a term used for earthenware objects of certain types, as set out below.
Usage and definitions of the term vary, such as:
In art, pottery, applied art, and craft, "terr... | Technology | Materials | null |
174396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr%20radius | Bohr radius | The Bohr radius () is a physical constant, approximately equal to the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state. It is named after Niels Bohr, due to its role in the Bohr model of an atom. Its value is
Definition and value
The Bohr radius is defined as
where
... | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
174412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence | Birefringence | Birefringence means double refraction. It is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. These optically anisotropic materials are described as birefringent or birefractive. The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum differe... | Physical sciences | Optics | Physics |
174431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass | Fiberglass | Fiberglass (American English) or fibreglass (Commonwealth English) is a common type of fiber-reinforced plastic using glass fiber. The fibers may be randomly arranged, flattened into a sheet called a chopped strand mat, or woven into glass cloth. The plastic matrix may be a thermoset polymer matrix—most often based on ... | Technology | Materials | null |
174455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentil | Lentil | The lentil (Vicia lens or Lens culinaris) is a legume; it is an annual plant grown for its lens-shaped edible seeds, also called lentils. It is about tall, and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each.
Lentil seeds are used around the world for culinary purposes. In cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, ... | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | null |
174475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity%20theorem | Modularity theorem | The modularity theorem (formerly called the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture, Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture or modularity conjecture for elliptic curves) states that elliptic curves over the field of rational numbers are related to modular forms in a particular way. Andrew Wiles and Richard Taylor proved the modularity... | Mathematics | Diophantine equations | null |
174482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20logarithm | Common logarithm | In mathematics, the common logarithm (aka "standard logarithm") is the logarithm with base 10. It is also known as the decadic logarithm, the decimal logarithm and the Briggsian logarithm. The name "Briggsian logarithm" is in honor of the British mathematician Henry Briggs who conceived of and developed the values for ... | Mathematics | Specific functions | null |
174492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20chat | Online chat | Online chat is any direct text-, audio- or video-based (webcams), one-on-one or one-to-many (group) chat (formally also known as synchronous conferencing), using tools such as instant messengers, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), talkers and possibly MUDs or other online games. Online chat includes web-based applications that... | Technology | Internet | null |
174515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet%20character | Dirichlet character | In analytic number theory and related branches of mathematics, a complex-valued arithmetic function is a Dirichlet character of modulus (where is a positive integer) if for all integers and :
that is, is completely multiplicative.
(gcd is the greatest common divisor)
; that is, is periodic with period .
Th... | Mathematics | Subdisciplines | null |
174521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure | Infrastructure | Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical structures such as roads, railways, bridges, airports, public ... | Technology | Structures | null |
174576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform%20fault | Transform fault | A transform fault or transform boundary, is a fault along a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal. It ends abruptly where it connects to another plate boundary, either another transform, a spreading ridge, or a subduction zone. A transform fault is a special case of a strike-slip fault that also ... | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
174705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20number%20theory | Algebraic number theory | Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite f... | Mathematics | Other | null |
174706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%20operator | Laplace operator | In mathematics, the Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a scalar function on Euclidean space. It is usually denoted by the symbols , (where is the nabla operator), or . In a Cartesian coordinate system, the Laplacian is given by the sum of second partial... | Mathematics | Multivariable and vector calculus | null |
174762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection%20nebula | Reflection nebula | In astronomy, reflection nebulae are clouds of interstellar dust which might reflect the light of a nearby star or stars. The energy from the nearby stars is insufficient to ionize the gas of the nebula to create an emission nebula, but is enough to give sufficient scattering to make the dust visible. Thus, the frequen... | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
174781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission%20nebula | Emission nebula | An emission nebula is a nebula formed of ionized gases that emit light of various wavelengths. The most common source of ionization is high-energy ultraviolet photons emitted from a nearby hot star. Among the several different types of emission nebulae are H II regions, in which star formation is taking place and young... | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
174782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20field | Gravitational field | In physics, a gravitational field or gravitational acceleration field is a vector field used to explain the influences that a body extends into the space around itself. A gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena, such as the gravitational force field exerted on another massive body. It has dimensi... | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | Physics |
174823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20nebula | Dark nebula | A dark nebula or absorption nebula is a type of interstellar cloud, particularly molecular clouds, that is so dense that it obscures the visible wavelengths of light from objects behind it, such as background stars and emission or reflection nebulae. The extinction of the light is caused by interstellar dust grains in ... | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | null |
174850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusite | Andalusite | Andalusite is an aluminium nesosilicate mineral with the chemical formula Al2SiO5. This mineral was called andalousite by Delamétherie, who thought it came from Andalusia, Spain. It soon became clear that it was a locality error, and that the specimens studied were actually from El Cardoso de la Sierra, in the Spanish ... | Physical sciences | Silicate minerals | Earth science |
174901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree | Hartree | The hartree (symbol: Eh), also known as the Hartree energy, is the unit of energy in the atomic units system, named after the British physicist Douglas Hartree. Its CODATA recommended value is =
The hartree is approximately the negative electric potential energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state... | Physical sciences | Energy | Basics and measurement |
174914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20units | Atomic units | The atomic units are a system of natural units of measurement that is especially convenient for calculations in atomic physics and related scientific fields, such as computational chemistry and atomic spectroscopy. They were originally suggested and named by the physicist Douglas Hartree.
Atomic units are often abbrevi... | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
174929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer%20saccharinum | Acer saccharinum | Acer saccharinum, commonly known as silver maple, creek maple, silverleaf maple, soft maple, large maple, water maple, swamp maple, or white maple, is a species of maple native to the eastern and central United States and southeastern Canada. It is one of the most common trees in the United States.
Although the silver... | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | Plants |
174932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer%20saccharum | Acer saccharum | Acer saccharum, the sugar maple, is a species of flowering plant in the soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is native to the hardwood forests of eastern Canada and the eastern United States. Sugar maple is best known for being the primary source of maple syrup and for its brightly colored fall foliage. It may a... | Biology and health sciences | Sapindales | Plants |
174945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20charge | Elementary charge | The elementary charge, usually denoted by , is a fundamental physical constant, defined as the electric charge carried by a single proton (+1 e) or, equivalently, the magnitude of the negative electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 .
In the SI system of units, the value of the elementary ch... | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
174955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr%20magneton | Bohr magneton | In atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol ) is a physical constant and the natural unit for expressing the magnetic moment of an electron caused by its orbital or spin angular momentum.
In SI units, the Bohr magneton is defined as
and in the Gaussian CGS units as
where
is the elementary charge,
is the reduced Pl... | Physical sciences | Physical constants | Physics |
175217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome | Rhizome | In botany and dendrology, a rhizome ( ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwar... | Biology and health sciences | Plant anatomy and morphology: General | Biology |
175357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum%20depression | Postpartum depression | Postpartum depression (PPD), also called perinatal depression, is a mood disorder which may be experienced by pregnant or postpartum individuals. Symptoms include extreme sadness, low energy, anxiety, crying episodes, irritability, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns. PPD can also negatively affect the newborn c... | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
175440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20cannabis | Medical cannabis | Medical cannabis, medicinal cannabis or medical marijuana (MMJ) refers to cannabis products and cannabinoid molecules that are prescribed by physicians for their patients. The use of cannabis as medicine has a long history, but has not been as rigorously tested as other medicinal plants due to legal and governmental re... | Biology and health sciences | Pain treatments | Health |
175442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon | Chameleon | Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 200 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colours, being capable of colour-shifting camouflage. The large number of species in the... | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
175470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20monopole | Magnetic monopole | In particle physics, a magnetic monopole is a hypothetical elementary particle that is an isolated magnet with only one magnetic pole (a north pole without a south pole or vice versa). A magnetic monopole would have a net north or south "magnetic charge". Modern interest in the concept stems from particle theories, not... | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics |
175537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix | Netflix | Netflix is an American subscription video on-demand over-the-top streaming service. The service primarily distributes original and acquired films and television shows from various genres, and it is available internationally in multiple languages.
Launched in 2007, nearly a decade after Netflix, Inc. began its pioneeri... | Technology | Multimedia | null |
175596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20testing | Animal testing | Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which a... | Physical sciences | Research methods | Basics and measurement |
175641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation | Chelation | Chelation () is a type of bonding of ions and their molecules to metal ions. It involves the formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate bonds between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central metal atom. These ligands are called chelants, chelators, chelating agents, or sequestering agen... | Physical sciences | Bond structure | Chemistry |
175722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler | Boiler | A boiler is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally water) is heated. The fluid does not necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications, including water heating, central heating, boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation.
Heat source... | Technology | Heating and cooling | null |
175734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20anesthetic | Local anesthetic | A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes unconsciousness. Local anesthetics are most co... | Biology and health sciences | Anesthetics | Health |
175859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20display | Plasma display | A plasma display panel is a type of flat-panel display that uses small cells containing plasma: ionized gas that responds to electric fields. Plasma televisions were the first large (over 32 inches/81 cm diagonal) flat-panel displays to be released to the public.
Until about 2007, plasma displays were commonly used in... | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
175875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20mass | Critical mass | In nuclear engineering, a critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The critical mass of a fissionable material depends upon its nuclear properties (specifically, its nuclear fission cross-section), density, shape, enrichment, purity, temperature, and surrou... | Physical sciences | Nuclear physics | Physics |
175959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains%20electricity | Mains electricity | Mains electricity or utility power, grid power, domestic power, and wall power, or, in some parts of Canada, hydro, is a general-purpose alternating-current (AC) electric power supply. It is the form of electrical power that is delivered to homes and businesses through the electrical grid in many parts of the world. Pe... | Technology | Power transmission | null |
176052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20evolution | Molecular evolution | Molecular evolution describes how inherited DNA and/or RNA change over evolutionary time, and the consequences of this for proteins and other components of cells and organisms. Molecular evolution is the basis of phylogenetic approaches to describing the tree of life. Molecular evolution overlaps with population geneti... | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
176124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient%20Express | Orient Express | The Orient Express was a long-distance passenger luxury train service created in 1883 by the Belgian company Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL) that operated until 2009. The train traveled the length of continental Europe, with terminal stations in Paris in the northwest and Istanbul in the southeast, and ... | Technology | Railway services | null |
176159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer%20physics | Polymer physics | Polymer physics is the field of physics that studies polymers, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, as well as the kinetics of reactions involving degradation of polymers and polymerisation of monomers.
While it focuses on the perspective of condensed matter physics, polymer physics was originally a branch of st... | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
176271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Outlook | Microsoft Outlook | Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager software system from Microsoft, available as a part of the Microsoft 365 software suites. Primarily popular as an email client for businesses, Outlook also includes functions such as calendaring, task managing, contact managing, note-taking, journal logging, web brows... | Technology | Communication | null |
176304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer | Enantiomer | In chemistry, an enantiomer (/ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər), also known as an optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode, is one of a pair of molecular entities which are mirror images of each other and non-superposable.
Enantiomer molecules are like right and left hands: one cannot be superposed onto ... | Physical sciences | Stereochemistry | Chemistry |
176332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clownfish | Clownfish | Clownfish or anemonefish are fishes from the subfamily Amphiprioninae in the family Pomacentridae. Thirty species of clownfish are recognized: one in the genus Premnas, while the remaining are in the genus Amphiprion. In the wild, they all form symbiotic mutualisms with sea anemones. Depending on the species, anemonef... | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
176334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomacanthidae | Pomacanthidae | Marine angelfish are perciform fish of the family Pomacanthidae. They are found on shallow reefs in the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and mostly western Pacific Oceans. The family contains seven genera and about 86 species. They should not be confused with the freshwater angelfish, tropical cichlids of the Amazon Basin.
... | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
176354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%20wool | Mineral wool | Mineral wool is any fibrous material formed by spinning or drawing molten mineral or rock materials such as slag and ceramics.
Applications of mineral wool include thermal insulation (as both structural insulation and pipe insulation), filtration, soundproofing, and hydroponic growth medium.
Naming
Mineral wool is a... | Technology | Materials | null |
176399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeman%20effect | Zeeman effect | The Zeeman effect ( , ) is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is caused by interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic moment of the atomic electron associated to its orbital motion and spin; this interaction shifts some orbital energies more ... | Physical sciences | Atomic physics | Physics |
176426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrier | Terrier | Terrier (from Latin terra, 'earth') is a type of dog originally bred to hunt vermin. A terrier is a dog of any one of many breeds or landraces of the terrier type, which are typically small, wiry, game, and fearless. There are five different groups of terrier, with each group having different shapes and sizes.
Histor... | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | null |
176478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20sum | Riemann sum | In mathematics, a Riemann sum is a certain kind of approximation of an integral by a finite sum. It is named after nineteenth century German mathematician Bernhard Riemann. One very common application is in numerical integration, i.e., approximating the area of functions or lines on a graph, where it is also known as t... | Mathematics | Integral calculus | null |
176537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1911%20pistol | M1911 pistol | The Colt M1911 (also known as 1911, Colt 1911, Colt .45, or Colt Government in the case of Colt-produced models) is a single-action, recoil-operated, semi-automatic pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. The pistol's formal U.S. military designation as of 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber .45, M1911 for the origi... | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
10845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February | February | February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The month has 28 days in common years and 29 in leap years, with the 29th day being called the leap day.
February is the third and last month of meteorological winter in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, February is the ... | Technology | Months | null |
10857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage%20%28stratigraphy%29 | Stage (stratigraphy) | In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition. A given stage of rock and the corresponding age of time will by convention have the same name, and the same boundaries.
Rock series are divided i... | Physical sciences | Stratigraphy | Earth science |
10859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields%20Medal | Fields Medal | The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years. The name of the award honours the Canadian mathematician John Charles Fields.
The Fields Medal is reg... | Mathematics | Basics | null |
10890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20interaction | Fundamental interaction | In physics, the fundamental interactions or fundamental forces are interactions in nature that appear not to be reducible to more basic interactions. There are four fundamental interactions known to exist:
gravity
electromagnetism
weak interaction
strong interaction
The gravitational and electromagnetic interactio... | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
10891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy%20disk | Floppy disk | [[File:Image3,5-Diskette removed.jpg|thumbnail|A 3½-inch floppy disk removed from its housing]]
A floppy disk or floppy diskette (casually referred to as a floppy, a diskette, or a disk) is a type of disk storage composed of a thin and flexible disk of a magnetic storage medium in a square or nearly square plastic encl... | Technology | Non-volatile memory | null |
10902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force | Force | A force is an influence that can cause an object to change its velocity unless counterbalanced by other forces. The concept of force makes the everyday notion of pushing or pulling mathematically precise. Because the magnitude and direction of a force are both important, force is a vector quantity. The SI unit of force... | Physical sciences | Physics | null |
10911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20group | Functional group | In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the rest of the molecule's composition. This enables systematic prediction of chemic... | Physical sciences | Concepts_2 | Chemistry |
10913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal | Fractal | In mathematics, a fractal is a geometric shape containing detailed structure at arbitrarily small scales, usually having a fractal dimension strictly exceeding the topological dimension. Many fractals appear similar at various scales, as illustrated in successive magnifications of the Mandelbrot set. This exhibition of... | Mathematics | Geometry | null |
10915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid | Fluid | In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
Although the term fluid generally includes both... | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | Physics |
10918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci%20sequence | Fibonacci sequence | In mathematics, the Fibonacci sequence is a sequence in which each element is the sum of the two elements that precede it. Numbers that are part of the Fibonacci sequence are known as Fibonacci numbers, commonly denoted . Many writers begin the sequence with 0 and 1, although some authors start it from 1 and 1 and some... | Mathematics | Calculus and analysis | null |
10929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter%20aircraft | Fighter aircraft | Fighter aircraft (early on also pursuit aircraft) are military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat. In military conflict, the role of fighter aircraft is to establish air superiority of the battlespace. Domination of the airspace above a battlefield permits bombers and attack aircraft to engage in tactica... | Technology | Military aviation | null |
10931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state%20machine | Finite-state machine | A finite-state machine (FSM) or finite-state automaton (FSA, plural: automata), finite automaton, or simply a state machine, is a mathematical model of computation. It is an abstract machine that can be in exactly one of a finite number of states at any given time. The FSM can change from one state to another in respon... | Mathematics | Automata theory | null |
10933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20programming | Functional programming | In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are trees of expressions that map values to other values, rather than a sequence of imperative statements which... | Technology | Programming | null |
10939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20language | Formal language | In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language consists of words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according to a specific set of rules called a formal grammar.
The alphabet of a formal language consists of symbols, letters, or tokens that concatenate into string... | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
10949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20color%20theorem | Four color theorem | In mathematics, the four color theorem, or the four color map theorem, states that no more than four colors are required to color the regions of any map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color. Adjacent means that two regions share a common boundary of non-zero length (i.e., not merely a corner where three ... | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
10958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil | Fossil | A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood and DNA remnants. The totality of fossils is known ... | Biology and health sciences | Basics | null |
10969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable%20gate%20array | Field-programmable gate array | A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is a type of configurable integrated circuit that can be repeatedly programmed after manufacturing. FPGAs are a subset of logic devices referred to as programmable logic devices (PLDs). They consist of an array of programmable logic blocks with a connecting grid, that can be confi... | Technology | Semiconductors | null |
10975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty%20acid | Fatty acid | In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are a major component of the lipids (up to 70% by we... | Biology and health sciences | Biochemistry and molecular biology | null |
10983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order%20logic | First-order logic | First-order logic—also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, quantificational logic—is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects, and allows the use of sentences that contain variables. Ra... | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
10987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functor | Functor | In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a mapping between categories. Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) are associated to topological spaces, and maps between these algebraic objects are associated to continuous maps between... | Mathematics | Category theory | null |
11004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20group | Fundamental group | In the mathematical field of algebraic topology, the fundamental group of a topological space is the group of the equivalence classes under homotopy of the loops contained in the space. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest hom... | Mathematics | Algebra | null |
11034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20dynamics | Fluid dynamics | In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids – liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including (the study of air and other gases in motion) and (the study of water and other liquids in motion). Fluid dynamics has a w... | Physical sciences | Fluid mechanics | null |
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