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11036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin | Fin | A fin is a thin component or appendage attached to a larger body or structure. Fins typically function as foils that produce lift or thrust, or provide the ability to steer or stabilize motion while traveling in water, air, or other fluids. Fins are also used to increase surface areas for heat transfer purposes, or sim... | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
11042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat | Fat | In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
The term often refers specifically to triglycerides (triple esters of glycerol), that are the main components of vegetable oils and of fatty tiss... | Biology and health sciences | Biochemistry and molecular biology | null |
11057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge | Forge | A forge is a type of hearth used for heating metals, or the workplace (smithy) where such a hearth is located. The forge is used by the smith to heat a piece of metal to a temperature at which it becomes easier to shape by forging, or to the point at which work hardening no longer occurs. The metal (known as the "workp... | Technology | Metallurgy | null |
11062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction | Friction | Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. Types of friction include dry, fluid, lubricated, skin, and internal -- an incomplete list. The study of the processes involved is called tribology, and has a history of more than 2000 ... | Physical sciences | Classical mechanics | null |
11090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest | Forest | A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense community of trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines a forest ... | Physical sciences | Terrestrial features | null |
11123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornax | Fornax | Fornax () is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, partly ringed by the celestial river Eridanus. Its name is Latin for furnace. It was named by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1756. Fornax is one of the 88 modern constellations.
The three brightest stars—Alpha, Beta and Nu Fornacis—form... | Physical sciences | Other | Astronomy |
11145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire | Fire | Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material (the fuel) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.
At a certain point in the combustion reaction, called the ignition point, flames are produced. The flame is the visible portion of the fire. Flames consist primari... | Physical sciences | Science and medicine | null |
11149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel%20equations | Fresnel equations | The Fresnel equations (or Fresnel coefficients) describe the reflection and transmission of light (or electromagnetic radiation in general) when incident on an interface between different optical media. They were deduced by French engineer and physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel () who was the first to understand that ligh... | Physical sciences | Optics | Physics |
11168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran | Fortran | Fortran (; formerly FORTRAN) is a third generation, compiled, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.
Fortran was originally developed by IBM. It first compiled correctly in 1958. Fortran computer programs have been written to support scientific and en... | Technology | "Historical" languages | null |
11180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20analysis | Functional analysis | Functional analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-related structure (for example, inner product, norm, or topology) and the linear functions defined on these spaces and suitably respecting these structures. The historical ... | Mathematics | Calculus and analysis | null |
11240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulence | Flatulence | Flatulence is the expulsion of gas from the intestines via the anus, commonly referred to as farting. "Flatus" is the medical word for gas generated in the stomach or bowels. A proportion of intestinal gas may be swallowed environmental air, and hence flatus is not entirely generated in the stomach or bowels. The scien... | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Biology |
11274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20particle | Elementary particle | In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. The Standard Model presently recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons. As a consequence of flavor and color combinations and antimatter, the fermions and bo... | Physical sciences | Subatomic particles: General | Physics |
11296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20aid | First aid | First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with a medical emergency, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery until medical services arrive. First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical or first response training. Mental... | Biology and health sciences | General concepts | null |
11299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox | Fox | Foxes are small-to-medium-sized omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull; upright, triangular ears; a pointed, slightly upturned snout; and a long, bushy tail ("brush").
Twelve species belong to the monophyletic "true fox" group of genus Vulpes. Another 25 curre... | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
11302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidae | Felidae | Felidae () is the family of mammals in the order Carnivora colloquially referred to as cats. A member of this family is also called a felid ().
The 41 extant Felidae species exhibit the greatest diversity in fur patterns of all terrestrial carnivores. Cats have retractile claws, slender muscular bodies and strong flex... | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
11376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point%20arithmetic | Floating-point arithmetic | In computing, floating-point arithmetic (FP) is arithmetic on subsets of real numbers formed by a signed sequence of a fixed number of digits in some base, called a significand, scaled by an integer exponent of that base.
Numbers of this form are called floating-point numbers.
For example, the number 2469/200 is a flo... | Technology | Computer science | null |
11432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full%20moon | Full moon | The full moon is the lunar phase when the Moon appears fully illuminated from Earth's perspective. This occurs when Earth is located between the Sun and the Moon (when the ecliptic longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180°). This means that the lunar hemisphere facing Earth—the near side—is completely sunlit and ap... | Physical sciences | Celestial mechanics | Astronomy |
11439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster-than-light | Faster-than-light | Faster-than-light (superluminal or supercausal) travel and communication are the conjectural propagation of matter or information faster than the speed of light in vacuum (). The special theory of relativity implies that only particles with zero rest mass (i.e., photons) may travel at the speed of light, and that nothi... | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | Physics |
11464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate | Frigate | A frigate () is a type of warship. In different eras, the roles and capabilities of ships classified as frigates have varied.
The name frigate in the 17th to early 18th centuries was given to any full-rigged ship built for speed and maneuverability, intended to be used in scouting, escort and patrol roles. The term w... | Technology | Naval warfare | null |
11488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlong | Furlong | A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units equal to one-eighth of a mile, equivalent to any of 660 feet, 220 yards, 40 rods, 10 chains, or approximately 201 metres. It is now mostly confined to use in horse racing, where in many countries it is the standard measurement of rac... | Physical sciences | English | Basics and measurement |
11492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot | Foot | The foot (: feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws and/or nails.... | Biology and health sciences | Human anatomy | null |
11512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20Fourier%20transform | Fast Fourier transform | A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm that computes the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of a sequence, or its inverse (IDFT). A Fourier transform converts a signal from its original domain (often time or space) to a representation in the frequency domain and vice versa. The DFT is obtained by decomposing a se... | Mathematics | Harmonic analysis | null |
11522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-by-wire | Fly-by-wire | Fly-by-wire (FBW) is a system that replaces the conventional manual flight controls of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals, and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the ordered response.... | Technology | Aircraft components | null |
11524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit | Fahrenheit | The Fahrenheit scale () is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by the European physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736). It uses the degree Fahrenheit (symbol: °F) as the unit. Several accounts of how he originally defined his scale exist, but the original paper suggests the lower defining point, 0... | Physical sciences | Temperature | null |
11529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion | Fermion | In particle physics, a fermion is a subatomic particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermions have a half-odd-integer spin (spin , spin , etc.) and obey the Pauli exclusion principle. These particles include all quarks and leptons and all composite particles made of an odd number of these, such as all baryons an... | Physical sciences | Fermions | null |
11545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback | Feedback | Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to feed back into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems:
History
Self-regulating mechanisms h... | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
11555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence | Fluorescence | Fluorescence is one of two kinds of photoluminescence, the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. When exposed to ultraviolet radiation, many substances will glow (fluoresce) with colored visible light. The color of the light emitted depends on the chemical composi... | Physical sciences | Electrodynamics | null |
11556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20theorem%20of%20arithmetic | Fundamental theorem of arithmetic | In mathematics, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, also called the unique factorization theorem and prime factorization theorem, states that every integer greater than 1 can be represented uniquely as a product of prime numbers, up to the order of the factors. For example,
The theorem says two things about this ex... | Mathematics | Other | null |
11579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%20paradox | Fermi paradox | The Fermi paradox is the discrepancy between the lack of conclusive evidence of advanced extraterrestrial life and the apparently high likelihood of its existence. Those affirming the paradox generally conclude that if the conditions required for life to arise from non-living matter are as permissive as the available e... | Physical sciences | Astronomy basics | Astronomy |
11593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat%20Earth | Flat Earth | Flat Earth is an archaic and scientifically disproven conception of the Earth's shape as a plane or disk. Many ancient cultures subscribed to a flat-Earth cosmography, notably including the cosmology in the ancient Near East. The model has undergone a recent resurgence as a conspiracy theory.
The idea of a spherical E... | Physical sciences | Earth science basics: General | Earth science |
11615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20field | Finite field | In mathematics, a finite field or Galois field (so-named in honor of Évariste Galois) is a field that contains a finite number of elements. As with any field, a finite field is a set on which the operations of multiplication, addition, subtraction and division are defined and satisfy certain basic rules. The most com... | Mathematics | Abstract algebra | null |
11617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman%20diagram | Feynman diagram | In theoretical physics, a Feynman diagram is a pictorial representation of the mathematical expressions describing the behavior and interaction of subatomic particles. The scheme is named after American physicist Richard Feynman, who introduced the diagrams in 1948.
The calculation of probability amplitudes in theore... | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
11634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20extension | Field extension | In mathematics, particularly in algebra, a field extension is a pair of fields , such that the operations of K are those of L restricted to K. In this case, L is an extension field of K and K is a subfield of L. For example, under the usual notions of addition and multiplication, the complex numbers are an extension fi... | Mathematics | Abstract algebra | null |
11642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Dynamics%20F-16%20Fighting%20Falcon | General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon | The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is an American single-engine supersonic multirole fighter aircraft originally developed by General Dynamics for the United States Air Force (USAF). Designed as an air superiority day fighter, it evolved into a successful all-weather multirole aircraft with over 4,600 built sinc... | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
11659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier%20analysis | Fourier analysis | In mathematics, Fourier analysis () is the study of the way general functions may be represented or approximated by sums of simpler trigonometric functions. Fourier analysis grew from the study of Fourier series, and is named after Joseph Fourier, who showed that representing a function as a sum of trigonometric functi... | Mathematics | Calculus and analysis | null |
11665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtration | Filtration | Filtration is a physical separation process that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture using a filter medium that has a complex structure through which only the fluid can pass. Solid particles that cannot pass through the filter medium are described as oversize and the fluid that passes through is called the ... | Physical sciences | Separation processes | null |
11711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch | Finch | The true finches are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. Finches generally have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and nuts and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are usually resident and do not migrate. They have a worldwide native dis... | Biology and health sciences | Passerida | null |
11712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitated%20diffusion | Facilitated diffusion | Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. Being passive, facilitated transport does not directl... | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology |
11715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell%20Douglas%20F-15%20Eagle | McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle | The McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle is an American twin-engine, all-weather fighter aircraft designed by McDonnell Douglas (now part of Boeing). Following reviews of proposals, the United States Air Force (USAF) selected McDonnell Douglas's design in 1969 to meet the service's need for a dedicated air superiority fighter.... | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
11729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel%20cell | Fuel cell | A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the... | Technology | Energy storage | null |
11763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost | Frost | Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor that deposits onto a freezing surface. Frost forms when the air contains more water vapor than it can normally hold at a specific temperature. The process is similar to the formation of dew, except it occurs below the freezing point of water ... | Physical sciences | Precipitation | null |
11780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur%20seal | Fur seal | Fur seals are any of nine species of pinnipeds belonging to the subfamily Arctocephalinae in the family Otariidae. They are much more closely related to sea lions than true seals, and share with them external ears (pinnae), relatively long and muscular foreflippers, and the ability to walk on all fours. They are mark... | Biology and health sciences | Pinnipeds | Animals |
11807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetism | Ferromagnetism | Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, allowing the material to form a permanent magnet. Ferromagnetic materials are noticeably attracted to a magnet, which is a consequence o... | Physical sciences | Basics_9 | null |
11812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed%20Martin%20F-35%20Lightning%20II | Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II | The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is an American family of single-seat, single-engine, supersonic stealth strike fighters. A multirole combat aircraft designed for both air superiority and strike missions, it also has electronic warfare and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. Lockheed Marti... | Technology | Specific aircraft | null |
11815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20additive | Food additive | Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives, such as vinegar (pickling), salt (salting), smoke (smoking) and sugar (crystallization), have been used for centuries to preserve food. This allows for longer-lasting foods, such as b... | Technology | Food, water and health | null |
11835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine | Glycine | Glycine (symbol Gly or G; ) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the simplest stable amino acid (carbamic acid is unstable). Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. It is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG). Glycine is integral to the formation ... | Biology and health sciences | Amino acids | Biology |
11866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Positioning%20System | Global Positioning System | The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned by the United States Space Force and operated by Mission Delta 31. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provide geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or ne... | Technology | Navigation | null |
11924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20theory | Game theory | Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interactions. It has applications in many fields of social science, and is used extensively in economics, logic, systems science and computer science. Initially, game theory addressed two-person zero-sum games, in which a participant's gains or losses are exa... | Mathematics | Other | null |
11966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm | Firearm | A firearm is any type of gun that uses an explosive charge and is designed to be readily carried and operated by an individual. The term is legally defined further in different countries (see legal definitions).
The first firearms originated in 10th-century China, when bamboo tubes containing gunpowder and pellet proj... | Technology | Weapons | null |
11971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy%20formation%20and%20evolution | Galaxy formation and evolution | In cosmology, the study of galaxy formation and evolution is concerned with the processes that formed a heterogeneous universe from a homogeneous beginning, the formation of the first galaxies, the way galaxies change over time, and the processes that have generated the variety of structures observed in nearby galaxies... | Physical sciences | Physical cosmology | null |
11984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardening | Gardening | Gardening is the process of growing plants for their vegetables, fruits, flowers, herbs, and appearances within a designated space. Gardens fulfill a wide assortment of purposes, notably the production of aesthetically pleasing areas, medicines, cosmetics, dyes, foods, poisons, wildlife habitats, and saleable goods (se... | Technology | Forms | null |
12013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girth%20%28graph%20theory%29 | Girth (graph theory) | In graph theory, the girth of an undirected graph is the length of a shortest cycle contained in the graph. If the graph does not contain any cycles (that is, it is a forest), its girth is defined to be infinity.
For example, a 4-cycle (square) has girth 4. A grid has girth 4 as well, and a triangular mesh has girth 3.... | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
12024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20relativity | General relativity | General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics. General relativity generalizes special relativity and refines Newton's law... | Physical sciences | Theory of relativity | null |
12100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton | Graviton | In theories of quantum gravity, the graviton is the hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitational interaction. There is no complete quantum field theory of gravitons due to an outstanding mathematical problem with renormalization in general relativity. In string theory, believed by some to b... | Physical sciences | Bosons | Physics |
12103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Gate%20Bridge | Golden Gate Bridge | The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean in California, United States. The structure links San Francisco—the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula—to Marin County, carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route ... | Technology | Transport infrastructure | null |
12207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology | Geology | Geology () is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Earth sciences, including hydrology. It is integrated with Earth system science and p... | Physical sciences | Science and medicine | null |
12240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold | Gold | Gold is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals. It is one of the least reactive chemica... | Physical sciences | Chemistry | null |
12241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium | Gallium | Gallium is a chemical element; it has the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Discovered by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, gallium is in group 13 of the periodic table and is similar to the other metals of the group (aluminium, indium, and thallium).
Elemental gallium is a relatively soft, sil... | Physical sciences | Chemical elements_2 | null |
12242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium | Germanium | Germanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white and similar in appearance to silicon. It is a metalloid (more rarely considered a metal) in the carbon group that is chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. Like silicon, germanium natu... | Physical sciences | Chemical elements_2 | null |
12243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium | Gadolinium | Gadolinium is a chemical element; it has symbol Gd and atomic number 64. Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal when oxidation is removed. It is a malleable and ductile rare-earth element. Gadolinium reacts with atmospheric oxygen or moisture slowly to form a black coating. Gadolinium below its Curie point of is ferromag... | Physical sciences | Chemical elements_2 | null |
12266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics | Genetics | Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inh... | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
12278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion | Ganglion | A ganglion (: ganglia) is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, this includes dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia among a few others. In the autonomic nervous system, there are both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia which contain the cell bodies of p... | Biology and health sciences | Nervous system | Biology |
12293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical%20user%20interface | Graphical user interface | A graphical user interface, or GUI, is a form of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation. In many applications, GUIs are used instead of text-based UIs, which are based on typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs ... | Technology | User interface | null |
12295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete | Gamete | A gamete (; , ultimately ) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells, also referred to as sex cells. The name gamete was introduced by the German cytologist Eduard Strasburger in 1878.
Gametes of both m... | Biology and health sciences | Biological reproduction | Biology |
12306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical%20engineering | Geotechnical engineering | Geotechnical engineering, also known as geotechnics, is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials. It uses the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to solve its engineering problems. It also relies on knowledge of geology, hydrology, geophysics, and other rela... | Technology | Disciplines | null |
12316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20function | Gamma function | In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by Γ, capital Greek letter gamma) is the most common extension of the factorial function to complex numbers. Derived by Daniel Bernoulli, the gamma function is defined for all complex numbers except non-positive integers, and for every positive integer , The gamma funct... | Mathematics | Basics | null |
12339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically%20modified%20organism | Genetically modified organism | A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur natura... | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
12354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest%20common%20divisor | Greatest common divisor | In mathematics, the greatest common divisor (GCD), also known as greatest common factor (GCF), of two or more integers, which are not all zero, is the largest positive integer that divides each of the integers. For two integers , , the greatest common divisor of and is denoted . For example, the GCD of 8 and 12 is 4,... | Mathematics | Basics | null |
12366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite | Graphite | Graphite () is a crystalline allotrope (form) of the element carbon. It consists of many stacked layers of graphene, typically in the excess of hundreds of layers. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on a large scale (1.... | Physical sciences | Chemical elements_2 | null |
12383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20engineering | Genetic engineering | Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved o... | Technology | Food and health | null |
12385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20code | Genetic code | The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), usin... | Biology and health sciences | Genetics and taxonomy | null |
12386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20ratio | Golden ratio | In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. Expressed algebraically, for quantities and with , is in a golden ratio to if
where the Greek letter phi ( or ) denotes the golden ratio. The constant satisfies the quad... | Mathematics | Basics | null |
12388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome | Genome | A genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA), and often a substantial fraction of... | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
12395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse%20effect | Greenhouse effect | The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in a planet's atmosphere insulate the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature. Surface heating can happen from an internal heat source (as in the case of Jupiter) or come from an external source, such as its host star. In the case of Earth, th... | Physical sciences | Climatology | null |
12401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20theory | Graph theory | In mathematics and computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of vertices (also called nodes or points) which are connected by edges (also called arcs, links or lines). A distinction is mad... | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
12431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Search | Google Search | Google Search (also known simply as Google or Google.com) is a search engine operated by Google. It allows users to search for information on the Web by entering keywords or phrases. Google Search uses algorithms to analyze and rank websites based on their relevance to the search query. It is the most popular search en... | Technology | Search engines | null |
12436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape | Grape | A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus Vitis. Grapes are a non-climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.
The cultivation of grapes began approximately 8,000 years ago, and the fruit has been used as human food throughout its history. Eaten f... | Biology and health sciences | Others | null |
12437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20disorder | Genetic disorder | A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome. It can be caused by a mutation in a single gene (monogenic) or multiple genes (polygenic) or by a chromosome abnormality. Although polygenic disorders are the most common, the term is mostly used when discussing disorders with a s... | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
12439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine | Guanine | Guanine () (symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleotide bases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. The guanine nucleoside is called guanosine.
With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine... | Biology and health sciences | Nucleic acids | Biology |
12450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s%20completeness%20theorem | Gödel's completeness theorem | Gödel's completeness theorem is a fundamental theorem in mathematical logic that establishes a correspondence between semantic truth and syntactic provability in first-order logic.
The completeness theorem applies to any first-order theory: If T is such a theory, and φ is a sentence (in the same language) and every mo... | Mathematics | Model theory | null |
12460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green | Green | Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495570 nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a combination of yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer sc... | Physical sciences | Color terms | null |
12461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient | Gradient | In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar-valued differentiable function of several variables is the vector field (or vector-valued function) whose value at a point gives the direction and the rate of fastest increase. The gradient transforms like a vector under change of basis of the space of variables of . If t... | Mathematics | Multivariable and vector calculus | null |
12462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%20%28unit%29 | Gauss (unit) | The gauss (symbol: , sometimes Gs) is a unit of measurement of magnetic induction, also known as magnetic flux density. The unit is part of the Gaussian system of units, which inherited it from the older centimetre–gram–second electromagnetic units (CGS-EMU) system. It was named after the German mathematician and physi... | Physical sciences | Magnetic field | Basics and measurement |
12463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier | Glacier | A glacier (; ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. It acquires distinguishing features, such as crevasses and seracs, as it slowly flows and deforms under stresses... | Physical sciences | Glaciology | null |
12505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean%20moons | Galilean moons | The Galilean moons (), or Galilean satellites, are the four largest moons of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They are the most readily visible Solar System objects after Saturn, the dimmest of the classical planets; though their closeness to bright Jupiter makes naked-eye observation very difficult, they a... | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
12528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis%E2%80%93trans%20isomerism | Cis–trans isomerism | Cis–trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism, describes certain arrangements of atoms within molecules. The prefixes "cis" and "trans" are from Latin: "this side of" and "the other side of", respectively. In the context of chemistry, cis indicates that the functional groups (substituents) are on the same side... | Physical sciences | Stereochemistry | Chemistry |
12546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla | Gorilla | Gorillas are herbivorous, predominantly ground-dwelling great apes that inhabit the tropical forests of equatorial Africa. The genus Gorilla is divided into two species: the eastern gorilla and the western gorilla, and either four or five subspecies. The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans, from 95 to ... | Biology and health sciences | Primates | null |
12552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20auk | Great auk | The great auk (Pinguinus impennis), also known as the penguin or garefowl, is a species of flightless alcid that first appeared around 400,000 years ago and became extinct in the mid-19th century. It was the only modern species in the genus Pinguinus. It is unrelated to the penguins of the Southern Hemisphere, which w... | Biology and health sciences | Charadriiformes | Animals |
12558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy | Galaxy | A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity. The word is derived from the Greek (), literally 'milky', a reference to the Milky Way galaxy that contains the Solar System. Galaxies, averaging an estimated 100 million stars, range in size from dwarfs... | Physical sciences | Astronomy | null |
12570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte | Gigabyte | The gigabyte () is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one gigabyte is one billion bytes. The unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB.
This definition is used in all contexts of science (especially data science), engineering, b... | Physical sciences | Information | Basics and measurement |
12571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy%20groups%20and%20clusters | Galaxy groups and clusters | Galaxy groups and clusters are the largest known gravitationally bound objects to have arisen thus far in the process of cosmic structure formation. They form the densest part of the large-scale structure of the Universe. In models for the gravitational formation of structure with cold dark matter, the smallest structu... | Physical sciences | Basics_3 | null |
12572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grus%20%28constellation%29 | Grus (constellation) | Grus (, or colloquially ) is a constellation in the southern sky. Its name is Latin for the crane, a type of bird. It is one of twelve constellations conceived by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. Grus first appeared on a celestial globe published in 1598 in Ams... | Physical sciences | Other | Astronomy |
12581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass | Glass | Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid. Because it is often transparent and chemically inert, glass has found widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in window panes, tableware, and optics. Some common objects made of glass are named after the material, e.g., a "glass" for drinking, "glasses" for... | Technology | Materials | null |
12582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%20electrophoresis | Gel electrophoresis | Gel electrophoresis is an electrophoresis method for separation and analysis of biomacromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) and their fragments, based on their size and charge through a gel. It is used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge or size (IEF agarose, essentially size independent) and in bioch... | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
12584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi%20apparatus | Golgi apparatus | The Golgi apparatus (), also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. It resides at t... | Biology and health sciences | Organelles and other cell parts | null |
12608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy | Geodesy | Geodesy or geodetics is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D. It is called planetary geodesy when studying other astronomical bodies, such as planets or circumplanetary systems. Geodesy is an earth science and many consider the st... | Physical sciences | Geophysics | null |
12610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Unified%20Theory | Grand Unified Theory | A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is any model in particle physics that merges the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model) into a single force at high energies. Although this unified force has not been directly observed, many GUT models theorize its existence. If the uni... | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
12612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20aviation | General aviation | General aviation (GA) is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as all civil aviation aircraft operations except for commercial air transport or aerial work, which is defined as specialized aviation services for other purposes. However, for statistical purposes, ICAO uses a definition of genera... | Technology | Concepts of aviation | null |
12628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMP | GIMP | The GNU Image Manipulation Program, commonly known by its acronym GIMP ( ), is a free and open-source raster graphics editor used for image manipulation (retouching) and image editing, free-form drawing, transcoding between different image file formats, and more specialized tasks. It is extensible by means of plugins, ... | Technology | Multimedia_2 | null |
12630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20series | Geometric series | In mathematics, a geometric series is a series summing the terms of an infinite geometric sequence, in which the ratio of consecutive terms is constant. For example, the series is a geometric series with common ratio , which converges to the sum of . Each term in a geometric series is the geometric mean of the term be... | Mathematics | Sequences and series | null |
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