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12,462 | In Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic because it accepts the concep... | [
{
"answer": "philosophical schools",
"question": "Of what is yoga a part in Indian philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "Samkhya",
"question": "To what school of Hindu philosophy is yoga aligned?"
},
{
"answer": "personal god",
"question": "What concept does yoga accept the differentiates it... |
12,463 | The Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha. It suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha. Yoga shares several central ideas with Advaita Vedanta, with the dif... | [
{
"answer": "jñāna",
"question": "What principle does yoga use from Samkhya?"
},
{
"answer": "knowledge",
"question": "What is the meaning of jnana?"
},
{
"answer": "moksha",
"question": "To what does yoga say personal experimentation and knowledge lead?"
},
{
"answer": "Adva... |
12,464 | The Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements),... | [
{
"answer": "Vaiśeṣika",
"question": "What philosophy is a naturalist school?"
},
{
"answer": "atoms",
"question": "What is the definition of paramanu in Hindu philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "first millennium BCE",
"question": "When was the Vaisesika darsana produced?"
},
{
"an... |
12,465 | Vaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (paramāṇu) and composite. An atom is, according to Vaiśeṣika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), indivisible, and has a sp... | [
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "According to Vaisesika philosophy, how many substances comprise reality?"
},
{
"answer": "earth, water, air, fire",
"question": "What are the substances of Vaisesika reality?"
},
{
"answer": "atoms",
"question": "Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say ... |
12,466 | In its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyāya to concern itself with... | [
{
"answer": "Nyāya",
"question": "What school of thought is closest to Vaisesika school?"
},
{
"answer": "mistakes/defects",
"question": "What does Nyaya say causes human suffering?"
},
{
"answer": "Moksha",
"question": "What state is achieved through knowledge?"
},
{
"answer... |
12,467 | The Mīmāṃsā school has several subschools defined by epistemology. The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), and śabda (wor... | [
{
"answer": "several",
"question": "How many ways does the Mimamsa separate into subschools?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many ways does the Prabhakara subschool of Mimamsa say there are to gain knowledge?"
},
{
"answer": "perception",
"question": "How is pratyaksa define... |
12,468 | The metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of dha... | [
{
"answer": "atheistic and theistic",
"question": "What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa school?"
},
{
"answer": "eternal",
"question": "How did the Mimamsa school view the soul?"
},
{
"answer": "dharma",
"question": "What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philoso... |
12,469 | Mīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct and right. In contrast, ... | [
{
"answer": "philology",
"question": "To what study did Mimamsa give rise?"
},
{
"answer": "proper, correct and right",
"question": "What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe?"
},
{
"answer": "Vedantins",
"question": "What school thought that language was ... |
12,470 | The Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means of gaining any form of kn... | [
{
"answer": "Upanishads and Brahma",
"question": "On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus?"
},
{
"answer": "first millennium BCE",
"question": "In what time did the Vedanta school become active?"
},
{
"answer": "Vedānta",
"question": "Which is the most developed and well known o... |
12,471 | The emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman, and emphasized meditation, self-discipline, self-... | [
{
"answer": "knowledge-centered understanding",
"question": "What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "jnana",
"question": "On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?"
},
{
"answer": "ritualism",
"question": "On what did the Vedant... |
12,472 | Advaita literally means "not two, sole, unity". It is a sub-school of Vedanta, and asserts spiritual and universal non-dualism. Its metaphysics is a form of absolute monism, that is all ultimate reality is interconnected oneness. This is the oldest and most widely acknowledged Vedantic school. The foundational texts of... | [
{
"answer": "Advaita",
"question": "What means "
}
] |
12,473 | According to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman. Māyā connotes "that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal". The empirical reality is considered as always chang... | [
{
"answer": "Brahman",
"question": "According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality?"
},
{
"answer": "māyā and ātman",
"question": "What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?"
},
{
"answer": "always changing",
"question": "How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta... |
12,474 | Ramanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty oneness. They saw Brahma... | [
{
"answer": "Viśiṣṭādvaita",
"question": "What is the philosophy of dualism?"
},
{
"answer": "Ramanuja",
"question": "Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita?"
},
{
"answer": "c. 1037–1137",
"question": "When did Ramanuja live?"
},
{
"answer": "Supreme B... |
12,475 | Dvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas, espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the only independent reality, states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu or Brahman. Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to monotheistic God in other major religi... | [
{
"answer": "two separate realities",
"question": "Of what does Dvaita Vedanta theorize the existence?"
},
{
"answer": "monotheistic God",
"question": "To what entity is the Vedanta Vishnu similar in other religions?"
},
{
"answer": "takes on a personal role",
"question": "How is the... |
12,476 | Dvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different from Brahman. Brahman exis... | [
{
"answer": "Nimbarka",
"question": "What early philosopher proposed Dvaitadvaita?"
},
{
"answer": "13th-century",
"question": "In what century did Nimbarka live?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many categories of existence are there in Dvaitadvaita?"
},
{
"answer":... |
12,477 | Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-... | [
{
"answer": "Śvetāśvatara Upanishad",
"question": "In what text is Shaivism recounted?"
},
{
"answer": "400 – 200 BCE",
"question": "When was the text on Shaivism written?"
},
{
"answer": "Vidyaranya",
"question": "Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
12,478 | Pāśupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, "of Paśupati") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the... | [
{
"answer": "Pāśupata Shaivism",
"question": "What is the oldest school of Shaivism?"
},
{
"answer": "Lakulish",
"question": "Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "2nd century CE",
"question": "When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism? "
},
{
"ans... |
12,479 | Pāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, colour etc. The causes we... | [
{
"answer": "Pāśupatas",
"question": "What group divided the world into two parts?"
},
{
"answer": "insentient and the sentient",
"question": "Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?"
},
{
"answer": "unconscious",
"question": "In what staet was the insentient considered t... |
12,480 | Even though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir Shavisim, the phenomenal... | [
{
"answer": "non-dual",
"question": "What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?"
},
{
"answer": "Universal Consciousness",
"question": "What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?"
},
{
"answer": "real",
"question": "As... |
12,481 | While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded.... | [
{
"answer": "Democratic Party and the Republican Party",
"question": "What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "China",
"question": "Name a nation that has a one-party political system."
},
{
"answer": "the electorate",
"question": "How a... |
12,482 | The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or "Cavalier") faction of t... | [
{
"answer": "late-17th-century England",
"question": "Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?"
},
{
"answer": "Whigs",
"question": "Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert Walpole",
"question": "W... |
12,483 | As the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants. As well as cham... | [
{
"answer": "John Locke",
"question": "Who's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs?"
},
{
"answer": "Locke and Algernon Sidney",
"question": "Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs."
},
{
"answer": "championing constitutional monarchy with stri... |
12,484 | Although the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of the ministry of Sir Robe... | [
{
"answer": "Whigs",
"question": "Who did the Tories oppose?"
},
{
"answer": "the \"Opposition Whigs\"",
"question": "Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?"
},
{
"answer": "1760",
"question": "When did the Tories regain power?"
},
{
"answer": "half a century",
"... |
12,485 | When they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct "Grenvillite", "Bedfordite", "Rockinghamite", and "Chathamite" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as "Whigs". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party... | [
{
"answer": "the Rockingham Whigs",
"question": "Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Watson-Wentworth",
"question": "Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?"
},
{
"answer": "\"a body of men united for promoting by their joint... |
12,486 | The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coal... | [
{
"answer": "the 'Pittite' Tories",
"question": "What was the modern Conservative party created from?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert Peel",
"question": "Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?"
},
{
"answer": "the Liberal Party",
"question": "Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?"
... |
12,487 | Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which wer... | [
{
"answer": "the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party",
"question": "What were the two proto-political parties?"
},
{
"answer": "1816",
"question": "In which year did the period known as the \"Era of Good Feelings\" begin?"
},
{
"answer": "partisan",
"question": "What... |
12,488 | At the same time, the political party reached its modern form, with a membership disciplined through the use of a party whip and the implementation of efficient structures of control. The Home Rule League Party, campaigning for Home Rule for Ireland in the British Parliament was fundamentally changed by the great Irish... | [
{
"answer": "Charles Stewart Parnell",
"question": "Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s?"
},
{
"answer": "Irish Parliamentary Party",
"question": "What did Charles Stewart Parnell change his parties name to in 1882?"
},
{
"answer": "they soon came to model themse... |
12,489 | A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retai... | [
{
"answer": "A political party is typically led by a party leader",
"question": "Do political parties have a Party leader?"
},
{
"answer": "party secretary",
"question": "Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?"
},
{
"answer": "party treasurer",
"question": "Who i... |
12,490 | When the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form frontbench teams of sen... | [
{
"answer": "When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government",
"question": "When does a party form an official opposition?"
},
{
"answer": "Westminster-based parties",
"question": "What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams?"
},
{
"answer": "When a part... |
12,491 | The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value. Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties, a norm for authoritarian governments, to ... | [
{
"answer": "The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for",
"question": "What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?"
},
{
"answer": "a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties",
"question": "How are parties regulated?"
},
{
"ans... |
12,492 | Furthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties" present in the legislature which are viewed as... | [
{
"answer": "mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those \"Outsider Parties\"",
"question": "Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?"
},
{
"answer": "far-right, f... |
12,493 | In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within the legislature. The ad... | [
{
"answer": "In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist",
"question": "Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system?"
},
{
"answer": "The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan.",
"question": ... |
12,494 | In one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in ... | [
{
"answer": "one-party systems",
"question": "In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?"
},
{
"answer": "positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government",
"question": "What are North Korea and China examples of?"... |
12,495 | In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason for others parties' fail... | [
{
"answer": "In dominant-party systems",
"question": "When are opposition parties allowed?"
},
{
"answer": "political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion",
"question": "What are some of the reasons for a party's failure?"
},
{
"answer": "patronage and sometimes by voti... |
12,497 | The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liber... | [
{
"answer": "a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system",
"question": "What has the UK political system functioned as?"
},
{
"answer": "Conservative Party and the Labour Party",
"question": "What are the two largest political parties in the UK?"
},
{
"answer": "Libe... |
12,499 | Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditi... | [
{
"answer": "Political parties",
"question": "What are called factions by some people?"
},
{
"answer": "organizations, businesses and special interest groups",
"question": "What are political parties lobbied by?"
},
{
"answer": "Money and gifts",
"question": "What are traditional sou... |
12,500 | From the second half of the 20th century on parties which continued to rely on donations or membership subscriptions ran into mounting problems. Along with the increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships in most western democracies which itself places more strains on funding.... | [
{
"answer": "increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships",
"question": "Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems?"
},
{
"answer": "second half of the 20th century",
"question": "When did parties that relied on donatio... |
12,501 | In the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds, the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating. Famously, Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages. To prevent such corruption in the ... | [
{
"answer": "peerages",
"question": "In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?"
},
{
"answer": "Lloyd George",
"question": "Who was discovered to be selling peerages?"
},
{
"answer": "Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act",
"question": "What act did par... |
12,502 | There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25%... | [
{
"answer": "direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect",
"question": "What are the two categories of public funding?"
},
{
"answer": "25%",
"question": "Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?"
},
{
"answer": "58%",
"question... |
12,503 | In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid. International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance. Support can be purely financial or otherwise. Frequently it is provided as capacity development activities includ... | [
{
"answer": "funding",
"question": "What can also be provided by foreign aid?"
},
{
"answer": "provide financing to political parties in developing countries",
"question": "What do international donors do to promote democracy? "
},
{
"answer": "Developing links between ideologically link... |
12,504 | Green is the color for green parties, Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties. Orange is sometimes a color of nationalism, such as in the Netherlands, in Israel with the Orange Camp or with Ulster Loyalists in Northern Ireland; it is also a color of reform such as in Ukraine. In the past,... | [
{
"answer": "Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties",
"question": "What parties is the color green for?"
},
{
"answer": "royalty",
"question": "What was purple considered the color for?"
},
{
"answer": "fascist parties",
"question": "What parties is th... |
12,505 | Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in n... | [
{
"answer": "right-wing Republican Party",
"question": "What is the color red associated with?"
},
{
"answer": "left-wing Democratic Party",
"question": "What political party is the color blue associated with?"
},
{
"answer": "unlike political color schemes of other countries, the partie... |
12,506 | During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second ... | [
{
"answer": "19th and 20th century",
"question": "When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations?"
},
{
"answer": "The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association",
"question": "What are some examples of this?"
},
{
"answer": "Hong Kong",
... |
12,507 | French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties. Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new me... | [
{
"answer": "Maurice Duverger",
"question": "Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?"
},
{
"answer": "political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders",
"question": "What are cadre parties?"
},
{
"answer": "Mas... |
12,508 | A cappella [a kapˈpɛlla] (Italian for "in the manner of the chapel") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is accompanied singing. The term "a cappella" was originally intended to differentiate be... | [
{
"answer": "in the manner of the chapel",
"question": "What does A cappella mean in the Italian language?"
},
{
"answer": "alla breve",
"question": "What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella?"
},
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "At what point did Renaissa... |
12,509 | A cappella music was originally used in religious music, especially church music as well as anasheed and zemirot. Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing, as is the majority of secular vocal music from the Renaissance. The madrigal, up until its development in the early Baroque into an instrumentally-accomp... | [
{
"answer": "religious music",
"question": "What form of music was A cappella predominately used for in its early years?"
},
{
"answer": "The madrigal",
"question": "What was considered part of A cappella until the Baroque period?"
},
{
"answer": "instrumentally-accompanied",
"questi... |
12,511 | In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the music performed in the liturgies is exclusively sung without instrumental accompaniment. Bishop Kallistos Ware says, "The service is sung, even though there may be no choir... In the Orthodox Church today, as in the early Church... | [
{
"answer": "khorovïye kontsertï",
"question": "When did Russian musika show up?"
},
{
"answer": "Venetian-styled",
"question": "khorovïye kontsertï were typically done similar to what pieces?"
},
{
"answer": "Psalms 150",
"question": "What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappel... |
12,512 | Present-day Christian religious bodies known for conducting their worship services without musical accompaniment include some Presbyterian churches devoted to the regulative principle of worship, Old Regular Baptists, Primitive Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, Churches of Christ, the Old German Baptist Brethren, Doukhobors... | [
{
"answer": "Sacred Harp",
"question": "What is the name of the religious a cappella style used with shape notes?"
},
{
"answer": "apostolic times",
"question": "A cappella exists in some liturgical churches as an influence from what era?"
},
{
"answer": "Christian religious bodies",
... |
12,513 | Instruments have divided Christendom since their introduction into worship. They were considered a Catholic innovation, not widely practiced until the 18th century, and were opposed vigorously in worship by a number of Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther (1483–1546), Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin (1509–1564) an... | [
{
"answer": "They were considered a Catholic innovation",
"question": "Why were instruments more unwelcome to Christians?"
},
{
"answer": "The Heart of Midlothian",
"question": "What was the name of the book in which Jeanie Deans is the protagonist?"
},
{
"answer": "Alexander Campbell",
... |
12,514 | Those who subscribe to this interpretation believe that since the Christian scriptures never counter instrumental language with any negative judgment on instruments, opposition to instruments instead comes from an interpretation of history. There is no written opposition to musical instruments in any setting in the fir... | [
{
"answer": "an interpretation of history",
"question": "What does the rejection of instruments in Christian music likely stem from?"
},
{
"answer": "33 AD to 180AD",
"question": "During what time is there no record of Christians using instruments for worship?"
},
{
"answer": "the 2nd ce... |
12,515 | While worship in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments (2 Chronicles 29:25–27), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the last destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation. The use of musical instrumen... | [
{
"answer": "Sabbath",
"question": "On what day is using musical instruments not allowed? "
},
{
"answer": "a cappella",
"question": "In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?"
},
{
"answer": "sefirah music",
"question": "What is a cappella music occasionally cal... |
12,516 | The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo, born 20 BCE. Weaving together Jewish and Greek thought, Philo promoted praise without instruments, and taught that "silent singing" (without even vocal chords) was better still. This view parted with the Jewish scriptur... | [
{
"answer": "Philo",
"question": "What is the name of the philosopher who praised music without instruments?"
},
{
"answer": "Jewish scriptures",
"question": "What did Philo's views on the absence of instruments clash with?"
},
{
"answer": "shofar",
"question": "What is the one instr... |
12,517 | A strong and prominent a cappella tradition was begun in the midwest part of the United States in 1911 by F. Melius Christiansen, a music faculty member at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. The St. Olaf College Choir was established as an outgrowth of the local St. John's Lutheran Church, where Christiansen wa... | [
{
"answer": "1911",
"question": "When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "The St. Olaf College Choir",
"question": "What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?"
},
{
"answer": "other regional conductors",
"question": "Who did the S... |
12,518 | In July 1943, as a result of the American Federation of Musicians boycott of US recording studios, the a cappella vocal group The Song Spinners had a best-seller with "Comin' In On A Wing And A Prayer". In the 1950s several recording groups, notably The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen, introduced complex jazz harmonies to... | [
{
"answer": "The Song Spinners",
"question": "What a cappella group rose to popularity in 1943?"
},
{
"answer": "US recording studios",
"question": "What was boycotted by American musicians in 1943?"
},
{
"answer": "The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen",
"question": "Who is credited for ... |
12,519 | Contemporary a cappella includes many vocal groups and bands who add vocal percussion or beatboxing to create a pop/rock/gospel sound, in some cases very similar to bands with instruments. Examples of such professional groups include Straight No Chaser, Pentatonix, The House Jacks, Rockapella, Mosaic, and M-pact. There... | [
{
"answer": "vocal percussion",
"question": "In place of instruments, what do some modern a cappella groups implement?"
},
{
"answer": "Christian music",
"question": "Where does a cappella still maintain a heavy presence?"
},
{
"answer": "chordal or polyphonic accompaniment",
"questi... |
12,520 | A cappella has been used as the sole orchestration for original works of musical theater that have had commercial runs Off-Broadway (theaters in New York City with 99 to 500 seats) only four times. The first was Avenue X which opened on 28 January 1994 and ran for 77 performances. It was produced by Playwrights Horizon... | [
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many works of a cappella in musical theater have been successful in Off-Broadway productions?"
},
{
"answer": "Avenue X",
"question": "What was the name of the a cappella musical that first opened 28 January 1994?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1960s",
"que... |
12,521 | The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony, a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship, made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October, 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre, in Stoneham, Massachuse... | [
{
"answer": "Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre",
"question": "What Off-Broadway theater did Perfect Harmony open at?"
},
{
"answer": "Stoneham Theatre",
"question": "Before coming to New York, at what theater had Perfect Harmony previously been successful?"
},
{
"answer": "Altar Boyz and The 2... |
12,522 | The fourth a cappella musical to appear Off-Broadway, In Transit, premiered 5 October 2010 and was produced by Primary Stages with book, music, and lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez, James-Allen Ford, Russ Kaplan, and Sara Wordsworth. Set primarily in the New York City subway system its score features an eclectic mix of... | [
{
"answer": "In Transit",
"question": "What is the name of the a cappella musical that debuted Off-Broadway in the same year as Perfect Harmony?"
},
{
"answer": "the New York City subway system",
"question": "Where does most of In Transit take place? "
},
{
"answer": "beat boxing",
"... |
12,523 | Barbershop music is one of several uniquely American art forms. The earliest reports of this style of a cappella music involved African Americans. The earliest documented quartets all began in barbershops. In 1938, the first formal men's barbershop organization was formed, known as the Society for the Preservation and ... | [
{
"answer": "Barbershop music",
"question": "What type of a cappella music is specific to American culture?"
},
{
"answer": "Barbershop Harmony Society",
"question": "What did the a cappella organization founded in 1938 change its name to in 2004?"
},
{
"answer": "over 22,000",
"ques... |
12,524 | In 1945, the first formal women's barbershop organization, Sweet Adelines, was formed. In 1953 Sweet Adelines became an international organization, although it didn't change its name to Sweet Adelines International until 1991. The membership of nearly 25,000 women, all singing in English, includes choruses in most of t... | [
{
"answer": "Sweet Adelines",
"question": "What is the name of the first female barbershop organization?"
},
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach?"
},
{
"answer": "nearly 25,000",
"question": "How many... |
12,525 | The reasons for the strong Swedish dominance are as explained by Richard Sparks manifold; suffice to say here that there is a long-standing tradition, an unsusually large proportion of the populations (5% is often cited) regularly sing in choirs, the Swedish choral director Eric Ericson had an enormous impact on a capp... | [
{
"answer": "Eric Ericson",
"question": "What is the name of the Swedish man known for being a large influence to a cappella across the world?"
},
{
"answer": "Adolf Fredrik's Music School",
"question": "Which music school began the implementation of high musical standards?"
},
{
"answer... |
12,527 | A cappella is gaining popularity among South Asians with the emergence of primarily Hindi-English College groups. The first South Asian a cappella group was Penn Masala, founded in 1996 at the University of Pennsylvania. Co-ed South Asian a cappella groups are also gaining in popularity. The first co-ed south Asian a c... | [
{
"answer": "Penn Masala",
"question": "Whas is the name of the ethnic a capella group founded at the University of Pennsylvania in 1996?"
},
{
"answer": "South Asians",
"question": "Among which group is a capella becoming more prominent?"
},
{
"answer": "Anokha",
"question": "What i... |
12,528 | Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and ... | [
{
"answer": "Harmony Sweepstakes",
"question": "What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups?"
},
{
"answer": "a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music",
"question": "Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off?"
},
{
"a... |
12,529 | In addition to singing words, some a cappella singers also emulate instrumentation by reproducing instrumental sounds with their vocal cords and mouth. One of the earliest 20th century practitioners of this method were The Mills Brothers whose early recordings of the 1930s clearly stated on the label that all instrumen... | [
{
"answer": "emulate instrumentation",
"question": "What do some a capella groups do other than sing words?"
},
{
"answer": "The Mills Brothers",
"question": "What a capella group is credited for being one of the earliest to adapt instrumental emulation?"
},
{
"answer": "Baroque and Clas... |
12,530 | The Swingle Singers used nonsense words to sound like instruments, but have been known to produce non-verbal versions of musical instruments. Like the other groups, examples of their music can be found on YouTube. Beatboxing, more accurately known as vocal percussion, is a technique used in a cappella music popularized... | [
{
"answer": "nonsense words",
"question": "What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments?"
},
{
"answer": "vocal percussion",
"question": "What is another term for beatboxing?"
},
{
"answer": "a four-track recorder",
"question": "What was used to make an a... |
12,531 | The Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, hence the abbreviation OP used by members), more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III (1216–27) ... | [
{
"answer": "Ordo Praedicatorum",
"question": "What is the Latin for Order of Preachers?"
},
{
"answer": "Pope Honorius III",
"question": "What Pope approved of the Order of Preachers?"
},
{
"answer": "the Dominican Order",
"question": "After the 15th century, what was the Order of P... |
12,532 | Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Domin... | [
{
"answer": "the Middle Ages",
"question": "During what time period did the Dominican Order do its best work?"
},
{
"answer": "to combat heresy",
"question": "What was one reason why the Dominican Order was established?"
},
{
"answer": "Master of the Order",
"question": "The head of ... |
12,533 | The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this ideal emer... | [
{
"answer": "Men of God",
"question": "During the Middle Ages, who was no longer expected to stay behind walls away from the common man?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many orders of mendicant friars came out of the Middle Ages?"
},
{
"answer": "Francis of Assisi",
"question... |
12,534 | Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular c... | [
{
"answer": "the Benedictines",
"question": "The Dominican Order received influence from what monastic order?"
},
{
"answer": "a preaching order",
"question": "What type of order was the Dominican Order?"
},
{
"answer": "farms",
"question": "What did previous religious orders do for ... |
12,535 | Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a "mixed" spirituality. They were both activ... | [
{
"answer": "with loyalty to learning and virtue",
"question": "How did Dominic inspire his followers?"
},
{
"answer": "nuns",
"question": "What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?"
},
{
"answer": "England",
"question": "In what country did Do... |
12,536 | As an adolescent, he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a dreadful famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors. After he completed his studies, Bish... | [
{
"answer": "theology",
"question": "What subject did Dominic particularly love?"
},
{
"answer": "to help his neighbors",
"question": "Why did Dominic sell his books?"
},
{
"answer": "Spain",
"question": "In what country did Dominic experience a great famine?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
12,537 | In 1203, Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain, to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark. At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Du... | [
{
"answer": "Prior Diego de Acebo",
"question": "With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?"
},
{
"answer": "monarchy of Spain",
"question": "Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?"
},
{
"answer": "south of France",
"question": "In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Ca... |
12,538 | Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement: the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony. On the other hand, the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing. For these reasons, Prior ... | [
{
"answer": "with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony",
"question": "How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted?"
},
{
"answer": "the Cathars",
"question": "Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church?"
},
{
"answer": "in a state of self-sacrifice",
... |
12,539 | Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith, and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille. This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns, thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars. Prior Diego sanctioned the building o... | [
{
"answer": "1206",
"question": "In what year did Dominic establish a convent?"
},
{
"answer": "Albigensian",
"question": "What women did Dominic convert for his convent?"
},
{
"answer": "Dominican nuns",
"question": "What group are older than the Dominican Friars?"
},
{
"ans... |
12,540 | In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life. Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church. These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies. Dominic needed a framework—a rule—to organize th... | [
{
"answer": "Rule of St. Augustine",
"question": "What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?"
},
{
"answer": "1215",
"question": "In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life?"
},
{
"answer": "Jordan of Saxony",
"question": "Who was t... |
12,541 | Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlar... | [
{
"answer": "Palencia",
"question": "Dominic studied in what city?"
},
{
"answer": "the Manicheans",
"question": "Dominic's education helped him to overcome who?"
},
{
"answer": "charity",
"question": "What helps define the work of the Dominican Order?"
},
{
"answer": "Paris"... |
12,543 | The Dominican friars quickly spread, including to England, where they appeared in Oxford in 1221. In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of C... | [
{
"answer": "England",
"question": "What European country did the Dominican Friars quickly expand to?"
},
{
"answer": "Oxford",
"question": "What British university did the Dominican Friars appear in?"
},
{
"answer": "paganism",
"question": "What did the Dominican Order fight against... |
12,544 | The expansion of the order produced changes. A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up, especially in Germany and Italy, the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, and St.... | [
{
"answer": "German mysticism",
"question": "The term \"Dominican mysticism\" is also knows as what?"
},
{
"answer": "Germany and Italy",
"question": "In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?"
},
{
"answer": "St. Catherine of Siena",
... |
12,545 | At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance. It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism, in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola, in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna (probably the w... | [
{
"answer": "the Renaissance",
"question": "What historical period gave the Dominican Order a challenge?"
},
{
"answer": "pagan tendencies",
"question": "What was it about the Renaissance that gave the Dominican Order problems?"
},
{
"answer": "Cologne",
"question": "The theologians ... |
12,546 | During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order.... | [
{
"answer": "500",
"question": "In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?"
},
{
"answer": "4,472",
"question": "In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?"
},
{
"answer": "6058",
"question": "How many Dominican friars were there in 201... |
12,550 | Today, there is a growing number of Associates who share the Dominican charism. Dominican Associates are Christian women and men; married, single, divorced, and widowed; clergy members and lay persons who were first drawn to and then called to live out the charism and continue the mission of the Dominican Order - to pr... | [
{
"answer": "share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family",
"question": "What do present day Dominican Order associates do?"
},
{
"answer": "Christian women and men",
"question": "What is an example of a modern Dominican Order follower?"
},
{
"answer": "charism",
"question":... |
12,551 | The spiritual tradition of Dominic's Order is punctuated not only by charity, study and preaching, but also by instances of mystical union. The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders. As the order first developed on the European continent, learning contin... | [
{
"answer": "charity",
"question": "The tradition of the Dominican Order includes what?"
},
{
"answer": "learning",
"question": "What is one area the Dominican Order puts emphasis on?"
},
{
"answer": "charity",
"question": "What is one way that the Dominican Order differentiates itse... |
12,552 | Dominic's search for a close relationship with God was determined and unceasing. He rarely spoke, so little of his interior life is known. What is known about it comes from accounts written by people near to him. St. Cecilia remembered him as cheerful, charitable and full of unceasing vigor. From a number of accounts, ... | [
{
"answer": "relationship with God",
"question": "What did Dominic greatly struggle with?"
},
{
"answer": "St. Cecilia",
"question": "Who remembered Dominic as a cheerful fellow?"
},
{
"answer": "sing",
"question": "What did Dominic enjoy doing?"
},
{
"answer": "poor sinners"... |
12,553 | The spirituality evidenced throughout all of the branches of the order reflects the spirit and intentions of its founder, though some of the elements of what later developed might have surprised the Castilian friar. Fundamentally, Dominic was "... a man of prayer who utilized the full resources of the learning availabl... | [
{
"answer": "to assist those searching for the truth",
"question": "What spirit did Dominic give to his followers?"
},
{
"answer": "gospel of Christ",
"question": "Where did Dominic want his followers to look for truth?"
},
{
"answer": "a man of prayer",
"question": "What type of man... |
12,554 | Humbert of Romans, the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263, was a great administrator, as well as preacher and writer. It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership. Humbert was a great lover of languages, and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dom... | [
{
"answer": "Humbert of Romans",
"question": "Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s?"
},
{
"answer": "1254 to 1263",
"question": "What years was Humbert of Rome the Master General?"
},
{
"answer": "the sisters in the order were given official membership",... |
12,555 | Humbert is at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order. In this role, he added significantly to its spirituality. His writings are permeated with "religious good sense," and he used uncomplicated language that could edify even the weakest member. Humbert advised his readers, "[Young Dominicans] are also to ... | [
{
"answer": "uncomplicated language",
"question": "What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order?"
},
{
"answer": "miracles",
"question": "What did Humbert tell Dominican students to not concentrate on?"
},
{
"answer": "good will",
"question": "According to H... |
12,556 | Another who contributed significantly to the spirituality of the order is Albertus Magnus, the only person of the period to be given the appellation "Great". His influence on the brotherhood permeated nearly every aspect of Dominican life. Albert was a scientist, philosopher, astrologer, theologian, spiritual writer, e... | [
{
"answer": "Albertus Magnus",
"question": "The Dominican Order was also greatly helped by what German friar?"
},
{
"answer": "Great",
"question": "Albert Magnus was also known as \"Albert the what\"?"
},
{
"answer": "ecumenist",
"question": "What was a discipline of Albert the Great... |
12,557 | One of Albert's greatest contributions was his study of Dionysus the Areopagite, a mystical theologian whose words left an indelible imprint in the medieval period. Magnus' writings made a significant contribution to German mysticism, which became vibrant in the minds of the Beguines and women such as Hildegard of Bing... | [
{
"answer": "medieval",
"question": "Albert Magnus studied Dionysus during what historical period?"
},
{
"answer": "his study of Dionysus the Areopagite",
"question": "What was one of Albert the Great's biggest contributions during the medieval period?"
},
{
"answer": "a mystical theolog... |
12,558 | Albertus Magnus championed the idea, drawn from Dionysus, that positive knowledge of God is possible, but obscure. Thus, it is easier to state what God is not, than to state what God is: "... we affirm things of God only relatively, that is, casually, whereas we deny things of God absolutely, that is, with reference to... | [
{
"answer": "positive knowledge of God is possible",
"question": "What idea did Albertus champion?"
},
{
"answer": "Dionysus",
"question": "Who influenced Magnus at this time?"
},
{
"answer": "state what God is not",
"question": "What is it easier to do regarding God?"
},
{
"... |
12,559 | Albert the Great wrote that wisdom and understanding enhance one's faith in God. According to him, these are the tools that God uses to commune with a contemplative. Love in the soul is both the cause and result of true understanding and judgement. It causes not only an intellectual knowledge of God, but a spiritual an... | [
{
"answer": "wisdom",
"question": "What enhances man's faith in God according to Albertus Magnus?"
},
{
"answer": "understanding",
"question": "What is a tool that God uses to speak to the average man?"
},
{
"answer": "Contemplation",
"question": "How can man obtain understanding of ... |
12,560 | As the image of God grows within man, he learns to rely less on an intellectual pursuit of virtue and more on an affective pursuit of charity and meekness. Meekness and charity guide Christians to acknowledge that they are nothing without the One (God/Christ) who created them, sustains them, and guides them. Thus, man ... | [
{
"answer": "Meekness",
"question": "What virtue guides Christians in their understanding of God?"
},
{
"answer": "God/Christ",
"question": "According to Christianity, who is the \"One\"?"
},
{
"answer": "manifestation of the pure love of Christ",
"question": "What is Charity to a Ch... |
12,561 | The Dominican Order was affected by a number of elemental influences. Its early members imbued the order with a mysticism and learning. The Europeans of the order embraced ecstatic mysticism on a grand scale and looked to a union with the Creator. The English Dominicans looked for this complete unity as well, but were ... | [
{
"answer": "ecstatic mysticism",
"question": "What did the Europeans of the Dominican Order bring to the group?"
},
{
"answer": "to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely",
"question": "What did the English Dominicans hope to do within the Order?"
},
{
"answer": "Dartford",
... |
12,562 | Although Albertus Magnus did much to instill mysticism in the Order of Preachers, it is a concept that reaches back to the Hebrew Bible. In the tradition of Holy Writ, the impossibility of coming face to face with God is a recurring motif, thus the commandment against graven images (Exodus 20.4-5). As time passed, Jewi... | [
{
"answer": "Hebrew Bible",
"question": "The search for mysticism in the Dominican Order goes back to what?"
},
{
"answer": "Bible",
"question": "What is the Holy Writ?"
},
{
"answer": "Albertus Magnus",
"question": "Who wanted to put mysticism into the Dominican Order?"
},
{
... |
12,563 | Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227, some of the brethren of the order had misgivings about the necessity of female religious establishments in an order whose major purpose was preaching, a duty in which women could not traditionally engage... | [
{
"answer": "female Dominican houses",
"question": "Who did some early Dominican followers have trouble reconciling?"
},
{
"answer": "Prouille",
"question": "Where was one female Dominican house located?"
},
{
"answer": "seventy-four",
"question": "How many female Dominican houses we... |
12,564 | Female houses differed from male Dominican houses in a lack of apostolic work for the women. Instead, the sisters chanted the Divine Office and kept all the monastic observances. Their lives were often much more strict than their brothers' lives. The sisters had no government of their own, but lived under the authority... | [
{
"answer": "lack of apostolic work",
"question": "How did female Dominican houses differ from male ones?"
},
{
"answer": "chanted the Divine Office",
"question": "What did the sisters do instead of apostolic work?"
},
{
"answer": "government of their own",
"question": "What did the ... |
12,565 | Women could not be professed to the Dominican religious life before the age of thirteen. The formula for profession contained in the Constitutions of Montargis Priory (1250) demands that nuns pledge obedience to God, the Blessed Virgin, their prioress and her successors according to the Rule of St. Augustine and the in... | [
{
"answer": "thirteen",
"question": "After what age could women become members of the Dominican Order?"
},
{
"answer": "black",
"question": "What type of veil must the sisters wear?"
},
{
"answer": "the Constitutions of Montargis Priory",
"question": "The formula for profession into ... |
12,566 | Because the nuns of the order did not preach among the people, the need to engage in study was not as immediate or intense as it was for men. They did participate, however, in a number of intellectual activities. Along with sewing and embroidery, nuns often engaged in reading and discussing correspondence from Church l... | [
{
"answer": "preach among the people",
"question": "What did the nuns not do in the Dominican Order?"
},
{
"answer": "embroidery",
"question": "What was one of the activities the nuns enjoyed?"
},
{
"answer": "Margarette Reglerin",
"question": "Who was expelled from a nunnery for not... |
12,567 | As heirs of the Dominican priory of Poissy in France, the Dartford sisters were also heirs to a tradition of profound learning and piety. Sections of translations of spiritual writings in Dartford's library, such as Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom and Laurent du Bois' Somme le Roi, show that the "ghoostli" link to... | [
{
"answer": "priory of Poissy",
"question": "The Dartford sisters were heirs of what priory?"
},
{
"answer": "France",
"question": "Where was the priory of Poissy located?"
},
{
"answer": "Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom",
"question": "What book could be found in The Dartford si... |
12,568 | The English Province was a component of the international order from which it obtained its laws, direction, and instructions. It was also, however, a group of Englishmen. Its direct supervisors were from England, and the members of the English Province dwelt and labored in English cities, towns, villages, and roadways.... | [
{
"answer": "Englishmen",
"question": "The Dominican Order in England was controlled by who?"
},
{
"answer": "international",
"question": "The national side of the Order was influenced by what other side?"
},
{
"answer": "Its direct supervisors were from England",
"question": "Why wa... |
12,569 | The first Dominican site in England was at Oxford, in the parishes of St. Edward and St. Adelaide. The friars built an oratory to the Blessed Virgin Mary and by 1265, the brethren, in keeping with their devotion to study, began erecting a school. Actually, the Dominican brothers likely began a school immediately after ... | [
{
"answer": "Oxford",
"question": "What famous school was home to the first English Dominican Order?"
},
{
"answer": "the Blessed Virgin Mary",
"question": "Who did the friars build an oratory in honor of?"
},
{
"answer": "natural philosophy",
"question": "What was a subject that all... |
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