id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
12,676 | Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; ... | [
{
"answer": "union of states",
"question": "What does federations often employ?"
},
{
"answer": "that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both",
"question": "What is federalist paper no. 39?"
},
{
"answer": "it is fed... |
12,677 | Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political e... | [
{
"answer": "two levels",
"question": "When is a federation formed?"
},
{
"answer": "the central government and the regions",
"question": "What two levels equal a federation?"
},
{
"answer": "because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities makin... |
12,678 | China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. On the other hand, C... | [
{
"answer": "China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area",
"question": "China is the largest what?"
},
{
"answer": "decentralization",
"question": "What are Chinese nationalist suspicious of?"
},
{
"answer": "Chinese government is far too unwieldy to ... |
12,679 | The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code. There is also one autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines, inclu... | [
{
"answer": "unitary state",
"question": "What type of state is the Philippines?"
},
{
"answer": "some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code",
"question": "What types of powers does the Philippines have?"
},
{
"answer": "possible tr... |
12,680 | Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism". The country has been quoted as being "an extraordinarily decentralized country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending, 38% for the re... | [
{
"answer": "unitary state",
"question": "What type of state is Spain?"
},
{
"answer": "unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a \"federation without federalism\"",
"question": "What type of federalism system does Spain have?"
... |
12,681 | The United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted home rule to Irela... | [
{
"answer": "unitary state",
"question": "How has United Kingdom been governed?"
},
{
"answer": "UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power",
"question": "Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model, what did they do?"
},
{
"answer": "1914",
"question": "... |
12,682 | In modern times, a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again. Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy. Government has been devolved to the Sc... | [
{
"answer": "decentralised power once again",
"question": "What has the process of devolution in the UK did?"
},
{
"answer": "referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland",
"question": "What happened since 1997?"
},
{
"answer": "England does not hav... |
12,683 | Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. ... | [
{
"answer": "the doctrine of the church",
"question": "What is ecclesiology?"
},
{
"answer": "the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial.",
"question": "What happens in Presbyterian denominations?"
},
{
"answer": "shared sovereignty",
"question": "In p... |
12,684 | Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed by many) in the New... | [
{
"answer": "is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible.",
"question": "When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Christians?"
},
{
"answer": "in the New Testament",
"question": "What was the structure that the early Christian church described?"
},
{
"ans... |
12,685 | In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an intern... | [
{
"answer": "the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers",
"question": "In nearly all federalism countries, central powers enjoy what?"
},
{
"answer": "federation would not be a single sovereign state",
"question": "Per the UN definition, what is federalism?"
... |
12,689 | The name evolved during the Middle Ages from Gallaecia, sometimes written Galletia, to Gallicia. In the 13th century, with the written emergence of the Galician language, Galiza became the most usual written form of the name of the country, being replaced during the 15th and 16th centuries by the current form, Galicia,... | [
{
"answer": "Galletia",
"question": "What is one variation of Gallicia's name used during the Middle Ages?"
},
{
"answer": "Galiza",
"question": "Which spelling was the most common spelling during the 13th century?"
},
{
"answer": "15th and 16th centuries",
"question": "When did it g... |
12,690 | Although the etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors like Isidore of Seville —who wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls", relating the name to the Greek word for milk—, currently scholars derive the name of the ancient Callaeci either from Proto-In... | [
{
"answer": "Isidore",
"question": "Which author wrote that \"Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Kallaikói",
"question": "Which original ethnic name is \"Galicia\" derived from?"
},
{
"answer": "the land of the Galicians",
"question"... |
12,691 | The oldest attestation of human presence in Galicia has been found in the Eirós Cave, in the municipality of Triacastela, which has preserved animal remains and Neanderthal stone objects from the Middle Paleolithic. The earliest culture to have left significant architectural traces is the Megalithic culture which expan... | [
{
"answer": "Eirós Cave",
"question": "Where in Galicia has the oldest evidence of humans been found?"
},
{
"answer": "Triacastela",
"question": "Which municipality is this in?"
},
{
"answer": "Megalithic",
"question": "What is the oldest culture whose structures have been found?"
... |
12,692 | The Castro culture ('Culture of the Castles') developed during the Iron Age, and flourished during the second half of the first millennium BC. It is usually considered a local evolution of the Atlantic Bronze Age, with later developments and influences and overlapping into the Roman era. Geographically, it corresponds ... | [
{
"answer": "Culture of the Castles",
"question": "What does the Castro culture's name mean?"
},
{
"answer": "second half of the first millennium BC.",
"question": "When did the Castro culture flourish?"
},
{
"answer": "Appian",
"question": "Who mentioned the ancient Galician's \"war... |
12,693 | Gallaeci lived in castros. These were usually annular forts, with one or more concentric earthen or stony walls, with a trench in front of each one. They were frequently located at hills, or in seashore cliffs and peninsulas. Some well known castros can be found, in the seashore, at Fazouro, Santa Tegra, Baroña and O N... | [
{
"answer": "castros",
"question": "What were the forts that the Gallaeci lived in called?"
},
{
"answer": "hills",
"question": "Where were these forts commonly built?"
},
{
"answer": "Borneiro",
"question": "Where is one place where one of the inland forts can be found?"
},
{
... |
12,694 | Later the Muslims invaded Spain (711), but the Arabs and Moors never managed to have any real control over Galicia, which was later incorporated into the expanding Christian Kingdom of Asturias, usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia (Yillīqiya and Galīsiya) by Muslim Chroniclers, as well as by many European contemporar... | [
{
"answer": "711",
"question": "Though the Muslims couldn't take full control of Galicia, when was it that they invaded Spain?"
},
{
"answer": "Asturias",
"question": "Which kingdom did Galicia later become a part of?"
},
{
"answer": "Christian",
"question": "As a result, what became... |
12,696 | In the early 5th century, the deep crisis suffered by the Roman Empire allowed different tribes of Central Europe (Suebi, Vandals and Alani) to cross the Rhine and penetrate into the rule on 31 December 406. Its progress towards the Iberian Peninsula forced the Roman authorities to establish a treaty (foedus) by which ... | [
{
"answer": "406",
"question": "At the end of which year did Central Europe tribes invade the Roman Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "Suebi",
"question": "Which tribe did the Romans subsequently make a treaty with?"
},
{
"answer": "Britonia",
"question": "What was the name of the Briton colon... |
12,697 | In the 9th century, the rise of the cult of the Apostle James in Santiago de Compostela gave Galicia a particular symbolic importance among Christians, an importance it would hold throughout the Reconquista. As the Middle Ages went on, Santiago became a major pilgrim destination and the Way of Saint James (Camiño de Sa... | [
{
"answer": "Apostle James",
"question": "Which cult arose in Galicia during the 9th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Santiago de Compostela",
"question": "Where was this cult based in?"
},
{
"answer": "Way of Saint James",
"question": "Name the road that lead there."
},
{
"answer":... |
12,698 | In 1063, Ferdinand I of Castile divided his realm among his sons, and the Kingdom of Galicia was granted to Garcia II of Galicia. In 1072, it was forcibly annexed by Garcia's brother Alfonso VI of León; from that time Galicia was united with the Kingdom of León under the same monarchs. In the 13th century Alfonso X of ... | [
{
"answer": "Ferdinand I",
"question": "Who was it that in 1063 gave rule over Galicia to his son?"
},
{
"answer": "Garcia II",
"question": "What was the name of this son?"
},
{
"answer": "Alfonso VI",
"question": "Who was the brother who later took control for himself?"
},
{
... |
12,700 | The modern period of the kingdom of Galicia began with the murder or defeat of some of the most powerful Galician lords, such as Pedro Álvarez de Sotomayor, called Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio, at the hands of the Castilian armies sent to Galicia between the years 1480 and 1486. Isabella I of Castile, co... | [
{
"answer": "1480 and 1486",
"question": "Castillan armies invaded Galicia between which years?"
},
{
"answer": "Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio",
"question": "Which powerful Galician lords did they murder?"
},
{
"answer": "Isabella I",
"question": "Which Castillan ruler ... |
12,701 | The establishment of the Santa Hermandad in 1480, and of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia in 1500—a tribunal and executive body directed by the Governor-Captain General as a direct representative of the King—implied initially the submission of the Kingdom to the Crown, after a century of unrest and fiscal insubo... | [
{
"answer": "Santa Hermandad",
"question": "Which government body was formed in 1480?"
},
{
"answer": "Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia",
"question": "Which body was formed in 1500?"
},
{
"answer": "10%",
"question": "What percentage of Castille's total earnings was Galicia respon... |
12,702 | From that moment Galicia, which participated to a minor extent in the American expansion of the Spanish Empire, found itself at the center of the Atlantic wars fought by Spain against the French and the Protestant powers of England and the Netherlands, whose privateers attacked the coastal areas, but major assaults wer... | [
{
"answer": "Vigo",
"question": "Where did Sir Francis Drake attack in 1585 and again in 1589?"
},
{
"answer": "Barbary pirates",
"question": "Who attacked Cangas in 1617?"
}
] |
12,703 | After the rupture of the wars with Portugal and Catalonia, the Junta changed its attitude, this time due to the exhaustion of Galicia, now involved not just in naval or oversea operations, but also in an exhausting war with the Portuguese, war which produced thousands of casualties and refugees and was heavily disturbi... | [
{
"answer": "Portugal and Catalonia",
"question": "War broke out with which other countries?"
},
{
"answer": "second half of the 17th century",
"question": "When did the Galician Junta more often stand up to requests from the monarch?"
},
{
"answer": "there were frequent urban mutinies",... |
12,704 | In the early 20th century came another turn toward nationalist politics with Solidaridad Gallega (1907–1912) modeled on Solidaritat Catalana in Catalonia. Solidaridad Gallega failed, but in 1916 Irmandades da Fala (Brotherhood of the Language) developed first as a cultural association but soon as a full-blown nationali... | [
{
"answer": "Solidaridad Gallega",
"question": "Which nationalist movement arose in the early 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Solidaritat Catalana",
"question": "Which other movement was it modeled after?"
},
{
"answer": "Irmandades da Fala",
"question": "Which political group arose i... |
12,706 | General Francisco Franco — himself a Galician from Ferrol — ruled as dictator from the civil war until his death in 1975. Franco's centralizing regime suppressed any official use of the Galician language, including the use of Galician names for newborns, although its everyday oral use was not forbidden. Among the attem... | [
{
"answer": "Ferrol",
"question": "Francisco Franco was himself a Galician from which city?"
},
{
"answer": "1975",
"question": "When did his reign end?"
},
{
"answer": "El Piloto",
"question": "What was Guerrilla fighter José Castro Veiga's nickname?"
},
{
"answer": "Foucell... |
12,707 | As part of the transition to democracy upon the death of Franco in 1975, Galicia regained its status as an autonomous region within Spain with the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, which begins, "Galicia, historical nationality, is constituted as an Autonomous Community to access to its self-government, in agreement with th... | [
{
"answer": "democracy",
"question": "Which form of government did Galicia start using in 1975"
},
{
"answer": "Bloque Nacionalista Galego",
"question": "Which modern group now works to attain Galicia status as a nation?"
}
] |
12,709 | Galicia has a surface area of 29,574 square kilometres (11,419 sq mi). Its northernmost point, at 43°47′N, is Estaca de Bares (also the northernmost point of Spain); its southernmost, at 41°49′N, is on the Portuguese border in the Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés Natural Park. The easternmost longitude is at 6°42′W on the bo... | [
{
"answer": "29,574",
"question": "What is Galicia's surface area in sq/km?"
},
{
"answer": "Estaca de Bares",
"question": "What is its northernmost point?"
},
{
"answer": "Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés",
"question": "And its southernmost?"
}
] |
12,710 | Topographically, a remarkable feature of Galicia is the presence of many firth-like inlets along the coast, estuaries that were drowned with rising sea levels after the ice age. These are called rías and are divided into the smaller Rías Altas ("High Rías"), and the larger Rías Baixas ("Low Rías"). The Rías Altas inclu... | [
{
"answer": "rías",
"question": "What are estuaries called in Galicia?"
},
{
"answer": "High Rías",
"question": "What does Rías Altas mean?"
},
{
"answer": "Low Rías",
"question": "WWhat does Rías Baixas mean?"
}
] |
12,711 | All along the Galician coast are various archipelagos near the mouths of the rías. These archipelagos provide protected deepwater harbors and also provide habitat for seagoing birds. A 2007 inventory estimates that the Galician coast has 316 archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks. Among the most important of thes... | [
{
"answer": "316",
"question": "The Galician coast is estimated to have about how many archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks?"
},
{
"answer": "Cortegada",
"question": "Which island is part of Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park?"
}
] |
12,713 | Galicia is poetically known as the "country of the thousand rivers" ("o país dos mil ríos"). The largest and most important of these rivers is the Minho, known as O Pai Miño (Father Minho), 307.5 km (191.1 mi) long and discharging 419 m3 (548 cu yd) per second, with its affluent the Sil, which has created a spectacular... | [
{
"answer": "country of the thousand rivers",
"question": "What is Galicia is poetically known as?"
},
{
"answer": "Minho",
"question": "What is its longest river?"
}
] |
12,714 | Deforestation and forest fires are a problem in many areas, as is the continual spread of the eucalyptus tree, a species imported from Australia, actively promoted by the paper industry since the mid-20th century. Galicia is one of the more forested areas of Spain, but the majority of Galicia's plantations, usually gro... | [
{
"answer": "eucalyptus tree",
"question": "Which tree species has become a problem for Galicia?"
},
{
"answer": "Hydroelectric",
"question": "What kind of development on rivers are conservationists concerned about?"
}
] |
12,715 | The animals most often thought of as being "typical" of Galicia are the livestock raised there. The Galician horse is native to the region, as is the Galician Blond cow and the domestic fowl known as the galiña de Mos. The latter is an endangered species, although it is showing signs of a comeback since 2001. Galicia's... | [
{
"answer": "Galician Blond",
"question": "Which cow species is native to Galicia?"
},
{
"answer": "galiña de Mos",
"question": "Which fowl species is native to the area?"
},
{
"answer": "Ría de Ribadeo",
"question": "One of the Special Protection Areas for birds is in which area?"
... |
12,716 | Being located on the Atlantic coastline, Galicia has a very mild climate for the latitude and the marine influence affects most of the province to various degrees. In comparison to similar latitudes on the other side of the Atlantic, winters are exceptionally mild, with consistently heavy rainfall. Snow is rare due to ... | [
{
"answer": "Pontevedra",
"question": "Where is Galicia's warmest coastal station?"
},
{
"answer": "Ourense",
"question": "What about inland?"
}
] |
12,717 | The lands of Galicia are ascribed to two different areas in the Köppen climate classification: a south area (roughly, the province of Ourense and Pontevedra) with tendencies to have some summer drought, classified as a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb), with mild temperatures and rainfall usual throughout the yea... | [
{
"answer": "Mediterranean",
"question": "What is the southern area's climate classified as?"
},
{
"answer": "Oceanic",
"question": "What about the climate of its coastal areas?"
}
] |
12,718 | As an example, Santiago de Compostela, the political capital city, has an average of 129 rainy days and 1,362 millimetres (53.6 in) per year (with just 17 rainy days in the three summer months) and 2,101 sunlight hours per year, with just 6 days with frosts per year. But the colder city of Lugo, to the east, has an ave... | [
{
"answer": "Santiago de Compostela",
"question": "What is the political capital city?"
},
{
"answer": "129",
"question": "How many rainy days does it typically have?"
},
{
"answer": "6",
"question": "How many days with frosts?"
},
{
"answer": "40",
"question": "A colder ... |
12,719 | Galicia is further divided into 53 comarcas, 315 municipalities (93 in A Coruña, 67 in Lugo, 92 in Ourense, 62 in Pontevedra) and 3,778 parishes. Municipalities are divided into parishes, which may be further divided into aldeas ("hamlets") or lugares ("places"). This traditional breakdown into such small areas is unus... | [
{
"answer": "53",
"question": "How many comarcas does Galicia consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "315",
"question": "How many municipalities?"
},
{
"answer": "3,778",
"question": "How many parishes?"
},
{
"answer": "40,000",
"question": "How many of its numerous named locations ... |
12,720 | In comparison to the other regions of Spain, the major economic benefit of Galicia is its fishing Industry. Galicia is a land of economic contrast. While the western coast, with its major population centers and its fishing and manufacturing industries, is prosperous and increasing in population, the rural hinterland — ... | [
{
"answer": "fishing",
"question": "Which industry is Galicia's main money maker?"
},
{
"answer": "minifundios",
"question": "What are the landholdings that the farming industry uses called? "
}
] |
12,721 | Galicia was late to catch the tourism boom that has swept Spain in recent decades, but the coastal regions (especially the Rías Baixas and Santiago de Compostela) are now significant tourist destinations and are especially popular with visitors from other regions in Spain, where the majority of tourists come from. In 2... | [
{
"answer": "Rías Baixas and Santiago de Compostela",
"question": "Which two coastal regions are now major tourist destinations?"
},
{
"answer": "5.7 million",
"question": "How many tourists visited Galicia in 2007?"
},
{
"answer": "12%",
"question": "What percentage of its GDP is to... |
12,722 | The most important Galician fishing port is the Port of Vigo; It is one of the world's leading fishing ports, second only to Tokyo, with an annual catch worth 1,500 million euros. In 2007 the port took in 732,951 metric tons (721,375 long tons; 807,940 short tons) of fish and seafood, and about 4,000,000 metric tons (3... | [
{
"answer": "Vigo",
"question": "Which port is Galicia's most important?"
},
{
"answer": "Tokyo",
"question": "Which Japanese fishing port is Galicia's second to?"
},
{
"answer": "120",
"question": "Aside from the larger ports, roughly how many other organized ports are there?"
}
] |
12,723 | Within Galicia are the Autopista AP-9 from Ferrol to Vigo and the Autopista AP-53 (also known as AG-53, because it was initially built by the Xunta de Galicia) from Santiago to Ourense. Additional roads under construction include Autovía A-54 from Santiago de Compostela to Lugo, and Autovía A-56 from Lugo to Ourense. T... | [
{
"answer": "Xunta de Galicia",
"question": "The Autopista AP-53 was originally built by whom?"
},
{
"answer": "AG-41",
"question": "Name another road they responsible for."
}
] |
12,725 | The rapid increase of population of A Coruña, Vigo and to a lesser degree other major Galician cities, like Ourense, Pontevedra or Santiago de Compostela during the years that followed the Spanish Civil War during the mid-20th century occurred as the rural population declined: many villages and hamlets of the four prov... | [
{
"answer": "Spanish Civil War",
"question": "A rapid population growth after occurred after which war?"
},
{
"answer": "Economic development and mechanization of agriculture",
"question": "What are two reasons for which Galicia's rural areas have been largely abandoned?"
}
] |
12,726 | Spanish was nonetheless the only official language in Galicia for more than four centuries. Over the many centuries of Castilian domination, Galician faded from day-to-day use in urban areas. The period since the re-establishment of democracy in Spain—in particular since the Lei de Normalización Lingüística ("Law of Li... | [
{
"answer": "more than four centuries",
"question": "For how long was Spanish the official language of Galicia?"
},
{
"answer": "1983",
"question": "In modern times, from which year have children attended school in Galician?"
},
{
"answer": "Lei de Normalización Lingüística (\"Law of Lin... |
12,727 | Nowadays, Galician is resurgent, though in the cities it remains a "second language" for most. According to a 2001 census, 99.16 percent of the populace of Galicia understand the language, 91.04 percent speak it, 68.65 percent read it and 57.64 percent write it. The first two numbers (understanding and speaking) remain... | [
{
"answer": "91",
"question": "Roughly what percentage of the population actually speaks Galician?"
},
{
"answer": "68",
"question": "What percentage read it?"
},
{
"answer": "57",
"question": "What percentage write it?"
}
] |
12,728 | The earliest known document in Galician-Portuguese dates from 1228. The Foro do bo burgo do Castro Caldelas was granted by Alfonso IX of León to the town of Burgo, in Castro Caldelas, after the model of the constitutions of the town of Allariz. A distinct Galician Literature emerged during the Middle Ages: In the 13th ... | [
{
"answer": "1228",
"question": "The earliest Galician-Portuguese documents date back to which year?"
},
{
"answer": "Middle Ages",
"question": "During what era did Galician literature emerge?"
}
] |
12,729 | Christianity is the most widely practised religion in Galicia, as it has been since its introduction in Late Antiquity, although it lived alongside the old Gallaeci religion for a few centuries. Today about 73% of Galicians identify themselves as Christians. The largest form of Christianity practised in the present day... | [
{
"answer": "Christianity",
"question": "What is Galicia's most widespread religion?"
},
{
"answer": "73%",
"question": "What percentage of Galicians identify with this religion?"
}
] |
12,730 | Since the Middle Ages, the Galician Catholic Church has been organized into five ecclesiastical dioceses (Lugo, Ourense, Santiago de Compostela, Mondoñedo-Ferrol and Tui-Vigo). While these may have coincided with contemporary 15th-century civil provinces, they no longer have the same boundaries as the modern civil prov... | [
{
"answer": "Catholic Church",
"question": "Which church has had a large influence over Galicia since the Middle Ages?"
},
{
"answer": "one archbishop and four bishops",
"question": "Which five positions are held by church leaders?"
}
] |
12,731 | Hundreds of ancient standing stone monuments like dolmens, menhirs and megalithics Tumulus were erected during the prehistoric period in Galicia, amongst the best-known are the dolmens of Dombate, Corveira, Axeitos of Pedra da Arca, menhirs like the "Lapa de Gargñáns". From the Iron Age, Galicia has a rich heritage bas... | [
{
"answer": "Romans",
"question": "Which civilization was it that founded some of the first Galician cities?"
},
{
"answer": "Lugo and Ourense",
"question": "Name two of these cities."
}
] |
12,732 | The patron saint of Galicia is Saint James the Greater, whose body was discovered – according to the Catholic tradition – in 814 near Compostela. After that date, the relics of Saint James became an extraordinary centre of pilgrimage and from the 9th century have been kept in the heart of the church – the modern-day ca... | [
{
"answer": "Saint James the Greater",
"question": "Who is Galicia's patron saint?"
},
{
"answer": "Saint Senorina",
"question": "Name another saint associated with Galicia."
}
] |
12,733 | In northern Galicia, the A Coruña-Ferrol metropolitan area has become increasingly dominant in terms of population. The population of the city of A Coruña in 1900 was 43,971. The population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol and Santiago de Compostela was 653,556. A Coruña... | [
{
"answer": "A Coruña-Ferrol",
"question": "Which metro area is largest in terms of population?"
},
{
"answer": "653,556",
"question": "What was it's total population back in 1900?"
}
] |
12,734 | Galicia's inhabitants are known as Galicians (Galician: galegos, Spanish: gallegos). For well over a century Galicia has grown more slowly than the rest of Spain, due largely to emigration to Latin America and to other parts of Spain. Sometimes Galicia has lost population in absolute terms. In 1857, Galicia had Spain's... | [
{
"answer": "galegos",
"question": "What to Galician's call themselves in their language?"
},
{
"answer": "Latin America",
"question": "Aside from Spain, where have Galicians emigrated to?"
}
] |
12,735 | The Galician road network includes autopistas and autovías connecting the major cities, as well as national and secondary roads to the rest of the municipalities. The Autovía A-6 connects A Coruña and Lugo to Madrid, entering Galicia at Pedrafita do Cebreiro. The Autovía A-52 connects O Porriño, Ourense and Benavente, ... | [
{
"answer": "Madrid",
"question": "Which Spanish city does the Autovía A-6 lead to?"
},
{
"answer": "Cantabrian",
"question": "The Autovía A-8 enters Galicia on which coast?"
}
] |
12,736 | The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene, from the same Germanic root as the words "grass" and "grow". It is the color of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime, growth and nature. By far the largest contributor to green in natu... | [
{
"answer": "grene",
"question": "Which old english word does the word \"green\" originate from?"
},
{
"answer": "grow",
"question": "Other than \"grass\", what other Germanic root word is similar to green?"
},
{
"answer": "springtime",
"question": "Which season is green most commonl... |
12,738 | Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-... | [
{
"answer": "fresh, sprouting vegetation",
"question": "Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek all has old terms for \"green\" which are derived from words for what?"
},
{
"answer": "independently",
"question": "How were the terms for \"green\" derived in the Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek l... |
12,740 | "Green" in modern European languages corresponds to about 520–570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e.g. using a term for the range of ca. 450–530 nm ("blue/green") and another for ca. 530–590 nm ("green/yellow").[citation needed] In the comparative study of color terms in the world... | [
{
"answer": "Thai",
"question": "In which language does the word for \"green\" also mean \"rank\" and \"smelly\"?"
},
{
"answer": "520–570 nm",
"question": "In what range does the color green fall in modern European languages?"
},
{
"answer": "the name of a fruit",
"question": "What ... |
12,741 | In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, green is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to... | [
{
"answer": "subtractive",
"question": "In which color system is green created by combining yellow and blue?"
},
{
"answer": "RGB",
"question": "In which color model is green one of the additive primary colors?"
},
{
"answer": "magenta",
"question": "What is the complement of green o... |
12,742 | In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm; this "green" primary is combined with an orangish-red "red" primary and a purplish-blue "blue" primary to produce any color in between – th... | [
{
"answer": "A unique green",
"question": "What is produced on a computer display when light from the green primary is mixed with some light from the blue primary?"
},
{
"answer": "~550 nm",
"question": "At what wavelength is green on computer displays?"
},
{
"answer": "additive",
"q... |
12,744 | Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among ... | [
{
"answer": "reflect",
"question": "What do pigments do with the color green?"
},
{
"answer": "minerals",
"question": "What are green paints and dyes usually made of?"
},
{
"answer": "chromium",
"question": "What is the main chemical that causes emeralds to be green?"
},
{
"a... |
12,746 | There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials. Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used colori... | [
{
"answer": "Green S (E142)",
"question": "Which green food coloring is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia?"
},
{
"answer": "Quinoline Yellow",
"question": "What is a commonly used food coloring in the United Kingdom that is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway, and the ... |
12,747 | To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio ... | [
{
"answer": "barium salts",
"question": "How do fireworks create green sparks?"
},
{
"answer": "cupric chloride",
"question": "Which copper salt can produce green glames?"
},
{
"answer": "75:25",
"question": "What is the ratio of boron to potassium nitrate in green pyrotechnic flares... |
12,748 | Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so lig... | [
{
"answer": "chlorophyll",
"question": "Why are many plants green?"
},
{
"answer": "absorbs",
"question": "What does chlorophyll do with long (red) and short (blue) wavelengths of light?"
},
{
"answer": "organisms living in oceans",
"question": "Where did chlorophyll first arise?"
... |
12,749 | Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment. Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming thro... | [
{
"answer": "camouflage",
"question": "How do animals typically use the color green?"
},
{
"answer": "reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment",
"question": "Why do most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green?"
},
{
"answer": "Turacoverdin",
... |
12,750 | There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected... | [
{
"answer": "an optical illusion",
"question": "What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to?"
},
{
"answer": "Northern and Central Europe",
"question": "Where are green eyes most common?"
},
{
"answer": "women",
"question": "Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex mo... |
12,751 | In Ancient Egypt green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely-ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert- A paintbox with malachite pigment was fou... | [
{
"answer": "green",
"question": "Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "malachite",
"question": "What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus?"
},
{
"answer": "saffron",
"question": "How did Eg... |
12,752 | For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth. In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was t... | [
{
"answer": "a growing papyrus sprout",
"question": "What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green?"
},
{
"answer": "Osiris",
"question": "Who was the ruler of the underworld in ancient Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "to protect them from evil",
"question": "Why was green facial makeup w... |
12,753 | In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway... | [
{
"answer": "Aristotle",
"question": "Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white?"
},
{
"answer": "Democritus",
"question": "Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon?"
},
{
"answer": "white... |
12,754 | The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigm... | [
{
"answer": "verdigris",
"question": "What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine?"
},
{
"answer": "ten",
"question": "How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin?"
},
{
"answer": "green",
"question": "What color did the Romans attribute t... |
12,755 | Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tre... | [
{
"answer": "they rapidly faded or changed color",
"question": "Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?"
},
{
"answer": "16th century",
"question": "When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?"
},
{
"answer": "reseda luteola",
"question": "What was known as yellow-weed?"... |
12,756 | In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as Jo... | [
{
"answer": "18th and 19th century",
"question": "When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?"
},
{
"answer": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau",
"question": "Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?"
},
{
"answer": "Goethe",
"question":... |
12,757 | The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The... | [
{
"answer": "late nineteenth century",
"question": "When did the systematic study of color theory begin?"
},
{
"answer": "Vincent van Gogh",
"question": "Who painted The Night Cafe?"
},
{
"answer": "complementary",
"question": "What type of colors are red and green?"
}
] |
12,758 | Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights. Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London. It exploded the following year, ... | [
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "When were green and red standardized as the colors of international railroad signs?"
},
{
"answer": "1868",
"question": "When was the first traffic light erected?"
},
{
"answer": "Salt Lake City, Utah",
"question": "Where were the first modern... |
12,759 | Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison. There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popul... | [
{
"answer": "the green fairy",
"question": "What was absinthe known as?"
},
{
"answer": "copper or arsenic",
"question": "Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic?"
},
{
"answer": "green",
"question": "What color is most associated with toxicity and... |
12,760 | Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the w... | [
{
"answer": "Libya",
"question": "Which country had a flag in 1977 that was only green?"
},
{
"answer": "country's lush vegetation",
"question": "What does the green in Jamaica's flag represent?"
},
{
"answer": "steadiness and tolerance",
"question": "What does the green cedar of Leb... |
12,761 | In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was forme... | [
{
"answer": "Alliance '90/The Greens",
"question": "What is the largest green party in Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "environmentalism",
"question": "Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s?"
},
{
"answer": "1980",
"question": "When was the German g... |
12,762 | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their... | [
{
"answer": "green",
"question": "What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?"
},
{
"answer": "Pentecost",
"question": "What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?"
},
{
"answer": "Catholics... |
12,763 | USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as... | [
{
"answer": "USB",
"question": "What was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals?"
},
{
"answer": "commonplace",
"question": "USB has become what on other devices?"
},
{
"answer": "a variety of earlier interfaces",
"question": "What has USB effectively replaced... |
12,764 | Unlike other data cables (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI), each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of connector; a Type-A or a Type-B. This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment, as only the Type-A socket provides power. There are cables with Type-A connectors on both ends, but the... | [
{
"answer": "Type-A or a Type-B",
"question": "What are the different kinds of USB connectors?"
},
{
"answer": "to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment",
"question": "Why were the designs for different USB connectors made?"
},
{
"answer": "the Type-A connector is usually th... |
12,765 | Counter-intuitively, the "micro" size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime. The standard and mini connectors were designed for less than daily connections, with a design lifetime of 1,500 insertion-removal cycles. (Improved mini-B connectors have reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes.) Micro connec... | [
{
"answer": "the \"micro\" size",
"question": "What size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime?"
},
{
"answer": "The standard and mini connectors",
"question": "What was designed for less daily connections?"
},
{
"answer": "Improved mini-B connectors",
"qu... |
12,766 | USB connections also come in five data transfer modes, in ascending order: Low Speed (1.0), Full Speed (1.0), High Speed (2.0), SuperSpeed (3.0), and SuperSpeed+ (3.1). High Speed is supported only by specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces (that is, USB 2.0 controllers without the High Speed designation do... | [
{
"answer": "five data transfer modes",
"question": "USB connections come in what?"
},
{
"answer": "specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces",
"question": "What is High Speed only supported by?"
},
{
"answer": "USB 3.0 and newer interfaces",
"question": "SuperSpeed is only... |
12,767 | A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and s... | [
{
"answer": "1994",
"question": "When did the seven companies begin developing USB's?"
},
{
"answer": "seven",
"question": "How many companies developed USB's?"
},
{
"answer": "to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs",
"question": "What was the goal for USB... |
12,768 | The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed" and 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed". Microsoft Windows 95, OSR 2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/... | [
{
"answer": "January 1996",
"question": "When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced?"
},
{
"answer": "1.5 Mbit/s \"Low Speed\"",
"question": "How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?"
},
{
"answer": "12 Mbit/s \"Full Speed\"",
"question": "What was the ... |
12,769 | The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions. The payload throughput is 4 Gbit/s[citation needed] (due to the overhead incurred by 8b/10b encoding), and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve around ... | [
{
"answer": "The new SuperSpeed bus",
"question": "What provides a fourth transfer mode?"
},
{
"answer": "5.0 Gbit/s",
"question": "How fast is the new SuperSpeed bus data signaling rate?"
},
{
"answer": "Communication",
"question": "What is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode?"
... |
12,770 | As with previous USB versions, USB 3.0 ports come in low-power and high-power variants, providing 150 mA and 900 mA respectively, while simultaneously transmitting data at SuperSpeed rates. Additionally, there is a Battery Charging Specification (Version 1.2 – December 2010), which increases the power handling capabili... | [
{
"answer": "low-power and high-power",
"question": "What are the power variants in USB 3.0 ports?"
},
{
"answer": "150 mA and 900 mA respectively",
"question": "What do the power variants provide?"
},
{
"answer": "increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A",
"question": "What ... |
12,771 | A January 2013 press release from the USB group revealed plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s. The group ended up creating a new USB version, USB 3.1, which was released on 31 July 2013, introducing a faster transfer mode called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbit/s, putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt chan... | [
{
"answer": "January 2013",
"question": "When were the plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s revealed?"
},
{
"answer": "The group ended up creating a new USB version",
"question": "What actually happened whenever USB 3.0 was updated?"
},
{
"answer": "31 July 2013",
"question": "When w... |
12,772 | Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification, but distinct from it, the USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014 and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices. The Type-C plug connects to both hosts and devices, replacing various Type-A and Type-B connectors and c... | [
{
"answer": "August 2014",
"question": "When was the Type-C Specification 1.0 finalized?"
},
{
"answer": "USB Type-C Specification 1.0",
"question": "What defined a new reversible-plug connector for USB devices?"
},
{
"answer": "both hosts and devices",
"question": "What does Type-C ... |
12,773 | Full-featured USB Type-C cables are active, electronically marked cables that contain a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages (VDMs) from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification. USB Type-C devices also support power currents of 1.5 A and 3.0 A over the 5 V power ... | [
{
"answer": "an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages",
"question": "Electronically marked cables have a chip that contains what?"
},
{
"answer": "active, electronically marked cables",
"question": "What kind of cables does the fully featured USB Type-C ... |
12,774 | The design architecture of USB is asymmetrical in its topology, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB ho... | [
{
"answer": "its topology",
"question": "The design of USB is asymmetrical in what?"
},
{
"answer": "127 devices",
"question": "How many devices may be connected to a host controller?"
},
{
"answer": "in series through hubs",
"question": "How are USB devices linked?"
},
{
"an... |
12,775 | A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). This kind of device is called a composite device. An alternative to ... | [
{
"answer": "device functions",
"question": "What are logical sub-devices referred to as?"
},
{
"answer": "built-in microphone",
"question": "A single device can provide an audio device function such as?"
},
{
"answer": "a webcam",
"question": "A single device can provide a video dev... |
12,776 | USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device could have up to 32 endpoints (16 IN, 16 ... | [
{
"answer": "a connection from the host controller to a logical entity",
"question": "What is a pipe?"
},
{
"answer": "pipes (logical channels)",
"question": "A USB connection is based on what?"
},
{
"answer": "an endpoint",
"question": "What is a pipe named at?"
},
{
"answer... |
12,777 | An endpoint of a pipe is addressable with a tuple (device_address, endpoint_number) as specified in a TOKEN packet that the host sends when it wants to start a data transfer session. If the direction of the data transfer is from the host to the endpoint, an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) having the des... | [
{
"answer": "the host sends an IN packet",
"question": "If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, what does the host send?"
},
{
"answer": "both IN and OUT packets",
"question": "What does a bi-directional endpoint accept?"
},
{
"answer": "an OUT packet",
... |
12,778 | When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is... | [
{
"answer": "enumeration process",
"question": "What is started when a USB is first connected to a host?"
},
{
"answer": "the reset signaling",
"question": "What id the data rate determined during?"
},
{
"answer": "After reset",
"question": "When is the device assigned a unique 7-bit... |
12,779 | High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses. When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub, it operates in high-speed mode. The USB hub then uses either one transaction translator per hub t... | [
{
"answer": "convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses",
"question": "What do transaction translators do?"
},
{
"answer": "When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub",
"question": "When does a USB 2.0 hub operate in high speed mode?"
... |
12,780 | USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS). This was at first intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives and has been extended to support flash drives. It has also been extended to support a wide variety of novel devices as many... | [
{
"answer": "storage devices",
"question": "What do USB's implement connections to?"
},
{
"answer": "the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS)",
"question": "What are the standards called that implement connections to storage devices?"
},
{
"answer": "extension",
"question": "Wh... |
12,781 | Though most computers since mid-2004 can boot from USB mass storage devices, USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage. Buses such as Parallel ATA (PATA or IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), or SCSI fulfill that role in PC class computers. However, USB has one important advantage, in that it is possi... | [
{
"answer": "since mid-2004",
"question": "Since when can most computers boot from USB mass storage devices?"
},
{
"answer": "a primary bus for a computer's internal storage",
"question": "What is USB not intended for?"
},
{
"answer": "it is possible to install and remove devices without... |
12,782 | Firstly conceived and still used today for optical storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives, etc.), several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives, or empty enclosures for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the current number and types of attached USB dev... | [
{
"answer": "external portable USB hard disk drives",
"question": "Several manufacturers offer what?"
},
{
"answer": "performance comparable to internal drives",
"question": "What do external portable USB hard drive disks offer?"
},
{
"answer": "Thunderbolt",
"question": "What is the... |
12,783 | Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage... | [
{
"answer": "Microsoft",
"question": "Media Transfer Protocol was designed by who?"
},
{
"answer": "to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem",
"question": "Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed?"
},
{
"answer": "use with portable media players",
"question": "What was M... |
12,784 | USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used: the hardware in the USB keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is... | [
{
"answer": "PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter",
"question": "What do older computers have to have in order for USB mice and keyboards to be used?"
},
{
"answer": "whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port",
"question": "What is the hardware designed to detect in US... |
12,785 | By design, it is difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly. The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug, which "...provides easy user recognition and facilitates alignment during the mating process." The specification also shows that the... | [
{
"answer": "to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly",
"question": "What is difficult to do with a USB plug?"
},
{
"answer": "embossed on the \"topside\" of the USB plug",
"question": "The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be what?"
},
{
"answer": "adj... |
12,786 | The standard connectors were deliberately intended to enforce the directed topology of a USB network: Type-A receptacles on host devices that supply power and Type-B receptacles on target devices that draw power. This prevents users from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other, which could lead to ... | [
{
"answer": "supply power",
"question": "What do Type-A receptacles do on host devices?"
},
{
"answer": "draw power",
"question": "What do Type-b receptacles do on target devices?"
},
{
"answer": "from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other",
"question": "What d... |
12,787 | The standard connectors were designed to be robust. Because USB is hot-pluggable, the connectors would be used more frequently, and perhaps with less care, than other connectors. Many previous connector designs were fragile, specifying embedded component pins or other delicate parts that were vulnerable to bending or b... | [
{
"answer": "robust",
"question": "Standard connectors were designed to be what?"
},
{
"answer": "the connectors would be used more frequently",
"question": "Why were standard connectors designed to be so robust?"
},
{
"answer": "Many previous connector designs were fragile",
"questi... |
12,788 | The connector construction always ensures that the external sheath on the plug makes contact with its counterpart in the receptacle before any of the four connectors within make electrical contact. The external metallic sheath is typically connected to system ground, thus dissipating damaging static charges. This enclo... | [
{
"answer": "typically connected to system ground",
"question": "Where is the external metallic sheet connected?"
},
{
"answer": "This enclosure design",
"question": "What provides a degree of protection from interference with the USB signal?"
},
{
"answer": "electrically safe hot-swappi... |
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