id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
12,789 | The newer micro-USB receptacles are designed for a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal between the receptacle and plug, compared to 1,500 for the standard USB and 5,000 for the mini-USB receptacle. Features intended to accomplish include, a locking device was added and the leaf-spring was m... | [
{
"answer": "a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion",
"question": "What are the newer micro-USB receptacles designed for?"
},
{
"answer": "1,500",
"question": "What is the minimum rated lifetime for the standard USB receptacle?"
},
{
"answer": "on the cable side of the co... |
12,790 | The USB standard specifies relatively loose tolerances for compliant USB connectors to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors. To address a weakness present in some other connector standards, the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in the area aroun... | [
{
"answer": "loose tolerances",
"question": "What type of tolerances does the USB standard specify for compliant USB connectors?"
},
{
"answer": "to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors",
"question": "Why were loose tolerances allowed for compliant USB connect... |
12,791 | In general, USB cables have only plugs on their ends, while hosts and devices have only receptacles. Hosts almost universally have Type-A receptacles, while devices have one or another Type-B variety. Type-A plugs mate only with Type-A receptacles, and the same applies to their Type-B counterparts; they are deliberatel... | [
{
"answer": "plugs",
"question": "USB cables and device have only what on their ends?"
},
{
"answer": "receptacles",
"question": "Hosts and devices only have what in terms of connecting to a USB device?"
},
{
"answer": "one or another Type-B variety",
"question": "Devices usually hav... |
12,792 | Various connectors have been used for smaller devices such as digital cameras, smartphones, and tablet computers. These include the now-deprecated (i.e. de-certified but standardized) mini-A and mini-AB connectors; mini-B connectors are still supported, but are not OTG-compliant (On The Go, used in mobile devices). The... | [
{
"answer": "Various connectors",
"question": "What has been used to connect digital cameras. smartphones and other devices to tablet computers?"
},
{
"answer": "The mini-B USB connector",
"question": "What was standard for transferring data to and from the earlier type of smartphones?"
},
{... |
12,793 | The micro plug design is rated for at least 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles, which is more than the mini plug design. The micro connector is also designed to reduce the mechanical wear on the device; instead the easier-to-replace cable is designed to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection. The Univer... | [
{
"answer": "to reduce the mechanical wear on the device",
"question": "What is the micro connector designed for?"
},
{
"answer": "to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection",
"question": "What is the easier-to-replace cable designed for?"
},
{
"answer": "10,000 connect-... |
12,794 | The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) in 2007 endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices In addition, on 22 October 2009 the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has also announced that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solu... | [
{
"answer": "The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform",
"question": "In 2007 who endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices?"
},
{
"answer": "22 October 2009",
"question": "When did the ITU announce that it had embraced micro-USB as th... |
12,795 | The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI (independent of the OMTP/GSMA proposal) defined a common External Power Supply (EPS) for use with smartphones sold in the EU based on micro-USB. 14 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). Ap... | [
{
"answer": "The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI",
"question": "Who defined a common External Power Supply for use with smartphones sold?"
},
{
"answer": "14",
"question": "How many mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS (MoU)?"
},
{
"answer": "Apple"... |
12,796 | All current USB On-The-Go (OTG) devices are required to have one, and only one, USB connector: a micro-AB receptacle. Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle, due to power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line. The micro-AB receptacle is capable of accepting both micro-A and micro-B ... | [
{
"answer": "one, and only one, USB connector",
"question": "What are all USB On-The-Go devices required to have?"
},
{
"answer": "the micro-AB receptacle",
"question": "Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use what?"
},
{
"answer": "power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line... |
12,797 | The OTG device with the A-plug inserted is called the A-device and is responsible for powering the USB interface when required and by default assumes the role of host. The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called the B-device and by default assumes the role of peripheral. An OTG device with no plug inserted defaul... | [
{
"answer": "B-device",
"question": "The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called what?"
},
{
"answer": "to acting as a B-device",
"question": "What does an OTG device default to with no plug inserted?"
},
{
"answer": "powering the USB interface when required",
"question": "What... |
12,798 | USB is a serial bus, using four shielded wires for the USB 2.0 variant: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals (labelled as D+ and D− in pinouts). Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted (NRZI) encoding scheme is used for transferring data, with a sync field to synchronize the host and receiver clocks.... | [
{
"answer": "a serial bus",
"question": "What is USB?"
},
{
"answer": "four shielded wires",
"question": "What kind of wires does the USB 2.0 variant use?"
},
{
"answer": "two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals",
"question": "What are the four shielded wi... |
12,799 | USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed (480 Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 μs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding... | [
{
"answer": "5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed",
"question": "How long is the maximum cable length the USB 2.0 provides?"
},
{
"answer": "26 ns",
"question": "What is the maximum acceptable delay per cable?"
},
{
"answer": "cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter",
"question... |
12,800 | A unit load is defined as 100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0, and 150 mA in USB 3.0. A device may draw a maximum of five unit loads from a port in USB 1.x and 2.0 (500 mA), or six unit loads in USB 3.0 (900 mA). There are two types of devices: low-power and high-power. A low-power device (such as a USB HID) draws at most one-un... | [
{
"answer": "100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0",
"question": "What is a unit load defined as?"
},
{
"answer": "150 mA",
"question": "How much is a unit load in USB 3.0?"
},
{
"answer": "five unit loads",
"question": "What is the maximum amount of load a USB 1. and 2.0 device may draw?"
},
... |
12,801 | Some devices, such as high-speed external disk drives, require more than 500 mA of current and therefore may have power issues if powered from just one USB 2.0 port: erratic function, failure to function, or overloading/damaging the port. Such devices may come with an external power source or a Y-shaped cable that has ... | [
{
"answer": "high-speed external disk drives",
"question": "What is an example of a device that requires more than 500 mA of current?"
},
{
"answer": "may have power issues",
"question": "What is an issue that may occur if a high-speed external disk drive is powered from just one USB 2.0 port."
... |
12,802 | The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 (released in 2007) defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port. Contrary to the standard downstream port, for which current draw by a connected portable device can exceed 100 mA only after digital negotiation with the host or hub, a charging port can supp... | [
{
"answer": "The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1",
"question": "What defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port?"
},
{
"answer": "in 2007",
"question": "When was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 released?"
},
{
"answer": "the charging port... |
12,803 | Two types of charging port exist: the charging downstream port (CDP), supporting data transfers as well, and the dedicated charging port (DCP), without data support. A portable device can recognize the type of USB port; on a dedicated charging port, the D+ and D− pins are shorted with a resistance not exceeding 200 ohm... | [
{
"answer": "Two types",
"question": "How many types of charging ports exist?"
},
{
"answer": "the type of USB port",
"question": "What can a portable device recognize?"
},
{
"answer": "a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms",
"question": "What are the D+ and D- shortened with?"
}
] |
12,804 | The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 (released in 2010) makes clear that there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0. On the other hand, several changes are made and limits are increasing including allowing 1.5 A on charging downstream ports for unconfigured devices, allowing ... | [
{
"answer": "there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0",
"question": "What does the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 make clear of?"
},
{
"answer": "USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms",
"question": "What does revision 1.2 remo... |
12,805 | In July 2012, the USB Promoters Group announced the finalization of the USB Power Delivery ("PD") specification, an extension that specifies using certified "PD aware" USB cables with standard USB Type-A and Type-B connectors to deliver increased power (more than 7.5 W) to devices with larger power demand. Devices can ... | [
{
"answer": "In July 2012",
"question": "When did the USB Promoters Group announce the finalization of the USB Power Delivery specification?"
},
{
"answer": "higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts",
"question": "What can devices request?"
},
{
"answer": "supported",
... |
12,806 | The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of the USB 3.1 suite. It covers the Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel, which now hosts a DC coupled low-frequency BMC-coded data channel that reduces the possibilities for RF interferen... | [
{
"answer": "USB 3.1",
"question": "The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of what?"
},
{
"answer": "Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel",
"question": "What does the USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 spec... |
12,807 | Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off. Normally, when a computer is powered off the USB ports are powered down, preventing phones and other devices from charging. Sleep-and-charge USB ports remain powered even when the computer is off. On laptops, cha... | [
{
"answer": "charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off",
"question": "What can sleep-and-charge USB ports be used to do?"
},
{
"answer": "USB ports",
"question": "What is normally powered off whenever the computer is off?"
},
{
"answer": "Sleep-and-charge USB ports... |
12,808 | On Dell and Toshiba laptops, the port is marked with the standard USB symbol with an added lightning bolt icon on the right side. Dell calls this feature PowerShare, while Toshiba calls it USB Sleep-and-Charge. On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops, sleep-and-charge USB ports are marked with a non-standard symbol (the ... | [
{
"answer": "On Dell and Toshiba laptops",
"question": "On what laptops are the USB ports marked with a USB symbol with an added lightening bolt icon?"
},
{
"answer": "PowerShare",
"question": "What does dell call the feature that lets USB drives to remain powered when the computer is off?"
},... |
12,809 | The GSM Association (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009, and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the CTIA – The Wireless Association, with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-... | [
{
"answer": "17 February 2009",
"question": "When did the GSM Association follow suit?"
},
{
"answer": "a 4-star or higher efficiency rating",
"question": "UCS chargers will also include what?"
},
{
"answer": "22 April 2009",
"question": "When was this further endorsed by the CTIA?"
... |
12,810 | In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply (EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) reference... | [
{
"answer": "June 2009",
"question": "When did many of the largest mobile phone manufacturers sign an EC-sponsored MoU?"
},
{
"answer": "to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply",
"question": "What did the MoU make the ... |
12,811 | Some USB devices require more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port. This is common for external hard and optical disc drives, and generally for devices with motors or lamps. Such devices can use an external power supply, which is allowed by the standard, or use a dual-input USB cable, one inp... | [
{
"answer": "more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port.",
"question": "Some USB devices require what?"
},
{
"answer": "an external power supply",
"question": "Some devices such as an external hard and optical disk drive can use what?"
},
{
"answer": "a dual-inp... |
12,812 | In addition to limiting the total average power used by the device, the USB specification limits the inrush current (i.e., that used to charge decoupling and filter capacitors) when the device is first connected. Otherwise, connecting a device could cause problems with the host's internal power. USB devices are also re... | [
{
"answer": "the inrush current",
"question": "What does the USB specification limit?"
},
{
"answer": "when the device is first connected",
"question": "When is the inrush current affected by the USB specification?"
},
{
"answer": "ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspen... |
12,813 | Some non-standard USB devices use the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network, which negotiates power draw with the host interface. These are usually called USB decorations.[citation needed] Examples include USB-powered keyboard lights, fans, mug coolers and heaters, battery chargers, miniature v... | [
{
"answer": "the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network",
"question": "What do some non-standard USB devices use?"
},
{
"answer": "the 5 V power supply",
"question": "What Negotiates power draw with the host interface?"
},
{
"answer": "that devices connect in a lo... |
12,814 | USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state. USB encodes data using the NRZI line coding; a 0 bit is transmitted by toggling the data lines from J to K or vice versa, while a 1 bit is transmitted by leaving the data lines as-is. To ensure a minimum density of signal t... | [
{
"answer": "by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state",
"question": "How is the USB data transmitted?"
},
{
"answer": "the NRZI line coding",
"question": "What does USB use to encode data?"
},
{
"answer": "bit stuffing",
"question": "To ensure a minimum... |
12,815 | A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D− both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D− lines and the aforementioned pull up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs... | [
{
"answer": "EOP (end-of-packet)",
"question": "What is a USB packet's end called?"
},
{
"answer": "as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet",
"question": "What can skew due to hubs add?"
},
{
"answer": "\"bit stuff violation",
"question": "What can this extra bit ... |
12,816 | USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset, called chirping, to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub. A device that is HS capable first connects as an FS device (D+ pulled high), but upon receiving a USB RESET (both D+ and D− driven LOW by host for 10 to 20 ms) it pulls the D− line high, known a... | [
{
"answer": "a special protocol",
"question": "What type of protocol is used for USB 2.0 devices during a reset?"
},
{
"answer": "chirping",
"question": "What is the special protocol during a USB 2.0 device reset called?"
},
{
"answer": "an FS device (D+ pulled high)",
"question": " ... |
12,817 | According to routine testing performed by CNet, write operations to typical Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) hard drives can sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s, while read operations are at 30–42 MB/s; this is 70% of the total available bus bandwidth. For USB 3.0, typical write speed is 70–90 MB/s, while read speed is 90–110 MB/s. Mask Tes... | [
{
"answer": "sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s,",
"question": "Write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can what?"
},
{
"answer": "70–90 MB/s",
"question": " For USB 3.0, typical write speed is what?"
},
{
"answer": "90–110 MB/s",
"question": "What is the read speed for USB 3.0?"
... |
12,818 | After the sync field, all packets are made of 8-bit bytes, transmitted least-significant bit first. The first byte is a packet identifier (PID) byte. The PID is actually 4 bits; the byte consists of the 4-bit PID followed by its bitwise complement. This redundancy helps detect errors. (Note also that a PID byte contain... | [
{
"answer": "8-bit bytes",
"question": "After the sync field, all packets are made of how many bit bytes?"
},
{
"answer": "least-significant bit first",
"question": "How are the bit bytes transmitted?"
},
{
"answer": "a packet identifier (PID) byte",
"question": "The first byte is wh... |
12,819 | Handshake packets consist of only a single PID byte, and are generally sent in response to data packets. Error detection is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form. Three basic types are ACK, indicating that data was successfully received, NA... | [
{
"answer": "PID byte",
"question": "Handshake packets consist of only a single what?"
},
{
"answer": "in response to data packets",
"question": "When are handshake packets generally sent?"
},
{
"answer": "Error detection",
"question": "What is provided by transmitting four bits that... |
12,820 | IN and OUT tokens contain a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number (for multifunction devices) and command the device to transmit DATAx packets, or receive the following DATAx packets, respectively. An IN token expects a response from a device. The response may be a NAK or STALL response, or a DATAx frame... | [
{
"answer": "a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number",
"question": "IN and OUT tokens contain what?"
},
{
"answer": "a response from a device",
"question": "An IN token expects what?"
},
{
"answer": "DATAx frame",
"question": "An OUT token is followed immediately by a ... |
12,821 | USB 2.0 also added a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC. This is used to perform split transactions. Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token follo... | [
{
"answer": "to perform split transactions",
"question": " a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC were created to do what?"
},
{
"answer": "the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB pack... |
12,822 | There are two basic forms of data packet, DATA0 and DATA1. A data packet must always be preceded by an address token, and is usually followed by a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter. The two packet types provide the 1-bit sequence number required by Stop-and-wait ARQ. If a USB host does not recei... | [
{
"answer": "DATA0 and DATA1",
"question": "There are two basic forms of data packet, what are they?"
},
{
"answer": "an address token",
"question": "A data packet must always be preceded by what?"
},
{
"answer": "a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter",
"questio... |
12,823 | Low-bandwidth devices are supported with a special PID value, PRE. This marks the beginning of a low-bandwidth packet, and is used by hubs that normally do not send full-bandwidth packets to low-bandwidth devices. Since all PID bytes include four 0 bits, they leave the bus in the full-bandwidth K state, which is the sa... | [
{
"answer": "a special PID value, PRE",
"question": "Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what?"
},
{
"answer": "four 0 bits",
"question": "All PID bytes include how many 0 bits?"
},
{
"answer": "simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents",
"question": " Full-ban... |
12,824 | These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate, FireWire 400 is fas... | [
{
"answer": "two buses",
"question": "These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of what?"
},
{
"answer": "simplicity and low cost",
"question": "USB was designed for what?"
},
{
"answer": "high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio an... |
12,825 | The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB. It operates at 48 V DC and can supply more power (up to 12.95 W, PoE+ 25.5 W) over a cable up to 100 meters compared to USB 2.0, which provides 2.5 W with a maximum cable length of 5 meters. This ha... | [
{
"answer": "more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB",
"question": "The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a what?"
},
{
"answer": "cheaper",
"question": "Is USB cheaper or more expensive than PoE?"
},
{
"answer": "the distance is short, and power ... |
12,826 | Ethernet standards require electrical isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds. USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer, and in fact it connects the peripheral and host ... | [
{
"answer": "closely associated with a host computer",
"question": "USB was designed for peripherals to be what?"
},
{
"answer": "the peripheral and host grounds",
"question": "USB connects what?"
},
{
"answer": "isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the net... |
12,827 | eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power, diminishing the eSATA advantage. eSATAp (power over eSATA; aka ... | [
{
"answer": "external devices",
"question": "eSATA does not supply power to what?"
},
{
"answer": "advancing and external drives gradually need less power",
"question": "Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is what?"
},
{
"answer... |
12,828 | USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB. It was adopted as a standard by the USB Implementers Forum in 2007. The HSIC physical layer uses about 50% less power and 75% less board area compared to traditional USB 2.... | [
{
"answer": "chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0",
"question": "USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a what?"
},
{
"answer": "the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB",
"question": "What does USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip eliminate?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": ... |
12,829 | Throughout its prehistory and early history, the region and its vicinity in the Yangtze region was the cradle of unique local civilizations which can be dated back to at least the 15th century BC and coinciding with the later years of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in North China. Sichuan was referred to in ancient Chine... | [
{
"answer": "Ba-Shu",
"question": "What was Sichuan referred to as by ancient Chinese sources?"
},
{
"answer": "at least the 15th century BC",
"question": "How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated?"
},
{
"answer": "within the Sichuan Basin",
"question": "Where we... |
12,831 | The rulers of the expansionist Qin dynasty, based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi, were only the first strategists to realize that the area's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, and mount... | [
{
"answer": "the Himalayas",
"question": "What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west?"
},
{
"answer": "Qin Mountains",
"question": "What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North?"
},
{
"answer": "Yangtze",
"question": "What river flows through the Sichuan basin?"
},
{
... |
12,832 | Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of t... | [
{
"answer": "316 BC",
"question": "By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?"
},
{
"answer": "improved agricultural technology.",
"question": "What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?"
},
{
"answer": "Li Bing",
"question": "Who engineered the Du... |
12,833 | Sichuan came under the firm control of a Chinese central government during the Sui dynasty, but it was during the subsequent Tang dynasty where Sichuan regained its previous political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han. Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of D... | [
{
"answer": "Tang dynasty",
"question": "During which dynasty did Sichuan regain its political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han?"
},
{
"answer": "Du Fu",
"question": "Who was known as China's greatest poet and lived in Chengdu?"
},
{
"answer": "armies",
"... |
12,834 | In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606–1646) from Yan'an, Shanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south, and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi Dynasty (大西王朝). In response to the resistan... | [
{
"answer": "Yellow Tiger",
"question": "What was the nickname rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong?"
},
{
"answer": "Sichuan",
"question": "Which region did Yellow Tiger conquer in the mid-17th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Daxi Dynasty",
"question": "Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare hims... |
12,835 | In the 20th century, as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing, then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is that nearby inland provinces, such as ... | [
{
"answer": "Chongqing",
"question": "To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century? "
},
{
"answer": "Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan",
"question": "What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War?"... |
12,836 | The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War, and the cities of East China fell to the Communists one after another, the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland, although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road ... | [
{
"answer": "the Communists",
"question": "What group was the main antagonist during the Chinese Civil War?"
},
{
"answer": "Chiang Kai-Shek",
"question": "Who led the defense of Chongqing in November 1949?"
},
{
"answer": "10 December",
"question": "On what date in 1949 did Chengdu ... |
12,837 | From 1955 until 1997 Sichuan had been China's most populous province, hitting 100 million mark shortly after the 1982 census figure of 99,730,000. This changed in 1997 when the Sub-provincial city of Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Cho... | [
{
"answer": "Sichuan",
"question": "What Chinese Province had the largest population until 1997?"
},
{
"answer": "Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality.",
"question": "Why did Sichuan lose its s... |
12,838 | Sichuan consists of two geographically very distinct parts. The eastern part of the province is mostly within the fertile Sichuan basin (which is shared by Sichuan with Chongqing Municipality). The western Sichuan consists of the numerous mountain ranges forming the easternmost part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which ... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many distinct parts make up Sichuan?"
},
{
"answer": "Sichuan basin",
"question": "What makes up majority of the eastern Sichuan province?"
},
{
"answer": "Hengduan Mountains",
"question": "Western Sichuan is delineated by what mountain range?"
}... |
12,839 | The Yangtze River and its tributaries flows through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin; thus, the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east, such as Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai. One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the pr... | [
{
"answer": "Yangtze River",
"question": "Which river flows through the Sichuan Basin?"
},
{
"answer": "Min River",
"question": "Which tributary of the Yangtze flows through central Sichuan?"
},
{
"answer": "Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang",
"question": "What ... |
12,841 | Sichuan has been historically known as the "Province of Abundance". It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China. Grain, including rice and wheat, is the major product with output that ranked first in China in 1999. Commercial crops include citrus fruits, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, peaches and grapes.... | [
{
"answer": "Sichuan",
"question": "What area for the \"Province of Abundance\" refer to?"
},
{
"answer": "rice and wheat",
"question": "What are the major agricultural outputs of Sichuan?"
},
{
"answer": "pork",
"question": "What kind of meat is Sichuan known to produce in abundance... |
12,842 | Sichuan is one of the major industrial centers of China. In addition to heavy industries such as coal, energy, iron and steel, the province has also established a light industrial sector comprising building materials, wood processing, food and silk processing. Chengdu and Mianyang are the production centers for textile... | [
{
"answer": "coal, energy, iron and steel",
"question": "What are some major industrial outputs of Sichuan?"
},
{
"answer": "Chengdu and Mianyang",
"question": "What areas are major areas of production for textiles and electronics?"
},
{
"answer": "21.9%",
"question": "How much of Ch... |
12,843 | The Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam ever constructed, is being built on the Yangtze River in nearby Hubei province to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream. The plan is hailed by some as China's efforts to shift towards alternative energy sources and to further develop its... | [
{
"answer": "Three Gorges Dam",
"question": "What is the largest dam ever built in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "Yangtze River",
"question": "On which river is the Three Gorges Dam built?"
},
{
"answer": "to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream... |
12,844 | According to the Sichuan Department of Commerce, the province's total foreign trade was US$22.04 billion in 2008, with an annual increase of 53.3 percent. Exports were US$13.1 billion, an annual increase of 52.3 percent, while imports were US$8.93 billion, an annual increase of 54.7 percent. These achievements were acc... | [
{
"answer": "53.3 percent",
"question": "By how much did foreign trade increase in Sichuan in 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "US$13.1 billion",
"question": "What was the export level of Sichuan in 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "US$8.93 billion",
"question": "What was the import level of Sichuan in 20... |
12,845 | The Sichuan government raised the minimum wage in the province by 12.5 percent at the end of December 2007. The monthly minimum wage went up from 400 to 450 yuan, with a minimum of 4.9 yuan per hour for part-time work, effective 26 December 2007. The government also reduced the four-tier minimum wage structure to three... | [
{
"answer": "12.5 percent",
"question": "By how much did Sichuan increase minimum wage in December 2007?"
},
{
"answer": "450 yuan",
"question": "What was the new monthly minimum wage in Sichuan by January 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "4.9 yuan",
"question": "What was the minimum hourly wag... |
12,846 | Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (Chinese: 成都经济技术开发区; pinyin: Chéngdū jīngjì jìshù kāifā qū) was approved as state-level development zone in February 2000. The zone now has a developed area of 10.25 km2 (3.96 sq mi) and has a planned area of 26 km2 (10 sq mi). Chengdu Economic and Technological Devel... | [
{
"answer": "February 2000",
"question": "When was the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone approved?"
},
{
"answer": "CETDZ",
"question": "What is the planned size of the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone?"
},
{
"answer": "8.5 mi",
"question": "How f... |
12,847 | Established in 1988, Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone (Chinese: 成都高新技术产业开发区; pinyin: Chéngdū Gāoxīn Jìshù Chǎnyè Kāifā Qū) was approved as one of the first national hi-tech development zones in 1991. In 2000, it was open to APEC and has been recognized as a national advanced hi-tech development zone in succe... | [
{
"answer": "1988",
"question": "When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone established?"
},
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone approved?"
},
{
"answer": "5th",
"question": "The Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Developmen... |
12,848 | Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone covers an area of 82.5 km2 (31.9 sq mi), consisting of the South Park and the West Park. By relying on the city sub-center, which is under construction, the South Park is focusing on creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology with scientific and technological innova... | [
{
"answer": "South Park and the West Park",
"question": "Which Parks make up the Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone?"
},
{
"answer": "electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery",
"question": "Which industries does West Park give priority to?"
},
{
"answer": "creating a mod... |
12,849 | Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1992, with a planned area of 43 km2 (17 sq mi). The zone is situated 96 kilometers away from Chengdu, and is 8 km (5.0 mi) away from Mianyang Airport. Since its establishment, the zone accumulated 177.4 billion yuan of industrial output, 46.2 billion yuan ... | [
{
"answer": "17 sq mi",
"question": "What is the planned area of the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone?"
},
{
"answer": "8 km",
"question": "What is the distance between the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone and Mianyang Airport?"
},
{
"answer": "177.4 billion yuan"... |
12,850 | On 3 November 2007, the Sichuan Transportation Bureau announced that the Sui-Yu Expressway was completed after three years of construction. After completion of the Chongqing section of the road, the 36.64 km (22.77 mi) expressway connected Cheng-Nan Expressway and formed the shortest expressway from Chengdu to Chongqin... | [
{
"answer": "three years",
"question": "How long did it take to complete the Sui-Yu Expressway?"
},
{
"answer": "two and a half hours",
"question": "After the newest expressway was completed, what was the new travel time between Chengdu and Chongqing?"
},
{
"answer": "80 km/h (50 mph)",
... |
12,851 | The majority of the province's population is Han Chinese, who are found scattered throughout the region with the exception of the far western areas. Thus, significant minorities of Tibetan, Yi, Qiang and Nakhi people reside in the western portion that are impacted by inclement weather and natural disasters, environment... | [
{
"answer": "Han Chinese",
"question": "What race is the majority of Sichuan?"
},
{
"answer": "Tibetan",
"question": "What is one of the largest minorities in Chengdu?"
},
{
"answer": "far western areas.",
"question": "Which part of Sichuan has the worst weather and subjected to natu... |
12,852 | Sichuan was China's most populous province before Chongqing became a directly-controlled municipality; it is currently the fourth most populous, after Guangdong, Shandong and Henan. As of 1832, Sichuan was the most populous of the 18 provinces in China, with an estimated population at that time of 21 million. It was th... | [
{
"answer": "Guangdong, Shandong and Henan",
"question": "What are the three most populist provinces in China?"
},
{
"answer": "21 million",
"question": "What was the population of Sichuan in 1832?"
},
{
"answer": "Sichuan",
"question": "What is the tenth most populous sub-national e... |
12,853 | Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in western Sichuan are populated by Tibetans and Qiang people. Tibetans speak the Khams and Amdo Tibetan, which are Tibetic languages, as well as various Qiangic languages. The Qiang speak Qiangic languages and often Tibetic languages... | [
{
"answer": "Tibetans and Qiang",
"question": "What are the largest minorities of western Sichuan?"
},
{
"answer": "Khams and Amdo Tibetan",
"question": "What languages do Tibetans in Sichuan speak?"
},
{
"answer": "Nuosu",
"question": "What language do the Yi people speak?"
},
{... |
12,854 | Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) standard and published as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode contains a repe... | [
{
"answer": "The Unicode Standard",
"question": "What was Unicode published as?"
},
{
"answer": "Universal Coded Character Set (UCS)",
"question": "What was unicode developed in conjunction with?"
},
{
"answer": "Unicode 8.0",
"question": "What is the most recent version of Unicode?"... |
12,855 | Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2. UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character, all of which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters. UCS-2 uses a 16-bit... | [
{
"answer": "UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2",
"question": "What are the most commonly used encodings of Unicode?"
},
{
"answer": "UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character",
"question": "What does UTF-8 use in terms of bytes? "
},
{
"answer": "UCS-2",
"question": "What do... |
12,856 | Unicode has the explicit aim of transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings, such as those defined by the ISO 8859 standard, which find wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other. Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that th... | [
{
"answer": "transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings",
"question": "What is the aim of Unicode?"
},
{
"answer": "multilingual computer processing",
"question": "Traditional character encodings don't allow what type of computer processing?"
},
{
"answer": "(compute... |
12,857 | The first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text. Many essentially identical characters were encoded multiple times at different code points to preserve distinctions used by legacy encodings and therefore, allow conversion from those en... | [
{
"answer": "ISO-8859-1",
"question": "What were the first 256 code points of Unicode made identical to? "
},
{
"answer": "to make it trivial to convert existing western text",
"question": "Why were the first 256 code points made identical to ISO-8859-1?"
},
{
"answer": "a full Latin alp... |
12,858 | In 1996, a surrogate character mechanism was implemented in Unicode 2.0, so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits. This increased the Unicode codespace to over a million code points, which allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts (e.g., Egyptian Hieroglyphs) and thousands of rarely used or obsolete ... | [
{
"answer": "1996",
"question": "When was a surrogate character mechanism implemented in Unicode 2.0?"
},
{
"answer": "so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits",
"question": "Why was a surrogate character mechanism implemented?"
},
{
"answer": "rarely used Kanji or Chinese cha... |
12,859 | Each code point has a single General Category property. The major categories are: Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator and Other. Within these categories, there are subdivisions. The General Category is not useful for every use, since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code p... | [
{
"answer": "Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator and Other",
"question": "What are the General Categories of Unicode?"
},
{
"answer": "not useful for every use, since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code point",
"question": "What type of use is the... |
12,860 | Code points in the range U+D800–U+DBFF (1,024 code points) are known as high-surrogate code points, and code points in the range U+DC00–U+DFFF (1,024 code points) are known as low-surrogate code points. A high-surrogate code point (also known as a leading surrogate) followed by a low-surrogate code point (also known as... | [
{
"answer": "high-surrogate code points",
"question": "What are code points in the range U+D800-U+DBFF known as? "
},
{
"answer": "low-surrogate code points",
"question": "What are code points in the range U+DC00-U+DFFF known as? "
},
{
"answer": "leading surrogate",
"question": "wha... |
12,861 | The set of graphic and format characters defined by Unicode does not correspond directly to the repertoire of abstract characters that is representable under Unicode. Unicode encodes characters by associating an abstract character with a particular code point. However, not all abstract characters are encoded as a singl... | [
{
"answer": "a dot above",
"question": "What is an ogonek? "
},
{
"answer": "associating an abstract character with a particular code point",
"question": "How does Unicode encode characters?"
},
{
"answer": "a sequence of two or more characters",
"question": "How are some abstract ch... |
12,862 | All graphic, format, and private use characters have a unique and immutable name by which they may be identified. This immutability has been guaranteed since Unicode version 2.0 by the Name Stability policy. In cases where the name is seriously defective and misleading, or has a serious typographical error, a formal al... | [
{
"answer": "Name Stability policy",
"question": "What policy guaranteed that characters have a unique and immutable name?"
},
{
"answer": "a formal alias may be defined",
"question": "What happens when a name is defective or misleading?"
},
{
"answer": "since Unicode version 2.0",
"... |
12,863 | Unicode is developed in conjunction with the International Organization for Standardization and shares the character repertoire with ISO/IEC 10646: the Universal Character Set. Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 function equivalently as character encodings, but The Unicode Standard contains much more information for implementer... | [
{
"answer": "International Organization for Standardization",
"question": "Who was Unicode developed in conjunction with?"
},
{
"answer": "the Universal Character Set",
"question": "What does Unicode share a character repertoire with?"
},
{
"answer": "The Unicode Standard",
"question... |
12,864 | The Consortium first published The Unicode Standard (ISBN 0-321-18578-1) in 1991 and continues to develop standards based on that original work. The latest version of the standard, Unicode 8.0, was released in June 2015 and is available from the consortium's website. The last of the major versions (versions x.0) to be ... | [
{
"answer": "any code charts or standard annexes",
"question": "What does the print on demand, core version not include? "
},
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "When was the Unicode Standard first published? "
},
{
"answer": "June 2015",
"question": "When was the latest version, Unicod... |
12,865 | The Unicode Roadmap Committee (Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler) maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the Unicode Consortium Web site. For some scripts on the Roadmap, such as Jurche... | [
{
"answer": "Unicode Roadmap Committee",
"question": "Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler make up what group?"
},
{
"answer": "maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding",
"question": "What does the Unicode Roadmap Commmittee do? "
},
{
... |
12,866 | Unicode defines two mapping methods: the Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings. An encoding maps (possibly a subset of) the range of Unicode code points to sequences of values in some fixed-size range, termed code values. The numbers in the names of the enc... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many mapping methods does Unicode define?"
},
{
"answer": "Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings",
"question": "What are the two mapping methods that Unicode defines?"
},
{
"answer": "the n... |
12,867 | The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode Byte Order Mark (BOM) for use at the beginnings of text files, which may be used for byte ordering detection (or byte endianness detection). The BOM, code point U+FEFF has the important property of unambiguity on byte reorder, regardless of the Unicode encoding used; U... | [
{
"answer": "Unicode Byte Order Mark",
"question": "What does BOM stand for? "
},
{
"answer": "UCS-2 and UTF-16",
"question": "What specifies the BOM?"
},
{
"answer": "U+FEFF",
"question": "what is the code point of the BOM?"
},
{
"answer": "byte-swapping U+FEFF",
"questi... |
12,868 | The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence EF BB BF. The Unicode Standard allows that the BOM "can serve as signature for UTF-8 encoded text where the character set is unmarked". Some software developers have adopted it for other encodings, including UTF-8, in an attempt to distinguish UTF-8 from l... | [
{
"answer": "RFC 3629",
"question": "What is the UTF-8 standard? "
},
{
"answer": "UTF-8",
"question": "Byte order marks are forbidden in protocols using what standard? "
},
{
"answer": "the large restriction on possible patterns",
"question": "Why is it possible to distinguish UTF-8... |
12,869 | In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one 32-bit code value serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code value manifests as an octet sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number... | [
{
"answer": "internal representation of text in programs",
"question": "How is UTF-32 widely used? "
},
{
"answer": "Seed7",
"question": "What programming language uses UTF-32 as internal representation of characters? "
},
{
"answer": "2.2",
"question": "what version of python can be... |
12,870 | Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying character shape that greatly extends the supported glyph repertoire. This covers the use of combining diacritical marks. They are inserted after the main character. Multiple combining diacritics may be stacked over the same character. Unicode also contains precomposed versions... | [
{
"answer": "most letter/diacritic combinations",
"question": "What combinations does unicode contain in normal use?"
},
{
"answer": "U+0065",
"question": "How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode?"
},
{
"answer": "U+0301",
"question": "How is the accent added to the sm... |
12,871 | The CJK ideographs currently have codes only for their precomposed form. Still, most of those ideographs comprise simpler elements (often called radicals in English), so in principle, Unicode could have decomposed them, as it did with Hangul. This would have greatly reduced the number of required code points, while all... | [
{
"answer": "radicals",
"question": "The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English?"
},
{
"answer": "ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly",
"question": "Why have ideographs been unable to be simplified like Hangul?"
},
{
"answer": "greatly reduced t... |
12,872 | Many scripts, including Arabic and Devanagari, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE (Arabic Calligraphic Engine b... | [
{
"answer": "Arabic Calligraphic Engine",
"question": "What does ACE stand for? "
},
{
"answer": "DecoType",
"question": "Who created ACE?"
},
{
"answer": "1980s",
"question": "When was ACE created? "
},
{
"answer": "Adobe and Microsoft",
"question": "Who created OpenType... |
12,873 | Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences. A simple solution to the placement of combining marks or diacritics is assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing (depending on th... | [
{
"answer": "in fonts",
"question": "where are instructions embedded to tell fonts how to output sequences? "
},
{
"answer": "Real stacking is impossible",
"question": "Can real stacking be accomplished? "
},
{
"answer": "assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself t... |
12,874 | Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets: MES-1 (L... | [
{
"answer": "WGL-4 with 652 characters",
"question": "What subset of Unicode is used by Windows? "
},
{
"answer": "Multilingual European Subsets",
"question": "What are MES-1, MES-2, AND MES-3A AND MES-3B part of? "
},
{
"answer": "MES-2",
"question": "What subset includes every char... |
12,875 | Rendering software which cannot process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character" (U+FFFD, �), to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some systems have made attempts to provide more information about such characters. The Apple's Las... | [
{
"answer": "open rectangle, or the Unicode \"replacement character\"",
"question": "What does rendering software display when it can't process a Unicode character? "
},
{
"answer": "U+FFFD",
"question": "What is the code for the Unicode replacement character? "
},
{
"answer": "Last Reso... |
12,876 | Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and... | [
{
"answer": "Unicode",
"question": "What is the dominant scheme for internal processing? "
},
{
"answer": "Microsoft Layer",
"question": "What is Unicode available through Windows on? "
},
{
"answer": "UCS-2",
"question": "What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16? "
},
{
"an... |
12,877 | MIME defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in email, depending on whether the characters are in email headers (such as the "Subject:"), or in the text body of the message; in both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding. For email transmission of Unico... | [
{
"answer": "the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding",
"question": "What is recommended for email transmission of Unicode? "
},
{
"answer": "MIME standards",
"question": "Where are the details of the two mechanisms for email transmission specified? "
},... |
12,878 | Thousands of fonts exist on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts—sometimes described as "pan-Unicode" fonts—attempt to support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire. Instead, Unicode-based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. Several ... | [
{
"answer": "fewer than a dozen fonts",
"question": "How many fonts support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire? "
},
{
"answer": "\"pan-Unicode\" fonts",
"question": "What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as? "
},
{
"answer": "basic ASCII and particular scripts ... |
12,879 | In terms of the newline, Unicode introduced U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. This was an attempt to provide a Unicode solution to encoding paragraphs and lines semantically, potentially replacing all of the various platform solutions. In doing so, Unicode does provide a way around the historical pl... | [
{
"answer": "U+2028",
"question": "What is the code for separating lines? "
},
{
"answer": "U+2029",
"question": "What is the code for separating paragraphs? "
},
{
"answer": "Cocoa text system",
"question": "How is newline normalization accomplished in Mac OS X? "
},
{
"answ... |
12,880 | Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic ch... | [
{
"answer": "complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names",
"question": "Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?"
},
{
"answer": "alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean char... |
12,881 | Modern font technology provides a means to address the practical issue of needing to depict a unified Han character in terms of a collection of alternative glyph representations, in the form of Unicode variation sequences. For example, the Advanced Typographic tables of OpenType permit one of a number of alternative gl... | [
{
"answer": "Advanced Typographic",
"question": "what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations?"
},
{
"answer": "plain text",
"question": "Where is information provided to designate which character form to select? "
},
{
"answer": "Unicode variat... |
12,882 | Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be naïvely converted to Unicode, and then back and get back the same file. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as ... | [
{
"answer": "preexisting character encodings",
"question": "Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what? "
},
{
"answer": "three different encoding forms",
"question": "How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?"
},
{
"answer": "version 3.0",
"q... |
12,883 | Injective mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and characters in Unicode to facilitate conversion to Unicode and allow interoperability with legacy software. Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as Shift-JIS or EUC-JP and Unicode led t... | [
{
"answer": "Injective mappings",
"question": "What kind of mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and those in Unicode?"
},
{
"answer": "Shift-JIS or EUC-JP",
"question": "A lack of consistency between what earlier Japanese encodings and unicode led to mi... |
12,884 | Indic scripts such as Tamil and Devanagari are each allocated only 128 code points, matching the ISCII standard. The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures (aka conjuncts) out of components. Some local scholars arg... | [
{
"answer": "128",
"question": "How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated? "
},
{
"answer": "conjuncts",
"question": "What is another word for ligatures? "
},
{
"answer": "128 code points",
"question": "What is the ISCII standard? "
}
] |
12,885 | Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Tha... | [
{
"answer": "Thai Industrial Standard 620",
"question": "What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language? "
},
{
"answer": "its ordering of Thai characters",
"question": "Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? "
},
{
"answer": "Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ... |
12,886 | Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, ḗ (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and ḗ (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above)... | [
{
"answer": "either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks",
"question": "How are characters with diacritical marks represented? "
},
{
"answer": "Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies",
"question": "What encoding does ... |
12,887 | Detroit (/dᵻˈtrɔɪt/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million... | [
{
"answer": "Detroit",
"question": "What city has the biggest population in Michigan?"
},
{
"answer": "Wayne County",
"question": "What is the name of the county that Detroit is a part of?"
},
{
"answer": "5.3 million",
"question": "How many people inhabit metro Detroit?"
},
{
... |
12,888 | Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (population 3,734,090, area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km2), a 2010 United States Census) six-county metropolitan statistical area (2010 Census population of 4,296,250, area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km2]), and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area (2010 Census... | [
{
"answer": "one-half",
"question": "How much of Michigan's population resides in the Detroit metropolitan area? "
},
{
"answer": "5,700,000",
"question": "How big is the population of the Detroit-Windsor area?"
},
{
"answer": "1,337 square miles",
"question": "How many square miles ... |
12,889 | Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to present. Between 2000 and 2010 the city's population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nation's 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,7... | [
{
"answer": "25",
"question": "By how much has Detroit's population fallen this century?"
},
{
"answer": "auto",
"question": "The decline of what industry has hurt Detroit?"
},
{
"answer": "entertainment",
"question": "What industry has Detroit tried to revitalize in recent years?"
... |
12,890 | The Governor of Michigan, Rick Snyder, declared a financial emergency for the city in March 2013, appointing an emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history. It was declared bankrupt by Judge Steven W. Rhodes of the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of... | [
{
"answer": "Rick Snyder",
"question": "Who is the Governor in Michigan?"
},
{
"answer": "July 18, 2013",
"question": "On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy?"
},
{
"answer": "$18.5 billion",
"question": "How much debt did Detroit have when they declared bankruptcy?"
},
{
... |
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