id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
1,958 | After the 1980s, the use of the "Canadian Armed Forces" name gave way to "Canadian Forces";[citation needed] The "Canadian Armed Forces" name returned in 2013. | [
{
"answer": "Canadian Armed Forces",
"question": "What is the old name of the Canadian Forces?"
},
{
"answer": "After the 1980s",
"question": "When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be?"
},
{
"answer": "2013",
"question": "When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduce... |
1,959 | Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), a... | [
{
"answer": "Land Forces",
"question": "What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?"
},
{
"answer": "2011",
"question": "Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?"
},
{
"answer": "ISAF",
"question": "What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?"
},
{
... |
1,960 | The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 suppl... | [
{
"answer": "approximately $20.1 billion",
"question": "What is Today's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?"
},
{
"answer": "74th in size",
"question": "How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?"
},
{
"answer": "approximately 119,000",
"question": "What i... |
1,961 | In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts, through the Canada First Defence Strategy, to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces, through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment. More funds were also put towards recruitment... | [
{
"answer": "the Canada First Defence Strategy",
"question": "What was the effort called to upgrade the Canadian Forces?"
},
{
"answer": "through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness",
"question": "How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
1,962 | The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called "core capabilities" (such as the air force's medium... | [
{
"answer": "main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles",
"question": "What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan?"
},
{
"answer": "C-130 Hercules",
"question": "What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission?"
},
{
"answer": "CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters",... |
1,963 | In the 1950s, the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine, communication, logistics, and administration. The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971, after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women ... | [
{
"answer": "medicine, communication, logistics, and administration",
"question": "What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s?"
},
{
"answer": "1971",
"question": "What year did further recruitment for women open in the CAF?"
},
{
"answer": "vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft ... |
1,964 | In 1987, occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence cr... | [
{
"answer": "infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery",
"question": "Name some of the jobs in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s."
},
{
"answer": "5 February 1987",
"question": "On what date was a study created to research the impart of women in direct involvement?"... |
1,965 | All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. It also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to ... | [
{
"answer": "1989",
"question": "What year were most military occupations opened to women?"
},
{
"answer": "submarine service",
"question": "What military occupation wasn't opened to women until the 2000s?"
},
{
"answer": "100 percent",
"question": "By how much did opening these jobs... |
1,966 | All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force. Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues. The women's uniform is similar in design to the men's uniform, but conforms to the female figure, and is... | [
{
"answer": "equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force",
"question": "What is a requirement for equipment for the CAF?"
},
{
"answer": "Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots",
"question": "What are some of the equipment used by both men and women?"
},
{
"answer": "an annual f... |
1,967 | The following is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces. It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations. | [
{
"answer": "It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.",
"question": "What is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces?"
}
] |
1,968 | The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country's sovereign, who, since 1904, has authorized his or her viceroy, the governor general, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905. All troop dep... | [
{
"answer": "The Canadian constitution",
"question": "What determines who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces?"
},
{
"answer": "the governor general",
"question": "Who does the Commander-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them?"
},
{
"answer": "t... |
1,969 | The Armed Forces' 115,349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non-commissioned members. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who, as head of the Ar... | [
{
"answer": "115,349",
"question": "The armed forces has approximately how many members?"
},
{
"answer": "the Chief of the Defence Staff",
"question": "Who is the highest ranking member of the Armed Forces?"
},
{
"answer": "The governor general",
"question": "Who appoints the Chief o... |
1,970 | Canada's Armed forces operate out of 27 Canadian Forces bases (CFB) across the country, including NDHQ. This number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged. Both officers and non-commissioned members receive their basic training at the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit S... | [
{
"answer": "27",
"question": "How many Canadian Forces bases are there in Canada?"
},
{
"answer": "Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu",
"question": "Where do Canadian Forces members go for training?"
},
{
"answer": "Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School",
"question": "What is the plac... |
1,971 | The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as w... | [
{
"answer": "33",
"question": "How many warships does the Royal Canadian Navy have?"
},
{
"answer": "Halifax",
"question": "Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located?"
},
{
"answer": "the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ)",
"question": "What formation is located in Quebec?"
... |
1,972 | The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions—the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division—the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters. | [
{
"answer": "Commander of the Canadian Army",
"question": "Who heads the Canadian Army?"
},
{
"answer": "four divisions",
"question": "How many divisions are there in the Canadian Army?"
},
{
"answer": "the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and t... |
1,973 | Currently, the Regular Force component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each con... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many brigades does the Army consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "Each Brigade contains how many regiments?"
},
{
"answer": "tactical helicopter squadron",
"question": "What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?"
... |
1,974 | The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions each has a Regular Force brigade group, and each division except the 1st has two to three Reserve Force brigades groups. In total, there are ten Reserve Force brigade groups. The 5th Canadian Division and the 2nd Canadian Division each have two Reserve Force brigade groups, while... | [
{
"answer": "CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.",
"question": "Where is most of the major training performed?"
}
] |
1,975 | The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division o... | [
{
"answer": "the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force",
"question": "Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force?"
},
{
"answer": "Winnipeg",
"question": "Where is the commander based out of?"
},
{
"answer": "eleven",
"question": "How many air force wings are located across Canada?"
... |
1,976 | Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NAT... | [
{
"answer": "Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba",
"question": "What are some locations of the air bases?"
},
{
"answer": "Winnipeg and North Bay",
"question": "Where are the command facilities located?"
},
{
"answer": "Geilenkirchen, Germany",
"question": "Where is the Canadian componen... |
1,977 | The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty pat... | [
{
"answer": "Joint Task Force (North)",
"question": "What does JTFN stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "a chain of forward operating locations",
"question": "What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?"
},
{
"answer": "fighter operations",
"question": "What can each forwarding operati... |
1,978 | The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines t... | [
{
"answer": "October 2012",
"question": "When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established?"
},
{
"answer": "Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command",
"question": "What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operat... |
1,979 | The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trento... | [
{
"answer": "The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command",
"question": "what does CANSOFCOM stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "generating special operations forces",
"question": "What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?"
},
{
"answer": "CJOC",
"question": "What do the special forces support?"
... |
1,980 | Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim i... | [
{
"answer": "electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks",
"question": "What is the the Information Management Group responsible for?"
},
{
"answer": "CFS Leitrim in Ottawa",
"question": "Where is the Information Management Group located?"
},... |
1,981 | The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under c... | [
{
"answer": "the Canadian Armed Forces",
"question": "Who does The Health Services Group serve?"
},
{
"answer": "Joint Task Force",
"question": "Who can temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?"
},
{
"answer": "domestic support",
"question": "What type of support does The H... |
1,982 | The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows: | [
{
"answer": "in times of national emergency or threat",
"question": "When can the reserve force be called upon?"
},
{
"answer": "primary and supplementary",
"question": "What troops does The reserve force consists of?"
}
] |
1,983 | Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers, sailors, and airmen and women, trained to the level of and interchangeable with their Regular Force counterparts, and posted to CAF operations or duties on a casual or ongoing basis, make up the Primary Reserve. This group is represented, though not commanded, at NDHQ by the Chief... | [
{
"answer": "Chief of Reserves and Cadets",
"question": "Who commands the reserves?"
},
{
"answer": "the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)",
"question": "What are some of the components of the reserve force?"
}
] |
1,984 | The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instru... | [
{
"answer": "Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service",
"question": "Who conducts training of the cadets?"
},
{
"answer": "12 to 18 years",
"question": "What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?"
},
{
"answer": "officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre",
"... |
1,985 | The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory. | [
{
"answer": "provide surveillance and patrol services",
"question": "What do Canadian Rangers perform?"
},
{
"answer": "in Canada's arctic",
"question": "Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?"
},
{
"answer": "reserve force",
"question": "Which force are the Rangers part of?"
},
... |
1,986 | Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring "dirty work" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and "dressed down" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although stil... | [
{
"answer": "service dress",
"question": "What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?"
},
{
"answer": "gloves, swords, and medals",
"question": "What other parts are there to a uniform?"
},
{
"answer": "operational dress is now the daily uniform",
"question": "What is n... |
1,988 | The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was CAD$18.9 billion. This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CA... | [
{
"answer": "The Constitution of Canada",
"question": "What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over five years?"
}
] |
1,989 | In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of... | [
{
"answer": "the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.",
"question": "In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? "
},
{
"answer": "a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses",
"question": "What were the car... |
1,990 | The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the titu... | [
{
"answer": "cardinal",
"question": "At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?"
},
{
"answer": "ninth century",
"question": "How early was this term used?"
},
{
"answer": "tituli",
"question": "The Church of England uses what term that is held by ... |
1,992 | In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from ... | [
{
"answer": "cardinal",
"question": "What term was given to certain church men of honor?"
},
{
"answer": "747",
"question": "When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?"
},
{
"answer": "1567",
"question": "When was the title of cardinal reserved... |
1,993 | In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. According to this historic council "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes ... | [
{
"answer": "1563",
"question": "In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? "
},
{
"answer": "Pope Pius IV",
"question": "Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?"
},
{
"answer": "1563",
"question": "In what year did the Ecumenical Council of T... |
1,994 | The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted ... | [
{
"answer": "French kings",
"question": "Who were generally temporal rulers?"
}
] |
1,995 | In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu succ... | [
{
"answer": "secular affairs.",
"question": "In what roles did cardinals have important roles?"
},
{
"answer": "Cardinal Richelieu",
"question": "What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?"
},
{
"answer": "Cardinal Richelieu",
"question": "Which cardinal acted a... |
1,996 | Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit o... | [
{
"answer": "70",
"question": "Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?"
},
{
"answer": "comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.",
"question": "What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "Pope John XXIII",
"qu... |
1,997 | Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of ... | [
{
"answer": "a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees",
"question": "Where do the cardinals work?"
}
] |
1,998 | The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular Church retain that church. | [
{
"answer": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals",
"question": "Who receives the hishopric of Ostia?"
},
{
"answer": "titular bishopric of Ostia",
"question": "What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment?"
}
] |
1,999 | In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo") and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs. | [
{
"answer": "1630",
"question": "In was year was the title decreed Eminence?"
},
{
"answer": "Pope Urban VIII",
"question": "Who decreed this?"
},
{
"answer": "Prince",
"question": "What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?"
},
{
"answer": "the Pope and crowned monarchs",
... |
2,000 | In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form ... | [
{
"answer": "\"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\"",
"question": "The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? "
},
{
"answer": "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]",
"question": "What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese o... |
2,001 | In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), .... | [
{
"answer": "[First name] Cardinal [Surname]",
"question": "What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?"
},
{
"answer": "Cardinal",
"question": "What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?"
},
{
"answer": "1378",
"question": "When was the most re... |
2,002 | While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch. | [
{
"answer": "no",
"question": "Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?"
},
{
"answer": "the cardinalate",
"question": "Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?"
}
] |
2,003 | Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term "cardinal bishop" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the "suburbicarian" sees. | [
{
"answer": "Cardinal bishops",
"question": "Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?"
},
{
"answer": "cardinals of the episcopal order",
"question": "What is a cardinal bishop?"
},
{
"answer": "Cardinal bishops",
"question": "Some cardinals are bishop in name on... |
2,004 | In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The ru... | [
{
"answer": "a Roman priest",
"question": "In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?"
},
{
"answer": "To preserve apostolic succession",
"question": "Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?"
},
{
"answer": "he ... |
2,005 | There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the s... | [
{
"answer": "seven",
"question": "How many suburbicarian sees?"
},
{
"answer": "1150 until 1914",
"question": "When were the two sees combined? "
},
{
"answer": "Pope Pius X",
"question": "Who separated them?"
},
{
"answer": "Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina,... |
2,006 | Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator. | [
{
"answer": "1962",
"question": "Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?"
},
{
"answer": "Ostia",
"question": "Which see doesn't have its own bishop?"
},
{
"answer": "Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.",
... |
2,007 | A cardinal (Latin: sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis, literally cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, an ecclesiastical prince, and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Churc... | [
{
"answer": "College of Cardinals",
"question": "The entire group of cardinals is known as what?"
}
] |
2,008 | Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to ... | [
{
"answer": "the pope",
"question": "Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?"
}
] |
2,009 | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of J... | [
{
"answer": "a gold ring",
"question": "What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?"
},
{
"answer": "the pope",
"question": "Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?"
}
] |
2,010 | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displa... | [
{
"answer": "a galero.",
"question": "What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?"
},
{
"answer": "1969",
"question": "In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?"
},
{
"answer": "scarlet biretta",
"question": "What does the pope no... |
2,011 | Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. | [
{
"answer": "Eastern Catholic cardinals",
"question": "Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?"
}
] |
2,012 | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is... | [
{
"answer": "willingness to die for his faith",
"question": "What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?"
},
{
"answer": "rochet",
"question": "Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?"
},
{
"answer": "the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture",
... |
2,013 | If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the ca... | [
{
"answer": "the cardinalate expires",
"question": "What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?"
}
] |
2,014 | During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore. | [
{
"answer": "Pope Martin V",
"question": "Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?"
}
] |
2,015 | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he wa... | [
{
"answer": "marry",
"question": "What was a \"lay cardinal\" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?"
},
{
"answer": "1917",
"question": "In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?"
},
{
"answer": "only those who are already priests or bi... |
2,016 | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and... | [
{
"answer": "perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination",
"question": "A cardinal who does not hold the title of \"bishop\" may not do what?"
},
{
"answer": "1962",
"question": "Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since wha... |
2,018 | The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dep... | [
{
"answer": "collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals",
"question": "In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?"
}
] |
2,019 | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal ... | [
{
"answer": "The cardinal protodeacon",
"question": "Who announces the election of a new pope?"
},
{
"answer": "from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State",
"question": "Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?"
},
{
"answer": "Pope... |
2,020 | When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex). | [
{
"answer": "white",
"question": "What color is the hat?"
}
] |
2,021 | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation ... | [
{
"answer": "30",
"question": "How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?"
},
{
"answer": "10 years",
"question": "How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?"
}
] |
2,022 | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 abou... | [
{
"answer": "about half",
"question": "In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?"
},
{
"answer": "third",
"question": "In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?"
}
] |
2,023 | Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given t... | [
{
"answer": "seven deacons in the Papal Household",
"question": "What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?"
}
] |
2,024 | The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests. | [
{
"answer": "cardinal deacons",
"question": "Which cardinals are ranked lowest?"
}
] |
2,025 | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal prot... | [
{
"answer": "The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests",
"question": "Who can become the cardinal protopriest?"
},
{
"answer": "Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil",
"question": "Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?"
}
] |
2,026 | The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-s... | [
{
"answer": "the Pope",
"question": "In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?"
}
] |
2,027 | In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct resp... | [
{
"answer": "a suburbicarian see",
"question": "Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?"
}
] |
2,028 | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | [
{
"answer": "cardinal deacons",
"question": "Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?"
},
{
"answer": "cardinal bishops",
"question": "Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?"
},
{
"answer": "Cardinal priests",
"question": "Which rank has the... |
2,029 | In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in ... | [
{
"answer": "priests chosen by the pope",
"question": "What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?"
}
] |
2,030 | While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrat... | [
{
"answer": "a titular church in Rome",
"question": "Each cardinal priest has what?"
}
] |
2,031 | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of... | [
{
"answer": "1587",
"question": "In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?"
},
{
"answer": "70",
"question": "What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?"
},
{
"answer": "Pope John XXIII",
"question": "Who removed the ... |
2,032 | The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (4... | [
{
"answer": "Iranic languages",
"question": "What is another term meaning Iranian languages?"
},
{
"answer": "Indo-Iranian languages",
"question": "What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?"
},
{
"answer": "Indo-European language family",
"question": "What are Indo-Iranian languag... |
2,033 | As of 2008, there were an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi. | [
{
"answer": "86",
"question": "How many different Iranian languages exist?"
}
] |
2,034 | The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya. | [
{
"answer": "Proto-Iranian",
"question": "Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor?"
},
{
"answer": "Persian and Sanskrit",
"question": "From what languages does the word Aryao come?"
}
] |
2,035 | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, ha... | [
{
"answer": "1836",
"question": "When was the phrase Iranian language family first used?"
},
{
"answer": "Christian Lassen",
"question": "Who first used the term Iranian language?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert Needham Cust",
"question": "Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?"
},
{
"... |
2,036 | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the su... | [
{
"answer": "Proto-Iranian",
"question": "From where did Iranian languages originate?"
},
{
"answer": "Central Asia",
"question": "What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?"
},
{
"answer": "Andronovo",
"question": "What society is a strong contende... |
2,037 | It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more p... | [
{
"answer": "Indo-European",
"question": "What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?"
}
] |
2,038 | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | [
{
"answer": "southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia",
"question": "Where did early Iranian people establish societies?"
}
] |
2,039 | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | [
{
"answer": "linguistic diversity",
"question": "What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?"
}
] |
2,040 | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and ... | [
{
"answer": "the Behistun inscription",
"question": "In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?"
},
{
"answer": "520 BC",
"question": "When was the Behistun inscription written?"
},
{
"answer": "4th century BC",
"question": "During what century was the chan... |
2,042 | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Ca... | [
{
"answer": "Kurdish",
"question": "What language is Carduchi thought to have become?"
},
{
"answer": "Scythian",
"question": "What language did Herodotus invent a name for?"
}
] |
2,043 | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Youn... | [
{
"answer": "western and eastern",
"question": "What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?"
},
{
"answer": "Old Persian",
"question": "Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?"
},
{
"answer": "Avestan",
"question": "Which language is associated with t... |
2,044 | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | [
{
"answer": "*ć and *dź",
"question": "What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?"
},
{
"answer": "first-series palatal consonants",
"question": "What type of letters are *ć and *dź?"
}
] |
2,045 | As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | [
{
"answer": "Nuristani languages",
"question": "What languages share a similar situation?"
},
{
"answer": "*ćw and *dźw",
"question": "What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?"
},
{
"answer": "consonant clusters",
"question": "What is the li... |
2,046 | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest... | [
{
"answer": "other distinct dialect groups",
"question": "What may have also been in use at the time?"
},
{
"answer": "Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian",
"question": "Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?"
},
{
"answer": "Old Parthian",
"question": "What possib... |
2,047 | What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. | [
{
"answer": "9th century",
"question": "When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?"
},
{
"answer": "Western and Eastern",
"question": "What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?"
}
] |
2,048 | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterpar... | [
{
"answer": "Eastern",
"question": "Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?"
},
{
"answer": "Avestan",
"question": "Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?"
},
{
"answer": "Aramaic",
"question": "Where did t... |
2,049 | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages b... | [
{
"answer": "Pahlavi",
"question": "What is another term for Middle Persian?"
},
{
"answer": "3rd century CE",
"question": "When did Middle Persian start being u sed?"
},
{
"answer": "Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian",
"question": "What are three languages employed by the Manicha... |
2,051 | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Per... | [
{
"answer": "Arabic script",
"question": "What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?"
},
{
"answer": "second half of the 8th century",
"question": "When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?"
},
{
"answer": "Tajik script",
"question": "What script was ... |
2,053 | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used ... | [
{
"answer": "Daylighting",
"question": "What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?"
},
{
"answer": "positive",
"question": "What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?"
},
{
"answer": "energy consumption",
"question": "Using ... |
2,054 | Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. | [
{
"answer": "light fixtures",
"question": "What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting?"
},
{
"answer": "Indoor lighting",
"question": "What is considered a key part of interior design?"
},
{
"answer": "lighting",
"question": "What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping... |
2,055 | Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting. | [
{
"answer": "1939",
"question": "When was fluorescent lighting first available?"
}
] |
2,056 | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. The... | [
{
"answer": "Recessed lighting",
"question": "What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush?"
}
] |
2,057 | With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring material... | [
{
"answer": "400,000 BCE",
"question": "Peking man kindled fire as early as?"
},
{
"answer": "birds and fish",
"question": "Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?"
},
{
"answer": "campfires or torches",
"question": "What is considered the ... |
2,058 | Major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity ... | [
{
"answer": "incandescent light",
"question": "What type of lighting was powered by electricity?"
},
{
"answer": "early 1800s",
"question": "When did gas powered street lights became economically available."
}
] |
2,059 | Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime. | [
{
"answer": "urban crime.",
"question": "Street lights help reduce?"
}
] |
2,060 | Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it... | [
{
"answer": "Lighting fixtures",
"question": "What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?"
},
{
"answer": "visual glare",
"question": "Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?"
}
] |
2,061 | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed fro... | [
{
"answer": "lumen per watt",
"question": "Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?"
}
] |
2,062 | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | [
{
"answer": "6400",
"question": "How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?"
},
{
"answer": "incandescent bulb",
"question": "What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?"
},
{
"answer": "blue-white",
"question": "It can be said that lights with a high color temperature ha... |
2,063 | Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. | [
{
"answer": "light produced by the fixture.",
"question": "A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?"
}
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.